A BACILLUS PROTEIN PRODUCTION CELL

Abstract: A Bacillus cell for improved production of a polypeptide of interest and a process for producing a polypeptide of interest. The production is improved by suppressing the expression of the yjbHgene.

Description: TITLE: A Bacillus protein production cell FIELD OF INVENTION: The present invention relates to a Bacillus cell for improved production of a polypeptide of interest and a process for producing a polypeptide of interest . BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION: Bacillus cells have been widely used for industrial production of polypeptides of interest. Kunst et al . , Nature 390: 249-256 (1997) describes the complete genome sequence of the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis . SUMMARY OF INVENTION The problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a Bacillus cell capable of producing increased yields of a polypeptide of interest. The solution is based on that the present inventors have identified that a Bacillus cell expressing less than wild-type level of a gene comprising the DNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO 1 produces increased yields of a polypeptide of interest. The gene is identified in a Bacillus subtilis cell and is termed yjbH in said Bacillus subtilis cell. See Kunst et al . , Nature 390:249-256 (1997). Further, the inventors have identified a homologous yjbH gene in a B. licheniformis cell (SEQ ID NO 3) . As stated above (see Background; Kunst et al . , Nature 390: 249-256 (1997) ) the yjbH gene was at the priority date of the present invention NOT annotated, i . e . no known function had been associated with the gene. Based on the teaching provided herein it is within the skilled persons general knowledge to identify a homologous gene in another Bacillus cell, e.g. by DNA sequence homology to the yjbH genes disclosed herein (SEQ ID NO 1 and 3) and thereby readily be able to produce a Bacillus cell capable of producing an increased yield of a polypeptide of interest according to the solution outlined above. Further, the DNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO 1 has very low identity to any other known DNA sequences from any cell. A homology search performed in the publicly known databases such as EMBL, showed that no other sequence had any close identity to the DNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO 1. Likewise a homology search in the publicly available SWIS- SPROT database, using the polypeptide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO 2, showed no other polypeptide with any close identity. Accordingly, in a first aspect the present invention relates to a Bacillus cell for improved production of a polypeptide of interest, wherein the Bacillus cell expresses less than wild-type levels of a gene which comprises: (a) the DNA sequence shown in positions 1 to 828 in SEQ ID NO 1; (b) a DNA sequence which is at least 70% identical to the DNA sequence of item (a) ; (c) a DNA sequence which encodes a polypeptide sequence shown in positions 1 to 275 in SEQ ID NO 2; or (d) a DNA sequence which encodes a polypeptide sequence which is at least 70% identical to the polypeptide sequence shown in positions 1 to 275 in SEQ ID NO 2. Further, the present inventors have identified that a partial sequence shown as DNA sequence from position 1 to 147 in SEQ ID NO 1 is highly conserved. Accordingly, in a second aspect the present invention relates to a Bacillus cell for improved production of a polypep- tide of interest, wherein the Bacillus cell expresses smaller than wild-type amounts of a gene which comprises: (a) the DNA sequence shown in positions 1 to 147 in SEQ ID NO 1; (b) a DNA sequence which is at least 70% identical to the DNA sequence of item (a) ; (c) a DNA sequence which encodes a polypeptide sequence shown in positions 1 to 49 in SEQ ID NO 2; or (d) a DNA sequence which encodes a polypeptide sequence which is at least 70% identical to the polypeptide sequence shown in positions 1 to 49 in SEQ ID NO 2. As it is clear from the above a Bacillus cell as described herein is highly suitable for the production of a polypeptide of interest . Accordingly, a third aspect of the present invention is a process for producing a polypeptide of interest comprising following steps : (i) cultivating a Bacillus of the first or second preceding aspects under conditions permitting production of the polypeptide of interest; (ii) isolating the polypeptide of interest. Definitions: Prior to a