Investment casting using melt reservoir loop

Abstract: Method and apparatus for investment casting wherein a ceramic investment mold (12) is disposed in a chamber (10) and communicates with a melt reservoir connected to the mold and having a reservoir volume (13a) for holding enough melt to fill the mold. The melt pour cup reservoir is communicated to the mold via an inverted loop feed gate (15) so that the melt is fed from a lower region (13b) of the reservoir through the inverted loop feed gate to the mold upon gas pressurization of the melt in the reservoir. The loop feed gate is configured to have a loop region above the melt level in the reservoir so as to prevent melt flow from the reservoir to the more mold cavities in the absence of pressurization. While residing in the reservoir, oxides and other inclusion-forming particles in the melt can float to the upper surface of the melt, whereby the melt fed from the lower region of the reservoir to the mold via the inverted loop melt feed gate includes reduced amount of inclusion-forming particles.

Description: The present invention relates to casting of metals and alloys using a refractory mold and a melt reservoir, and in particular to investment casting. In the manufacture of components, such as nickel base superalloy turbine blades and vanes, for gas turbine engines, investment casting techniques have been employed in the past to produce equiaxed, single crystal or columnar grain castings having improved mechanical properties at high temperatures encountered in the turbine section of the engine. In the manufacture of turbine blades and vanes for modern, high thrust gas turbine engines, there has been a continuing demand by gas turbine manufactures for internally cooled blades and vanes having complex, internal cooling passages including such features as pedestals, turbulators, and turning vanes in the passages in a manner to provide desired cooling of the blade or vane. These small cast internal surface features typically are formed by including a complex ceramic core in the mold cavity in which the melt is cast. The presence of the complex core having small dimensioned surface features to form pedestals, turbulators, and turning vanes or other internal surface features renders filling of the mold cavity about the core with melt more difficult and more prone to inconsistency. Wettable ceramics and increased metallostatic head on the mold and higher preheat temperatures have been used in an attempt to improve mold filling and reduce localized voids in such situations, but these are costly and may be restricted by physical size of the casting apparatus. Moreover, to reduce casting weight, gas turbine engine manufacturers require thinner airfoil wall thickness and smaller cast to size external features that are not possible or very difficult to fill with molten metal. U.S. Patent 5 592 984 describes a method of investment casting gas turbine engine blades and vanes and other components wherein a ceramic investment mold is disposed in a casting furnace in a casting chamber and filled with the melt with the casting chamber being gas pressurized rapidly enough after casting to reduce localized void regions present in the melt as a result of surface tension effects between the melt and mold components such as ceramic mold and/or core. Moreover, there is a continuing desire to improve the cleanliness of the melt supplied to the mold cavities in particular to reduce oxide and other inclusion-forming particles in the melt that constitute harmful inclusions in the casting that adversely affect its mechanical properties. WO 99/58270 discloses a casting apparatus comprising a casting chamber housing a crucible, a pour cup providing a melt reservoir and a porous, gas permeable ceramic investment mold; the pour cup is connected to the mold by an inverted loop melt feed gate that communicates with a lower region of the pour cup to provide for bottom feeding of the melt from the melt reservoir. The casting chamber can be evacuated by a vacuum pump and an upper open end of the pour cup can be closed and sealed by a pressure cap connected to a source of pressurized inert gas. After the pour cup residing in the evacuated casting chamber was filled with melt, the pressure cap is moved in its closing position in order to pressurize the melt reservoir and to force the melt from said reservoir through the loop feed gate into the mold while the casting chamber is maintained under vacuum thereby maintaining a relative vacuum also within the mold cavity of the porous investment mold. It is an object of the present invention to simplify the casting apparatus and method disclosed in WO 99/58270, and this object is achieved by the apparatus of claim 1 and the method of claim 6, respectively. Further improvements of the invention are defined by claims 2 to 5 and 7 to 13. The present invention provides method as well as apparatus for investment casting wherein a ceramic investment mold is disposed in a chamber, and a mold melt reservoir is communicated to one or more mold cavities and includes a reservoir volume for holding at