APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR MEASURING OPTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AN OBJECT OR MATERIAL

Abstract: Low cost and form factor spectrometers are disclosed. A spectrometer comprises a substrate, a plurality of optical sensors (979), a plurality of spectral filters (977), an optical manifold (976) and one or more processing elements (980). The plurality of spectral filters (977) and the one or more processing elements (980) are mounted on the substrate. The spectral filters (977) are fixedly positioned over at least a group of the optical sensors (979) and fixedly positioned with respect to the substrate. An optical manifold (976) is fixedly positioned over the spectral filters (977). The optical manifold (976) has a plurality of exit ports and an entrance port, wherein light entering the entrance port is transmitted to an interior portion of the optical manifold (976) and a portion of the light is transmitted from the exit ports through some of the spectral filters (977). The spectrometers are disclosed embedded in printing and scanning devices, computer companion devices, scope-type devices and the like.

Description: Apparatus and Method for Measuring Optical Characteristics of an Object or Material Field of the invention The present invention relates to devices and methods for measuring optical characteristics such as color spectrums, translucence, gloss, and other characteristics of objects such as teeth, and more particularly to devices and methods for measuring the color and other optical characteristics of teeth, fabric or numerous other objects, materials or surfaces with a hand-held probe that presents minimal problems with height or angular dependencies and that may be applied to detecting and preventing counterfeiting. The present invention also pertains to systems and methods for quantifying optical properties of materials and objects, including as a part of a variety of industrial applications, and including spectrometers designed and manufactured to have fast operation, small form factors and low manufacturing costs. Embodiments include spectrometers and spectrophotometers embedded in printing and scanning and other type devices, as well as computer companion devices, scope-type devices and the like. Data encoding based on such devices also may be implemented. Background of the Invention A need has been recognized for devices and methods of measuring the color or other optical characteristics of teeth and other objects, for example, in the field of dentistry. There is also a need for devices and methods for detecting and preventing counterfeiting and the like based on measurements of various optical characteristics or properties of objects and materials. Various color measuring devices such as spectrophotometers and colorimeters are known in the art. To understand the limitations of such conventional devices, it is helpful to understand certain principles relating to color. Without being bound by theory, Applicants provide the following discussion. In the discussion herein, reference is made to an"object," "material,""suriace,"etc., and it should be understood that in general such discussion may include teeth as well as other objects or materials as the"object,""material,""surface,"etc. The color of an object determines the manner in which light is reflected from the object. When light is incident upon an object, the reflected light will vary in intensity and wavelength dependent upon the color of the object. Thus, a red object will reflect red light with a greater intensity than a blue or a green object, and correspondingly a green object will reflect green light with a greater intensity than a red or blue object. The optical properties of an object are also affected by the manner in which light is reflected from the surface. Glossy objects, those that reflect light specularly such as mirrors or other highly polished surfaces, reflect light differently than diffuse objects or those that reflect light in all directions, such as the reflection from a rough or otherwise non-polished surface. Although both objects may have the same color and exhibit the same reflectance or absorption optical spectral responses, their appearances differ because of the manner in which they reflect light. Additionally, many objects may be translucent or have semi-translucent surfaces or thin layers covering their surfaces. Examples of such materials arc teeth, which have a complicated structure consisting of an outer enamel layer and an inner dentin layer. The outer enamel layer is semitranslucent. The inner layers are also translucent to a greater or lesser degree. Such materials and objects also appear different from objects that are opaque, even though they may be the same color because ofthe manner in which they can propagate light in the translucent layer and emit the light ray displaced from its poilt of entry. One method of quantifying the color of an object is to illuminate it with broad band spectrum or"white"light, and measure the spectral properties of the reflected light over the entire visible spectrum and compare the reflected spectrum with the incident light spectrum. Such instruments typically require a broad band spectrophotometer, which generally are expensive, bulky and relatively cumbersome to operate, thereby limiting the practical application of such instruments. For certain applications, the broad band data provided by a spectrophotometer is unnecessary. For such applications, devices have been produced or proposed that quantify color in terms of a numerical value or relatively small set of values representative of the color of the object. It is known that the color of an object can be represented by three values. For example, the color of an object can be represented by red, green and blue values, an intensity value and color difference values, by a CIE value, or by what are known as"tristimulus values"or numerous other orthogonal combinations. For most tristimulus systems, the three values are orthogonal ; i. e., any combination of two elements in the set cannot be included in the third element. One such method of quantifying the color of an object is to illuminate an object with broad band"white"light and measure the intensity of the reflected light after it has been passed through narrow band filters. Typically three filters (such as red, green and blue) are used to provide tristimulus light values representative of the color of the surface. Yet another method is to illuminate an object with three monochromatic light sources or narrow band light sources (such as red, green and blue) one at a time and then measure the intensity of the reflected light with a single light sensor. The three measurements are then converted to a tristimulus value representative of the color of the surface. Such color measurement techniques can be utilized to produce equivalent tristimulus values representative of the color of the surface. Generally, it does not matter if a"white"light source is used with a plurality of color sensors (or a continuum in the case of a spectrophotometer), or if a plurality of colored light sources are utilized with a single light sensor. There are, however, difficulties with the conventional techniques. When light is incident upon a surface and reflected to a light receiver, the height of the light sensor and the angle of the sensor relative to the surface and to the light source also affect the intensity of the received light. Since the color determination is being made by measuring and quantifying the intensity of the received light for different colors, it is important that the height and angular dependency of the light receiver be eliminated or accounted for in some manner. One method for eliminating the height and angular dependency of the light source and receiver is to provide a fixed mounting arrangement where the light source and receiver are stationary and the object is always positioned and measured at a preset height and angle. The fixed mounting arrangement greatly limits the applicability of such a method. Another method is to add mounting feet to the light source and receiver probe and to touch the object with the probe to maintain a constant height and angle. The feet in such an apparatus must be wide enough apart to insure that a constant angle (usually perpendicular) is maintained relative to the object. Such an apparatus tends to be very difficult to utilize on small objects or on objects that are hard to reach, and in general does not work satisfactorily in measuring objects with curved surfaces. Such devices are particularly difficult to implement in the field of dentistry. The use of color measuring devices in the field of dentistry has been proposed. In modern dentistry, the color of teeth typically are quantified by manually comparing a patient's teeth with a set of"shade guides."There are numerous shade guides available for dentists in order to properly select the desired color of dental prosthesis. Such shade guides have been utilized for decades and the color determination is made subjectively by the dentist by holding a set of shade guides next to a patient's teeth and attempting to find the best match. Unfortunately, however, the best match often is affected by the ambient light color in the dental operator and the surrounding color of the patient's makeup or clothing and by the fatigue level of the dentist. In addition, such pseudo trial and error methods based on subjective matching with existing industry shade guides for forming dental prostheses, fillings and the like often result in unacceptable color matching, with the result that the prosthesis needs to be remade, leading to increased costs and inconvenience to the patient, dental professional and/or prosthesis manufacturer. Similar subjective color quantification also is made in the paint industry by comparing the color of an object with a paint reference guide. There are numerous paint guides available in the industry and the color determination also often is affected by ambient light color, user fatigue and the color sensitivity of the user. Many individuals are color insensitive (color blind) to certain colors, further complicating color determination. In general, color quantification is needed in many industries. Several, but certainly not all, applications include : dentistry (color of teeth) ; dermatology (color of skin lesions) ; interior decorating (color of paint, fabrics) ; the textile industry ; automotive repair (matching paint colors) ; photography (color of reproductions, color reference of photographs to the object being photographed) ; printing and lithography ; cosmetics (hair and skin color, makeup matching) ; and other applications in which it is useful to measure color in an expedient and reliable manner. While a need has been recognized in the field of dentistry, however, the limitations of conventional color/optical measuring techniques typically restrict the utility of such techniques. For example, the high cost and bulkiness of typical broad band spectrometers, and the fixed mounting arrangements or feet required to address the height and angular dependency, often limit the applicability of such conventional techniques. Moreover, another limitation of such conventional methods and devices are that the resolution of the height and angular dependency problems typically require contact with the object being measured. In certain applications, it may be desirable to measure and quantify the color of an object with a small probe that does not require contact with the surface of the object. In certain applications, for example, hygienic considerations make such contact undesirable. In the other applications such as interior decorating, contact with the object can mar the surface (such as if the object is coated in some manner) or otherwise cause undesirable effects. In summary, there is a need for a low cost, hand-held probe of smalt size that can reliably measure and quantify the color and other optical characteristics of an object without requiring physical contact with the object, and also a need for methods based on such a device in the field of dentistry and other applications. Summary of the Invention In accordance with the present invention, devices and methods are provided for measuring the color and other optical characteristics of objects such as teeth, reliably and with minima) problems of height and angular dependence and which may be applied to detecting or preventing counterfeiting or the like. A handheld probe is utilized in the present invention, with the handheld probe containing a number of fiber optics in certain preferred embodiments. Light is directed from one (or more) light source (s) towards the object/tooth to be measured, which in certain preferred embodiments is a central light source fiber optic (other light sources and light source arrangements also may be utilized). Light reflected from the object is detected by a number of light receivers. Included in the light receivers (which may be light receiver fiber optics) are a plurality of perimeter and/or broadband or other receivers (which may be light receiver fiber optics, etc.). In certain preferred embodiments, a number of groups of perimeter fiber optics are utilized in order to take measurements at a desired, and predetermined height and angle, thereby minimizing height and angular dependency problems found in conventional methods, and to quantify other optical characteristics such as gloss. In certain embodiments, the present invention also may measure gloss, translucence and fluorescence characteristics of the object/tooth being measured, as well as surface texture and/or other optical or surface characteristics. In certain embodiments, the present invention may distinguish the surface spectral reflectance response and also a bulk spectral response. The present invention may include constituent elements of a broad band spectrophotometer, or, alternatively, may include constituent elements of a tristimulus type colorimeter. The present invention may employ a variety of color measuring devices in order to measure color and other optical characteristics in a practical, reliable and efficient manner, and in certain preferred embodiments includes a color filter array and a plurality of color sensors. A microprocessor is included for control and calculation purposes. A temperature sensor is included to measure temperature in order to detect abnormal conditions and/or to compensate for temperature effects of the filters or other components of the system. In addition, the present invention may include audio feedback to guide the operator in making color/optical measurements, as well as one or more display devices for displaying control, status or other information. With the present invention, color/optical measurements of teeth or the like may be made with a handheld probe in a practical and reliable manner, essentially free of height and angular dependency problems, without resorting to fixtures, feet or other undesirable mechanical arrangements for fixing the height and angle of the probe with respect to the object/tooth. In addition, the present invention includes methods of using such color measurement data to implement processes for forming dental prostheses and the like, as well as methods for keeping such color and/or other data as part of a patient record database. Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to address limitations of conventional color/optical measuring techniques. It is another object of the present invention to provide a method and device useful in measuring the color or other optical characteristics of teeth, fabric or other objects or surfaces with a hand-held probe of practical size that may advantageously utilize, but does not necessarily require, contact with the object or surface. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a color/optical measurement probe and method that does not require fixed position mechanical mounting, feet or other mechanical impediments. It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a probe and method useful for measuring color and/or other optical characteristics that may be utilized with a probe simply placed near the surface to be measured. It is a still further object of the present invention to provide a probe and method that are capable of determining translucency characteristics of the object being measured. It is a still further object of the present invention to provide a probe and method that are capable of determining translucency characteristics of the object being measured by making measurements from one side of the object. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a probe and method that are capable of determining surface texture characteristics of the object/tooth being measured. It is a still further object of the present invention to provide a probe and method that are capable of determining fluorescence characteristics of the object/tooth being measured. It is yet a further object of the present invention to provide a probe and method that are capable of determining gloss (or degree of specular reflectance) characteristics of the object/tooth being measured. It is another object of the present invention to provide a probe and method that can measure the area of a small spot singularly, or that also can measure the color of irregular shapes by moving the probe over an area and integrating the color of the entire area. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method of measuring the color of teeth and preparing dental prostheses, dentures, intraoral tooth-colored fillings or other materials. It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus that minimizes contamination problems, white providing a reliable and expedient manner in which to measure teeth and prepare dental prostheses, dentures, intraoral tooth-colored fillings or other materials. It is an object of the present invention to provide methods of using measured data to implement processes for forming dental prostheses and the like, as well as methods for keeping such measurement and/or other data as part of a patient record database. It also is an object of the present invention to provide probes and methods for measuring optical characteristics with a probe that is held substantially stationary with respect to the object or tooth being measured. It is another object the present invention to provide probes, equipment and methods for detecting and preventing counterfeiting or the like by way of measuring or assessing surface or subsurface optical characteristics or features. It is an object of the present invention to provide probes and methods for measuring optical characteristics with a probe that may have a removable tip or shield that may be removed for cleaning, disposed after use or the like. Finally, it is an object of the present invention to provide a variety of small form factor, low cost spectrometer designs and methods for manufacturing the same. Brief Description of the Drawings The present invention may be more fully understood by a description of certain preferred embodiments in conjunction with the attached drawings in which : FIGS. I to 3. illustrate various embodiments employing various ways to provide light to optical sensors in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention ; FIGS. 4 to 5B illustrate various aspects of integrating spheres in accordance with the present invention ; FIGS. 6 to 8 illustrate embodiments of the present invention utilizing various relay or other type filters ; FIG. 9 illustrates a preferred embodiment of a miniature spectrometer in accordance with the present invention ; FIGS. 10 to 1 I B illustrate aspects oSa non-coherent light guide used in accordance with certain embodiments of the present invention ; FIGS. 12A to 17 illustrate various preferred embodiments of an optical manifold in accordance with certain preferred embodiments of the present invention ; FIGS. l SS and 18B illustrate another preferred embodiment of a miniature spectrometer in accordance with the present invention ; FIGS. 19 to 21 illustrate other aspects of a non-coherent light guide used in accordance with certain embodiments of the present invention ; FIGS. 22 to 25 illustrate other aspects/embodiments of miniature spectrometers in accordance with the present invention ; FIG. 26 provides timing charts relating to a preferred type of sensor used in accordance with certain preferred embodiments of the present invention ; FIGS. 27A and 27B illustrate a spacer/nanifold for providing light bias to optical sensors in accordance with certain embodiments of the present invention ; FIGS. 28A to 28E illustrate flow charts utilized in certain preferred exemplary embodiments of the present invention ; FIG. 29 illustrates a highly integrated, miniature spectrometer in accordance with one preferred embodiment of the present invention ; FIG. 30 is a general manufacturing flow chart for illustrating various exemplary manufacturing methods in accordance with certain preferred embodiments of the present invention ; FIG. 31 is diagram illustrating certain preferred embodiments in which spectrometers or spectrophotometers are included as part of a printing or scanning type device ; FIG. 32 is a diagram illustrating a number of systems connected to a network ; FIG. 33 illustrates spectrometers or spectrophotometers implemented as a computer companion device, such as a mouse or PC card, USB connection or the like ; FIG. 34 illustrates spectrometer or spectrophotometers as part of scope device ; and FIGS. 35-37 illustrate data encoding with certain preferred embodiments of the present invention. Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments The present invention will be described in greater detail with reference to certain preferred embodiments and certain other embodiments, which may serve to further the understanding of preferred embodiments of the present invention. At various places herein, reference is made to an"object,""material,""surface,"etc., for example. It should be understood that an exemplary use of the present invention is in the field of dentistry, and thus the object typically should be understood to include teeth, dentures or other prosthesis or restorations, dental-type cements or the like or other dental objects, although for discussion purposes in certain instances reference is only made to the"object."As described elsewhere herein, various refinements and substitutions of the various embodiments are possible based on the principles and teachings herein. In addition, reference is made to the following copending/prior applications and patents, all by the inventors hereof, which are hereby incorporated by reference : U. S. Application Serial No. 091198, 591, filed on November 23, 1998 ; U. S. Application Serial No. 09/091, 208 filed on June 8, 1998, which is based on International Application No. PCT/US97/00126, filed on January 2, 1997, which is a continuation in part of U. S. Application Serial No. 08/581, 851, now Patent No. 5, 745, 229, issued April 28, 1998, for Apparatus and Method for Measuring Optical Characteristics of an Object ; U. S. Application Serial No. 09/091, 170, filed on June 8, 1998, which is based on International Application No. PCT/US97/00 129, filed Ol1. lanuary 2, 1997, which is a continuation in part of U. S. Application Serial No. 08/582, 054, now Patent No. 5, 759, 030 issued June 2, 1998, for Apparatus and Method for Measuring Optical Characteristics of Teeth ; PCT Application No. PCT/US98/13764, filed on June 30, 1998, which is a continuation in part of U. S. Application No. 08/886; 223, filed on July 1, 1997, for Apparatus and Method for Measuring Optical Characteristics of an Object ; PCT Application No. PCT/US98/13765, filed on June 30, 1998, which is a continuation in part of U. S. Application No. 08/886, 564, filed on. lune 30, 1998, for Apparatus and Method for Measuring Optical Characteristics of Teeth ; U. S. Application No. 08/886, 566, filecl on July 1, 1997, for Method and Apparatus for Detecting and Preventing Counterfeiting ; and U. S. Application No. 09/113, 033, filed July 9, 1998, for Method and Apparatus for Measuring Optical Properties of an Object. In the foregoing prior applications and patents, the inventors hereof have disclosed a variety of systems and methods for quantifying the optical characteristics of teeth and a wide variety of other objects and materials using a variety of configurations of probes having one or more light receivers and one or more light sources, preferably using fiber optics, etc. Such probe configurations were disclosed, for example : to include perimeter/broadband receivers such as for purposes of determining height/angle/position of a probe with respect to a surface being measuring : to quantify translucency of an object or material being measured ; to include the use of receivers/sources of different numerical apertures in order to quantify additional optical characteristics (in addition to spectral and translucence characteristics, etc.) such as gloss, pearlesence, surface texture, etc. ; to include the use of taking measurements at first and second distances from the object/material being measured or during movement of a probe with respect to the object/material or taking a measurement"below the critical height" (e. g., at a point where no light that is spectrally reflected from the surface of the object/material enters one or more receivers, etc.) ; to include the use of light bias to optical sensors (preferably tight to frequency converters) to improve the range of objects/materials that may be measured ; to use such methods and systems in the fields of dentistry, counterfeiting and a, wide variety of other fields in order to quantify the optical characteristics of a wide range of materials ; and to use such methods and systems to implement a variety of handheld, embedded or other instruments for use in such other fields. It is to be understood that part of the invention herein is the use of additional systems/methods as described herein in combination with such foregoing disclosures of inventors in these prior applications and patents. Referring now to FIG. l, additional aspects of yet additional preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be described. FIG. 1 illustrates a splitter or splitting type arrangement for fiber optics in order to deliver light in a suitable and desired manner to iilters/optical sensors. Exemplary filter and optical sensor arrangements are described elsewhere herein. It will be appreciated by those of skill in the art that such splitting arrangements to be described hereinafter may be utilized in lieu of the various diffusing cavities and optical splitters, etc., described elsewhere herein. Such splitting techniques may be utilized in accordance with embodiments of the present invention to separate the light from a single fiber optic into multiple fiber optics for the narrow and wide band channels in spectrometer systems such as those described elsewhere herein. In other embodiments, some of which are described in greater detail elsewhere herein, other splitter/diffusing cavity/manifold arrangements are utilized to deliver light to sensors and filters/sensors in order to implement spectrometer systems and various methods as described herein. In accordance with embodiments of the present invention, various probe configurations may be utilized, some of which consist of a central light receiver surrounded by one or more rings of light sources and or additional light receivers, which preferably may consist of fiber optics. The central light receiver preferably is utilized to couple received light to narrow and wide band optical filters to separate the light into discrete bands within the desired spectral range. In certain preferred embodiments, the light is separated within the visible spectrum into, for example, 15 narrow bands (20 nm wide) and) wide band (300 nm wide) for a total of 16 channels. In other embodiments, other numbers of filters/bands are utilized, and of course filters targeting particular lines (e. g., Raman-type spectroscopy) or narrow or wide regions of interest also may be utilized. As will be appreciated from description elsewhere herein, light being propagated by such a central light receiver fiber optic has certain angular and radial patterns that in general are preserved as the light exits the fiber optic and enters into the diffusing cavities or other optical implement. As also will be appreciated, however, it is desirable that all channels of a spectrometer type instuument"see the same light"from the central receiver fiber to maintain the linearity of the spectrometer system. In accordance with additional preferred embodiments of the present invention, additional methods of and implements for splitting the light from one receiver/fiber optic into multiple light streams/fiber optics are provided that serve to reduce the angular and radial light patterns within the spectrometer system. One such additional preferred embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 1. As illustrated, such an arrangement/method of splitting the light from one receiver/fiber optic 940 (which may be a central receiver or a non-central receiver, and may be one of a plurality of receivers/fiber optics) into multiple light streams/channels 944A utilizes notches 944 (or ports) placed into splitting element/fiber optic 942 at specific points where it is desirable to have light exit (e. g., positioned where light may be coupled to optical sensing elements, etc.). In the illustrated embodiment, notched/ported splitting element/fiber optic 942 may be optically coupled to a central or other fiber, or the central or other fiber could be one continuous fiber from the probe end to the spectrometer illustrated in FIG. 1. As an illustrative example of a type of notched/ported optical implement utilized in such embodiments, reference is made to notched fibers made by Poly-Optical under the trade name OptiGlo. If notches/ports 944 are the same size in the fiber, then in general the light may exit the fiber optic with different intensities at the notched points. In such embodiments, blue filters preferably are utilized at the higher intensity notches/ports to compensate for the lower system throughput in the blue range of the spectrometer system. A method in accordance with such embodiments includes determining the intensity levels of the various notches/ports of such an optical implement or manifold and determining an order from highest intensity to lowest intensity, and then selectively mapping or corresponding filters to the notches/ports in the determined order, such as from bluest to reddest, respectively, or perhaps placing narrow band ou line-type filters of spectral bands of particular interest at notches/ports of highest intensity, etc. As illustrated in FIG. l, light exiting from notches/ports 944 may be coupled to light sensors 947. In the illustrated preferred embodiment, the light is coupled to sensors 947 through lens 941, filter 943 and lens 945. Filters 943 can be cut-off, interference or other filters as described elsewhere herein (e. g., to cover a desired spectral band or bands, and may include neutral density filters, etc.). Lens 941 and 945 preferably constitute GRIN lens and/or other lens of a type to assist in collimating or otherwise directing light from notches/ports 944 to sensors 947. As will be understood from description elsewhere herein, certain sensors may receive light without filters or through separate receivers (e. g., sensors for determining height or angle, etc.). Alternate methods/implements for splitting light from one fiber into multiple fibers or paths are used in other embodiments. Certain of such alternatives are illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3, which utilize large diameter fiber optic light pipes. FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate two such examples, although it will be apparent from the description herein that other combinations of fiber pairings are possible and utilized in still alternative embodiments. With reference to FIG. 2, light receiver fiber 948 (. 040" diameter in the illustrated alternative preferred embodiment), which may be a central or other receiver directly or indirectly received from a probe, is optically joined or coupled to bundle 949 (&num;1), which preferably consists of 14 smallel diameter fibers (. 010"in the illustrated alternative preferred embodiment). The fibers in bundle 949 preferably are divided into 2 bundles of 7 fibers, bundles 950A (&num;2) and 950B (&num;3), with the fibers of bundle 949 being divided such that, for example, every other fiber in the 2 rings (inner ring of 4 and outer ring of 10) are separated into bundles 950A and 950B (the black and white coloring of the fibers of bundle 949 illustrate one such division or splitting). Such a splitting of the fibers serves to remove or reduce any angular and radial light patterns that exist within the light receiver fiber 948. As will be appreciated, a bundle of smaller diameter fibers (such as. 001"fibers) could also be utilized in accordance with such embodiments. The fibers from bundles 950A and 950B preferably are positioned (and optically coupled) within the center of respective rings of 6 (preferably. 030"diameter) fibers to form . 090" diameter bundles 954A (&num;5) and 954B (&num;4) as illustrated. Bundles 954A and 954B are each joined/optically coupled to target-diameter fiber optics 952A and 952B, which serve to conduct the light to bundles 956A (&num;7) and 956B (&num;6), which preferably consist of 7-. 030" diameter fibers.). A common central fiber C preferably is utilized in bundles 956A and 956B to couple the light back into large diameter fibers 952A and 952B. With the illustrated embodiment, 24 separate fiber optics for provided for separate filter/sensor channels. In the illustrated preferred embodiment, 16 channels are utilized, with certain of the fibers being grouped (to e. g., to provide more than one fiber per f Itelisensor channel, such as 2 or 3 fibers per channel as illustrated), which serves to increase the light intensity to some of the channels (e. g., for the bluer channels, which, for example, may receive light from 3 fibers, while the redder channels receive light from 1 fiber, while intermediate channels receive light from two fibers). This is illustrated in FIG. 2 by fibers 953B, which are coupled to 2 flter/sensor channels in groups of 3 fibers, fibers 953A, which are couplez to 3 filter/sensor channels in groups of two fibers, and fibers 957A and 957B, which are coupled to tO filter/sensor channels with single fibers ; fibers 957C illustrate another pair of fibers coupled to a filter/sensor channel. As will be appreciated, other combinations and groupings may be utilized to split/divide light to filter/sensor channels, with some of the filter/sensor channels receiving greater light than other of the fitter/sensor channels, etc. FIG. 3 iiiustrates another alternate embodiment, in which center fiber C of bundles 956A (&num;7) and 956B (&num;6) is from the ring of fibers of bundles 954A (&num;5) and 954B (&num;4), as illustrated. As illustrated, fiber optic 948 couples light into bundle 949. Bundle 949 is divided into bundles 950A and 950B ; bundle 950A is combined with fibers 953A and 955A to form bundle 954A, which is coupled to fiber optic 952A ; bundle 950B is combined with fibers 953B and 955B to form bundle 954B, which is coupled to fiber optic 952B. Fibers 953A, 953B, 957A and 957B are coupled to filters and sensors as illustrated in a manner as described previously. As will be appreciated, the concept of utilizing bundle &num;1 joined to a preferably central light receiver fiber and being split into two bundles &num;2 and &num;3 can also be implemented with notched fiber optics or multiple diffusing cavities as described elsewhere herein. Such implements are utilized in alternative embodiments of the present invention. Referring now to FIGS. 4-8, further embodiments of the present invention will now be described. As described elsewhere herein, in accordance with preferred embodiments of the present invention devices and methods for measuring the color and other optical properties of teeth and other materials may be provided. In at least certain of such embodiments, a probe preferably consisting of a bundle of fiber optics may be utilized to illuminate the object or material being measured and to detect light reflected or otherwise returned from the object or material. The fibers were either source fibers (those providing light to the object or material) or receiver fibers (those used to detect light returned from the object or material). Generally, and as described elsewhere herein, receiver fibers were utilized in a plurality of ways. Some of the fibers served as angle or height detectors and provided light to broad band optical sensors. Other fibers served as spectrometric detectors and provided light to a spectrometer for spectral or color analysis. In certain embodiments the probe consisted of a bundle of fibers with a plurality of fibers serving as receiver fibers providing light to an abridged spectrometers where each receiver fiber provided light to an optical band pass filter and to an optical sensor. In other embodiments, a single fiber optic provided light to a spectrometer where the light from the single fiber was split into many optical filters and sensors serving as an abridged spectrometer. In other embodiments, several (two or three or more) fibers served as spectral optical sensors and were each split into two or more optical paths providing light to a plurality of optical filters and optical sensors. When measuring spectrums, it generally is desirable to measure light intensities over narrow optical bands with a plurality of optical sensors and optical band pass filters. The resolution of the system is determined by the bandwidth of the optical filters and sensors. Thus, when measuring the color of objects or materials it is customary to measure the optical intensity of the reflected light over the visible band (400 to 700 nm) and to divide the band into three or more optical receivers, where the greater the number of receivers, the greater the resolution of the system. For color measurement, it is customary to divide the optical band into 15 or more receivers to obtain spectral resolution of 20nm or finer resolution. The optical band may be spectrally divided by refraction (prisms), diffraction (such as diffraction gratings or slits) or by optical band pass filters such as interference or other bandpass filters. Typical optical sensors are linear sensors such as MOS or CCD detectors or photodiodes or photodiode arrays. Independent of the method of spectrally dividing the light into narrow band spectral components and presenting the narrow bands to optical receivers, the efficiency of each optical receiver in general is wavelength or color dependent. In addition, the efficiency of the optical splitting technique is also color dependent. Thus, the optical sensor measuring blue light from 400 to 410 nm, for example, will have a different efficiency than the optical sensor measuring red light from 660 to 670 nm. As a result, the value measured by the blue sensor will be different and typically less than the value measured by the red sensor, and for color comparisons and measurements the system must be normalized to a reflectance standard. Thus, the gain given to the blue sensor will be different than the gain given to the red sensor and so on for each spectral optical sensor. The process of normalizing the system is typically referred to as"calibrating"the system and is often done with two or more reflectance standards (white and black, for example, providing a white level threshold and a black or minimum level threshold). In some implementations, it also may be desirable to additionally calibrate on gray standards to linearize the sensors and optical system. When a single fiber optic provides light to a plurality of optical sensors (with or without optical band pass filters), it is important that the light traveling in the fiber optic be evenly distributed to each optical sensor, or that the angular distribution of light provided to each sensor remain static or unchanged from its calibration state. For example, consider a system where a single fiber optic provides light to a red sensor and to a blue sensor. The system is calibrated by measuring the reflected light from reflectance standards and is normalized by adjusting the gain of each sensor to cause the final output to match the reference material. The system may then be utilized to measure unknown materials and to determine their color by comparing the results to those from the reflectance standards. In such a system it is assumed that measuring a blue material will result in the normalized blue value exceeding the normalized red value and that measuring a red material will result in the normalized red value exceeding the blue value. If, however, the angular distribution of light (independent of color) changes for the unknown material compared with the reference material, then false measurements result. Consider an example where 50% of the reflected light from a white reference material is provided to both the red and blue sensors (half the light to the red sensor and half the light to the blue sensor) and the system is calibrated. After calibration, the light value output of the system will be the same for both the red and blue sensors (the definition of"white"). Now consider measuring the color of another"white"material, where the surface of the new material differs from the reference material and where the surface of the material causes 40% of the light to be directed to the blue sensor and 60% of the light to be directed to the red sensor. The resultant measurement will indicate a higher red value than blue value and will falsely report that the new material is red when in fact it is white. It has been determined that any optical system where light is split and provided to a plurality of sensors for spectral analysis requires that the angular distribution of light provided to the sensors in general remains unchanged. Thus, in a spectrometer system consisting of a diffraction grating and CCD linear sensor array, for example, the light is split by diffraction into a plurality of sensors. The sensors at the"blue"end of the spectrum measure the intensity of blue light and the sensors at the"red"end measure the red light. The amount of"blue"light diffracted by the diffraction grating to the blue sensors compared to the amount of light diffracted to the red sensors will vary dependent upon color and will also vary dependent upon how the light is distributed as it is presented to the diffraction grating. If the angular distribution of light varies from sample to sample, false measurements may result. Integrating spheres are known to be employed to evenly distribute light to color sensors in spectrometer systems. The interior of integrating spheres generally are coated with a diffuse material with a reasonably high coefficient of reflectivity that is independent of wavelength or color. As light enters the sphere and undergoes multiple reflections within the sphere, the fight tends to become evenly distributed (because the surface is diffuse) within the sphere and tends to evenly illuminate an exit port. Integrating spheres, however, are inherently inefficient. In order to distribute light evenly over the exit port, multiple reflections within the sphere are required. Each reflection has loss and thus the more evenly the light is distributed, the more attenuated it becomes. Furthermore, it is not believed to be theoretically possible to construct an integrating sphere that is consistent for all light angular distribution patterns. For example, if collimated light enters sphere 960A through entrance port 961A, as illustrated in FIG. 4A, a certain portion of the light will exit port 962A with only one internal reflection and thus will be presented to spectrometer sensocs 963A with a high intensity. If the same amount of light enters sphere 960B through entrance port 961 B at a different angle as illustrated in FIG. 4B where the majority of light now requires two or more reflections to exit port 962B, the light will then be presented to spectrometer sensors 963B at a lower intensity. In this example, the spectrometer will minimally record a lower value. If the sensors forming the spectrometer are angutar distribution sensitive as well, then false spectral or chromatic results likely will occur as well. It is known (including in accordance with certain embodiments of the present invention) to construct spectrometer systems utilizing interference filters and optical sensors. Such filters may be individual filter elements and individual optical sensor elements, or the interference filter may be a linear filter over a linear array sensor as described elsewhere herein. Interference filters generally pass"in-band"light and reflect"out of band"light. Interference filters may thus be utilized as mirrors reflecting light of certain wavelengths or may be utilized to transmit light of different wavelengths. Thus, interference filters may serve as efficient optical elements by passing"in-band"light to optical sensors and reflecting "out of band"light to other filter/sensor elements in the system. Such interference filter assemblies may be considered multiplexing filters and are believed to have been used in some form in infra-red optical communications systems (i. e., a field of endeavor different from that of color/spectral measlll ing systems). In accordance with the present invention, multiplexing filters also may be implemented for visible light utilization and may thus be incorporated as part of a spectrometer system. FIG. 5A illustrates multiplexing filter/sensors 964 in conjunction with integrating sphere 960 receiving light through entrance port 961. An array of optical sensors are included with multiplexing filter/sensors 964 to form an optical spectrometer. FIG. 5B illustrates a spectrometer system consisting of integrating sphere 960 receiving light through entrance port 961 and discrete interference filter elements and sensors 966 (six are illustratively shown). Both systems are essentially equivalent in principal although they differ in construction. In either enters entrance port 961 in sphere 960 and undergoes multiple internal reflections and eventually (if not attenuated first) strikes a filter element. The"in-band"light is transmitted through the filter and received by its corresponding. sensor. The"out of band"light is reflected by the filter and is thus returned to the system where it can eventually be transmitted by a filter supporting the light wavelength. Thus, when white light is incident upon a blue filter the blue light is transmitted to the blue sensor and the remaining green and red light are returned to the system where they can subsequently be detected by a green or red sensor rather than being rejected or absorbed by the blue filter. Hence the light sensitivity of the spectrometer system dramatically increases. Consider, for example, a spectrometer system constructed of three filters, (red, green and blue) where the incident light is evenly divided and presented to each filter which detects "in-band"light and rejects"out of band"light. Each filter/sensor thus can only at best receive 1/3 of the light. If the system has 30 sensors, each filter can detect only 1/30 of the light or 3. 