2-ADAMANTANEMETHANAMINE COMPOUNDS FOR TREATING ABNORMALITIES IN GLUTAMATERGIC TRANSMISSION

Abstract: The use of a compound of formula (1), wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl and aryl, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, with the proviso that wherein R1 to R4 and R6 are hydrogen, R5 is not selected from CH2CH2NHSO2CH3, CH2CH2NHSO2CF3 and methyl substituted by SO2NH2, SO3H, PO3H2, CONHOH or a heterocyclic group selected from formulae (a), (b), (c), (d) and (e) in the manufacture of a medicament for use in the treatment of a condition generally associated with abnormalities in glutamatergic transmission.

Description: 2-ADAMANTANEMETHANAMINE COMPOUNDS FOR TREAΗNG ABNORMALITIES IN GLUTAMATERGIC TRANSMISSION The present invention relates to compounds and compositions for use in the treatment of conditions generally associated with abnormalities in glutamatergic transmission. The excitatory neurotransmission underlying brain function is primarily (about 80 per cent) dependent on the action of glutamate and other related neurotransmitters on specific receptors activated by the excitatory amino acids. These receptors fall into several categories, one of which is the glutamate receptor specifically sensitive to the agonist N-methyl-D-aspartate (the NMDA receptor). NMDA receptor subtypes are ubiquitously expressed in mammalian brain and have unique properties underlying their role in synaptic function .and plasticity. In view of the central role of these receptors in normal central nervous system function, numerous suggestions have been made as to the utility of drugs acting at this receptor to modulate the processes underlying various disease states. The NMDA receptor has been studied with particular interest in relation to its apparent involvement in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Non-competitive antagonists at this receptor should be particularly advantageous in the treatment of diseases since such compounds would have activity that should not be overcome by high levels of endogenous agonists and would act equally well independent of the endogenous agonist activating the receptor. This is important since high levels of endogenous glutamate can occur in certain pathological processes and there are a variety of different endogenous agonists that can act through a variety of specific modulatory agonist binding sites on the receptor. A number of NMDA antagonists have been disclosed which operate by binding to the ion-channel of the NMDA receptor. The advantage of channel blockers is that they operate only on the "open" channel and therefore do not affect unactivated receptors. In addition they are effective regardless of the mechanism of receptor stimulation and their effect will not be diminished by large concentrations of endogenous agonist. Given that the NMDA receptor plays a primary role in normal central nervous system function, it is not surprising that certain drugs acting to block or antagonise the function of this receptor affect normal function within the brain. This may be manifested as central nervous system side effects such as hallucinations, confusion, paranoia, aggression, agitation and catatonia. These side effects can be described as a psychotic state and the drugs that induce them are known as psychotomimetic NMDA antagonists. Such side effects limit the utility of these compounds in treating disease states. NMDA receptor antagonists that have efficacy in treating central nervous system disorders but without such psychotomimetic side effects would have a clear therapeutic advantage. Thus, in view of the crucial role played by the NMDA receptor in either the progression or expression of the disease pathology and process, it is an object of this invention to provide compounds for the treatment of central nervous system disorders which modulate the activity of the NMDA receptor but which are well-tolerated in the sense of having a markedly reduced propensity to induce psychotomimetic side effects. The present invention is particularly concerned with the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. There is a large body of evidence to suggest that either an excitotoxic or slow excitotoxic pathological over-activation of the NMDA receptor induces the death of neurons in a variety of disorders such as ischaemic stroke, other forms of hypoxic injury, haemorrhagic brain injury, traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and other dementing diseases. There is thus clear evidence that antagonism of the NMDA receptor will reduce or prevent the neurodegeneration that underlies the disease process in these and related conditions. There is also evidence to suggest that a well-tolerated compound will allow effective symptomatic treatment of the manifestations of the disease process in these disorders as well as reducing the primary underlying neurodegeneration process. Also, it is known that disorders previously described as involving acute neurodegeneration have longer than expected elevations in glutamate release and consequently require longer than expected treatment with NMDA antagonists. There would therefore be a therapeutic advantage for new drugs which are well-tolerated and which can therefore be administered chronically. The published literature contains references to a number of compounds and classes of compounds purported to be useful as NMDA antagonists. The compounds Amantadine and Memantine and related anti-viral agents have been known for many years. Amantadine Memantine Patent applications have been filed directed to the use of Memantine in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease in the 1970s and as an NMDA antagonist in 1990 (see EP-A- 0392059 and US-A-5061703). Furthermore, International Patent application WO94/05275 proposes the use of Amantadine and related compounds such as Memantine in the treatment and prevention of non-ischaemic, long term NMDA receptor-mediated neuronal degeneration. An increase in affinity for the NMDA receptor due to substitution of the adamantane ring of Amantadine with alkyl groups was noted and published by Kornhuber et al. (Eur. J. Pharmacol., 1991, 206, 297-300). Structure-activity relationships relating to l-(adamantyl)alkanamines are reported by Kroemer et al. (J. Med. Chem.,1998, 41, 393-400), by Parsons et al. (Neuropharmacology, 1995, 34, 1239-1258) and by Fytas et al. (II Farmaco,1994, 49, 641-647). As discussed above, psychotomimetic side-effects are observed during the use of a number of well known NMDA channel blockers and therefore it will be a considerable advantage to identify clinically well-tolerated antagonists where such side effects are minimised. Porter and Greenamyre (J. Neurochem. 