DIRECT CONVERSION RECEIVERS AND FILTERS ADAPTED FOR USE THEREIN

Abstract: A direct conversion receiver (10) having a homodyning section (12) and a filter (18). The filter (18) includes a plurality of serially coupled high pass filter stages (20(1)-20(n)). The high pass filter section (18) act as a dc offset correction loop. The plurality of high pass filter stages (20(1)-20(n)) also enables the integration of the needed capacitors thus minimizing external components and connections. Each one of the filter stages includes an amplifier (22) and a low pass filter (24). Each one of the low pass filters (24) is adapted to have the cutoff frequency thereof switch from an initial high cutoff frequency to a subsequent lower cutoff frequency. A high pass filter stage (20(1)-20(n)) of a direct conversion receiver (10) is provided which includes in a low pass filter feedback section (24) thereof: a capacitor (C) and a resistor section (30). The resistor section (30) includes a switch for changing the resistance of the resistance section. A switching arrangement (32) is included for charging the capacitor (C) rapidly during an initial, start-up time period or after a large step change in the gain of the amplifier (22).

Description: DIRECT CONVERSION RECEIVERS AND FILTERS ADAPTED FOR USE THEREIN Background of the Invention This invention relates generally to direct conversion receivers and more particularly to filters used m such receivers to remove unwanted DC signals produced by the conversion process or generated by elemental circuit variations. As s known m the art, a direct conversion receiver mixes a received radio frequency signal directly with the carrier frequency of such signal to thereby extract information m the received signal modulating the carrier frequency. One method used to remove unwanted DC components produced by the direct conversion mixing process is to pass the output of the mixer through a DC blocking capacitor, i.e., a high pass filter, prior to subsequent amplification. In many applications it is desired to fabricate the receiver as an integrated circuit; however, the size of the capacitor, m many applications, would be so large that its fabrication m the integrated circuit would be impractical . As is also known m the art, one technique suggested to provide this DC blockage is to use a filter having a high gain amplifier with a low pass filter m negative feedback therewith to produce a high pass filter. Summary of the Invention In accordance with one feature of the invention, a direct conversion receiver is provided having a homodymng section fed by: a received radio frequency signal having a carrier frequency, and, a reference signal having the carrier frequency A high pass filter is coupled to an output of the homodymng section. The high pass filter includes an amplifier and a low pass filter coupled m a negative feedback arrangement with the amplifier The low pass filter is adapted to have the cutoff frequency thereof switch from a high cutoff frequency, during an initial phase of operation, to a subsequent lower cutoff frequency during a normal operating phase. The high pass filter acts as a dc offset correction loop which eliminates the serial effect of many amplifier sections on dc offsets arising within components while maintaining a sufficiently low cutoff frequency to avoid adversely impacting information integrity at higher frequencies. The plurality of high pass filter sections also enables the integration of the needed capacitors thus minimizing external components and connections . In accordance with another feature of the invention, a high pass filter of a direct conversion receiver is provided which includes, in a low pass filter feedback section thereof a capacitor; and, a resistor section coupled to the capacitor The resistor section includes a switch for changing the resistance of the resistance section from a first, relatively low value, during the initial phase, to a second higher resistance during the subsequent, normal operating phase. In accordance with another feature of the invention, a direct conversion receiver is provided having a homodymng section fed by: a received radio frequency signal having a carrier frequency; and, a reference signal having the carrier frequency. A high pass filter is coupled to an output of the homodymng section The high pass filter includes an amplifier and a low pass filter coupled m a negative feedback arrangement with the amplifier. The low pass filter has a capacitor and a switching section for rapidly charging the capacitor during an initial, pre-charge phase. In accordance with still another feature of the invention, a low pass filter is provided. The low pass filter includes a differential amplifier having a first pair of transistors and a second pair of transistors. Each one of the transistors has a first electrode, a second electrode and a control electrode. The control electrode is adapted to control a flow of carriers (e.g., current) between the first and second electrodes. The control electrodes of the first pair of transistors provides a first input for the differential amplifier and the control electrodes of the second pair of transistors provide a second input for the differential amplifier A current source is coupled to the first electrodes of the first and second pair of transistors. A capacitor has a first electrode coupled to the second electrode of a first one of the transistors m the first