AN ONCOLYTIC ADENOVIRUS

Abstract: Viral vectors and methods of making such vectors are described that preferentially kill neoplastic but not normal cells, the preferred vector being an adenovirus that has the endogenous promoters in the E1A and/or E4 regions substituted with a tumor specific promoter which is preferably E2F responsive.

Description: AN ONCOLYTIC ADENOVIRUS FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to adenovirus vectors, and to methods for making and using such vectors. More particularly, it relates to improved adenovirus vectors containing mutations and substitutions in the promoters of the El A and/or the E4 regions which confer substantial tumor cell specific oncolytic activity. BACKGROUND From the early part of this century, viruses have been used to treat cancer. The approach has been two- fold; first, to isolate or generate oncolytic vimses that selectively replicate in and kill neoplastic cells, while sparing normal cells. Investigators initially used wild type vin'ses, and this approach met with some, albeit limited success. While oncolysis and slowing of tumor growth occurred with little or no damage to normal tissue, there was no significant alteration in the course of the disease. See, Smith et al.. Cancer 9: 121 1-1218 ( 1956), Cassel, W. A. et al.. Cancer 18: 863-868 (1965), Webb, H.E. et al., Lancet 1 : 1206- 1209 ( 1966). See, also, Kenney, S and Pagano, J. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., vol. 86, no. 16, p.1 185 ( 1994). More recently, and because of the reoccurrence of disease associated with the limited efficacy of the use of wild type viruses, investigators have resorted to using recombinant viruses that can be delivered at high doses, and that are replication competent in neoplastic but not normal cells. Such viruses are effective oncolytic agents in their own right, and further, can be engineered to carry and express a transgene that enhances the anti neoplastic activity of the virus. An example of this class of viruses is an adenovirus that is mutant in the El B region of the viral genome. See, U. S. Patent 5,677, 178, and Bischoff, J. R., D. H. Kirn, A. Williams, C. Heise, S. Horn, M. Muna, L. Ng, J. A. Nye, A. Sampson-Johannes, A. Fattaey, and F. McCormick. 1996, Science. 274:373-6. It is important to distinguish the use of replication competent viruses, with or without a transgene for treating cancer, from the second approach that investigators have used, which is a non-replicating virus that expresses a transgene. Here the virus is used merely as a vehicle that delivers a transgene which, directly or indirectly, is responsible for killing neoplastic cells. This approach has been, and continues to be the dominant approach ol using vimses to treat cancer It has, however, met with limited success, and it appears to be less efficacious than replicating vimses Nevertheless, foreign genes have been inserted into the E l region (see McGrory, Virology 163 614- 17 ( 1988)), the E3 region (see Hanke, Virology 177 437-44 ( 1990) and Bett, J Virol 67 591 1 -21 ( 1993)) or into the E3 region of an El deleted vector As mentioned above, to avoid damage to normal tissues resulting from the use of high dose viral therapy it is preferred that the vims have a mutation that facilitates its replication, and hence oncolytic activity in tumor cells, but renders it essentially harmless to normal cells This approach takes advantage of the observation that many of the cell growth regulatory mechanisms that control normal cell growth are inactivated or lost in neoplastic cells, and that these same growth control mechanisms are inactivated by vimses to facilitate viral replication Thus, the deletion or inactivation of a viral gene that inactivates a particular normal cell growth control mechanism will prevent the vims from replicating in normal cells, but such viruses will replicate in and kill neoplastic cells that lack the particular growth control mechanism For example, normal dividing cells transiently lack the grow th control mechanism, retinoblastoma tumor suppressor, that is lacking in and associated with unrestricted growth in certain neoplastic cells The loss of retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene (RB) gene function has been associated with the etiology of various types of tumors The product of this tumor suppressor gene, a 105 kilodalton polypeptide called pRB or p l05, is a cell-cycle regulatory protein The pRB polypeptide inhibits cell proliferation by arresting cells at the G| phase of the cell cycle The pRB protein is a major target of several DNA vims oncoproteins, including adenovirus E l a, SV40 large T Ag, and papillomavims E7 These viral proteins bind and inactivate pRB, and the function of inactivating pRB is important in facilitating viral replication The pRB protein interacts with the E2F transcription factor which is involved in the expression of the adenovims E2 gene and several cellular genes, and inhibits the activity of this transcription factor (Bagchi et al ( 1991 ) Cell 65 1063 Bandara et al ( 1991 ) Nature 35 1 494, Chellappan et al ( 1992) Proc Natl Acad Sci ( U S A ) 89 4549 The adenovirus, oncoproteins E l a, disrupts the pRB/E2F complex resulting in activation of E2F. However, neoplastic or normal dividing cells iacking sufficient functional pRB to complex E2F will not require the presence of a functional oncoprotein, such as E l a, to possess transcriptionally active E2F. Therefore, it is believed that replication deficient adenovirus species which lack the capacity to complex RB but substantially retain other essential replicative functions will exhibit a replication phenotype in cells which are deficient in RB function (e.g., normal dividing cells, or cells which are homozygous or heterozygous for substantially deleted RB alleles. cells which comprise RB alleles encoding mutant RB proteins which are essentially nonfunctional, cells which comprise mutations that result in a lack of function of an RB protein) but will not substantially exhibit a replicative phenotype in non-replicating, non-neoplastic cells. Such replication deficient adenovirus species are referred to as E I a-RB M replication deficient adenoviruses. A cell population (such as a mixed cell culture or a human cancer patient) which comprises a subpopulation of neoplastic cells and dividing normal cells both lacking RB function, and a subpopulation of non-dividing, non-neoplastic cells which express essentially normal RB function can be contacted under infective conditions (i.e., conditions suitable for adenoviral infection of the cell population, typically physiological conditions) with a composition comprising an infectious dosage of a E l a-RB' ' * replication deficient adenovirus. This results in an infection of the cell population with the E l a-RB 1 ' replication deficient adenoviruv The infection produces preferential expression of a replication phenotype in a significant fraction of the cells comprising the subpopulation of neoplastic and dividing normal cells lacking RB function (RB cell) but does not produce a substantial expression of a replicative phenotype in the subpopulation of non-dividing neoplastic cells having essentially normal RB function. The expression of a replication phenotype in an infected RB " cell (neoplastic or dividing normal cells) results in the death of the cell, such as by cytopathic effect (CPE), cell lysis, apoptosis. and the like, resulting in a selective ablation of such RB' ' cells from the cell population. See. U.S. Patents 5, 801 , 029 and 5, 972. 706. Typically. E l a-RB 1 ' replication deficient adenovirus constructs suitable for selective killing of RB(-) neoplastic cells comprise mutations (e.g.. deletions. substitutions, frameshitts) which inactivate the ability ot an E l a polypeptide to bind RB protein effectively Such inactivating mutations typically occur in the E la CR 1 domain (amino acids 30-85 in Ad5 nucleotide positions 697-790) and/or the CR2 domain (amino acids 120- 139 in Ad5. nucleotide positions 920-967), which are involved in binding the p I05 RB protein and the p i 07 protein Preferably, the CR3 domain (spanning amino acids 150- 186) remains and is expressed as a truncated p289R polypeptide and is functional in transactivation of adenoviral early genes Fig 1 portrays schematically the domain structure of the E l a-289R polypeptide In addition to alterations in the E l a region of adenov irus. it would be desirable to enhance viral specific killing of neoplastic cells that lack RB function by constructing iruses that hav e critical replicati e functions under the control ot transcπptionally active E2F The adenov irus replication cycle has two phases an early phase, during which 4 transcription units E l . E2. E3. and E4 are expressed, and a late phase which occurs after the onset ot v iral DNA synthesis when late transcripts are expressed primarily from the ma r late promoter (MLP) The late messages encode most of the virus ' s stmctural proteins The gene products of E 1. E2 and E4 are responsible for transcπptional activ ation, cell transformation, viral DNA replication, as well as other viral functions, and are necessary tor viral growth See Halbert. D N . et al . 