1995, 64, 614-623; incorporated herein by reference) demonstrated that well-tolerated and psychotomimetic NMDA receptor channel blockers could be differentiated on the basis of their relative affinities for forebrain and cerebellar receptors irrespective of absolute affinities. Selectivity for cerebellar NMDA receptors over forebrain NMDA receptors is observed for well- tolerated compounds. The basis of this observation may be related to different populations of NMDA receptor subtypes in these brain regions. The use of a number of the known NMDA antagonists such as Dizocilpine, PCP, Cerestat and Ketamine gives rise to a number of side effects which render these compounds unsuitable for use in treatment. In particular, administration of the compounds is associated with perceptual and cognitive disturbances of a kind that resemble naturally-occurring psychotic states. In addition, the perceptual and cognitive side effects of the compounds become more pronounced after the onset of puberty and sexual maturation, and these compounds are therefore particularly unsuitable for the treatment of adults. This developmental change has been demonstrated empirically in both experimental animals and in man, and is paralleled in experimental animals by brain hypermetabolism. In summary, there is a need for an NMDA antagonist which is well-tolerated and does not give rise to the side effects associated with previous clinically investigated NMDA antagonists. A number of compounds have now been found that show affinity for the NMDA receptor and are useful in the treatment of conditions generally associated with abnormalities in glutamatergic transmission such as stroke, traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. It has also been found that the compounds have a surprisingly favourable ratio of cortex to cerebellar binding affinity which indicates that these compounds would be well-tolerated in vivo. According to the present invention there is provided the use of a compound of the formula (1): (1 ) wherein Ri, R , R , R 4 , R 5 and R^ are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl and aryl, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, with the proviso that wherein R \ to R 4 and Re are hydrogen, R 5 is not selected from CH 2 CH 2 NHSO 2 CH 3 , CH 2 CH 2 NHSO 2 CF 3 and methyl substituted by SO 2 NH 2 , SO 3 H, PO 3 H 2 , CONHOH or a heterocyclic group selected from in the manufacture of a medicament for use in the treatment of a condition generally associated with abnormalities in glutamatergic transmission. As used herein, the term "alkyl" means a br-uiched or unbranched, cyclic or acyclic, saturated or unsaturated (e.g. alkenyl or alkynyl) hydrocarbyl radical which may be substituted or unsubstituted. Where cyclic, the alkyl group is preferably C to Cι 2 , more preferably C 5 to Cio, more preferably C 5 to C . Where acyclic, the alkyl group is preferably Ci to Cio, rnore preferably d to C 6 , more preferably methyl, ethyl, propyl (n-propyl or isopropyl), butyl (n-butyl, isobutyl or tertiary-butyl) or pentyl (including n-pentyl and iso- pentyl), more preferably methyl. It will be appreciated therefore that the term "alkyl" as used herein includes alkyl (branched or unbranched), substituted alkyl (branched or unbranched), alkenyl (branched or unbranched), substituted alkenyl (branched or unbr.anched), alkynyl (branched or unbranched), substituted alkynyl (branched or unbranched), cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl and substituted cycloalkynyl. As used herein, the term "aryl" means a substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclic aromatic group, such as phenyl or naphthyl, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group containing one or more, preferably one, heteroatom, such as pyridyl, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothi,azolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, pyrimidinyl pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, indolyl, indazolyl, quinolyl, quinazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzisoxazolyl and benzisothiazolyl. In one embodiment, the aryl group comprises phenyl. The alkyl and aryl groups may be substituted or unsubstituted. Where substituted, there will generally be 1 to 3 substituents present, preferably 1 substituent. Substituents may include: carbon-containing groups such as alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl (e.g. substituted and unsubstituted phenyl, substituted and unsubstituted benzyl); halogen atoms and halogen-containing groups such as haloalkyl (e.g. trifluoromethyl); oxygen-containing groups such as alcohols (e.g. hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, aryl(hydroxy)alkyl), ethers (e.g. alkoxy, aryloxy, alkoxyalkyl, aryloxyalkyl), aldehydes (e.g. carboxaldehyde), ketones (e.g. alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonylalkyl, arylcarbonyl, arylalkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonylalkyl), acids (e.g. carboxy, carboxyalkyl), acid derivatives such as esters (e.g. alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylcarbonyloxyalkyl), amides (e.g. aminocarbonyl, mono- or di-alkylaminocarbonyl, aminocarbonylalkyl, mono- or di-alkylaminocarbonylalkyl, arylaminocarbonyl), carbamates (e.g. alkoxycarbonylamino, aryloxycarbonylamino, aminocarbonyloxy, mono- or di-alkylaminocarbonyloxy, arylaminocarbonyloxy), and ureas (e.g. mono- or di-alkylaminocarbonylamino or arylaminocarbonylamino); nitrogen-containing groups such as amines (e.g. amino, mono- or di-alkylamino, aminoalkyl, mono- or di- alkylaminoalkyl), azides, nitriles (e.g. cyano, cyanoalkyl), nitro; sulfur-containing groups such as thiols, thioethers, sulfoxides and sulfones (e.g. alkylthio, alkylsulfmyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfmylalkyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, arylthio, arylsulfinyl, arylsulfonyl, arylthioalkyl, arylsulfinylalkyl, arylsulfonylalkyl); and heterocyclic groups containing one or more, preferably one, heteroatom, (e.g. thienyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, aziridinyl, azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, pyranyl, pyronyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, piperidyl, hexahydroazepinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, benzothienyl, benzofuranyl, isobenzofuranyl, indolyl, oxyindolyl, isoindolyl, indazolyl, indolinyl, 7-azaindolyl, indolizinyl, benzopyranyl, coumarinyl, isocoumarinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, naphthridinyl, cinnolinyl, quinazolinyl, pyridopyridyl, benzoxazinyl, quinoxalinyl, chromenyl, chromanyl, isochromanyl, phthalazinyl and carbolinyl). As used herein, the term "alkoxy" means alkyl-O- and "alkoyl" means alkyl-CO- where alkyl is as previously defined. As used herein, the term "halogen" means a fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine radical, preferably a fluorine, chlorine or bromine radical. As used herein the term "conditions generally associated with abnormalities in glutamatergic transmission" primarily includes ischaemic stroke, haemorrhagic stroke, subarrachnoid haemorrhage, subdural haematoma, coronary artery bypass surgery, neurosurgery, traumatic brain injury, traumatic spinal injury, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Pick's disease, Lewy body disease, senile dementia, spongiform encephalopathies, prion-protein induced neurotoxicity, peri-natal asphyxia, demyelinating disease, multiinfarct dementia, vascular dementia, dementia pugilans, drug dependence, alcohol withdrawal, opiate withdrawal, motor neurone disease, multiple sclerosis, acute and chronic pain including neuropathic pain, cancer pain, trigeminal neuralgia, migraine, primary and secondary hyperalgesia, inflammatory pain, nociceptive pain, tabes dorsalis, phantom limb pain, spinal cord injury pain, central pain, post-herpetic pain, HIV pain and diabetic neuropathy. In addition, the term also includes the following conditions: epilepsy, AIDS dementia, multiple system atrophy, progressive supra-nuclear palsy, Friedrich's ataxia, autism, fragile X syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, attention deficit disorder, olivio-ponto-cerebellar atrophy, cerebral palsy, drug- induced optic neuritis, peripheral neuropathy, myelopathy, ischaemic retinopathy, glaucoma, cardiac arrest, meningitis, encephalitis, depression, bi-polar disorder, schizophrenia, psychosis, behaviour disorders, impulse control disorders, pre-eclampsia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, anorexia nervosa, anxiety disorders, generalised anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobias, fresh water drowning and decompression. As used herein, the term "treatment" includes prophylactic treatment. As used herein, the term "pharmaceutically acceptable salt" means any pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of formula (1). Salts may be prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids including inorganic and organic acids. Such acids include acetic, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, camphorsulfonic, citric, dichloroacetic, ethenesulfonic, fumaric, gluconic, glutamic, hippuric, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, isethionic, lactic, maleic, malic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, mucic, nitric, pamoic, pantothenic, phosphoric, succinic, sulfuric, tartaric, oxalic, p-toluenesulfonic and the like. Particularly preferred are hydrochloric, hydrobromic, phosphoric, fumaric, succinic, methanesulphonic and sulfuric acids, and most particularly preferred is the hydrochloride salt. The compounds of formula (1) may exist in a number of diastereomeric and/or enantiomeric forms. Reference in the present specification to "a compound of formula (1)" is a reference to all stereoisomeric forms of the compound and includes a reference to the unseparated stereoisomers in a mixture, racemic or non-racemic, and to each stereoisomer in its optically pure form. The compounds of the present invention are active as NMDA antagonists and are well- tolerated in that side-effects are minimised. Experimental data are shown in Table 1. In the compounds of formula (1), preferably one or more of R., R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and R^ are hydrogen. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, one or both of R \ and R 2 are hydrogen. In a further preferred embodiment, one or both of R 3 and are hydrogen. In a further preferred embodiment all of Ri, R 2 , R 3 , R4, and R 5 are hydrogen. In the compounds of formula (1), preferably R 5 is alkyl or aryl, more preferably R 5 is aryl. Where R 5 is alkyl, preferably R 5 is an acyclic hydrocarbyl radical, preferably saturated, preferably unbranched and preferably unsubstituted. In one embodiment, R 5 is alkyl substituted by a substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclic aromatic group, preferably a phenyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group containing 1 or 2, preferably 1 , heteroatom and preferably a thienyl, pyridyl or furanyl group. Where R is aryl, preferably R 5 is a substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclic aromatic group or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms, preferably one heteroatom. More preferably, R 5 is a carbocyclic aromatic group, preferably phenyl, substituted or unsubstituted. Where substituted, R 5 is preferably mono-substituted. Where R 5 is a mono-substituted phenyl group, the substituent is preferably in the meta or para position, and more preferably the meta position, of the phenyl ring with respect to the adamantane group. Preferred substituents are selected from Ci to C 4 alkyl, preferably methyl and ethyl; halogen, preferably fluorine and chlorine; alkoxy, preferably methoxy; and haloalkyl, preferably trifluoromethyl. Preferably R 5 is selected from phenyl, 3-methylphenyl, 4-methylphenyl and 3-ethylphenyl. More preferably R 5 is selected from 3-methylphenyl and 3- ethylphenyl. Most preferably R 5 is 3-methylphenyl. In the embodiment where R 5 is a heteroaromatic group, it is preferred that R 5 is selected from thienyl, pyridyl and furanyl groups, most preferably thienyl, substituted or unsubstituted. In one embodiment of the invention, the compounds are selected from compounds other than those wherein Ri, R 2 , R , R 4 and Re are hydrogen and R 5 is either Cι- 2 alkyl substituted by sulfonamide, amide, phosphonic acid, sulfonic acid, hydroxamic acid or a heterocyclic group or R 5 is a heterocyclic group, particularly wherein said heterocyclic group is a heteroaromatic group, and particularly wherein the heterocyclic group contains 3 or more heteroatoms. In a further embodiment of the invention, the compounds are selected from compounds other than those wherein Ri, R , R 3 , R 4 and Re are hydrogen and R 5 comprises a group which is a sulfonamide, amide, phosphonic acid, sulfonic acid, hydroxamic acid or a heterocyclic group, particularly wherein said heterocyclic group is a heteroaromatic group, and particularly wherein said heterocyclic group contains 3 or more heteroatoms. In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the compounds are selected from compounds other than those wherein Rj, R 2 , R 3 , , and R are hydrogen and R 5 is not selected from CH 2 CH 2 NHSO 2 CH 3 , CH 2 CH 2 NHSO 2 CF 3 and methyl substituted by SO 2 NH 2 , SO 3 H, PO 3 H 2 , CONHOH or a heterocyclic group selected from tetrazol-5-yl, 5-oxo-4H-[l,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl, 5-thioxo-4H-[l,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl, 5-oxo-4H- [l,2,4]thiadiazol-3-yl and 2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-[l,2,3,5]oxathiadiazol-4-yl. In a further alternative embodiment of the invention, the compounds are selected from compounds other than those wherein Rj, R 2 , R 3 , R,* and R 6 are hydrogen and R 5 comprises a group which is a sulfonamide, amide, phosphonic acid, sulfonic acid, hydroxamic acid or a heterocyclic group selected from tetrazol-5-yl, 5-oxo-4H-[l,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl, 5-thioxo- 4H-[l,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl, 5-oxo-4H-[l,2,4]thiadiazol-3-yl and 2-oxo-2,3-dihydro- [1 ,2,3,5]oxathiadiazol-4-yl. Particularly preferred compounds are 2-(3-ethylphenyl)-2-adamantanemethanamine, 2- (3 -methylphenyl)-2-adamantanemethanamine, 2-phenyl-2-adamantanemethanamine and 2-(4-methylphenyl)-2-adamantanemethanamine, and the hydrochloride salts thereof. The present invention further provides a method of treatment of conditions generally associated with abnormalities in glutamatergic transmission comprising administering to a patient an effective dose of a compound of formula (1) as defined above, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The present invention also provides, for use in therapy, a compound of formula (1) as defined above and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, other than compounds in which R 3 , R-t, R 5 and Ro are hydrogen and one of Ri and R 2 is hydrogen, methyl or benzyl and one of Ri and R 2 is a substituted methyl, ethyl or propyl group, and other than the compounds in which Ri, R 2 , R 5 and R are hydrogen and R 3 and R., are selected from methyl and aminomethyl. In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides, for