METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING CHARACTERISTICS OF A LASER BEAM SPOT

Abstract: A method for determining the dimensions of a laser beam spot (20), comprising: scanning the laser beam (18) in a path across a reference-edge (30) having a photodetector (40) positioned therebehind; and measuring an output signal from the photodetector (40) during the scanning, the output signal corresponding to an area of the laser beam spot (20) incident on the photodetector (40) during the scanning.

Description: METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING CHARACTERISTICS OF A LASER BEAM SPOT TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to calibration techniques for determining the characteπstics of a laser beam, particularly for use with laser eye surgery systems More specifically, the invention provides devices, systems, and methods for determining the dimensions and/ or position of the laser beam spot upon a target, and can provide input for generating, verifying, or adjusting ablation algorithms used to plan a resculptmg procedure When used in conjunction with laser eye surgery systems, the present invention can assist m determining patterns of laser beam spot delivery upon a patient's cornea, and can also be used in calibrating the laser beam delivery system BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION When performing laser eye surgery such as when ablating a target region on a patient's cornea with a refractive laser beam system, it is beneficial to have accurate information on the dimensions of the laser beam spot which is incident on the cornea Deviation from a desired spot size and shape, such as by increased or decreased diameter of the laser beam spot or by the spot exhibiting an oval or non-symmetπcal shape, could result in tissue ablation at undesired locations on the patient's corneas with each laser pulse, leading to less than ideal resculptmg Inaccuracy in the location of the laser spots may result in off-center ablations SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides methods and apparati for determining characteπstics of a laser beam spot, the characteπstics typically including the intensity, dimensions, and/or position of the laser beam spot An advantage of the present invention is that it can be used with laser eye surgery systems such that the dimensions of the laser beam spot, (including its diameter, area and eccentπcity), can be precisely determined pπor to, or concurrently with, the laser beam spot being used to ablate a region of the patient's cornea In preteπed methods of the present invention, a laser beam is scanned in a path across a reference-edge, (which may preferably compnse a knife-edge), having a photodetector positioned therebehind, with the laser beam preferably remaining in a path generally perpendicular to the plane of the reference-edge duπng the scanning An output signal is generated by the photodetector corresponding to a percentage of the laser beam which is actually incident on the photodetector, (le not blocked by the reference-edge), at vaπous moments in time duπng the scanning of the laser beam For a beam having a uniform energy distπbution, the percentage of the laser beam energy which is incident on the photodetector will coπespond to the area of the laser beam spot which is incident on the photodetector By measuπng the output signal characteπstics of the photodetector duπng the scanning, the present invention provides systems for determining the size and shape of the laser beam spot as well as the intensity of the laser beam In preferred aspects, a computer calculates the intensity and shape profiles of the laser beam from the photodetector output signals As stated, the output signal generated by the photodetector will correspond to the size of the area of the laser beam spot incident thereon. As such, when the laser beam is fully incident on the reference-edge, (le: when it is blocked from reaching the photodetector by the reference-edge), the photodetector will generate no output signal, or it will only generate a minimal output signal as a result of noise Conversely, when the laser beam spot has been scanned completely across the reference-edge and is then fully incident on the photodetector, the photodetector will generate a maximum output signal. The larger the area of the laser beam spot incident upon the photodetector, the stronger the output signal generated by the photodetector Accordingly, in a preferred aspect of the invention, the intensity of the laser beam is determined by measuπng the maximum output signal of the photodetector when the laser beam spot is fully incident on the photodetector and is not blocked by the reference-edge In another preferred aspect of the invention, the total area of the laser beam spot is determined by integrating the area under a curve representing the intensity of the photodetector signal output duπng the scanning as the laser beam is scanned across the reference-edge In yet another preferred aspect of the invention, the position of the center of the laser beam spot is located by determining when the output signal of the photodetector reaches half of its maximum output signal duπng the scanning, thus indicating that the center of the laser beam spot is positioned directly at the edge of the reterence-edge, (with one half of the laser beam spot incident on the photodetector and one The larger the area of the laser beam spot incident upon the photodetector, the stronger the output signal generated by the photodetector Accordingly, in a preferred aspect of the invention, the intensity of the laser beam is determined by measuπng the maximum output signal of the photodetector when the laser beam spot is fully incident on the photodetector and is not blocked by the reference-edge In another preferred aspect of the invention, the total area of the laser beam spot is determined by integrating the area under a curve representing the intensity of the photodetector signal output duπng the scanning as the laser beam is scanned across the reference-edge In yet another preferred aspect of the invention, the position of the center of the laser beam spot is located by determining when the output signal of the photodetector reaches half of its maximum output signal duπng the scanning, thus indicating that the center of the laser beam spot is positioned directly at the edge of the reference-edge, (with one half of the laser beam spot incident on the photodetector and one half of the laser beam spot incident on the reference-edge) In another preferred aspect of the present invention, the width of the laser beam spot in the direction of the path of the scanning is determined by locating the positions of the leading and trailing edges of the laser beam spot and then determining