ANTIVIRAL INDOLEOXOACETYL PIPERAZINE DERIVATIVES

Abstract: This invention provides compounds having drug and bio-affecting properties, their pharmaceutical compositions and method of use. In particular, the invention is concerned with indoleoxoacetyl piperazine derivatives. These compounds possess unique antiviral activity, whether used alone or in combination with other antivirals, antiinfectives, immunomodulators or HIV entry inhibitors. More particularly, the present invention relates to the treatment of HIV and AIDS.

Description: ANTIVIRAL INDOLEOXOACETYL PIPERAZINE DERIVATIVES BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention This invention provides compounds having drug and bio-affecting properties, their pharmaceutical compositions and method of use. In particular, the invention is concerned with mdoleoxoacetyl piperazine derivatives. These compounds possess unique antiviral activity, whether used alone or in combination with other antivirals, antunfectives, immunomodulators or HIV entry inhibitors. More particularly, the present invention relates to the treatment of HIV and AIDS. Background Art HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus -1) infection remains a major medical problem, with an estimated 33.4 million people infected worldwide. Currently available HIV drugs include six nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors (zidovudine, didanosine, stavudine, lamivudine, zalcitabine and abacavir), three non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nevirapine, delavirdine and efavirenz) as well as five peptidomimetic protease inhibitors (saquinavir, indinavir, ritonavir, nelfinavir and amprenavir). Each of these drugs can only transiently restrain viral replication if used alone. However, when used in combination, these drugs have a profound effect on disease progression. In fact, significant reductions in death rates among AIDS patients have been recently documented. Despite these results, 30 to 50% of patients ultimately fail combination drug therapies. Insufficient drug potency, non-compliance, restricted tissue penetration and drug-specific limitations within certain cell types (e.g. most nucleoside analogs cannot be phosphorylated in resting cells) may account for the incomplete suppression of sensitive viruses. Furthermore, the high replication rate and rapid turnover of HIV-1 combined with the frequent incorporation of mutations, leads to the appearance of drug-resistant variants and treatment failures when suboptimal drug concentrations are present (Larder and Kemp, Gulick, Morris-Jones, et al, Kuritzkes, Vacca and Condra, Schinazi, et al and Flexner, Ref. 6-12). Therefore, novel anti-HIV agents exhibiting distinct resistance patterns, and favorable pharmacokinetic as well as safety profiles are needed to provide more treatment options. Currently marketed HIV-1 drugs are dominated by either nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors or peptidomimetic protease inhibitors. Non- nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors have recently gained an increasingly important role in the therapy of HIV infections. At least 30 different classes of NNRTIs have been published in the literature (DeClercq, Ref. 13). Dipyridodiazepinone (nevirapine), benzoxazinone (efavirenz) and bis(heteroaryl) piperazine derivatives (delavirdine) are already approved for clinical use. In addition, several indole derivatives including indole-3- sulfones, piperazino indoles, pyrazino indoles, and 5H-indolo[3,2- b][l,5]benzothiazepine derivatives have been reported as HIV-1 reverse transciptase inhibitors (Greenlee et al, Ref. 1, Williams et al, Ref. 2, Romero et al, Ref. 3, Font et al, Ref. 14, Romero et al, Ref. 15, Young et al, Ref. 16, Genin et al, Ref. 17, and Silvestri et al, Ref. 18). Indole 2-carboxamides have also been described as inhibitors of cell adhesion and HIV infection (Boschelli et al. in US 5,424,329, Ref. 4). Finally, 3-substituted indole natural products (Semicochliodinol A and B, didemethylasterriquinone and isocochliodinol) were disclosed as inhibitors of HIV-1 protease (Fredenhagen et al, Ref. 19). However, nothing in these references can be construed to disclose or suggest the novel compounds of this invention and their use to inhibit antiviral infection, including HIV infection. Structurally related compounds have been disclosed previously (Brewster et al, Ref. 20, Archibald et al, Ref. 21, American Home Products in GB 1126245, Ref. 5). However, the structures differ from those claimed herein in that they are symmetrical bis(3-indolylglyoxamides) rather than unsymmetrical aroyl indoleoxoacetyl piperazine derivatives, and there is no mention of use for treating antiviral infections. Interestingly, the indole moiety present in the compounds disclosed here is the common feature of many non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors including Delavirdine from Upjohn (Dueweke et al. 1992, 1993, Ref. 22 and 23). Additionally, the following compounds are available commercially but have not been reported as being useful as pharmaceuticals, and more specifically for antiviral use in mammals. Compound LJ952 (available from Menai Organics Ltd., Gwynedd, North Wales): Compound TRI-29586 (available from Tripos): REFERENCES CITED Patent documents 1. Greenlee, W.J.; Srinivasan, P.C, Indole reverse transcriptase inhibitors. U.S. Patent 5,124,327. 2. Williams, T.M.; Ciccarone, T.M.; Saari, W. S.; Wai, J.S.; Greenlee, W.J.; Balani, S.K.; Goldman, M.E.; Theohrides, A.D., Indoles as inhibitors of HIV reverse transcriptase. European Patent 530907. 3. Romero, D.L.; Thomas, R.C., Preparation of substituted indoles as anti- AIDS pharmaceuticals. PCT WO 93/01181. 4. 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SUMMARY DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION It has now been surprisingly found that compounds of formula I, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, are effective antiviral agents, particularly for treating HIV, whether used alone or in combination with other antivirals, antunfectives, immunomodulators or HIV entry inhibitors. The present invention comprises compounds of formula I, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein: Ri, R2, R3, R4 and R5 are each independently H, O-Ce alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, C->-Cβ alkenyl, C 3 -Cό cycloalkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, halogen, CN, nitro, COOR 6 or XR7, each of said alkyl and cycloalkyl being optionally substituted with one to three same or different halogen, amino, OH, CN or N0 2 ; Re is H, Ci-Cβ alkyl, or C3-C6 cycloalkyl, benzyl, each of said alkyl, cycloalkyl and benzyl being optionally substituted with one to three same or different halogen, amino, OH, CN or NO2; X is O, S or NR 6 R ; R7 is H, Ci-Cβ alkyl, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C3-C6 cycloalkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl or C(0)R 8 , each of said alkyl and cycloalkyl being optionally substituted with one to three same or different halogen, OH, amino, CN or N0 2 ; Re is H, Ci-Cβ alkyl or C3-C6 cycloalkyl; -W- is R 9 , Rio, R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, Riβ, R17, Ris, Rw, R20, R21, R22 are each independently H, C--C 6 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 3 -Cβ cycloalkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, CR^R^OR^, COR 26 , COOR 2 or C(0)NR 28 R 9, each of said alkyl and cycloalkyl being optionally substituted with one to three same or different halogen, amino, OH, CN or NO2; R23, R24, R25, R26, R27, R28, R29 are each independently H, C--C 6 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C3-C6 cycloalkenyl or C2-C6 alkynyl; Ar is a 4-7 membered aromatic ring which may contain one to five heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of O, S, N or NRβ, wherein said aromatic ring is optionally fused to group B; B is an aromatic group selected from the group consisiting of phenyl, 1- naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, indenyl, azulenyl, fluorenyl, and anthracenyl; or a heteroaryl group selected from the group consisting of 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2- thienyl, 3-thienyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, 1,3,5- triazinyl, 1,3,5-trithianyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, 3H-indolyl, indolinyl, benzo[b]furanyl, benzo[b]thiophenyl, lH-indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, purinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, 1,8- naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, carbazolyl, acridinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, and phenoxazinyl; B and said 4-7 membered aromatic ring may each independently contain one to five substituents which are each independently selected from R30 R31, R32, R a and Rb are each independently H, O-6 alkyl or phenyl; Z is 4-methoxyphenyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, pyrazyl, quinolyl, 3,5- dimethylisoxazoyl, isoxazoyl, 2-methylthiazoyl, thiazoyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, or pyrimidyl; and p is 0-2; R30 R31, R32, R33, and R 3 are each independently H, Ci-Cβ alkyl, C 3 -Cβ cycloalkyl, C 2 -Cβ alkenyl, C3-C6 cycloalkenyl, C 2 -Cβ alkynyl, halogen, CN, nitro, C(0)R35, COXR36, hydroxyl, COOR 6 , hydroxymethyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, 0-[(Cι-C4)-straight or branched alkylj, O-benzyl, O- phenyl, 1,2-methylenedioxy, 00(0)0-6 alkyl, SC(0)C;ι-6 alkyl, S(0) m Cι.β alkyl, S(0) 2 NR a Rb, amino, carboxyl, O-Z, CH 2 -(CH 2 ) p -Z, 0-(CH 2 ) p -Z, (CH2) p -0-Z, CH=CH-Z or XR37, each of said alkyl and cycloalkyl being optionally substituted with one to three same or different halogen, amino, OH, CN or N0 2 ; m is 0-2; R35 and R36 are each independently H, C.-Cβ alkyl or C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl; R37 is H, Cι-C 6 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C3-C6 cycloalkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C(0)R3 8 or C(0)OR39, each of said alkyl and cycloalkyl being optionally substituted with one to three same or different halogen, amino, OH, CN or NO2; R38, R39 are each independently H, Cι-C 6 alkyl or C3-C6 cycloalkyl, each of said alkyl and cycloalkyl being optionally substituted with one to three same or different halogen, amino, OH, CN or NO2; provided R3 9 is not H; R 4 o is (CH2)n-Y, where n is 0-6; Y is selected from: (1) H, C1-6 alkyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C 2 -6 alkenyl, C3-6 cycloalkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, halogen, CN, nitro, Ar, COOR 6 , COOAr, -CONRaRb, TR 6 , NR a Rb, -NC(0)NR a Rb, -OC(0)R 6 , -C[N(R a ) 2 ] = N-T-R b , XR 6 , -C(0)R 6 , -C(0)Ar, -S(0)R a or -S(0) 2 Ra, provided when Y is -S(0)R a or -S(0) 2 R a then R a is not H; and (2) a 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring, optionally substituted with R 6 , which may contain 1-3 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, S, SO, SO2, N, and NR41, wherein « is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (Ci-C4)-straight or branched alkyl, (C2- )-straight or branched alkenyl or alkynyl; T is S or O; provided Ri-Rs, R9 - Ri6 and R30 - R34 are not all H at the same time and Ar is phenyl; and provided Ri-Rs, R9-R16 and R30-R34 are not all H at the same time and Ar is 2- furyl. Another embodiment of the invention is a pharmaceutical formulation which comprises an antiviral effective amount of a compound of formula I. Another embodiment of the invention is a pharmaceutical formulation useful for treating infection of HIV which additionally comprises an antiviral effective amount of an AIDS treatment agent selected from the group consisting of: (a) an AIDS antiviral agent; (b) an anti-infective agent; (c) an immunomodulator; and (d) HIV entry inhibitors. Another embodiment of the invention is a method for treating mammals infected with a virus (e.g. HIV), comprising administering to said mammal an antiviral effective amount of a compound of formula II, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein: Ri, R2, R3, R4 and R5 are each independently H, O-Cβ alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, C 2 -Cβ alkenyl, C3-C6 cycloalkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, halogen, CN, nitro, COORβ or XR7, each of said alkyl and cycloalkyl being optionally substituted with one to three same or different halogen, amino, OH, CN or N0 2 ; Re is H, Ci-Cβ alkyl, or C3-C6 cycloalkyl, benzyl, each of said alkyl, cycloalkyl and benzyl being optionally substituted with one to three same or different halogen, amino, OH, CN or N0 2 ; X is O, S or NR 6 R 7 ; R7 is H, Ci-Cβ alkyl, Gj-Cβ cycloalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C3-C6 cycloalkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl or C(0)Rβ, each of said alkyl and cycloalkyl being optionally substituted with one to three same or different halogen, OH, amino, CN or Re is H, Ci-Cβ alkyl or C3-C6 cycloalkyl; -W- is R 9 , Rio, Rii, Ri2, R13, R14, Ris, Riβ, Ri7, Riβ, R19, R20, R21, R22 are each independently H, Ci-Cβ alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C3-C6 cycloalkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, CR23R24OR25, COR 2 β, COOR 27 or C(0)NR 28 R29, each of said alkyl and cycloalkyl being optionally substituted with one to three same or different halogen, amino, OH, CN or NO2; R23, R24, R25, R26, R27, R28, R29 are each independently H, Ci-Cβ alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C3-C6 cycloalkenyl or C2-C6 alkynyl; Ar is a 4-7 membered aromatic ring which may contain one to five heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of O, S, N or NRβ, wherein said aromatic ring is optionally fused to group B; B is an aromatic group selected from the group consisting of phenyl, 1- naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, indenyl, azulenyl, fluorenyl, and anthracenyl; or a heteroaryl group selected from the group consisting of 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2- thienyl, 3-thienyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, 1,3,5- triazinyl, 1,3,5-trithianyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, 3H-indolyl, indolinyl, benzo[b]furanyl, benzo[b]thiophenyl, lH-indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, purinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, 1,8- naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, carbazolyl, acridinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, and phenoxazinyl; B and said 4-7 membered aromatic ring may each independently contain one to five substituents which are each independently selected from R 3 o R31, R32, R a and Rb are each independently H, O-β alkyl or phenyl; Z is 4-methoxyphenyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, pyrazyl, quinolyl, 3,5- dimethylisoxazoyl, isoxazoyl, 