discussion of the detailed embodiments of the invention is provided a definition of specific terms related to the main aspects of the invention. The term ""a gene ' ' denotes herein a gene (a DNA sequence) which is capable of being expressed into a polypeptide within said cell. Accordingly, said gene will be defined as an open reading frame starting from a start codon (normally " ATG * ', "GTG* * , or "TTG' 1 ) and ending at a stop codon (normally TAA", TAG" or ^ TGA"). In order to express said gene there must be elements, as known in the art, in connection with the gene, necessary for expression of the gene within the cell. Such standard elements may include a promoter, a ribosomal binding site, a termination sequence, and may be other elements as known in the art. The term "the Bacillus cell expresses less than wild-type levels of a gene ' ' according to the first and second aspects of the invention denotes any alterations of the wild-type cell giving rise to a cell which expresses less than wild-type levels of a gene. These alterations may be alterations of a promoter and/or an open reading frame such as deletions, insertions, frameshifts or any manipulations of the DNA as known in the art. The expression level of a gene in a Bacillus cell altered according to the above is preferably determined by comparing production levels of the polypeptide of interest in said cell with the production level of the polypeptide of interest in the parent non-altered Bacillus cell. If the altered cell produces more of the polypeptide of interest when compared to the non- altered cell then the Bacillus cell, according to the first and second aspects of the invention, expresses less than wild-type levels of a gene. The actual assay for the determination of production levels of the polypeptide of interest will depend on the specific polypeptide of interest. It is within the skilled persons general knowledge to choose the appropriate assay. Identity of DNA sequences. The DNA sequence identity in relation to the terms ""a DNA sequence which is at least 70% identical to the DNA sequence shown in positions 1-828 of SEQ ID NO 1" of the first aspect and ""a DNA sequence which is at least 70% identical to the DNA sequence shown in positions 1-147 of SEQ ID NO 1" of the second aspect of the invention is determined as the degree of identity between two sequences indicating a derivation of the first sequence from the second. The identity may suitably be determined by means of computer programs known in the art, such as GAP provided in the GCG program package (Program Manual for the Wisconsin Package, Version 8, August 1994, Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, USA 53711) (Needleman, S.B. and Wunsch, CD., (1970), Journal of Molecular Biology, 48, 443-453). Using GAP with the following settings for DNA sequence comparison: GAP creation penalty of 5.0 and GAP extension penalty of 0.3, the analogous DNA sequences referred to above exhibits a degree of identity preferably of at least 70%, more preferably at least 75%, more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 95%, more preferably at least 97% with the DNA sequence shown in positions 1-828 of the first aspect of the invention; or the DNA sequence shown in positions 1-147 of SEQ ID NO 1 of the second aspect of the invention. Identity of polypeptide sequences: The polypeptide sequence identity in relation to the terms "a DNA sequence which encodes a polypeptide sequence which is at least 70% identical to the polypeptide sequence shown in positions 1 to 275 in SEQ ID NO 2 " of the first aspect and "a DNA sequence which encodes a polypeptide sequence which is at least 70% identical to the polypeptide sequence shown in positions 1 to 49 in SEQ ID NO 2 " of the second aspect of the invention is determined as the degree of identity between two sequences indicating a derivation of the first sequence from the second. The homology may suitably be determined by means of computer programs known in the art such as GAP provided in the GCG program package (Program Manual for the Wisconsin Package, Version 8, August 1994, Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, USA 53711) (Needleman, S.B. and Wunsch, CD., (1970), Journal of Molecular Biology, 48, 443- 453) . Using GAP with the following settings for polypeptide sequence comparison: GAP creation penalty of 3.0 and GAP extension penalty of 0.1, the polypeptide encoded by an analogous DNA sequence of the invention exhibits a degree of identity preferably of