1985. J Virol 56 250-7 It the adenoviral regions that are inv olv ed in v iais replication could be brought under the control of E2F v ia an E2F responsive transcπptional unit, this would provide an enhanced adenovirus that selectively kills neoplastic cells that lack RB function, but not normal cells By way of background, the following references are presented relating to adenoviral vectors with alterations in regions involved in viral replication, including the E4 region, and E2F responsive promoters WO 98/091563. inventors Branton et al . presents methods and compositions tor using adenoviral E4 proteins tor inducing cell death Gao G-P . et al . describe the use ot adenov iral vectors with E l and E4 deletions tor liver-directed gene therapv See J Virology, Dec 1996. p 8934-8943 WO 98/46779 describes certain adenoviral vectors capable ot expressing a transgene comprising a modified E4 region but retaining E4ort3 Yeh, P , et al describe the expression of a minimal E4 functional unit in 293 cells which permit efficient dual trans-complementation of adenoviral E l and E4 regions See, Yeh. P . et al J Virology, Jan 1996, pages 559-565 U S Patent No 5, 885, 833 describes nucleic acid constmcts comprising an activator sequence, a promoter module, and a structural gene The promoter module comprises a CHR region and a nucleic acid sequence that binds a protein of the E2F family Wang, Q et al in Gene Ther 2 775-83 ( 1995) describe a 293 packaging cell line for propagation of recombinant adenovirus vectors that lack E l and/or E4 regions To avoid the transactivation effects of the E l A gene product in parental 29^ cells as well as the over expression ot the E4 genes the E4 promoter was replaced bv a cellular inducible hormone gene promoter the mouse alpha inhibin promoter Kroughak and Graham describe the development ot cell lines that express adenovirus type 5 E l E4. and pIX genes and thus are able to complement replication of adenovirus mutants defective in each of these regions See Kroughak. V and Graham, F Human Gene Therapy v ol 6 p 1575- 1586, 1995 Fang, B , et al in J Virol 71 4798-803 ( 1997) describe an attenuated, replication incompetent adenoviral vector that has the E4 promoter replaced with a synthetic GALA/VP 16 promoter that facilitates packaging of the adenoviral vector in 29^ cells that stably express the GAL4/VP 16 transactiv ator The v irus was made replication incompetent by deletion ot the E l region ot the vims U S Patent No 5, 670 488 describes adenoviral vectors having one or more ot the E4 open reading frames deleted, but retaining sufficient E4 sequences to promote virus replication in \ ιtro. and having a DNA sequence ot interest operably linked to expression control sequences and inserted into the adenoviral genome U S Patent No 5, 882 877 describes adenoviral vectors having the E l , E2 E3 and E4 regions and late genes ot the adenovims genome deleted and additionally comprising a nucleic acid of interest operably linked to expression control sequences WO 98/ 13508 describes selectively targeting malignant cells using an E2F responsi e promoter operably linked to a transgene of interest Neuman, E et al show that the transcription ot the E2F 1 gene is rendered cell cycle dependent by E2F DNA-binding sites within its promoter See Mol Cell Biol 15 4660 ( 1995) Neuman, E , et al also show the structure and partial genomic sequence of the human E2F1 gene See, Gene 173 163-9 ( 1996) Parr, M J , et al , show that tumor-selective transgene expression in vivo is mediated by an E2F- responsive adenoviral vector See. Nat Med 3 1 145-9 ( 1996) Adams, P D , and W G Kaelin, Jr show transcriptional control by E2F See, Semin Cancer Biol 6 99- 108 ( 1995) Hallenbeck, P , et al , describe vectors for tissue-specific replication One such vector is adenovirus that is stated to selectively replicate in a target tissue to provide a therapeutic benefit from the vector per se, or from heterologous gene products expressed from the vector In the former instance a tissue-specific transcriptional regulatory sequence is operably linked to a coding region ot a gene that is essential for replication ot the vector Several coding regions are described including E l a, E 1 B, E2 and E4 See, WO 96/17053 and WO 96/ 17053 Henderson, et al , in U S Patent No 5.698,443 shows an adenovirus vector having at least one of the genes E 1 A E 1 B or E4 under the transcriptional control ot a prostate cell specific response element It should be apparent that v imses offer another means tor treating cancer Thus, vimses that selectivelv replicate in, and kill neoplastic cells would be an invaluable weapon in a physician ' s arsenal in the battle against cancer SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The invention described herein provides recombinant adenoviral vectors and methods for constmcting the same, preferably replication competent, adenoviral vectors that substantially and selectively kill neoplastic cells with little or no killing ot non neoplastic cells that have at least one, and preferably two. adenoviral promoter regions that control the expression ot immediate early genes altered such that certain transcriptional nucleotide regulatory start sites are removed, or otherwise inactivated while retaining those sites that are required, or that substantially facilitate viral replication, and substituting tor the removal ot such nucleotide regulatory start sites, a tumor cell specific transcriptional unit and optionally a heterologous gene substituted for a deleted viral gene The invention further provides recombinant viral vectors and methods as described above, wherein the adenoviral promoter regions are preferably the E l a and/or E4. In another aspect, the invention provides adenoviral vectors that substantially and selectively kill neoplastic cells with little or no killing of non neoplastic cells that have certain E l a and E4 promoter transcriptional nucleotide start sites removed, or otherwise inactivated, and substituting therefore a tumor cell specific transcriptional unit. In another aspect, the invention provides adenoviral vectors that substantially and selectively kill neoplastic cells with little or no killing of non neoplastic cells that have at least certain of the E4 promoter transcriptional nucleotide start sites removed, or otherwise inactivated, while retaining those sites that facilitate viral replication, including certain of the Sp 1. ATF. NF 1 and NFIII/Oct- 1 binding sites, and substituting for the E4 promoter nucleotide start sites a tumor cell specific transcriptional unit. An object of the invention is a description of an adenoviral vector as described above having the E l a and/or the E4 promoter transcriptional nucleotide start sites removed and substituted therefore a tumor cell specific transcriptional unit wherein such adenoviral vectors further exhibit mutations (e.g.. deletions, substitutions. frameshifts) which inactivate the ability of an E l a polypeptide to bind RB protein effectively. A further feature of the invention consists of substituting for the E l a and/or E4 promoter nucleotide start sequences referred to above with a tumor cell specific transcriptional unit, one that is responsive to the pRb signaling pathway, including pRb/p l07, E2F- 1/-2/-3, G l cyclin/cdk complexes, and preferably the promoter is E2F responsive. The invention also presents methods for preventing or treating disease, and preferably disease resulting from hyperproliferative cell growth, including neoplastic disease using the adenoviral vectors described herein. Brief Description of the Drawings Figure 1 portrays schematically the domain structure of the E l a-289R polypeptide. Figure 2 shows the adenoviral E4 promoter. Figure 3 shows diagrammatically the invention E4 shuttle vector and the position of the restriction sites, Spel and Xhol, which facilitates substitution of the E4 promoter with a promoter of choice. Detailed Description of the Invention All publications, including patents and patent applications, mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference in its entirety. Furthermore, it is important to note that while the invention adenoviral vectors ' oncolytic activity is ascribed to a mechanism of action involving molecules in the pRb pathway that affect the expression of viral genes under the control of an E2F responsive promoter, the invention should not be construed as limited by this mechanism. Rather it will be appreciated that the invention adenoviral vectors' oncolytic activity is a function of its structural elements which are thought to, but may not exert oncolysis through the pRb pathway. Thus, the invention adenoviral vectors derive their tumor versus normal cell killing selectivity by having at least one E2F responsive promoter driving either E l a or E4 gene expression. The preferred adenoviral vector is one having 2 E2F responsive promoters, one substituted for the E l a promoter and the other for the E4 promoter, as described belo . Definitions Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Generally, the nomenclature used herein and the laboratory procedures described below are those well known and commonly employed in the art. Standard techniques are used for recombinant nucleic acid methods, polynucleotide synthesis, and microbial culture and transformation (e.g.. electroporation, lipofection). Generally, enzymatic reactions and purification steps are performed according to the manufacturer's specifications. The techniques and procedures are generally performed according to conventional methods in the art and various general references ( see generally. Sambrook et al.. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd edition ( 1989; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N Y ) which are provided throughout this document The nomenclature used herein and the laboratory procedures in analytical chemistry, organic synthetic chemistry, and pharmaceutical formulation described below are those well known and commonly employed in the art Standard techniques are used for chemical syntheses, chemical analyses, pharmaceutical formulation and delivery, and treatment of patients Those skilled in the art will also recognize publications that facilitate genetic engineering of the invention adenovirus to produce the invention E l A and or E4 shuttle vectors Such would include the woi of Hitt, M , et al Constmction and propagation of human adenovirus vectors In Cell Biology a Laboratory Handbook J Cells (Ed), Academic Press N Y ( 1996 ), Graham, F L and Prevec, L Adenov irus based expression vectors and recombinant v accines In Vaccines New Approaches to Immunological Problems R W Ellis (ed) Butterworth Pp 363-390, and Graham, F L and Prevec, L Manipulation ot adenovirus vectors In Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol 7 Gene Transfer and Expression Techniques E J Murray and J M Walker (eds) Humana Press Inc . Clifton, N J pp 109- 128, 1991 The materials and methods described in these articles were or could be used below In the formulae representing selected specific embodiments of the present invention, the amino- and carboxy terminal groups, although often not specifically shown, will be understood to be in the form they would assume at physiological pH values, unless otherwise specified The amino acid residues described herein are preferably in the "L" lsomeπc form Stereoisomers (e g , D-amino acids) ot the twenty conventional amino acids, unnatural amino acids such as a.a-distπbuted amino acids, N-alkyl amino acids, lactic acid, and other unconventional amino acids may also be suitable components for polypeptides of the present invention, as long as the desired functional property is retained by the polypeptide For the peptides shown each encoded residue where appropriate is represented by a three letter designation corresponding to the trivial name of the conventional amino acid, in keeping with standard polypeptide nomenclature (described in J Biol Chem , 243 3552 59 ( 1969) and adopted at 37 CFR *} I 822(b)(2)) As employed throughout the disclosure, the following terms, unless otherwise indicated, shall be understood to have the following meanings The term "inactivated" as applied to "adenoviral transcriptional nucleotide regulatory site " sequences means rendering such sequences non functional by mutation, including by deletion of all or part of the sequences, or insertion of other sequences into the adenoviral transcriptional nucleotide sequences thereby rendering them non functional The term "adenovirus as referred to herein indicates over 47 adenoviral subtypes isolated from humans, and as many from other mammals and birds See Strauss. 