pair of transistors and a second electrode coupled to the second electrode of a first one of the transistors m the second pair of transistors. A pair of switches is included. A first one of the switches is adapted to couple the second electrode of the second transistor m the first pair thereof to either the first electrode of the capacitor, during an initial pre-chargmg phase; or, to the second electrode of the capacitor during a subsequent, normal operating phase. The second one of the pair of switches is adapted to couple the second electrode of the second transistor m the second pair thereof to either the second electrode of the capacitor, during the initial pre-charging phase; or, to the first electrode of the capacitor during the subsequent normal operating phase. In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, the first and second transistors m each of the pair thereof is adapted to pass current from the current source through the first and second electrodes thereof with different current levels. In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, a first resistance is provided between the current source and the first electrode of the first transistor m the first pair of transistors and a second resistance is provided between the current source and the first electrode of the first transistor in the second pair of transistors. In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, an additional switch for changing the resistance of the first and second resistances from a lower value to a higher value when the filter changes from the initial pre-chargmg phase to the subsequent normal operating phase. Brief Description of the Drawing These and other features of the invention, as well as the invention itself, will become more readily apparent from the following detailed description when read together with the accompanying drawings, m which: FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a direct conversion receiver according to the invention; FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a high pass filter stage used in the receiver of FIG. 1; FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the high pass filter stage of FIG. 2 in more detail. Description of the Preferred Embodiments Referring now to FIG. 1, a direct conversion receiver 10 is shown Such receiver 10 includes a homodymng section 12 (e.g., a mixer 13, low noise amplifier (LNA) 15, variable low noise amplifier (LNA) 17, bandpass filters 19a, 19b and low pass filter 19, as indicated) fed by a radio frequency signal received by antenna 14, having a carrier frequency f , and a reference signal produced by a local oscillator or frequency synthesizer 16 having the carrier frequency, f . A high pass filter 18 is coupled to an output of the homodymng section 12 for removing unwanted DC components resulting from the homodymng process prior to subsequent amplification of the baseband signal by amplifier 20 The high pass filter 18 is designed with a sufficiently low cutoff frequency to reject the dc components but not sufficiently impact the information contained m the nearby low frequencies (i.e , the high pass filter 18 is a dc block) The high filter 18 includes a plurality of, here n, serially coupled high pass filter stages 20 to 20 Each one of the high pass filter stages 20 -20 is identical in construction, an exemplary one thereof, here stage 20 , being shown in detail in FIGS. 2 and 3. Suffice it to say here, however, that each one of the stages 20 -20 includes an amplifier 22 and a low pass filter 24 coupled in a negative feedback arrangement with the amplifier 22. Each one of the low pass filters 24 is adapted to have the cutoff frequency thereof switch from an initial high cutoff frequency when the receiver 10 is turned on (during an initial phase of operation as when the amplifiers 22 are turned on or when there is a large step change m the ga of such amplifiers 22) to a subsequent lower, normal operating cutoff frequency a predetermined time after an initial time period, m response to a control signal produced on line 26 response to a pulse generator 28 The pulse generator 28 is fed via an OR gate 27, to an on/off signal and to a large step gam change signal The step gam signal indicates that a large step m ga has been commanded to variable attenuators 23 included the stages 20 - 20 , as indicated. The function of the control signal on line 26 will be described m more detail below. Suffice it to say here, however, that the pulse generator 28 produces a pulse during the initial time period which is initiated each time the receiver 10 (e.g., amplifiers 22) is turned on or a large step the gam of amplifiers 17, 22, or amplifier 20 via the variable attenator 23 preceding such amplifier 20 . Further, referring also to FIG. 2, an exemplary one of the high pass filter stages 20 -20 n of the direct conversion receiver 10, here filter 20 is shown to include, in the low pass filter 24 thereof: a capacitor, C, and a resistor section 30 having serially connected resistors R and (M+1)R, where M is a positive integer) coupled to a capacitor, C, through transistor Q . The resistor section 30 includes a switching arrangement 32 for changing the resistance of the resistance section 30 from a first resistance, R, during the initial phase to a second resistance during the subsequent normal operating phase in response to the control signal on line 26. More particularly, the resistance of resistor