at least 70%, more preferably at least 75%, more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 95%, and especially at least 97% with the polypeptide sequence shown in positions 1 to 275 of SEQ ID NO 2 of the first aspect, or with the polypeptide sequence shown in positions 1 to 49 of SEQ ID NO 2 of the second aspect of the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION: A Bacillus cell for improved production of a polypeptide according to the first or second aspect of the invention: The gene as described herein is preferably situated between the two well-known genetic markers in Bacillus, srfAA and thyA . The term "situated between the two well-known genetic markers in Bacillus , srfAA and thyA " denotes herein that said gene is found between the 3 ' -end of srfAA which is situated at approx. 32° on the B . subtilis chromosome, and the 5 ' -end of thyA which is situated at approx. 162.5° on the B . subtilis chromosome (F. Kunst et al . , 1997, Nature 390(20): 249-256). 5 The genetic marker srfAA encodes surfactin synthase sub- unit I in Bacillus, reference is made to (Fuma, S. et al . , Nucleic Acids Res. 1993; 21(1): 93-7) for further details. The genetic marker thyA encodes thymidylate synthases A in Bacill us, reference is made to (Tarn, N.H. et al . , Mol Gen Genet. 10 1998; 258(4): 427-30) for further details. The srfAA marker is a member of a superfamily of homologous markers that are found in numerous different prokaryotic cells, such as swrA in Serra tia liquefaciens (Lindum et al . , J 15 Bacteriol. 1998; 180(23): 6384-8) and grsA in Bacill us brevis (Krause, M. et al . , J Bacteriol. 1988; 170(10): 4669-74). The thyA marker is well known in numerous different prokaryotic cells, such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Carlson, J.H. et al . , FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1997; 151(2): 225-30;, Bacillus amylo- 20 liquefaciens (Tarn, N.H. et al . , Mol Gen Genet. 1998; 258(4): 427-30), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Cole, S.T. et al . , Nature. 1998; 393(6685) : 537-44) . The gene as described herein is more preferably situated 25 between the two well-known genetic markers in Bacillus, mecA and tenA (F. Kunst et al . , 1997, Nature 390 (20) : 249-256) . The term "situated between the two well-known genetic markers in Bacillus, mecA and tenA " denotes herein that said gene is found between the 3 ' -end of mecA which is situated at 30 approx. 105° on the B . subtilis chromosome, and the 5 ' -end of tenA which is situated at approx. 106° on the B. subtilis chromosome (F. Kunst et al . , 1997, Nature 390 (20) : 249-256) . The genetic marker mecA encodes a negative regulator of genetic competence in Bacillus, reference is made to (Kong, L. et al . , Mol Microbiol 1993 Jul; 9(2): 365-73) for further details . The genetic marker tenA encodes a polypeptide which regulates production of extracellular enzymes in Bacillus, reference is made to (Pang, AS. et al . , J . Bacteriol 1991 Jan;173 (1) :46-54) for further details. These two markers are well known in numerous different prokaryotic cells, such as Bacillus firmus (Guo, D. et al . , Bio- chim Biophys Acta 1998 Jan 5; 1389(1): 34-42), Staphylococcus aureus and S . epidermis (Ryffel, et al . , Gene. 1990 Sep 28; 94(1): 137-8), Helicobacter pylori (Tomb, JF. et al . , Na ture 1997 Aug 7 ; 388 ( 6642 ): 539-47 ) . Among other based on above-mentioned references it is among the skilled person's general knowledge to identify these genetic marker genes in a particular Bacillus cell of interest, e.g. a Bacillus lentus, Bacillus alkalophilus , Bacillus clausii , Bacillus circulans, Bacillus firmus, or a Bacillus thuringiensis cell. Preferably, it is a Bacillus licheniformis , Bacillus subtilis, or a Bacillus amyloliquefaciens cell. A preferred embodiment of the invention relates to a Bacillus cell as described herein; wherein the Bacillus cell ex- presses less than wild-type levels of a gene as described herein due to that said gene is inactivated. The gene may be inactivated according to any of the strategies well known to the skilled person, such as deletions, insertions of frameshift mutations within the gene or in the promoter . A further embodiment relates to a Bacillus cell as described herein, wherein the polypeptide of interest is an enzyme, such as a protease; a cellulase; a lipase; a xylanase; a phospholipase; or preferably an amylase . In SEQ ID NO 3 and SEQ ID NO 4 is respectively shown the partial DNA and polypeptide