'Adenovirus infections in humans in The Adenovimses. Ginsberg, ed Plenum Press, New York. NY, pp 451 -596 ( 1984) The term preferably applies to two human serotypes Ad2 and Ad5 The term polynucleotide as referred to herein means a polymeric form of nucleotides ot at least 10 bases in length, either πbonucleotides or deoxynucleotides or a modified form of either type ot nucleotide The term includes single and double stranded forms ot DNA The term 'oligonucleotide referred to herein includes naturally occurring and modified nucleotides linked together by naturally occurring, and non-naturally occurring oligonucleotide linkages Oligonucleotides are a polynucleotide subset with 200 bases or fewer in length Preferably oligonucleotides are 10 to 60 bases in length Oligonucleotides are usually single stranded, e g for probes, although oligonucleotides may be double stranded, e g for use in the constmction of a gene mutant Oligonucleotides of the invention can be either sense or antisense oligonucleotides As used herein, the terms 'label or 'labeled refers to incorporation of a detectable marker, e g , by incorporation ot a radiolabeled amino acid or attachment to a polypeptide of biotinyl moieties that can be detected by marked avidin (e g streptavidin containing a fluorescent marker or enzymatic activity that can be detected by optical or coloπmetπc methods) Various methods of labeling polypeptides and glycoproteins are known in the art and may be used By the phrase 'tumor cell specific," as applied to the selectivity of killing ot the invention adenovimses is meant tumor cells that are killed by the expression of viral genes operably linked to an E2F responsiv e promoter Considering that E2F is expressed by normal cell, particularly dividing normal cells, it would be expected that the invention adenov imses will also kill dividing normal cells, albeit, to a lesser degree than tumor cells The term sequence homology referred to herein describes the proportion of base matches between two nucleic acid sequences or the proportion amino acid matches between two amino acid sequences When sequence homology is expressed as a percentage, e g 50% the percentage denotes the proportion of matches over the length of sequence that is compared to some other sequence Gaps (in either of the two sequences) are permitted to maximize matching gap lengths of 15 bases or less are usually used 6 bases or less are preterred w ith 2 bases or less more preferred The term corresponds to is used herein to mean that a polynucleotide sequence is homologous ( I e is identical not strictly ev olutionaπly related) to all or a portion ot a reference polynucleotide sequence or that a polypeptide sequence is identical to a reference polypeptide sequence In contradistinction the term complementary to is used herein to mean that the complementary sequence is homologous to all or a portion ot a reference polynucleotide sequence For illustration the nucleotide sequence TATAC corresponds to a reference sequence TAT AC and is complementary to a reference sequence GTATA The following terms are used to describe the sequence relationships between two or more polynucleotides reference sequence comparison w indow sequence identity , percentage of sequence identity and substantial identity A reference sequence is a defined sequence used as a basis for a sequence comparison a reference sequence may be a subset of a larger sequence for example, as a segment ot a full-length cDNA or gene sequence given in a sequence listing may comprise a complete cDNA or gene sequence Generallv a reference sequence is at least 20 nucleotides in length frequenth at least 25 nucleotides in length and often at least 50 nucleotides in length Since two polynucleotides may each ( 1 ) comprise a sequence ( I e a portion ot the complete polynucleotide sequence) that is similar between the two polynucleotides and (2) mav further comprise a sequence that is divergent between the two polynucleotides sequence comparisons between two (or more) polynucleotides are t pically performed bv comparing sequences ot the two polynucleotides over a "comparison window ' to identity and compare local regions ot sequence similarity A ' comparison window,' as may be used herein, refers to a conceptual segment of at least 20 contiguous nucleotide positions wherein a polynucleotide sequence may be compared to a reference sequence of at least 20 contiguous nucleotides and wherein the portion of the polynucleotide sequence in the comparison window may comprise additions or deletions ( I e , gaps) of 20 percent or less as compared to the reference sequence (which does not comprise additions or deletions) for optimal alignment of the two sequences Optimal alignment of sequences for aligning a comparison window may be conducted by the local homology algorithm of Smith and Waterman ( 198 1 ) Adv Appl Math 2 482. by the homology alignment algorithm of eedleman and Wunsch ( 1970) J Mol Biol 48 441 by the search tor similarity method of Pearson and Lipman ( 1 88 ) Proc Natl Acad Sci ( U S A ) 85 2444. b computerized implementations ot these algorithms (GAP. BESTFIT. FASTA. and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Softw are Package Release 7 0, Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science Dr , Madison, WI). or by inspection, and the best alignment ( I e . resulting in the highest percentage of homology over the comparison indow) generated by the various methods is selected The term ' sequence identity means that two polynucleotide sequences are identical ( I e on a nucleotide-by-nucleotide basis ) over the window ot comparison The term percentage of sequence identity is calculated by comparing two optimally aligned sequences over the indow of comparison, determining the number ot positions at w hich the identical nucleic acid base (e g , A, T. C, G, U. or I) occurs in both sequences to yield the number ot matched positions, dividing the number ot matched positions by the total number of positions in the window of comparison (l e , the window size), and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage of sequence identity The terms 'substantial identity" as used herein denotes a characteristic ot a polynucleotide sequence, wherein the polynucleotide comprises a sequence that has at least 85 percent sequence identity preferably at least 90 to 95 percent sequence identity, more usually at least 99 percent sequence identity as compared to a reference sequence over a comparison w indow ot at least 20 nucleotide positions, frequently ov er a window ot at least 25-50 nucleotides w herein the percentage ot sequence identity is calculated by comparing the reterence sequence to the polynucleotide sequence which may include deletions or additions which total 20 percent or less of the reference sequence over the window of comparison The reference sequence may be a subset of a larger sequence It is important to note that while a preferred embodiment of the invention is the incorporation of the human E2F- 1 promoter, a promoter that is "substantially identical" is intended to come within the definition of an E2F responsive promoter As used herein, "substantially pure means an object species is the predominant species present (I e , on a molar basis it is more abundant than any other individual species in the composition), and preferably a substantially purified traction is a composition wherein the object species comprises at least about 50 percent (on a molar basis) of all macromolecular species present Generallv a substantially pure composition will comprise more than ..bout 80 percent of all macromolecular species present in the composition more preferably more than about 85%, 90%, 95% and 99% Most preferably, the object species is purified to essential homogeneity (contaminant species cannot be detected in the compos'tion by conventional detection methods) wherein the composition consists essentially of a single macromolecular species The term 'polypeptide fragment or peptide fragment' as used herein refers to a polypeptide that has an amino-terminal and/or carboxy-terminal deletion, but where the remaining amino acid sequence is identical to the corresponding positions in the naturally-occurring sequence deduced, for example from a full-length cDNA sequence Fragments ty pically 8- 10 amino acids long, preferably at least 10-20 amino acids long, and even more preferably 20-70 amino acids long By the phrase "pRB pathway," or "pRb signaling pathway" is meant, at least in part, molecules that affect pRb activity including pRb/p l07, E2F- 1/-2/-3, and G l cyc n/cdk complexes It w ill be appreciated that molecules not presently known may also come within this definition These molecules mediate their biological effects, at least in part, at