a spacing therebetween In this aspect of the invention, the leading edge of the laser beam spot is located by determining when the photodetector begins to emit an output signal, (being indicative of the laser beam spot leading edge first passing over the reference-edge and becoming incident on the photodetector) The trailing edge of the laser beam spot is located by determining when the output signal of the photodetector has reached a maximum (indicating that the laser beam spot is not blocked by the reference-edge and is therefore fully incident on the photodetector) After determining the moments m time when the leading and trailing edges of the laser beam spot pass over the reference-edge as set out above, the width of the laser beam spot m the direction of the scanning is calculated based upon the speed of the laser beam scanning across the reference-edge In another preferred aspect of the present invention, the width of the laser beam spot in the direction of the path of the scanning is determined by locating the positions of the leading and trailing edges of the laser beam spot and then determining a spacing therebetween In this aspect of the invention, the leading edge of the laser beam spot is located by determining when the photodetector begins to emit an output signal, (being indicative of the laser beam spot leading edge first passing over the reference-edge and becoming incident on the photodetector) The trailing edge of the laser beam spot is located by determining when the output signal of the photodetector has reached a maximum (indicating that the laser beam spot is not blocked by the reference-edge and is therefore fully incident on the photodetector) After determining the moments in time when the leading and trailing edges of the laser beam spot pass over the reference-edge as set out above, the width of the laser beam spot m the direction of the scanning is calculated based upon the speed of the laser beam scanning across the reference-edge In other aspects of the present invention, asymmetπes and eccentπcities in the laser beam spot are found by measuπng the rate of change or the symmetry of the rate of change of the output signal during the scanning In yet other aspects of the present invention, the size, shape and position of the laser beam spot are determined in two directions which are preferably perpendicular to one another In this aspect of the invention, scanning is preferably performed in two perpendicular paths, over perpendicular first and second reference-edges In this aspect of the invention, the size, shape and position of the laser beam spot are determined in the two perpendicular directions by measuπng the output signals from either a single photodetector or two separate photo detectors positioned behind the reference-edges An advantage of this aspect of the invention is that asymmetπes of the beam spot (le an irregular shape of the beam spot) as well as eccentπcities of the beam spot (le elongation of the beam spot to form an oval-shape), can be detected In preferred aspects of the present invention, the photodetector is a bulk detector As such, an advantage of the present invention is that a more complex and expensive imaging detector is not required The present invention also provides methods of calibrating scanning laser beam delivery system These methods compnse positioning a calibration tool at a target location, directing the laser beam onto the tool, sensing the laser beam using the tool, and adjusting the system m response to the sensed laser beam In vaπous aspects, the laser beam can be repeatedly re-directed, (for example, by a galvanometπc minor), between the tool and a patient's cornea As such, after determining the size, shape and/or position of the beam, the laser beam can be applied at a known location on the cornea Alternatively, the tool can be repeatedly inserted into and removed from the beam path between the laser beam source and the patient's cornea As such, the alignment tool can then be repeatedly removed from the target location to allow for resculptmg of the patient ' s cornea and then replaced at the target location alter the resculptmg of the cornea Using either approach, a repetitive measurement of intensity and shape characteπstics of the laser beam can be made as well as repetitive recallibration of the targeting of the laser beam can be achieved, thus ensuπng precise positional accuracy when ablating the patient ' s cornea In still further aspects of the invention, the laser beam is split with a first portion of the beam directed to the measurement/alignment tool and a second portion directed to the patient's cornea such that real time measurement of shape and intensity characteπstics of the laser beam spot and/or real time alignment of the laser beam delivery system can be achieved Regardless of the tool positioning, the calibration tool will often provide signals indicating beam spot size, shape, energy distπbution, and/or location These signals may be used to adjust the planned ablation protocol of the beam delivery system Specifically, using the sensed information, an algoπthm for calculating the locations and number of shots can be revised, thereby increasing the accuracy of the resculptmg procedure This calibration information can be used to adjust the ablation algonthm immediately before and/or duπng each ablation procedure. In other aspects of the present invention, the measunng/ahgnment tool compπses a target which fluoresces in response to laser light incident thereon. In this second embodiment of the invention, an operator views the position of the fluoresced spot on the target screen while directing laser light at the target screen Such viewing may preferably be done through the system microscope The beam delivery system is aligned with the targeting optics, which may compnse a cross-hair reticle, thereby calibrating the laser beam delivery system BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Fig 1 is a perspective view of a laser beam being scanned over a reference-edge having a photodetector positioned therebehind at the moment in time when the laser beam is centered over the reference-edge Fig. 2 is a top plan view coπesponding to Fig 1 Fig 3 A, 3B and 3C are sequential illustrations of the laser beam moving across the reference-edge of Figs 1 and 2 Fig 4 is a graph of the output signal of the photodetector duπng the scanning illustrated in Figs 3A. 3B and 3C Fig 5 is a view of an oval shaped laser beam spot, (having a major axis parallel to the path of the scanning), being scanned over a reference-edge with a photodetector positioned therebehind Fig 6 is a representation of the output signal of the photodetector dunng a scanning of the oval shaped laser beam spot of Fig. 5 Fig. 7 is a plan view of an oval