CUSTOM ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCE FORMING METHOD AND APPARATUS

Abstract: A system (10) and method by which an orthodontic appliance (25) is automatically designed and manufactured from digital lower jaw and tooth shape data of a patient provides for the scanning of the mouth of a patient (12), preferably from a model (20) of the patient's mouth, to produce a three-dimensional digitized model (26) of the shapes of the patient's teeth and their positions in the patient's mouth. Then a computer (30) calculates the post-treatment positions of the teeth and produces three-dimensional images of the teeth, individually and in their calculated positions. An interactive computer link between the doctor's office (11) and the appliance manufacturing facility (13) allows an orthodontist (14) to control the patient's archform and to modify the suggested computer-determined positions and orientations of the teeth in six degrees of freedom, and to experiment with new positions, extractions, over-corrections and other variations, with the computer recalculating the tooth positions with high precision for the approval of the orthodontist. The appliance is automatically designed according to the final design, which also can be interactively modified and approved by the orthodontist, with the computer recalculating the effects on the treatment as a result of the doctor's changes. Brackets (81) are fabricated as an integrated set, either by cutting slots therein or by building the brackets in layers by, for example, stereo lithography. Three-dimensional custom jigs (87) are automatically made to exactly position the brackets on a patient's teeth.

Description: CUSTOM ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCE FORMING METHOD AND APPARATUS This application is related to U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 09/431,466, filed November 1, 1999, which is a continuation of U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 08/960,908, filed.October 30, 1997, now U.S. Patent No. 6,015,289, which is a continuation of U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 08/456,666, filed June 2, 1995, now U.S. Patent No. 5,683,243, which is a divisional of the following U.S. patent applications, each of which was filed on November 9, 1992: Serial No.: 07/973,973 entitled Method of Forming Custom Orthodontic Appliance, now U.S. Patent No. 5,431,562, Serial No.: 07/973,965 entitled Custom Ortliodontic Brackets and Bracket forming Method and Apparatus, now U.S. Patent No.5,454,717, Serial No. 07/973,947 entitled Custom Orthodontic Archwire forming Method and Apparatus, now U.S. Patent No. 5,447,432, Serial No.: 07/973,844 entitled Method and Apparatus for Forming Jigs for Custom Placement of Orthodontic Appliances on Teeth and Jigs Formed Therewith, now U.S. Patent No. 5,368,478; and is also related to U.S. Patents Nos. Re 35,169; 5,139,419; 5,395,238 and 5,518,397. All of the above related patents and applications are assigned to the assignee of the present application, and all are hereby expressly incorporated by reference herein. Field of Invention: The present invention relates to the design, manufacture and use of orthodontic appliances for the straightening of teeth, and more particularly, to the automated design, manufacture and use of custom orthodontic appliances based on mdividual patient anatomy and to the treatment of patients therewith. Background of the Invention: The orthodontic treatment of patients has as its fundamental objective the repositioning or realignment of the teeth of a patient in the patient's mouth to positions where they function optimally together and occupy relative locations and orientations that define opposed and cooperating smooth archforms. A common technique for achieving this objective is to position orthodontic brackets on a patient's teeth such that archwire slots in the brackets will align when the teeth are in their corrected positions, and to place an elastic archwire in the slots that urges the teeth toward their corrected positions as the wire tends to straighten. In an ideal situation, a perfectly positioned, perfectly designed appliance used in this manner will theoretically move the teeth to their intended corrected positions without intervention in the foπn of "wire bending" by the orthodontist. With most appliances made to apply to standard statistically average dental anatomy, the ideal is seldom, if ever, realized. The patents identified above describe the design, manufacture and use of custom orthodontic appliances designed and built with the aid of a computer. With such automated appliance design and manufacturing systems, the collection of data of the shapes of the patient's dental anatomy, the processing of the collected data to create an appliance in accordance with the treatment prescribed by an ortliodontist, the precise and economic manufacture of the custom orthodontic appliance, and the efficient and accurate placement of the appliance on a patient's teeth are