section 30 has a lower value, R, during the initial phase and a second, higher value, MR, during the subsequent, normal operating phase. Further, the low pass filter 24 includes a switching arrangement 34 for rapidly charging the capacitor, C, from current source I during the initial phase (i.e., a pre-charge phase) to rapidly place an initial charge the capacitor C prior to the normal operating phase through the resistor R, the resistor (M+1)R being short circuited by the switching arrangement 32. More particularly, the output of the resistor section 30 is coupled to the capacitor C through a pair of transistors Q , Q , and the switching arrangement 32, as indicated. The output voltage produced across the capacitor C is fed back to the input of the amplifier 22 in a negative feedback arrangement, as described above. The emitter area of transistor Q is N and the emitter area of transistor Q is M. The base of both transistors Q and Q is coupled to the output of amplifier 22, as shown. During the initial pre-charge phase, and assuming for purposes of illustration that the transistors Q ι and Q 2 are m their active region, the switching arrangement 34 will direct both current NI from transistor Q 1 and the current MI from transistor Q2 to node 36. Thus, the current used to pre-charge capacitor C will be NI+MI. After the initial phase, the switching arrangement 34 will divert the current MI from node 36 and the current to capacitor C will only be the current NI from transistor Q . It is noted that a current return path to the current source I is provided by the NI current source connected to node 36 and to the collector electrode of transistor Q and a current return path to the current source I is provided by the MI current source connected to the collector electrode of transistor Q 2. In summary, during the initial phase, i.e., for a time duration to enable rapidly pre-chargmg the capacitor C. (1) the cutoff frequency of the low pass filter 24 is increased because the resistance of resistor section 30 is lower (i.e., R) than during the normal operating phase (i.e., MR) to reduce the time required to charge the capacitor during the pre-charge phase; and (2) the capacitor C is rapidly charged through the lower resistance of the resistor section 30 and through a relatively high current passing from both transistors Q and Q to node 36 (i.e., the upper electrode of the capacitor C) . Referring now also to FIG. 3, the high pass filter stage 20 is shown to m more detail. It is first noted that the stage 20 is fed with a differential input from the homodymng section 12 (FIG. 1) and such amplifier 22 produces a differential output. The low pass filter 24 includes a differential amplifier 40 having a first pair of transistors, Q , Q and a second pair of transistors Q , Q . Each one of the transistors Q , Q , Q , Q is here a bipolar transistor and has a first electrode, here an emitter electrode, a second electrode, here a collector electrode, and a control electrode, here a base electrode. The base electrode is adapted to control a flow of carriers (e.g., current) between the emitter and collector electrodes. The emitter area of transistors Q and Q are each N, here 5, and the emitter area of transistors Q 2 and Q3 are each M, here 4. The base electrodes of the first pair of transistors Q , Q is coupled through resistor 42 to provide a first input 44 for the differential amplifier 40 which is connected to the inverting (-) output of amplifier 22, and the base electrodes of the second pair of transistors Q , Q is coupled through resistor 46 to provide a second input 48 for the differential amplifier 40, which is connected to the non-mvertmg ( + ) output of amplifier 22. The base electrodes of transistors Q 1 and Q2 are connected to the base electrodes of transistors Q and Q through a resistor 45, as indicated. The current source, I , is coupled between voltage source Vcc and the emitter electrodes of the first and second pair of transistors Q n , Q„ Q- , an d Q through the resistor section 30, as indicated. Here, the resistor section 30 has: (1) two serially connected resistors R and 3R; the left pair being coupled between the current source I and the emitter electrode of transistor Q 7 and the right pair being coupled between the current source I χ and the emitter electrode of transistor Q 4 ; and, (2) two single resistors 5R; the left one being connected between the current source I and the emitter electrode of transistor Q ^ and the right one being connected between the current source I and the emitter electrode of transistor Q . The switching arrangement 32 includes a pair of switches, the left one being connected to short out, m response to the control signal on line 26, the left resistor 3R during the initial phase of operation and the right one being connected to short out, m response to the same control signal on line 26, the right resistor 3R during the initial phase of operation. During the subsequent normal operating phase, both switches are open m response to the control signal on line 26. Thus, as noted above in connection with FIG. 2, during the initial phase, the resistance between the current source I and the emitter electrode of transistor Q is R while during the normal operating mode the resistance between the current source I 1 and the emitter electrode of transistor is R+3R, i.e., a resistance four times larger than the resistance during the initial phase. Likewise, during