shaped laser beam spot, (having a major axis perpendicular to the path of the scanning), being scanned over a reference-edge with a photodetector therebehind. Fig. 8 is a representation of the output signal of the photodetector duπng a scanning of the oval shaped laser beam spot of Fig. 7. Fig. 9 is a plan view of an eccentnc shaped laser beam spot being scanned over a reference-edge with a photodetector therebehind. Fig 10 is a representation of the output signal of the photodetector duπng a scanning of the oval shaped laser beam spot of Fig. 9. Fig. 11 is a top plan view of a laser beam spot being scanned over two perpendicular reference-edges wherein the two reference-edges together form a corner of a planar member. Fig. 12 conesponds to Fig. 11, but instead uses two separated photodetectors. Fig. 13 is a top plan view showing a laser beam scanning over two perpendicular reference-edges, each reference-edge having a separate photodetector positioned therebehind Fig. 14 is a perspective view of the laser beam delivery system directing a laser beam at a screen which fluoresces in the region where the laser beam is incident thereon. Fig. 15A is a view through the targeting optics of the laser beam delivery system pπor to system calibration when the laser beam is directed to the fluorescmg screen of Fig. 14 Fig. 15B is a view corresponding to Fig. 15 A, after system calibration. Fig. 16 is an illustration of the laser beam delivery system scanning a laser beam across a calibration tool and applying a therapeutic laser beam to a patient's cornea Fig. 17 is an illustration of the laser beam delivery system applying a therapeutic laser beam to a patient's cornea showing a removable calibration tool in the beam path Fig. 18 is an illustration of the laser beam delivery system simultaneously applying a therapeutic laser beam to a patient's cornea and to a calibration tool. Fig. 19 is an illustration of the laser beam delivery system directing a laser beam through selectable apertures of an aperture wheel or turret. DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS Figs. 1 to 13 illustrate various aspects of a first embodiment of the present invention. Figs. 14 to 15B illustrate various aspects of a second embodiment of the present invention. Figs. 16 to 20 illustrate calibration systems which include a calibration tool which may comprise the first or second embodiment of the present invention. When targeting an excimer laser beam to ablate regions of a patient's cornea during laser eye surgery, the spot formed by the laser beam upon the target will often have a circular shape, and will typically be intended to have a substantially uniform energy distribution. Other known beam delivery systems have rectangular or slit-shaped beams, optionally with Gaussian or other uneven energy profiles. Regardless, the exact intensity and shape profiles of the laser beam spot can not always be determined relying upon th targeting optics of the laser delivery system alone. It is beneficial to know the intensity and shape profiles of the laser beam as accurately as possible, especially when generating a pattern of laser beam spot application to the patient's cornea. Having accurate intensity and shape profile for the laser beam spot, it is possible to accurately sculpt the patient's cornea through successive application of a laser beam in a pattern of spots on the cornea. The present invention provides accurate determination of intensity and shape profiles of the laser beam spot which can be used to generate targeting patterns, and to otherwise calibrate the system. The laser system may include, but is not limited to, an excimer laser such as an argon-fluoride excimer laser producing laser energy with a wavelength of about 193 nm. Alternative laser systems may include solid state lasers, such as frequency multiplied solid state lasers, flash-lamp and diode pumped solid state lasers, and the like. Exemplary solid state lasers include UV solid state lasers producing wavelengths of approximately 193-215 nm such as those disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,144,630, and 5,742,626, and in Borsuztky et al., "Tunable UN Radiation at Short Wavelengths (188-240 nm) Generated by Frequency Mixing in Lithium Borate", Appl. Phys. 61 :529-532 (1995). A variety of alternative lasers might also be used. The laser energy will often comprise a beam formed as a series of discreet laser pulses or shots. The exact diameter and shape of the laser beam spot upon a target can not always be precisely determined relying upon the targeting system optics alone This is especially true if the shape of the laser beam spot is somewhat eccentric or asymmetncal Moreover, minor changes m the size and shape of the laser beam spot can be introduced when switching between different apertures and lenses m the laser delivery system For example, Fig 19 illustrates a laser beam 18 passing through an aperture 210 of an aperture wheel 200 As wheel 200 is rotated, laser beam 18 will pass through vaπous apertures 220, 230 and 240 Each of apertures 210, 220, 230 and 240 may preferably be sized to different diameters such that different diameters of beam 18 can be selectively applied to the patient's cornea The present invention provides systems which can determine the precise size and shape of beam 18 as it passes through each of apertures 210, 220, 230 and 240, as explained herein The present invention provides methods and apparati for precisely determining dimensions including the size, shape and position of the laser beam spot upon the target Accordingly, laser beam spot shape and intensity profiles can be generated for use in sculpting the patient's cornea with a pattern of laser beam spots thereon. Also, the targeting optics of the laser delivery system can be aligned to account for any offset between the actual position of the laser beam as determined by the present invention and the position of the laser beam as determined by the scanning hardware and galvanometers of the laser delivery system's targeting optics By determining the exact size, shape and intensity of the laser beam spot with the present invention, a desired corneal ablation treatment can be effected without the laser beam shots becoming incident on undesired locations of target tissue or underablatmg intended targets thereby enhancing the accuracy of the resculptmg algoπthm and procedure In the first embodiment of the present invention, as set out in Figs 1 to 13, the laser beam spot is scanned along a path which passes over a knife-edge, (or any other such reference-edge), having a photodetector positioned therebehind Preferably, the laser beam is onented perpendicular to the plane of the reference-edge during the scanning In vaπous approaches, the laser beam can be scanned