important. Accordingly, there is a great need in orthodontics for a practical, reliable and efficient custom appliance automated design and manufacturing system, and method of providing custom appliances and treating patients therewith. Summary of the Invention: A primary objective of the present invention is to provide a practical, reliable and efficient custom appliance designing and manufacturing system and to provide a method of designing custom orthodontic appliances and treating patients therewith. A more particular objective of the invention is to provide for improved automation i orthodontic appliance design and manufacture, especially for custom orthodontic appliances. A further objective of the present invention is to provide custom orthodontic appliance design and manufacturing involving an efficient and effective distribution of functions and decision making among the ortliodontist, the appliance manufacturer and the specially programmed computer. Another objective of the present invention is to apportion tasks involved in the design and manufacture of custom appliances most efficiently between ortliodontist and appliance manufacturing facility in accordance with the scale and otlier particulars of the individual practitioner operation, giving the ortliodontist optimum control over the final archform and of die treatment process, while increasing the accuracy of treatment and the efficiency of use of the orthodontist's time and eliminating guesswork and sources of error. Another objective of d e present invention is to improve the practice of orthodontics by aiding the practitioner in achieving optimal treahnent of patients and in more accurately determining and precisely achieving the placement of a patient's teeth, and particularly in enabling the performance of an orthodontic appliance and the results of orthodontic treatment to more closely conform to the appliance design and treatment plan. An additional objective of the present invention is to provide more complete three-dimensional control in the design, manufacture and use of an ortliodontic appliance and hi the movement of the patients teeth in orthodontic treatment. According to principles of the present invention, a system and method for designing and making a custom orthodontic appliance are provided. In the system and method, an orthodontist provides a record of three-dimensional dental anatomical information from the patient's mouth at the orthodontist's office or clinic and transmits the record to an appliance design facility or lab. From the digital model, a custom orthodontic appliance is designed by tlie lab on a computer in accordance with preprogrammed criteria and a prescription from the orthodontist. A custom ortliodontic appliance is made from the computer generated design. The record may be in the form of a physical model, usually in the form of a cast replica of the patients upper and lower jaws, with the teeth in their pretreatment positions, made from an impression or mold of die patient's mouth made by die orthodontist. Where die physical model is transmitted to the lab, the lab scans the model witii a laser or other optical seamier, or other type of scanner, preferably a non- contact scanner. The scanning produces a three-dimensional digital model of the patients mouth, including the shapes bf the teeth and jaw of the patient and the positions of the teeth in the patient's mouth. Alternatively, the scanning of the model can be carried out by the orthodontist at the orthodontist's office or digital information can be derived from a full oral scan directly of tlie patient's mouth, and the digital scanned information tiien transmitted to a lab remote from the office. The scanning is preferably earned out with a laser scanner, first in a low resolution mode which locates the model on a workpiece support and provides a basis for identifying the portion of the scanned image that is of interest and identifying the various teeth, boundaries and other anatomical features to be digitized. Then, in high resolution mode, the features that were identified hi the low resolution mode are scanned to produce high resolution, three-dimensional image files of the shapes of each of the teeth. An operator at tlie lab supervises tlie identification of landmarks and otlier properties and features of the scanned data. The landmarks include all of the cusps and incisal tips of the teeth, the central grooves and marginal ridges of die teeth, and gingival points on the facial and lingual sides of die teeth, as well as other landmarks described below. The determination of tooth finish or posttreatment positions is carried out interactively with the orthodontist by communication with a computer at die appliance design facility. The computer first calculates a suggested posttreatment setup of the teeth, which the orthodontist can modify and have recalculated until the final treatment positions of the teeth have been approved by the orthodontist. This allows the ortliodontist to move any of the teeth