least enough melt, preferably an excess of melt, to fill the mold cavities. The melt reservoir is communicated to the mold cavities via an inverted loop feed passage or gate so that the melt is fed from a lower region of the reservoir through the inverted mold loop feed gate to the mold when the reservoir of melt is gas pressurized. However, the mold loop feed gate is configured to have a loop passage region above the maximum melt level in the reservoir so as to prevent melt flow from the reservoir to the mold cavities in the absence of gas pressurization of the melt. While residing in the melt reservoir, oxides and other inclusion-forming particles in the melt can float to the upper surface of the melt, whereby the melt bottom fed from the lower region of the reservoir to the mold via the inverted loop melt feed gate has a reduced amount of inclusion-forming particles therein. An optional molten metal filter can be used to remove or reduce inclusions in the molten metal fed to the mold without a detrimental loss of molten metal flow since the melt is fed under gas pressurization. When melt is present in the reservoir, either by being melted in-situ in the reservoir or introduced therein from a crucible, the chamber is gas pressurized in a manner to provide gas pressure on the melt in the reservoir to force the cleaner bottom melt through the inverted mold loop feed passage or gate into the mold cavities to fill same, leaving some dirty melt (melt contaminated with inclusion-forming particles) proximate the upper melt surface remaining in the reservoir. The chamber can be first evacuated during melting of a charge of metallic material in-situ in the pour cup and then gas pressurized by introducing a gas, such as an inert or non-reactive gas, into the chamber at a suitable gas pressure to force melt from the reservoir through the mold loop into the mold cavities. The mold can be made or treated to have reduced gas permeability such that gas pressurization of the chamber will more effectively force the melt in the reservoir through the loop feed gate into the mold cavities. An outer refractory glaze or other coating that reduces gas permeability through the mold wall can be provided on the mold exterior to this end. The present invention aids in filling of fine details in the mold cavity that are defined by internal mold surface features and/or core surface features that are otherwise difficult to fill with the melt. The present invention also aids in filling the mold with melt having reduced amounts of inclusion-forming particles to provide cleaner castings. DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 is a schematic view of a casting apparatus not in accordance with the invention. Figure 2 is an enlarged elevational view of part of the apparatus shown in Fig. 1. Figure 3 is an enlarged elevational view of a ceramic investment casting mold for practicing an embodiment of the invention. Figure 4 is a partial enlarged elevational view of the pressure cap, shown in Figs. 1 and 2, and Figure 5 is a schematic view of casting apparatus in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention. The present invention provides method and apparatus for investment casting of metals and alloys and is especially useful, although not limited, to casting nickel, cobalt and iron base superalloys with equiaxed, single crystal, or columnar grain microstructures as well as titanium and its alloys and other commonly used metal and alloys. For example only, the present invention can be practiced to make equiaxed grain castings which may be cored or not to produce complex internal passages therein. Fig.1 shows a melting/casting chamber 10 and a mold chamber 11 communicated by opening OP. A ceramic investment shell mold 12 is positioned in the casting chamber 10 in a manner described below. The mold 12 comprises a mold cluster having a plurality of mold cavity-forming sections 12a each having a mold cavity (e.g. mold cavity 12c shown schematically in Figure 3) which is filled with melt that is solidified to form a casting in each mold cavity. The mold cavity-forming sections 12a each can have an optional ceramic core (not shown) positioned therein to form internal passages and other features in the casting. The mold 12 is connected or otherwise communicated to a common ceramic pour cup 13 having a melt reservoir 13a with an internal volume to receive and hold at least enough melt to fill the mold cavities with melt. For example, the volume of the melt reservoir 13a would be slightly larger than the mold cavities to be filled. The pour cup 13 is greatly enlarged in size and internal volume as compared to pour cup structures used in the past that merely functioned to receive and conduct the melt to the mold cavity-forming sections 12a without having to hold a sufficient amount of melt to fill the mold cavities. The melt reservoir 13a is connected or otherwise communicated to the mold 12 for melt flow via an inverted mold loop feed passage or gate 15 and one or more lateral runners 17 so that the melt is fed from a lower region 13b of the reservoir 13a through the