3% at best. Utilizing a multiplexing filter may thus greatly increase the system efficiency. Although the utilization of interference filters in a multiplexing system increases system efficiency, Such all implement also suffers from angular distribution irregularities. Referring again to FIGS. SA and 5B, light entering the system undergoes multiple internal reflections, including reflections from the interference filters. Each reflection from the coating of the integrating sphere, however, attenuates the light intensity. Furthermore, the reflections from the interference filters causes additional loss, and are at best only 80% or so reflective for out of band light rays (often it is much lower). Thus, if the system is calibrated for example where light enters the system and first strikes the blue filter and later (after several reflections and attenuations) strikes the red filter, it likely will output a spectral response that is significantly different than a situation where the same light intensity and color is input with a different angular distribution pattern that first strikes the red filter and later strikes the blue. In accordance with other preferred embodiments of the present invention, a spectrometer system is provided that has higher efficiency and that is significantly more insensitive to the angular distribution of the source light. FIG. 6 illustrates one such preferred embodiment of the present invention. It consists of a plurality of interference filters and optical sensors (972, 972A, 972B, etc.), and a fiber optic or other input and optical collimating elements 970. In preferred embodiments, the optical collutmating elements consist of GRIN (gradient index) lenses, although in alternative embodiments spherical lenses are utilized. As illustrated, optical collimating lenses 970 preferably are utilized in the optical path between each of the interference filters and optical sensors in order to more desirably collect light over a broad range of incident angles and to collect the light into a small area and to present it to an interference filter. In accordance with this embodiment, substantially all of the light, independent of angular distribution being presented to the spectrometer, may be presented to first filte/optical sensor 972. Light that is"in-band"is transmitted by the interference filter in first filter/optical sensor 972 and presented to its corresponding optical sensor. Light that is"out of band"is reflected by the filter in first filter/optical sensor 972 and is presented to a second optical collimating element 970, which again in preferred embodiments is a second GRIN lens. The light is then presented to a second interference filter in second filter/optical sensor 972A, which in general is different from the first interference filter of filter/optical sensor 972, that also transmits"in-band"lightand presents it to an optical sensor and reflects"out of band"light and presents it to a third collimating element 970. In accordance with such embodiments, each interference filter and sensor preferably is constructed to transmit to the sensor and detect a certain range of light wavelengths and reflects others, and interference filters are selected/manufactured so as to cover the optical band of interest. As will be appreciated from the discussion herein, the number of filters/sensors and their optical transmission and reflection characteristics determine the resolution of the spectrometers. In such a preferred embodiment, substantially all of the light input into the spectrometer is presented to the first sensor. Substantially all the light reflected from the first filter/sensor is presented to the second flter/sensor, and then to the third filter/sensor and then to the fourth filter/sensor and so on to the last filter. Thus, losses that occur in the system will generally be consistent because the number of reflections occurring before each optical element is controlled. Thus, the first filter/sensor will have substantially all of the incident light available to it, the second filter/sensor will have only one prior reflection and thus a controlled loss, the third filter/sensor will have only two prior reflections and so on until the end of the system. In such an embodiment, the filters preferably are arranged in a manner that tends to flatten the spectral response of the system. In the preferred embodiment, first filter/sensor 972 is the shortest wavelength, second filter/sensor 972A is the next shorter and so in order of increasing wavelength on to the last filter/sensor. Since the sensitivity of optical sensors is typically much less for blue light than for red, in accordance with such embodiments the blue filter is first and is presented with higher intensity light than the red. FIG. 7 illustrates another preferred embodiment in which a relay-type filter is constructed with mirrors and interference filters. As illustrated, mirrors 974 preferably are on one side of a linear array and filters/sensors 972, 972A, 972B, etc., are on an opposite side. Mirrors 974 preferably are implemented to reflect and collimate light as efficiently as possible and have a nominal but distorted parabolic shape. Light enters the system through entrance 968 (preferably through collimating element 970, which may be as previously described, and is reflected and collimated by a first mirror 974 and presented to a first filter/sensor 972. Light reflects from the first interference filter to a second mirror 974 and is again collimated and reflected to a second filter/sensor 972A and so on until the last filter/sensor. FIG. 8 illustrates another preferred embodiment. This embodiment preferably consists of a series of fiber optical elements 971 that preferably support total internal reflection for angles greater than the critical angle. Optical elements 971 preferably are implemented in a zigzag pattern and have interference filters 973 deposited as illustrated. Light entering the system through entrance 968 is directed to first interference filter 973, then to second filter 973A, then to third filter 973B, and so on until the last filter. As will be appreciated and as previously described, associated with each such filter may be an optical sensor as described previously to sense the light passing the through the filter, which may thus be sensed and used to analyze the light, etc. As previously discussed, in accordance with the present invention, the color and other optical properties of teeth and other materials may be measured with various types of spectrometers. Such spectrometers were disclosed, for example, to consist of filters that separate light into narrow wavelength bands and preferably light to frequency converter optical sensors (or other sensors) that measured the intensity of light in each separated optical band. Other preferred embodiments will now be described that utilize an optical manifold and interference filters to implement a spectrometer that has small size and high throughput efficiency. The optical properties of light to frequency converters such as the Texas Advanced Optical Systems (Previously Texas Instruments) TSL230 have been discussed previously. The optical properties of interference filters have also been described earlier and the advantages of utilizing light to frequency converters with interference filters as a part of a spectrometer system have also been described earlier. FIG. 9 is a block diagram of such another preferred embodiment. Light is input preferably via non-coherent light guide 974 and wide band optical notch (blocking) filter 975 and input into optical manifold 976. From optical manifold 976, light is coupled to interference filters 977 (optionally through optical mask 978) and optical sensors 979 (preferab) y tight to frequency converter opticai sensors), the outputs of which are read via RISC processor 980 (or other processing element, gate array, etc.), which may communicate externally via input/output 981. Non-coherent light guide 974 serves to diffuse the light entering the spectrometer (in other embodiments, other light diffuser or mixer elements are utilized). ln certain optical applications the light being spectrally analyzed may have axial or radial distribution patterns that could affect the intensity of light passing through the filters to the optical sensors. As the distribution pattern changes, the intensity of light presented to the filters could change and thus affect the spectral output produced by the spectrometer. FIGS. 10 and 1 1 illustrate further details of a non-coherent light guide that may be used in such embodiments. Non-coherent tight guide 974 preferably is implemented with a bundle of small fiber optic fibers that are fused or otherwise held firmly in position at each end of light guide 974. The numerical aperture of the fibers in the bundle are chosen to have a large numerical aperture or an acceptance angle at least as large as the light entering the system. Referring to FlG. 10, tile fiizers in the bundle are fused or held in place with an adhesive or other fasteners at end A, and are randomized in mid portion 974A of light guide 974 and are fused or held in place at end B. FIGS. í 1 S ancl 1 1 B illustrate, respectively, an example of ends A and B of non- coherent light guide 974. In the illustrated example, nineteen fibers are used. Typically 100 or more fibers would be utilized, although for discussion purposes nineteen are shown to illustrate how the fibers at end A are randomized in the mid section and are in a different geometrical location at end B (the present invention is not limited to any particular number, although numbers greater than 50, or 75 or 100 are believed to provide satisfactory results). Thus, light incident at End A with a radial and axial distribution pattern will exit the light guide at end B with a randomized or diffused light pattern. Interference filters have been described previously. In general, interference filters are constructed of thin Dims of materials of differing dielectric constants in a manner in order to pass light of certain wavelengths or light that is"in band,"reflect light that is"out of band" and absorb a (preferably small) portion of the incident light. The number of thin film layers and their constituent materials determine the transmission, absorption and reflection properties. Interference filters also preferably are utilized with blocking filters that block out of band light such as the IR and IJV light in a visible band spectrometer. The blocking filters are typically absorption filters and add to the overall thickness of the interference filters. In the illustrated preferred embodiment of the invention, one blocking filter is utilized at the entrance of the optical manifold as illustrated in FIG. 9. Thus, the individual interference filters 977 illustrated in FIGS. 9 and 12A and 12B do not each require blocking elements, and thus can be very thin. FIGS. 12A and 12B illustrates further details of one side of an exemplary optical manifold 976. Optical manifold 976 preferably is constructed of an optical grade material such as quartz that has a low coefficient of absorption. One edge of optical manifold 976 includes entrance port 968 that preferably is optically bonded to the blocking filter. In certain embodiments or applications, the blocking filter limits the light to the visible band, 400 to 700 nm. In other embodiments or applications, the blocking filter limits the light to certain IR wavelengths. As will be appreciated based on the discussion herein, such a use of a blocking filter may be utilized to limit the light wavelengths incident upon the interference filters and eliminate secondary transmission such as IR light in a visible band spectrometer system. Optical manifold 976 preferably is mirrored on all sides and includes entrance port 968 and a plurality of exit ports/windows 978A. In the preferred embodiment, exit ports/windows 978A are square openings (non-mirrored regions) on one side of the manifold as illustrated in FIGS. 12A and 12B. In certain preferred embodiments, all of the exit ports/windows are of uniform shape and size, whereas in other preferred embodiments the exit ports/windows are of non-uniform sllape and/or size. In an illustrative example, as illustrated generally by the dotted line of exit port 978B, certain of the exit ports may be smaller than other exit ports. As an example, if the optical throughput/sensitivity of the system is higher as the wavelength increases (redder portions of the spectrum), then exit ports corresponding to the higher wavelength filters may be of smaller size, while relatively larger size exit ports are used for the lower wavelength (bluer portions of the spectrum) filter portions. Thus, the exit port size for particular spectral bands may bear an inverse relationship with the optical throughput/sensitivity for particular spectral bands. in preferred embodiments, the interference filters are deposited over the exit ports and are deposited as a series of layers covering the exit ports. In such embodiments, certain layers are common to many of the exit ports ; others are unique to certain exit ports. In accordance with such preferred embodiments, the interference filters in the system are deposited on the optical manifold in layers with vacuum deposition and/or sputtering techniques in a series of layers with masks that cover certain filter elements in some deposition steps and that cover others in other deposition steps, resulting in filters with the desired optical properties for each exit port. In an alternate embodiment of the present invention, the interference filters are deposited as a wedge filter continuously on the optical manifold. Wedge filters have layers of varying thickness that vary continuously from one end to the other and consequently pass light of different wavelength continuously from one end of the fitter to the other. The wedge filter may thus deposited on the manifold including over the exit pouss/vindows, which again may be of uniform size/shape or of non-uniform size/shape, as described earlier. Without being bound by theory, a general principle of operation of such an optical manifold in accordance with the present invention will now be provided. Light enters the manifold at entrance port 968 after passing (preferably) through a non-coherent light guide that diffuses the light and after passing (preferably) through a blocking filter that absorbs light that is out of band or out of range of the spectrometer (as described elsewhere herein). The"in band"light then enters the optical manifold and reflects from the mirrored walls of the manifold with minimal loss. Eventually, the walls of the manifold either absorb the light or it strikes one of the interference filters. If a light ray (photon) is within the transmission band of the filter it exits the manifold through the filter. If it is out of band, the filter either absorbs it or it is reflected back into the manifold cavity. Eventually, all the light is either absorbed by the manifold, the filters or exits the manifold through the filters. The light exiting tl ? e manifold througl1 the filters will have a narrow wavelength band determined by the optical properties of the filters. As is understood, the optical properties of interference filters are dependent upon the angle of incidence of light rays. In general, the transmission wavelength bandwidth increases for increasing angle of incidence. In the optical manifold shown, light can be incident on the filters at any angle of incidence. Thus the light exiting the filters will cover a broad spectral band. In alternative preferred embodiments, to limit the angles of incidence of light passing through the filters and subsequently narrow the bandwidth of light detected by the sensors, an absorbing spacer preferably is inserted between the exit ports of the manifold and the optical sensors. FIG. 13 illustrates a detail of such a spacer. Spacers 978B have an aperture (hole) that is positioned between the manifold exit ports and optical sensors 979. The thickness of spacer 978B and the size of the aperture determine the maximal angle of light that can pass through the filter and be incident upon optical sensor 979, thus limiting the range of angles of light that pass through the filter and are detected by the sensors. As described elsewhere herein, the sensors may consist of light to frequency converters outputting pulses that are coupled to a RISC processor, gate array or other logic or processing element (s), etc. Although optical manifolds such as described in accordance with the preferred embodiments generally may be inexpensive to construct, alternative embodiments may provide increases in efficiency. For example, and without being bound by theory, optical losses may occur when light is absorbed in the manifold walls and when light is absorbed in the interference filters and also light is absorbed in the spacer. FIGS. 14A and 14B illustrate optical manifold (side and bottom view, respectively) that preferably is molded of an optical grade material that has lenses 976A molded (such as of a poly-optic material, quartz, or other suitable material) on the side (or multiple sides) that also may desirably utilize interference filters such as described elsewhere herein. The interference filters preferably are deposited over the convex portion of lenses 976A. The rest of the manifold (except the optical entrance port) preferably is mirrored. In accordance with such embodiments, the light desirably is collimated or at least semi-collimated as the light exits the curved portion of the optical manifold and thus may be presented to the interference filters within the angular tolerance of the filter. In other aspects, generally the optical manifold operates in the same manner as the manifold described earlier. FIG. 15 illustrates such an optical manifold positioned above and bonded to light sensors 979, which preferably are light to frequency converter sensors. As illustrated, manifold 976 includes entrance port 968 (light may be provided through a diffuser, noncoherent light guide, blocking filter, such as describe, earlier), mirrored surfaces 976B, lenses 976C, deposited interference filters 977, and sensors 979 positioned and optically bonded in a manner to receive light from manifold 976 through an appropriate interference filter 977, etc. FIG. 16 illustrates alternative optical manifold 976 that is constructed of two optical materials with different indexes of refraction. Such an optical manifold preferably is constructed with a low index of refraction material 976D and has concave recesses as illustrated. Molded into the concave recesses of the manifold material 976D are lenses constructed of a high index of refraction material 976E. The convex interface between the two materials, as viewed by a light ray incident upon the interface from within the manifold, tends to cause the light rays striking the interface to be semi-collimated when they pass through or reflect from interference filters 977. Hence (again without being bound by theory) the optical interface causes light rays striking interference filters 977 to be within an acceptance cone similar to the optical manifold of the previously described embodiments. In such embodiments as illustrated, however, all light rays (or a desirably high percentage of light rays) striking interference filter 977 are within the acceptance angle and are not lost by absorption in a spacer, and may be detected by sensor 979. FIG. 17 illustrates optical manifold 976 that may include lenses similar to the manifold illustrated in FIG. 16. The embodiment illustrated in FIG. 17, however, preferably is constructed of two parts. A first part 976F defines optical cavity 9761 with entrance port 968 at one side that is hottow and that is mirrored on the interior (see, e. g., mirrored inner surface 976G). Cavity 9761, generally, tends to act as a miniature integrating sphere. The second portion defining cavity 9761, illustrated as cavity bottom 976K, preferably is a lens plate with asphericat tenses 976J on one side and interference filters 977 preferably deposited on the opposite side. The regions between the lenses preferably are mirrored to cause optical reflection back into the cavity. The bottom portion of the manifold preferably is bonded to the top portion with a suitable adhesive. The operation of the manifold illustrated in FIG. 17 generally is the same as the other manifolds described above, although such a manifold may be easier to construct under certain situations. Also as illustrated, such an optical manifold also may utilize mirrored baffle 976H that helps to ensure that all light undergoes at least one reflection from the sides of the manifold and also limits the amount of light that might potentially exit the entrance port. Still other preferred embodiments utilizing, preferably, light to frequency convertertype optical sensors, interference filters, absorption filters, and non-coherent light guides will now be described. FIGS. 1 8A and 18B illustrate a block diagram of a spectrometer in accordance with such alternative embodiments. Such a spectrometer preferably consists of round to line non-coherent light guide 980, optical manifold 976 with interference filters 977, light to frequency converter optical sensors 979 (other type sensors also may be used) and RISC processor 981 (other processing elements also may be used). As described in greater detail elsewhere herein, with such a spectrometer in accordance with the present invention, light preferably may be presented to manifold 976 via light guide 980. Manifold 976 includes exit ports/wiudows (and may include lenses, etc.) as described elsewhere herein, and light may pass from manifold 976 through filters 977 (preferably interference filters) and be detected by sensors 979 (preferably light to frequency converter type sensors). Details and alternatives of such a spectrometer are described elsewhere herein. In this embodiment, as illustrated, filters and optical sensors are presented to two sides of a preferably rectangular manifold structure. Light detected by sensors 977 generated outputs, which may be processed by processor 981. Input/output may be made to processor 981 by input/output circuitry 982, which may include (such as described elsewhere herein), components of a computer, display, keyboard or switches or other input, etc. Such components optimally may be installed on a small printed circuit board 983 or other appropriate substrate, etc. FIGS. 19 and 20A and 20B illustrate details of an exemplary round to line non coherent light guide. In accordance with the illustrated embodiment, light guide 980 preferably is constructed of small diameter quartz fiber optic fibers fused into round end 980A and randomized into line end 980C, preferably through a length 980B of fibers including a randomized fiber bundle. Such a round to line non-coherent light guide serves as the light input into the spectrometer and in addition serves to remove any axial or radial light patterns that are present in the light being spectrally analyzed. The significance of axial and radial light distribution patterns in the light being spectrally analyzed have been