use in therapy, compounds of formula (1) as defined above and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, other than compounds in which R 3 , R- t , R 5 and R are hydrogen and R \ and R? are independently selected from alkyl and other than compounds in which R], R 2 , R 5 and Re are hydrogen and R and R 4 are independently selected from alkyl. In an alternative preferred embodiment, the present invention provides, for use in therapy, compounds of formula (1) as defined above and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein (i) R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl and aryl and Ri and R 2 are independently selected from hydrogen and aryl; or (ii) R 3 , R , R and R are independently selected from alkyl and aryl and Ri and R 2 are independently selected from alkyl; or (iii) Ri, R 2 , R 5 and Re are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl and aryl and R 3 and R 4 are independently selected from hydrogen and aryl; or (iv) R], R 2 , R 5 and R^ are independently selected from alkyl and aryl and R 3 and R- t are independently selected from alkyl. In a further preferred embodiment, the present invention provides, for use in therapy, compounds of formula (1) as defined above and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein R 5 and R,s are independently selected from alkyl and aryl. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the present invention provides, for use in therapy, compounds of formula (1) as defined above and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein R 5 is selected from alkyl and aryl. The present invention also provides a compound of the formula (1) as defined above and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein R 5 is selected from alkyl and aryl, with the proviso that where and R 2 are methyl and R 3 , and R. 5 are hydrogen, R is not hydroxymethyl. According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of preparing the compounds of the formula (1) as defined above wherein R 5 is selected from alkyl and aryl, other than the compounds in which R, and R 2 are methyl, R 3 , R 4 and Re are hydrogen and R 5 is hydroxymethyl. Compounds of formula (1) may be prepared by conventional synthetic routes, for example compounds where Rj, R 2 , R 3 and R ^ t are all hydrogen may be prepared as illustrated in Reaction Scheme 1. Reaction Scheme 1 Amines (5) are prepared by reduction of the corresponding nitrile (4) by standard methods such as borane. Nitriles (4) are prepared from alcohols (3) by standard methods such as TMSCN in the presence of BF 3 . Alcohols (3) are prepared by addition of, for example, Grignard reagents to the corresponding 2-adamantanones (2) which may be available commercially or are synthesised by standard methods. Compounds of formula (1) where Ri and/or R 2 are alkyl may be prepared from amines (5) by standard methods including alkylation, reductive alkylation or acylation/reduction. Compounds of formula (1) where Ri and/or R 2 are aryl may be prepared from amines (5) by standard methods such as palladium-catalysed coupling to aryl halides. Compounds of formula (1) where R and/or are alkyl or aryl may be prepared from nitriles (4) by standard methods such as the addition of metallated alkyl or aryl anions. Compounds of formula (1) where Ri, R 2 , R 3 and R are not all hydrogen may also be prepared as illustrated in Reaction Scheme 2. Reaction Scheme 2 10 Amines (6) where R is alkyl or aryl may be prepared from nitriles (4) by standard methods such as addition of a metallated alkyl or aryl anion followed by reduction. Amines (8) where R 3 is hydrogen, alkyl or aryl may be prepared from ketones (7) by standard methods such as reductive amination. Ketones (7) where R 3 is alkyl or aryl may be prepared from nitriles (4) by standard methods such as addition of a metallated alkyl or aryl anion followed by hydrolysis. Ketones (7) where R is hydrogen may be prepared from nitriles (4) by standard methods such as reduction. Amines (10) where R and R4 are alkyl or aryl may be prepared from imines (9) by standard methods such as addition of a Grignard reagent. Amines (10) may be converted to further compoimds of formula (1) as described above. Imines (9) where R is alkyl or aryl and Ri is alkyl or aryl may be prepared from ketones (7) by standard methods such as treatment with an amine. Alternatively imines (9) where Ri is alkyl may be prepared from nitriles (4) by addition of a metallated alkyl or aryl anion followed by treatment, for example, with an alkyl halide. The present invention further provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of the formula (1), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. The compound of formula (1) may be administered in a form suitable for oral use, for example a tablet, capsule, pellet, aqueous or oily solution, suspension or emulsion; for topical use including transmucosal and transdermal use, for example a cream, ointment, gel, aqueous or oil solution or suspension, salve, patch or plaster; for nasal use, for a example a snuff, nasal spray, nasal powder or nasal drops; for vaginal or rectal use, for example a suppository or pessary; for administration by inhalation, for example a finely divided powder or a liquid aerosol; for sub-lingual or buccal use, for example a tablet or capsule for ocular use, for example a sterile aqueous solution or sterile ointment; or for parenteral use (including intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravascular or infusion), for example a sterile aqueous or oil solution or suspension or emulsion, or depot injection formulation. In general the above compositions may be prepared in a conventional manner using conventional excipients, using standard techniques, including controlled release technologies, such as gelatin, lipid, gel depot, liposome and microcapsule based systems well known to those skilled in the art of pharmacy. For oral administration, the compounds of the invention will generally be provided in the form of tablets or capsules or as an aqueous solution or suspension. Tablets or pellets for oral use may include the active ingredient mixed with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as inert diluents, disintegrating agents, binding agents, lubricating agents, sweetening agents, flavouring agents, colouring agents and preservatives. Suitable inert diluents include sodium and calcium carbonate, sodium and calcium phosphate, calcium hydrogen phosphate, cellulose derivatives, and lactose, while corn starch and alginic acid are suitable disintegrating agents. Binding agents may include starch, gelatin and polyvinyl-pyrrolidone derivatives, while the lubricating agent, if present, will generally be magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc. If desired, the tablets may be formulated or coated with a material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate or polymethacrylate polymers, cellulose derivatives or other pharmaceutically acceptable polymer, to delay absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Capsules for oral use include hard gelatin capsules in which the active ingredient is mixed with a solid diluent, and soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil such as peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil. For intramuscular, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous and intravenous use, the compounds of the invention will generally be provided in sterile aqueous solutions or suspensions or emulsions, buffered to .an appropriate pH and isotonicity. Suitable aqueous vehicles include Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride. Aqueous suspensions according to the invention may include suspending agents such as cellulose derivatives, sodium alginate, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone and gum tragacanth, and a wetting agent such as lecithin. Suitable preservatives for aqueous suspensions include ethyl and n-propyl p- hydroxybenzoate. Transdermal formulations include membrane permeation systems, multi-laminate adhesive dispersion systems and matrix dispersion systems. Transdermal delivery also includes the use of electrically aided transport and skin penetration enhancers and needle-free injection devices. The preferred route of administration will be as an intravenous infusion, preferably over a period of up to seven days, or as an oral formulation, or as an intramuscular injection via a styrette or as a subcutaneous injection. It will be appreciated that the dosage levels used may vary over quite a wide range depending upon the compound used, the severity of the condition exhibited by the patient and the patient's body weight. However, without commitment to a rigid definition of dosages it may be stated that a daily dosage of the active constituent (estimated as the free base) is 100 μg to 800 mg. More particularly the preferred compounds may be administered at a preferred dose of 50-800 mg daily in single or divided doses. The invention will now be described in detail. It will be appreciated that the invention is described by way of example only and modification of detail may be made without departing from the scope of the invention. EXPERIMENTAL I. Synthesis Example 1 2-(3-EthylphenyI)-2-adamantanemethanamine hydrochloride 2-(3-Ethylphenyl)-2-adamantanol A stirring mixture of magnesium turnings (0.89 g, 36.6 mmol) and iodine (catalytic) in dry THF (60 mL) was treated with 3-bromoethylbenzene (5 mL, 36.6 mmol), refluxed for 3 h, cooled to room temperature, treated with a solution of 2-adamantanone (5.0 g, 33.3 mmol) in dry THF (20 mL) and refluxed for 2 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, treated with 3-M HCl (20 mL), extracted with EtOAc (2 x 20 mL), the combined extracts were washed with water (10 mL), dried (MgSO 4 ), concentrated in vacuo and purified by chromatography [SiO 2 ; heptane-EtOAc (9 : 1)] to give the product (7.84 g, 92 %) as a white solid: mp 63 - 65 °C; IR v max (Nujoiycm "1 3442, 3281, 2921, 2855, 1604, 1451, 1101, 1043, 1009, 803 and 708; NMR δ H (400 MHz, CDC1 3 ) 1.23 (3H, t, J 7.5 Hz), 1.61 - 1.70 (9H, m), 1.89 (IH, s), 2.38 - 2.41 (2H, m), 2.56 (2H, s), 2.65 (2H, q, J 7.5 Hz), 3.46 (IH, s), 7.11 (IH, d, J 7.5 Hz) and 7.24 - 7.36 (3H, m); Anal. Calcd for C 18 H 24 O: C, 84.32; H, 9.43. Found: C, 84.24; H, 9.28. 2-(3-Ethylphenyl)-2-adamantanecarbonitrile A solution of 2-(3-ethylρhenyl)-2-adamantanol (1.82 g, 7.14 mmol) in dry CHC1 3 (5 mL) under argon, was treated with trimethylsilyl cyanide (1.00 mL, 7.5 mmol), cooled to 0 °C, treated with BF etherate (1.10 mL, 8.57 mmol), allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 2 h. The mixture was treated with dilute NaHCO 3 (10 mL), extracted with CHC1 3 (2 x 10 mL), the combined extracts washed with water (10 mL), dried (MgSO 4 ), concentrated in vacuo and purified by chromatography [SiO 2 ; heptane- EtOAc (9:1)] to give the product (1.54 g, 82 %) as a colourless oil: IR V max (thin filmycm "1 2922, 2860, 2226, 1604, 1487, 1453, 1105, 799 and 704; NMR δ H (400 MHz, CDC1 3 ) 1.24 (3H, t, J7.5 Hz), 1.62 - 1.65 (2H, m), 1.70 - 1.82 (5H, m), 1.98 - 2.04 (3H, m), 2.45 - 2.48 (2H, m), 2.66 (2H, q, J7.5 Hz), 2.79 (2H, s), 7.15 (IH, d, J7.5 Hz) and 7.25 - 7.34 (3H, m); Anal. Calcd for C !9 H 23 N: C, 85.99; H, 8.73; N, 5.28. Found: C, 85.85; H, 8.77; N, 5.23. 2-(3-Ethylphenyl)-2-adamantanemethanamine hydrochloride A solution of 2-(3-ethylphenyl)-2-adamantanecarbonitrile (265 mg, 1 mmol) in dry THF (5 mL) under argon was treated with 1-M BH in THF (3.3 mL, 3.3 mmol), refluxed for 2h, cooled to room temperature, treated with 6-M HCl (10 mL), refluxed for 0.25 h, cooled to room temperature and extracted with CHC1 3 (2 x 10 mL). The combined extracts were washed with water (2 x 5 mL), dried (MgSO 4 ), concentrated in vacuo and purified by chromatography [SiO 2 ; EtOAc - MeOH (9:1)] to give the title compound (258 mg, 85 %) as a white solid: mp 89 - 90 °C; IR v max (Nujol)/cm " ' 3395, 2922, 1603, 1489, 1458, 1376, 1100, 797, 734 and 713; NMR δ H (400 MHz, DMSO-tf 6 ) 1.19 (3H, d, J 7.5 Hz), 1.41 - 1.57 (2H, m), 1.60 - 1.75 (6H, m), 1.89 (IH, s), 2.06 - 2.15 (2H, m), 2.46 - 2.64 (5H, m), 3.05 (2H, s) and 7.02 - 7.33 (7H, m); Anal. Calcd for d 9 H 28 ClN • 0.2 H 2 O: C, 73.74; H, 9.25; N, 4.53. Found: C, 73.90; H, 9.28; N, 4.53. Example 2 2-(3-Methylphenyl)-2-adamantanemethanamine hydrochloride 2-(3-Methylphenyl)-2-adamantanecarbonitrile This was prepared by the method of example 1 using 2-(3-methylphenyl)-2-adamantanol in place of 2-(3-ethylphenyl)-2-adamantanol and the product (1.16 g, 66 %) isolated as a white solid: mp 85 - 86 °C; IR v max (Nujoiycm "1 2924, 2858, 2225. 1604, 1455, 1378, 1103, 783 and 705; NMR δ H (400 MHz, CDC1 3 ) 1.63 - 1.66 (2H, m), 1.76 - 1.82 (5H, m), 1.99 - 2.05 (3H, m), 2.38 (3H, s), 2.45 - 2.48 (2H, m), 2.78 (2H, s), 7.10 (IH, d, J 8.0 Hz) and 7.26 - 7.30 (3H, m); Anal. Calcd for C I8 H 2 ιN: C, 86.01; H, 8.42; N, 5.57. Found: C, 85.82; H, 8.50; N, 5.54. 2-(3-Methylphenyl)-2-adamantanemethanamine hydrochloride This was prepared by the method of example 1 using 2-(3-methylphenyl)-2- adamantanecarbonitrile in place of 2-(3-ethylphenyl)-2-adamantanecarbonitrile and the title compound (261 mg, 90 %) isolated as a white solid: mp 242 - 243 °C; IR v^ x (Nujoiycm "1 2923, 1591, 1511, 1493, 1457, 1376, 1355, 1130, 1099, 778 and 710; NMR δ H (400 MHz, DMSO- 1.52 (2H, d, J 11.5 Hz), 1.64 - 1.72 (7H, m), 1.89 (IH, s) 2.10 (2H, d, J 11.5 Hz), 2.31 (3H, s), 2.53 (2H, s), 3.06 (2H, s), 7.07 (IH, d, J7.5 Hz), 7.14 - 7.18 (2H, m), 7.26 - 7.28 (IH, m) and 7.50 (3H, br s); Anal. Calcd for C, 8 H 26 C1N: C, 74.08; H, 8.98; N, 4.80. Found: C, 73.97; H, 9.14; N, 4.80. Example 3 2-Phenyl-2-adamantanemethanamine hydrochloride 2-Phenyl-2-adamantanecarbonitrile This was prepared by the method of example 1 using 2-phenyl-2-adamantanol in place of 2-(3-ethylphenyl)-2-adamantanol and the product (900 mg, 97 %) isolated as a white solid: mp 120 - 122 °C; IR v^ x (Nujoiycm "1 2924, 2852, 2221, 1598, 1494, 1453, 1376, 1363, 1108, 761 and 704; NMR δ H (400 MHz, CDC1 3 ) 1.65 (2H, m), 1.73 - 1.83 (5H, m), 2.04 (3H, m), 2.48 (2H, m), 2.80 (2H, s), 7.32 (IH, m), 7.42 (2H, m) and 7.47 (2H, m); Anal. Calcd for C, 7 H, 9 N: C, 86.03; H, 8.07; N, 5.90. Found: C, 85.89; H, 8.15; N, 5.85. 