the level of transcription through an E2F responsive promoter Other chemistry terms herein are used according to conventional usage in the art, as exemplified by The McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Chemical Terms (ed Parker S , 1985), McGraw-Hill San Francisco, incorporated herein by reference The production of proteins from cloned genes by genetic engineering is well known See, e g U S Patent Number 4,761 ,371 to Bell et al at column 6, line 3 to column 9, line 65 The discussion which follows is accordingly intended as an overview of this field, and is not intended to reflect the full state of the art DNA which encodes proteins may be inserted into the El A and/or E4 adenoviral constmcts of the invention, in view of the instant disclosure, by chemical synthesis, by screening reverse transcripts of mRNA from appropriate cells or cell line cultures, by screening genomic libraries from appropriate cells, or by combinations of these procedures, as illustrated below For example, one embodiment of the invention is the expression of genes that encode prodmg activ ity enzymes where such genes are incorporated into regions of the invention adenovimses that do not affect their ability to replicate Screening of mRNA or genomic DNA may be carried out with oligonucleotide probes generated from known gene sequence information Probes mav be labeled with a detectable group In the alternative a gene sequence may be recovered by use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure See U S Patent Numbers 4,683, 195 to Mulhs et al and 4 683,202 to Mullis A vector is a replicable DNA construct and is used either to amplify DNA encoding a desired protein and/or to express DNA which encodes the protein An expression vector is a replicable DNA construct in which a DNA sequence encoding a protein of interest is operably linked to suitable control sequences capable of effecting the expression ot the protein in a suitable host The need tor such control sequences will vary depending upon the host selected and the transformation method chosen Generally, control sequences include a transcriptional promoter, an optional operator sequence to control transcription, a sequence encoding suitable mRNA ribosomal binding sites, and sequences which control the termination of transcription and translation Amplification vectors do not require expression control domains All that is needed is the ability to replicate in a host, usually conferred by an origin ot replication and a selection gene to facilitate recognition ot transformants DNA regions are operably linked when they are tunctionally related to each other For example a promoter is operably linked to a coding sequence if it controls the transcription of the sequence a πbosome binding site is operably linked to a coding sequence if it is positioned so as to permit translation Generally, operably linked means contiguous and, in the case of leader sequences, contiguous and in reading frame A preferred embodiment promoter of the instant invention in those instances where endogenous adenoviral E l a and/or E4 region promoter transcriptional nucleotide regulatory start sites are removed is the substitution with a tumor cell specific promoter, one that is responsive, directly or indirectly, to molecules in the pRb signaling pathway, including the proteins pRb/p l07, E2F- 1/-2/-3, G l cychn/cdk complexes, and preferably the promoter is E2F responsive, and more preferably the promoter is the human E2F- 1 By responsive to molecules in the pRb signaling pathway, is meant the killing of tumor cells caused bv the expression ot v iral genes under the control an E2F responsiv e promoter Suitable host cells tor use in the invention include prokaryotes, yeast cells, or higher eukaryotic cells Prokarvotes include gram negative or gram positive organisms, tor example E schenclua c oli {E coli ) or Bacilli Higher eukaryotic cells include established cell lines ot mammalian origin as described below Exemplary host cells are DH5a E c oli W3 1 10 (ATCC 27 325), E coli B. E c «/. X 1776 (ATCC 3 1.537) and £ coli 294 ( YTCC 3 L446) Cultures of cells derived from multicellular organisms are a desirable host tor recombinant protein synthesis In principal, anv higher eukaryotic cell culture is workable, whether from vertebrate or inv ertebrate culture However, mammalian cells are preferred Propagation ot such cells in cell culture has become a routine procedure See Tissue Culture, Academic Press, Kruse and Paterson, editors ( 1973) Examples of useful host cell lines are VERO and HeLa cells, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines, and FL5 12 WI 138. BHK. COS-7. CV, and MDCK cell lines Expression vectors tor such cells ordinarily include (if necessary) an origin of replication a promoter located upstream from the gene to be expressed, along with a nbosome binding site RNA splice site (if intron-containing genomic DNA is used), a polyadenylation site, and a transcriptional termination sequence As used herein the term replication deficient virus refers to a virus that preferentially inhibits cell proliferation causes cell lysis, or induces apoptosis (collectively considered killing ) in a predetermined cell population (e g , tumor cells responsive to molecules in the pRb signaling pathway) which supports expression of a vims replication phenotype, and which is substantially unable to inhibit cell proliferation, cause cell lysis, induce apoptosis, or express a replication phenotype in non-replicating, non-transformed cells The term "RB function' refers to the property of having an essentially normal level of a polypeptide encoded by the RB gene (I e , relative to non-neoplastic cells of the same histological type), wherein the RB polypeptide is capable of binding an E la protein of wild-type adenovims 2 or 5 For example, RB function may be lost by production of an inactive ( I e , mutant) form of RB or by a substantial decrease or total loss of expression of pRB polypeptιde(s) or by an alteration in one or more ot the molecules in the pRb pathw ay that effect pRb levels Alternativ ely "RB function refers to the normal transcriptional activ ity of genes in terms ot time of expression and amounts of proteins expressed, that are under the control ot an E2F responsive pRb pathway sensitive, promoter RB function may be substantially absent in neoplastic cells that comprise RB alleles encoding a wild-type RB protein, for example, a genetic alteration outside of the RB locus, such as a mutation that results in aberrant subcellular processing or localization of RB. or a molecule in the pRB pathway, may result in a loss of RB function The term replication phenotype refers to one or more ot the following phenotypic characteristics ot cells infected with a virus such as a replication deficient adenovims ( 1 ) substantial expression of late gene products, such as capsid proteins (e g , adenoviral penton base polypeptide) or RNA transcripts initiated from viral late gene promoter(s), (2) replication of viral genomes or formation of replicative intermediates, (3) assembly ot viral capsids or packaged viπon particles. (4) appearance of cytopathic effect (CPE) in the infected cell. (5) completion of a viral lytic cycle, and (6) other phenotypic alterations which are typically contingent upon abrogation of RB function in non-neoplastic cells infected with a wild-type replication competent DNA virus encoding functional oncoproteιn(s) A replication phenotype comprises at least one of the listed phenotypic characteristics, preferably more than one ot the phenotypic characteristics The term "antineoplastic replication deficient virus" is used herein to refer to a recombinant vims which has the functional property of inhibiting development or progression of a neoplasm in a human, by preferential cell killing, whether by lysis or apoptosis of infected neoplastic cells relative to infected non-replicating, non- neoplastic cells of the same histological cell type. As used herein, "neoplastic cells" and "neoplasia" refer to cells which exhibit relatively autonomous growth, so that they exhibit an aberrant growth phenotype characterized by a significant loss of control of cell proliferation. Neoplastic cells comprise cells which may be actively replicating or in a temporary non-replicative resting state (G| or G () ). similarly, neoplastic cells may comprise cells which have a well-differentiated phenotype. a poorly-differentiated phenotype, or a mixture of both type of cells. Thus, not all neoplastic cells are necessarily replicating cells at a given timepoint The set defined as neoplastic cells consists of cells in benign neoplasms and cells in malignant (or frank) neoplasms Frankly neoplastic cells are frequently referred to as tumor cells or cancer cells, typically termed carcinoma if originating from cells of endodermal or ectodermal histological origin, or sarcoma if originating from cell types derived from mesoderm. As used herein, "physiological conditions" refers to an aqueous environment having an ionic strength, pH, and temperature substantially similar to conditions in an intact mammalian cell or in a tissue space or organ of a living mammal. Typically, physiological conditions comprise an aqueous solution having about 150 mM NaCl (or optionally KC1). pH 6.5-8. 