described elsewhere herein. In accordance with such an embodiment, the smaller the diameter, and therefore the greater the number of fiber optic fibers utilized in the light guide, the better the light diffusion will be into the spectrometer. For illustrative purposes, only nineteen separate fiber optic elements are illustrated in FIGS. 20A and 20B, although in alternative embodiments a greater or lesser number of fibers are utilized in such a randomized manner. Round end 980A of exemplary non-coherent light guide 980 may be coupled to one or more other fiber optic fibers 984 (such as those from a receiver element of a fiber optic probe, as described elsewhere herein) by lens elements 985 (such as aspheric or GRIN lenses) to reduce the numerical aperture of the light entering the spectrometer. In addition, optical notch filter 986 may be included to block/absorb undesirable wavelengths such as prior to the non-coherent light guide, as illustrated in FIG. 21. Alternately round end 980A of noncoherent light guide 980 may be utilized as the light receiver in a spectrophotometer probe design such as described elsewhere herein. The optical notched filter in such alternative embodiments may be inserted between non-coherent light guide line end 980C and optical manifold window 976. FIGS. 22A and 22B illustrate a preferred optical manifold utilized in such embodiments. In the preferred embodiment, optical manifold 976 preferably utilizes a substrate, for example, oF optical grade quartz with a low coefficient of absorption (in other embodiments, polymeric optical materials or other suitable materials are utilized). Top, bottom and ends 976G of the substrate preferably are coated with mirror coating, preferably a first surface mirror coating. The topside preferably has optical slit window 987 for light entrance into manifold 976. The two remaining sides preferably have interference filters 977 deposited or otherwise formed or positioned thereon. In an exemplary preferred embodiment, for example, there are eight (or another suitable number) of interference filters 977 per side. This produces an optical manifold with a dual step linear variable filter arrangement, as illustrated (this concept can be extended to a number of sides, such as four or even five or six, etc.). The preferably light to frequency converter sensing elements 979 preferably are optically bonded to the filter sides of optical manifold 976. Line end 980C of non-coherent light guide 980 preferably is bonded to optical manifold 976 with an optical adhesive, preferably having a similar index of refraction as quartz (or other constituent material of the manifold) to minimize losses at this optical junction. FIG. 228 illustrates an exemplary array of filters 977, which include a plurality of filter elements 977B (covered the desired band (s) of interest), which are formed, preferably to extend along the entire (or substantially entire) width of optical manifold 976, and may end include mirrored sides 977A (which may physically consist of the mirrored sides of optical manifold 976). To minimize the overall physical size of such a spectrometer, filters 977 preferably are formed on manifold 976, but alternatively could be formed on sensors 979, such as by deposition. What is important is that the filter be formed in a manner (either on manifold 976, on sensors 979, or separately) so that the three elements may be physically arranged in a compact manner (manifold with exit port/window, filter and sensor, etc.). Of course, as will be understood, manifold 976 may be formed in two or more parts, and may include lenses, baffle mirrors, or the like, such as described elsewhere herein. In an alternate design for the optical manifold substrate, three absorption filter glasses (preferably one long pass 976S and two short pass 976T), such as those manufactured by Schott C) lass Techllologzies Inc., are optical bonded together with long pass absorption filter 976S in the center and a short pass absorption filter 976T on each side, as illustrated in FIGS. 23A and 23B (top and front views, respectively). In accordance with such embodiments, such a multi-part substrate serves to absorb out of band UV and IR light As previously described, the top, bottom and sides preferably are coated with first surface mirrors and preferably have interference filters formed thereon, such as previously described. For further understanding of such embodiments, and without being bound by theory, FIG. 24 illustrates light rays passing from light guide 980 to optical manifold 976 through filters 977 to sensors 979. As will be appreciated from the foregoing, such preferred embodiments enable low cost, small form factor spectrometer and spectrometer-based systems that may be used to measure the optical properties of teeth and other materials in an accurate and rapid. Stability, high speed and intensity (gray scale) resolution, in addition to low cost, small size, stability, lifetime and manufacturing simplicity, all may be achieved with such embodiments. Additional description will now be provided with respect to such exemplary preferred embodiments. The preferred sensing elements, although not required in all embodiments, are light to frequency converters, as described previously. A light to frequency converter, without being bound by theory or the like, is an optical sensor that produces a TTL output PWM signal. The output frequency of the sensor is directly proportional to the intensity of light incident upon the sensor. Since its output typically is or may be a TTL type signal and is a single lead, multiple sensors can easily be utilized in a spectrometer design with minimal additional components. A single (or multiple) gate array or RISC processor can measure the output of, for example, 30 or more sensors simultaneously at high data rates (1000 samples per second or more) and with high gray scale resolution, 2 12 or more bits or 0. 025% and higher. Furthermore, the design may operate on either 3. 3 volts or 5 volts and may be implemented in essence with no analog components. The entire spectrometer design preferably may consist, for example, of one gate array or RISC or other processor, the sensors, optical filters as part of an optical manifold (or as otherwise formed as described herein), and a PC card or hybridtype or other substrate to hold it all together. It furthermore has no optical minima) size limitation (unlike diffraction grating spectrometers), rather it has a minimal size determined primarily by the sizes of the sensors and RISC or other processing element. The entire system, optics and electronics can be packaged in the size of a conventional IC PAL. In accordance with such embodiments, a variety of miniature abridged spectrometers may be implemented. Such spectrometer typically may contain the following elements (as described in greater detail elsewhere herein) : optical input diffusing and (optional) blocking elements ; optical manifold and filters ; electro-optical sensors ; RISC or other processor ; digital input and output data bus ; and clock oscillator (may be external). FIG. 25 illustrates another preferred embodiment of such a miniaturizable spectrometer. Light enters the spectrometer through input port 968A. The light preferably passes through optical diffusing element 974 (which may be a non-coherent light guide or other diffusing implement or material, such as described elsewhere herein, cloudy quartz, mirrored material with multiple, mirrored randomly oriented surfaces with multiple reflections, etc.) that randomize and diffuse the light to remove axial or radial distribution patterns that may or may not be present in the input light signal. The light then preferably passes through blocking filter 975 that limits the spectral wavelengths to the visible band, 400 to 700 nm. The light then enters optical manifold 976. Optical manifold 976 serves to distribute the light, preferably evenly, to optical notch filter elements 977 (preferably interference filters). Optical manifold 976 preferably has mirrored sides that permit multiple internal reflections within the interior of the manifold with minimal absorption loss. The notch filter elements preferably are interference filters that are deposited over exit ports on one or more sides of the optical manifold. Optical manifold 976 may be thought of as serving as a miniature integrating sphere. Multiple internal reflections occur on the walls of the manifold. In such a preferred embodiment, light reflects from the walls and eventually is either absorbed by the walls or it strikes one or more interference filters deposited on the exit ports. The exit ports are regions on the optical manifold that are not mirrored. Similarly, the optical entrance port is not mirrored. As is known in the art, interference filters are constructed from deposited thin film layers having differing dielectric constants. Unlike conventional designs, however, in such preferred embodiments the interference filters are either deposited on the manifold or a component of the optical manifold as described herein (or alternatively by being deposited on an array of optical sensors, etc., also as described elsewhere herein). Without being bound by theory, the layers serve to phase shift light as it passes through the multiple layers ; the number of layers, the thickness of the layers and the material utilized for the deposition process determine the degree of phase shifting that occurs as the light attempts to pass through the filter ; the degree of phase shifting is additionally dependent upon the wavelength or color of the light. InterFerence filters may be constructed to pass light with varying band pass or band rejection properties. In general an interference filter either passes"in band"light, reflects"out of band light"or absorbs light. Consequently, interference filters typically appear as mirrors when viewed with the naked eye. Thus, when an"in band"light ray reflecting from the walls of the optical manifold is incident upon an interference filter, it may pass through the filter and exit the manifold through an exit port. If an out of band light ray is incident upon an interference filter, then it will be reflected back into the manifold. High optical efficiency is achieved' over traditional abridged spectrometer designs because the out of band light incident upon a filter is not discarded but returned to the optical system. In accordance with such embodiments, each interference filter is positioned above an electro-optical sensor. In certain preferred embodiments, the sensors are light to frequency converter sensors, such as those manufactured by Texas Advanced Optical Systems (formerly Texas Instruments). Without being bound by theory, such sensing elements will now be further described. The light to frequency converter sensors generally are an array of photo diodes I. 25mm square. There are 100 or other number of photo diodes in each array. Thus 100 (or other number) photo diodes serve as sensors for each interference filter providing lig sensitivity and lowv electrical noise. Such light to frequency converters have a PWM (pulse width modulation) TTL compatible digital signal output. They produce a PWM signal whose frequency is directly proportional to the intensity of the input light. Since the light incident upon each light to frequency converter is notch filtered by its corresponding interference filter, its output represents the integral intensity of a portion of the optical spectrum. The combined output of all sensors is an abridged optical spectrum. The RISC processor (or other processing or logic element, etc.) serves several functions. It provides a communication 1-0 bus (982 in FIG. 25) to external devices utilizing the miniature spectrometer. The communication preferably is, for example, a 16 bit parallel communication port. The processor also measures the frequency of the PWM output of each sensor and calculates and presents to the communication bus the calculated intensity of each sensor. The communication bus preferably is bi-directional. The bus and communication interface preferably is capable of receiving commands from an external device and is capable of responding to the commands and outputting spectral intensity and other data to the bus. The preferred light to frequency converters produce a PWM output signal with a frequency that is proportional to the incident light intensity. They are sensitive over the range 350nm to 1 200nm. Certain of the sensors such as the TSL230 have programming logic inputs that allow setting the sensitivity and scaling of the device. Others such as the TSL235 have no scaling and require only three pins : ground, power and output. Scaling is not required, the sensors shall operate at maximum sensitivity. The data sheets for such devices are hereby incorporated by reference. The optical intensity is proportional to the frequency of the PWM output of the sensor. ! t varies from DC to 300kHz. At high light levels the intensity can be determined by measuring the frequency directly by counting the number of transitions that occur over a sampling period. At low light levels the intensity is best determined by measuring the period of one or more oscillations. At all light levels the intensity can be determined to any degree of precision by measuring both the period and frequency over a pre-determined sampling period. FIG. 26 illustrates an exemplary high intensity measurement and a low intensity measurement. The system samples the output of the sensor for a predetermined period of time and records both the number of output transitions of the sensor (counts both high to low and low to high transitions) and measures the period by recording the number of system clock transitions for each sensor output transition. The sampling period is variable and is setup during initialization from the communication bus. Note that certain sensors may be sampled at different rates ; for example, a broadband"value"or other sensor may be sampled at a higher rate due to higher optical throughput or the like, while other, such as sensors under notch filters, may be sampled at a second lower rate (e. g., it is preferable to allow different sampling rates to provide high grayscale precision under certain conditions). For 200 samples/second the sampling period is 5ms. For 1000 samples/second the sampling period is 1 ms and so on. The frequency of the clock (or of the system timing) determines the grayscale precision of the spectrometer. It should be noted that the timing clock is not the frequency of a clock oscillator input but is the frequency of a system timing loop. For a RISC processor, for example, it is the frequency of inputting all channels of data, analyzing the data to determine if a transition occurred, saving the results and calculating the intensity. For this example, typical system timing loops are on the order of I to 10MHz. Prec sios-f' where : Clock frequency fN = Sampling frequency Thus, for example, if the clock is 1MHz and the sampling frequency is 1000/sec the grayscale range is (IMHz)/ (1000Hz) or 1, 000 or a precision of 0. 1%. Referring again to FIG. 26, when the intensity is high, there are 6 transitions in the output of the sensor during the sampling nterval and 27 clock states occurred at the last transition during the sampling interval. Thus the intensity is : Intensify = 6 0 33 The intensity in the low intensity measurement is : Intensity = 1/17 = 0.058 Again without being bound by theory, consider the precision of the measurement. In both cases the precision is determined by the timing clock. In order to make a measurement at least two transitions must occur. Assuming this to be the case, the period measurement is minimally'/2 the sampling clock. Thus the precision of the measurement generally is always at minimum the sampling clock. In order to measure minimal light intensities input to the spectrometer the output of the light to frequency converter sensors must minimally run at the system sampling frequency. Thus, if 200 samples/sec are required all sensors must provide an output that is > 100Hz ('/2 of a cycle is minimally required). This is problematic when measuring color reflectance (coefficient of reflectivity) because there are may be situations where a dark level or black level measurement is required and independent of the amount of light present when white materials are measured dark materials will have intensities that are always too low. To guarantee that the output of the sensors oscillate at a minimum frequency, in certain preferred embodiments they are biased with light. The light may be broad band, out of band or monochromatic. In such embodiments, it is desired that the light source has an intensity that is stable. Tungsten filament lamps have been determined to be one type of light source that may be suitable providing light bias to the sensors. LEDs may be used, but tend to be marginal because it in general is difficult to control the luminous intensity to the degree required. Cold cathode lamps may also be suitable for light biasing. It does not matter if the light bias wavelength (color) is in or out of band as long as it is within the range of the optical sensors. The intensity measured with light biasing is thus : if = Il, + I ; where :/, = Total measured intensity I"= = Bias light intensity I = Input light intensity tn such embodiments, the spectrometer generally must be normalized. In certain cases it may be desirable to linearize the spectrometer as well, although linearization would be a one time setup while normalization would be performed regularly. The normalization process is a two step process. Firstly the input light source is removed (either with an aperture or by turning it off) and the bias intensity (1,) is measured. Secondly a known light input is applied and the intensity is measured a second time (in color reflectance utilization the spectrometer system preferably may first measure a black material such as a black absorption cavity and makes a second measurement on a material with a known reflectance spectrum ; the intensity and thus the gain of each sensor can be calculated). The normalized intensity of a sensor is thus I ( ? (/,-/,) where G =Gain of the sensor (unique for each sensor). Generally, light biasing causes the system to loose resolution. If the light bias is much greater than the light input, then one is subtracting two large numbers to create a small number (very undesirable). However, if the light bias is on the order of the"white"level or maximum intensity of the system the resolution is reduced by a factor of 2. On the other hand if the bias level is 10% or less of the"white"level intensity the resolution is largely unaffected. The resultant resolution after subtracting the light bias is : R=R II, 1", +1" where Ro = System total resolution. Also generally, light biasing tends to introduce the possibility of system noise. It is desirable that the light bias source be as stable as possible. In certain applications such as color reflection probes having a system lamp, light biasing can be readily achieved by providing it from the system lamp. In other applications a separate lamp may be provided. Light biasing may be achieved by inputting a small amount of"white"light into the spectrometer input port (should be"white", as monochromatic will not pass through all filters in the spectrometer). Another method is to provide either white light or monochromatic light directly to the light sensors such as via bias manifold/spacer 988 under the optical manifold as illustrated in FIGS. 27A and 27B, which receives the white, monochromatic or other light at an input 988A and conducts bias light to optical sensors 979 independent of the filters, the outputs of which may be processed by RISC or other processing element 981 (other elements illustrated in the figures, such as optical manifold 976, filters 977 also have been described elsewhere herein ; bias sensor mask 977X should be noted, which can serve to block light from manifold 976 from entering a sensor that receives only the bias light, and which may thus serve to monitor, track and compensate for changes in the bias light, etc.). A certain amount of bias light may penetrate into the manifold ; once it is established, however, it generally should be stable for all sensors, and can be calibrated/normalized out. (It generally will make no difference if the bias reached the sensors from the manifold or from the spacer). It is desirable that light bias be equal for all sensors. Thus, the bias manifold illustrated in FIGS. 27A and 27B generally should be either constructed with a non-uniform thickness or with a material having a translucence gradient to insure that all sensors are evenly illuminated. In alternative embodiments, a translucent substrate is utilized for mounting the RISC and sensors, such as an aluminum ceramic garnet. Such a substrate generally will have low electrical conductivity, low thermal conductivity, low coefficient of thermal expansion and be semi-translucent. As indicated earlier, one or more sensors preferably is utilized to monitor only light bias and is maslced from the optical manifold. This permits tracking and compensating for bias fluctuations. Although the bias level for each sensor will vary from one sensor to another, any long or short term drift in general cause the same proportional change for all sensors. If Is1"; = Bias intensity at normalization for sensor i. Ih"o = Bias intensity at normalization of bias sensor. Bias intensity of bias sensor measured after normalization. Then the intensity of any sensor i adjusted for bias drift is : EMI34.1 The preferred RISC processor (or gate array, DSP, PLA, ASIC or other processing or logic element (s) ; where RISC processor is mentioned, it is understood that such other processing elements also may be utilized) inputs the outputs of the sensors and calculates the intensity of each sensor and provides the data to the 1-0 bus. Each sensor is a bit input to the RISC processor via a suitable port. The RISC processor calculates the intensity of the sensors via a software timing loop, exemplary preferred embodiments of which will be described in connection with FIGS. 28A-28E (the present invention is not limited to such timing loops, etc., but such timing loops will be understood to provide a specific example utilizable in certain preferred embodiments, etc.). Such a loop preferably is executed repetitively during the measurement process. Essentially the software loop counts the number of transitions that occur for each sensor during the sampling interval and also records the number of timing transitions (loop cycles) that occur between the first and last transition (see, e. g., FIG. 26). Thus, in a system with 30 sensors the RISC processor should have available a 30 bit data bus, 30 sets of registers or other storage locations that can record the number of transitions and the period of each input and have time to perform 30 sets of floating point math. A single (or multiple) SH2 (SuperH Microprocessor made by Hitachi, Ltd., as an example) should be able to easily operate with 8 sensors and obtain gray scale resolutions of at 200 samples per second. If a single SH2 or SH3 microprocessor can operate with 30 or more sensors (to achieve I Onm spectral resolution) in the particular, then two (or more) processors may be utilized ; one microprocessor may be used to gather the data in a timing loop (number of transitions and period), and a second microprocessor may perform the floating point division and present the data to the bus and handles the bus hand-shaking and