2-methylthiazoyl, thiazoyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, or pyrimidyl; and p is 0-2; R30 R31, R32, R33, and R3 4 are each independently H, Ci-Cβ alkyl, C 3 -Cβ cycloalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C3-C6 cycloalkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, halogen, CN, nitro, C(0)R35, COXR36, hydroxyl, COORβ, hydroxymethyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, 0-[(C -C4)-straight or branched alkyl], O-benzyl, O- phenyl, 1,2-methylenedioxy, OC(0)Ci-β alkyl, SC(0)Cι-β alkyl, S(0) m Ci- 6 alkyl, S(0) 2 NR a Rb, amino, carboxyl, O-Z, CH 2 -(CH 2 ) p -Z, 0-(CH 2 ) p -Z, (CH ) p -0-Z, CH=CH-Z or XR37, each of said alkyl and cycloalkyl being optionally substituted with one to three same or different halogen, amino, OH, CN or NO2; m is 0-2; R35 and R36 are each independently H, Ci-Cβ alkyl or C3-C6 cycloalkyl; R37 is H, Ci-Cβ alkyl, Oj-Cβ cycloalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C3-C6 cycloalkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C(0)R38 or C(0)OR39, each of said alkyl and cycloalkyl being optionally substituted with one to three same or different halogen, amino, OH, CN or NO2; R38, R39 are each independently H, Ci-Cβ alkyl or C3-C6 cycloalkyl, each of said alkyl and cycloalkyl being optionally substituted with one to three same or different halogen, amino, OH, CN or NO2; provided R39 is not H; R o is (CH2)n-Y, where n is 0-6; Y is selected from: (1) H, Ci-β alkyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C3-6 cycloalkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, halogen, CN, nitro, Ar, COORβ, COOAr, -CONR a R b , TR 6 , NR a Rb, -NC(0)NR a Rb, -OC(0)Rβ, -C[N(R a ) 2 ] = N-T-R b , XRβ, -C(0)R 6 , -C(0)Ar, -S(0)R a or -S(0) 2 R a , provided when Y is -S(0)R a or -S(0) 2 R a then R a is not H; and (2) a 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring, optionally substituted with Re, which may contain 1-3 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, S, SO, SO2, N, and NR ι, wherein R 1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (Ci-C )-straight or branched alkyl, (C2-Cι)-straight or branched alkenyl or alkynyl; and T is S or O. In a preferred embodiment, compounds of formula I and II include those where Ar is phenyl, furyl, isoxazolyl, thiophenyl, pyrazolyl, pyridyl, benzofuryl, benzothiophenyl, indolyl, pyrazinyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, thiadiazolyl. Also preferred are compounds of formulas I and II wherein Rg, Rio, Rii, Ri2, Ri3, Ri4, and R15 are each H; and Riβ is methyl. Also preferred are compounds of formulas I and II wherein R2 is H, fluoro or methoxy. Also preferred are compounds of formulas I and II wherein Ri, R3 and R 4 are each H. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The synthesis procedures and anti-HIV-1 activities of the novel indoleoxoacetyl piperazine analogs of formula I are summarized below. Chemistry The present invention comprises compounds of formula I, their pharmaceutical formulations, and their use in patients suffering from or susceptible to HIV. The compounds of formula I which include pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, The term "Ci-6 alkyl" as used herein and in the claims (unless the context indicates otherwise) mean straight or branched chain alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, amyl, hexyl and the like. Similarly, "C 2 -β alkenyl" and "C2-6 alkynyl" include straight or branched chain groups. The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salt" as used herein and in the claims is intended to include nontoxic base addition salts. Suitable salts include those derived from organic and inorganic acids such as, without limitation, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, methanesulfonic acid, acetic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, sulfinic acid, citric acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, sorbic acid, aconitic acid, salicylic acid, phthalic acid, and the like. "Halogen" refers to chlorine, bromine, iodine or fluorine. In the method of the present invention, the term "antiviral effective amount" means the total amount of each active component of the method that is sufficient to show a meaningful patient benefit, i.e., healing of acute conditions characterized by inhibition of antiviral infection, including HIV infection. When applied to an individual active ingredient, administered alone, the term refers to that ingredient alone. When applied to a combination, the term refers to combined amounts of the active ingredients that result in the desired antiviral effect, whether administered in combination, serially or simultaneously. The terms "treat, treating, treatment" as used herein and in the claims means preventing or ameliorating diseases associated with viral infection, including HIV infection. The present invention is also directed to combinations of the compounds with one or more agents useful in the treatment of AIDS. For example, the compounds of this invention may be effectively administered, whether at periods of pre-exposure and/ or post-exposure, in combination with effective amounts of the AIDS antivirals, immunomodulators, antunfectives, or vaccines, such as those in the following table. ANTIVIRALS Drug Name Manufacturer Indication 097 Hoechst/ Bayer HIV infection, AIDS, ARC (non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor) Amprenivir Glaxo Wellcome HIV infection, 141 W94 AIDS, ARC GW 141 (protease inhibitor) Abacavir (1592U89) Glaxo Wellcome HIV infection, GW 1592 AIDS, ARC (RT inhibitor) Acemannan Carrington Labs ARC (Irving, TX) Acyclovir Burroughs Wellcome HIV infection, AIDS, ARC, in combination with AZT AD-439 Tanox Biosystems HIV infection, AIDS, ARC AD-519 Tanox Biosystems HIV infection, AIDS, ARC Adefovir dipivoxil Gilead Sciences HIV infection AL-721 Ethigen ARC, PGL (Los Angeles, CA) HIV positive, AIDS Alpha Interferon Glaxo Wellcome Kaposi's sarcoma, HIV in combination w/Retrovir Ansamycin Adria Laboratories ARC LM 427 (Dublin, OH) Erbamont (Stamford, CT) Antibody which Advanced Biotherapy AIDS, ARC Neutralizes pH Concepts Labile alpha aberrant (Rockville, MD) Interferon AR177 Aronex Pharm HIV infection, AIDS, ARC Beta-fluoro-ddA Nat'l Cancer Institute AIDS-associated diseases BMS-232623 Bristol-Myers Squibb/ HIV infection, (CGP-73547) Novartis AIDS, ARC (protease inhibitor) BMS-234475 Bristol-Myers Squibb/ HIV infection, (CGP-61755) Novartis AIDS, ARC (protease inhibitor) CI-1012 Warner-Lambert HIV-1 infection Cidofovir Gilead Science CMV retinitis, herpes, papillomavirus Curdlan sulfate AJI Pharma USA HIV infection Cytomegalovirus Medlmmune CMV retinitis Immune globin Cytovene Syntex Sight threatening Ganciclovir CMV peripheral CMV retinitis Delaviridine Pharmacia-Upjohn HIV infection, AIDS, ARC (RT inhibitor) Dextran Sulfate Ueno Fine Chem. AIDS, ARC, HIV Ind. Ltd. (Osaka, positive Japan) asymptomatic ddC Hoffman-La Roche HIV infection, AIDS, Dideoxycytidine ARC ddl Bristol-Myers Squibb HIV infection, AIDS, Dideoxyinosine ARC; combination with AZT/ d4T DMP-450 AVID HIV infection, (Camden, NJ) AIDS, ARC (protease inhibitor) Efavirenz DuPont Merck HIV infection, (DMP 266) AIDS, ARC (-)6-Chloro-4-(S)- (non-nucleoside RT cyclopropylethynyl- inhibitor) 4(S)-trifluoro- methy 1-1 ,4-dihy dro- 2H-3,1 -benzoxazin- 2-one, STOCRINE EL10 Elan Corp, PLC HIV infection (Gainesville, GA) Famciclovir Smith Kline herpes zoster, herpes simplex FTC Emory University HIV infection, AIDS, ARC (reverse transcriptase inhibitor) GS 840 Gilead HIV infection, AIDS, ARC (reverse transcriptase inhibitor) HBY097 Hoechst Marion HIV infection, Roussel AIDS, ARC (non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor) Hypericin VIMRx Pharm. HIV infection, AIDS, ARC Recombinant Human Triton Biosciences AIDS, Kaposi's Interferon Beta (Almeda, CA) sarcoma, ARC Interferon alf a-n3 Interferon Sciences ARC, AIDS Indinavir Merck HIV infection, AIDS, ARC, asymptomatic HIV positive, also in combination with AZT/ddl/ddC ISIS 2922 ISIS Pharmaceuticals CMV retinitis KNI-272 Nat'l Cancer Institute HIV-assoc. diseases Lamivudine, 3TC Glaxo Wellcome HIV infection, AIDS, ARC (reverse transcriptase inhibitor); also with AZT Lobucavir Bristol-Myers Squibb CMV infection Nelfinavir Agouron HIV infection, Pharmaceuticals AIDS, ARC (protease inhibitor) Nevirapine Boeheringer HIV infection, Ingleheim AIDS, ARC (RT inhibitor) Novapren Novaferon Labs, Inc. HIV inhibitor (Akron, OH) Peptide T Peninsula Labs AIDS Octapeptide (Belmont, CA) Sequence Trisodium Astra Pharm. CMV retinitis, HIV Phosphonoformate Products, Inc. infection, other CMV infections PNU-140690 Pharmacia Upjohn HIV infection, AIDS, ARC (protease inhibitor) Probucol Vyrex HIV infection, AIDS RBC-CD4 Sheffield Med. HIV infection, Tech (Houston, TX) AIDS, ARC Ritonavir Abbott HIV infection, AIDS, ARC (protease inhibitor) Saquinavir Hoffmann- HIV infection, LaRoche AIDS, ARC (protease inhibitor) Stavudine; d4T Bristol-Myers Squibb HIV infection, AIDS, Didehydrodeoxy- ARC thymidine Valaciclovir Glaxo Wellcome Genital HSV & CMV infections Virazole Viratek/ICN asymptomatic HIV Ribavirin (Costa Mesa, CA) positive, LAS, ARC VX-478 Vertex HIV infection, AIDS, ARC Zalcitabine Hoffmann-LaRoche HIV infection, AIDS, ARC, with AZT Zidovudine; AZT Glaxo Wellcome HIV infection, AIDS, ARC, Kaposi's sarcoma, in combination with other therapies IMMUNOMODULATORS Drug Name Manufacturer Indication AS-101 Wyeth-Ayerst AIDS Bropirimine Pharmacia Upjohn Advanced AIDS Acemannan Carrington Labs, Inc. AIDS, ARC (Irving, TX) CL246,738 American Cyanamid AIDS, Kaposi's Lederle Labs sarcoma EL10 Elan Corp, PLC HIV infection (Gainesville, GA) FP-21399 Fuki ImmunoPharm Blocks HIV fusion with CD4+ cells Gamma Interferon Genentech ARC, in combination w/TNF (tumor necrosis factor) Granulocyte Genetics Institute AIDS Macrophage Colony Sandoz Stimulating Factor Granulocyte Hoechst-Roussel AIDS Macrophage Colony Immunex Stimulating Factor Granulocyte Schering-Plough AIDS, Macrophage Colony combination Stimulating Factor w/AZT HIV Core Particle Rorer Seropositive HIV Immunostimulant IL-2 Cetus AIDS, in combination Interleukin-2 w/AZT IL-2 Hoffman-LaRoche AIDS, ARC, HIV, in 5 Interleukin-2 Immunex combination w/AZT IL-2 Chiron AIDS, increase in Interleukin-2 CD4 cell counts (aldeslukin) Immune Globulin Cutter Biological Pediatric AIDS, in Intravenous (Berkeley, CA) combination w/ AZT (human) 15 IMREG-1 Imreg AIDS, Kaposi's (New Orleans, LA) sarcoma, ARC, PGL IMREG-2 Imreg AIDS, Kaposi's (New Orleans, LA) sarcoma, ARC, PGL --.nu Imuthiol Diethyl Merieux Institute AIDS, ARC Dithio Carbamate Alpha-2 Schering Plough Kaposi's sarcoma 25 Interferon w/AZT, AIDS Methionine- TNI Pharmaceutical AIDS, ARC Enkephalin (Chicago, IL) 30 MTP-PE Ciba-Geigy Corp. Kaposi's sarcoma Muramyl-Tripeptide Granulocyte Amgen AIDS, in combination Colony Stimulating w/AZT 35 Factor Remune Immune Response Immunotherapeutic Corp. 40 rCD4 Genentech AIDS, ARC Recombinant Soluble Human CD4 rCD4-IgG AIDS, ARC 45 hybrids Recombinant Biogen AIDS, ARC Soluble Human CD4 Interferon Hoffman-La Roche Kaposi's sarcoma Alfa 2a AIDS, ARC, in combination w/AZT SK&F106528 Smith Kline HIV infection Soluble T4 Thymopentin Immunobiology HIV infection Research Institute (Annandale, NJ) Tumor Necrosis Genentech ARC, in combination Factor; TNF w/ gamma Interferon ANTI-INFECTIVES Drug Name Manufacturer Indication Clindamycin with Pharmacia Upjohn PCP Primaquine Fluconazole Pfizer Cryptococcal meningitis, candidiasis Pastille Squibb Corp. Prevention of Nystatin Pastille oral candidiasis Ornidyl Merrell Dow PCP Eflornithine Pentamidine LyphoMed PCP treatment Isethionate (IM & IV) (Rosemont, IL) Trimethoprim Antibacterial Trimethoprim/ sulf a Antibacterial Piritrexim Burroughs Wellcome PCP treatment Pentamidine Fisons Corporation PCP prophylaxis Isethionate for Inhalation Spiramycin Rhone-Poulenc Cryptosporidial diarrhea Intraconazole- Janssen-Pharm. Histoplasmosis; R51211 cryptococcal meningitis Trimetrexate Warner-Lambert PCP Daunorubicin NeXstar, Sequus Kaposi's sarcoma Recombinant Human Ortho Pharm. Corp. Severe anemia Erythropoietin assoc. with AZT therapy Recombinant Human Serono AIDS-related Growth Hormone wasting, cachexia Megestrol Acetate Bristol-Myers Squibb Treatment of anorexia assoc. w/AIDS Testosterone Alza, Smith Kline AIDS-related wasting Total Enteral Norwich Eaton Diarrhea and Nutrition Pharmaceuticals malabsorption related to AIDS Additionally, the compounds of the invention herein may be used in combination with another class of agents for treating AIDS which are called HIV entry inhibitors. Examples of such HIV entry inhibitors are discussed in DRUGS OF THE FUTURE 1999, 24(12), pp. 1355-1362; CELL, Vol. 9, pp. 243- 246, Oct. 29, 1999; and DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY, Vol. 5, No. 5, May 2000, pp. 183-194. It will be understood that the scope of combinations of the compounds of this invention with AIDS antivirals, immunomodulators, anti-infectives, HIV entry inhibitors or vaccines is not limited to the list in the above Table, but includes in principle any combination with any pharmaceutical composition useful for the treatment of AIDS. Preferred combinations are simultaneous or alternating treatments of with a compound of the present invention and an inhibitor of HIV protease and/ or a non-nucleoside inhibitor of HIV reverse transcriptase. An optional fourth component in the combination is a nucleoside inhibitor of HIV reverse transcriptase, such as AZT, 3TC, ddC or ddl. A preferred inhibitor of HIV protease is indinavir, which is the sulfate salt of N-(2(R)-hydroxy-l-(S)- indanyl)-2(R)-phenylmethyl-4-(S)-hydroxy-5-(l-(4-(3-pyridyl-methyl)-2(S)-N'- (t-butylcarboxamido)-piperazinyl))-pentaneamide ethanolate, and is synthesized according to U.S. 5,413,999. Indinavir is generally administered at a dosage of 800 mg three times a day. Other preferred protease inhibitors are nelfinavir and ritonavir. Another preferred inhibitor of HIV protease is saquinavir which is administered in a dosage of 600 or 1200 mg tid. Preferred non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV reverse transcriptase include efavirenz. The preparation of ddC, ddl and AZT are also described in EPO 0,484,071. These combinations may have unexpected effects on limiting the spread and degree of infection of HIV. Preferred combinations include those with the following (1) indinavir with efavirenz, and, optionally, AZT and/ or 3TC and/ or ddl and/ or ddC; (2) indinavir, and any of AZT and/ or ddl and/ or ddC and/ or 3TC, in particular, indinavir and AZT and 3TC; (3) stavudine and 3TC and/ or zidovudine; (4) zidovudine and lamivudine and 141 W94 and 1592U89; (5) zidovudine and lamivudine. In such combinations the compound of the present invention and other active agents may be administered separately or in conjunction. In addition, the administration of one element may be prior to, concurrent