inverted loop feed passage or gate 15 and runners 17 to the mold cavities 12c upon gas pressurization of the melt in a manner described below. To this end, the inverted loop feed passage or gate 15 communicates with the internal reservoir 13a via an opening 13c formed in the bottom wall of the pour cup 13. The mold loop feed gate 15 is configured to have an uppermost loop passage section 15c above the maximum level L of the melt in the reservoir 13a such that flow of the melt from the reservoir to the mold 12 is prevented by the loop feed gate 15 in the absence of reservoir pressurization. In particular, the loop feed gate 15 includes an ascending section 15a communicated to the bottom opening 13c of the reservoir 13a, the uppermost loop section 15c, a descending section 15b interconnected by the uppermost loop section 15c to ascending section 15a, and a lateral section 15d that communicates to the descending section 15b and to a mold down sprue 19 in turn communicated to the runners 17 leading to the mold cavity-forming sections 12a. The pour cup reservoir 13a receives the melt from crucible 54 disposed in the casting chamber 10. An induction coil (not shown) is disposed about the crucible 54 to heat and melt the charge of metal or alloy to form the melt to be cast. The melt typically is heated to a superheat temperature selected in dependence on the metal or alloy being cast. The melting/casting chamber 10 can be omitted, and a solid charge C (as shown in Figure 5) of metallic material can be placed in the melt reservoir 13a with the mold 12 in chamber 11. The solid charge is melted and heated to an appropriate superheat by energization of a conventional induction coil (as shown in Figure 5) disposed relative to melt reservoir 13a in the chamber 11 to this end. Alternately, referring to Figure 5, a solid charge C of metallic material can be placed in the melt reservoir 13a of mold 12 residing in a melting/casting chamber 100. The solid charge is melted and heated to an appropriate superheat by energization of a conventional induction coil 130 relative to the melt reservoir 13a in the chamber 100 to this end. In this embodiment, the melt reservoir 13a can have any suitable shape and need not be configured as a pour cup. While the melt resides in the melt reservoir 13a, oxides and other inclusion-forming particles in the melt can float to and segregate proximate the upper surface or level L of the melt such that the melt fed from the lower region 13b of the reservoir 13a to the mold 12 via the inverted loop melt feed gate 15 includes reduced amounts of inclusion-forming particles to thereby produce cleaner castings. One or more conventional ceramic molten metal filters 80 (one shown) also can be included in the loop 15, or the runners 17 or at other locations of melt flow to remove and reduce inclusion-forming particles in the molten metal. In Figures 1-4, the melting/casting chamber 10 is evacuable by a vacuum pump 50 to a vacuum level of 15 microns or less for casting such alloys as nickel, cobalt, or iron base superalloys as well as titanium and its alloys. The mold 12/pour cup 13 positioned in the casting chamber 10 will be evacuated as a result of the mold being gas permeable. If the casting chamber 10 is omitted or not used, the mold chamber 11 can be evacuated by a similar vacuum pump 51 during melting of the solid charge of metallic material in the pour cup 13a. The preferred embodiment of the present invention shown in Fig. 5 will be described only insofar as the casting apparatus and method differ from those according to Figs. 1 to 4. In Figure 5, the chamber 100 is evacuable by a vacuum pump 150 to a vacuum level of 15 microns or less for melting such alloys as nickel, cobalt, or iron base superalloys as well as titanium and its alloys. The mold 12/reservoir 13a positioned in the chamber 100 will be evacuated through the open reservoir 13a since pressure cap 40 is not used in the embodiment of Figure 5. The mold 12 typically comprises a ceramic investment shell mold cluster having the features described above and formed by the well known lost wax process wherein a wax or other fugitive pattern of the mold is dipped repeatedly in ceramic slurry, drained, and then stuccoed with coarse ceramic stucco to build up the desired shell mold thickness on the pattern. The pattern then is removed from the invested shell mold, and the shell mold is fired at elevated temperature to develop adequate mold strength for casting. Investment shell molds formed in this manner exhibit porosity and substantial permeability to gas as a result. The ceramic pour cup 13 (or other melt reservoir) and ceramic inverted loop feed passage or gate 15 are formed in similar manner using the lost wax process. The pour cup 13 (or other melt reservoir) can be formed separately from the mold 12 and communicated thereto with or without mechanical connection thereto, or it can be formed integrally with the mold using lost wax techniques. In Figures 1-4, the mold 12 and pour cup 13 are positioned on a holding device 30 comprising a collar 32 disposed at least partially about the pour cup 