timing, etc. Alternately a RISC processor and one or more gate arrays may be utilized. Such alternatives for processing the signals (input and output and from the optical sensors, etc.) are within the scope of the present invention. Note that the time required to execute the"Principle Timing Loop"illustrated in FIG. 28B determines the sampling rate and resolution of the system. If T-Principle Timing Loop Period N Number of sensors R Desired resolution of the measurement. T Software overhead time (intensity calculation etc The spectrometer sampling rate is : 7'= ($#N##)+T At an exemplary sampling rate of 200 Hz and a minimal software overhead time of T= 0 (may only be possible with two or more processors), the software timing loop period is : l (200Hz)#R#N and the loop rate is : (i/r) or : Loop Rate = (200Hz)#R#N Loop Rate (Millions/sec) EMI35.1 Sensors <SEP> (N) <SEP> Resolution <SEP> (R) <SEP> 2 <SEP> 2 <tb> <SEP> (4096) <SEP> (16384) <SEP> (65536) <tb> <SEP> 40-32. <SEP> 8 <SEP> 131. <SEP> 1 <SEP> 524. <SEP> 3 <tb> <SEP> 30 <SEP> 26. <SEP> 6 <SEP> 106. <SEP> 4 <SEP> 424. <SEP> 6 <tb> <SEP> 15 <SEP> 13. <SEP> 3 <SEP> 53. <SEP> 2 <SEP> 212. <SEP> 8 <tb> <SEP> 6.55 <SEP> 26.2 <SEP> 104.8 <tb> For 40 sensors (30 for the spectrometer, 10 extra), resolutions in excess of 212 and a sampling rate of 200/sec may be difficult to achieve with a single RISC processor. A combination of RISC and gate array (or multiple RISC or other processors, etc.) may be utilized in such embodiments. In certain preferred embodiments, a RISC processor and/or one or more gate arrays may be utilized. In one such exemplary embodiment, 32 sensors are included, and four Altera 1OK10 gate arrays (one per 8 sensors) each operating at only 20MHz to perform the timing and uses an Intel Pentium (in a PC) to execute the division and display the results. Four gate arrays may be used such as for purposes of each of packaging, but such embodiments could be readily implemented on one 10K40 and most likely will operated on a l OK30. The use of such gate arrays may measure the frequency and period of each sensor in parallel. The frequency may be measured by counting the number of transitions of a sensor in the sampling interval. The period is measured by counting the number of system clock transitions during the same interval. Both registers may be 16 bits. At the end of the sampling interval the registers may be stored in dual port RAM and a ready bit set. The gate array may then clear the frequency and period registers and continue the process for another sampling interval. When completed the data may again stored in dual port RAM. The processor interfaces with both the communications bus and the gate array. It sets the gate array sampling interval (and thus the resolution and sampling rate). It reads the data in the dual port RAM, (e. g., two 16 bit words per sensor) and executes the division and presents the data to the communication bus. Clock timing utilizing a gate array (or other parallel processor) may be considerably less than utilizing a RISC or serial processor and the clock rate may not be affected by the number of sensors, although the size of the gate array may be. In addition to cells required for dual port RAM, system timing and glue logic, 32 Dflip flops may be utilized per sensor to implement the timing measurement. The timing for a gate array or parallel processors is : Tii-ning Clock S * R Timing Clock (MHz) EMI36.1 Sampling <SEP> Rate <SEP> Resolution <SEP> (R)-2 <tb> <SEP> (Hz) <SEP> (4096) <SEP> (16384) <SEP> (65536) <tb> <SEP> 100 <SEP> 0.41 <SEP> 1.6 <SEP> 6.6 <tb> <SEP> 200 <SEP> 0.82 <SEP> 3.3 <SEP> 13.1 <tb> <SEP> 500 <SEP> ¯¯ <SEP> ¯ <SEP> 2. <SEP> 05 <SEP> 8. <SEP> 32. <SEP> 3 <SEP> 1000 <SEP> 4.1 <SEP> 16.4 <SEP> 65.5 <tb> As described in greater detail elsewhere herein, an optical diffuser preferably is utilized to serve to eliminate distribution patterns in the input light source. Distribution patterns such as radial or axial patterns cause light to be unevenly distributed within the optical manifold. If the manifold were 100% efficient-no absorption on the walls or within the interference filters distribution patterns would present no linearity difficulties. However, since the system is not 100% efficient, radial and axial distribution patterns in the light input may result in non-even and non-regular distribution of light to the optical filters and sensors. Thus, if the system is calibrated with an even distribution pattern and normalized with another and makes measurements with yet a third, the gain settings of each sensor likely will not be constant throughout the entire process. Thus the spectrums may appear distorted or non-linear in certain situations. In preferred embodiments, an optical diffuser having low loss is utilized. One approach utilized in certain embodiments is a non-coherent light guide (also described in greater detail elsewhere herein). Coherent light guides are common in the industry and have their largest utilization in flexible endoscopes. Both flexible and ridge versions are commercially available. The resolution of the light guide depends upon the number of fibers in the guide. A non-coherent light guide serves the opposite purpose of a coherent light guide. A non-coherent light guide purposely scrambles light while a coherent light guide strives to maintain a one to one geometric mapping from one end to another (exemplary non coherent light guide, such as having 100 or more fibers, are described in greater detail elsewhere herein, see, e. g., FIGS. 10 and}} A and I IB). The efficiency of a non-coherent light guide is due to total internal reflection within the fibers. Losses occur for light rays out of the acceptance cone of the fiber optic. Losses also occur due to the ratio of the cladding area to total area. If fibers with large numerical aperture are utilized (NA of 0. 6 or 0. 75) the losses due to rays being outside the acceptance cone are negligible for most applications. If the fibers are fused at each end the fibers become hexagonal rather than circular, further reducing losses due to voids in each end. Other options for diffusers are integrating spheres, holographic diffusers and diffusion by scattering (e. g., cloudy quartz or other material). Integrating spheres tend to be large. Holographic diffusers tend to be expensive and scattering diffusers tend to have low efficiency (high absorption loss). In most cases to achieve diffusion to 99% or higher, the losses in conventional diffusers are typically much larger than that that can be achieved by a non-coherent light guide. Thus, in certain preferred embodiments in which the spectrometer application is one in which a fiber optic sensor serves as the input to the spectrometer a non coherent light guide is utilized (such a non-coherent light for a fiber optic input spectrometer may be used with alternative spectrometer designs, including others described elsewhere herein and conventional spectrometers, etc.). The fiber optic sensor input may be the non coherent light guide. When used in such a system, it is very convenient for the probe sensor to be one end of the non-coherent light guide and the other end the input to the spectrometer. It may prove desirable for the diffuser to be an accessory to the spectrometer for custom or OEM applications, although if practical it should be an integral part of the system. As described in greater detail elsewhere herein, blocking filters are preferably used in certain embodiments. Interference filters have primary and secondary transmission characteristics. When designed as a notch transmission filter (transmits a narrow wavelength band) it often does so at different wavelength regions. Hence a filter constructed to transmit blue light at 430 to 440nm will also transmit light at near IR and IR wavelengths as well. The out of band secondary transmissions are best reduced by absorption blocking filters. One placed at the entrance port limits the light in the optical manifold to the visible band and permits the interference filters to be as thin as possible. Various optical manifolds used in certain preferred embodiments have previously been described. Such an optical manifold serves to distribute and present the input light to the filters. The manifold is an optical cavity where light enters though an entrance port and reflects internally with low loss until it eventually strikes a filter. If the light is within the transmission band of the filter it is transmitted through the filter and exists the manifold and subsequently detected by an optical sensor. If it is out of band, then it is reflected by the filter and is returned to the cavity and continues to reflect from the walls and other filters until it eventually is absorbed or is transmitted through a filter. A certain percentage of light will be absorbed in both the walls of the cavity, the filters and exit back through the entrance port. It is a design objective to minimize all three types of losses. It is a further design objective to obtain small size. The overall system optical efficiency is : IM,. + IJ Ir E=1-¯ Io Io where : Io = Input light Intensity. lit, = Intensity absorbed in walls. IJ = Intensity absorbed in filters. it = Intensity passing through filters and incident upon sensors. The intensity absorbed by the walls for each reflection is : EMI39.1 where : All Coefficient of absorption of the walls. ? = Number of reflections on the walls. Ij = Intensity of reflection i. (Coefficient Reflection) * (Previous intensity) Thus : Thus : I n A". Io (if A", is small). where 10 = Input light intensity. For a polished quartz or other optical cavity mirrored on the exterior or the interior (such as a multipart manifold, which has inner surfaces mirrored prior to assembly, etc.), the coefficient of absorption may be very low, 0. 1% or less. Thus the walls may sustain 50 or more reflections to reduce the system efficiency by only 5%. The filters may suffer from much greater absorption loss, sometimes as high as 25%. In preferred embodiments, filters are deposited and formed in a manner to reduce such losses. It is desirable for the system efficiency to be as high as possible. Various manifold designs are within the scope of the present invention. The following optical manifold designs are presented for consideration. On example was described in connection with FIGS. 9, 12A and 12B, and 13, Such a manifold may consist, for example, of a block of quartz that is polished and mirrored on all sides. One end serves as the input port. A side serves as exit ports that are directly above the optical sensors and are bonded to the sensors with an absorption spacer. The entrance port and the exit ports may be windows in the mirrored outer surface. The exit ports preferably have interference filters deposited over them. The filters are deposited in layers and many of the layers are common to multiple exit ports rendering the cost of the deposition of the filters much less expensive than if they were deposited individually. The placement of the filters are determined to minimize the number of deposition steps and also to reduce the number of reflections to the short wavelength sensors (blue filters and sensors) hence increasing their proportionate intensity. Such a manifold also may desirably utilize a spacer as illustrated in FIGS. 9 and 13. One purpose of the spacer is to reduce the angle of light rays that can be transmitted through the interference filters and be subsequently detected by the sensors. This is desirable because the optical transmission properties of interference filters are angular dependent. In general when the angle of incidence is 15% or less the transmission wavelength band pass is unaffected by angle. However, as the angle increases the transmission band pass is both broadened and shifted to longer wavelengths. Hence, it is not possible to permit the filters and sensors to support any angle of incidence but the angles should be limited to a certain range. As illustrated in FIG. 13, such a spacer serves to limit the range of angles that can pass through the filters and also be detected by the sensors. An alternative manifold was discussed in connection with FIGS. 14A and 14B (this was shown as having a 2 x 8 array of exit ports, but this and other manifolds have utilized other sized arrays, such as 4 x 8 or n x m also may be utilized, etc.). Such an optical manifold may be molded with convex converging lenses on the exit ports. The manifold preferably is mirrored on all exterior (or interior) surfaces except for the entrance port and the converging lenses. The purpose of the lenses is to collimate the light-that strikes a lens and to provide a nearly collimated beam to the interference filters. The filters preferably may be deposited directly on the lenses as discussed in connection with FIG. 15, and the manifold preferably is optically bonded to the sensors. In such embodiments, it is desirable to deposit the filters in a wedge manner over the face of the lenses, e. g. the optical transmission properties of the filters vary as a function of radial angle. Another alternative manifold has been described in connection with FIG. 16, which utilizes a cavity with concave Lenses and two optical materials. Such an optical manifold may be constructed with concave recesses on the exit ports. The recesses are filled with an optical grade material that has a higher index of refraction than the manifold cavity. Thus the interface from lower to higher index of refraction serves to collimate light rays striking the exit port. The manifold is mirrored on its exterior (or interior) surfaces to support a high degree of internal reflection and has both entrance and exit windows. The interference filters may be deposited over the exit ports as illustrated and previously described. i nus, ugm striking the interference filters will be nearly collimated or collimated to within, for example, 15% facilitating good spectral filter response. Another alternative manifold has been described in connection with FIG. 17, which utilizes a two-part cavity with lenses and an entrance baffle (such features of the manifolds may be combined with alternative embodiments, etc.). Such a manifold desirably utilizes a hollow cavity constructed of two parts. One is a simple hollow cavity that is plated on the inside and has an entrance port and an open side. The other consists of a lens plate with spherical lenses molded on one side and interference filters plated on the other. The lens plate may be attached to the top plate with a suitable adhesive. Such a manifold may be optically bonded to the optical sensors and can be in very close proximity to the sensors. It may be the most efficient of all four designs and potentially the simples to construct. The upper portion also contains a baffle that prevents light from escaping back through the entrance port. The upper portion of the cavity may have additional baffles and a diffusing surface rather than a mirrored surface to facilitate maximal light diffusion and system optical linearity. Many applications of such a miniature spectrometer will require wide band or non filtered sensors in addition to filtered or spectrometer sensors (such as for value measurement, perimeter sensors for height and angle, gloss, translucency or for other purposes as described elsewhere herein). While it is possible to fabricate two sets of sensors, one with filters (spectrometer) and another without, it perhaps may be more cost effective in such systems to provide additional sensors for the non-filtered sensors and fabricate them on the same substrate. Alternatively, if such an embodiment does not include non-filtered sensors, it preferably should include inputs allowing sensors to be cascaded into the system. An exemplary overall embodiment employing such sensors is illustrated in FIG. 29. As illustrated, the spectrometer components are formed/positioned on a preferably unitary substrate 991, such as a hybrid IC type substrate, PC care type packaging or the like, Preferably formed/positioned on the same substrate are processing elements 981A and 981B (in other embodiments, one or multiple gate arrays, RISC processors or other elements are utilized, such as described elsewhere herein) Optical components such as diffuser 974, blocking filter 975 and optical 976 may be implemented and formed/positioned on the common unitary substrate. Sensors may include sensor array 990B including filtered sensors for purposes of implementing the spectrometer, and sensor array 990A including unfiltered sensors for other purposes (as described elsewhere herein). Such a sensor array 990A may include additional optical manifold 976W, which may be constructed similarly to manifold 976, such that light may be desirably delivered to optical sensors or array 990A. Such sensors may be light to frequency converters, and may be used to spectrally analyze the light as well as for the other purposes described in greater detail elsewhere herein. As illustrated, the constituent components may be enclosed in enclosure 993, which may be a resin or potting compound or other material. The final assembly may include one or multiple input ports for light input (such as for the two sensor arrays), and terminals 992 for input and output of signals, power and ground, etc., and for assembly in or on a PCB for inclusion into a system incorporating the spectrometer (exemplary system applications, such as for teeth or other dental objections, paint, etc. are described elsewhere herein). As described in part elsewhere herein, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention, filters and sensors are utilized together to spectrally analyze light. Additional aspects relating to the manufacture of such components as part of a spectrometer or spectrometer-based system in accordance with the present invention will now be described. * FIG. 30 illustrates a general manufacturing flow chart for purposes of describing various embodiments in accordance with the present invention. At step 995A, the optical manifold is formed. Such a manifold may be formed of quarts, polymeric optical materials or other suitable materials, such as are described elsewhere herein. At step 995B, the optical sensors are formed. Such optical sensors may consist of photo diodes, arrays of photo diodes, CCD-sensors of a linear or matrix form, light to frequency converters or other sensors as described elsewhere herein. In one particular aspect of the present invention, such sensors are formed on semiconductor substrate in an array. While much of the fabrication technology for such sensors is known and conventional, in one particular aspect of the present invention, prior to dicing (e. g., cutting, such as by diamond saw or laser machining) but after formation of the semiconductor-based detector electronics, a suitable thin optical passivation layer is applied, such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD), which may doped or undoped as appropriate for the desired optical and mechanical/passivation properties. The passivation layer is such that filters, such as interference filters as described elsewhere herein, are deposited directly on the wafer over one or a plurality of arrays of sensors, such as at step 995C. The sensors may be discrete steps covering the optical band of interest, or they may consist of a wedge filter, with substantially continuing spectral characteristics (the properties of such a wedge or linear variable filter are known in the art). As opposed to being deposited on an optical substrate, however, in accordance with the present invention such filter (s) may be deposited directly on the optical sensors, which serves to improve overall efficiency. Thus, in accordance with certain preferred embodiments of the present invention, arrays of sensors may be formed in a regular pattern, such as on a semiconductor wafer, with an optical passivation layer applied, and then filters deposited over the arrays. Masking steps (conventional photolithography, etc.) may be utilized to form the filters only the areas of interest, or subsequent masking steps may be utilized to remove the deposited filter material from undesired areas. Also in accordance with the present invention, the filters corresponding to the shorter wavelengths, or bluer portions of the spectrum, may be formed over sensors that have a greater number of sensors, in parallel, as compared to the longer wavelength, or redder portions of the spectrum. Those, a greater number of sensing elements are provided in such embodiments for the portions of the spectrum where the system has less sensitivity, thereby producing a spectrometer and spectrometer-based system that is more balanced in its spectral sensitivity. Thus, in accordance with the present invention, sensors and/or optical ports in a manifold may have sizes varied in a manner to help compensate for sensitivity variations in the optical system. Thereafter, at step 995D, the sensors may be diced/cut in order to finally passivated and/or packaged. It also should be noted that, in alternative embodiments, the filters are formed on the sensors after dicing/cutting from the wafer, but prior to final passivation/packaging. In general, however, embodiments in which the filters formed at the wafer level will provide higher throughput efficiencies, but at some cost of process complexity. In still other embodiments, such as described elsewhere herein, the filters are deposited in a similar manner but, instead of being formed on the sensors, are formed on the manifolds (or a component of the optical manifold) that is produced at step 995A. Thus, in the general flow of FIG. 30, the illustrated sequence of steps is not intended to be construed as defining a particular order of steps. In such embodiments, the filters may be deposited on the manifold or a component of the manifold (multi-part manifolds are described in greater detail elsewhere herein), and the sensor formation and dicing/cutting/packaging may be before, after or in parallel with the manifold formation and filter deposition, etc. At step 995E, a final spectrometer assembly and preferably test operation is performed. At this time, the sensor/filter subassembly is bonded to the optical manifold, or the manifold/filter assembly is bonded to the sensors/sensor subassembly (depending upon the embodiment). This step may include other steps, such optical bonding of a light diffuser, blocking filter and/or other components or manifolds (see the various embodiments illustrated in the figures and described elsewhere herein), and may also include a final molding or packaging step, such as described in connection with FIG. 29. The spectrometer portion may then be tested as a part of step 995, prior to assembly in a system product or sale as a component part. At step 995 F, such a"single chip"or integrated miniature spectrometer (such as illustrated in the drawings and described above), may be assembled as part of a system product. Exemplary spectrophotometer type products are described in greater detail elsewhere herein, which may be applied to many uses, many of which are described elsewhere herein. In accordance with the present invention, highly miniaturized, low cost spectrometer and spectrometer-based products may be produced. It should be understood that, for purposes of description and understanding of the principles underlying the inventions disclosed herein, various theoretical principles, formulas and the like were provided, although such description is without being bound by any particular theory. Based on the foregoing description, it will be appreciated that