sequences of a yjbH gene from Bacillus licheniformis . The DNA sequences shown in positions 1 to 147 in SEQ ID NO 1 and the DNA sequence shown in positions 1 to 147 in SEQ ID NO 3 are 76% identical. The polypeptide sequences shown in positions 1 to 49 in SEQ ID NO 2 and the polypeptide sequence shown in positions 1 to 49 in SEQ ID NO 4 are 79% identical. Accordingly these sequences are within the scopes of the first and second aspects of the invention and an embodiment of the invention then relates to a Bacillus cell wherein the gene comprises the DNA sequence shown in positions 1 to 147 in SEQ ID NO 3 or the gene comprises a DNA sequence encoding the polypeptide sequence shown in positions 1 to 49 in SEQ ID NO 4. In an even further aspect the present invention relates to a Bacillus cell for improved production of a polypeptide of interest, wherein the Bacillus cell expresses smaller than wild- type amounts of a gene which comprises: (a) the DNA sequence shown in positions 1 to 147 in SEQ ID NO 3; (b) a DNA sequence which is at least 70% identical to the DNA sequence of item (a) ; (c) a DNA sequence which encodes a polypeptide sequence shown in positions 1 to 49 in SEQ ID NO 4; or (d) a DNA sequence which encodes a polypeptide sequence which is at least 70% identical to the polypeptide sequence shown in positions 1 to 49 in SEQ ID NO 4. All embodiments relating to the first and second aspects of the invention, e.g. preferred homology identities and the situation of the gene between preferred markers are also preferred embodiments in relation to the aspects mentioned immediately above . A process for producing a polypeptide of interest comprising according to the third aspect of the invention: An essential element in this process is the use of a Ba cillus cell as described herein. The specific cultivation strategy conditions permitting production of the polypeptide of interest may be any of the nu- merous cultivation protocols known to the skilled person. Similarly, the specific strategy for isolating the polypeptide of interest of item ii) of the third aspect may be may be any of the numerous isolation protocols known to the skilled person. Further, any range or device value given herein may be extended or altered without losing the effects sought, as will be apparent to the skilled person for an understanding of the teachings herein. EXAMPLES: MATERIALS AND METHODS If not otherwise mentioned, in vi tro DNA work, transformation of bacterial cells etc. were performed using standard methods of molecular biology (Maniatis, T., Fritsch, E. F., Sam- brook, J. "Molecular Cloning. A laboratory manual". Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories, 1982; Ausubel, F. M. , et al . (eds.) "Current Protocols in Molecular Biology". John Wiley and Sons, 1995; Har- wood, C R., and Cutting, S. M. (eds.) "Molecular Biological Methods for Bacillus". John Wiley and Sons, 1990) . If not otherwise mentioned enzymes for DNA manipu- lations were used according to the specifications of the suppliers . Media used (TY, BPX and LB agar) have been described in EP 0 506 780. LBPSG agar is LB agar supplemented with phosphate (0.01 M K 3 P0 4 ) , glucose (0.4 %) , and starch (0.5 %) . Agar plates containing dyed amylopectin, as described in WO 94/19454, were used in plate screening for increased amylase production. Minimal medium used was Spizizen's minimal medium in which glucose was replaced by ribose (Spizizen, 1958. Proc . Natl. Acad. Sci . USA 44, 1072-1078) . α-Amylase assay. α-Amylase activity in culture supernatants was measured using the Phadebas ® Amylase Test Kit (Pharmacia Diagnosics) . The protocol was provided with the Phadebas assay kit . Example 1 : Inactivation of a gene which when inactivated gives a Bacillus subtilis cell capability of increased production of an α-amylase: A Bacillus subtilis strain expressing a chimeric α-amylase from a chromosomally integrated gene was mutagenised using the mini-TnlO transposon pIC333 (Steinmetz, M and Richter, R. 1994, J. Bacteriol. 