13 as shown in Figure 2. The holding collar 32 is supported on an upstanding support member 34 itself mounted on a base 35 that rests on a ram 37 of a hydraulic or other elevator that moves the mold between the mold loading/unloading chamber 11 and casting chamber 10 thereabove. The base 35 defines a receptacle 35a to catch debris that may fall from the mold 12 as well as melt splatter during pouring of the melt from the crucible 54 into the mold pour cup 12b. A pressure cap 40 is shown in Figures 1, 2 and 4 disposed on a pivoting mechanism having pivotal cap support member 42, which is pivotally mounted on the upstanding support member 34 by pivot pin 43. A pneumatic or other fluid actuator 45 is mounted on the upstanding support member 34 to pivot the cap support member 42 about pivot pin 43. To this end, the actuator includes a fluid cylinder 45a having a lower end mounted on the support member 34 by a pivot connection 45b and a piston rod 45c that is connected to the cap support member 42 by a pivot connection 45d. The fluid actuator 45 is actuated to move the pressure cap 40 to a generally horizontal sealing position shown in solid lines in Figure 2 in sealing engagement with the pour cup 13 and a non-sealing position shown in dashed lines away from the pour cup 13 with the pressure cap 40 oriented in an inclined orientation. The pressure cap 40 includes a first plate 40a and a second annular plate 40b bolted thereto by bolts 40c with the first plate 40a carrying a flat and annular fiber gasket 41 (e.g. aluminum silicate fiber gasket) as shown in Figure 4 that is pressed on and in engagement with the annular pour cup lip 13d when the pressure cap is in the solid line position shown in Figures 2 and 4. A gas manifold 40d is defined by plates 40a, 40b. The manifold 40d includes an outlet orifice or opening 40e for directing the inert gas against a lower gas deflector plate 40f spaced therefrom by a plurality of standoffs 40g bolted to plate 40b, Figure 4, so that the inert gas is forced to the sides of the pour cup and can expand uniformly downward onto the molten metal therein. In operation, the pressure cap 40 is moved by the aforementioned pivoting mechanism to sealingly press on the annular pour cup lip 13d of the hot mold after the melt is introduced from the crucible 54 into the pour cup. The pressure cap 40 includes a threaded hole H for receiving fitting F to which a flexible conduit 60 is connected. The flexible conduit 60 is connected to a source S of pressurized inert gas (e.g. a conventional argon cylinder) disposed outside the chamber 10 by opening a valve V also disposed outside the chamber 10 between the conduit 60 and source S. The source S and the valve V are stationary while the flexible conduit 60 travels up/down between chambers 10, 11 with the pressure cap 40. Chamber 11 is a mold loading and unloading chamber. As mentioned above, the melt can be introduced from the crucible 54 into the preheated pour cup reservoir 13a communicated to preheated mold 12 in chamber 10. Alternately, a solid charge can be melted in-situ in the melt reservoir 13a of mold 12 residing in chamber 11. Regardless of how and where the melt is provided in the pour cup reservoir 13a, the pressure cap 40 is moved by the aforementioned pivoting mechanism to sealingly press on the annular pour cup lip 13d. The melt resides in the reservoir 13a for a preselected time as short as possible to maintain the melt temperature (e.g. one second or less) under a relative vacuum (e.g. 15 microns) in the casting chamber 10. Oxides and other inclusion-forming particles in the melt float to the upper surface or level of the melt while it resides in the reservoir 13a and is fed to the mold 12 via loop feed gate 15. The melt is bottom fed from the lower region 13b of the reservoir 13 to the mold 12 via the inverted loop melt feed gate 15 so that the melt supplied to the mold cavity-forming sections 12a includes reduced amounts of inclusion-forming particles. To this end, after the pressure cap 40 is sealed on the pour cup lip 13d, the gas conduit 60 that extends to the pressure cap plate 40a is communicated to the source S of pressurized inert gas by opening valve V to thereby introduce localized inert gas pressure on the melt residing in the pour cup reservoir 13a at the level L. An inert gas pressure of 0.1 to 2.0 atmospheres can be provided on the melt residing in the pour cup reservoir 13a to this end effective to force the melt through the bottom pour cup opening 13c and through the inverted loop feed gate 15 into the mold cavity-forming sections 12a to fill them with the melt having reduced amounts of inclusion-forming particles. The dirty melt proximate the upper melt surface or level L is not fed to the mold cavities since it contains the segregated inclusion-forming particles. Moreover, if the pour cup 13 and mold 12 are connected as shown, the pressure applied to the melt residing in the pour cup reservoir 13a also aids or enhances filling of fine details in the mold cavity 12a defined by the internal mold surface features and/or core surface features that are otherwise