spectrometers, and spectrophotometers including a controlled light source as described previously, may be implemented in a variety of form factors, sizes and spectral resolution characteristics (e. g., number and bandwidth of filters over a desired range or ranges). Such spectrometers and spectrophotometers desirably may be produced in sizes and at manufacturing costs that open up new and/or improved applications of such devices. Without limiting the generality of such possible applications, additional particular applications of such spectrometers and spectrophotometers will now be described. FIG. 31 illustrates system 1000, which preferably is a printing, inking, painting or similar system, exemplary systems being a laser printer, ink jet printer, printing-type press or other printing or painting system that controllably applies ink, paint or other pigment or material (for ease of description, herein referred to as ink) to substrate 1004 (examples being paper, fabric, plastic, metal or other material on which the ink is to be controllably applied, etc.). In the illustrated system, head 1003 controllably applies the ink through one or (preferably) a plurality of orifices (e. g., ink jets or nozzles) in what may be considered a raster or other scan pattern by horizontally traversing carriage (or other movable implement) 1002 (in other embodiments a plurality of heads and/or jets or nozzles are provided). Carriage 1002 moves in the vertical direction with respect to substrate 1004 (the arrows diagrammatically indicate the horizontal and vertical motions of head 1003 and carriage 1002). It is to be understood, however, that the substrate may be moved with respect to carriage 1002 to accomplish the relative vertical motion, and in a preferred embodiment head 1003 accomplishes a first, horizontal motion with respect to substrate 1004 by controllable movement along carriage 1002, which a second, vertical motion with respect to substrate 1004 is accomplished by controllable movement of substrate 1004 with respect to carriage 1002. Such movement of a printing type head and/or substrate may be achieved as in a conventional laser, ink jet or other printer or printing-type press or similar system. What is important is that head 1003 controllably traverse a desired area within substrate 1004 (which may be the entirety of substrate 1004 or some lesser area, such as if margins are provided) so that the ink may be controllably applied to the desired area, such as under software control of computer 1000A (e. g., as in a personal or other computer printing a desired image on a color printer or the like). Head 1003 desirably may consist of or include a removable/replaceable ink cartridge (or cartridges) so that users or operators may readily replace the ink containing portion of head 1003, in embodiments where head 1003 includes one or more ink storage portions. In accordance with the present invention, however, associated with one (or a plurality of heads 1003) is spectrometer 1001, which follows the motion of head 1003 with respect to substrate 1004 in order to produce spectral data (e. g., a spectral analysis) of the ink (s) as applied by head 1003 to substrate 1004. In a preferred embodiment, as head 1003 applies ink (s) to substrate 1004, the motion along carriage 1002 moves the area where the ink (s) have been applied to a position corresponding to where spectrometer 1001 may determine the spectral/optical characteristics of the ink (s) on substrate 1004. In accordance with such embodiments, system 1000 includes CPU 1005, which desirably controls the movement of head 1003 and spectrometer 1001 along carriage 1002, and the movement of carriage 1002 with respect to substrate 1004 (or vice versa, etc.), and which controls the discharges of the ink (s) from the orifice (s) on head 1003 (bus 1006 illustrates diagrammatically a communication path between CPU 1005 and other constituent elements of system 1000, such as those illustrated and others such as user input keys, a display, a parallel, serial or Ethernet/packet communication port, etc.). CPU 1005 also desirably receives spectral/optical characteristics data from spectrometer 1001 such that CPU 1005 may, under software control, controllably adjust the discharge of the ink (s) on substrate 1004 so that the ink (s) as applied to the particular substrate 1004 are of a desired spectral characteristic (s). For example, even though substrate 1004 may vary, the discharge of the ink (s) may be controlled (such as by adjusting the number, size or pattern of ink dots in a unit printing cell or simply the amount of ink per unit area of substrate traversed) so that the end product of ink (s) on substrate have a desired spectral characteristic. Spectrometer 1001 may thus be implemented as part of a feedback loop that controls the discharge of the ink (s) from head 1003. It should also be noted that spectrometer 1001 may be implemented with a light source (or sources) such as described elsewhere herein (and thus may be a spectrophotometer on carriage 1002), or alternatively a controlled light source may be provided within system 1000 (on or off of carriage 1002) in order to illuminate the area to be spectrally/optically analyzed by spectrometer 1001. Still alternatively, spectrometer 1001 may be implemented in system 1000 such that relative vertical motion is achieved between spectrometer 1001 and substrate 1004, with spectrometer 1001 determining the height and/or angle with respect to substrate 1004 to ensure that measurements are taken at a predetermined height and/or angle (in many embodiments, the substrate may be of controlled shape, such as flat, so that the height and angle may be assumed, but in other embodiments the substrate could be of a shape and/or position that varies, and spectrometer 1001 thus determines the height and/or angle of spectrometer 1001 and/or head 1003 with respect to the substrate ; spectrometer 1001 thus may serve to ensure that head 1003 discharges the ink (s) from a known distance or position relative to substrate 1003. In other embodiments of system 1000, spectrometer (s) 1001 (and or spectrophotometers) are positioned along the outer edge of substrate 1004 and continually monitor a test strip (which consists of color bands and or a gray scale bands), which is applied in the printing process to the outer edge of substrate 1004. In other embodiments, system 1000 operates in a mode in which spectrometer 1001 initially measures substrate 1004, and prior to discharging the ink (s) controllably adjusts the ink discharge characteristics based on the spectral/optical characteristics of substrate 1004. In this manner, the end result of ink (s) on substrate may more desirably match the desired spectral/optical characteristics by making adjustments based on the spectral/optical characteristics of the substrate. This may be combined with real time, feedback-type control (as previously described) to further ensure that desired spectral/optical outputs are achieved. This may be implemented by controlling access to an ink control matrix, lookup table, algorithmic or mathematical computation or other manner appropriate for the particular application. What is important is that spectrometer 1001 provide spectral/optical data so that CPU 1005 may control the discharge of the ink (s) in a manner at least in part determined by the spectral/optical characteristics of substrate 1004. In yet other embodiments, CPU 1005 stores data from which the performance and/or life expectancy of head 1003 may be controlled and/or predicted. In one embodiment, based on output from spectrometer 1001, CPU 1005 first attempts to adjust the discharge of the ink (s) in a desired manner, but if desired spectral/optical characteristics are not being achieved, then controls an alarm, display of error message, etc., while desirably stopping the ink discharge so that an operator may perform. maintenance on system 1000 (e. g., replace head 1003 or some portion thereof, such as a removable ink cartridge (s), or otherwise service head 1003). In other embodiments, CPU 1005 may also monitor data output from spectrometer 1001 (or monitor adjustments made to the ink discharge based on such data output) and then predict the expected remaining life (or time to failure, such as in terms of pages or other unit) of head 1003 Preferably, on such data output, when the estimated life expectancy (or time to failure, etc.) is within a predetermined range or drops below a threshold, CPU controllably displays a suitable message on a display of system 1000 so that a user or operator may be alerted to prepare for maintenance or head replacement or service, etc. In still other embodiments, CPU 1005 implements a life expectancy range in a manner such that system 1000 is desirably stopped prior to discharging ink in an undesired manner (in some applications, it may be desirable to stop discharging ink rather than risk destroying or damaging or undesirably inking the substrate, or to stop the ink discharge so that system 1000 may enter a head cleaning or other service/help mode in order to rectify the performance or other problem). In such embodiments, the system operates in such a mode as directed by a user or operator (such as by user control through software from computer I OOOA or by switch or key input), in a preferred embodiment each (or at least certain) of the print jobs sent from computer 1 000A includes data indicating whether such a mode should be initiated by CPU 1005, and in yet other embodiments the print jobs (or at least certain of the print jobs) include commands to CPU 1005 and/or spectrometer 1001 so that CPU 1005 and spectrometer 1001 and head 1003 controllably discharge the ink (s) in a desired manner. This could include commands to ensure that one or more predetermined areas of the image of the print job have a desired spectral characteristic (this could be by way of a multi-pass approach, in which ink is discharged, the area measured, and the process repeated as desired to achieved the desired spectral characteristic, or by way of the print job indicating that a certain portion of the substrate may be used as an"experimental area"such that ink may be discharged in the experimental and then measured until the appropriate ink discharge parameters are determined for the particular head (and in its particular condition, such as age condition or length of use, particular head manufacturing batch, etc.), and then discharged in the desires area of substrate 1004. In still other embodiments, the print job or user/operator input may indicate that the print job is monochrome (e. g., black ink on which substrate) so that spectrometer 1001 may be shut off (to save the light source or power, etc.). In still other embodiments, system 1000 may operate in a mode to display the status of spectrometer 1001 on a display of system 1001, or may communicate with computer 100A to provide such status information. Such status information may include an indication that spectrometer is operational, has been operating with a lamp for a measured number of hours (CPU 1005 may thus track the number of hours and/or performance of the lamp within spectrometer 1001 or system 1000 in order to predict the need for lamp replacement), or may indicate that the spectrometer is not operational (e. g., lamp failure, could not execute a calibration sequence, is operating out of range, etc.). In accordance with such embodiments, spectrometer 1001, CPU 1005 and (preferably) computer 1000A and other elements of system 1000 cooperatively operate so that the operational mode and status of system 1000 including spectrometer 1001 may be controlled or determined, either on system 1000 or computer 1000A or by a remote computer coupled to computer 1000A (such as a computer coupled to computer 1000A by way of a local area network or by a wide area network such as over the Internet so that a local or remote administrator, operator or user may locally or remotely monitor the operation of system 1000). This will be understood, of course, to include coupling spectral/optical characteristics data from spectrometer 1001 to a display on system 1000 or to computer 1 OOOA or to another computer such as for purposes of such local and/or remote monitoring. This is particularly important for embodiments where items may be produced at remote locations (within a facility or over physically remote facilities) such as for mass printing or the like, while remotely monitoring (such as from a central location) the spectral integrity of the output being produced at the various locations. It should also be understood that system 1000 includes the ability to scan the sensing area of spectrometer 1001 over all or some desired portion of substrate 1004, which may be accomplished prior to ink discharge (and/or during the ink discharge process). For example, spectrometer 1001 may initially"survey"or map all or a desired portion of substrate 1004 for spectral uniformity or for defects. Spectrometer 1001, in conjunction with CPU 1005, may then reject or accept the particular substrate 1004, or it may produce a spectral map so that during the discharge of the ink (s) to produce the desired image the spectral data or map is accessed to determine if the ink discharge needs to be adjusted based on a detected spectral anomaly or characteristic at one or more points on substrate 1004. This could be because of undesired non-uniformities in substrate 1004, but also could be due to desired/intentional non-uniformities within substrate 1004 (for example, substrate 1004 could be introduced into system 1000 with a predetermined and desired pattern of spectral characteristics, a pattern or multiple patterns which spectrometer 1001 and CPU 1005 could detect and record, so that ink discharge may be desirably controlled in a manner based on a determination of the location and spectral characteristics of such patterns). One example of the foregoing is a system in which a logo or predetermined emblem or system of desired spectral integrity is to be applied to the substrate, but the precise location of the application is not known to the system ; spectrometer 1001 and CPU 1005 may spectrally analyze the substrate point by point, and, based on such spectral analysis, determine the location for such application. In still other embodiments, system 1000 operates in scan-mode for substrates on which an image or set of color patterns is already applied. As exemplary embodiments, spectrometer 1001 scans the substrate point by point and send the spectral analysis data to CPU 1005 (which may be coupled to computer 1000A or to another local or remote computer, as previously described). A map or color image of what was imprinted on the substrate may then be produced and stored (and transmitted locally or to a remote computer, etc.), and which desirably may be utilized to produce one or a plurality of second articles based on such stored spectral analysis data (the system or a second system could then operate in print mode in order to produce the second object or objects based on the stored spectral analysis data). Thus, spectrometer 1001, while embedded in exemplary system 1000, may desirably operate in a mode to collect input spectral data, and/or in a mode to control the output of inks in a manner to produce inked substrates of desired spectral characteristics. In the mode of producing inked/imprinted substrates of desired spectral characteristics, it is understood that the substrate could be an image, an article for advertising, a controlled document or implement such as passports, currency, stocks, tickets for sporting or other entertainment events, bonds, coupons, postage stamps and the like. As explained in greater detail elsewhere herein, such document/implement produced may be conducted such that system 1000 is coupled to a central, likely remote, intelligence and data collection center, such that articles may be produced of known and/or desired spectral/optical characteristics, with such spectral/optical characteristics recorded so that at a subsequent time it may be determined if the article is genuine or counterfeit or undesirably altered or the like. It also should be noted that a predetermined portion (or portions) of substrate 1004 could be selectively imprinted/measured for purposes of detecting whether the article is genuine, and in some embodiments only a predetermined portion of the visible or (near) infrared spectrum is analyzed for such purposes. Thus, a physical area and/or spectral band could be measured for such purposes, where the human eye likely would not be able to detect or determine which area or band was under examination. In some embodiments, system 1000 operates in a color mode (discharging color ink (s), with spectrometer 1001 monitoring the spectral/optical characteristics of the ink (s) on substrate 1004, etc.) or a black/white model. In the black/white mode, system 1000 desirably operates in a mode where CPU 1005 is informed by computer 1000A or by user input or file command that system 1000 is operating in the black/white mode, and CPU 1005 directs that spectrometer 1001 either turn off (and save lamp life, power consumption, etc.), or that spectrometer 1001 operate in a monitor mode to determine if the black ink is being discharged in the desired manner. In certain of such embodiments, spectrometer 1001 includes a broadband sensor (i. e., a sensor in which light is received through a broad bandpass or neutral density or no filter), as the measurement to be made is primarily one of value (e. g., is the high value substrate or black ink in the area being measured, etc.). With such a broadband sensor, in certain of such embodiments spectrometer operates at a first speed for the broadband sensor (e. g., a high sampling rate such as 500, 750, 1000, 1500 samples per second or about these numbers) as the light intensity to the sensor would be expected to be either very high or very low, and at a second speed for the color measuring sensors (e. g., a relatively lower sampling rate, such as 25, 50, 100, 200, or 500 samples per second or about these numbers) as the light intensity to the color measuring sensors would be expected to be relatively lower. While the entire spectrometer may run at either the first or second speed, depending on the operating mode, it may be that the spectrometer runs in general such that the broadband sensors produce data at the first rate and the color sensors produce data at the second rate, while in the black/white mode the spectral sensors output data that is not monitored by CPU 1005. As illustrated in FIG. 31, system 1000 may include one or more calibration standard 1001A. Upon start up, user command, receipt of a print job, predetermined time intervals (or some logical combination of the above), spectrometer 1001 is controlled to move over or in proximity to calibration standard 1001A, and at which point spectrometer 1001 collects data which is (preferably) stored by CPU 1005 and used as a calibration reference for calibrating/normalizing spectral/optical characteristics data to be subsequently collected by spectrometer 1001 (the use of a calibration standard or standards has been described elsewhere herein). In preferred embodiments, CPU 1005 analyzes calibration data to make a determination or prediction of whether the calibration standard may need to be serviced, such as by detecting an aberration in the calibration data, such as a low value, which may mainate the presence of dirt or other obstruction. In yet other embodiments, calibration standard 1001 is of sufficient size so that a plurality of calibration measurements may be made of calibration standard 1001, preferably at different physical locations on calibration standard 1001, with CPU 1005 analyzing the spectral data collected from the plurality of measurements (e. g., taking an average, looking for inconsistencies or large variations that may indicate a possible need for service, cleaning, etc., of calibration standard 1001A, which may be conveyed on a display or to computer 1000A such as previously described). In preferred embodiments, system 1000 desirably operates in a mode to periodically calibrate spectrometer 1001, which system 1000 also preferably including the capability to analyze calibration data to detect or predict the need for servicing or cleaning of calibration standard 1001A (system 1000 could optionally operate in a mode where an operator is periodically directed or instructed to inspect, service, clean, etc., calibration standard 1001A. In certain embodiments, calibration standard 1001A is physically located in closed or semi-closed enclosure, where the enclosure is entirely or substantially separated from the area or areas in which (for example) substrates move through system 1000, in order to minimize dust collection on calibration standard 1001A. In calibration mode, spectrometer 1001 desirably moves through a dust blocker (such as a screen of brushes or bristles or through a door that opens desirably at the time of calibration, with the screen or door serving to inhibit dust or other particle collection on calibration standard 1001A. While in preferred embodiments such calibration is stored and used by CPU 1005, in other embodiments the calibration data could (also) be provided to computer 1000A, with computer 1000A performing the operations such as described above with respect to CPU 1005. In certain embodiments, more than one of spectrometer 1001 is included in system 1000 (see, e. g., dotted line 1001B of FIG. 31). In such embodiments, system 1000 may operate in a mode where ink (s) is/are discharged in more than one direction of relative movement between head 1003 and substrate 1004 (such as from right to left as one pass, and from left to right as a second pass, etc.), with data from the spectrometers being collected/analyzed to measure the ink (s) after discharge onto substrate 1004. In one embodiment, two spectrometers operate simultaneously, so that an area may be measured pre-ink discharge, then have ink discharged, then have the area where ink has been discharged measured again, etc., which desirably may be achieved in a single movement (or direction of movement) of head 1003 with respect to substrate 1004. In other embodiments, such spectrometers operate and produce data from which substrate 1004 is monitored, such as area by area (prior to ink discharge), or by a pre-scan of substrate 1004 (such as described elsewhere), which may include a mapping of the outer physical dimensions of 1004. With such data, CPU 1005 (or computer 1000A) could determine the physical size and/or shape of substrate 1004 (and thereby automatically adjust the ink discharge based on such determined size and/or shape), or could determine the likely presence of defects in, or the incorrect loading of, substrate 1004. In such embodiments, one or more spectrometers could operate to ensure that inks are only discharged on substrate 1004 (and not outside an area where a portion substrate 1004 is present), thereby serving to prevent the discharge of ink (s) except on substrate 1004 or a desired subarea of substrate 1004. With such a system's ability to map or pre-analyze substrate 1004, system 1000 may operate in a mode where substrate 1004 is analyzed to detect the presence of a desired area, which could be denoted by physical relationship to edges or other physical or optical features of substrate 1004. As one example, a physical border could be determined by relationship to the edges of substrate 1004, or substrate 1004 could include an optically detectable pattern or border, which could be detected by spectral data from spectrometer (s) 1001 and thus used to define or determine the area in which ink (s) is/are to be discharged. With such embodiments as previously described, it will be understood that system 1000 could be a printer, a copier/reproducer, scanner, robotic ink/paint/pigment discharge system, or some combination of the above (such as a multi-function machine that operates in a color print mode, a color copier mode, a color scanner mode, etc.), with one or more of spectrometers 1001 providing spectral/optical data in a manner to more desirably provide such operations. As previously discussed, system 1000 could operate where CPU 1005 largely or entirety receives, stores and/or processes data from spectrometer (s) 1001, while in other embodiments a local or remote computer 1000A (also) may receive data from spectrometer 1001. In general, the CPU 1005 and/or computer 1000A may receive and/or utilize data from spectrometer 1001 as described herein. Again, system 1000 may be desirably be utilized as a general printing type device, and/or may be specifically designed or operated to produce a particular type of article, such as postage, coupons, tickets, currencies, stocks, bonds, certificates, etc., and may operate in a manner to securely produce such articles, with desired or determined spectral characteristics measured by spectrometer 1001, such as for purposes of later determining whether the article is genuine. It should be noted that particular preferred embodiments are directed to ink jet type printers, but the present invention could be utilized with certain types of laser printers, such as laser printers that print a first page, which is spectrally analyzed (so that subsequent pages are printed with adjustments made based on the spectral data of the actual pigment on the actuat suDslratçw ut conversely a later printer that can first print on a small area of the substrate a test print, which is then spectrally analyzed so that subsequent printing may be carried out based on the spectral data generated from the test print, etc. Referring now to FIG. 32, other such preferred embodiments will now be described. As illustrated, a plurality of systems 1008A, 1008B,... 