the initial phase, the resistance between the current source I and the emitter electrode of transistor Q is R while during the normal operating mode the resistance between the current source I 1 and the emitter electrode of transistor Q is R+3R, i.e., a resistance four times larger than the resistance during the initial phase. The capacitor, C, has a first electrode 50 coupled to the collector electrode of transistor Q at node 36a and a second electrode 52 coupled to the collector electrode of transistor Q at node 36b. The switching arrangement 34 includes a pair of switches 34a, 34b. Switch 34a has an input coupled to the collector electrode of transistor Q„ and switch 34b has an input coupled to the collector electrode of transistor Q . One of a pair of outputs of switch 34a, i.e., output 35a, is connected, at node 36a, to electrode 50 of capacitor C and the other output, i.e., output 35b, is connected to electrode 52 of capacitor C. One of the pair of outputs of switch 34b, i.e., output 37a, is connected, at node 36b, to electrode 52 of capacitor C and the other output, i.e., output 37b, is connected to electrode 50 of capacitor C, as shown. Switch 34a is adapted to couple the collector electrode of transistor Q ^ to either electrode 50 of the capacitor C (i.e. to output 35a) , during the initial charging phase, or to the electrode 52 of the capacitor C (i.e., to output 35b) during the subsequent, normal operating phase in response to the control signal on line 26. Switch 34b is adapted to couple the collector electrode of transistor Q to either the electrode 52 of the capacitor C (i.e., to output 37a), during the initial charging phase, or to the electrode 50 of the capacitor C (i.e., to output 37b) during the subsequent, normal operating phase m response to the control signal on line 26. The potential on electrode 50 of the capacitor C is coupled to the non-mvertmg ( +) input of amplifier 22 through FET 62 and the potential on electrode 52 of the capacitor C is coupled to the inverting (-) input of amplifier 22 through FET 66, as shown. The FETs 60, 64 are used to provide dc feedback and current replication to FETs 62 and 66. Thus, during the initial operating phase, and assuming that the transistors Q , Q , Q , and Q are m their active operating regions, the total current into node 36a will be QI /2. Likewise, the current into node 36b will also be QI /2. These currents are set by the current sources connected to ground at nodes 50, 52 of capacitor C, as indicated. The DC current through FETs 60, 64 is therefore constrained to be (l-Q)I /2 by the aforementioned feedback mechanism. Furthermore, current replication m FETs 63, 66 constrains the nominal operating current of these FETs to be equal to the DC current through FETs 60, 64, respectively. The gam of the amplifier is directly related to the transconductance of transistors Q *1 , Q2 ,' , and Q4. This transconductance is related to the current flowing m each of the transistors. The current flowing m transistors Q and Q is proportional to {N/[M+N] }{QI /2}, where N is here 5 and M is here 4 Likewise, the current flowing in transistors Q and Q is proportional to { / ( +N) } {01^/2} . Thus, m the initial phase of operation, the transconductance is related to the sum of the currents Q , Q , Q and Q , or, more simply, related to QI /2. However, during the normal operating phase of the circuit, the switching arrangement 34, reverses the polarity of the currents flowing in the transistors Q , Q . Thus, the normal operating phase of the circuit, the transconductance is related to the difference of the currents flowing in transistors Q 1 , Q4 minus the current flowing - 1 in transistors Q2 , Q3 , or more simply, { [N-M] / [N+M] } {QI /2 } . The net change in transconductance from the initial phase to the normal operating phase is, therefore, [N-M] / [N+M] . Thus, there is a larger current which charges the capacitor, C, during the initial phase than during the subsequent normal operating phase. These and other embodiments are within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. What is claimed is:

Claims: 1. A filter, comprising: a high pass filter, comprising: an amplifier; and a low pass filter coupled in a negative feedback arrangement with the amplifier, each one of the low pass filters being adapted to have the cutoff frequency thereof switch from an initial high cutoff frequency to a subsequent lower cutoff frequency. 2. A filter, comprising: a plurality of serially coupled high pass filter stages, each one thereof comprising: an amplifier; and a low pass filter coupled m a negative feedback arrangement with the amplifier, each one of the low pass filters being adapted to have the cutoff frequency thereof switch from an initial high cutoff frequency to a subsequent lower cutoff frequency. 3. A filter, comprising: a high pass filter, comprising: an amplifier; and a low pass filter coupled in a negative feedback arrangement with the amplifier, each one of the low pass filters having: a capacitor,- a resistor section coupled to the capacitor; a switch for changing the resistance of the resistance section, such resistance having a first value during an initial phase and a second resistance during a subsequent phase. 