across the reference-edge and onto the photodetector, or across the photodetector and onto the reference-edge By measunng the output of the photodetector, it is possible to determine the intensity, size, shape and position of the laser beam spot dunng the scanning, as follows Fig 1 shows a perspective view ot a laser beam 18 which is directed downwardly from a laser source (not shown) towards a reference-edge 30 and photodetector 40 Laser beam 18 is 'scanned", (le moved across, while remaining generally perpendicular to), a reference-edge 30 and photodetector 40 An example of scanning is sho n in Fig 16 in which laser beam 18 is scanned across a measurement/alignment tool 100 which may compnse reference-edge 30 and photodetector 40 Specifically, galvanometer 120 is rotated to scan laser beam 18 across the surface of alignment tool 100 from the position shown as beam 18A to the position shown as beam 18B Returning to Fig 1, laser beam 18 is thus scanned across reference-edge 30 and photodetector 40 in direction D Photodetector 40, (which may preferably compnse a bulk photodetector), is positioned behind reference-edge 30 as shown Fig 2 shows a top plan view corresponding to Fig 1 at the moment in time during the scanning where center 25 of laser beam spot 20 is positioned exactly at the edge of reference-edge 30 As can be seen, should laser beam spot 20 have a circular shape as illustrated, a first half 22 of laser beam spot 20 will be incident on photodetector 40 at the moment in time dunng the scanning where center 25 of laser beam spot 20 is positioned exactly over the edge of reference-edge 30 Figs 3 A, 3B, and 3C show the sequential movement of laser beam spot 20 as laser beam 18 is scanned across reference-edge 30 and onto photodetector 40 dunng the scanning Fig 4 shows the coπespondmg intensity of output signal S from photodetector 40 taken over time dunng the scanning of beam spot 20 across reference- edge 30 and onto photodetector 40 The intensity of output signal S of photodetector 40 will correspond to the area of beam spot 20 which is not blocked by reference-edge 30 and is therefore directly incident on photodetector 40 Specifically, the intensity of signal S can be represented for a Gaussian pulse as follows S = \ (spot intensity profile in 2D)dx 0 or for a "top hat" pulse, (in which the energy distπbution is substantially uniform across the cross-section of the pulse), as follows s = JV χ ' + y dx Points PI, P2 and P3 on Fig 4 illustrate the intensity of output signal S at the moments in time when beam spot 20 is positioned as shown in Figs 3A, 3B and 3C respectively For a generally circular beam spot 20, the intensity of output signal S will be in the shape of an S-shaped curve as shown in Fig 4, as follows When beam spot 20 is positioned fully over reference-edge 30 as is shown in Fig 3A, the photodetector will typically emit only a small signal intensity N, representing noise m the system As beam spot 20 is scanned across reference-edge 30, progressively more of the area of the beam spot 20 will reach photodetector 40, increasing the intensity of the photodetector' s output signal S When beam spot 20 reaches the position illustrated in Figs 2 and 3B, such that center 25 of beam spot 20 is positioned directly at reference-edge 30, first half 22 of beam spot 20 will be incident upon the photodetector 40 Accordingly, signal S will reach approximately l / 2 of its maximum signal intensity at point P2 Finally, when beam spot 20 eventually reaches the position illustrated in Fig 3C, at which the entire beam spot 20 is incident upon photodetector 40, signal S will reach its maximum signal intensity at point P3 In a prefeπed aspect of the present invention, the intensity of laser beam 18 is determined by measunng the maximum output signal of the photodetector at point P3 when the laser beam spot is fully incident on the photodetector and is not blocked by the reference-edge In another preferred aspect of the present invention, the area of laser beam spot 20 is determined by taking the integral of the area under curve S between points PI and P3 since this area will correspond to the full area of beam spot 20 which becomes incident upon photodetector 40 from the beginning of the scanning as shown in Fig 3 A to the end of the scanning as shown in Fig 3C In another prefeπed aspect of the invention, the location of center 25 of laser beam spot 20 is determined As explained above, center 25 of laser beam spot 20 passes over reference-edge 30 when the intensity of output signal S reaches point P2, being Vi of the intensity of output signal S at point P3 Due to the presence of a small noise signal N at point PI , it may be difficult to determine when the output signal intensity is at point P2 Accordingly, in a prefeπed approach, P2 is found by determining a point midway between a first fraction of the maximum signal output and a second fraction of the maximum signal output, wherein the first and second fractions add together to the maximum signal output For example, a point P4 is located where the signal intensity equals 10% of the maximum signal output at point P3 Similarly, a point P5 is located where the signal intensity equals 90% of the maximum signal output at point P3 After locating points P4 and P5 on the signal curve, point P2 is then located centrally therebetween. It is to be appreciated that points P4 and P5 could also be 30% and 70%, or 15% and 85%, or any other combination of respective percentages which add together to 100% of the maximum signal intensity at point P3. The speed of the scanning can be known either through position feedback systems or by determining the speed and time of the scanning. Knowing the speed of the scanning, (which corresponds to the rate of rotation of galvanometer 120), and determining the moment in time at which P2 is reached, (ie: when the center 25 of beam spot 20 is positioned at reference-edge 30), the location of center 25 is thus determined. In another preferred aspect of the present invention, the width of beam spot 20 in scanning direction D is determined as follows. Referring first to Fig. 3A, a leading edge 21 of beam spot 20 is positioned at reference-edge 30, (as represented by point PI in Fig. 4). At the commencement of scanning, leading edge 21 will start to become incident upon photodetector 40, (as represented in Fig. 4 by the output signal intensity of the photodetector just beginning to increase). Referring to the end of the scanning as shown in Fig. 3C, a trailing edge 23 will become incident upon photodetector 40 as shown, (as represented by point P3 in Fig. 4 when the output signal intensity of the photodetector stops increasing). Knowing the speed of movement of laser beam scanning in direction D, (either by knowing the speed and time