to, or subsequent to the administration of other agent(s). Procedures for making compounds of formula I are shown in Schemes 1 - 13, and further exemplified in Tables 5 - 8. Scheme 1 Starting indoles 1 (Scheme 1) are known or are readily prepared according to literature procedures, such as those described in Gribble, G. (Ref. 24) or Bartoli et al (Ref. 36). The indoles 1 are treated with oxalyl chloride in either THF (tetrahydrofuran) or ether to afford the desired glyoxyl chlorides 2 according to literature procedures (Lingens, F. et al, Ref. 25). The intermediate glyoxyl chlorides 2 are then coupled with benzoyl piperazine 3 (Desai, M. et al, Ref. 26) under basic conditions to afford 4. Scheme 2 8 Treatment of indole-3-glyoxyl chloride 2 (Scheme 2) with ter t-butyl 1- piperazinecar boxy late 5 affords the coupled product 6. Deprotection of the Boc group of 6 is effected with 20% (trifluoroacetic acid) TFA/CH2Q2 to yield 7. This product is then coupled with carboxylic acid in the presence of polymer supported l-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide (P- EDC) to afford products 8. Scheme 3 8a For Examples 58- 81, piperazine 7 (Scheme 3) was treated with Boc-protected aminobenzoic acid in the presence of EDC to afford 8a. A portion of the resulting product was separated and subjected to TFA in order to remove the Boc group, thus yielding amino derivatives 9. Scheme 4 8b 10 For Examples 82 - 89, piperazine 7 (Scheme 4) was treated with acetoxybenzoic acid in the presence of EDC to afford 8b. A portion of the resulting product was separated and subjected to LiOH hydrolysis in order to remove the acetate group, thus yielding hydroxy derivatives 10. Examples containing substituted piperazines are prepared using the general procedures outlined in Schemes 5 -13. Substituted piperazines are either commercially available from Aldrich, Co. or prepared according to literature procedures (Behun et al, Ref. 31(a), Scheme 5, eq. 01). Hydrogenation of alkyl substituted pyrazines under 40 to 50 psi pressure in ethanol afforded substituted piperazines. When the substituent was an ester or amide, the pyrazine systems could be partially reduced to the tetrahydropyrazine (Rossen et al, Ref. 31(b), Scheme 5, eq. 02). The carbonyl substituted piperazines could be obtained under the same conditions described above by using commercially available dibenzyl piperazines (Scheme 5, eq. 03). Scheme 5 H H 2 , Pd-C -J-R 1 -R 4 -j-R R 4 ( X eq. 01 EtOH, 40-50psi ^N H N COX H pd . c ^ I J eq. 02 ^ N ^ EtOH, 40-50ps "i C ^ N - J^ H X = OR, NR,R 2 Bn ,cox H 2 , Pd-C ,cox eq. 03 I 1 EtOH, 40-50psi C NN Bn H X = OR, ΝR.,R 2 2-Trifluoromethylpiperazine (Jenneskens et al., Ref. 31c) was prepared through a four step route (Scheme 6). Using Lewis acid TiCl , N,N'-dibenzylethylenediamine 11 reacted with trifluoropyruvates 12 to afford hemiacetal 13, which was reduced at room temperature by EtθSiH in CF3COOH to lactam 14. LiAlH treatment then reduced lactam 14 to 1,4- dibenzyl-2-triiluoromethylpiperazine 15. Finally, hydrogenation of compound 15 in HO Ac gave the desired product 2-trifluoromethylpiperazine 16. Scheme 6 11 12 14 X LAH, Ether H 2 (55Psι) ^ CF 3 .CF 3 reflux C T Pd-C, HOAc fj 2 HOAc 16 15 Mono-benzoylation of symmetric substituted piperazines could be achieved by using one of the following procedures (Scheme 7). (a) Treatment of a solution of piperazine in acetic acid with acetyl chloride afforded the desired mon-benzoylated piperazine (Desai et al. Ref. 26, Scheme 7, eq. 04). (b) Symmetric piperazines were treated with 2 equivalents of π-butyllithium, followed by the addition of benzoyl chloride at room temperature (Wang et al, Ref. 32, Scheme 7, eq. 05). Scheme 7 A , B - alkyl substituents A , B - alkyl substituents Mono-benzoylation of unsymmetric substituted piperazines could be achieved by using one of the following procedures (Scheme 8), in which all the methods were exemplified by mono-alkyl substituted piperazines. (a) Unsymmetric piperazines were treated with 2 equivalents of π-butyllithium, followed by the addition of benzoyl chloride at room temperature to afford a mixture of two regioisomers, which could be separated by chromatography (Wang et al, Ref.32 and 33(b), Scheme 8 eq. 06); (b) Benzoic acid was converted to its pentafluorophenyl ester, and then further reaction with 2- alkylpiperazine to provide the mono-benzoylpiperazines with the benzoyl group at the less hindered nitrogen (Adamczyk et al, Ref. 33(a), Scheme 8, eq. 07); (c) A mixture of piperazine and methyl benzoate was treated with dialkylaluminum chloride in methylene chloride for 2-4 days to yield the mono-benzoylpiperazine with the benzoyl group at the less hindered nitrogen (Scheme 8, eq. 08); (d) Unsymmetric piperazines were treated with 2 equivalents of π-butyllithium, followed by subsequent addition of triethylsilyl chloride and benzoyl chloride in THF at room temperature to afford mono-benzoylpiperazines with the benzoyl group at the more hindered nitrogen (Wang et al, Ref. 33(b), Scheme 8, eq. 09). When the substituent at position 2 was a ester or amide, the mono-benzoylation with benzoyl chloride occurred at the less hindered nitrogen of the piperazine with triethylamine as base in THF (Scheme 8, eq. 10). Scheme 8 3) BzCI X = OR, NR,R 2 In the case of tetrahydropyrazines (Scheme 9, eq. 11), mono- benzoylation occurred at the more hindered nitrogen under the same conditions as those in equation 10 of Scheme 8, in the well precedented manner. (Rossen et al, Ref. 31(b)). Scheme 9 X = OR, NR,R 2 Furthermore, the ester group can be selectively reduced by NaBH-i in the presence of the benzamide (Masuzawa et al, Ref. 34), which is shown in Scheme 10. Scheme 10 Hydrolysis of ester group to acid: The ester groups on either the piperazine linkers or on the indole nucleus could be hydrolyzed to the corresponding acid under basic conditions such as K-.CO3 (Scheme 11, eq. 13) or NaOMe (Scheme 11, eq. 14) as bases in MeOH and water. Scheme 11 Coupling reaction: Scheme 12 18 Reaction of glyoxyl chloride 2 with substituted benzoyl piperazines or tetrahydropyrazines (17) in CH2C12 using i-Pr2NEt as base afforded the desired products 18. In the case of coupling reactions using 3-hydroxylmethyl- benzoylpiperazine, the hydroxyl group was temporarily protected as its TMS (trimethylsilyl) ether with BSTFA (N,0-bistrimethylsilyl)fluoroacetamide) (Furber et al, Ref. 35). The un-protected nitrogen atom was then reacted with glyoxyl chlorides 2 to form the desired diamides. During workup, the TMS masking group was removed to give free hydroxylmethylpiperazine diamides 19 (Scheme 13). Scheme 13 Antiviral Activity The antiviral activity of the compounds of Examples 1-34 was determined in MT-2 cells (a CD4 positive T-lymphocytic cell line) acutely infected by the BRU strain of HIN-1 in the presence of 10 μM compound. The virus yields were quantitated 6 days after infection using a reverse transcriptase assay (Potts, Ref. 27). The anti-viral results are summarized in Table 1, shown below. Cytotoxicity was determined by incubating cells in the presence of serially diluted compound and cell viability determined using an XTT dye reduction assay (Weislow, Ref. 28). The 50% cytotoxicity concentrations of all compounds were significantly higher than 10 μM, indicating that the compounds are relatively non-toxic. The antiviral activity of the compounds of Examples 35-215 was determined in HeLa CD4 CCR5 cells infected by single-round infectious HIN- 1 reporter virus in the presence of compound at concentrations < 10 μM. The virus infection was quantified 3 days after infection by measuring luciferase expression from integrated viral DΝA in the infected cells (Chen et al, Ref. 41). The percent inhibition for each compound was calculated by quantifying the level of luciferase expression in cells infected in the presence of each compound as a percentage of that observed for cells infected in the absence of compound and subtracting such a determined value from 100. Compounds exhibiting anti-viral activity without appreciable toxicity at concentrations < 10 μM are presented in Tables 1 - 4 and 9-13. Table 1 Example Ri W # Inhibition @ 10 uM 91 4-Fluoro >98 92 4-Fluoro 94 N N 93 4-Fluoro >98 N N 94 4-Fluoro >98 N N 95 4-Fluoro >98 N N Table 3 Table 4 Experimental Procedures Biology Abbreviations "μM" means micromolar; "μci" means microcurie; "ml" means milliliter; "μl" means microliter; "μg" means microgram; "M" means molar; "μm" means micromolar; "mM" means millimolar; "a" refers to percent inhibition data as representing the mean values of at least two experiments with duplicate determinations in each experiment. "RT" refers to reverse transcriptase. The materials and experimental procedures used to obtain the anti-viral results for Examples 1 - 34 are described below. Cells-MT-2 T cell lines propagated in Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 medium (Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, MD) containing 10 % fetal Bovine serum (FBS, Sigma, St. Louis , MO). Virus-The laboratory HIN-1 strain BRU was titrated using an infectivity assay (Johnson, N.A. and R.E. Byrington, 1990). Experiment 1. MT-2 cells (Harada, et al, Ref. 30) were infected by HIV-1 BRU at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.005 in RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% fetal Bovine serum at a concentration of 1 x 10 5 cells /ml. 2. Compound was added to 100 μl RPMI 1640 media containing 10% fetal Bovine serum per well in a 96 well plate at a concentration of 20 μM. 3. 100 μl of 1 x 10 5 /ml infected MT-2 cells were added to each well in such plates, resulting in a final cell concentration of 5 x 10 4 cells/ ml and a final compound concentration of 10 μM. 4. Samples were incubated at 37°C and harvested 6 days after infection. 5. HIN-1 replication was quantified by measuring the HIN-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) activity present in cell-free supernatants (Potts, et al, Ref. 27). For each sample, 20 μl of cell-free supernatant was added to 40 μl RT cocktail [ 42 μM Tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane pH 7.8 (Sigma, St. Louis, MO), 63 μM potassium chloride (Mallinckrodt, Paris KT), 2 μM dithiothreitol (Sigma, St. Louis, MO), 4 μM magnesium chloride (Mallinckrodt, Paris KT), 4 μg/ml polyadenylic acid (Pharmacia, Piscataway, NJ), 1.3 μg/ml oligonucleotide deoxythymidine 1 2-i8 (Pharmacia, Piscataway, NJ), 0.04% (octylphenoxy)-polyethoxy ethanol (Nonidet P-40, Sigma, St. Louis, MO), and 17 μCi/ml 3H-deoxy thymidine 5'-triphosphate (NEN, Boston, MA)]. Assays were incubated for 1 hour at 37°C and then 1 μl portions of each reaction were spotted on diethylaminoethyl cellulose (DE- 81) filter paper (Whatman, Hillsboro, OR), allowed to dry, washed four times with 0.3 M sodium chloride (Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA), 30 mM sodium citrate pH 7.0 (Sigma, St. Louis, MO), followed by two washes in 95% ethanol. Bound radioactivity was quantified by scintillation counting. 6. The percent inhibition for each compound was calculated by quantifying the level of HIV-1 replication in the presence of each compound as a percentage of the no compound control and subtracting such a determined value from 100. 7. To determine the cytotoxicity of compounds, uninfected cells were incubated with a series of concentrations of each compound for 3-6 days. Cell viability was determined by the XTT {2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5- sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino)carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide} dye reduction method (Weislow et al, Ref. 28). The percentage of living cells in compound containing wells compared to untreated controls was determined. The 50% cytotoxic concentration was calculated as the concentration of drug that decreased the percentage of living cells to 50% of those in untreated cells. The materials and methods for determination of anti-viral activity for examples 35 - 215 are described below: Cells: • Virus production-Human embryonic Kidney cell line, 293, propagated in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, MD) containing 10% fetal Bovine serum (FBS, Sigma. St. Louis , MO). • Virus infection- Human epithelial cell line, HeLa, expressing the HIV-1 receptors CD4 and CCR5 was propagated in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, MD) containing 10% fetal Bovine serum (FBS, Sigma, St. Louis , MO) and supplemented with 0.2 mg/ml Geneticin (Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, MD) and 0.4 mg/ml Zeocin (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). Virus-Replication defective reporter virus was produced by co-transfecting human embryonic Kidney 293 cells with an HIV-1 envelope DNA expression vector and a proviral cDNA containing an envelope deletion mutation and the luciferase reporter gene inserted in place of HIV-1 nef sequences (Chen, 1994). Transfections were performed using HpofectAMINE PLUS reagent as described by the manufacturer (Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, MD). Experiment 1. Compound was added to HeLa CD4 CCR5 cells plated in 96 well plates at a cell density of 5 X 10 4 cells per well in 100 ul Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium containing 10 % fetal Bovine serum at a concentration of <20 uM. 2. 100 ul of replication defective reporter virus in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium was then added to the plated cells and compound at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.01, resulting in a final volume of 200 ul per well and a final compound concentration of <10uM. 3. Samples were harvested 72 hours after infection. 4. Viral infection was monitored by measuring luciferase expression from viral DNA in the infected cells using a luciferase reporter gene assay kit (Roche Molecular Biochemicals, Indianapolis, IN). Infected cell supernatants were removed and 50 ul of Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (without phenol red) and 50 ul of luciferase assay reagent reconstituted as described by the manufacturer (Roche Molecular Biochemicals, Indianapolis, IN) was added per well. Luciferase activity was then quantified by measuring luminescence using a Wallac microbeta scintillation counter. 5. The percent inhibition for each compound was calculated by quantifying the level of luciferase expression in cells infected in the presence of each compound as a percentage of that observed for cells infected in the absence of compound and subtracting such a determined value from 100. References Chen, B.K., Saksela, K., Andino, R., and D. Baltimore. 1994. Distinct modes of human immunodeficiency type 1 proviral latency revealed by superinfection of nonproductively infected celllines with recombinant luciferase-encoding viruses. J. Virol. 