1008N may be coupled over communication links 1 012A, 1012B,... 1012N, etc. to communication/data network 1012. Network 1012 could be a wide area network (an exemplary preferred example being the Internet or similar network), or a local area network. Systems 1008 could be located in a general physical area (such as in one or more areas of a factory or factories), or more generally may be geographically dispersed over a large area, including up to worldwide or even to outer space. What is important is that a plurality of such systems may be coupled to a common network 1012. Certain of such systems, such as system 1008A and 1010 (communicating with network 1012 over link 1010A), may be coupled to database 1009 or 1011, respectively. While all or some portion of such systems may be coupled to such a database, in certain embodiments only certain of such systems are coupled to such a database. In accordance with such embodiments, one or more of systems 1008 (systems 1008 could be implemented as described in connection with FIG. 31), etc., may operate in a mode to produce articles having at least an area of known or predetermined spectral or optical characteristics. Thus, for example, system 1008A at a first location could produce an article such as an item including postage or other authentication mark, tickets, coupons, currencies, certificates, etc., with the article having known or predetermined spectral/optical characteristics in one or more areas on the article (sometimes referred to herein as an "authentication area"). The article could then be moved, such as by human or machine movement, carried by a postal service, courier, machine or some combination of the above, to one or more second locations, which may be far removed from the first location. At the second location, one or more other systems 1008 may located to scan or read the object to determine if the object is the genuine or an authentic first article. Thus, in general articles may be controllably produced at one location, and subsequently detected at a second location. In one illustrative example, system 1008A may be coupled to a website of a commercial or other enterprise. Under control of system 1008A, one or more other systems may produce one or more articles having an authentication area (or areas) of known or predetermined spectral/optical characteristics. In certain preferred embodiments, the authentication area has a known or predetermined spectral"signature"or characteristic that is correlated with another identification mark or marks, such as a serial or other number, time of day and/or date, symbol (which may be graphic, pictorial, textual or otherwise). The known or predetermined spectral characteristic, correlated with the other identification, may then be stored, for example in data base 1009. In such embodiments, under effective control of a website or other computer (e. g., system 1008A), one or more geographically remote systems (e. g., 1008B,... 1008N) may produce the article with the known/predetermined spectral characteristics, which again may also include another identification mark. At yet another geographically remote system (which could be system 10 () 8A but in general one or more other systems such as system 1010 which may be remote from systems 1008A, 1008B,. 1008N), the article may be presented in order to determine its authenticity. Such a system 1010 could be coupled to database 1011, which includes a table or other form of data storage that includes one or more of the known or predetermined spectral/optical characteristics, preferably correlated with another mark. If the spectral/optical characteristics measured in the authentication area and the mark, if included, correspond (within some tolerance, such as a delta E value for the spectral characteristics) to the expected data in the database, then the article may be determined to be genuine. If not, then the article may be rejected or confiscated as non-genuine. Databases 1009 and 1011 may exchange updates or the like so that the system controlling the production of the article, and the system determining authenticity, operate in accordance with consistent data. As the spectral characteristics that are sought for purposes of authenticating the article may change (such as by time of day or date, random or other allocation) by the controlling system, and because the spectral characteristic that is examined could be a single or multiple spectral bands out of a variety of bands, and could include a spectral band outside the visible band (e. g., near infrared), such an authentication method would be very difficult to circumvent. In such embodiments, a variety of such articles (illustrative examples have previously been described) in which authentication is desirable could be produced and subsequently examined at remote locations. This system and method may thus be utilized to facilitate a variety of electronic commerce transactions (currency, postage, tickets, shipment documents, certificates, coupons, etc.) in which a central intelligence, computer or authority controls the production of physical articles, which may then be readily examined and determined for authenticity. Given the small size and relatively small cost of production, it also will be understood that spectrometers and spectrophotometers in accordance with the present invention may be coupled to, or be inside of, a computer as opposed to the printer, scanner, reproducing system of FIG. 31. As illustrated in FIG. 33, a spectrometer in accordance with the present invention may be implemented as spectrometer 1023 coupled to computer 1014 such as through a PC card, USB or other serial or parallel interface (illustrated by PC card or other interface 1022). In other embodiments, a spectrometer is implemented as part of computer mouse 1016, which preferably includes buttons of a conventional type computer mouse pointing device, but also includes optical port 1017, which couples light to a spectrometer located within mouse 1016. In certain embodiments, mouse 1016 also includes a controlled light source, and thus implements an integral spectrophotometer (mouse 1016 may include a small lamp and power source, such as a battery that slowly recharges from the power supplied to mouse 1016, or a replaceable battery). What is important is that the lamp within mouse 1016 be provided sufficient power for the spectrophotometer to make measures at a duty cycle or rate that is suitable for the particular application. Spectrometer 1023 could similarly include a light source and power supply in order to implement a computer-coupled spectrophotometer. With a spectrometer/spectrophotometer coupled to computer 1014, a variety of desirable operations may be carried out. Much of the preceding discussion regarding FIGS. 31 and 32 generally is applicable here. For example, a mouse or other PC attachment device may be used in a distributed/remote electronic commerce system such as in FIG. 32, where remote systems are used to authenticate articles. In addition, a printing device coupled to computer 1014 may produce an article, with the spectrophotometer of the mouse or other PC attachment used to record the spectral signature or characteristic, which may correlated to another mark (such as previously described) and stored in a database for subsequent evaluation for authentication purposes or the like. In another exemplary electronic commerce application, an article or material geographically located in proximity to computer 1014 is measured with the mouse or other PC attachment, with the spectral characteristics of the object or material being provided to one or more remote locations (such as over the Internet), which another object or material may be produced or selected, whether the other object or material has spectral/optical characteristics that correspond (e. g., match) the spectral/optical characteristics of the article or material located in proximity to computer 1014. In another exemplary application, the mouse or other PC attachment may operate in a spectrometer mode in which it is brought into proximity to monitor or display 1015, which is coupled to or a part of computer 1014. In display area 1020, which may be the entirety or a portion of the useable display area of monitor/display 1015, pattern 1021 may be displayed, the spectral characteristics of which may be measured by the mouse or other PC attachment. In one such embodiment, software running on computer 1014 receives spectral data from the mouse or other PC attachment based on a measurement of pattern 1021. A looKup tame ut other data storage within computer 1014, which includes data indicative of the expected spectral characteristics of pattern 102 1, may be accessed. Based on the measured spectral data and the expected spectral data, the controlling signals to monitor/display 1015 may be adjusted such as to color correct or color balance monitor/display 1015. In certain preferred embodiments, a plurality of patterns 1021 are displayed, such as sequentially, on monitor/display 1015, and based on a plurality of measurements the controlling signals to monitor/disptay 1015 are adjusted for such color correction purposes. It also will be appreciated that such color correction also may be done under remote computer control. For example, computer 1014 may be coupled over a local or wide area network (e. g., Internet), with a remote computer sending commands to computer 1014 (e. g., TCP/IP packets) that result in the display of one or more patterns 1021 on monitor/display 1015. The user or operator would then be instructed to position the mouse or other attachment over the pattern (an optional positioned device also may be provided, such as to, block ambient light or to more precisely position the mouse or other attachment in the desired location and in the desired physical relationship with the monitor/display), with spectral data collected and preferably transmitted to the remote computer. In such a manner, the remote computer may either color correct image or other data to be sent to computer 1014, such that the spectral characteristics of images displayed on monitor/display 1015 may more precisely match the desired spectral characteristics, preferably as determined by the remote computer. As will be appreciated, in electronic commerce transactions in which the operator of computer 1014 desires to view an article that is of known spectral characteristics (such as determined by the remote computer or computer 1014), the monitor/display may receive color corrected data from the remote computer, or may receive non-color corrected data from the remote computer, with computer 1014 color correcting monitor/display 1015. With either technique, the operator of computer 1014 may more precisely view an image with greater correlation to the actual color of the item being viewed, etc. In addition, the color corrected data could be sent to a local area network printer to print a test sheet of the color corrected data in a different form (on paper) than as viewed on a monitor/display 1015. As will be appreciated, with such a mouse or PC attachment spectrometer/spectrophotometer, articles may be produced (such as by printing or painting or otherwise) and measured, with the spectral characteristics of the articles determined and transmitted to a remote location, such as for authentication purposes, production of another article, etc. In addition, articles at a remote location may be displayed on monitor/display 1015, which monitor/display 1015 color corrected (either by receiving color corrected data from the computer at the remote location or by color correction under control of computer 1014) such that the article viewed by the operator of computer 1014 more closely correspond to the article at the remote location. It will also be appreciated that these concepts are applicable in many regards to the embodiments described in connection with FIG. 31, such as, for example, where a system may produce a printed article that has spectral characteristics that closely correspond or match the spectral characteristics of the article or material at the remote location. As will be appreciated, electronic commerce will thus be facilitated by being able to view and/or produce articles in a manner that the spectral characteristics correspond in a desirable manner. Calibration of the spectrometer in mouse 1016 or attachment type spectrometer 1023 may be accomplished by moving the mouse or attachment into proximity of pattern (s) 1021 and/or by way of calibration standard 10 19 that is a part of or integral with mouse pad 1018. In such embodiments, the mouse or attachment may be calibrated by being positioned over pattern (s) 1021 or one or more positions on calibration standard 1019, with the spectral data produced by the spectrometer calibrated or normalized or adjusted as described elsewhere herein. In certain embodiments, calibration standard 1019 of mouse pad 1018 is covered by a protective flap, with the user lifts or removes prior to calibrating/normalizing the spectrometer. In addition, calibration standard 1019 may be covered by a translucent layer, preferably having a thickness less than the critical height of the fiber optic-type input probe to the spectrometer (such as previously described), such that the spectral characteristics of the material below the translucent layer (which may serve to protect the calibration standard, etc.) may be measured and used as part of the calibration process. This type of translucent protective layer for the calibration standard may be used in other embodiments as well (such as the embodiment of FIG. 31), which may serve to protect the calibration standard and to facilitate its cleaning, etc. Detection or prediction of faults in calibration standard 1019 may be conducted, for example, in a manner similar to that described in connection with the embodiment of FIG. 31. Alternately, the calibration standard may be part of a disposable pad (paper or vinyl or such materials) of calibration standards, whereby as the calibration standard is used and becomes soiled or no longer accurate, it is removed from the pad (such as the top layer is torn off) and a new calibration standard is exposed for use. Referring now to FIG. 34, additional embodiments of the present invention will now be described. Spectrometers of sufficiently small size/form factor and cost may desirably be incorporated into a scope of varying types, such as a sighting scope for a gun or other weapon, a microscope, telescope, range finder, or other optical scope type of instrument mat collects and typically focuses light for user or machine perception. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 34, scope 1028 is illustrated with viewing field 1029, within which is arbitrary object 1030. In the illustrated embodiment, object 1030 includes spectral pattern or area 1030A, which in general could be a predetermined area for observation, the area with a scope target or"crosshair"pattern to the like. Light from pattern or area 1030A is coupled through optical input 1031, which couples light detected from pattern or area 1030A to spectrometer 1026 via optical path 1032 (e. g., a fiber optic or other optical conduit), which is illustrated as part of base 1025, which in general could be a gun or other weapon or other optical or other instrument. What is important is that light from pattern or area 1030A is coupled to spectrometer 1026 for spectral analysis. It also should be noted that pattern or area 1030A may be a single color, or alternatively be a series of colors that provided such as via an electronic patch (such as via an LCD or similar color producing device). In such an embodiment, the colors may be time coded so that the colors change in a predetermined sequence that is detectable from a spectral analysis of the pattern or area (if the time coded sequence is not provided, then the object having the patch is not detected, for example). With such a time coding, which could include a user input, such as a via a password or key coding or number entry, so that periodically the patch turns off or is reset and must reactivated by user input (which would foil one who happens to have stolen, for example, a uniform that include an electronic patch, but who would be unable to reactivate the electronic patch). With such embodiments, the pattern or area is spectrally analyzed to determine if the pattern or area is a known entity. It also should be noted that the patch could include an RF or similar electronic antennae in order to receive instructions to change color in a manner known to the detecting scope, etc. In exemplary preferred embodiments, light from pattern or area 1030A is coupled to spectrometer 1026 and spectrally analyzed as described previously. In such embodiments, spectrometer 1026 preferably includes a CPU and stored data from which predictions could be made of the object sited in the scope on the basis of a spectral analysis of pattern or area 1030A. As an illustrative example, in a game or weapons environment, the pattern or area could be keyed to enemies or"friends"of the scope user. For example, pattern or area 1030A could be a patch or imprinted or other area of predetermined spectral characteristics, such that a spectral analysis of the pattern or area could readily determine if the object under examination is an enemy or friend. For example, all members of the same team could include uniforms of a known spectral characteristics (based on fabric coloration, etc.), or could include a sewn or other patch that include one or more areas of known spectral characteristics. Based on a spectral analysis of the pattern or area, a processing intelligence coupled to or a part of spectrometer 1026 could predict whether the object (e. g., person) sighted in the scope is friendly. In the illustrated embodiment, scope 1028 includes illuminator or display 1034, which may light up or otherwise display information based on the spectral analysis of the pattern or area. For example, if the spectral characteristics determined by spectrometer 1026 match stored spectral characteristics (such as within a delta E or other range or tolerance) of a team member, then illuminator or display 1034 could display a warning or provide other indicia (e. g., red light) that the object is not to be shot (e. g, a friendly fire warning). Conversely, the processor or other intelligence coupled to or a part of spectrometer 1026 may store spectral characteristics of the enemy, and thus illuminator or display 1034 could display information that indicates that the scope is directed to a suspected enemy (or opposite team member) Similarly, in accordance with such embodiments, spectrometer 1026 may output spectral or other optical characteristics data to another computing device (e. g., such as described in connection with the embodiments of FIG. 31, etc.) or display. In such embodiments, an optical sighting or imaging device (scope 1028 being exemplary) is provided with a field of vision, and light from a predetermined area or portion of that field of vision (again, such as in a central sighting area or crosshairs or equivalent) directed towards a pattern or area of an object under examination, and spectrometer 1026 outputs data based on a spectral analysis of the pattern or area. While weapons and games have been sighted as examples, spectrometer 1026 could be coupled to contain intelligence that is adapted to look for spectral signatures of particular materials or the like. In such embodiment, the object under evaluation could be illuminated with a light source (not shown) on member 1025 or other light source, and then particular spectral bands or regions could be examined in order to detect or predict the presence of particular materials that would be expected to reflect or emit light in those spectral bands or regions. FIGS. 35 to 37 illustrate data encoding methods that may be implemented in accordance with certain preferred embodiments of the present invention. As embodiments of the present invention enable spectral measurements to taken at relatively high speeds and with relatively high precision, novel data encodings are readily achievable. It is to be understood that the spectrometer-type instruments to be used for such purposes are illustratively described as measuring the spectral characteristics of light returned from an object or material, such spectrometers and methods may be applied to the measurement of light such as for data decoding received from a light source and/or light transmission medium, such as a fiber optic, etc. Thus, it will be appreciated that light from a fiber optic that has been encoded with data may be decoded in accordance with the present invention. FIG. 35 illustrates an area (which may be an area of an object or material), much like a conventional bar code. Spectrometer 1036 is illustrated having a examination area (e. g., evaluation spot size) 1037, from which light from the object or material is coupled to spectrometer 1036 for spectral analysis such as previously described herein. Spectrometer 1036 and the object or material preferably move with respect to each other, with defines examination path 1038, which preferably traverses a plurality of areas or bars 1039A, 1039B .. 