during the scanning or through a position feedback system), the moments in time when PI and P3 are reached can be determined. As such, the width of laser beam spot 20, (which begins its passage over photodetector 40 at point PI and ends passage at point P3), can easily be calculated. In other prefeπed aspects of the invention, the shape of the laser beam spot 20 is determined by measuring the rate of change of output signal S during the scanning. For example, Fig. 5 illustrates an oval shaped laser beam spot 20A being scanned across reference-edge 30 and photodetector 40. Laser beam spot 20A is elongated in direction D, as shown. The intensity of the output signal S coπesponding to scanning laser beam spot 20A across reference-edge 30 and photodetector 40 is shown in Fig. 6. As can be seen, the rate of change of the output signal S of photodetector 40 between points PI and P3 is more gradual than was illustrated in Fig. 4, (shown by the greater amount of time separating points PI and P3 in Fig. 6 as compared to Fig. 4). The more gradual the rate of change of the output signal S in Fig. 6 thus indicates that laser beam spot 20A is more elongated in direction D than circular-shaped laser beam spot 20. Conversely. Fig. 7 illustrates an oval beam spot 20B, being scanned across reference-edge 30 and photodetector 40. Laser beam spot 20B is elongated in a direction perpendicular to direction D, as shown. Fig. 8 shows the intensity of output signal S coπesponding to the scanning of Fig. 7. As can be seen, the rate of change of output signal S is much faster than was shown in Fig. 4, (as shown by the smaller amount of time between points PI and P3 in Fig. 8 as compared to Fig. 4). The faster rate of change of the output signal S in Fig. 8 thus indicates that laser beam spot 20B is more elongated in a direction perpendicular to direction D than circular-shaped laser beam spot 20. In another aspect of the present invention, the shape of laser beam spot 20 can be determined by measuring the symmetry of output signal S during the scanning. As such, asymmetries and/or eccentricities of laser beam spot 20 are determined as follows. Referring to Fig. 9, an eccentric exaggerated "teardrop-shaped" laser beam spot 20C is scanned across reference-edge 30 and photodetector 40. Using the novel approaches set out above, the leading edge 21C will be located at point PI, the spot center 25C will be located at point P2 and the trailing edge will be located at point P3 on Fig. 10. As can be seen, point P2 (at Conversely, Fig. 7 illustrates an oval beam spot 20B, being scanned across reference-edge 30 and photodetector 40. Laser beam spot 20B is elongated in a direction perpendicular to direction D, as shown. Fig. 8 shows the intensity of output signal S coπesponding to the scanning of Fig. 7. As can be seen, the rate of change of output signal S is much faster than was shown in Fig. 4, (as shown by the smaller amount of time between points PI and P3 in Fig. 8 as compared to Fig. 4). The faster rate of change of the output signal S in Fig. 8 thus indicates that laser beam spot 20B is more elongated in a direction perpendicular to direction D than circular-shaped laser beam spot 20. In another aspect of the present invention, the shape of laser beam spot 20 can be determined by measuring the symmetry of output signal S during the scanning. As such, asymmetries and/or eccentricities of laser beam spot 20 are determined as follows. Referring to Fig. 9, an eccentric exaggerated "teardrop-shaped" laser beam spot 20C is scanned across reference-edge 30 and photodetector 40. Using the novel approaches set out above, the leading edge 21 C will be located at point PI , the spot center 25C will be located at point P2 and the trailing edge will be located at point P3 on Fig. 10. As can be seen, point P2 (at Conversely, Fig. 7 illustrates an oval beam spot 20B, being scanned across reference-edge 30 and photodetector 40. Laser beam spot 20B is elongated in a direction perpendicular to direction D, as shown. Fig. 8 shows the intensity of output signal S coπesponding to the scanning of Fig 7 As can be seen, the rate of change of output signal S is much faster than \\ as shown m Fig 4, (as shown by the smaller amount of time between points PI and P3 in Fig 8 as compared to Fig 4) The faster rate of change of the output signal S in Fig 8 thus indicates that laser beam spot 20B is more elongated in a direction perpendicular to direction D than circular-shaped laser beam spot 20 In another aspect of the present invention, the shape of laser beam spot 20 can be determined by measuring the symmetry of output signal S dunng the scanning As such, asymmetπes and/or eccentπcities of laser beam spot 20 are determined as follows Refemng to Fig 9, an eccentπc exaggerated "teardrop-shaped" laser beam spot 20C is scanned across reference-edge 30 and photodetector 40 Using the novel approaches set out above, the leading edge 21C will be located at point PI, the spot center 25C will be located at point P2 and the trailing edge will be located at point P3 on Fig 10 As can be seen, point P2 (at which signal intensity is Vi of that at P3), is not centered between points PI and P3, but rather is closer to PI, thus indicating that laser beam spot 20C has a somewhat eccentnc shape with its center 25C being closer to leading edge 21C than to trailing edge 23 C As descπbed above, the present invention provides systems for measunng the intensity, size and shape profiles of a laser beam spot m the direction in which it is scanned over a reference-edge and onto a photodetector In additional prefeπed aspects of the present invention, the size, shape and position of the laser beam spot are determined in two directions, as follows Refemng to Fig 11. a beam spot 20 is moved in a first direction Dl across edge 31 followed by movement in a second perpendicular direction D2 across edge 33 In this illustration, edges 31 and 33 together form a corner to reference-edge 30 Measuπng the output signal of photodetectoi 40 as laser beam spot 20 is scanned across edge 31 using the above descπbed techniques, the positions of leading edge 21, trailing edge 23 and center 25 can be determined Knowing the positions of leading edge 21 and trailing edge 23, width Wl in direction Dl can be calculated Subsequently, laser beam spot 20 is scanned in perpendicular direction D2 across edge 33 As a result, the positions of side edges 27 and 29, and center 25 can be determined using the abo\ e described techniques Knowing the positions of side edges 27 and 29, width W2 in direction D2 can then be calculated Fig 12 illustrates an aπangement similar to that of Fig 1 1 , but instead using separate photodetectors 40A and 40B Fig 13 illustrates yet another aπangement, instead using two separate perpendicular