1. and a temperature of approximately 20-45° C Generally, physiological conditions are suitable binding conditions for intermolecular association of biological macromolecules. For example, physiological conditions of 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.4, at 37°C are generally suitable. Embodiments of the Invention The E l a and E4 regions of adenovirus are essential for an efficient and productive infection of human cells. The E l a gene is the first viral gene to be transcribed in a productive infection, and its transcription is not dependent on the action of any other viral gene products. However, the transcription of the remaining early viral genes requires E l a gene expression. The E l a promoter, in addition to regulating the expression ot the E l a gene, also integrates signals tor packaging of the viral genome as well as sites required for the initiation of viral DNA replication. See, Schmid, S. I., and Hearing, P. in Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol. 199: pages 67-80 ( 1995). The invention as applied to E l a adenoviral vectors involves the replacement of the basic adenovims E la promoter, including the CAAT box, TATA box and start site for transcription initiation, with a basic promoter that exhibits tumor specificity, and preferably is E2F responsive, and more preferably is the human E2F- 1 promoter. Thus, this vims will be repressed in cells that lack molecules, or such molecules are non functional, that activate transcription from the E2F responsive promoter. Normal non dividing, or quiescent cells, fall in this class, as the transcription factor, E2F, is bound to pRb, or retinoblastoma protein, thus making E2F unavailable to bind to and activate the E2F responsive promoter. In contrast, cells that contain free E2F should support E2F based transcription. An example of such cells are neoplastic cells that lack pRb function, allowing for a productive viral infection to occur. Retention of the enhancer sequences, packaging signals, and DNA replication start sites which lie in the E l a promoter will ensure that the adenovims infection proceeds to wild type levels in the neoplastic cells that lack pRb function. In essence, the modified E l a promoter confers tumor specific transcriptional activation resulting in substantial tumor specific killing, yet provides for enhanced safety in normal cells. In creating the E l a adenoviral vector by substituting the endogenous E l a promoter with the E2F responsive promoter, the elements upstream of nucleotide 375 in the adenoviral 5 genome are kept intact. The nucleotide numbering is as described by See, Schmid, S. I., and Hearing, P. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol. 199: pages 67-80 ( 1995). This includes all of the seven A repeat motifs identified for packaging of the viral genome (See fig. 2 of Schmid and Hearing, above.) Sequences from nucleotide 375 to nucleotide 536 are deleted by a BsaAI to BsrBI restriction start site, while still retaining 23 base pairs upstream of the translational initiation codon for the E l A protein. An E2F responsive promoter, preferably human E2F- 1 is substituted for the deleted endogenous E l a promoter sequences using known materials and methods. The E2F- 1 promoter may be isolated as described in Example 1 . The E4 region has been implicated in many of the events that occur late in adenoviral infection, and is required tor efficient viral DNA replication, late mRNA accumulation and protein synthesis, splicing, and the shutoff of host cell protein synthesis Adenovimses that are deficient for most of the E4 transcription unit are severely replication defective and, in general, must be propagated in E4 complementing cell lines to achieve high titers The E4 promoter is positioned near the right end of the viral genome and governs the transcription of multiple open reading frames (ORF) A number of regulatory elements have been characterized in this promoter that are critical for mediating maximal transcriptional activity In addition to these sequences the E4 promoter region contains regulatory sequences that are required for v iral DN A. replication A depiction of the E4 promoter and the position of these regulatory sequences can be seen in Figures 2 and 3 Another embodiment ot the invention is the generation of an adenoviral vectoi that has the E4 basic promoter substituted w ith one that has been demonstrated to show tumor specificity, preterably an E2F responsive promoter, and more preferably the human E2F- 1 promoter The reasons for preferring an E2F responsive promoter to drive E4 expression are the same as were discussed abov e in the context ot an E l a adenoviral v ector hav ing the E l a promoter substituted w ith an E2F responsive promoter The tumor suppressor function of pRb correlates w ith its ability to repress E2F-responsιv e promoters such as the E2F 1 promoter ( Adams P D and W G Kaelin, Jr 1995 Cancer Biol 6 99- 108, Sellers W R , and W G Kaelin 1996 published erratum appears in Biochim Biophys Acta 1996 Dec 9. 1288( 3 ) E- l Biochim Biophys Acta 1288 M l -5 Sellers W R , J W Rodgers. and W G Kaelin. Jr 1995, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92 1 1544-8 ) The human E2F- 1 promoter has been extensively characterized and shown to be responsive to the pRb signaling pathway, including pRb/p l07, E2F- 1/-2/-3, and G l cychn/cdk complexes and E l A (Johnson. D G . K Ohtani and J R Nevins 1994 Genes Dev 8 15 14-25 Neuman E E K Flemington W R Sellers, and W G Kaelin Jr 1995, Mol Cell Biol 15 4660 Neuman E W R Sellers, J A McNeil J B Lawrence and W G Kaelin Jr 1996 Gene 173 163-9 ) Most, if not all, of this regulation has been attributed to the presence ot multiple E2F sites present within the E2F- 1 promoter Hence a virus carrying this (these) modιtιcatιon(s) would be expected to be attenuated in normal cells that contain an intact (w ild type) pRb pathway, yet exhibit a normal infection/replication profile in cells that are deficient for pRb's repressive function. In order to maintain the normal infection/replication profile of this mutant vims we have retained the inverted terminal repeat (ITR) at the distal end of the E4 promoter as this contains all of the regulatory elements that are required for viral DNA replication (Hatfield, L. and P. Hearing. 1993, J Virol. 67 393 1 -9; Rawlins, D R„ P. J Rosenfeld, R J Wides, M. D. Challberg, and T. J. Kelly, Jr. 1984, Cell. 37:309- 19: Rosenfeld, P. J., E. A. O'Neill, R. J. Wides, and T. J. Kelly. 1987. Mol Cell Biol. 7:875-86; Wides, R. J., M. D. Challberg, D. R. Rawlins, and T. J. Kelly. 1987, Mol Cell Biol. 7:864-74 ). This facilitates attaining wild type levels of virus in pRb pathway deficient tumor cells infected with this virus In the invention adenoviral constructs inv olving the E4 region, the E4 piomotei is preferably positioned near the right end of the viral genome and it governs the transcription of multiple open reading frames (ORFs) (Freyer. G A , Y. Katoh, and R. J Roberts 1984, Nucleic Acids Res. 12 3503- 19, Tigges. M. A., and H. J. Raskas 1984 Splice junctions in adenovirus 2 early region 4 mRNAs- multiple splice sites produce 18 to 24 RNAs. J Virol. 50: 106- 17: Virtanen, A . P. Gilardi. A. Naslund, J. M. LeMoullec. U. Pettersson, and M. Pemcaudet 1984. J Virol. 5 1 :822-3 1 ) A number of regulatory elements have been characterized in this promoter that mediate transcriptional actιvιty(Berk. A. J 1986. Annu Rev Genet. 20.45-79; Gilardi, P.. and M. Pemcaudet 1986. Nucleic Acids Res 14 9035-49. Gilardi. P . and M. Pemcaudet. 1984, Nucleic Acids Res. 12:7877-88; Hanaka, S., T Nishigaki. P. A. Sharp, and H. Handa 1987, Mol Cell Biol. 7:2578-87, Jones, C, and K. A. Lee 1991 , Mol Cell Biol. 1 1 :4297-305, Lee. K. A., and M. R. Green. 1987. Embo J. 6: 1345-53 ) In addition to these sequences, the E4 promoter region contains elements that are involved in viral DNA replication (Hatfield, L.. and P. Hearing. 1993, J Virol. 67:3931-9; Rawlins, D. R., P. J. Rosenfeld, R. J. Wides, M. D. Challberg, and T J. Kelly. Jr. 1984. Cell 37:309- 19: Rosenfeld. P. J . E. A. O'Neill. R J Wides. and T J. Kelly. 1987. Mol Cell Biol 7:875-86: Wides. R J , M D Challberg, D. R. Rawlins. and T J Kelly 1987. Mol Cell Biol. 7:864-74 ) A depiction of the E4 promoter and the position of these regulatory sequences can be seen in Figures 1 and 2 See. also. Jones. C. and K. A. Lee. Mol Cell Biol. 1 1 :4297-305 ( 1991 ) With these considerations in mind, an E4 promoter shuttle was designed by creating two novel restriction endonuc ease sites a Xhol site at nucleotide 35.576 and a Spel site at nucleotide 35.815 (see Figure 3) Digestion with both Xhol and Spel removes nucleotides from 35,581 to 35,817 This effectively eliminates bases -208 to +29 relative to the E4 transcriptional start site, including all of the sequences that have been shown to have maximal influence on E4 transcription In particular, this encompasses the two inverted repeats of E4F binding sites that have been demonstrated to have the most significant effect on promoter activation However, all three Sp l binding sites, two of the five ATF binding sites, and both of the NF1 and NFIII/Oct- 1 binding sites that are critical for viral DNA replication are retained Also, many of the E4 promoter elements that are removed can be substituted with sites that retain similar functions (e g , transcriptional start site and the TATA box), yet now confer tumor cell specificity through the E2F responsive promoter sites The preferred E2F responsive promoter is the human E2F- 1 promoter Key regulatory elements in the E2F- 1 promoter that mediate the response to the pRb pathway have been mapped both in vitro and in m (Johnson, D G , K Ohtani, and J R Nevins 1994. Genes Dev 8 1514-25, Neuman, E , E K Flemington, W R Sellers, and W G Kaelin. Jr 1995. Mol Cell Biol 15 4660, Parr. M J , Y Manome, T Tanaka, P Wen, D W Kufe, W G Kaelin, Jr , and H A Fine 1997, Nat Med 3: 1 145-9 ) Thus, we isolated the human E2F 1 promoter fragment from base pairs - 218 to +51 , relative to the transcriptional start site, by PCR with primers that incorporated a Spel and Xhol site into them This creates the same sites present within the E4 promoter shuttle and allows tor direct substitution of the E4 promoter with the E2F- 1 promoter The details of the construction of this vector are described more in the Examples One embodiment of the invention is the description of an adenovims Ela and/or E4 shuttle vector that allows fast and easy substitution of the endogenous nucleotide transcriptional regulatory sequences, where such sequences are preferably Ela and/or E4 promoter sequences, with nucleotide transcriptional regulatory sequences that aie response to elements (l e molecules) in the pRb signaling pathway, including pRb/pl07, E2F transcription factors such as E2F-1/-2/-3, and Gl cychn/cdk complexes An Ela or E4 adenoviral vector, as described above, would be expected to be attenuated in normal cells that contain an intact, that is wild type pRb pathway, yet exhibit a normal infection profile in cells that are deficient in Rb pathway function, including tor pRb ' s repressive