68:654-660 (Ref. 37). Chemistry General: Unless otherwise noted, solvents and reagents were used directly as obtained from commercial sources, and reactions were performed under the nitrogen atmosphere. Flash chromatography was conducted on Silica gel 60 (0.040-0.063 particle size; EM Science supply). H NMR spectra were recorded at 500 MHz, unless otherwise noted, and the chemical shifts are reported relative to residual solvent signals. The following standard acronyms were employed to describe the multiplicity patterns: s (singlet), d (doublet), t (triplet), q (quartet), m (multiplet), b (broad), app (apparent). The coupling constant (J) is in hertz. All Liquid Chromatography (LC) data were recorded on a Shimadzu LC- 10AS liquid chromotograph using a SPD-10AV UV-Vis detector and Mass Spectrometry (MS) data were determined with a Micromass Platform for LC in electrospray mode. LC/MS Method (i.e., compound identification) Unless otherwise noted, all compounds were analyzed using the following conditions: Column: YMC ODS S73.0x50 mm column Gradient: 100% Solvent A / 0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A / 100% Solvent B Gradient time: 2 minutes Hold time: 1 minute Flow rate: 5 mL/min Detector Wavelength: 220 nm Solvent A: 10% MeOH / 90% H 2 0 / 0.1% Trifluoroacetic Acid Solvent B: 10% H 2 0 / 90% MeOH / 0.1 % Trifluoroacetic Acid When noted, the following conditions were used for HPLC analysis: Method A : Column YMC ODS-A C18 S73.0 X 50 min Start%B = 0 / Finish%B = 100 Method B: Column YMC ODS-A C18 S73.0 X 50 min Start%B = 30 / Finish%B = 100 Method C: Column PHX-LUNA C18 4.6 X 30 mm Start%B = 0 / Finish%B = 100 Compounds purified by preparative HPLC were diluted in methanol (1.2 mL) and purified using the following methods on a Shimadzu LC-10A automated preparative HPLC system. Preparative HPLC Method (i.e., compound purification) Purification Method: Initial gradient (40% B, 60% A) ramp to final gradient (100% B, 0% A) over 20 minutes, hold for 3 minutes (100% B, 0% A) Solvent A: 10% MeOH / 90% H 2 0 / 0.1% Trifluoroacetic Acid Solvent B: 10% H 2 0 / 90% MeOH / 0.1 % Trifluoroacetic Acid Column: YMC C18 S5 20x100 mm column Detector Wavelength: 220 run Indoles were either commercially available, or were prepared using known chemistry such as the method of Bartoli (Ref. 36) or as described by Gribble (Ref. 24) Representative indole syntheses are shown below. Preparation of 4-Fluoro-7-methyl indole STEP A A flame dried 50ml three neck flask was charged with BC13 (44 mmol, 44 ml, 1 M in benzene) and lOmL dry benzene at rt. under N2. The mixture was cooled down to 0 ° C followed by dropwise addition of 5-fluoro-2- methylaniline(5 g, 40 mmol) in 10ml dry benzene over 10 min, chloroacetonitrile (2.18g, 48 mmol) over 2 min and A1C13 in one portion. After stirring at 0 ° C for 5 min, the ice-bath was removed and the mixture was refluxed for 6 hr under N2. The resulted mixture was cooled down to rt. and poured into EtOAc/lN HC1 (300mL, 50:50 v:v with ice). After separation, the aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (2xl00mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water (lOOmL), brine (2xl00mL), and dried with MgS04. The solvent was removed in vacuo, and the crude intermediate was used directly in next step without further purification. STEP B The above residue was dissolved in lOOmL EtOH. Then the mixture was cooled down to 0 ° C, followed by dropwise addition of NaBH4 in 2 ml H20. After stirring at 0 ° C for lhr, the reaction was quenched with H20 (10 ml). The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in EtOAc (150 ml), and washed with brine (2x50 ml). The organic layer was dried with MgS04, the solvent was removed, and the expected reduced intermediate was used directly in next cyclization step. STEP C: The above intermediate, a yellow oil, was dissolved in 100 ml EtOH, followed by addition of K2C03 (H.Og, 80 mmol). The mixture was refluxed under N2 for 2 hr, and cooled down to rt. The solids were removed by filtering through celite, and the resulted solution was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc (200mL), washed with brine (2x50 ml) and dried over MgS04. The solvent was removed in vacuo and gave a brown oil which was purified by flash chromotography (12 % EtOAc in hexanes), to yield 2.3 g (39% overall yield) of pure product. M+H, 150.0; Retention time, 1.297 min. Synthesis of 4-ethoxyindole: An oven dried two neck flask was charged with 5 ml DMF and NaH (66 mg, 60% in oil, 1.65 mmol). The mixture was cooled down to 0 ° C, followed by dropwise addition of 4-hydroxy indole (200 mg, 1.5 mmol) in 5 ml DMF over 10 second. After stirring for 30 min under N2, bromoethane in 2 ml DMF was added dropwise, and the reaction was allowed to warm to rt. with continued stirring for 2 hr. Removal of the solvent in vacuo, followed by aqueous work up afforded crude 4-ethoxyindole which was purified by prep. HPLC to afford 201 mg (83%) of pure 4-ethxyindole; HPLC retention time, 1.190 min. Synthesis of 4-Fluoro-7-carbomethoxy indole STEP A: A mixture of 4-fluoro-7-bromoindole (600 mg, 2.8 mmol) and CuCN (1.004 g, 11.2 mmol) in DMF (4 ml) was refluxed for 16 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was poured into a solution of ammonia in MeOH (30 ml, sat.) and the residue removed by filtration. The filtrate was added to a mixture of water (20 ml)/ ammonia (20 ml, sat. aq.) and extracted with EtO Ac/Ether (1/1) until TLC analysis showed no product in the aqueous phase. The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (2 x 200 ml) and water (200 ml), dried (MgS0 ); evaporation in vacuo gave 4- fluoro-7-cyanoindole as a tan yellow solid (310 mg, 69%). STEP B To a solution of KOH (13.04 g, 0.232 mol) in 14% H 2 0/EtOH (50 ml) was added 4-fluoro-7-cyanoindole (900 mg, 5.60 mmol). The resulting mixture was refluxed for 12 hours, slowly cooled to room temperature, and concentrated in vacuo to about 30 ml. The residue was acidified to pH 2 with HC1 (~5.5 N aq.). The precipitate was filtered, washed with excess of water, and dried under high vacuum to afford 4-fluoro-7-carboxyindole as a white solid (100% conversion). The material was used without further purification. STEP C TMSCHN, To a suspension of 4-fluoro-7-carboxyindole in a mixture of MeOH (18 ml)/PhH (62 ml) was added (trimethylsilyl)diazomethane (8.8 ml, 17.6 mmol, 2 M in hexane). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min., quenched with excess acetic acid and evaporated in vacuo. The crude oily material was purified by flash chromatography using a gradient elution (Hexane to 10% EtOAc/Hexane) to afford methyl (4-fluoro)indole-7- carboxylate as a white solid (1.04 g, 83% two steps) Preparation of 4-fluoroindole-7-carboxaldehyde To a solution of 4-fluoro-7-bromoindole (l.Og, 4.7 mmol) in THF (5 mL) at -78 oC was added n-BuLi (5.6 mL, 2.5M in hexanes) dropwise. The mixture was stirred for 15 min at -78 oC, was allowed to warm to 5 oC for 30 min and was then re-cooled to -78 oC. DMF (1.8 mL) was then added and the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature slowly. The reaction was quenched with water and was extracted with ether. The organic phase was dried over MgS04, filtered and concentrated to afford 4-fluoroindole-7-carboxaldehyde. General Procedure for Preparation of Examples 1-17 in Table 5 STEP A I ii To commercially available indole-3-glyoxylyl chloride I (3 gram, 14.45 mmol) in CH 2 C1 2 at room temperature was added ter ---butyl 1- piperazinecarboxylate (2.7 gram, 14.45 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (2.76 ml, 15.9 mmol). The light- brown color solution was stirred for 2 hr at room temperature after which time LC/MS analysis indicated the completion of the reaction. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the resulting residue was diluted with ethyl acetate (250 ml) and diethylether (250 ml). The organic solution was then washed with water (100 ml x 3) and brine (50 ml), dried over MgS0 , filtered and concentrated. To the light-yellow solid was then added 30 ml of 20% trifluoroacetic acid in CH 2 C1 2 . The solution was concentrated and the light-brown solid was dried in vacuo to give 3.5 g (95%) of product II. LC/MS analysis indicated this product was 100% pure and it was used for the next reaction without further purification. STEP B III To piperazine indole-3-glyoxylamide II (0.03 mmol) was added resin- bound l-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide (P-EDC) (0.21 mmol) and carboxylic acid (RCOOH) (0.06 mmol) in dichloroethane (DCE) (1 mL) or DMF (dimethylformamide) (1 mL) in cases where the carboxylic acids are not soluble in DCE. The reaction was shaken for 12 hr at room temperature. The product III was filtered and concentrated. Products with purity less than 70% were diluted in methanol and purified using a Shimadzu automated preparative HPLC System. 2) General Procedure for preparation of Examples 18-56 in Table 5 Step A. O R5 £ H i o T x H ai F yi o c r h e io th ri e -r e R Rs Ξθ ^ o IV v To a solution of substituted indole IV (leq) in dry Et 2 0 was dropwise added oxalylchloride (1.2 eq) at 0 °C. After 5 min., the reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature, or heated to -35 °C overnight if necessary. The intermediate substituted-indole-3-glyoxylyl chloride V, which was formed as a solid, was filtered and washed with dry ether (2 x 1 ml) to remove excessive oxalyl chloride. The product was then dried under vacuum to give desired glyoxyl chlorides V. In cases where reaction in Et 2 0 was unsuccessful, the following procedure was adopted: To a solution of substituted indole IV (1 eq) in dry THF (tetrahydrofuran) solvent was dropwise added oxalyl chloride (1.2 eq ) at 0 °C. After 5 min., the reaction was warmed to room temperature, or heated to ~70 °C under nitrogen if necessary. After concentration in vacuo, the resulting crude intermediate V was submitted to next step without further treatment. Step B To a solution of indole glyoxyl chloride V (1 eq) in dry THF was added benzoylpiperazine (1 eq) at room temperature. Then the mixture was cooled down to 0 °C, followed by dropwise addition of diisopropylamine (1.3 eq). After 5 min., the reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and was shaken for 3 hr. The resulting crude products VI were purified by preparative HPLC and characterized as shown in Table 5. General Procedure for preparation of Examples 58-63 in Table 5 STEP A VII To glyoxyl chloride V (1 equiv.) in CH C1 2 at room temperature was added tert-butyl 1-piperazinecar boxy late (1 equiv) and diisopropylethylamine (1.2 equiv). The solution was stirred for 2 hr at room temperature after which time LC/MS analysis indicated the completion of the reaction. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the resulting residue was diluted with ethyl acetate and diethylether. The organic solution was then washed with water (100 ml x 3) and brine (50 ml), dried over MgS0 , filtered and concentrated. To the solid was then added 30 ml of 20% trifluoroacetic acid in CH 2 C1 2 . The solution was concentrated and the light- brown solid was dried in vacuo to give glyoxamide VII. STEP B VII VIII To piperazine glyoxamide VII (0.1 mmol, 1 eq) in DMF (1 mL) at room temperature was added EDC (1.5 eq) and Boc-aminobenzoic acid (1.5 eq) . The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. The crude product was then purified by preparative HPLC to afford product VIII. General Procedure for preparation of Examples 65-73 in Table 5 VIII IX To Boc-protected derivative VIII (0.03 mmol) was added 50% TFA/CH 2 C1 2 (1.5 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. The product was then concentrated in vacuo to afford product IX as its TFA salt. The purity of IX was sufficient that no further purification was necessary. General Procedure for preparation of Examples 82-86 in Table 5 VII To piperazine glyoxamide VII (0.1 mmol, 1 eq) in DMF (1 mL) at room temperature was added EDC (1.5 eq) and acetoxy benzoic acid (1.5 eq) . The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. The crude product was then purified by preparative HPLC to afford product X. General Procedure for preparation of Examples 87-89 in Table 5 XI To acetate-protected derivative X (0.03 mmol, 1 eq) was added aqueous LiOH (3 eq) in THF/MeOH (1.5 mL, 1 :1). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. The crude product was then purified by preparative HPLC to afford product XI. General Procedure for preparation of Examples 64 and 74-81 in Table 5 STEP A XII To a solution of Boc-protected amino benzoic acid (5 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) at room temperature was added pentafluorophenol (5 mmol) followed by EDC (5 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. The crude product was diluted with CH2C12 and was washed with water, 0.1 M HC1 and brine. The organic phase was dried over MgS04, filetered and concentrated. The pentafluorophenyl ester XII was used in the following reaction without further purification. STEP B XII XIII To a stirred solution (R)-2-methylpiperazine in DMF (15 mL) at room temperature was added a solution of pentafluorophenyl ester XII in DMF (2 mL) dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. The crude product was diluted with CH2C12 and was washed with Na2C03 (sat) and brine. The organic phase was dried over MgS04, filtered and concentrated. The crude product was purified by flash chromotography (50% EtOAc/Hexane - 10% MeOH/EtOAc) to afford product XIII. Step C f XIII XIV To indole-3-glyoxyl chloride V (1 eq.) in CH2C12 was added acylpiperazine XII followed by i-Pr 2 NEt (3 eq.). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 hours, was then diluted with methanol and product XIV was purified by preparative HPLC. STEP D To Boc-protected derivative XIV (-0.03 mmol) was added 50% TFA/CH 2 C1 2 (1.5 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. The product was then concentrated in vacuo to afford product XV. The purity of XV was sufficient that no further purification was necessary. Procedure for the synthesis of Examples 57 and 90 in Table 5. STEP A R .-R511 3 IV XVI To substituted indole IV (1 equiv) in CH 2 C1 2 at 0°C was added ethyl chloroxalate (2 equiv) dropwise followed by addition of A1C1 3 (2 equiv). The reaction was stirred at 0 °C and was then allowed to warm to room temperature overnight. The reaction was quenched by dropwise addition of HC1 (IN). The crude material was extracted with EtOAc and was washed with water, dried over MgS04, filtered and concentrated. The crude product was then recrystallised from EtOAc/ Hexanes to afford ester XVI. STEP B XVI XVII To ester XVI (1 equiv) in EtOH was added NaOH (2.5 equiv, ION) dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 30 min and was then heated to 45°C for an additional 90 min. The product was concentrated in vacuo. The resulting residue was partitioned between EtOAc and water. The organic layer was separated and was washed with water, dried over MgS04, filtered and concentrated to afford acid XVII. STEP C To acid XVII (1 equiv) in DMF was added benzoyl pierazine (1.2 equiv) followed by DEPBT (1.2 equiv) and i-Pr2NEt (2 equiv). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. It was then diluted with EtOAc, was washed with water and brine, dried over MgS04, filtered and concentrated. The crude product was then purified by flash chromatography (EtOAc/ MeOH, 95:5) to afford the desired product XVIII. Table 5 (M+H) + refers to the molecular ion pea ' in positive ionization mode. ND means not determined. Procedure for synthesis of compounds in Table 6 A. Preparation of substituted piperazines: Preparation of 2-alkylpiperazines: 5g of 2-alkyl pyrazine (46.3 mmol, from Pyrazine Specialties, Inc.) was dissolved in 200 ml of 95% ethanol with 500 mg 10% palladium on active carbon. The reaction mixture was hydrogenated under pressure (40 - 50 psi) for 2 days. The solid was filtered and removed. The filtrate was concentrated to afford 2-alkyl piperazine, which did not require further purification. 2-ethylpiperazine XIX: Η NMR (500 MHz, CD 3 OD) <52.89 (t, / = 15.05 Hz, IH), 2.85 (d, / = 15.11 Hz, 2H), 2.75 (t, / = 11.80 Hz, IH), 2.65 (t, / = 11.90 Hz, IH), 2.48 (m, IH), 2.28 (t, / = 6.12 Hz, IH), 1.35 (m, 2H), 0.93 (t, / = 7.55 Hz, 3H). XIX 2-propylpiperazine XX: Η NMR (300 MHz, CDCI3) <8.00-2.60 (m, 6H), 2.65 (t, / = 10.20 Hz, IH), 1.70 (m, 2H), 1.30 (m, 2H), 0.92 (t, / = 6.9 Hz, 3H). XX 2-fso-propylpiperazine XXI: Η NMR (300 MHz, CDCI3) 03.03-2.30 (m, 7H), 1.50 (m, IH), 0.91 (dd, / = 6.60 & 6.60 Hz, 3H). XXI 2-ϊso-butylpiperazine XXII: Η NMR (500 MHz, CD 3 OD) <53.00-2.62 (m, 6H), 2.28 (t, / = 10.55 Hz, IH), 1.68 (m, IH), 1.38 (m, 2H), 0.92 (dd, / = 6.65 & 6.55 Hz, 3H). XXII 2-rerf-butylpiperaine XXIII: Η NMR (500 MHz, CD3OD) 32.96 (d, / = 11.85 Hz, 2H), 2.80 (d, / = 12.05 Hz, IH), 2.74 (t, / = 11.75 Hz, IH), 2.63 (t, / = 11.95 Hz, IH), 2.41 (t, / = 11.85 Hz, IH), 2.31 (d, / = 13.91 Hz, IH), 0.92 (s, 9H). cr XXIII 2-pentylpiperazine XXIV: : Η NMR (500 MHz, CD3OD) S2.89 (m, 2H), 2.83 (d, / = 11.95 Hz, IH), 2.75 (t, / = 11.80 Hz, IH), 2.65 (t, / = 11.85 Hz, IH), 2.56 (m, IH), 2.28 (t, / = 12.3 Hz, IH), 1.35 (m, 8H), 0.90 (t, / = 7.15 Hz, 3H). XXIV Preparation of 2-methoxycarbonyltetrahydropyrazine XXV: C0 2 Me / C0 2 Me // W H H 2 , N N HN NH Pd-C XXV 5g of pyrazine carboxylic acid methyl ester (36.2mmol, from Lancaster, Inc.) was dissolved in 200ml of 95% ethanol with 500mg 10% palladium on active carbon. The reaction mixture was hydrogenated under pressure (40-50 psi) for 2 days. The solid was filtered and removed. The filtrate was concentrated to afford methoxycarbonyltetrahydropyrazine XXV, which was sufficiently pure enough for subsequent reactions. 2-Methoxycarbonyltetrahydropyrazine XXV: Η NMR (300 MHz, CDsOD) <57.10(s, IH), 4.84 (b, 2H), 3.66 (s, 3H), 3.29 (t, / = 6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.08 (t, / = 6.0 Hz, 2H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD) 66.1, 130.8, 105.4, 48.4, 40.6, 40.0; MS m/z: (M+H) + calcd for C 6 HπN 2 0 2 : 143.08, found 143.09. HPLC retention time 0.11 (Method C). XXV Preparation of 2-ethoxycarbonylpiperazine XXVI: jEt XXVI 5g of N,N'-dibenzylpiperazine carboxylic acid ethyl ester (14.8mmol, from Maybridge Chemical Company Ltd.) was dissolved in 200ml of 95% ethanol with 500mg 10% palladium on active carbon. The reaction mixture was hydrogenated under pressure (40-50 psi) for 2 days. The solid was filtered and removed. The filtrate was concentrated to afford 2- ethoxycarbonylpiperazine XXVI, which was sufficiently pure for subsequent reactions. 2-Ethoxycarbonylpiperazine XXVI: Η NMR (300 MHz, CD 3 OD) 31.20 (q, / = 7.20 Hz, 2H), 3.46-2.60 (m, 7H), 1.27 (t, / = 6.9 Hz, 3H). XXVI Preparation of 2-trifluoromethylpiperazine XXVII Step 1: To a solution of N,N '-dibenzylethylenediamine (1.51ml, 6.41mmol), methyl 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-oxopropanate (l.Og, 6.41mmol) and triethylamine (1.78ml, 12.8mmol) in dichloromethane (100ml) was added via a syringe titanium chloride (IM in CH 2 C1 2 , 3.21ml, 3.21mmol). The reaction was stirred for 8 hours and the solvents were removed in vacuo. The residue was carried to the next step without further purification. Step 2: The crude product (200mg, < 0.55mmol) from the previous step was dissolved in TFA (5ml). An excess of triethylsilane (0.88ml, 5.5mmol) was then added. After 30 minutes, TFA was removed under vaccum and the residue was carried to the next step without further purification. Step 3: The crude product (<0.55mmol) from step 2 was suspended in ether. LiAlH-i (IM in THF, 0.55ml, 0.55mmol) was then added at room temperature. After stirring for 8 hours, the reaction was quenched with saturated NaHCθ3 solution. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc. Organic layers were combined, dried over MgS0 and concentrated to give a residue, which was carried to the next step without purification. Step 4: The crude product from the step 3 was dissolved in HOAc (20ml) with lOmg 10% palladium on active carbon. The reaction mixture was hydrogenated under pressure (40-50 psi) for 8 hours. The solid was filtered and removed. The filtrate was concentrated to afford 2- trifluoromethylpiperazine XXVII as a HOAc salt, which was pure enough for the further reactions. 2-Trifluoromethylpiperazine XXVII as its HOAc (2 equivalents) salt: Η NMR (300 MHz, CD 3 OD) <53.80-2.80 (m, 7H), 1.95 (s, 6H); "C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD) (5174.5,53.8, 53.3, 42.7, 41.3, 40.8, 19.8; HRMS m/z: (M+H) + calcd for C 5 HιoF 3 N 2 : 155.0796, found 155.0801. ; ft 2 HOAc B. Mono-benzoylation of Piperazine Derivatives: Unless otherwise started, substituted piperazine were mono-benzoylated using the following procedures: Preparation of benzoylpiperazines XXVIII and XXIX: To a stirred solution of substituted piperazine (l.Og, 11.6mmol) in dry THF (50ml) under argon was added 2.5M n-BuLi in THF (10.23ml, 25.5mmol) at room temperature. After stirring for 1 hour at room temperature, benzoyl chloride (1.27ml, ll.Ommol) was added to the solution of dianion and the reaction mixture was stirred for an additional 10 minutes. The reaction mixture was quenched with MeOH, and the solvents evaporated. The residue was partitioned between EtOAc (50ml) and sat. NaHCθ3. The aqueous layer was saturated with NaCl and extracted with EtOAc (2 X 30ml). The organic layer was dried over MgS0 4 and concentrated to afford the crude product benzoylpiperazine, which was generally of sufficient purity to be used directly without further purification. Chromatography on a silica gel column (EtOAc/ MeOH/ EteN, 7:3:1) gave the purified product. Preparation of benzoylpiperazine XXXIII and XLIII: XXXIII XLIII To a stirred solution of 2-isopropylpiperazine (l.Og, 7.81mmol) in dry THF (50mL), maintained at room temperature under argon atmosphere, was added a solution of 2.5 M n-BuLi in THF (6.88 mL, 17.2mmol). After stirring for 30 minutes at room temperature, benzoyl chloride (0.86ml, 7.42mmol) was added and the reaction mixture stirred for an additional 10 minutes. The reaction mixture was then quenched with MeOH, the solvents were evaporated in vacuo and the residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography. Elution with a mixture of EtOAc and MeOH (1:1) afforded product XXXIII (0.62g, 36% yield) and XLIII (0.3g, 17% yield). Benzoyl piperazines XXXIII, XXXIV, XXXV, XXXVI, XXXVII were prepared using the same procedure as that outlined above. Preparation of benzoylpiperazines XXXI, XXXII, XXXVIII, : Commercially available benzoic acid (4.8g, 40mmol), pentafluorophenol (7.4g, 40mmol) and ED AC (7.6g, 40mmol) were combined in 60ml of dry DMF. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. To this solution, 2-methylpiperazine (4.0g, 40mmol) in 30ml of DMF was added slowly and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 hours. Evaporation of DMF gave a residue which was diluted with 400ml of EtOAc and washed with water (2 X 100ml). The organic phase was dried over anhydrous MgS04 and concentrated in vacuo to provide a crude product, which was purified by column chromatography with EtOAc / MeOH (100 : 1) and then EtOAc / MeOH (10 :1) to give 4.8g of product XX in 60% yield. Preparation of benzoylpiperazine XXX: To a stirred solution of 2-methylpiperazine (10.0 g, 0.1 mol) in dry CH 2 Ch (500 ml) under argon was added a solution of 1.0 M Me 2 AlCl or Et 2 AlCl in hexanes (100 ml, 0.1 mmol) and methyl benzoate (12.4 ml, 0.1 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was then stirred for 2 days before 2N NaOH (200 ml) was added. Aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3 X 100 ml). The combined organic layer was dried over MgS0 4 and concentration of solution provided 20.0g of crude product (98%), with was pure enough for the further reactions. Preparation of N-benzoyl-ris-2,6-dimethylpiperazine XLVII: XLVII To a stirred solution of 2,6-di-methylpiperazine (0.82 g, 7.2 mmol) in dry THF (50 mL), maintained at room temperature under an argon atmosphere, was added a solution of 2.5 M n-BuLi in THF (6.3 mL, 15.8 mmol). After stirring for 30 minutes at room temperature, trimethylsilyl chloride (1.0 mL, 7.9 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture stirred for one hour before the addition of benzoyl chloride (0.80 mL, 6.9 mmol). After 10 minutes, the reaction mixture was quenched with MeOH and the solvents were evaporated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel flash column chromatography eluting with a mixture of EtOAc and MeOH (1:1) to provide product XLVII (1.48 g, 99% yield). Benzoyl piperazines XL, XLI, XLII, XLIII, XLIV, XLV, and XL VI were synthesised using the same procedure as outlined above. Preparation of benzoylpiperazine XXXIX: To a stirred solution of 2-ethoxycarbonylpiperazine (4.6g, 29.1mmol) in dry methylene chloride (200 mL), was added benzoyl chloride (3.55ml, 29.1mmol) and triethylamine (2ml) sequentially. After stirring for 8 hours at room temperature, a saturated NaHCθ3 solution was added and the aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 X 200ml). The organic layers were combined, dried over Mg S0 and concentrated to give a crude mixture, which included the desired product XXXIX. The crude was then used for the further reaction without purification. Preparation of benzoylpiperazine XL VIII: To a stirred solution of 2-methoxycarbonyltetrahydropyrazine (1.0 g, 7.0mmol) in dry methylene chloride (50ml), was added benzoyl chloride 0.76ml, 6.7mmol) and triethylamine (5ml) sequentially. After stirring for 8 hours at room temperature, a saturated NaHCθ3 solution was added and the aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 X 20ml). The organic layers were combined, dried over MgS0 4 and concentrated to give a crude mixture, which included the desired product XLVII. The crude was then used for the further reaction without purification. Preparation of 3-hydroxylmethyl-benzoylpiperazine XLIX: XXXIX XLIX To a stirred solution of 3-ethoxycarbonyl-benzoylpiperazine XLIX (200mg, 0.76mmol) in THF (5ml), was added lithium chloride (36mg, 0.84mmol), NaBH4 (32mg, 0.84mmol) and EtOH (5ml) sequentially. After stirring for 8 hours at room temperature, a saturated NaHC0 3 solution was added and the aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 X 20ml). The organic layers were combined, dried over MgS0 and concentrated to give a crude mixture, which was used for the further reaction without purification. Characterization of mono-Benzoylated Piperazine Derivatives N-Benzoylpiperazine XXVIII: Η NMR (300 MHz, CD 3 OD) <57.37 (m, 5H), 3.73 (br s, 2H), 3.42 (br s, 2H), 2,85 (br s, 4H); "C NMR (75 MHz, CD 3 OD) (5170.9, 135.0, 129.6, 128.2, 126.5, 44.5; HRMS m/z: (M+H) + calcd for CnH 15 N 2 0191.1184, found 191.1181. XXVIII N-(Benzoyl)-r ns-2,5-Dimethylpiperazine XXIX. Η NMR (300 MHz, CD 3 OD) (57.50-7.28 (m, 5H), 4.38 (br s, IH), 3.70 (br s, IH), 3.40-3.20 (m, 3H), 2.57 (dd, IH, / = 12.96, 1.98 Hz), 1,35 (d, 3H, / = 6.87 Hz), 1.22 (d, 3H, / = 6.78 Hz); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CD 3 OD) 5171.9, 135.9, 129.3, 128.3, 126.0, 47.6, 46.7, 43.8, 42.3, 14.7, 14.3; HRMS m/z: (M+H) + calcd for Cι 3 H 19 N 2 0 219.1497, found 219.1499. XXIX N-(Benzoyl)-3-methylpiperazine XXX. Η NMR (300 MHz, CD 3 OD) (57.45 (m, 5H), 4.50 (d, IH, / = 10.8 Hz), 3.60 (b, IH), 3.33-2.60 (m, 5H), 1.16-0.98 (m, 3H); C NMR (75 MHz, CD 3 OD) (5170.9, 135.3, 129.6, 128.3, 126.5, 54.0, 50.6, 50.1, 45.0, 44.4, 41.7, 17.50; HRMS m/z: (M+H) + calcd for C 12 H 1 N 2 0 205.1341, found 205.1336. XXX N-(Benzoyl)-3-ethylpiperazine XXXI. Η NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) -57.47 (m, 5H), 4.55 (b, IH), 3.64 (b, IH), 3.36-2.59 (m, 5H), 1.51-0.82 (m, 5H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD) (5171.5, 135.8, 130.1, 128.8, 126.9, 57.2, 56.7, 52.9, 47.1, 45.5, 42.5, 26.4, 26.0, 9.3; HRMS m/z: (M+H) + calcd for C 13 Hι 9 N 2 0 219.1497, found 219.1495. XXXI N-(Benzoyl)-3-propylpiperazine XXXII. Η NMR (300 MHz, CD 3 OD) (57.45 (m, 5H), 4.53 (t, IH, / = 13.44 Hz), 3.64 (b, IH), 3.17-2.64 (m, 5H), 1.46-0.86 (m, 7H); i3 C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD) (5171.4, 135.9, 130.1, 128.8, 126.9, 55.4, 54.9, 53.2, 45.6, 45.0, 42.6, 35.8, 35.3, 18.8, 13.4; HRMS m/z: (M+H) + calcd for Cι H 21 N 2 0233.1654, found 233.1652. XXXII iV-(Benzoyl)-3-fso-propylpiperazine XXXIII. Η NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) <37.45 (m, 5H), 4.30 (m, IH), 3.64 (m, IH), 3.10-2.40 (m, 5H), 1.70-0.75 (m, 7H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD) (5171.5, 135.9, 130.5, 129.3, 126.9, 61.7, 61.1, 51.2, 45.9, 45.4, 42.5, 31.2, 30.7, 18.3; HRMS m/z: (M+H) + calcd for C- H 21 N 2 0 233.1654, found 233.1654. XXXIII N-(Benzoyl)-3-pentylpiperazine XXXIV. Η NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) 87.47 (m, 5H), 4.50 (t, IH, / = 17.85 Hz), 3.62 (b, IH), 3.17-2.64 (m, 5H), 1.46-0.87 (m, 11H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CDsOD) 5171.4, 135.9, 130.1, 129.3, 126.8, 55.6, 55.2, 53.1, 45.6, 45.0, 42.5, 33.6, 33.0, 32.0, 28.9, 25.9, 25.3, 22.6, 13.4; HRMS m/z: (M+H) + calcd for C 16 H 25 N 2 0261.1967, found 261.1969. XXXIV N-(Benzoyl)-3-t ' so-butylpiperazine XXXV. MS m/z: (M+H) + calcd for Cι 5 H 23 N 2 0: 247.18, found 247.22. HPLC retention time: 1.04 minutes (Method XXXV N-(Benzoyl)-3-fc.r£-butylpiperazine XXXVI. Η NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) 57.45 (m, 5H), 4.70 (m, IH), 3.66 (m, IH), 3.17-2.43 (m, 5H), 1.17-0.84 (m, 9H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD) -5171.6, 135.9, 131.0, 129.4, 126.9, 65.3, 64.6, 49.6, 46.5, 45.9, 43.7, 42.3, 32.7. 