reference-edges 32 and 34 and two separate photodetectors 40A and 40B positioned thereunder as shown After determining the size and shape of laser beam spot 20 upon photodetector 40, the laser beam can then be safely directed at target tissue in the cornea of a patient's eye, knowing the exact size and shape of the beam spot which will be incident upon the target tissue Preferably, the cornea can be sculpted to a desired shape by repeated application of the laser beam to a number of different sites in a pattern on the cornea Using the present invention, the size and shape of the laser beam spot can be precisely determined pπor to, or concuπently with, successive applications of the laser beam to the cornea For example, as shown in Figs 16 and 17, laser beam 18 can be alternatingly re-directed between a calibration tool 100 and the patient's cornea 130 Calibration tool 100 may preferably compnse reference-edge 30 and photodetector 40 operating as descnbed above Refemng to Fig 16, laser beam 18 can be repeatedly reflected as beam 18C by galvanometer 120 to a patient's cornea 130, (subsequently to the scanning of beam 18 across tool 100, from the position shown as beam 18A to 18B) Refemng to Fig 17, tool 100 can instead be repeatedly moved back and forth to the position shown in phantom as tool 100A As such, laser beam 18 is penodically interrupted in its application on cornea 130 when tool 100 is positioned m the path of the laser beam to determine the intensity and shape profiles of laser beam spot 20 The process of repeatedly scanning beam 18 across alignment tool 100, or repeatedly removing and replacing tool 100 m the beam path, (thereby repeatedly determining the size and shape of laser beam spot 20), and then repeatedly re-sculpting cornea 130 by laser ablation ensures the size and shape of laser beam spot 20 do not change over time duπng the ablation of the patient's cornea As illustrated in Fig 18, a beam splitter 250 can also be used to direct a first portion 19A of beam 18 to tool 100 while simultaneously directing a second portion 19B of beam 18 to cornea 130 Using the aπangement of Fig 18, real time measurement of both intensity and shape piofiles of beam spot 20 upon cornea 130 can be achieved while the tissues of the cornea are ablated Also shown in Figs 16, 17 and 18 are a computer 124 to record the intensity of the output signal of photodetector 40 over time, thereby generating both intensity and shape profiles ol laser beam spot 20 Additionally, computer 124 is adapted to calculate prefeπed patterns of laser beam spot application on cornea 130 from the intensity and shape profiles of laser beam spot 20 As such, cornea 130 can sculpted to a desired shape Additionally, a monitor 126 is adapted to display a waveform representing the intensity of the output signal of photodetector 40 over time In another prefeπed aspect, tool 100 can be used to align the targeting optics of the laser delivery system Specifically, after locating center 25 of laser beam spot 20 as it is scanned across photodetector 40, the beam delivery system (including galvanometer 120) can be precisely aligned to compensate for any difference between the position of the laser beam as determined by targeting optics 122, and that indicated by tool 100 A suitable mateπal for tool 100 which fluoresces but does not ablate is prefeπed Such mateπal may compnse a white stock paper or a white business card Also, a suitable fluorescent plate matenal which can be purchased from Startech Inc, of Connecticut can be used In a second embodiment, measurement/alignment tool 100 compπses a screen 105 which fluoresces in response to laser light incident thereon, as illustrated in Figs 14 to 15B Refemng to Fig 14, laser beam 18 is directed incident to screen 105, causing screen 105 to fluoresce in the region of beam spot 20 An operator 200 looking through targeting optics 122, (which preferably compnses a system microscope), views fluorescing of beam spot 20, as shown in Fig 15A Targeting optics 122 displays a reticle 110 to operator 200, and the operator adjusts the laser beam delivery optics so that the fluorescing beam spot is aligned with the reticle Advantageously, adjusting the location of beam spot 20 can be effected using the beam scanning mechanism This may significantly facilitate alignment, as the system microscope need not be moved with a precise X-Y adjustment mechanism Instead, the targeting signals transmitted to the galvanometπc laser beam delivery optics can be selectively altered or offset to aim the beam tat the target location Scanned accuracy may be enhanced by moving the beam between a plurality of target locations, and by individual beam shot targets using the signal offsets throughout the resculptmg procedure In alternative embodiments, the beam delivery optics may be mechanically adjusted to move beam spot 20 between the cross-hairs of reticle 1 10, thereby aligning the targeting optics of the laser beam delivery system In some embodiments, tool 100 may be removably positioned at or near the location which will be occupied by the eye duπng refractive resculptmg Tool 100 may be held by a swing-away arm or the like in a conventional manner. To set or check the system prior to a resculpting procedure, the operator enters an alignment mode. In this mode, reticle 1 10 remains stationary, and the laser fires to induce fluorescence at beam spot 20. The beam spot may be moved by the operator via an input device such as a joystick, mouse, switches, or the like which adjusts the beam delivery optics by changing the signal sent to the galvanometers. The laser beam would again fire producing a new laser spot 20, and the operator would continue to adjust the signal offsets until the laser beam is coincident with the laser beam. When coincidence is achieved, the operator can press a button (or provide any alternative signal to the system) and the system computer will then store the offset signals for determining the ablation center. Typically, the reticle will also be used to align the eye with the system after the tool is moved out of the way. While the exemplary embodiments have been described in detail for clarity of understanding and by way of example, a variety of changes, adaptations, and modifications will be obvious for those of skill in the art. For example, a variety of scanning beam delivery systems might be used, including scanning systems which have a lens that may be variably offset from the beam axis or axes to image one or more laser beams at a laterally offset target location. The invention might be used with a wide variety of ablation planning protocols or algorithms, and provides input to such algorithms which can enhance their accuracy. Hence, the scope of the invention is limited solely by the appended claims.

