Alkylated non-polymer polyamines

Abstract: The present invention is directed to alkylated non-polymer polyamines, including the 4:1 hydrogenated adduct of methyl isobutyl ketone with tetraaminopropyldiaminobutane.

Description: BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Advances in ink jet technology have placed increased demands on recording papers. To function properly, the recording paper must quickly absorb the ink and ink vehicles directly after printing, maximize the ink optical density, minimize bleeding and wicking of the ink, and provide good water and light fastness. To obtain a paper with the above functions, the paper is usually treated with one or more coatings. Ink jet paper coatings typically comprise silica pigment for its high absorption power and a polymeric binder, such as poly(vinyl alcohol) "PVOH", for its high binding strength. Non-silica pigments, such as clays, calcium carbonate, titanium dioxide, and aluminum hydrate, are also used. Other known polymeric binders include poly(vinylpyrrolidone), styrene-butadiene copolymers, poly(vinyl acetate), starch, and amine functional polymers such as amine functional PVOH. Most of the commercially available amine functional homo- and copolymers and amine functional PVOHs are economically unattractive. The commercially available amine functional PVOHs, in addition to being costly, also suffer from low levels of amine functionality. As a result of the low levels of amine functionality, these materials fail to meet the stringent performance requirements for good ink jet print quality, especially for the high-end, photographic grade ink jet papers. The printed image density and sharpness are inadequate, as is the water and light resistance. There has, therefore, been a continuing need to produce a higher performing polymeric system that will provide good printed image density and sharpness as well as water and light resistance. Much of the prior art addresses these performance issues by blending various synthetic amine-containing polymers or copolymers into ink jet coating compositions. The ratios of amine containing polymers or copolymers, PVOH binder, pigment, and other additives, are then varied to achieve the desired final ink jet paper properties. However, compatibility problems can arise using such blends. For example: 1) when the ink jet coating composition is prepared and blended together, phase separation, thickening, and/or flocculation can occur resulting in an uncoatable system; 2) the blended polymer system can be incompatible with other reagents which are often used in ink jet coating compositions; and 3) once the paper is coated and dried the incompatibility of the blends can result in a heterogeneous coating surface, which translates into varying degrees of image quality once printed. A second approach cited in the prior art is to multi-coat paper to achieve the desired ink jet print qualities. For example, a multi-coated ink jet paper can contain a dye fixative layer where a cationic type polymer is typically the active agent, and a binder layer which often contains PVOH to bind the pigment. The ink jet paper coating prior art discloses the use of various amine functional or cationic polymer and/or copolymer blends to impart ink or dye fixative properties to the finished ink jet papers. U.S. Application 09/162,940 filed 29 September 1998 and US-A-6 096 826 disclosed amine-modified PVOHs for ink jet paper coatings. Application '940 teaches PVOH graft polymerized with an ethylenically unsaturated monomer containing primary, secondary, tertiary or quaternary amine functionality. US-A-6 096 826 teaches piperidone functionalized PVOH. U.S. 5,270,103 discloses a receiver sheet which consists of a substrate and a coating containing a pigment and a binder. The binder comprises PVOH and an additional binder component; for example, a cationic polyamine, such as poly(2-hdyroxypropyl-1,1-N-dimethylammonium chloride) or poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride), a cationic polyacrylamide, or a cationic polyethyleneimine. The receiver sheet is particularly useful for printing with aqueous based inks such as in ink jet printing systems. JP 63049478 (abstract) discloses an ink jet paper coating composition by the homopolymerization of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) followed by quaternization by reacting with 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride to produce a cationic polymer. Paper is then coated with a blend consisting of this cationic polymer, PVOH, and silica to afford an ink jet recording sheet with good water and light resistance and good images. JP 63160875 (abstract) discloses the use of an ink jet paper coating composition consisting of a methyl chloroacetate salt of a DMAEMA-methyl methacrylate-cyclohexylmethacrylate terpolymer blended with methyl cellulose and PVOH. US 4,944,988 discloses the use of and process for producing an ink jet recording paper coated with a composition containing silica, poly(sodium