function Due to the presence of the autoregulatory E2F sites in the E2F-1 promoter, any El A or E4 adenoviral vector having nucleotide transcriptional regulatory sequences that are response to elements in the pRb signaling pathway subsituted for the endogenous Ela and/or E4 sequences will preferably have a second mutation in the E1A-CR2 (conserved region 2) domain This is desirable to minimize ElA's ability to dismpt pRb-mediated repression of the E2F elements As referred to above, the adenoviral oncoprotein Ela, dismpts the pRB/E2F complex resulting in the release and thus the activation of E2F The preferred Ela and/or E4 adenovims shuttle vector constmct is one that is mutant in those regions ot Ela that bind to pRb and displace E2F Thus, suitable Ela RB replication deficient adenovirus constmcts for use in the methods and compositions of the invention to generate the invention Ela and/or E4 shuttle vectors include but are not limited to the following examples ( 1 ) adenovims serotype 5 NT dl 1010 which encodes an Ela protein lacking the CRl and CR2 domains (deletion of amino acids 2 to 150, nucleotides 560-1009) necessary for efficient RB binding, but substantially retaining the CR3 domain (Whyte et al (1989) Cell 56 67), and (2) adenovims serotype 5 dl 312 which comprises a deleted viral genome lacking the region spanning nucleotides 448 1349 which encodes the entire Ela region in wild type adenovims (Jones N and ShenkTf 1979) Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA)76 3665) Ad5 NT dl 1010 is a preferred Ela-RB replication deficient adenovirus and is available from Dr E Harlovv, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA) Additional Ela mutants lacking the capacity to bind RB (Ela 1 ' ) can be generated by those of skill in the art by generating mutations in the Ela gene region encoding Ela polypeptides, typically in the CRl and/or CR2 domains, expressing the mutant Ela polypeptide, contacting the mutant Ela polypeptides with pi 05 or a binding fragment of RB under aqueous binding conditions, and identifying mutant Ela polypeptides which do not specifically bind RB as being candidate El ( ' mutants suitable tor use in the invention Alternative assays include contacting the mutant Ela polypeptides with the 300kD protein and/or pi 07 protein or binding fragment thereof under aqueous binding conditions and identifying mutant Ela polypeptides which do not specifically bind the 300kD and/or pi 07 polypeptides as being candidate Ela 1 ' mutants suitable for use in the invention in the production ot the E l a and or E4 shuttle vectors Alternative binding assays include determining the inability of E l a' ' mutant protein (or absence of E l a protein) to form complexes with the transcription factor E2F and/or to lack the ability to dissociate the RB protein from RB E2F complexes under physiological conditions (Chellappan et al ( 1991 ) op cιt ) Alternatively, functional assays for determining mutants lacking E la function, such as loss of transctivation by E l a ot transcription of various reporter polypeptides linked to a E l a-dependent transcriptional regulatory sequence, and the like, will be used Such inactivating mutations typically occur in the E l a CR l domain (amino acids 30 85 in Ad5 nucleotide positions 697 790) and/or the CR2 domain (amino acids 120- 1 39 in Ad5 nucleotide positions 920-967) w hich are involved in binding the p i 05 RB protein and the p i 07 protein Preferably the CRl domain ( spanning amino acids 1 0 186) remains and is expressed as a truncated p289R polypeptide and is functional in transactivation ot adenov iral early genes It is important to note that while the E2F responsiv e promoter human E2F- 1 is the preferred promoter to replace the E l a and/or E4 endogenous promoters that any E2F responsive nucleotide sequence that is activated directly or indirectly, by elements in the pRb pathway w ill adequately substitute for the endogenous promoters It ι ^ also important to note that w hile the construction ot the E l a and or E4 adenoviral vectors inv olves the iemov al ot certain transcriptional nucleotide start sites that the exact number of such sites removed or retained should not be construed as limiting the invention What is intended in describing the inv ention is that in the place of the endogenous promoters the E2F responsive promoter functions to drive the E 1 a and/or E4 genes to kill tumor cells This process will vary in degree depending on the number or type ot transcriptional start sites that are present in the E2F responsive promoter It is important to note that while the invention described herein is presented in terms ot adenovirus and an E2F responsive promoter that the invention is not limited to adenovirus Indeed the skilled practitioner ot this art ill recognize applications to virtually all viruses that exhibit a life cycle similar to adenovirus such that an E2F responsi e promoter can be incorporated to control the expression of certain genes that confer on such v iruses selective tumor cell killing USES OF THE INVENTION As mentioned above, the invention adenovimses can be used to treat diseases which have altered pRb pathway function. Additionally, adenoviral therapy of the present invention may be combined with other antineoplastic protocols, such as conventional chemotherapy, or with other vimses. See U.S. Patent No. 5.677, 178. Chemotherapy may be administered by methods well known to the skilled practitioner, including systemically, direct injection into the cancer, or by localization at the site of the cancer by associating the desired chemotherapeutic agent with an appropriate slow release material or intra-arterial perfusing the tumor. The preferred chemotherapeutic agent is cisplatin. and the preferred dose may be chosen by the practitioner based on the nature of the cancer to be treated, and other factors routinely considered in administering cisplatin. Preferably, cisplatin will be administered intravenously at a dose of 50- 120 mg/m " over 3-6 hours. More preferably it is administered intravenously at a dose of 80 mg/m " over 4 hours. A second chemotherapeutic agent, which is preferably administered in combination with cisplatin is 5-fluorouracil. The preferred dose of 5-fluorouracil is 800- 1200 mg/m " per day for 5 consecutive days. Adenoviral therapy using the instant invention adenovimses may be combined with other antineoplastic protocols, such as gene therapy. See, U. S. Patent No. 5, 648, 478. As mentioned above, adenovims constructs for use in the instant invention will exhibit specific cancer cell killing. Such constructs may also have prodmg activator genes, including thymidine kinase. cytosine deaminase, or others, that in the presence of the appropriate prodmg will enchance the antineoplastic effect of the invention E 1 a and/or E4 adenovirus vectors. See, U. S. Patent No. 5, 63 1 , 236. Also, in the event that the instant invention adenoviral mutants elicit an immune response that dampens their effect in a host animal, they can be administered with an appropriate immunosuppressive drug to maximize their effect. Alternately, a variety of methods exist whereby the exterior protein coat of adenovirus can be modified to produce less immunogenic virus. See. PCT/US98/0503 where it is shown that a major immunogenic component of adenovirus ' exterior coat, hexon protein, can be genetically engineered to be less immunogenic. This is done by creating a chimeric hexon protein by substituting for normal viral hexon protein epitopes a sequence of amino acids not normally found in hexon protein Such adenoviral constmcts are less immunogenic than the wild type vims Another aspect of the instant invention is the incorporation of heterologous genes into the E l a and/or E4 shuttle vectors, preferably in the E 1 B, E3 regions of the vims Examples of such heterologous genes, or fragments thereof that encode biologically active peptides, include those that encode immunomodulatory proteins, and, as mentioned above, prodmg activators (I e cytosine deaminase, thymidine kinase, U S Patent Nos 5, 358, 866. and 5, 677, 178) Examples of the former would include interleukin 2, U S Patent Nos 4,738, 927 or 5, 641 , 665, interleukin 7 U S Patent Nos 4, 965. 195 or 5, 328, 988. and interleukin 12, U S Patent No 5,457, 038 tumor necrosis factor alpha, U S Patent Nos 4, 677. 061 or 5 773 582 interferon gamma U S Patent Nos 4 727 138 or 4, 762, 791 , or GM CSF U S Patent Nos 5, 393, 870 or 5, 391 , 485 Additional immunomodulatory proteins further include macrophage inflammatory proteins, including MIP 3, (See. Well T N and Peitsch, MC J Leukoc Bιol vol 61 (5 ) pages 545-50, 1997), and cell suicide or apoptosis inducing proteins, including BAD and BAX See. Yang, E , et al Cell, vol 80, pages 285-291 ( 1995 ), and Sandeep. R . et al Cell, vol 91 , pages 231-241 ( 1997) Monocyte chemotatic protein ( MCP-3 alpha) may also be used A preferred embodiment of a heterologous gene is a chimeric gene consisting ot a gene that encodes a protein that trav eres cell membranes, for example, VP22 or TAT, fused to a gene that encodes a protein that is preferably toxic to cancer but not normal cells To increase the efficacy ot the invention adenoviral E l A mutant constructs they may be modified to exhibit enhanced tropism for particular tumor cell types For example, as shown in PCT/US98/04964 a protein on the exterior coat of adenovirus may be modified to display a chemical agent, preferably a polypeptide, that binds to a receptor present on tumor cells to a greater degree than normal cells Also see, U S Patent No 5, 770, 442 and U S Patent No 5 712, 136 The polypeptide can be antibody, and preferably is single chain antibody Purification of Adenoviral Mutants Adenovirus is routinely purified by a number ot techniques including cesium chloride banding using an ultracentπtuge Howev er, for large scale production of adenovirus methods which give larger yields than those readily obtainable by cesium chloride ultracentπfugation are desirable, and involve one or more chromatographic steps The preferred method utilizes ion exchange chromatography. See, for example. PCT/US97/21504; and Huyghe et al., Human Gene Therapy, vol. 6: 1403- 1416 ( 1996) FORMULATION Adenovims, including adenoviral mutants, may be formulated for therapeutic and diagnostic administration to a patient For therapeutic or prophylactic uses, a sterile composition containing a pharmacologically effective dosage of adenovirus is administered to a human patient or veterinary non-human patient for treatment, for example, of a neoplastic condition Generally, the composition will comprise about 10 ' to 10 ^ or more adenovirus particles in an aqueous suspension A pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient is often employed in such sterile compositions A variety of aqueous solutions can be used, e g , water, buffered water. 