Claims: WHAT IS CLAIMED IS 1 A method of determining a characteristic of a laser beam, compπsmg- scanning the laser beam m a path across a reference-edge having a photodetector positioned therebehind; and measunng an output signal from the photodetector duπng the scanning, the output signal coπesponding to an area of the laser beam incident on the photodetector duπng the scanning 2 The method of claim 1, wherein determining a characteπstic of a laser beam compπses: determining dimensions of the laser beam spot by integrating the intensity of the photodetector signal output duπng the scanning 3 The method of claim 1, wherein determining a characteπstic of a laser beam compπses: locating the center of the laser beam by determining when the output signal of the photodetector reaches half of the maximum output signal strength duπng the scanning. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein determining a characteπstic of a laser beam compnses: locating the center of the laser beam by determining when the output signal of the photodetector reaches a mid-pomt signal strength half-way between a first fraction of the maximum signal strength and a second fraction of the maximum signal strength, wherein the first and second fractions of the maximum signal strength add together to equal the maximum signal strength 5 The method of claim 4, wherein, the first fraction is 10% of the maximum signal strength and the second fraction is 90%) of the maximum signal strength 6 The method of claim 1 , wherein, wherein determining a characteπstic of a laser beam compπses determining the width of the laser beam in the direction of the path of the scanning by: locating a leading edge of the laser beam by determining when the photodetector begins to emit an output signal indicative of the laser beam being incident thereon; locating a trailing edge of the laser beam by determining when the output signal of the photodetector reaches a maximum output signal; and determining a spacing between the leading edge and the trailing edge of the laser beam. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein determining a characteristic of a laser beam comprises: determining the shape of the laser beam by measuring the rate of change of the output signal during the scanning. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein determining a characteristic of a laser beam comprises: determining the shape of the laser beam by measuring the symmetry of the rate of change of the output signal during the scanning. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein, the laser beam is perpendicular to the photodetector as the laser beam is scanned across the reference-edge. 10. A method of determining a characteristic of a laser beam, comprising: scanning the laser beam in a first path across a first reference-edge having a first photodetector positioned therebehind; scanning the laser beam in a second path across a second reference-edge having a second photodetector positioned therebehind, wherein the first reference-edge is disposed at an angle to the second reference-edge; measuring output signals from the first and second photodetectors during the scanning, the output signals coπesponding to an area of the laser beam incident on the first and second photodetectors during the scanning. 1 1. The method of claim 10, wherein. the angle is generally perpendicular. 12. A method of determining a characteristic of a laser beam, compπsmg: scanning the laser beam in a first path across a first reference-edge; scanning the laser beam in a second path across a second reference-edge, wherein a photodetector is positioned behind the first and second reference-edges, and wherein the first and second reference-edges are disposed at an angle to one another; and measuring an output signal from the photodetector during the scanning, the output signal coπesponding to an area of the laser beam incident on the photodetector during the scanning. 13. The method of claim 12. wherein, the first reference-edge and the second reference edge together comprise a corner of a planar member. 14. The method of claim 10 or 12, wherein sensing the scanned laser beam using the tool comprises: determining dimensions of a laser beam by integrating the intensity of the at least one output signal during the scanning. 15. The method of claim 10 or 12, wherein sensing the scanned laser beam using the tool comprises: locating the center of the laser beam by determining when the at least one output signal reaches half of the maximum output signal strength during the scanning in each of the first and second directions. 16. The method of claim 10 or 12, wherein sensing the scanned laser beam using the tool comprises: determining the width of the laser beam in the first and second directions of the scanning by: locating a leading edge of the laser beam in each of the first and second directions by determining when the at least one photodetector begins to emit an output signal indicative of the laser beam being incident thereon; locating a trailing edge ot the lasei beam in each of the first and second directions by determining when the at least one output signal of the at least one photodetector reaches a maximum output signal, and determining a spacing between the leading edge and the trailing edge of the laser beam m each of the first and second directions 17 The method of claim 1, wherein, the laser beam is split to be simultaneously incident on the photodetector and on a patient's cornea 18 The method of claim 17, wherein, the laser beam is split by a beam splitter 19 The method of claim 1 , wherein, the characteπstics of the laser beam spot are determined m real time simultaneously with ablation of a patient's cornea by the laser beam 20 The method of claim 1 , further compπsmg generating an algoπthm representing the intensity profile of the laser beam 21 The