4. A filter, comprising: a plurality of serially coupled high pass filter stages, each one thereof comprising: an amplifier; and a low pass filter coupled a negative feedback arrangement with the amplifier, each one of the low pass filters having: a capacitor; a resistor section coupled to the capacitor; a switch for changing the resistance of the resistance section, such resistance having a first value during an initial phase and a second resistance during a subsequent phase. 5. A filter, comprising: a high pass filter, comprising: an amplifier; and a low pass filter coupled in a negative feedback arrangement with the amplifier, each one of the low pass filters having: a capacitor; a switching section for charging the capacitor during an initial phase. 6. A filter, comprising: a plurality of serially coupled high pass filter stages, each one thereof comprising: an amplifier; and a low pass filter coupled m a negative feedback arrangement with the amplifier, each one of the low pass filters having: a capacitor; a switching section for charging the capacitor during an initial phase. 7 A filter, comprising: a high pass filter, comprising: an amplifier; and a low pass filter coupled in a negative feedback arrangement with the amplifier, each one of the low pass filters having: a capacitor; and a switchable capacitor charging circuit responsive to a control signal for charging such capacitor with a charging current during an initial charging phase and for de- coupling such capacitor from the charging current during a subsequent normal operating phase. 8. A filter, comprising: a plurality of serially coupled high pass filter stages, each one thereof comprising: an amplifier; and a low pass filter coupled in a negative feedback arrangement with the amplifier, each one of the low pass filters having: a capacitor, and a switchable capacitor charging circuit responsive to a control signal for charging such capacitor with a charging current during an initial charging phase and for decoupling such capacitor from the charging current during a subsequent normal operating phase. 9. A low pass filter, comprising: a differential amplifier having a first pair of transistors and a second pair of transistors, each one of the transistors having a first electrode, a second electrode and a control electrode, the control electrode being adapted to control a flow of carriers between the first and second electrodes, the control electrode of the first pair of transistors providing a first input for the differential amplifier and the control electrodes of the second pair of transistors providing a second input for the differential amplifier; a current source coupled to the first electrodes of the first and second pair of transistors; a capacitor having a first electrode coupled to the second electrode of a first one of the transistors m the first pair of transistors and a second electrode coupled to the second electrode of a first one of the transistors in the second pair of transistors , a pair of switches, a first one of the switches adapted to couple the second electrode of the second transistor m the first pair thereof to either the first electrode of the capacitor, during an initial charging phase, or to the second electrode of the capacitor during a subsequent phase while the second one of the pair of switches is adapted to couple the second electrode of the second transistor m the second pair thereof to either the second electrode of the capacitor, during the initial charging phase, or to the first electrode of the capacitor during the subsequent phase. 10. The low pass filter recited m claim 9 wherein the first and second transistors m each of the pair thereof are adapted to pass current from the current source through the first and second electrodes thereof with different current levels. 11. The low pass filter recited in claim 10 including a resistance between the current source and the first electrode of the first transistor in the first pair of transistors and a second resistance between the current source and the first electrode of the first transistor in the second pair of transistors . 12. The low pass filter recited in claim 11 including an additional switch for changing the resistance of the first and second resistances when the filter changes from the initial charging phase to the subsequent phase. 13. The low pass filter recited m claim 11 including an additional switch for changing the resistance of the first and second resistances from a lower value to a higher value when the filter changes from the initial charging phase to the subsequent phase . 14. A direct conversion receiver, comprising: a homodymng section fed by a received radio frequency signal having a carrier frequency and a reference signal having the carrier frequency; a filter coupled to an output of the homodymng section, such filter comprising: a plurality of serially coupled high pass filter stages, each one thereof comprising: an amplifier; and a low pass filter coupled in a negative feedback arrangement with the amplifier, each one of the low pass filters being adapted to have the cutoff frequency thereof switch from an initial high cutoff frequency to a subsequent lower cutoff frequency. 15. A direct conversion receiver, comprising: a homodymng section fed by a received radio frequency signal having a carrier frequency and a reference signal having the carrier frequency, a filter coupled to an output of the homodymng section, such filter comprising: a plurality of serially coupled high pass filter stages, each one thereof comprising: an amplifier; and a low pass filter coupled in a negative feedback arrangement with the amplifier, each one of the low pass filters having: a capacitor; a resistor section coupled to the capacitor; a switch for changing the resistance of the resistance section, such resistance having a first value during an initial phase and a second resistance during a subsequent phase. 