25.7; HRMS m/z: (M+H) + calcd for C 15 H 23 N 2 0 247.1810, found 247.1815. XXXVI N-(Benzoyl)-ris-3,5-<ii-methylpiperazine XXXVII. Η NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) (57.43 (m, 5H), 4.55 (d, IH, / = 12.0 Hz), 3.55 (d, IH, / = 9.60 Hz), 2.74- 2.38 (m, 5H), 1.13-0.94 (m, 6H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD) 5170.5, 135.5, 129.6, 128.3, 126.6, 53.4, 50.9, 50.2, 17.7, 17.3; HRMS m/z: (M+H) + calcd for C 13 H 19 N 2 0 219.1497, found 219.1492. XXXVII N-(Benzoyl)-3-trifluoromethylpiperazine XXXVIII. MS m/z: (M+H) + calcd for C-2HUF3N2O: 259.11, found 259.05. HPLC retention time: 0.65 minutes (Method A). XXXVIII ΪV-(Benzoyl)-3-ethoxycarbonylpiperazine XXXIX. MS m/z: (M+H) + calcd for C 1 Hι 9 N 2 0 3 : 263.14, found 263.20. HPLC retention time: 0.80 minutes (Method C). XXXIX 2V-(Benzoyl)-2-methylpiperazine XL. Η NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) 57.47 (m, 5H), 3.30-2.70 (m, 7H), 1.36 (d, 3H, / = 6.90 Hz); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD) 5171.0, 135.4, 129.7, 128.5, 126.3, 48.5, 44.3,14.5; HRMS m/z: (M+H) + calcd for Q--H17N2O 205.1341, found 205.1341. XL N-(Benzoyl)-2-ethylpiperazine XLI. Η NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) 57.49 (m, 5H), 3.34-2.80 (m, 7H), 2.10-1.70 (m, 2H), 0.85 (b, 3H); "C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD) 5171.5, 135.1, 129.8, 128.5, 126.5, 48.5, 46.0, 43.9, 21.8, 9.6; HRMS m/z: (M+H) + calcd for C 13 H 19 N 2 0 219.1497, found 219.1501. N-(Benzoyl)-2-propylpiperazine XLII. Η NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) 57.50 (m, 5H), 3.60-2.80 (m, 7H), 2.10-0.70 (m, 7H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD) 5172.5, 135.0, 129.9, 128.6, 126.7, 48.7, 46.2, 43.8, 30.9, 18.9, 13.1; HRMS m/z: (M+H) + calcd for C 14 H 21 N 2 0233.1654, found 233.1650. N-(Benzoyl)-2-tso-propylpiperazine XLIII. *NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) -57.50 (b, 5H), 4.40 (m, IH), 3.60-2.50 (m, 6H), 1.10-0.70 (m, 7H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD) (5171.1, 135.0, 130.0, 128.7, 127.0, 60.6, 54.1, 43.9, 42.3, 25.4, 19.3, 18.4; HRMS m/z: (M+H) + calcd for CwH 2 ιN 2 0 233.1654, found 233.1653. XLIII N-(Benzoyl)-2-pentylpiperazine XLIV. Η NMR (300 MHz, CD 3 OD) 57.47 (b, 5H), 3.40-2.80 (m, 7H), 2.10-0.70 (m, 11H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD) 5171.2, 135.0, 129.9, 128.6, 126.7, 48.7, 46.2, 43.8, 31.0, 28.8, 25.3, 22.2, 13.4; HRMS m/z: (M+H) + calcd for Cι 6 H 2 5N 2 0 261.1967, found 261.1970. N-(Benzoyl)-2-ϊso-butylpiperazine XLV. MS m/z: (M+H) + calcd for C15H-3N..O: 247.18, found 247.23. HPLC retention time: 1.06 minutes (Method C). XLV N-(Benzoyl)-2-tert-butylpiperazine XLVI. Η NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) <57.45 (m, 5H), 4.53 (t, IH, / = 5.70 Hz), 3.60-2.60 (m, 6H), 1.14 (s, 9H); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD) (5173.5, 136.7, 129.9, 128.9, 126.6, 55.9, 44.8, 44.5, 42.7, 36.5, 27.8; HRMS m/ z: (M+H) + calcd for C 15 H23N 2 0247.1810, found 247.1808. XLVI N-(Benzoyl)- s-2,6--ii-methylpiperazine XLVII. Η NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) 57.45 (m, 5H), 4.18 (b, 2H), 2.85 (m, 4H),1.33 (d, 6H, / = 6.90 Hz); 13 C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD) 5172.0, 136.7, 128.9, 128.3, 125.8, 49.1, 47.1, 19.2; HRMS m/z: (M+H) + calcd for C.3H19N2O 219.1497, found 219.1491. XLVII _V-(Benzoyl)-3-methoxycarbonyltetrahydropyrazine XL VIII. MS m/z: (M+H) + calcd for Ci3Hι 5 N 0 3 : 247.11, found 247.13. HPLC retention time: 1.00 minutes (Method C). XLVIII 3-Hydroxylmethyl-benzoylpiperazine XLIX. MS m/z: (M+H) + calcd for C 12 H 17 N 2 0 2 : 221.13, found 221.17. HPLC retention time: 0.32 minutes (Method C). XLIX C. Coupling of mono-benzoyl piperazines with glyoxyl chlorides XL To a solution of indole glyoxoyl chloride V (1 eq) in dry CH2CI2 was added substituted benzoylpiperazine (1 eq) at room temperature. The mixture was then cooled down to 0 °C, followed by dropwise addition of diisopropylamine (1.3 eq). After 5 min., the reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and was shaken for 3 hr. The resulting crude products XL were purified by preparative HPLC and characterized as shown in Table 6. Preparation of N-(benzoyl)-3-hydroxylmethyl-N'-[(7-methoxycarbonyl-indol- 3-yl)-oxoacetyl] -piperazine Example 98: To a stirred solution of 3-hydroxylmethyl-benzoylpiperazine XLIX (8.0mg, 0.036mmol) in acetonitrile (5 ml) was added BSTFA (8.1mg, 0.036mmol). After stirring for 30 minutes at room temperature, (7-methoxycarbonyl- indol-3-yl)-oxoacetyl chloride (8.1mg, 0.036mmol) and pyridine (0.5ml) were added. The reaction was stirred for another 2 hours at room temperature. Concentration under vaccum provided a residue, which was then purified by Shimazu HPLC purification system to give 2mg of N-(benzoyl)-3- hydroxylmethyl-N'-[(7-methoxycarbonyl-indol-3-yl)-oxoacetyl]-piperazine (Example 98). D. Hydrolysis of Ester Group to Acid Group: Preparation of N-(benzoyl)-3-hydroxycarbonyl-N'-[(4-fluoro-indol-3-yl)- oxoacetyl]-piperazine (Example 101): To a stirred solution of N-(benzoyl)-3-ethoxycarbonyl-N'-[(4-fluoro-indol-3- yl)-oxoacetyl] -piperazine (lOmg, 0.02mmol) in methanol (1 ml) and water (1 ml), was added potassium carbonate (9mg, 0.06mmol). After stirring for 8 hours at room temperature, the product was concentrated in vacuo to give a residue which was purified by preparative HPLC to yield 2mg of N- (benzoyl)-3-hydroxycarbonyl-N'-[(4-fluoro-indol-3-yl)-oxoacetyl]-piperazine (Example 101). Preparation of N-(benzoyl)-3-(R)-methyl-N'-[(7-hydroxycarbonyl-indol-3-yl)- oxoacetyl] -piperazine (Example 137): To a stirred solution of N-(benzoyl)-3-(R)-methyl-N'-[(7-methoxycarbonyl- indol-3-yl)-oxoacetyl]-piperazine (20mg, 0.05mmol) in 0.5N sodium methoxide in methanol (5 ml), was added 0.5ml of water. After stirring for 8 hours at room temperature, 10% HC1 was added to the reaction mixture to pH = 6. N-(benzoyl)-3-(R)-methyl-N'-[(7-hydroxycarbonyl-indol-3-yl)- oxoacetyl] -piperazine (Example 137) precipated out from the solution, which was collected via filtration. Note in Table 6, and other tables herein, in the HPLC column, numbers with superscript "A", "B," or "C" refer to the HPLC method used (i.e. Methods A, B or C, respectively). Preparation of Examples 148 -194 in Table 7 STEP A. To substituted indole-3-glyoxylyl chloride V (1 eq) in CH2CI2 at room temperature was added t erf-butyl 1 -piper azinecar boxy late (1 eq) and diisopropylethylamine (1.5 eq). The solution was stirred for 2 hr at room temperature after which time LC/MS analysis indicated the completion of the reaction. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the resulting residue was diluted with ethyl acetate (250 ml) and diethylether (250 ml). The organic solution was then washed with water (100 ml x 3) and brine (50 ml), dried over MgS0 , filtered and concentrated. To the light-yellow solid was then added 30 ml of 20% trifluoroacetic acid in CH 2 C1 2 . The solution was concentrated and dried in vacuo to give the desired product VII. LC/MS analysis indicated this product was 100% pure and it was used for the next reaction without further purification. STEP B. XLI VII To piperazine indole-3-glyoxylamide (1 eq) was added resin-bound l-(3- dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide (P-EDC) (7 eq) and carboxylic acid (RCOOH) (2 eq) in dichloroethane (DCE) or DMF(dimethylformamide) in cases where the carboxylic acids are not soluble in DCE. The reaction was shaken for 12 hr at room temperature. The product XLI was filtered and concentrated. Products with purity less than 70% were diluted in methanol and purified using a Shimadzu automated preparative HPLC System. Preparation of Example 195 in Table 7 STEP A XLII To a solution of tert-buty 1-1 -piperazine carboxylate (601 mg, 3.23 mmol) and 4-acetic acid imidazole (330 mg, 2.94 mmol) in dichloromethane (30ml), were added DMAP (394 mg, 3.22 mmol) and EDC (616 mg, 3.22 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 21.5 hours. Removal of solvent in vacuo afforded a white solid, which was subjected to flash chromatography using a gradient elution (100% EtOAc, to 2% to 5% MeOH/EtOAc, to 1/5/95 NH 3 (sat. aq.)/ MeOH/ EtOAc) to give XLII as a white solid. STEP B XLII XLIII To compound XXLII (130 mg, 0.464 mmol) was added a solution of HCI in dioxane (4 M, 5 ml), and the mixture stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. Removal of the excess reagent in vacuo afforded the hydrochloride salt XLIII as a white solid (100% conversion). STEP C 4-Fluoroindole glyoxyl chloride was coupled with XLIII as described previously. TABLE 7 Synthesis of Examples 195 - 215 in Table 8 STEP A To pentafluorophenol (1.84g, 10 mmol) in DMF (15 mL) was added picolinic acid (1.23g, 10 mmol) and EDC (1.91g, 10 mmol) at room temperature for 4 h. The crude product XLIV was diluted with CH 2 C1 2 and was washed with water, 0.1M HCI and brine. The organic phase was dried over MgS04, filtered and concentrated. The crude material was used without further purification. STEP B XLIV XLV To a solution of (R)-methyl pierazine (l.Og, 10 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) at room temperature was slowly added a solution of picolinic acid pentafluorophenylester XLIV in DMF (20 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The product was diluted with CH2C12 and was washed with water and brine, dried over MgS04, filtered and concentrated. The product XLV was then purified by flash chromotography (100% EtOAc - 50% MeOH/EtOAc). Piperazine XLVI was prepared using similar methodology to that outlined in STEP A and STEP B above. XLVI STEP C XLVII To the mixture of indole glyoxylchloride V (1 eq) and 3-(R)-methyl-l- piperazinecarboxylate XLV or XLVI (1 eq) in THF was added diisopropylethylamine (1.5 eq) dropwise at 0 °C. The solution was stirred for additional 2 hr at room temperature and the resulting crude compounds were purified by preparative HPLC. TABLE 8 * (M-H) measured in negative ionization mode Additional Analytical Data for Selected Compounds l-(4-Methylbenzoyl)-4-[(lH-indol-3-yl)oxoacetyl]piperazine (Example 15) MS (ESI): 376 (M+H) + ; IR (KBr): 3150, 3104, 2922, 2868, 1780, 1629, 1519, 1433, 1272, 1158, 1006, 829, 775, 753, 645 cm - i ; Η NMR (CDC1 3 ) δ 2.40 (s, 3H), 3.60-3.79 (m, 8H), 7.23-7.45 (m, 7H), 7.99 (d, J=3.1 Hz, IH), 8.34 (m, IH), 9.10 (s, IH). l-(benzoyl)-4-[(lH-4-fluoroindol-3-yl)oxoacetyl]piperazine (Example 19) MS (ESI): 380 (M+H) + HRMS calcd for C 2 ιHι 8 FN 3 θ3 [(M+H)] + , 380.14105; found, 380.1412. Η-NMR (DMF-d7) δ 12.71 (s, IH), 8.02 (s, IH), 7.46-7.56 (m, 6H), 7.31 (ddd, / = 4.71, 7.99 Hz, IH), 7.03 (dd, J = 7.84, 10.98 Hz, IH), 3.77 (br. s, 4H), 3.57 (br. s, 4H). l-(benzoyl)-4-[(lH-4-chloroindol-3-yl)oxoacetyl]piperazine (Example 20) MS (ESI): 396 (M+H) + HRMS calcd for C 21 H 18 C1N 3 0 3 [(M+H)] + , 396.11150; found, 396.1105. IH NMR (DMF-d7) δ 12.74 (br. s, IH), 8.03 (s,lH), 7.57-7.65 (m, IH), 7.50 (s, 5H), 7.28-7.38 (m, IH), 3.42-3.83 (m, 8H). l-(benzoyl)-4-[(lH-6-fluoroindol-3-yl)oxoacetyl]piperazine (Example 28) MS (ESI): 380 (M+H) + HRMS calcd for C 2 ιH 18 FN 3 0 3 [(M+H)] + , 380.14105; found, 380.1414. IH NMR (DMF-d7) δ 12.09 (s, IH), 7.81 (dd, / = 5.64, 8.46 Hz, IH), 7.62(s, IH), 7.08 (s, 5H), 7.01 (dd, / = 2.28, 9.61 Hz, IH), 2.86-3.52 (m, 8H). Anal. Calcd for C 2 ιHι 8 FN 3 θ3: C, 66.48; H, 4.78, N, 11.08. Found: C, 66.09, H, 4.78, N, 10.94. l-(benzoyl)-4-[(lH-4,6-difluoroindol-3-yl)oxoacetyl]piperazine (Example 42) Η NMR (DMSO-dβ) δ 3.40 (br s, 4 H), 3.65 (br s, 4 H), 7.06 (t, 1 H), 7.20 (d, J 8.49 Hz, 1 H), 8.27 (s, 1 H), 12.65 (br s, 1 H). Anal. Calcd for C21H17F.-N30 3 « 0.322 H 2 0: C, 62.57; H, 4.41; N, 10.42 Found: C, 62.56; H, 4.46; N, 10.11 l-(benzoyl)-4-[(lH-5-fluoro-7-bromoindol-3-yl)oxoacetyl]piperazine (Example 48) Η NMR (DMSO-dβ) δ 3.40 (br s, 4 H), 3.67 (br s, 4 H), 7.43 (br s, 5 H), 7.54 (dd, J = 2.25, 8.97 Hz, 1 H), 7.83 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 8.29 (s, 1 H), 12.79 (br s, 1 H). Anal. Calcd for C 21 H 17 N 3 BrF 0 3 « 1.2 H 2 0: C, 52.56; H, 4.07; N, 8.76. Found: C, 52.33; H, 3.69; N, 8.50. l-(benzoyl)-4-[(lH-4-fluoro-7-trifluoroethoxyindol-3-yl)oxoacetyl]piperazine (Example 51) Η NMR (DMSO-dβ) δ 3.61 (br m, 4 H), 3.80 (br m, 4 H), 4.52 (m, 2 H), 6.68 (m, 1 H), 6.91 (m, 1 H), 7.45 (s, 5 H), 8.07 (d, J = 2.91 Hz, 1 H), 9.37 (s IH). Anal. Calcd for CzjHwF-iNs O « 0.59 H 2 0, 0.47 ethyl acetate C, 56.44; H, 4.56; N, =7.94 Found: C, 56.44; H, 4.16; N, =8.19 l-(benzoyl)-4-[(lH-4-bromo-7-fluoroindol-3-yI)oxoacetyl]piperazine (Example 55) Η NMR (CDC1 3 ) δ 3.6-3.9 (br m, 8 H), 6.92 (t, 1 H), 7.42 (br s, 6H), 8.09 (s, IH), 9.5 (br s, 1 H). Anal. Calcd for C2iH 1 BrFN3θ3 « 0.25 H 2 0, 0.21 ethyl acetate: C, 54.5; H, 4.02; N, 16.6 Found: C, 54.50; H, 4.09; N, 8.44 Example 90 Η NMR: (DMSO-dβ) d 3.66 (br. s, 4H), 7.27 (t, J = 8.31 Hz, IH), 7.43 (br. s, 7H), 8.01 (m, IH), 8.14 (s, IH), 10.14 (s, IH), 12.42 (br. s, IH) MS: (M+H) + 480.00, (M-H) 406.02 IR: 1636, 1592 cm- 1 N-(benzoyl)-(R)-3-methyl-N'-[(4-fluoro-indol-3-yl)-oxoacetyl]-piperazine (Example 93) Η NMR (300 MHz, CD 3 OD) <58.20 (s, 0.5H), 8.15 (s, 0.5H), 7.48-6.90 (m, 8H), 5.00-3.00 (m, 7H), 1.30 (b, 3H). MS m/z: (M+H) + calcd for C--2H 2 ιFN θ 3 : 394.16; found 394.23. HPLC retention time: 0.92 minutes (Method B). N-(benzoyl)-(S)-3-methyl-N'-[(4-fluoro-indol-3-yl)-oxoacetyl]-piperazine (Example 94) Η NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) c58.20 (s, 0.5H), 8.13 (s, 0.5H), 7.48-6.90 (m, 8H), 5.00-3.00 (m, 7H), 1.30 (b, 3H). MS m/z: (M+H) + calcd for C22H.