difficult to fill with the melt. The fiber sealing gasket 41 sealingly engaged on the pour cup lip 13d minimizes leakage of inert gas into the casting chamber 10 at the same time so that the casting chamber 10 can be maintained under relative vacuum by operation of vacuum pump 50 while the pressure cap 40 is pressed on the pour cup lip 13d or at a different pressure from that locally present in the mold in the event vacuum pump 50 is not operational during this time. The pressure cap 40 is moved away from the pour cup lip 13d to the disengaged position shown by dashed lines in Figure 2 by the aforementioned pivoting mechanism after 2 to 3 or more seconds after filling of the mold or after a pressurization time that is selected as needed for a particular mold. In practicing the invention, the pour cup 13 can used separate from the mold 12 and communicated thereto, for example, by having the loop feed gate 15 aligned or registered with a top opening of the mold 12 so as to supply melt to the mold cavity-forming sections 12a from the bottom of the melt in the reservoir. In this embodiment of the invention, filling of the mold cavity-forming sections 12a would not be substantially enhanced since the mold and pour cup are not sealable connected, although the advantages of bottom feeding of the melt would be realized. Referring to Figure 5, the mold 12 and melt reservoir 13a are placed in the chamber 100 on a suitable holding device (not shown) with a solid metallic charge C disposed in the melt reservoir 13a. The chamber 100 is evacuated by a vacuum pump 150 to a suitable vacuum level for melting the charge in the reservoir 13a. The solid charge then is melted by energization of conventional induction coil 130 disposed relative to the melt reservoir 13a in the chamber 100 to this end. The solid charge is thereby melted and heated to an appropriate superheat for casting in a relative vacuum (subatmospheric pressure) in the reservoir 13a by energization of the induction coil 130. Then, after the charge is melted under relative vacuum in reservoir 13a, the chamber 100 is gas pressurized to in turn exert gas pressure on the melt in reservoir 13a to a pressure level to force the melt in the reservoir 13a to flow through the loop feed gate 15 into the mold cavities 12c. The chamber 100 can be pressurized to a level of 0.5 to one atmosphere or more, or to other pressure levels, using an inert gas (e.g. argon) or a gas non-reactive (e.g. nitrogen) with the melt. The gas can be supplied from a conventional gas source S, such as a gas cylinder or a factory gas supply line, communicated to the chamber 100. The gas pressure can be maintained in the chamber 100 for a time determined empirically to result in production of sound castings in the mold. In the embodiment of Figure 5, the mold 12, reservoir 13a, loop feed gate 15 and runners 17 are provided with reduced gas permeability through the walls thereof such that the gas pressurization of the chamber 100 after the charge C is melted can be used to force the melt from the reservoir 13a through loop feed gate 17 into the mold cavities 12c without the need for the above described pressure cap 40. The reduced gas permeability of the mold 12, pour cup 13, loop feed gate 15 and runners 17 can be imparted by providing a refractory glaze or other gas permeability-reducing coating on the exterior of these mold components such that gas pressurization of the chamber 100 creates a differential pressure between above the melt in the reservoir 13a and the previously evacuated mold cavities 12c to effect flow of the melt from reservoir 13a through the loop feed gate 15 into the mold cavities 12c. In an illustrative embodiment of the invention, the mold 12, reservoir 13a, loop feed gate 15 and runners 17 can be provided with the refractory glaze that reduces gas permeability. The glaze material can be applied as a coating by dipping or otherwise coating exterior surfaces of the mold assembly components in or with the glaze material. For purposes of illustration only, the glaze applied as a coating can comprise a Cone 5 silicate glaze where Cone 5 indicates a glazing temperature of 2200 degrees F at which a refractory glaze is formed on the mold assembly components. The initial glaze material coating can comprise a mixture of Ferro frit commercially available from Ferro Corporation, an additive such as Vee Gum T suspending agent (magnesium aluminum silicate) available from Vanderbilt Minerals Corporation, and water mixed in proportions for coating of the mold assembly. To form the glaze having reduced gas permeability on the mold assembly components, the mold assembly with the applied glaze material thereon can be heated to the appropriate glazing temperature in a separate heating step or during conventional mold assembly preheating conducted outside (or inside) chamber 100 to bring the mold assembly to a suitable elevated temperature for melting of the charge C in the reservoir 13a and casting into mold cavities 12c. If desired, the temperature of the mold assembly can be reduced below the glazing temperature for subsequent melting and