2 -Phenyl-2-adamantanemethanamine hydrochloride This was prepared by the method of example 1 using 2-phenyl-2-adamantanecarbonitrile in place of 2-(3-ethylphenyl)-2-adamantanecarbonitrile and the title compound (249 mg, 90 %) isolated as a white solid: mp 253 - 255 °C; IR v max (Nujoiycm "1 2920, 1593, 1498, 1458, 1377, 1097, 761 and 698; NMR δ H (400 MHz, DMSO-^) 1.52 (2H, d, J 12.5 Hz), 1.64 - 1.72 (7H, m), 1.89 (IH, s), 2.10 (2H, d, J 12.5 Hz), 2.48 (3H, s), 3.05 (2H, s), 7.0 (3H, br s), 7.23 (IH, m) and 7.36 - 7.41 (3H, m); Anal. Calcd for C 17 H 24 C1N: C, 73.49; H, 8.71; N, 5.04. Found: C, 73.73; H, 8.82; N, 5.05. Example 4 2-(4-Methylphenyl)-2-adamantanemethanamine hydrochloride 2-(4-Methylphenyl)-2-adamantanecarbonitrile This was prepared by the method of example 1 using 2-(4-methylphenyl)-2-adamantanol in place of 2-(3-ethylphenyl)-2-adamantanol and the product (933 mg, 54 %) isolated as a white crystalline solid: mp 99 - 100 °C; IR v max (Nujoiycm "1 2921, 2855, 2221, 1514, 1453, 1377, 1194, 1100 and 813; NMR δ H (400 MHz, CDC1 3 ) 1.64 (2H, d, J 13 Hz), 1.76 - 1.82 (5H, m), 1.99 - 2.05 (3H, m), 2.36 (3H, s), 2.46 (2H, d, J 13 Hz), 2.77 (2H, s), 7.23 (2H, d, J 8 Hz) and 7.36 (2H, d, J 8 Hz); Anal. Calcd for C, 8 H 2] N: C, 86.01; H, 8.42; N, 5.57. Found: C, 86.11; H, 8.48; N, 5.57. 2-(4-Methylphenyl)-2-adamantanemethanamine hydrochloride This was prepared by the method of example 1 using 2-(4-methylphenyl)-2- adamantanecarbonitrile in place of 2-(3-ethylphenyl)-2-adamantanecarbonitrile and the title compound (261 mg, 90 %) isolated as a white solid: mp 261 - 263 °C; IR v max (Nujoiycm "1 3408, 3259, 2923, 1603, 1501, 1457, 1377, 1096 and 812; NMR δ H (400 MHz, OMSO-d 6 ) 1.48 - 1.51 (2H, m), 1.63 - 1.71 (7H, m), 1.88 (IH, br s), 2.07 - 2.10 (2H, m), 2.28 (3H, s), 2.48 (2H, m), 3.04 (2H, s), 7.15 - 7.30 (4H, m) and 7.41 (3H, br s); Anal. Calcd for Cι 8 H 26 ClN ■ 0.85 H 2 O: C, 70.38; H, 9.09; N, 4.56. Found: C, 70.41; : H, 8.87; N, 4.44. Example 5 2-(2-Methylphenyl)-2-adamantanemethanamine hydrochloride 2-(2-Methylphenyl)-2-adamantanecarbonitrile This was prepared by the method of example 1 using 2-(2-methylphenyl)-2-adamantanol in place of 2-(3-ethylphenyl)-2-adamantanol and t e product (580 mg, 34 %) isolated as a white solid: mp 80 - 81 °C; IR v max (Nujoiycm "1 2922, 2854, 2220, 1487, 1451, 1378, 1365, 762 and 729; NMR δ H (400 MHz, CDC1 3 ) 1.59 - 1.77 (6H, m), 1.97 - 2.03 (4H, m), 2.51 - 2.60 (5H, m), 2.90 (2H, br s), 7.21 - 7.26 (3H, m) and 7.40 - 7.43 (IH, m); Anal. Calcd for Cι 8 H 2] N: C, 86.01; H, 8.42; N, 5.57. Found: C, 85.97; H, 8.48; N, 5.56. 2-(2-Methylphenyl)-2-adamantanemethanamine hydrochloride This was prepared by the method of example 1 using 2-(2-methylphenyl)-2- adamantanecarbonitrile in place of 2-(3-ethylphenyl)-2-adamantanecarbonitrile and the title compound (174 mg, 60 %) isolated as a white solid: mp 270 - 271 °C; IR v max (Nujoiycm "1 2921, 1592, 1487, 1459, 1377, 759 and 733; NMR δ H (400 MHz, DMSO- d 6 ) 1.43 (IH, d, J 12.5 Hz), 1.55 - 1.76 (7H, m), 1.86 (2H, s), 2.11 - 2.16 (2H, m), 2.41 (3H, s), 2.69 (IH, s), 2.83 (IH, s), 2.95 (IH, d, J 12.5 Hz), 3.44 (IH, d, J 13.0 Hz), 6.90 (3H, br s) and 7.10 - 7.34 (4H, m); Anal. Calcd for Cι 8 H 26 ClN: C, 74.08; H, 8.98; N, 4.80. Found: C, 74.48; H, 9.07; N, 4.79. Example 6 2-(4-Fluorophenyl)-2-adamantanemethanamine hydrochloride 2-(4-Fluorophenyl)-2-adamantanecarbonitrile This was prepared by the method of example 1 using 2-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-adamantanol in place of 2-(3-ethylphenyl)-2-adamantanol and the product (163 mg, 64 %) isolated as a white solid: mp 81 - 82 °C; IR v^ (Nujoiycm "1 2924, 2861, 2223, 1601, 1510, 1502, 1467, 1454, 1242, 1166, 1104 and 835; NMR δ H (400 MHz, CDC1 3 ) 1.62 - 1.65 (2H, m), 1.74 (5H, s), 1.97 - 2.03 (3H, m), 2.44 (2H, d, J 12.5 Hz), 2.73 (2H, s), 7.07 - 7.11 (2H, m) and 7.41 - 7.44 (2H, m); Anal. Calcd for Cι 7 H 18 FN: C, 79.97; H, 7.11; N, 5.48. Found: C, 80.02; H, 7.21; N, 5.47. 2-(4-Fluorophenyl)-2-adamantanemethanamine hydrochloride This was prepared by the method of example 1 using 2-(4-fluorophenyl)-2- adamantanecarbonitrile in place of 2-(3-ethylphenyl)-2-adamantanecarbonitrile and the title compound (251 mg, 85 %) isolated as a white solid: mp 262 - 263 °C; FR V max (Nujoiycm "1 2923, 2855, 1605, 1511, 1458, 1377, 1237, 1213, 1164 and 826; NMR δ H (400 MHz, DMSO-Jβ) 1.50 - 1.74 (9H, m), 1.90 (IH, s), 2.09 - 2.14 (2H, m), 2.46 - 2.56 (2H, m), 3.04 (2H, s), 7.01 (3H, br s), 7.10 - 7.21 (2H, m) and 7.30 -7.40 (2H, m); Anal. Calcd for Cι 7 H 23 ClFN: C, 69.02; H, 7.84; N, 4.73. Found: C, 68.89; H, 7.93; N, 4.67. Example 7 2-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-adamantanemethanamine hydrochloride 2-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-adamantanecarbonitrile This was prepared by the method of example 1 using 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-adamantanol in place of 2-(3-ethylphenyl)-2-adamantanol and the product (1.15 g, 60 %) isolated as a white solid: mp 131.5 - 133 °C; IR v max (Nujoiycm "1 2926, 2852, 2223, 1490, 1454, 1401, 1108, 1092, 1015 and 824; NMR δ H (400 MHz, CDC1 3 ) 1.63 - 1.76 (7H, m), 1.99 - 2.05 (3H, m), 2.02 - 2.05 (2H, m), 2.74 (2H, s) and 7.38 - 7.42 (4H, m); Anal. Calcd for Cι 7 Hι 8 ClN: C, 75.13; H, 6.68; N, 5.15. Found: C, 74.96; H, 6.71; N, 5.13. 2-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-adamantanemethanamine hydrochloride This was prepared by the method of example 1 using 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2- adamantanecarbonitrile in place of 2-(3-ethylphenyl)-2-adamantanecarbonitrile and the title compound (280 mg, 90 %) isolated as a white solid: mp >300 °C; IR v^ x (Nujoiycm "1 2927, 1517, 1509, 1494, 1455, 1377, 1102, 1092, 1010, 974, 821 and 720; NMR δ H (400 MHz, 1.52 - 1.77 (7H, m), 1.90 (IH, s), 2.10 - 2.13 (2H, m), 2.51 - 2.56 (3H, m), 3.10 (2H, br s), 3.65 - 3.67 (IH, m), 7.39 - 7.46 (4H, m) and 7.58 - 7.64 (3H, m); Anal. Calcd for C, 7 H 23 C1 2 N: C, 65.39; H, 7.42; N, 4.48. Found: C, 65.11; H, 7.46; N, 4.40. Example 8 2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2-adamantanemethanamine hydrochloride 2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2-adamantanecarbonitrile This was prepared by the method of example 1 using 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2- adamantanol in place of 2-(3-ethylphenyl)-2-adamantanol and the product (601 mg, 58 %) isolated as a pale yellow solid: mp 165 - 166.5 °C; IR v max (Nujoiycm "1 2918, 2855, 2220, 1609, 1512, 1458, 1377, 1298, 1260, 1183 and 1029; NMR δ H (400 MHz, CDC1 3 ) 1.63 (2H, d, J 13.0 Hz), 1.75 - 1.81 (5H, m), 1.98 - 2.04 (3H, m), 2.45 (2H, d, J 13.0 Hz), 2.74 (2H, s), 3.82 (3H, s), 6.94 (2H, d, J8.5 Hz) and 7.38 (2H, d, J 8.5 Hz); Anal. Calcd for Cι 8 H 2 ιNO: C, 80.86; H, 7.92; N, 5.24. Found: C, 80.60; H, 7.94; N, 5.20. 2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2-adamantanemethanamine hydrochloride This was prepared by the method of example 1 using 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2- adamantanecarbonitrile in place of 2-(3-ethylphenyl)-2-adamantanecarbonitrile and the title compound (215 mg, 70 %) isolated as a white solid: mp 234 - 235 °C; IR V mx (Nujoiycm "1 2922, 2854, 1610, 1515, 1465, 1377, 1259, 1188 and 1040; NMR δ H (400 MHz, DMSO-έfc) 1.50 (2H, d, J 12.0 Hz), 1.63 - 1.71 (7H, m), 1.88 (IH, br s), 2.09 (2H, d, J 12.0 Hz), 2.49 - 2.50 (2H, m), 3.04 (2H, s), 3.74 (3H, s), 6.92 (2H, d, J8.5 Hz), 7.24 (2H, d, J 8.5 Hz) and 7.55 (3H, br s); Anal. Calcd for C 18 H 26 ClNO: C, 70.23; H, 8.51; N, 4.55. Found: C, 70.06; H, 8.74; N, 4.45. Example 9 2-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)-2-adamantanemethanamine hydrochloride 2-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)-2-adamantanecarbonitrile This was prepared by the method of example 1 using 2-(4-trifiuoromethylphenyl)-2- adamantanol in place of 2-(3-ethylphenyl)-2-adamantanol and the product (1.0 g, 46 %) isolated as a white solid: mp 122 - 123.5 °C; IR v max (Nujoiycm "1 2924, 2855, 2227, 1615, 1455, 1328, 1309, 1166, 1124, 1069 and 832; NMR δ H (400 MHz, CDC1 3 ) 1.70 - 1.78 (7H, m), 2.02 - 2.06 (3H, m), 2.47 - 2.50 (2H, m), 2.81 (2H, s), 7.62 (2H, d, J 8.5 Hz) and 7.69 (2H, d, J 8.5 Hz); Anal. Calcd for Cι 8 Hι 8 F 3 N: C, 70.81; H, 5.94; N, 4.59. Found: C, 70.71; H, 5.97; N, 4.55. 