acrylate), PVOH, and a DMAEMA-vinyl acetate copolymer. JP 06247036 (abstract) discloses the use of a PVOH, silica, and quaternized poly(ethylene imine) blend for coating ink jet paper. JP 06297833 (abstract) discloses the use of a PVOH, pigment, and poly(ethylene imine) blend for coating ink jet paper to obtain sharp prints with uniform color. JP 06143800 (abstract) discloses the double coating of paper with a blend of PVOH, silica, cationically modified PVOH, and quaternized poly(ethylene imine) to produce an ink jet recording sheet giving high density images and water resistance. JP 01186372 discloses the coating of paper with a blend of PVOH, silica, and cationic poly(acrylamide) to produce an ink jet recording sheet giving high color density. JP 01283182 (abstract) discloses the coating of paper with a blend of PVOH, silica, modified PVOH, and cationic poly(acrylamide) to produce a high quality ink jet recording sheet. JP 63162276 (abstract) discloses the coating of paper with a blend of PVOH, silica, and cationically modified PVOH to produce an ink jet recording sheet giving good images, water resistance, and light resistance. JP 59096987 (abstract) discloses an ink jet recording sheet which contains an alkylamine chloride and an alkylamine acetate. Although there have been numerous references to alkylated polyamines, it has not been recognized that such materials have efficacy in ink jet paper coating compositions. The following patents and publications relate to alkylated polyethyleneamines and their applications: US 2,267,205 discloses detergent compositions containing compounds of the form X-NH-R-(NH-R) n -NH-Y in which R is an alkylene radical selected from the group consisting of ethylene and propylene radicals, n is 0, 1, or 2, and X is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and lower alkyl radicals and Y is an alkyl radical having at least 7 and not more than 18 carbon atoms. The use of these materials in textile treatment and ore flotation is also disclosed. US 5,804,640 discloses water-based coating compositions which include a halogenated resin, a polyol, a surfactant, and an amine which can be of the form wherein R1 - R7 are independently selected from H or straight or branched chain alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or alkoxyalkyl groups of about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms. US 4,195,152 discloses MIBK and MIAK reductive alkylates of diethylenetriamine: These materials are noted to be useful as curatives in high solids epoxy coatings because of their very low viscosity. Other suggested uses are in potting compositions, laminations, and adhesives. Murata, Y.; Ueda, M. J. Antibact. Antifung. Agents 1989, 17 (8) , 371-375 discloses trihydrochlorides of N,N"-dialkyldiethylenetriamines of the form where R is a linear C8 or C10 alkyl group have been shown to have antimicrobial properties against dental plaque bacteria. This study showed that in vitro bactericidal activity tended to increase with the length of the N-substituted alkyl chain. EP-A-916 392 discloses water-based compositions containing an alkylated polyamine compound of the following structure: where m is 2-6, n is 2 or 3, and R and R' are C5 to C8 alkyl groups. EP-A-921 164 discloses water-based compositions containing at least one alkylated polyamine compound of structures I and II: RHN-[(CH 2 ) n NH] p -(CH 2 ) n NHR where the R groups are independently hydrogen or C5 to C8 alkyl, provided that at least one R is not hydrogen; n is 2 to 6 and p is 2 to 8, and where the R groups are independently hydrogen or C5 to C8 alkyl, provided at least one R is not hydrogen, m is 2 to 6, t is 0 to 3, q is 0 to 3, and r is 0 to 5. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to the 4:1 hydrogenated adduct of methyl isobutyl ketone with tetraaminopropyldiaminobutane. The alkylated non-polymeric polyamine of the present invention can easily be blended into aqueous silica-containing ink jet coating compositions without unfavorable viscosities or flocculation to provide improved waterfastness. There are several advantages to incorporating the above blend composition into ink jet paper coatings: an ability to prepare high quality ink jet recording paper with a single coating of the composition; an ability to produce high quality ink jet paper which, when printed, gives high optical density images with regard to monochrome black, composite black, and primary colors; an ability to produce high quality ink jet paper which, when printed, yields waterfast images; and an ability to achieve fast ink dry times after printing onto ink jet paper coated with the above compositions. In addition, there may be benefits derived from the ability of the alkylated non-polymeric polyamine of the present invention to reduce dynamic surface tension while producing substantially no foam. Such a combination of properties could result in the ability to apply the coating more rapidly and to reduce the number of defects during the application of the coating to the paper. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The alkylated polyamine of the present invention can be blended with a polymer having a plurality of pendent hydroxyl groups on the polymer chain, such as PVOH, to result in a polymeric binder system. A coating containing the polymeric binder system can be applied on ink jet recording paper. One of the key findings of this invention is the superior performance achieved with the alkylated non-polymeric polyamine of the present invention compared to its non-alkylated counterparts. Another key finding is that amine functional or cationic polymer systems are not required to impart dye or ink fixative properties (i.e., waterfastness) to ink jet papers. Good waterfastness is achieved by simply incorporating the alkylated non-polymeric polyamine into the coating composition. The 4:1 hydrogenated adduct of methyl isobutyl ketone with tetraaminopropyldiaminobutane is represented by the following formula: The PVOH of the polymeric binder system to which the polyamine of the present invention can be given, generally, has a weight average molecular weight (Mw) ranging from about 5,000 to 300,000, preferably 10,000 to 200,000. Alternatively, the PVOH can have a degree of polymerization (DPn) of from 100 to 5,000, preferably 200 to PVOH made commercially by the hydrolysis of poly(vinyl acetate) typically has a hydrolysis level ranging from about 85 to greater than 99 mole%. The level of hydrolysis can range from 50 to greater than 99 mole%, preferably 85 to 98 mole%. Mixed PVOH grades, using combinations of PVOHs varying in molecular weight and hydrolysis level, can also be employed in the present invention. A variety of monomers may be copolymerized with a vinyl ester to produce copolymers containing vinyl alcohol units. Monomers which can be polymerized with the vinyl ester, preferably vinyl acetate, include ethylene, unsaturated acids such as maleic, acrylic and methacrylic acid, and esters, such as the C1 to C12, preferably C1 to C6 alkyl esters of acrylic or methacrylic acid. In many instances, these polymers can be hydrolyzed to produce different grades of PVOH including, for example, hydrolyzing only the vinyl ester and leaving the acrylic ester functionality intact. Other monomers having from 2 to 12 carbon atoms such as alkyl maleates (e.g., dibutyl maleate and the like) may be polymerized as desired with vinyl acetate to control hydrophilic and hydrophobic content. Vinyl alcohol copolymers which can be utilized are soluble in water. Table 1 sets forth the operative and preferred ranges regarding the use of alkylated non-polymeric polyamine blends with PVOH as the binder system: Operative Range Preferred Range PVOH (Mw) 5,000 - 300,000 10,000 - 200,000 Mole% hydrolysis 50 - >99 85 - 98 Wt% alkylated polyamine relative to PVOH 0.5 - 70 5 - 30 Wt% binder in ink jet coating 5 - 90 10 - 50 Wt% pigment in ink jet coating 10 - 95 50 - 90 ink jet coating pH 3 - 10 4 - 8 Ink jet coating compositions typically contain pigment such as silica aluminum silicate, clay, talc, calcium carbonate, magnesium silicate, and the like, desirably silica having a surface area of 50 to 700 m 2 /g and possibly a small amount of one of the other mineral pigments. The silica pigment is typically incorporated in the ink jet coating composition in amounts ranging from about 10 to about 95 wt%, preferably 50 to 90 wt%, (solids basis). The polymeric binder (PVOH and polyamine) level can range from 5 to 90 wt% of the ink jet coating composition (solids basis), preferably 10 to 50 wt%. The level of pigment and binder depend on the type of coater used in the preparation of the ink jet paper. For example a puddle size press application would use a low wt% of pigment relative to the binder due to viscosity limitations in comparison to an air knife coater where pigment to binder ratio would be greater. Ink jet coating compositions can also contain conventional additives such as defoamers, surface active agents, dyes, ultraviolet absorbents, pigment dispersants, mold inhibitors, thickeners and water-resisting agents. The ink jet coating composition is usually applied to the paper surface in amounts ranging from about 2 to 20 g/m 2 , preferably, 3 to 15 g/m 2 . Coat weight varies depending on the type of coating applicator. For example a puddle size press may only apply a coat weight of 2 to 4 g/m 2 , whereas an air knife could provide up to 10 g/m 2 . Although any kind of paper can be used for application of ink jet coatings of this invention, uncoated wood-free paper is preferred. Not intending to be bound by theory, it is believed the amine groups in the alkylated non-polymeric polyamine provide a cationic charge on the paper surface which reacts with the anionic sulfonic acid groups of the direct or acid dye of the ink jet inks to form an insoluble salt. As such, the inks become waterfast on the paper surface. Pigment binding strength is also improved with the use of the alkylated non-polymeric