-1FN3O3: 394.16; found 394.25. HPLC retention time: 1.32 minutes (Method A). N-(benzoyl)-2-methyl-N'-[(4-fluoro-indol-3-yl)-oxoacetyl]-piperazine (Example 95) Η NMR (300 MHz, CD 3 OD) «58.20 (s, 0.5H), 8.13 (s, 0.5H), 7.48-6.90 (m, 8H), 5.00-3.00 (m, 7H), 1.37 (d, J = 6.78Hz, 1.5H), 1.27 (d, J = 6.84Hz, 1.5H). MS m/z: (M+H) + calcd for C22H21FN3O3: 394.16; found 394.23. HPLC retention time: 1.32 minutes (Method A). N-(benzoyl)-3-hydroxylmethyl-N'-[(4-fluoro-indol-3-yl)-oxoacetyl]- piperazine (Example 99) Η NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) 57.50 (b, 5H), 7.39-6.72 (m, 4H), 5.00-2.80 (m, 9H). MS m/z: (M+Na) + calcd for C 22 H 2 oFN 3 Na0 : 432.13; found 432.19. HPLC retention time: 1.23 minutes (Method A). N-(benzoyl)-(R)-3-methyl-N'-[(7-methoxycarbonyl-indol-3-yl)-oxoacetyl]- piperazine (Example 102) Η NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) 8.50 (d, J = 6.48Hz, IH), 8.15 (s, 0.5H), 8.10 (s, 0.5H), 8.00 (d, J = 7.38Hz, IH), 7.42 (m, 6H), 5.00-3.00 (m, 7H), 4.02 (s, 3H), 1,34 (b, 3H); C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD) <5186.2, 166.9, 137.9, 135.3, 130.3, 128.8, 127.2, 126.9, 126.4, 122.7, 114.5, 114.0, 5 1.6, 50.7, 45.6, 15.4, 14.2 . MS m/z: (M+H) + calcd for C 24 H 2 4N 3 0 5 : 434.17; found 434.24. HPLC retention time: 1.41 minutes (Method B). N-(benzoyl)-3-hydroxylmethyl-N'-[(7-methoxycarbonyl-indol-3-yl)- oxoacetyl]-piperazine (Example 98) NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) <58.54 (b, IH), 8.24 (s, 0.5H), 8.16 (s, 0.5H), 8.00 (m, IH), 7.47 (m, 6H), 5.00-3.00 (m, 9H), 4.02 (s, 3H). MS m/z: (M+H) + calcd for C 2 H 24 N 3 Oβ: 450.17; found 450.24. HPLC retention time: 1.44 minutes (Method A). N-(benzoyl)-2methoxycarbonyl-N'-[(7-methoxycarbonyl-indol-3-yl)- oxoacetylj-tetrahydropyrazine (Example 121) Η NMR (500 MHz, CD3OD) <58.50 (m, IH), 8.21 (s, IH), 7.93 (m, IH), 7.44 (m, 7H), 4.00 (s, 6H), 4.00-3.30 (m, 4H); «C NMR (125 MHz, CD3OD) 5184.7, 167.9, 166.1, 165.3, 165.1, 164.9, 140.2, 137.2, 132.5, 129.6, 128.3, 128.2, 127.6, 125.1, 123.9, 116.0, 115.6, 115.0, 52.8, 52.6, 47.0, 43.8. MS m/z: (M+H) + calcd for C25H22N3O7: 476.15; found 476.21. HPLC retention time: 1.62 minutes (Method A). N-(benzoyl)-2-propyl-N'-[(7-methoxycarbonyl-indol-3-yl)-oxoacetyl]- piperazine (Example 126) Η NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) <58.50 (d, J = 6.93Hz, IH), 8.17 (s, 0.5H), 8.08 (s, 0.5H), 7.98 (d, J = 6.00Hz, IH), 7.45 (m, 6H), 5.00-2.90 (m, 7H), 4.02 (s, 3H), 1.70-0.60 (m, 7H); ^C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD) .5186.0, 167.6, 166.9, 138.0, 136.1, 135.8, 130.2, 128.9, 127.2, 126.9, 126.4, 122.7, 114.5, 114.1, 51.7, 46.2, 44.0, 41.3, 31.5, 19.2, 13.2, 12.9. MS m/z: (M+H) + calcd for 462.20; found 462.30. HPLC retention time: 1.69 minutes (Method A). N-(benzoyl)-(R)-3-methyl-N'-[(7-hydroxycarbonyl-indol-3-yl)-oxoacetyl]- piperazine (Example 137) NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) .58.46 (b, IH), 8.14 (s, 0.5H), 8.09 (s, 0.5H), 8.00 (d, J = 7.17Hz, IH), 7.43 (m, 6H), 5.00-2.90 (m, 7H), 1.32 (b, 3H); C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD) 186.3, 168.2, 167.1, 137.8, 135.3, 130.3, 128.8, 127.1, 126.9, 126.7, 122.7, 115.4, 113.9, 50.7, 45.6, 15.4, 14.2. MS m/z: (M+H) + calcd for C27H30N3O5: 420.16; found 420.16. HPLC retention time: 1.43 minutes (Method A). N-(benzoyl)-3-trifluoromethyl-N'-[(7-methoxycarbonyl-indol-3-yl)- oxoacetyl]-piperazine (Example 142) Η NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) <58.52 (b, IH), 8.03 (s, IH), 8.02 (d, J = 7.56Hz, IH), 7.45 (m, 6H), 5.00-3.00 (m, 7H), 4.03 (s, 3H). MS m/z: (M+H) + calcd for C2-1H21F3N3O5: 488.14; found 488.15. HPLC retention time: 1.65 minutes (Method A). N-(benzoyl)-3-trifluoromethyl-N'-[(4-fluoro-indol-3-yl)-oxoacetyl]- piperazine (Example 143) Η NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) -58.11 (s, IH), 7.50-6.90 (m, 9H), 5.00-3.00 (m, 7H). MS m/z: (M+H) + calcd for C24H 2 ιF 3 N3θ 5 : 488.14; found 488.12. HPLC retention time: 1.42 minutes (Method A). N-(benzoyl)-(R)-3-methyl-N'-[(4-fluoro-7-bromoindol-3-yl)-oxoacetyl]- piperazine (Example 144) NMR (CDCls) d 1.31 (br. s, 3H), 3.34 (br. s, 4H), 3.59 (br. s, 3H), 6.90 (t, J = 8.7 Hz, IH), 7.38 (br.s, 6H), 8.05 (br. s, IH), 9.46 (br. s, IH) MS: (M+H) + 473.80, (M-H) 470.02 IR: 1634, 1579 cm 1 Anal, calcd. for C22H19N303BrF. 0.6H2O C, 54.68; H, 4.21; N, 8.7. Found C, 54.46; H, 4.14; N, 8.56. l-[(Pyrid-2-yl)oxo]-4-[(lH-4-fluoro-indol-3-yl)oxoacetyl]piperazine (Example 166) MS (ESI): 381 (M+H) + ; Η NMR (CDCI3) δ 3.56 (m, 2H), 3.66 (m, 2H), 3.82-3.94 (m, 4H), 6.97 (m, IH), 7.33 (m, 2H), 7.57 (m, IH), 7.70 (m, IH), 8.01 (m, IH), 8.20 (s, IH), 8.66 (m, IH). l-[(Pyrid-2-yl)oxo]-4-[(lH-4,7-difluoro-indol-3-yl)oxoacetyl]piperazine (Example 191) MS (ESI): 413 (M+H) + ; Η NMR (CDCfe) δ 3.54-3.65 (m, 4H), 3.76-3.93 (m, 4H), 6.95 (m, 2H), 7.52 (m, IH), 7.66 (m, IH), 7.96 (m, IH), 8.20 (m, IH), 8.60 (m, IH). Example 195 MS (ESI): 370 (M+H) + Η NMR: (CD 3 OD, δ = 3.30 ppm) 8.82 (s, IH), 8.21 (s,lH), 8.00 (s, IH), 7.37 - 7.26 (m, 2H), 7.02 - 6.96 (m, IH), 3.97(b s, 2H), 3.86 (app dd, / = 6.4, 3.3, 4H), 3.64 (app dd, / = 6.3, 4.0, 2H); LC/MS: (ES+) m/z (M+H) + = 370, Analytical HPLC (Rt = 0.810 min) purity: 100% Example 212 MS (ESI): 402 (M+H) + Η NMR: (CD 3 OD, δ = 3.30 ppm) 8.65 - 8.51 (m, 2H), 8.24 - 8.19 (m, IH), 8.02 - 7.94 (m, IH), 7.73 - 7.68 (m, 2H), 7.56 - 7.39 (m, 2H), 4.63 - 3.09 (b m, 7H), 1.35 (m, 3H) Procedures for making compounds of formula I are shown in Schemes 14-22, and further exemplified in Tables 14-18. Scheme 14 Starting indoles 1 (Scheme 14) are known or are readily prepared according to literature procedures, such as those described in Gribble, G. (Ref. 24) or Bartoli et al (Ref. 36). The indoles 1 are treated with oxalyl chloride in either THF (tetrahydrofuran) or ether to afford the desired glyoxyl chlorides 2 according to literature procedures (Lingens, F. et al, Ref. 25). The intermediate glyoxyl chlorides 2 are then coupled with benzoyl piperazine 3 (Desai, M. et al, Ref. 26) under basic conditions to afford 4. 5 Treatment of indole glyoxamide 4 (Scheme 15) with an alkylating agent (R40X) under basic conditions (BEMP or NaH) affords N-alkylated derivatives 5. Scheme 16 N-acyl derivatives 6 are prepared by treatment of indole gyloxamide 4 with an acid chloride (R 4 o a COCl) in the presence of i-Pr 2 NEt (Scheme 16). Alternatively, bis-acylated products are prepared as shown in Scheme 17. Scheme 17 Treatment of indole-3-glyoxyl chloride 2 (Scheme 17) with fert-butyl 1- piperazinecarboxylate 7 affords the coupled product 8. Removal of the Boc protecting group of 8 is effected with 20% TFA/CH 2 C1 2 to yield 9. This product is then coupled with acid chloride (R o c COCl) to afford bis-acyl products 10. Scheme 18 Carbamates 11 are synthesised by reaction of indole glyoxamide 4 with chloroformate (R-iodOCOCl) in the presence of i-Pr 2 NEt or NaH (Scheme 18). Scheme 19 12 Ureas are prepared by three methods. Direct treatment of indole glyoxamide 4 with carbamoyl chloride (RaRbNCOCl) in the presence of i-Pr 2 NEt affords the desired ureas 12 (Scheme 19). Scheme 20 13 14 Alternatively, treatment of 4 (Scheme 20) with p-nitrophenylchlorof ormate and i-Pr 2 NEt affords p-nitrophenylcarbamate 13 which, on exposure to amine (RaRbNH), affords the desired urea 14. 15 Finally, reaction of indole glyoxamide 4 with isocyanate (R a NCO) in the presence of i-Pr 2 NEt affords urea 15 (Scheme 21). Scheme 22 Indole sulfonamides 15 (Scheme 22) are readily prepared by treatment of indole glyoxamide 4 with sulfonyl chloride (R a S0 2 Cl) in the presence of i- Pr 2 NEt. Table 9 Table 10 Table 11 Table 12 Table 13 EXPERIMENT ALS 3) General Procedure for preparation of Examples 1-34 Step A. R . -Rslf- I il ° xalyl chloride N THF or ether IV V To a solution of substituted indole IV (leq) in dry Et 2 0 was dropwise added oxalylchloride (1.2 eq) at 0 °C. After 5 min., the reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature, or heated to -35 °C overnight if necessary. The intermediate substituted-indole-3-glyoxyl chloride V, which was formed as a solid, was filtered and washed with dry ether (2 x 1 ml) to remove excessive oxalyl chloride. The product was then dried under vacuum to give desired glyoxyl chlorides V. In cases where reaction in Et 2 0 was unsuccessful, the following procedure was adopted: To a solution of substituted indole IV (1 eq) in dry THF (tetrahydrofuran) solvent was dropwise added oxalyl chloride (1.2 eq ) at 0 °C. After 5 min., the reaction was warmed to room temperature, or heated to -70 °C under nitrogen if necessary. After concentration in vacuo, the resulting crude intermediate V was submitted to next step without further treatment. Step B VI To a solution of indole glyoxyl chloride V (1 eq) in dry THF was added benzoylpiperazine (1 eq) at room temperature. Then the mixture was cooled down to 0 °C, followed by dropwise addition of diisopropylamine (1.3 eq). After 5 min., the reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and was shaken for 3 hr. The resulting crude products VI were purified by preparative HPLC and characterized as shown in Table 14. Step C To a predried 5ml vial was added indoles glyoxamide Via (0.0416 μM), alkyl or aryl halide R 2 X (0.0478 μM), dry DMF (2 ml) and BEMP (0.0541 μM) at rt. The reaction was shaken at 70-80 °C in a heating block under nitrogen for 4 hr. After evaporation of the solvent in vacuo, the crude compound was purified by prep HPLC and characterized as shown in Table 14. For examples 33 and 34, the reactions were conducted in NMP and were heated to 80 °C for 16 h before purification by prep. HPLC. Prt -paratio: n of Example 19 To indole glyoxamide VHd (200 mg, 0.5 mmol) in THF (1 mL) in a sealed tube was added BEMP (0.2 equiv) and t-butylacrylate (0.37 mL, 2.5 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated to 90 oC overnight. The crude product was poured into IM HCI and was extracted with EtOAc. The organic phase was washed with sat. NaCl and dried over MgS04, filtered and concentrated. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (2:1 EtOAc/Hexane) to afford 195mg of alkylated product 19. Preparation of Example 21 19 21 To ester 19 (956 mg) was added CH2C12 (4 mL) followed by TFA (4 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for lh. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the product was triturated with ether to afford acid 21 (802 mg) as a white solid. Preparation of Example 22 22 To nitrile 17 (330 mg, 0.76 mmol) in EtOH/H20 (18 mL, 2:1) was added hydroxylamine (189 mg, 2.72 mmol) followed by K2C03 (209 mg, 1.5 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated to 65 oC overnight. The solvent was then removed in vacuo. The residue was partitioned between water and EtOAc. The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over MgS04, filtered and concentrated. The product was then triturated with ether to afford 22 (276 mg) as a white solid. Preparation of Example 23 22 23 To glyoxamide 22 (100 mg, 0.21 mmol) was added toluene (1.5 mL) followed by K 2 C0 3 (35 mg, 0.26 mmol) and phosgene in toluene (1.09 mL, 20% solution). The reaction mixture was heated to reflex for 2.5 h. The mixture was then cooled to r.t. and was stirred overnight. The product was filtered, concentrated and triturated with ether to yield 23 (89 mg) as a gold colored solid. Table 14 General Procedure for Preparation of Examples 35-56 STEP A II To indole-3-glyoxylyl chloride I (3 gram, 14.45 mmol) in CH 2 C1 2 at room temperature was added tert-butyl 1-piperazinecarboxylate (2.7 gram, 14.45 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (2.76 ml, 15.9 mmol). The light- brown color solution was stirred for 2 hr at room temperature after which time LC/MS analysis indicated the completion of the reaction. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the resulting residue was diluted with ethyl acetate (250 ml) and diethylether (250 ml). The organic solution was then washed with water (100 ml x 3) and brine (50 ml), dried over MgS0 , filtered and concentrated. To the light-yellow solid was then added 30 ml of 20% trifluoroacetic acid in CH 2 C1 2 . The solution was concentrated and the light- brown solid was dried in vacuo to give 3.5 g (95%) of product II. LC/MS analysis indicated this product was 100% pure and it was used for the next reaction without further purification. STEP B III To piperazine glyoxamide II (1 equiv.) in dichloroethane (DCE) was added substituted benzoyl chloride (3 equiv.) followed by i-Pr 2 NEt (4 equiv.). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h and product III was then purified by prep HPLC. General Procedure for Preparation of Examples 35-56 To indole gloxamide Vlb (1 equiv.) in DCE was added substituted acid chloride (3 equiv.) followed by i-Pr 2 NEt (4 equiv.). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h and product Vila was then purified by prep HPLC. Table 15 General Procedure for Preparation of Examples 57-64 To indole gloxamide VI (1 equiv.) in DCE was added chloroformate R 2 OCOCl (3 equiv.) followed by i-Pr 2 NEt (4 equiv.). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h and carbamate Vllb was then purified by prep HPLC. Table 16 General Procedure for Preparation of Examples 65-69 To indole gloxamide Vie (1 equiv.) in NMP was added carbamoyl chloride R1R2NCOCI (2 equiv.) followed by i-Pr 2 NEt (4 equiv.). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h and urea Vile was then purified by prep HPLC. General Procedure for Preparation of Examples 65-69 STEP A To indole gloxamide Vile (1 equiv.) in DCE was added p- nitrophenylchloroformate (1.1 equiv.) followed by i-Pr 2 NEt (3 equiv.). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h and the crude product was used in the following reaction without further work-up or purification. STEP B IXe Vllle To crude p-nitrophenylcarbamate Vllle was added secondary amine R,R 2 NH. The reaction mixture was stined for 16 h at room temperature and urea IXe was then purified by prep. HPLC. Preparation of Examples 65-69 in Table 17 To indole glyoxamide Vile (1 equiv.) in CH 2 C1 2 at room temperature was added isocyanate (RiNCO) (2 equiv.) followed by i-Pr 2 NEt (3 equiv.). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 h and the crude product Xe was purified by prep. HPLC. Table 17 Preparation of Examples 70-71 in Table 18 To indole gloxamide Xlf (1 equiv.) in DCE was added psulfonyl chloride (2 equiv.) followed by i-Pr 2 NEt (3 equiv.). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h and the crude product Xllf was purified by prep. HPLC. Table 18 Additional Analytical Data for Selected Compounds 1 Η-NMR (300MHz,DMF-d7): δ 8.30 (s, IH), 8.22(d, IH, / = 7.26 Hz), 7.84 (d, IH, / = 7.26 Hz), 7.30-7.54 (m, 7H), 4.99 (s, 3H), 3.52-3.92 (m, 8H). 2 Η-NMR (300MHZ, CD30D): δ 8.28 (d, IH, / = 8.37Hz), 8.22 (s, IH), 7.64 (d, IH, / = 7.26), 7.27- 7.56 (m, 7H), 5.16 (d, 2H, / = 2.52Hz), 3.36-4.02 (m, 8H), 3.02 (t, IH, / = 2.55Hz). 17 Η-NMR (500MHz, CD3C1): δ 8.05 (s, IH), 7.45 (br. s, 5H), 6.88-7.01 (m, 2H), 5.04 (s, 2H), 3.79 (br. m, 4H), 3.59 (br. m, 4H). Anal. Calcd for C 23 Hι 8 F 2 N 0 3 : C 63.30; H 4.16; N 12.84; F 8.71; 011.00. Found C 62.33; H 4.52; N 12.05. MS 437 (M+H) + 18 Η-NMR (500MHZ, CD3C1): δ 7.99 (s, IH), 7.44 (br. s, 5H), 6.74-6.85 (m, 2H), 4.90 (s, 2H), 3.79 (br. m, 4H), 3.57 (br. m, 4H), 3.45 (q, J = 11.4 Hz, 4H). 1.35 (t, J = 11.4 Hz, 3H), 1.21 (t, J = 11.4 Hz, 3H). Anal. Calcd for C27H 2 8F 2 N 4 0 4 : C 63.52; H 5.54; N 10.97. Found C 62.75; H 5.54; N 10.80 20 Η-NMR (500MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 8.32 (s, IH), 7.44 (br. s, 6H), 7.12 (app. t, IH), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.2 - 3.7 (br. m, 8H). MS 412 (M+H) + Anal, for C22H19F2N3O3: C 64.23; H 4.65; N 10.1. Found C64.58; H 4.74; N 9.63. Η-NMR (500MHZ, DMSO-d6): δ 8.40 (s, IH), 7.44 (br. s, 6H), 7.14 (app. t, IH), 5.01 (br. s, 2H), 3.2 - 3.7 (br. m). MS 470 (M+H) + Anal, for C--3H 21 F 2 N 5 0 4 : C 58.85; H 4.51; N 14.92. Found C 58.17; H 5.06; N 13.85. 