172: 5019). The strain used was DN1885 xylR : :pCJ203 , expressing a chimeric α-amylase denoted AmyLQS55- 4. The exact composition of this chimeric α-amylase gene and construction of this strain has been published (Christina Lund Jensen (1997) Secretion of chimeric α-amylases from Bacillus subtilis . Ph.D. Thesis, Technical University of Denmark (DTU)). Integration of a transposon into the chromosome of B . subtilis may result in the inactivation of a target gene; genes, for which such inactivation led to increased amylase production were sought by screening of transposon libraries for increased production of the chimeric α-amylase AmyLQS55-4 by halo formation on LB-plates containing 0.4 % glucose, 0.01 M phosphate pH 7, 0.2 % xylose, dyed amylopectin, 6 μg/ml Chloramphenicol and 120 μg/ml spectinomycin. Example 2 : Identification of a gene (SEQ ID NO 1) which when inactivated in a Bacillus subtilis cell renders said cell capable of an increased production of an α-amylase: A Bacillus cell having increased production of the α- amylase was isolated and the identification of a gene (SEQ ID NO 1) was done as described below. The gene inactivated by the transposon insertion could easily be identified since the mini-TnlO contained a pUC origin of replication. In order to rescue DNA flanking the transposon insertion, it was necessary to utilise a restriction enzyme which did not cut within the mini-TnlO transposon. Several restriction enzymes could be used for that purpose, however, in this study, the EcoRI restriction enzyme was used. In most cases, it was possible to obtain the desired plasmids . In addition to the isolation of the flanking regions surrounding the transposon insertions, the chromosomal DNA was also used for Southern blot analysis, in order to check the number of transpo- son insertions in each mutant. The Southern blot analysis of the transposon mutants using EcoRI restriction enzyme showed that most of the mutants only contained one insertion. Only two of the mutants had more than one transposon inserted in the chromosome. The flanking regions of the transposon mutants were obtained by digesting the chromosomal DNA with EcoRI followed by ligation and transformation by electroporation into electrocom- petent cells of E. coli SJ2 (Diderichsen, B. et al . 1990, J. Bacteriol. 172:4315-4321), selecting for spectinomycin resis- tance (120 μg/ml) . The rescued plasmids were checked by restriction enzymes analysis and the gene inactivated by the transposon insertion was identified by sequence analysis of the rescued plasmids using primers TKpl (5'- CCA ATA CGC AAA CGC CCT CTC- 3') and TKp2 (5'- TAG TGA CAT TTG CAT GCT TC - 3'). DNA se- quences were determined by automatic sequencing. In order to identify the genes which were targeted, the obtained sequences were analysed against the complete genomic sequence of B . subtilis (F. Kunst et al . , 1997, Nature 390(20): 249-256). A transposon insertion into the following gene was identi- fied by analysing a mutant obtained as described in Example 1: yjbH. The transposon insertion was after nucleotide 711 in the yjbH open reading frame . Example 3 : Confirmation that inactivation of a gene (SEQ ID NO 1) in a Bacillus subtilis cell gives improved production of an α- amylase: Accumulation of α-amylase during prolonged growth in very rich media. The yjbH transposon mutant of strain DN1885 xylR : :pCJ203 , expressing chimeric α-amylase AmyLQS55-4 from a chromosomal gene copy, was grown in shake flasks and the amount of α-amylase accumulated in the culture supernatant compared to the amount accumulated from the non-mutagenised parent strain. After 7 days fermentation at 37°C in BPX medium supplemented with 0.2% xylose and 6 μg/ml chloramphenicol the α-amylase activity in the culture supernatants was measured using the Phadebas assay. A 40% increase in the α-amylase activity was observed for the yjbH mutant as compared to the wild-type strain. Secretion of α-amylase from B . subtilis in the stationary growth phase The yjbH transposon mutant of strain DN1885 xylR: :pCJ203 , expressing chimeric α-amylase AmyLQS55-4 from a chromosomal gene copy, was also grown in shake flasks containing TY-medium supplemented with 6 μg/ml chloramphenicol and 1% xylose to induce the α-amylase synthesis. During cultivation at 37°C, samples were retrieved to measured the cell density (OD 660 /ml) and the α- amylase activity (NU/ml) in the culture supernatant. The un- mutagenised DN1885 xylR : :pCJ203 was grown and sampled in parallel. The specific productivity of α-amylase was calculated using the following equation: Specific productivity = (dP/dt) x (1/OD 660 ) Specific productivity (NU/min/OD 660 ) P: production/activity in culture supernatant (NU/ml) t: growth time (min) OD 660 : cell density (OD 660 /ml) The specific activity is a measure of the capacity of the cell to produce α-amylase within a given time period - in this case within one minute. To calculate the specific productivity, equations