casting of the charge C depending on the metallic material being melted and cast. The invention is not limited to glazing of the mold assembly to reduce gas permeability thereof. Other coating materials and/or mold fabrication techniques to reduce gas permeability of the walls of the mold assembly can be used in practice of this embodiment of the invention where gas permeability is reduced to an extent to permit gas pressurization of the chamber 100 to effect flow of melt from the reservoir 13a though the loop feed gate 15 into the mold cavities 12c. The mold components can be made to have a wall structure that is inherently less porous and of reduced gas permeability to this end. The present invention is advantageous to reduce amounts of inclusion-forming particles in the melt supplied to the mold cavities by virtue of supplying melt from the bottom of the reservoir and optionally allowing use of suitable molten metal filter(s) without melt flow rate reduction as a result of pressurization of the reservoir. If the mold and pour cup are sealably connected as shown in the Figures, the invention further aids in filling of fine details in the mold cavities defined by the internal mold surface features and/or core surface features that are otherwise difficult to fill with the melt. It is to be understood that the invention has been described with respect to certain embodiments for purposes of illustration only. The present invention envisions that modifications, changes, and the like can be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the following claims.

Claims: Casting apparatus, comprising a refractory mold (12) disposed in a chamber (100) and having one or more mold cavities, a melt reservoir (13a) disposed in said chamber and communicated to the chamber (100) such that gas pressure in the chamber can be applied to the melt in the melt reservoir and communicated to the mold and having a reservoir volume for holding at least enough melt to fill said one or more mold cavities, said reservoir having an inverted loop feed gate (15) that communicates with a lower region of said reservoir and to said one or more mold cavities, said loop feed gate being configured to have a loop region above the melt level in said reservoir to prevent flow of said melt residing in said reservoir to said one or more mold cavities, and means (S) for gas pressurizing said chamber with said mold therein for gas pressurizing said melt in said reservoir to force said melt from said reservoir through said loop feed gate into said one or more mold cavities. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said mold comprises means for reducing mold gas permeability. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein said permeability reducing means comprises a refractory glaze on said mold. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein said refractory glaze comprises a silicate glaze. The apparatus of one of claims 1 to 4 wherein said inverted loop feed gate communicates with an opening in a bottom wall of said reservoir. A method of casting, comprising disposing a refractory mold (12) in a chamber (100), said mold having one or more mold cavities, providing a melt in a reservoir (13a) disposed in and communicated to said chamber as well as to the mold in an amount at least sufficient to fill said one or more mold cavities, preventing flow of said melt from said reservoir through an inverted loop feed gate (15) by controlling the level of said melt in said reservoir, and gas pressurizing the chamber and thereby the melt residing in said reservoir to force the melt to flow through said inverted loop feed gate that communicates with a lower region of said reservoir and into said mold cavities to fill them with the melt. The method of claim 6 including removing inclusion-forming particles by floatation to an upper surface of the melt in the reservoir and then feeding melt below said upper surface from said reservoir to said one or more mold cavities. The method of claim 6 or 7 including the step of reducing the gas permeability of the mold prior to disposing it in said chamber. The method of claim 8 including reducing the gas permeability of the mold by coating the mold with a refractory material. The method of claim 9 including reducing the gas permeability of the mold by forming a glaze thereon. The method of claim 10 including applying a frit material on said mold and heating the frit material to a glazing temperature to form said glaze on said mold. The method of one of claims 6 to 11 wherein the melt residing in said reservoir is forced to flow from a bottom opening of said reservoir through said inverted loop feed gate into said mold cavities to fill them with the melt. The method of one of claims 6 to 12 wherein the melt is provided in the reservoir by melting a solid charge therein.

Inventors: GRUMM DALE A, SODERSTROM MARK L, STRIKER LESTER G, GRUMM, DALE A., SODERSTROM, MARK L., STRIKER, LESTER G.
Applicants: HOWMET RES CORP, HOWMET RESEARCH CORPORATION
Application year: 2000
Main classification: B22D18
IPC codes: B22C9, B22D18, B22D35, B22D43, B22D39