2-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)-2-adamantanemethanamine hydrochloride This was prepared by the method of example 1 using 2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-2- adamantanecarbonitrile in place of 2-(3-ethylphenyl)-2-adamantanecarbonitrile and the title compound (310 mg, 90 %) isolated as a white solid: mp 279 - 281 °C; IR v^ x (Nujoiycm "1 2921, 1618, 1460, 1377, 1328, 1161, 1126, 1070, 1014 and 845; NMR δ H (400 MHz, DMSO-- ) 1.56 - 1.74 (9H, m), 1.80 (IH, br s), 2.10 - 2.14 (2H, m), 2.60 (2H, s), 3.13 (2H, s), 7.58 - 7.60 (5H, m) and 7.73 - 7.75 (2H, m); Anal. Calcd for Cι 8 H 23 ClF 3 N • 0.75 H 2 O: C, 60.16; H, 6.87; N, 3.90. Found: C, 60.09; H, 6.76; N, 3.85. Example 10 2-(2-ThienyI)-2-adamantanemethanamine hydrochloride 2-(2-Thienyl)-2-adamantanecarbonitrile This was prepared by the method of example 1 using 2-(2-thienyl)-2-adamantanol in place of 2-(3-ethylphenyl)-2-adamantanol and the product (1.34 g, 78 %) isolated as a light brown solid: mp 108 - 109.5 °C; ER. v^ (Nujoiycm "1 2921, 2855, 2227, 1454, 1377, 1240, 1104, 820 and 728; NMR δ H (400 MHz, CDC1 3 ) 1.70 (2H, d, J 12.5 Hz), 1.78 (3H, s), 1.97 - 2.05 (5H, m), 2.46 (2H, d, J 12.5 Hz), 2.64 (2H, s), 7.01 - 7.06 (2H, m) and 7.33 (IH, d, J 6.5 Hz); Anal. Calcd for C, 5 H π NS: C, 74.03; H, 7.04; N, 5.75. Found: C, 74.19; H, 7.09; N, 5.73. 2-(2-Thienyl)-2-adamantanemethanamine hydrochloride This was prepared by the method of example 1 using 2-(2-thienyl)-2- adamantanecarbonitrile in place of 2-(3-ethylphenyl)-2-adamantanecarbonitrile and the title compound (236 mg, 84 %) isolated as a white solid: mp 255 - 257 °C; IR v max (Nujoiycm "1 2924, 1592, 1570, 1516, 1457, 1377, 1248, 1100 and 690; NMR δ H (400 MHz, CDC1 3 ) 1.65 (5H, s), 1.75 - 1.99 (7H, m), 3.19 (2H, s), 5.39 (3H, br s), 6.97 - 6.98 (IH, m) and 7.27 - 7.29 (2H, m); Anal. Calcd for C 15 H 22 C1NS: C, 63.47; H, 7.81; N, 4.93. Found: C, 63.64; H, 7.78; N, 4.89. Example 11 2-//-ButyI-2-adamantanemethanamine hydrochloride 2-n-Butyl-2-adamantanecarbonitrile This was prepared by the method of example 1 using 2-n-butyl-2-adamantanol in place of 2-(3-ethylphenyl)-2-adamantanol and the product (675 mg, 44 %) isolated as a white solid: mp 48-50 °C; IR v^ (Nujoiycm "1 2922, 2228, 1460, 1356 and 1098; NMR δ H (400 MHz, CDC1 3 ) 0.95 (3H, t, J7 Hz), 1.37-1.48 (4H, m), 1.60-1.65 (2H, m), 1.74-1.83 (7H, m), 1.90-1.94 (5H, m) and 2.26 (2H, d, J 13 Hz). 2 -n-Buty 1-2 -adamantanemethanamine hydrochloride This was prepared by the method of example 1 using 2-«-butyl-2-adamantanecarbonitrile in place of 2-(3-ethylphenyl)-2-adamantanecarbonitrile and the title compound (172 mg, 53 %) isolated as a pale solid: mp dec. >250 °C; IR v, (Nujoiycm "1 3386, 2924, 1984, 1606, 1527, 1490, 1465, 1378, 1099 and 722; NMR δ H (400 MHz, CDC1 3 ) 0.90 (3H, t, J 7.5 Hz), 1.07-1.09 (2H, m), 1.29-1.31 (2H, m), 1.51-1.58 (8H, m), 1.64 (2H, s), 1.82 (2H, s), 1.97 (4H, m), 2.96-2.98 (2H, m) and 7.76 (3H, br s); Anal. Calcd for Cι 5 H 28 NCl: C, 69.87; H, 10.94; N, 5.43. Found: C, 69.35; H, 10.81; N, 5.39. II. NMDA Receptor Binding The NMDA receptor contains several distinct binding domains that can regulate opening of the cationic channel. The phencyclidine (PCP) site of the NMDA receptor can be radiolabeled with [ 3 H]-(+)-5-methyl-10,l l-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10- imine hydrogen maleate, [ 3 H-MK-801]. The following describes the procedure for determining the affinity of compounds for the PCP site in rat cortical or cerebellar membranes. Frozen rat cortex or cerebellum, homogenized in 10 volumes of ice-cold 0.32-M. sucrose is centrifuged at 1,000 g for 12 min and the supernatant stored on ice whilst the pellet is resuspended, rehomogenized and recentrifuged twice more. The three final supernatants are pooled and centrifuged at 30,000 g for 40 min at 4°C to yield P 2 pellets. These are resuspended in ice-cold distilled water, and centrifuged at 30,000 g for 50 min at 4°C. Following three further washes in distilled water, the P 2 pellets are stored at -20°C for at least 18 h. On the day of the assay, membrane pellets are thawed at room temperature, resuspended in ice-cold distilled water and centrifuged at 30,000 g for 20 min. The pellets are resuspended in 50-mM tris-HCl (pH:7.4) and recentrifuged twice more before being resuspended in tris-HCl for immediate use in the assay. Binding assays are performed at equilibrium in a total volume of 200 μL, containing [ 3 H]-MK-801 (5-nM final cone), 10-μM glutamate, 10-μM glycine, 160 μL of membrane preparation and additional drugs where appropriate. Non-specific binding is determined using MK-801 (10-μM). The assay is incubated for 120 min at room temperature. The incubation is terminated by rapid filtration through Whatman GF/B filters (pre-soaked in 0.1% PEI solution). The assay tubes and filters are washed five times with 1 mL of ice-cold assay buffer. The filters are placed in poly-Q mini vials with approximately 5 mL of scintillation fluid. The vials are then shaken and left for at least 8 h before being counted on a liquid scintillation counter. To determine the free ligand concentration 3 aliquots (20 μL) of the [ H]-MK-801 working solution are also counted. Concentration response data for drugs is analysed using a 4 parameter equation fitted by non-linear regression. This yields the half maximally effective drug concentration (IC 50 ) and Hill coefficient. The data obtained from these assays are presented in Table 1. The data clearly demonstrate that the compounds of the invention are active as NMDA antagonists and have favourable ratios of cortical to cerebellar binding affinity indicating that the compounds will be well-tolerated in vivo. Table 1: Binding Affinities at Cortical and Cerebellar NMDA Receptors Compound IC S o(μM) IC 50 (μM) Ra Cortex Cerebellum Example 1 27 14 1.9 Example 2 13 6 2.2 Example 3 87 21 4.1 Example 4 124 33 3.8 Example 6 53 48 1.1 Example 7 103 68 1.5 Example 8 51 24 2.1 Example 9 189 110 1.7 Example 10 33 20 1.7