describing the growth as a function of time and α- amylase activity as a function of time were estimated from the data points obtained during the growth experiment. These two equations were then used to calculate the specific productivity. An increase in the specific productivity of α-amylase was observed for the yjbH mutant as compared to the specific productivity of the parent cell. The specific productivity was approximately 70% higher for this mutant as compared to the parent cell in the post-exponential growth phase. Secretion of α-amylase in the exponentially growing B. subtilis cells . The Bacillus subtilis strain DN1885 xylR : :pCJ199 (Christina Lund Jensen (1997) Secretion of chimeric α-amylases from Bacillus subtilis . Ph.D. Thesis, Technical University of Denmark (DTU)) expresses the wild-type α-amylase of Bacillus licheni - formis from a chromosomally located gene copy. The yjbH transposon mutation was transferred to this strain by transformation of competent cells of the recipient with chromosomal DNA prepared from the yjbH mutant strain of DN1885 xylR : :pCJ203. Selection was for spectinomycin resistance. The DN1885 xylR : :pCJ199 strain as well as the yjbH mutant derivative were grown in shake flasks using minimal medium containing 1% ribose as the main carbon source supplemented with 6 μg/ml chloramphenicol and 1% xylose for induction of α-amylase synthesis. During the cultivation at 37°C, samples were retrieved for the measuring of the cell density (OD 660 /ml) and the α-amylase activity in the culture supernatant (NU/ml) . The specific productivity of α-amylase was calculated as described above . The specific productivity was approximately 60 % higher for the yjbH mutant as compared to the parent cell during exponential growth. From these data, it is clear that the yjbH mutant is improved with respect to α-amylase production as compared to the wild-type cell.

Claims: CLAIMS 1. A Bacillus cell for improved production of a polypeptide of interest, wherein the Bacillus cell expresses less than wild- type levels of a gene which comprises: (a) the DNA sequence shown in positions 1 to 828 in SEQ ID NO 1; (b) a DNA sequence which is at least 70% identical to the DNA sequence of item (a) ; (c) a DNA sequence which encodes a polypeptide sequence shown in positions 1 to 275 in SEQ ID NO 2; or (d) a DNA sequence which encodes a polypeptide sequence which is at least 70% identical to the polypeptide sequence shown in positions 1 to 275 in SEQ ID NO 2. 2. A Bacillus cell for improved production of a polypeptide of interest, wherein the Bacillus cell expresses smaller than wild- type amounts of a gene which comprises: (a) the DNA sequence shown in positions 1 to 147 in SEQ ID NO 1; (b) a DNA sequence which is at least 70% identical to the DNA sequence of item (a) ; (c) a DNA sequence which encodes a polypeptide sequence shown in positions 1 to 49 in SEQ ID NO 2; or (d) a DNA sequence which encodes a polypeptide sequence which is at least 70% identical to the polypeptide se- quence shown in positions 1 to 49 in SEQ ID NO 2. 3. The Bacillus cell of any of claims 1 or 2 , wherein the gene is situated between the genetic markers mecA and tenA. 4. The Bacillus cell of any of claims 1 to 3; wherein the Bacil lus cell is a Bacillus licheniformis , Bacillus subtilis, or a Bacillus a yloliquefaciens cell. 5. The Bacillus cell of any of claims 1 to 4; wherein the Bacil lus cell expresses less than wild-type levels of a gene of claim 1 or 2 due to that said gene is inactivated. 6. The Bacillus cell of any of claims 1 to 5 , wherein the polypeptide of interest is an enzyme, such as a protease; a cellu- lase; a lipase; a xylanase; a phospholipase; or preferably an amylase . 7. The Bacillus cell of any of claims 1 to 6, wherein the gene comprises the DNA sequence shown in positions 1 to 147 in SEQ ID NO 3 or the gene comprises a DNA sequence encoding the polypeptide sequence shown in positions 1 to 49 in SEQ ID NO 4. 8. A process for producing a polypeptide of interest comprising following steps: (i) cultivating a Bacillus of any of the preceding claims under conditions permitting production of the polypeptide of interest; (ii) isolating the polypeptide of interest.

Inventors: CHRISTENSEN CHRISTINA LUND, JOERGENSEN STEEN TROELS, KRISTENSEN TINA, CHRISTENSEN, CHRISTINA, LUND, JOERGENSEN, STEEN, TROELS, KRISTENSEN, TINA
Applicants: NOVO NORDISK AS, NOVO NORDISK A/S
Application year: 2000
Main classification: C12N1
IPC codes: C07K14, C12N1, C12N9, C12N15, C12P21