1039N. While vertically-extending stripes are illustrated, it is to be understood that other areas/shapes are possible (see., e. g, FIG. 37). It also should be noted that light may be externally provided with a light source, but in preferred embodiments spectrometer 1036 includes its own light source (and thus may be considered a spectrophotometer) that illuminates and analyzes an examination area 1037. 1n accordance with such embodiments, spectrometer 1036 traverses areas or bars 1039 such that spectral data is collected as spectrometer 1036 traverses areas or bars 1039. A processor coupled to or a part of spectrometer 1036 may store and then analyze the collected spectral data. With spectrometer taking samples such as at speeds up to thousands of samples per second (or more or less, depending upon the application), spectral data of the various bars or areas 1039 may be collected with relative movement between spectrometer 1036 and the object or material (again the spectrometer may move relative to the object or material, or vice versa, and in certain preferred embodiments spectrometer 1036 is part of a handheld measuring device or a robotic-type measuring device, such that the bars or areas 1039 may be conveniently spectrally analyzed). A form factor much like a conventional bar code scanner may be utilized. As illustrated in FIG. 36, spectral data of each bar or area 1039 may be collected by spectrometer 1036, and in certain embodiments is utilized as part of a data encoding process. As an illustrative example, FIG. 36 illustrates one spectrum (400 to 700 nm being exemplary) of a single bar or area. As the data output of spectrometer 1036 is in essence a spectrum of the light from bar or area (the spectral resolution may be varied by the number and types of filters, etc., as will be understood from the previous description), various spectral bands may be utilized for data encoding. FIG. 36 illustrates spectral bands under examination at 400, 425, 450... 725 nm, with the examined bands of approximately 5 nm ; it is to be understood that additional spectral data may be present between the examined bands (e. g., a more or less semi-continuous or continuous band of spectral data), or filters may be positioned just all me bands under examination. In accordance with the present invention, accurate and rapid spectral measurements may be taken, and thus each color bar or area 1039 may encode a plurality of bits of data. As illustrated in FIG. 36, for example, each spectral band may encode up to two or more bits of data. As one example, the spectral intensity may have one or more threshold values, such that an intensity below a first threshold is encoded as data 00, an intensity about the first threshold but below a second threshold is encoded as data 01, an intensity about the second threshold but below a third threshold is encoded as data 10, and an intensity above the third threshold but below a fourth threshold (the fourth threshold is optional) is encoded as data 11. It will be understood that, based on the foregoing description, additional or another number of thresholds or ranges may be provided such that within an examined spectral band multiple bits of data may be encoded. As illustrated, the spectral band at 400nm is detected as data 01, the spectral band at 425 nm is detected as data 11, the spectral band at 450 nm is detected as data 00, etc. As will be appreciated, within one spectral band, a plurality of data bits may be encoded, and within one measure bar or area 1039 multiple spectral bands may be simultaneously analyzed. As a result, a single spectral measurement may be used to encode a large number of bits of data (the simple example of FIG. 36 showing 14 bands, with 2 bits per band). In accordance with particular embodiments, a predetermined spectral band (such as 550 nm) is used for normalization or other detection purposes. In one example, the 550 nm band (or other predetermined band) is used not for data encoding but for its presence above a particular threshold or at a particular level. For example, as spectrometer is scanned across multiple bars or areas ! 039, in a first bar or area the 550 nm band could be present at predetermined level, and then in the next bar or area the 550 nm band could be absent or alternatively present but at a lower level. As the 550 nm band is analyzed, with its spectral data for this band going up or down in an expected pattern as spectrometer 1036 traverses bars or areas 1039, the 550 nm band could be used to detect when a bar or area boundary has been traversed. This may also be used to calculate the speed in which spectrometer 1036 is traverses bars or areas 1039, for example. In addition, such a particular band may be used as a reference band, such that the thresholds used for determining the data is based on a spectral intensity relative to the reference band. Thus, if, for example, the overall intensity falls, such as a reduced lamp output or the like, relative intensities as compared to the reference intensity may be utilized for more reliable data encoding. It will also be understood that a plurality of reference bands may be provided, such as a number of reference bands distributed over me spectrum of interference, preferably interspersed with numerous data encoding bands. Such variations are also contemplated with the present invention. While FIG. 35 illustrates a series of bars or areas 1039, which may be thought of as a multi-levelhnulti-bit color bar code, FIG. 37 illustrates an array of areas, such as squares, rectangles or circles such that spectrometer 1036 (or multiple spectrometers 1036) may traverse the object or material in a number of paths 1038A, 1038B,... 1038N. As a result, the data encoding technique described herein may be extended to more than one dimension, such that data may be encoded in an array form (M columns by N rows being illustrated3, with each area of the array being used for data encoding as previously described. Of course, a first area (or other number) could be defined to have particular spectral characteristics such that spectrometer 1036, upon detection of these characteristics, would be able to predict that it is over the first (e. g, reference) area. With spectrometers in accordance with the present invention, relatively dense and low cost data encoding may be implemented in a variety of manners, included those previously described. Other variations are possible and within the scope of the present invention. For example, data could be encoded not by intensity threshold determinations, but by looking for intensity changes between spectral bands or from one spectral bar or area to another (which may be the next one or some other predetermined band). In certain embodiments, this may be used for security purposes, as the data encoder and the data detector may be implemented so that other instruments do not know the data encoding or encryption pattern. Thus, data detected via spectral analysis may be quite secure in that only the detecting device will know the data encoded pattern that was utilized. It should be understood that, in accordance with the various alternative embodiments described herein, various spectrometer-type devices, and uses and methods based on such devices, may be obtained. The various refinements and alternative and additional features also described may be combined to provide additional advantageous combinations and the like in accordance with the present invention. Additionally, it should be noted that the implements and methodologies may be applied to a wide variety of objects and materials, illustrative examples of which are described elsewhere herein and/or in the co-pending applications referenced above. Still additionally, embodiments and aspects of the present invention may be applied to characterizing gems or precious stones, minerals or other objects such as diamonds, pearls, rubies, sapphires, emeralds, opals, amethyst, corals, and other precious materials. Such gems may be characterized by optical properties (as described elsewhere herein) relating to the surface and/or subsurface characteristics of the object or material. As illustrative examples, such gems may be characterized as part of a buy, sell or other transaction involving the gem, or as part of a valuation assessment for such a transaction or for insurance purposes or the like, and such gems may be measured on subsequent occasions to indicate whether gem has surface contamination or has changed in some respect or if the gem is the same as a previously measured gem, etc. Measuring a gem or other object or material in accordance with the present invention may be used to provide a unique"fingerprint"or set of characteristics or identification for the gem, object or material, thereby enabling subsequent measurements to identify, or confirm the identity or non-identity of, a subsequently measured gem, object or material. It also should be noted that, although the invention has been described in conjunction with specific preferred and other embodiments, it is evident that many substitutions, alternatives and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing description. Accordingly, the invention is intended to embrace all of the alternatives and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. For example, it should be understood that, in accordance with the various alternative embodiments described herein, various systems, and uses and methods based on such systems, may be obtained. The various refinements and alternative and additional features also described may be combined to provide additional advantageous combinations and the like in accordance with the present invention. Also as will be understood by those skilled in the art based on the foregoing description, various aspects of the preferred embodiments may be used in various subcombinations to achieve at least certain of the benefits and attributes described herein, and such subcombinations also are within the scope of the present invention. All such refinements, enhancements and further uses of the present invention are within the scope of the present invention.

Claims: What is claimed is : 1. A system for applying pigment to a substrate, comprising : a spectrophotometer integral to the system supplying light to the substrate and receiving light from the substrate, wherein the light received from the substrate is spectrally analyzed by a spectrometer ; one or more pigment dischargers integral to the system, wherein the one or more pigment dischargers apply one or more pigments to the substrate ; wherein, the spectrometer spectrally analyzes the one or more pigments applied to the substrate. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the spectrometer comprises : an optical sensing circuit having thereon a plurality of optical sensors and one or more processing elements ; a plurality of filters fixedly positioned over at least a first group of the optical sensors fixedly and fixedly positioned with respect to the substrate, wherein the plurality of filters have spectral transmission characteristics over a predetermined spectrum ; an optical manifold fixedly positioned over at least certain of the plurality of filters and fixedly positioned with respect to the substrate, wherein the optical manifold has a plurality of exit windows and at least one entrance port, wherein light entering the entrance port is transmitted to an interior portion of the optical manifold, wherein at least a portion of the light is transmitted from the exit ports through at least certain of the filters for sensors by at least certain of the optical sensors ; wherein light may be coupled to the entrance port, wherein at least first spectral data corresponding to the light is generated by the one or more processing elements, wherein the spectrometer assembly is fabricate in a unitary manner on the substrate. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the pigment dischargers operate responsive to data from the spectrometer. 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the pigment discharges are controlled responsive to the spectrum analysis of the one or more pigments applied to the substrate. 5. (amended) An integrated, unitary spectrometer assembly, comprising : a substrate having thereon a plurality of optical sensors and one or more processing elements ; a plurality of filter [s] elements fixedly positioned over at least a first group of the optical sensors fixedly and fixedly positioned with respect to the substrate, wherein the plurality of filter [s] elements provide filters that have spectral transmission characteristics over a predetermined spectrum ; an optical manifold comprising at least a fiber optic bundle having at least one input and a plurality of outputs fixedly positioned over at least certain of the plurality of filters and fixedly positioned with respect to the substrate, [wherein the optical manifold has a plurality of exit windows and at least one entrance port,] wherein light entering the [entrance port] input is transmitted to an interior portion of the optical manifold, wherein at least a portion of the light is transmitted from the [exit ports] outputs through at least certain of the filters for sensors by at least certain of the optical sensors ; wherein light may be coupled to the [entrance port] input, wherein at least first spectral data corresponding to the light is generated by the one or more processing elements, wherein the spectrometer assembly is fabricated in a unitary manner on the substrate. 6. The assembly of claim 5, wherein the sensors comprise sensors that generate at least one signal having a frequency proportional to the light intensity received by the one or more sensors. 7. The assembly of claim 6, wherein the at least one signal comprises a digital signal. 8. The assembly of claim 7, wherein the digital signal comprises a TTL or CMOS digital signal. 9. The assembly of claim 6, wherein one or more spectral characteristics are determined based on measuring a period of a plurality of digital signals produced by a plurality of sensors. 10. The assembly of claim 6, wherein the signal comprises an asynchronous signal of a frequency dependent upon the intensity of the received light. 11. The assembly of claim 6, wherein the one or more sensors comprise a plurality of light to frequency converter sensing elements. 12. The assembly of claim 6, wherein the filter elements comprises a plurality of filter portions having a wavelength dependent optical transmission property. 13. The assembly of claim 6, wherein a spectral analysis is performed based on light received from an object or material. 14. The assembly of claim 6, wherein the filter elements comprises a plurality of cut-off filter elements. 15. The assembly of claim 6, wherein the filter elements collectively comprise a color gradient filter. 16. The assembly of claim 6, wherein the filter elements collectively comprises a filter grid. 17. The assembly of claim 6, wherein received light is spectrally analyzed without using a diffraction grating. 18. The assembly of claim 6, wherein the light is received by a probe, wherein a plurality of measurements are taken at a plurality of distances of the probe with respect to the object or material. 19. The assembly of claim 6, wherein a probe having one or more light sources provides light to an object or material, wherein light from one or more light sources is received by the one or more light receivers from the object or material. 20. The assembly of claim 19, wherein one or more sensors determine a distance of the probe with respect to the object or material. 21. The assembly of claim 19, wherein one or more sensors determine an angle of the probe with respect to the object or material. 22. The assembly of claim 19, wherein one or more sensors determine a distance and an angle of the probe with respect to the object or material. 23. The assembly of claim 6, wherein the at least one signal having a frequency proportional to the light intensity received by the one or more sensors is generated by an integrator coupled to the one or more sensors. 24. The assembly of claim 6, wherein the sensors comprise a photo diode array. 25. An integrated, unitary spectrometer assembly, comprising : a substrate having thereon a plurality of optical sensors and one or more processing elements ; a plurality of filter [s] elements fixedly positioned over at least a first group of the optical sensors fixedly and fixedly positioned with respect to the substrate, wherein the plurality of filter [s] elements provide filters that have spectral transmission characteristics over a predetermined spectrum ; an optical manifold fixedly positioned over at least certain of the plurality of filters and fixedly positioned with respect to the substrate wherein the optical manifold has a plurality of exit windows and at least one entrance port, wherein light entering the entrance port is transmitted to an interior portion of the optical manifold, wherein at least a portion of the light is transmitted from the exit ports through at least certain of the filters for sensors by at least certain of the optical sensors ; wherein light may be coupled to the entrance port, wherein at least first spectral data corresponding to the light is generated by the one or more processing elements, wherein the spectrometer assembly is fabricate in a unitary manner on the substrate. 26. The assembly of claim 25, wherein the sensors comprise sensors that generate at least one signal having a frequency proportional to the light intensity received by the one or more sensors. 27. The assembly of claim 26, wherein the at least one signal comprises a digital signal. 28. The assembly of claim 27, wherein the digital signal comprises a TTL or CMOS digital signal. 29. The assembly of claim 26, wherein one or more spectral characteristics are determined based on measuring a period of a plurality of digital signals produced by a plurality of sensors. 30. The assembly of claim 26, wherein the signal comprises an asynchronous signal of a frequency dependent upon the intensity of the received light. 31. The assembly of claim 26, wherein the one or more sensors comprise a plurality of light to frequency converter sensing elements. 32. The assembly of claim 26, wherein the filter elements comprises a plurality of filter portions having a wavelength dependent optical transmission property. 33. The assembly of claim 26, wherein a spectral analysis is performed based on light received from an object or material. 34. The assembly of claim 26, wherein the filter elements comprises a plurality of cut-off filter elements. 35. The assembly of claim 26, wherein the filter elements collectively comprise a color gradient filter. 36. The assembly of claim 26, wherein the filter elements collectively comprises a filter grid. 37. The assembly of claim 26, wherein received light is spectrally analyzed without using a diffraction grating. 38. The assembly of claim 26, wherein the light is received by a probe, wherein a plurality of measurements are taken at a plurality of distances of the probe with respect to the object or material. 39. The assembly of claim 26, wherein a probe having one or more light sources provides light to an object or material, wherein light from one or more light sources is received by the one or more light receivers from the object or material. 40. The assembly of claim 39, wherein one or more sensors determine a distance of the probe with respect to the object or material. 41. The assembly of claim 39, wherein one or more sensors determine an angle of the probe with respect to the object or material. 42. The assembly of claim 39, wherein one or more sensors determine a distance and an angle of the probe with respect to the object or material. 43. The assembly of claim 26, wherein the at least one signal having a frequency proportional to the light intensity received by the one or more sensors is generated by an integrator coupled to the one or more sensors. 44. The assembly of claim 26, wherein the sensors comprise a photo diode array. 45. A method for determining encoded data comprising the steps of : receiving light with at least one receiver, wherein light from the receiver is coupled to a system for measuring an intensity of the received light in a plurality of spectral bands ; comparing the measured intensities in each of the spectral bands to a reference intensity value ; determining more than one bit of encoded data for each of the spectral bands ; and determining the encoded data based on the more than one bit of encoded data for each of the spectral bands. 46. The method of claim 45, wherein the light is received from an object or material on which pigments have been applied, wherein the data is encoded in the applied pigments. 47. The method of claim 46, wherein the system for measuring an intensity is moved past a plurality of areas, wherein encoded data is determined from the plurality of areas as the system is moved past the areas. 48. The method of claim 47, wherein the system is moved past the areas in a raster scan pattern. 49. The method of claim 45, wherein the light is received from a source of light, wherein the source of light emits light based on the encoded data. 50. The method of claim 49, wherein the light is received from a light transmission element that receives light from the source of light. 51. A computing system, comprising : a computing system having a display and/or an output device, wherein the display displays color information and the output device produces an output that includes color information ; a miniature spectrometer device coupled to the computing system, wherein the miniature spectrometer receives light from the display or the output from the output device ; a processor and software integral to the computing system, wherein the processor and software operate responsive to data from the miniature spectrometer device, wherein the color information displayed on the display and/or the color information included in, the output from the output device is responsive to the data from the miniature spectrometer device. 52. A scope system for sighting an object, comprising : a scope, wherein the scope receives light from a field of view, wherein the field of view includes the object ; coupling light from the scope to a miniature spectrometer integral to the scope system, wherein the miniature spectrometer measures spectral properties of light from the scope, wherein spectral properties of the object are measured ; determining a characteristic of the object based on the measured spectral properties. 53. A system for producing one or more objects, comprising : an output device coupled to a network, wherein the output device produces an object containing color information, wherein the output device includes a miniature spectrometer for measuring color information contained in the object produced by the output device ; and a remote computing system coupled to the network, wherein data are communicated between the remote computing system and the output device ; wherein the output device produces an object containing color information, wherein the color information contained in the object in determined responsive to data from the remote computing system. 54. The system of claim 53, wherein a plurality of output devices are coupled to the network, wherein the remote computing system controls the plurality of output devices.

Inventors: JUNG RUSSELL W, JUNG WAYNE D, LOUDERMILK ALAN R, JUNG, RUSSELL, W., JUNG, WAYNE, D., LOUDERMILK, ALAN, R.
Applicants: JUNG RUSSELL W, JUNG WAYNE D, LJ LAB L L C, LOUDERMILK ALAN R, JUNG, RUSSELL, W., JUNG, WAYNE, D., LJ LABORATORIES L.L.C., LOUDERMILK, ALAN, R.
Application year: 2000
Main classification: G01J3
IPC codes: G01J1, G01J3