0 4% saline, 0 3% glycine and the like These solutions are sterile and generally tree of particulate matter other than the desired adenoviral vector The compositions may contain pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary substances as required to approximate physiological conditions such as pH adjusting and buffering agents, toxicity adjusting agents and the like, for example sodium acetate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, sodium lactate, etc Excipients which enhance infection ot cells by adenovirus may be included Adenovimses ot the invention, or the DNA contained therein, may also be delivered to neoplastic cells by hposome or immunoliposome delivery; such delivery may be selectively targeted to neoplastic cells on the basis of a cell surface property present on the neoplastic cell population (e g , the presence of a cell surface protein which binds an immunoglobulin in an immunoliposome) Typically, an aqueous suspension containing the viπons are encapsulated in liposomes or immunoliposomes For example, a suspension of adenovirus viπons can be encapsulated in micelles to form immunoliposomes by conventional methods (U.S Patent 5.043, 164, U.S Patent 4.957,735, U.S Patent 4.925,661 . Connor and Huang ( 1985) J Cell Biol 101 : 582. Lasic DD ( 1992) Nature 355 279. Novel Drug Delivery (eds Prescott LF and Nimmo WS Wiley. New York, 1989), Reddy et al ( 1992) J Immunol 148 page 1585) Immunoliposomes comprising an antibody that binds specifically to a cancer cell antigen (e g , CALLA. CEA) present on the cancer cells of the individual may be used to target viπons. or viπon DNA to those cells The compositions containing the present adenovimses or cocktails thereof can be administered for prophylactic and/or therapeutic treatments of neoplastic disease In therapeutic application, compositions are administered to a patient already affected by the particular neoplastic disease, in an amount sufficient to cure or at least partially arrest the condition and its complications An amount adequate to accomplish this is defined as a "therapeutically effective dose" or "efficacious dose " Amounts effective for this use w ill depend upon the seventy of the condition, the general state ot the patient, and the route of administration In prophylactic applications, compositions containing the invention adenovimses, or cocktails thereof, are administeied to a patient not presently in a neoplastic disease state to enhance the patient s resistance to recurrence of a cancer or to prolong remission time Such an amount is def ined to be a "prophylactically effective dose " In this use, the precise amounts again depend upon the patient ' s state ot health and general level of immunity EXAMPLES Example 1 E2F-1E4 Adenoviral Vector Construction. The recombinant plasmid pAd75- 100( 14) was obtained from Patrick Hearing and contains the Ad5 dl309 fragment from the EcoRl site at 75 9 map units (m u ) to the right end of the viral genome at 100 m u (a BamHl linker is located at 100 m u ) in pBR322 between the EcoRl and BamHl sites This EcoRl to BamHl fragment was directly subcloned into Litmus 28 (New England Biolabs) to generate L28 p75- 100 dl309 The wild type Ad5 E3 sequence that is missing in dl309 (Ad5 nucleotides 30.005 to 30.750) was restored by replacing the Notl to Ndel fragment in L28 p75 100 dll09 with a wild type Notl to Nde fragment (Ad5 nucleotides 29,5 10-3 1.089 ) from pAd5-SN (described in U S Patent Serial No 09/147 604 unpublished m-house vector) This plasmid was designated L28 p75- 100 wt In order to generate the promoter shuttle, a slightly smaller v ector was generated to be the mutagenesis template Plasmid pKSII-i- p94- I 00 was constructed by directly subcloning the £coRV to BamHl fragment ( Ad5 nucleotides 33.758 to 33,939) from pAD75- 100 into pKSII+ A Xhol site at nucleotide 35,577 and a Spel site at nucleotide 35.8 16 were created using the Stratagene Quickchange site directed mutagenesis method The oligonucleotides used to generate these sites w ere Xhol (5'- GCTGGTGCCGTCTCGAGTGGTGTTTTTTTAATAGG-3' and its complement 5 - CCTATTAAAAAAACACCACTCGAGACGGCACCAGC-3' ) and Spel (5'- GGGCGGAGTAACTAGTATGTGTTGGG-3' and its complement 5' CCCAACACATACTAGTTACTCCGCCC-3 ' ) This vector containing both the Spel and Xhol restriction sites was designated pKSII+ E4PSV Due to the presence ot both a Spel and Xhol site in the pKSII+ backbone, the EcoRW to BamHl fragment from pKSII+ E4PSV was subcloned into pRSET (Invitrogen) via the Px ull and BamHl sites and w as designated as pRSET E4PSV All vectors and point mutations were verified by double stranded sequence analysis on an ABI automated sequencer The human E2F- 1 promoter w as isolated by the polymerase chain reaction ( PCR) from templates pGL3 E2F- K-242) and pGL3 E2F- l ΛE2F(-242) pGL3 E2F- K-242 ) contains a wild type human E2F- 1 promoter out to position -242 relative to the transcriptional start site pGL3 E2P- 1 ΛE2I (-242) contains the same sequences except that both of the E2F binding-site palindromes contain inactivating point mutations The primers used tor PCR were as follows Spel-E2F1 P (5'- GTGAGCACTAGTCGCCTGGTACCATCCGGACAAAGCC-3' ) and XhoI-E2Fl P (5'-GTGAGCCTCGAGCTCGATCCCGCTCCGCCCCCGG-3') One hundred nanograms of template DNA were PCR amplified using Pfu DNA polymerase (Stratagene) under the following conditions an initial denaturation at 98°C for 5 min , followed by 30 cycles of denaturation at 98°C for 1 min and annealing/primer extension at 68°C for 1 min , followed by a final primer extension at 68° for 5 min The PCR products were Qiagen purified, digested with Spel and Xhol, gel purified and ligated into Spel and Xhol digested pRSET E4PSV These promoter shuttle vectors were designated E2F 1 -E4PSV and E2F1 Λ-E4PSV and cam, sequences trom - 218 to +5 1 relative to the transcriptional start of the human E2F1 promoter The final vectors used to generate functional virus were created by subcloning the βs/EII to BamHl fragments from both E2F 1 E4PSV and E2F 1 Λ-E4PSV into both L28 p75- 100 dll09 and L28 p75 100 vvt digested with same enzymes These vectors were designated as E2F1 -E4PSV 109. E2F 1 -E4PSV wt E2F 1 309. and E2F 1 Λ- E4PSV wt All vectors were confirmed by double stranded sequence analy sis as described above Example 2 E2F1-E4 Adenovirus Construction. Ten micro grams ot E2F 1 -E4PSV 309 were digested with EcoRl and BamHl treated with calf-intestinal phosphatase and gel purified One micro gram of £c<?RI digested dl922/47 TP-DNA was ligated to ~5 micro grams of the purified fragment containing the wild type E2F- 1 promoter driving the E4 region overnight at 16°C Ligations were transfected into 293 cells using standard a CaPO 4 transfection method Briefly, the ligated DNA was mixed with 24 micro grams ot salmon sperm DNA 50 micro liters of 2 5M CalCL and adjusted to a final volume ot 500 micro liters w ith Hf This solution was added dropwise to 500 micro liters of Hepes-butfered saline solution pH 7 05 After standing tor 25 minutes the precipitate was added dropwise to two 60 mm dishes ot 293 cells w hich had been grown in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS ) to 60 80% confluency After 16 hours the monolaver was washed one time with phosphate-buffered saline (minus calcium and magnesium) followed by a 5 ml agar overlay consisting ot 1 % Seaplaque agarose in DMEM supplemented with 2% FBS Dishes were overlaid with 3-4 ml of the above agar overlay every 3-4 days until plaques were isolated Example 3 E2F1-E4 Viral Propagation and Confirmation. Primary plaques were isolated with a pasteur pipette and propagated in a 6 well dish on 293 cells in 2 ml of DMEM supplemented with 2% FBS until the cytopathic effect (CPE) was complete One-tenth (200 ml) of the viral supernatant was set aside for DNA analysis while the remainder was stored at -80°C in a cryovial DNA was isolated using Qiagen's Blood Kit as per their recommendation One-tenth ot this material was screened by PCR for the presence of the desired mutations using the following primers for dl922/47 (5 ' - GCTAGGATCCGAAGGGATTGACTTACTCACT-3 ' and 5'- GCTAGAATTCCTCTTCATCCTCGTCGTCACT-3' ) and tor the E2F- 1 promoter in the E4 region (5 ' -GGTGACGTAGGTTTTAGGGC-l ' and 5 ' - GCCATAACAGTCAGCCTTACC-3' ) PCR was pertormed using Clontech s Advantage cDNA PCR kit in a Perkin Elmer 9600 machine using the following conditions an initial denaturation at 98°C for 5 min , followed by 30 cycles of denaturation at 98°C for 1 min and annealing/primer extension at 68°C tor 1 min followed by a final primer extension at 68 r for 5 min Positive plaques (as determined by PCR) were subsequently verified by sequence analysis The above PCR products were gel purified and sequenced with the same primers Positive plaques were then sub j ected to a second round ot plaque purification and verified as before Vimses were propagated in 293 cells and purified by two rounds of cesium chloride gradient ultracentπfugation Example 4 E2F1-Ela and E2F1-Ela/E2F1-E4 Vector Construction. The human E2F 1 promoter was isolated by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from templates pGL3 E2F- K-242) and pGL3 E2F- l ΛE2F(-242) pGL3 E2F- 1 (-242) contains a wild type human E2F1 promoter out to position -242 relative to the transcriptional start site pGL3 E2F l ΛE2F(-242) contains the same sequences except that both ot the E2F binding site palindromes contain inactivating point mutations The primers used for PCR were as follows BamHI-E2F l P (5'- GTGAGCGGATCCGCTCGATCCCGCTCCGCCCCCGG-3' ) and HιndIII-E2Fl P (5'-GTGAGCAAGCTTCGCCTGGTACCATCCGGACAAAGCC-3') One hundred nanograms of template DNA were PCR amplified using Pju DNA polymerase (Stratagene) under the following conditions an initial denaturation at 98°C for 5 min , followed by 30 cycles of denaturation at 98°C tor 1 min and annealing/primer extension at 68°C for 1 min , followed by a final primer extension at 68° for 5 min The PCR products were purified over Qiaquick columns (Qiagen), digested with BamHl and Hindlll, gel purified and ligated into BamHl and Hindlll partially digested p922/47-SV ( see below) These promoter shuttle v ectors were designated E2F l t-922/47 PSV and E2F1 \-922 47 PSV and carry sequences from -21 8 to ^5 1 relativ e to the transcriptional start of the human E2F 1 promoter All vectors w ere conf irmed by double stranded sequence analy sis on an ΛBI automated sequencer P922/47-SV is an E l A promoter shuttle vector that also contains an E 1 A-CR2 deletion from nucleotides 922 to 947 Plasmid P922/47-SV w as constructed by first digesting pSP64 (Promega) with Hindlll, blunting w ith Klenow DNA polymerase, and then rehgating to generate pSP64 Delta HI The 1.717 bp EcoRl to Xbal fragment (containing both Ad5 and pBR322 DNA) from pXC l (Microbix) was then ligated into EcoRl and Xbal digested pSP64 Delta HI to generate pSP64-RI/Xba pSP64-RI/Xba w as then digested w ith Hindlll and BamHl. blunted with Klenow DNA poly merase and rehgated to generate P Delta E l Delta + This intramolecular deletion remov ed sequences from 9529 to 9875 of the pXC l plasmid. effectively removing the Hindlll. BamHl and Clal sites A nov el Hindlll site at nucleotide 376 ot Ad5 was then created by digesting P Delta E l Delta with BsAal and hgating in a Hindlll linker (NEB) to generate P Delta E l Delta +H A novel BamHl site was then created at nucleotide 539 ot Ad5 by PCR mutagenesis Two initial PCR reactions were performed P Delta E l Delt +H was used as a template w ith a primer 5 ' EcoXC l site piesent in pBR122 and 3 ' Bam ( 5 - CGCGGAATTCTTTTGGATTGA AGCCAA ΓATG-1 ) and 3 ' Bam (5 - CAGTCCCGGTGTCGGATCCGCTCGGAGGAG- V ) whereas plasmid pXC 1 ( Microbix ) was used as the template in a PCR reaction w ith primers Bsr-Bam ( 5' CTCCTCCGAGCGGATCCGACACCGGGACTG- ) and 3 ' E 1 A Xba (5 ' - GCGGGACCACCGGGTGTATCTCAGGAGGTG-3 ' ) The PCR products were isolated on an agarose gel and purified using a Qiagen gel extraction kit The two PCR products were then mixed and PCR was repeated using the external most primers 5 ' EcoXC l and 3Ε 1 A Xba The resulting - 1 400 bp PCR product was then digested with EcoRI and Xbal and ligated into EcoRI and Xbal digested P Delta E 1 Delta +H to generate Delta El Delta +H+B pXC l -SV was then constmcted by digesting P Delta E l Delta +H+B with EcoRI and Xbal and hgating the 1 ,393 bp fragment into EcoRI and Xbal digested pXC l (Microbix) Finally, p922/47-SV was generated by using pCIA-922/47 (provided by Peter White) as a template for PCR with the following primers Bsr-Bam (5'- CTCCTCCGAGCGGATCCGACACCGGG ACTG-1 ) and 3 Ε 1 A Xba ( 5'- GCATTCTCTAGACACAGGTG-3 ) The resulting PCR product w as purified over a Qiagen Qiaquick column, digested w ith BamHl and Xbal and subsequently ligated into pXC 1 -S V that had been digested with BamHl and Xbal Example 5 E2F1-Ela and E2Fl-Ela/E2Fl-E4ViraI Construction. ONYX- 150 (E2Fl wt-922/47) and ONYX- 151 (E2F1 Delta-922/47) were generated by cotransfecting 10 micro grams of either E2F 1 wt-922/47 PSV or E2F 1 Delta-922/47 PSV. respectively, w ith 10 micro grams of pJM 17 (Microbix) into 291 cells using a standard CaP0 4 transfection method ONYX-41 1 (E2F1 wt-922/47 + E2F l wt-E4) was generated by digesting 10 micro grams of plasmid E2F 1 -E4PSV 309 (ID-086) with EcoRl and BamHl The digested DNA was then treated w ith calf- mtestinal phosphatase and gel purified One microgram ot £tc RI digested ONYX- 150 (E2F 1 wt-922/47) TP-DNA was then ligated to 5 micro grams of the purified fragment containing the wild type E2F- 1 promoter driving the E4 region overnight at 16°C CaPO 4 transfections were performed by mixing the DNA ' s with 50 micro liters ot 2 5M CaCL in a final volume of 500 micro liters In the case ot ONYX-41 1. the transfection mix contained 24 micrograms ot salmon sperm DNA in addition to the ligated DNA s This solution w s added dropwise to 500 micro liters of Hepes- buffered saline solution, pH 7 05 After standing tor 25 minutes, the precipitate was added dropwise to two 60 mm dishes of 291 cells which had been grown in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bov ine serum (FBS ) to 60-80% confluency After 16 hours, the monolayer was washed one time with phosphate-buffered saline (minus calcium and magnesium) followed by a 5 ml agar overlay consisting of 1 % Seaplaque agarose in DMEM supplemented with 2% FBS Dishes were overlaid with 3-4 ml of the above agar overlay every 3-4 days until plaques were isolated Example 6 E2F1-Ela and E2F1-Ela/E2F1-E4 Viral Propagation and Confirmation. Primary plaques were isolated with a pasteur pipette and propagated in a 6 well dish on either 293 or A549 cells in 2 ml of DMEM supplemented with 2% FBS until the cytopathic effect (CPE) was complete One-tenth (200 micro liters) of the iral supernatant was set aside for DNA analysis, while the remainder was stored at - 80°C in a cryovial DNA was isolated using Qiagen ' s Blood Kit as per their recommendation One-tenth of this material was screened by PCR tor the presence of the desired mutations using the following sets of primer pairs The presence of the human E2F 1 promoter driving E l A was confirmed using primers Ad5-lett (5 ' GGGCGTAACCGAGTAAGATTTGGCC-1 ) and E l A start NC (5'- GGCAGATAATATGTCTC TTTTCAGTCCCGG-V ) The presence of the deletion from nucleotides 922 to 947 within E l A was verified using primers Af-7 (5- GCTAGGATCCGAAGGGATTGACTTACTCACT-3 ' ) and Af-5 (5'- GCTAGAATTCCTCTTCATCCTCGTCGTCACT 3' ) The presence of the human E2F 1 promoter driving the entire E4 region was confirmed using primers E4 3NCb (5 ' -GCCATAACAGTCAGCCTTACC-l ' ) and Ad5-3'end (5 ' - GGTGACGTAGGTTTTAGGGC-3 ) The deletion present in the E3 region (dl309) was confirmed using primers E3 C8 (5'-CCTTTATCCAGTGCATTGACTGGG-3 ' ) and 3'-E3I (5'-GGAGAAAGTTTGCAGCCAGG-V ) PCR was performed using Clontech's Advantage cDNA PCR kit in a Perkin Elmer 9600 machine using the following conditions an initial denaturation at 98°C tor 5 min , followed by 30 cycles ot denaturation at 98°C for 1 min and annealing/primer extension at 68°C tor 3 min , followed by a final primer extension at 68° tor 5 min Positive plaques (as determined by PCR analysis) were subsequently verified by sequence analysis The above PCR products were gel purified and sequenced with the same primers Positive plaques were then subjected to a second round ot plaque purification in either 293 or A549 cells and verified exactly as before Viruses were propagated in 293 cells and purified by two rounds of cesium chloride gradient ultracentrifugation All large-scale viral preps were confirmed by the above same PCR and sequence analyses. In addition, all large-scale viral preps were verified by digestion with either Hindlll or Xhol and the fragments analyzed by isolation on a 0 9% agarose gel. The invention now being fully described, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that many changes and modifications can be made thereto without departing from the spirit or scope of the appended claims

Claims: WE CLAIM 1 A viral vector comprising an E2F responsive transcriptional nucleotide regulatory site that controls the expression ot a viral gene 2 A viral vector as described in claim 1 wherein said viral gene is an immediate early gene 3 A viral vector as described in claim 2 w herein said viral vector is adenovirus 4 A iral vector as described in claim 1 herein said transcπptional nucleotide regulatory site is a promoter 5 A viral v ector as described in claim 4 wherein said E2F responsiv e promoter is substituted for an endogenous adenov n l E la promoter 6 A viral vector as described in claim 4 wherein said E2F responsive promoter is substituted for an endogenous adenov iral E4 promoter 7 A viral vector as described in claim 6 w herein said v iral vector further comprises nucleotide regulatory sites that substantially facilitate viral replication comprising Sp l , ATF, NF1 and NFIII/Oct- 1 8 An viral vector comprising a viral transcriptional nucleotide regulatory site that controls the expression of a viral gene, wherein said site is inactivated by the insertion ot an E2F responsive transcriptional nucleotide regulatory site such that said E2F responsive transcriptional nucleotide regulatory site controls the expression of said viral gene 9 A viral vector as described in claim 8 wherein said v iral gene is an immediate early gene 10. A viral vector as described in claim 9 wherein said viral vector is adenovims. 1 1. A viral vector as described in claim 10, wherein said inactivated transcriptional nucleotide regulatory site is a promoter. 12. A viral vector as described in claim 1 1 , wherein said inactivated transcriptional nucleotide regulatory site is an endogenous adenoviral E l a promoter. 13 A viral vector as described in claim 1 1. wherein said inactivated transcriptional nucleotide regulatory site is an endogenous adenoviral E4 promoter. 14 A viral vector as described in claim 1 1 , wherein said inactivated transcπptional nucleotide regulatory site comprises both an endogenous adenoviral E 1 a and E4 promoters. 15. An viral vector as described in claims 1 or 8. wherein said transcriptional nucleotide regulatory sequence that is E2F responsive is human E2F- 1. 16. A method for killing cancer cells in the presence of normal cells, comprising the steps of contacting under infectiv e conditions ( 1 ) an viral vector as described in claims 1 or 8 with (2) a cell population comprising cancer and normal cells, and allowing sufficient time for said virus to infect said cell population.

Inventors: FATTAEY ALI, HERMISTON TERRY, JOHNSON LEISA, FATTAEY, ALI, HERMISTON, TERRY, JOHNSON, LEISA
Applicants: ONYX PHARMA INC, ONYX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
Application year: 2000
Main classification: C12N15
IPC codes: A61K35, A61K48, A61P35, C12N5, C12N15