polyamine of the present invention due to the strong absorption of the amine with the silanol groups on the silica pigment. EXAMPLE 1 - TAPDAB/MIBK4 Tetraaminopropyldiaminobutane (0.41 mole, 65% solution in isopropanol) (TAPDAB), MIBK (1.72 mole) and 10% Pd/C (3 wt% of total charge) were charged to a one liter stainless steel autoclave and reacted as in Example 1 for 24 hours. The crude product was concentrated in vacuo and then heated to about 175°C at 130 Pa (1.3 millibar) for 20 minutes to remove the remaining water and volatile organics to a clear colorless liquid with 0.06 wt% water by Karl Fischer titration. EXAMPLE 2 A blend of PVOH and the alkylated non-polymeric polyamine was prepared as follows: Airvol® 523 PVOH (21 g, DPn - 1200, 88 mole% hydrolyzed) was dissolved in water (127 g) to provide a 14.1 % solution by stirring at 90°C for 30 minutes. To this cooled PVOH solution was added the 4:1 hydrogenated adduct of methyl isobutyl ketone with tetraaminopropyldiaminobutane (2.4 g, TAPDAB/MIBK4) with stirring. The blend pH was then adjusted between 6 and 8 with acetic acid. The resulting homogeneous aqueous polymer blend was used without further purification in formulating the paper coatings. The other amine/PVOH blends of Table 2 were similarly prepared. EXAMPLE 3 Ink Jet Coating Preparation Sheets of uncoated base paper were coated for the purpose of evaluating ink jet optical density for several colors and waterfastness. A paper coating dispersion was prepared by mixing 800 parts water, 100 parts silica pigment, and 40 parts (solids basis) of the blend prepared in Example 2. In preparing the coatings, a dispersion of silica pigment in water was prepared first followed by the addition of the PVOH blend with the alkylated non-polymeric polyamine (i.e., the blend prepared in Example 2) to this dispersion under high shear. The resulting dispersion was coated onto uncoated wood free paper having a basis weight of 40 g/m 2 at a coat weight of 7-8 g/m 2 , using a Meyer Rod draw down bar. After coating and drying at 250°F (121°C) for 60 seconds, the sheets were printed with a Hewlett Packard 560 ink jet printer using an HP test pattern distributed by Hewlett Packard for the purpose of testing ink jet paper media. After printing, the samples were measured for optical density using a Tobias IQ 200 Reflection Densitometer. The waterfastness test was performed by first measuring the monochrome black ink density after printing. The printed area was then immersed in distilled water for 30 seconds with slight agitation and dried on a hot plate under tension. The optical density was then measured again. Table 2 shows the ink-jet data for PVOH/alkylated amine blends, i.e., the binder system, in an ink jet coating composition of 15 wt% solids comprising 100 wt parts silica and 40 wt parts binder. The indicated amine was blended with aqueous AIRVOL 523 PVOH (14.1 wt% aq solution) at the indicated dry weight ratio of amine:PVOH. The aqueous blend pH was adjusted to 7-8 with acetic acid. Waterfastness was measured as the % loss in monochrome black ink optical density after soaking the printed paper in water for 30 seconds. Binder System Ink Optical Density and Waterfastness Wt% Amine Blended with AIRVOL® 523 Mono-black Magenta Yellow Cyan Comp. black Waterfastness 10% DETA 1.00 0.81 0.55 1.09 0.67 -39.2% 10% TBA 1.08 0.75 0.53 1.01 0.70 -47.7% 10% TETA 1.09 0.93 0.66 1.26 0.79 -43.8% 10% TEPA 1.08 0.82 0.61 1.08 0.79 -29.1% 10% octylamine 1.23 0.86 0.62 1.15 0.81 -47.9% 10% dodecylamine 1.24 0.76 0.58 0.98 0.77 -24.4% 10% TAPDAB/MIBK4 1.12 0.81 0.57 1.10 0.91 -3.6% 15% TAPDAB/MIBK4 1.11 0.72 0.50 0.96 0.92 0 20% TAPDAB/MIBK4 1.12 0.82 0.53 1.06 0.93 0 Airvol® 523 - no amine 1.16 0.87 0.61 1.12 0.82 -51.7% Table 2 compares the ink optical density and water resistance of printed images on ink jet papers coated with the blends described in this invention. Comparative amines, such as DETA and TETA, actually degrade the print quality and offer insignificant waterfastness improvement when incorporated into an ink jet paper coating composition compared to a coating containing only silica and PVOH. However, upon alkylation of these amines, resulting in the hydrogenated adduct TAPDAB/MIBK4, there are significant improvements in waterfastness, in some instances even complete waterfastness is achieved, as well as very good ink optical densities. STATEMENT OF INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION The present invention provides the adduct defined in claim 1 which is suitable for coating compositions for making ink jet recording paper.

Claims: The 4:1 hydrogenated adduct of methyl isobutyl ketone with tetraaminopropyldiaminobutane.

Inventors: LASSILA KEVIN RODNEY, MINNICH KRISTEN ELAINE, RABASCO JOHN JOSEPH, VAN COURT CARR RICHARD, LASSILA, KEVIN RODNEY, MINNICH, KRISTEN ELAINE, RABASCO, JOHN JOSEPH, VAN COURT CARR, RICHARD
Applicants: AIR PROD & CHEM, AIR PRODUCTS AND CHEMICALS, INC.
Application year: 2000
Main classification: B41M5
IPC codes: B41M5