method of claim 1, further compnsmg generating an algonthm representing the shape profile of the laser beam 22 An apparatus for calibrating a laser beam deliver/ system, compnsmg a reference-edge, a photodetector positioned adjacent the reference-edge, the photodetector emitting an output signal in response to laser light incident thereon, and a computer system adapted to record the intensity of the output signal over 23 The apparatus of claim 22, wherein, the computer system is further adapted to generate an algonthm representing a intensity profile of a laser beam incident on the photodetector 24 The apparatus of claim 22, wherein, the computer svstem is further adapted to generate an algoπthm representing a shape profile of a laser beam incident on the photodetector 25 The apparatus of claim 22, further compnsmg a monitor adapted to display a waveform representing the intensity of the output signal er time 26 A method of calibrating a scanning laser beam delivery system, the method compnsmg positioning a calibration tool at a target location, directing a laser beam onto the tool with the scanning beam delivery system, sensing the laser beam using the tool, and adjusting the scanning beam delivery system in response to the sensed laser beam 27 The method of claim 26, wherein, the scanning beam delivery system is a laser eye surgery system 28 The method of claim 26, further compnsmg directing the laser beam toward a patient's cornea and sculpting the cornea with the adjusted system 29 The method of claim 28. wherein, a galvonometπc minor is used for directing the laser beam toward the patient's cornea 30 The method of claim 26, further compnsmg removing the tool and resculptmg the cornea with the adjusted system 31 The method of claim 30, further compnsmg replacing the tool at the target location after resculptmg the cornea, and repeating the directing, sensing and adjusting steps, wherein the directing step does not ablate the tool 32 The method of claim 26, wherein, the laser beam is split with a beam splitter, w ith a first portion of the laser beam directed onto the tool concuπently with a second portion of the laser beam sculpting a patient's cornea. 33. The method of claim 26, wherein directing the laser beam onto the tool comprises: scanning the laser beam in a path across a reference-edge and onto a photodetector. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein sensing the scanned laser beam using the tool comprises: measuring an output signal from the photodetector during the scanning, the output signal coπesponding to an area of the laser beam incident on the photodetector during the scanning. 35. The method of claim 33, wherein sensing the scanned laser beam using the tool comprises: determining dimensions of a laser beam by integrating the intensity of the photodetector signal output during the scanning. 36. The method of claim 33, wherein sensing the scanned laser beam using the tool comprises: locating the center of the laser beam by determining when the output signal of the photodetector reaches half of the maximum output signal strength during the scanning. 37. The method of claim 36, wherein, locating the center of the laser beam by determining when the output signal of the photodetector reaches a mid-point signal strength half-way between a first fraction of the maximum signal strength and a second fraction of the maximum signal strength, wherein the first and second fractions of the maximum signal strength add together to equal the maximum signal strength. 38. The method of claim 32, wherein sensing the scanned laser beam using the tool comprises: determining the width of the laser beam in a direction of scanning by: locating a leading edge of the laser beam by determining when a photodetector of the tool begins to emit an output signal indicative of the laser beam being incident thereon, locating a trailing edge of the laser beam by determining when the output signal of the photodetector reaches a maximum output signal, and determining a spacing between the leading edge and the trailing edge of the laser beam 39 The method of claim 26, wherein scanning the laser beam across the tool compπses scanning the laser beam across a target which fluoresces in response to the laser beam being incident thereon 40 The method of claim 39, wherein sensing the scanned laser beam using the tool compπses viewing the fluoresced target through targeting optics of the laser beam delivery system 41 The method of claim 40, wherein adjusting the system m response to the sensed laser beam compπses aligning laser beam delivery optics of the laser beam delivery system with the targeting optics until a viewed position of the fluoresced target is coincident with a target position of the targeting optics 42 The method of claim 41, wherein, the targeting optics of the laser beam delivery system compnses a reticle 43 An apparatus for calibrating a laser beam delivery system, compnsmg a target which is adapted to fluoresce when the laser beam is incident thereon. a laser beam targeting system for directing the laser beam towards the target. targeting optics for viewing the position of the target when the target fluoresces in response to the laser beam incident thereon, the targeting optics defining a target position, and an adjustment mechanism for aligning the laser beam targeting system with the target position 44 The apparatus of claim 43, wherein. the laser beam targeting system compnses a reticle 45 The apparatus of claim 43. wherein. the targeting optics for viewing the position of the target compnse a microscope

Inventors: CLAPHAM TERRANCE N, YEE KINGMAN, CLAPHAM, TERRANCE, N., YEE, KINGMAN
Applicants: CLAPHAM TERRANCE N, VISX INC, YEE KINGMAN, CLAPHAM, TERRANCE, N., VISX, INC., YEE, KINGMAN
Application year: 2000
Main classification: G01J1
IPC codes: A61B17, A61F9, B23K26, G01B11, G01J1, H01S3