23 -NMR (500MHZ, DMSO-d6): δ 8.40 (s, IH), 7.4 - 7.55 (m, 6H), 7.16 (app. t, IH), 5.61 (br. s, 2H), 3.2 - 3.7 (br. m). MS 496 (M+H) + The compounds of the present invention may be administered orally, parenterally (including subcutaneous injections, intravenous, intramuscular, intrasternal injection or infusion techniques), by inhalation spray, or rectally, in dosage unit formulations containing conventional non-toxic pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers, adjuvants and vehicles. Thus, in accordance with the present invention there is further provided a method of treating and a pharmaceutical composition for treating viral infections such as HIV infection and AIDS. The treatment involves administering to a patient in need of such treatment a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutical carrier and a therapeutically- effective amount of a compound of the present invention. The pharmaceutical composition may be in the form of orally- administrable suspensions or tablets; nasal sprays, sterile injectable preparations, for example, as sterile injectable aqueous or oleagenous suspensions or suppositories. When administered orally as a suspension, these compositions are prepared according to techniques well-known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and may contain microcrystalline cellulose for imparting bulk, alginic acid or sodium alginate as a suspending agent, methylcellulose as a viscosity enhancer, and sweetners/ flavoring agents known in the art. As immediate release tablets, these compositions may contain microcrystalline cellulose, dicalcium phosphate, starch, magnesium stearate and lactose and/ or other excipients, binders, extenders, disintegrants, diluents and lubricants known in the art. The injectable solutions or suspensions may be formulated according to known art, using suitable non-toxic, parenterally-acceptable diluents or solvents, such as mannitol, 1,3-butanediol, water, Ringer's solution or isotonic sodium chloride solution, or suitable dispersing or wetting and suspending agents, such as sterile, bland, fixed oils, including synthetic mono- or diglycerides, and fatty acids, including oleic acid. The compounds of this invention can be administered orally to humans in a dosage range of 1 to 100 mg/kg body weight in divided doses. One preferred dosage range is 1 to 10 mg/kg body weight orally in divided doses. Another preferred dosage range is 1 to 20 mg/kg body weight orally in divided doses. It will be understood, however, that the specific dose level and frequency of dosage for any particular patient may be varied and will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the metabolic stability and length of action of that compound, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, mode and time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, the severity of the particular condition, and the host undergoing therapy. Abbreviations TFA Trifluoroacetic Acid P-EDC Polymer supported l-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3 ethylcarbodiimide EDC l-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide DCE 1,2-Dichloroethane DMF N,N-dimethylformamide THF Tetrahydrofuran NMP N-methylpyrrolidone B BEEMMPP 2-tert-Butylimino-2-diethylamino-l,3-dimethyl- perhydro-l,3,2-diazaphosphorine

Claims: CLAIMS What is claimed is: 1. A compound of formula I, including pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof, wherein: Ri, R2, R3, R4 and R5 are each independently H, Ci-Cβ alkyl, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, halogen, CN, nitro, COORβ or XR7, each of said alkyl and cycloalkyl being optionally substituted with one to three same or different halogen, amino, OH, CN or N0 2 ; Re is H, Ci-Cβ alkyl, or C3-C6 cycloalkyl, benzyl, each of said alkyl, cycloalkyl and benzyl being optionally substituted with one to three same or different halogen, amino, OH, CN or N0 2 ; R7 is H, Ci-Cό alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C3-C6 cycloalkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl or C(0)R 8 , each of said alkyl and cycloalkyl being optionally substituted with one to three same or different halogen, OH, amino, CN or NO2; R 8 is H, Ci-C 6 alkyl or C3-C6 cycloalkyl; -W- is R9, Rio, Rn, R12, Ri3, R14, Ri5, Ri6, Ri7, Ri8, R19, R20, R21, R22 are each independently H, Ci-Cβ alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, CR23R24OR25, COR 26 , COOR27 or C(0)NR 28 R29, each of said alkyl and cycloalkyl being optionally substituted with one to three same or different halogen, amino, OH, CN or NO2; R23, R24, R25, R26, R27, R28, R29 are each independently H, G-C 6 alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C3-C6 cycloalkenyl or C2-C6 alkynyl; Ar is a 4-7 membered aromatic ring which may contain one to five heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of O, S, N or NR 6 , wherein said aromatic ring is optionally fused to group B; B is an aromatic group selected from the group consisting of phenyl, 1- naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, indenyl, azulenyl, fluorenyl, and anthracenyl; or a heteroaryl group selected from the group consisting of 2-f uryl, 3-f uryl, 2- thienyl, 3-thienyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, 1,3,5- triazinyl, 1,3,5-trithianyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, 3H-indolyl, indolinyl, benzo[b]furanyl, benzo[b]thiophenyl, lH-indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, purinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, 1,8- naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, carbazolyl, acridinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, and phenoxazinyl; B and said 4-7 membered aromatic ring may each independently contain one to five substituents which are each independently selected from R30 R31, R32, R a and Rb are each independently H, Q-β alkyl or phenyl; Z is 4-methoxyphenyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, pyrazyl, quinolyl, 3,5- dimethylisoxazoyl, isoxazoyl, 2-methylthiazoyl, thiazoyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, or pyrimidyl; and p is 0-2; R30 R31, R32, R33, and R34 are each independently H, Ci-Cβ alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C 3 -Cβ cycloalkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, halogen, CN, nitro, C(0)R35, COXR36, hydroxyl, COORβ, hydroxymethyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, 0-[(C -C4)-straight or branched alkyl], O-benzyl, O- phenyl, 1,2-methylenedioxy, OC(0)Ci- 6 alkyl, SC(0) -6 alkyl, S(0) m Ci-β alkyl, S(0) 2 NR-.Rb, amino, carboxyl, O-Z, CH 2 -(CH 2 ) p -Z, 0-(CH 2 ) p -Z, (CH2)p-0-Z, CH=CH-Z or XR37, each of said alkyl and cycloalkyl being optionally substituted with one to three same or different halogen, amino, OH, CN or N0 2 ; m is 0-2; R35 and R36 are each independently H, Ci-Cβ alkyl or C3-C6 cycloalkyl; R37 is H, Ci-Cβ alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, C 2 -Cβ alkenyl, C3-C6 cycloalkenyl, C 2 -Cβ alkynyl, C(0)R38 or C(0)OR39, each of said alkyl and cycloalkyl being optionally substituted with one to three same or different halogen, amino, OH, CN or N0 2 ; R38 / R39 are each independently H, Ci-Cβ alkyl or C3-C6 cycloalkyl, each of said alkyl and cycloalkyl being optionally substituted with one to three same or different halogen, amino, OH, CN or N0 2 ; provided R39 is not H; R40 is (CH2)n-Y- where n is 0-6; Y is selected from: (1) H, Ci-6 alkyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C3-6 cycloalkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, halogen, CN, nitro, Ar, COORβ, COOAr, -CONRaRb, TRβ, NR a R b , -NC(0)NR a Rb, -OC(0)R 6 , -C[N(R a ) 2 ] = N-T-R b , XRβ, -C(0)R 6 , -C(0)Ar, -S(0)R a or -S(0) 2 R a/ provided when Y is -S(0)R a or -S(0) 2 R a then R a is not H; and (2) a 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring, optionally substituted with Re, which may contain 1-3 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, S, SO, SO2, N, and NR41, wherein R4i is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (Ci-C4)-straight or branched alkyl, (C2-C4)-straight or branched alkenyl or alkynyl; T is S or O; provided Ri-Rs, R9 - Riβ and R30 - R34 are not all H at the same time and Ar is phenyl; and provided Ri-Rs, R9-R16 and R30-R34 are not all H at the same time and Ar is 2- furyl. 2. A compound of claim 1 wherein Ar is phenyl, furyl, isoxazolyl, thiophenyl, pyrazolyl, pyridyl, benzofuryl, benzothiophenyl, indolyl, pyrazinyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, thiadiazolyl. 3. A compound of claim 1 wherein: R 9 , Rio, R11, R12, R13, Ri4, and R15 are each H; and Riβ is methyl. 4. A compound of claim 1 wherein: R2 is H, fluoro or methoxy. 5. A compound of claim 1 wherein: 6. A pharmaceutical formulation which comprises an antiviral effective amount of a compound as claimed in any of claims 1-5. 7. The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 6, useful for treating infection by HIV, which additionally comprises an antiviral effective amount of an AIDS treatment agent selected from the group consisting of: (a) an AIDS antiviral agent; (b) an anti-infective agent; (c) an immunomodulator; and (d) HIV entry inhibitors. 8. A method for treating mammals infected with a virus, comprising administering to said mammal an antiviral effective amount of a compound of formula II, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, II wherein: Ri, R2, R3, R4 and R5 are each independently H, d-Cβ alkyl, C 3 -Cβ cycloalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C3-C6 cycloalkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, halogen, CN, nitro, COORβ or XR7, each of said alkyl and cycloalkyl being optionally substituted with one to three same or different halogen, amino, OH, CN or NO2; Re is H, Ci-Cβ alkyl, or C3-C6 cycloalkyl, benzyl, each of said alkyl, cycloalkyl and benzyl being optionally substituted with one to three same or different halogen, amino, OH, CN or NO2; R7 is H, Ci-Cβ alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C3-C6 cycloalkenyl, G∑-Cβ alkynyl or C(0)R 8 , each of said alkyl and cycloalkyl being optionally substituted with one to three same or different halogen, OH, amino, CN or NO2; R 8 is H, Ci-Cβ alkyl or C 3 -Cβ cycloalkyl; -W- is R9, Rio, Rn, R12, R13, Ri4, R15, Riβ, Ri7, Riβ, R19, R20, R21, R22 are each independently H, Ci-Cβ alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C 3 -Cβ cycloalkenyl, C -Cβ alkynyl, CR 2 3R 2 4θR 2 5, COR 26 , COOR27 or C(0)NR 8R29, each of said alkyl and cycloalkyl being optionally substituted with one to three same or different halogen, amino, OH, CN or NO2; R23, R24, R25, R26, R27, R28, R29 are each independently H, d-Cβ alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C3-C6 cycloalkenyl or C2-C6 alkynyl; Ar is a 4-7 membered aromatic ring which may contain one to five heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of O, S, N or NRβ, wherein said aromatic ring is optionally fused to group B; B is an aromatic group selected from the group consisting of phenyl, 1- naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, indenyl, azulenyl, fluorenyl, and anthracenyl; or a heteroaryl group selected from the group consisting of 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2- thienyl, 3-thienyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, 1,3,5- triazinyl, 1,3,5-trithianyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, 3H-indolyl, indolinyl, benzo[b]furanyl, benzo[b] thiophenyl, lH-indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, purinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, 1,8- naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, carbazolyl, acridinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, and phenoxazinyl; B and said 4-7 membered aromatic ring may each independently contain one to five substituents which are each independently selected from R30 R31, R32, R a and Rb are each independently H, Q-β alkyl or phenyl; Z is 4-methoxyphenyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, pyrazyl, quinolyl, 3,5- dimethylisoxazoyl, isoxazoyl, 2-methylthiazoyl, thiazoyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, or pyrimidyl; and p is 0-2; R30 R3i, R32, R33, and R34 are each independently H, d-Cβ alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, O-rCβ alkenyl, Oϊ-Cβ cycloalkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, halogen, CN, nitro, C(0)R35, COXR36, hydroxyl, COORβ, hydroxymethyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, 0-[(Cι-C 4 )-straight or branched alkyl], O-benzyl, O- phenyl, 1,2-methylenedioxy, OC(0)Cι-β alkyl, SC(0)Cι-6 alkyl, S(0) m Cι-6 alkyl, S(0) 2 NR-,Rb, amino, carboxyl, O-Z, CH 2 -(CH 2 ) p -Z, 0-(CH 2 ) p -Z, (CH 2 ) p -0-Z, CH=CH-Z or XR37, each of said alkyl and XR 37 , each of said alkyl and cycloalkyl being optionally substituted with one to three same or different halogen, amino, OH, CN or NO2; m is 0-2; R35 and R36 are each independently H, Ci-Cβ alkyl or C3-C6 cycloalkyl; R37 is H, Ci-Cβ alkyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, C 2 -Cβ alkenyl, C3-C6 cycloalkenyl, C 2 -Cβ alkynyl, C(0)R38 or C(0)OR39, each of said alkyl and cycloalkyl being optionally substituted with one to three same or different halogen, amino, OH, CN or NO2; R38, R39 are each independently H, Ci-Cβ alkyl or C3-C6 cycloalkyl, each of said alkyl and cycloalkyl being optionally substituted with one to three same or different halogen, amino, OH, CN or N0 2 ; provided R39 is not H; R40 is (CH 2 ) n -Y, where n is 0-6; Y is selected from: (1) H, Cι-6 alkyl, C3-6 cycloalkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C3-6 cycloalkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, halogen, CN, nitro, Ar, COORβ, COOAr, -CONR a R b , TR 6 , NR a R b , -NC(0)NR a Rb, -OC(0)Rβ, -C[N(R a ) 2 ] = N-T-R b , XRβ, -C(0)R 6 , -C(0)Ar, -S(0)R a or -S(0) 2 Ra, provided when Y is -S(0)R a or -S(0) 2 R a then R a is not H; and (2) a 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring, optionally substituted with Re, which may contain 1-3 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, S, SO, SO2, N, and NR41, wherein R 1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (Cι-C4)-straight or branched alkyl, (C2-Q)-straight or branched alkenyl or alkynyl; and T is S or O. 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the virus is HIV. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein Ar is phenyl, furyl, isoxazolyl, thiophenyl, pyrazolyl, pyridyl, benzofuryl, benzothiophenyl, indolyl, pyrazinyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, thiadiazolyl. 11. The method of claim 8, wherein W is Rg, Rio, Rn, R12, Ri3, Ri4, and R15 are each H; and Riβ is methyl. 12. The method of claim 8, where R2 is H, fluoro or methoxy. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein Ri, R3 and R4 are each H.

Inventors: BLAIR WADE S, DESHPANDE MILIND, FANG HAIQUAN, LIN PIN-FANG, SPICER TIMOTHY P, WALLACE OWEN B, WANG HUI, WANG TAO, YEUNG KAP-SUN, ZHANG ZHONGXING, BLAIR, WADE, S., DESHPANDE, MILIND, FANG, HAIQUAN, LIN, PIN-FANG, SPICER, TIMOTHY, P., WALLACE, OWEN, B., WANG, HUI, WANG, TAO, YEUNG, KAP-SUN, ZHANG, ZHONGXING
Applicants: SQUIBB BRISTOL MYERS CO, BRISTOL-MYERS SQUIBB COMPANY
Application year: 2000
Main classification: A61K31
IPC codes: A61K31, A61K45, A61P31, C07D209, C07D401, C07D403, C07D405, C07D409, C07D413, C07D417, C07D495, H04Q7