16. A direct conversion receiver, comprising: a homodymng section fed by a received radio frequency signal having a carrier frequency and a reference signal having the carrier frequency; a filter coupled to an output of the homodymng section, such filter comprising: a plurality of serially coupled high pass filter stages, each one thereof comprising: an amplifier; and a low pass filter coupled in a negative feedback arrangement with the amplifier, each one of the low pass filters having: a capacitor; a switching section for charging the capacitor during an initial phase. 17. A direct conversion receiver, comprising: a homodymng section fed by a received radio frequency signal having a carrier frequency and a reference signal having the carrier frequency; a filter coupled to an output of the homodymng section, such filter comprising: a differential amplifier having a first pair of transistors and a second pair of transistors, each one of the transistors having a first electrode, a second electrode and a control electrode, the control electrode being adapted to control a flow of carriers between the first and second electrodes, the control electrode of the first pair of transistors providing a first input for the differential amplifier and the control electrodes of the second pair of transistors providing a second input for the differential amplifier; a current source coupled to the first electrodes of the first and second pair of transistors; a capacitor having a first electrode coupled to the second electrode of a first one of the transistors the first pair of transistors; and a second electrode coupled to the second electrode of a first one of the transistors in the second pair of transistors; a pair of switches, a first one of the switches adapted to couple the second electrode of the second transistor in the first pair thereof to either the first electrode of the capacitor, during an initial charging phase, or to the second electrode of the capacitor during a subsequent phase while the second one of the pair of switches is adapted to couple the second electrode of the second transistor m the second pair thereof to either the second electrode of the capacitor, during the initial charging phase, or to the first electrode of the capacitor during the subsequent phase. 18. The direct conversion receiver recited m claim 17 wherein the first and second transistors each of the pair thereof are adapted to pass current from the current source through the first and second electrodes thereof with different current levels. 19. The direct conversion receiver recited m claim 18 including a resistance between the current source and the first electrode of the first transistor in the first pair of transistors and a second resistance between the current source and the first electrode of the first transistor m the second pair of transistors. 20. The receiver claim 19 including an additional switch for changing the resistance of the first and second resistances when the filter changes from the initial charging phase to the subsequent phase. 21. The receiver recited in claim 19 including an additional switch for changing the resistance of the first and second resistances from a lower value to a higher value when the filter changes from the initial charging phase to the subsequent phase . 22. A direct conversion receiver, comprising. a homodymng section fed by a received radio frequency signal having a carrier frequency and a reference signal having the carrier frequency; a filter coupled to an output of the homodymng section, such filter comprising: an amplifier; and a low pass filter coupled in a negative feedback arrangement with the amplifier, each one of the low pass filters being adapted to have the cutoff frequency thereof switch from an initial high cutoff frequency to a subsequent lower cutoff frequency. 23. A direct conversion receiver, comprising: a homody ng section fed by a received radio frequency signal having a carrier frequency and a reference signal having the carrier frequency; a filter coupled to an output of the homodymng section, such filter comprising: an amplifier; and a low pass filter coupled in a negative feedback arrangement with the amplifier, such low pass filters having : a capacitor; a resistor section coupled to the capacitor; a switch for changing the resistance of the resistance section, such resistance having a first value during an initial phase and a second resistance during a subsequent phase. 24. A direct conversion receiver, comprising: a homodymng section fed by a received radio frequency signal having a carrier frequency and a reference signal having the carrier frequency; a filter coupled to an output of the homodymng section, such filter comprising: an amplifier; and a low pass filter coupled in a negative feedback arrangement with the amplifier, such low pass filters having: a capacitor; a switching section for charging the capacitor during an initial phase.

Inventors: GOLDFARB MARC E, PALMER WYN T, GOLDFARB, MARC, E., PALMER, WYN, T.
Applicants: ANALOG DEVICES INC, ANALOG DEVICES, INC.
Application year: 2000
Main classification: H03B1
IPC codes: H03H11, H04B1