Claims: CLAIMS 1. The use of a compound of the formula ( 1 ) : (1 ) wherein Ri, R 2 , R 3 , R<», R 5 and R are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl and aryl, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, with the proviso that wherein Ri to R and R < s are hydrogen, R 5 is not selected from CH 2 CH 2 NHSO 2 CH 3 , CH 2 CH 2 NHSO 2 CF 3 and methyl substituted by SO 2 NH 2 , SO 3 H, PO 3 H 2 , CONHOH or a heterocyclic group selected from in the manufacture of a medicament for use in the treatment of a condition generally associated with abnormalities in glutamatergic transmission. 2. A use according to claim 1 wherein one or more of R 1 } R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and Re are hydrogen. 3. A use according to claim 1 or 2 wherein one or both of Ri and R 2 are hydrogen. 4. A use according to claim 1, 2 or 3 wherein one or both of R 3 and Ri, are hydrogen. 5. A use according to claim 1, 2, 3 or 4 wherein R 5 is alkyl. 6. A use according to claim 1, 2, 3 or 4 wherein R 5 is an acyclic hydrocarbyl radical. 7. A use according to claim 1, 2, 3 or 4 wherein R 5 is aryl. 8. A use according to claim 1, 2, 3 or 4 wherein R 5 is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl. 9. A use according to claim 8 wherein R 5 is phenyl substituted by a substituent selected from methyl, ethyl, fluorine, chlorine, methoxy and trifluoromethyl. 10. A use according to claim 8 or 9 wherein said phenyl is meta-substituted. 11. A use according to claim 1 , 2, 3 or 4 wherein R 5 is 3-methylphenyl, 4-methylphenyl or 3-ethylphenyl. 12. A use according to claim 1 wherein said compound is selected from: 2-(3-ethylphenyl)-2-adamantanemethanamine; 2-(3-methylphenyl)-2-adamantanemethanamine; 2-phenyl-2-adamantanemethanamine; and 2-(4-methylphenyl)-2-adamantanemethanamine. 13. A method of treatment of a condition generally associated with abnormalities in glutamatergic transmission comprising aclministration to a patient in need of such treatment of a pharmaceutically effective dose of a compound of formula (1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as defined in any one of claims 1 to 12. 14. For use in therapy, a compound as set out in any of claims 1 to 12 and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, other than compounds in which R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R are hydrogen and one of Ri and R 2 is hydrogen, methyl or benzyl and one of Ri and R 2 is a substituted methyl, ethyl or propyl group, and other than the compounds in which Ri, R 2 , R 5 and R are hydrogen and R 3 and * are selected from methyl and aminomethyl. 15. For use in therapy, a compound as defined in claim 14, other than compounds in which R , R4, R 5 and R are hydrogen and R \ and R 2 are independently selected from alkyl and other than compounds in which Ri, R 2 , R 5 and R are hydrogen and R 3 and * are independently selected from alkyl, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. 16. For use in therapy, a compound as defined in claim 14, wherein (i) R , R 4 , R 5 and Re are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl and aryl and Ri and R 2 are independently selected from hydrogen and aryl; or (ii) R 3 , R , R 5 and Re are independently selected from alkyl and aryl and R and R 2 are independently selected from alkyl; or (iii) Ri, R 2 , R 5 and Re are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl and aryl and R 3 and R 4 are independently selected from hydrogen and aryl; or (iv) Ri, R 2 , R 5 and Re are independently selected from alkyl and aryl and R 3 and ^ are independently selected from alkyl, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. 17. For use in therapy, a compound as defined in claim 14 wherein R 5 is selected from alkyl and aryl, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. 18. Rer se, a compound as set out in any one of claims 1 to 12 wherein R 5 is selected from alkyl and aryl, other than the compounds in which Ri and R 2 are methyl, R 3 , R and Re are hydrogen and R 5 is hydroxymethyl, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. 19. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to claim 18, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. A. CLASSIFICATION OF SUBJECT MATTER IPC 7 A61K31/135 A61K31/381 A61K31/131 C07C211/04 C07D333/10 A61P25/16 A61P25/28 A61P25/30 A61P25/32 A61P25/34 A61P25/36 A61P9/10 A61P25/18 A61P25/22 A61P25/24 According to International Patent Classification (IPC) or to both national classification and IPC B. FIELDS SEARCHED Minimum documentation searched (classification system followed by classification symbols) IPC 7 A61K A61P C07C C07D Documentation searched other than minimum documentation to the extent that such documents are included in the fields searched Electronic data base consulted duπng the international search (name of data base and, where practical, search terms used) C. DOCUMENTS CONSIDERED TO BE RELEVANT Category • Citation of document, with indication, where appropπate, of the relevant passages Relevant to claim No. CHAKRABARTI J K ET AL: 1-19 "Adamanatenealkana ines as potential anti depressant and anti -Parkinson agents" JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 17, no. 6, June 1974 (1974-06), page 602-609 XP000882517 compounds 67 and 68 in Table 1 page 607, column 1 , l ine 1 -page 607, column 1 , l ine 3 abstract WO 92 17168 A (CHILDRENS MEDICAL CENTER) 1-19 15 October 1992 (1992-10-15) page 3, l ine 4 -page 3, l ine 10 figure 2B -/-- Further documents are listed in the continuation of box C El Patent family members are listed in annex ° Special categories of cited documents - T" later document published after the international filing date or priority date and not in conflict with the application but "A" document defining the general state of the art which is not cited to understand the principle or theory underlying the considered to be of particular relevance invention "E" βartier document but published on or after the international "X" document of particular relevance, the claimed invention filing date cannot be considered novel or cannot be considered to V document which may throw doubts on pπoπty claιm(s) or involve an inventive step when the document is taken alone which Is cited to establish the publication date of another Υ" document of particular relevance; the claimed invention citation or other special reason (as specified) cannot be considered to involve an inventive step when the 'O' document referring to an oral disclosure, use, exhibition or document is combined with one or more other such docuother means ments, such combination being obvious to a person skilled "P" document published pπor to the international filing date but in the art. later than the pπoπty date claimed '&' document member of the same patent family Date of the actual completion of the international search Date of mailing of the international search report 7 Apri l 2000 27/04/2000 Name and mailing address of the ISA Authorized officer European Patent Office, P B 5818 Patentlaan 2 NL - 2280 HV Rijswijk Tel (+31-70) 340-2040, Tx 31 651 βpo nl, Fax: (+31-70) 340-3016 Pi l l ing, S Foim PCT/ISA/210 (second sheet) (July 1992) page 1 of 2 a e 2 of 2 in ormation on patent family members PCT/GB 00/00207 Patent document Publication Patent family Publication cited in search report date member(s) date W09217168 15-10-1992 US 5506231 A 09-04-1996 US 5747545 A 05-05-1998 US 5614560 A 25-03-1997 US 5334618 A 02-08-1994 Form PCT/ISA/210 (patent family annex) (July 1992)

Inventors: BIRD ANDREW JAMES, GILLESPIE ROGER JOHN, MONCK NATHANIEL JULIUS THOMAS, WARD SIMON EDWARD, BIRD, ANDREW, JAMES, GILLESPIE, ROGER, JOHN, MONCK, NATHANIEL, JULIUS, THOMAS, WARD, SIMON, EDWARD
Applicants: BIRD ANDREW JAMES, GILLESPIE ROGER JOHN, MONCK NATHANIEL JULIUS THOMAS, VERNALIS RESEARCH LIMITED, WARD SIMON EDWARD, BIRD, ANDREW, JAMES, GILLESPIE, ROGER, JOHN, MONCK, NATHANIEL, JULIUS, THOMAS, WARD, SIMON, EDWARD
Application year: 2000
Main classification: A61K31
IPC codes: A61K31, A61P1, A61P3, A61P9, A61P15, A61P19, A61P25, A61P27, A61P29, A61P31, A61P41, A61P43, C07C211, C07C215, C07C217, C07D333