hi six degrees of freedom: by torque, tip or rotation angles, mesial-distally, labial-lingually or occlusal-gingivally. The orthodontist can thereby test archforms, for example with and without extractions and with or without over-correction, and to view the posttreatment results on a computer screen, with the teeth as tiπee-dimensional solid objects. After the final tooth positions are decided upon, then a custom appliance is designed by the computer in accordance with the approved tooth finish position or posttreatment setup of the teeth. As with die tooth setup, die design of the appliance is interactively adjusted, tested and approved by the orthodontist. Once the appliance design is approved, the appliance is made by computer controlled equipment in accordance with the design. The high resolution, three-dimensional data of the shapes of the teeth are used in the calculations of tooth finish positions and in the design of a custom ortliodontic appliance to move the teeth to the calculated finish positions and to fit the appliance to the surfaces of the patient's teeth. The data may be used to design the shapes of the bases of orthodontic brackets to precisely conform to the surfaces of the teeth at the points thereon at which the brackets are to be bonded. Tlie three-dimensional data is particularly beneficial when used to design the shapes of jigs to precisely conform to the surfaces of the teedi to uniquely position an appliance on the teeth, such as locating brackets at calculated ideal positions on the teeth for bonding tiiereto. Such jigs include any structure having a negative image of a tooth surface that functions to locate on one or more teeth an orthodontic appliance or other structure that is added to assist in die orthodontic treatment of a patient's teeth. Such jigs are beneficial in positioning fully custom designed brackets and other appliances as well as in positioning semi-custom or standard brackets at their ideal positions on a patient's teetii, or in locating any other structure for bonding to a tooth or to otherwise position on patient's teeth. The calculations of die finish positions of tlie teetii locate the crown long axes of the teetii in three dimensions with the torque, tip and rotation angles of the axes and planes containing the axes precisely determined as well as the x-y-z positions of the axes. Manufacture of custom appliances includes the making of a generally arch-shaped appliance to move the teetii to their calculated finish or posttreatment positions on calculated archforms established in an interactive process between a computer and an orthodontist. The appliance type preferably is a straight whe orthodontic brace system that includes a set of orthodontic brackets bonded one to each of a plurality of a patient's teetii, usually a set of buccal tubes secured by bands or bonding to the most distal of the patient's teeth, and a set of archwires ligated hi slots in tlie brackets. Retainers, positioners and other arcuate or generally arch-shaped appliances may be similarly designed by the system described herein, as well as other forms of orthodontic appliances. The manufacture of archwires is accomplished by operating computer controlled equipment to shape one or more archwires of tlie custom designed appliance. Archwires may be so formed by feedhig and bending wire from continuous wire stock, which is useful for whes of steel and similarly formable metals, using whe bending machineiy conhOlled in accordance with a calculated archwire shape. Whes may also be formed by milling, cutting or otherwise imposing the calculated archwire curve on or in a plate or form, into which a whe is placed and annealed or otherwise heat treated, which is particularly useful for making archwires of high elasticity metals such as titanium or titanium containing alloys. Oti er types of orthodontic appliances or appliance accessories, such as brackets, retainers, positioners, or positioning jigs may be made by this process. Orthodontic brackets of a set required to treat a patient may be formed by cutting slots in bracket bodies, each welded to a bracket base, all of which bases of the set are formed of a single sheet of metal bracket base material. The bases may be custom formed to curve to conform to the surfaces of the patient's teetii or may be curved to the standard curvatures of statistically average teeth. Whether the bases are custom or standard in curvature, slots may be cut into the brackets to the in-out depth, rotation, tip and torque that are custom to the ideal appliance for the patient. The single sheet of metal serves as a work- holder to hold all of the brackets of the set in predetermined positions during tlie slot cutting procedure. Orthodontic brackets as well as other orthodontic appliances and appliance components may alternatively be formed by deposition of material in layers, shaped according to the cross sections of the appliance according to its calculated geometry. The materials so deposited can be made up of different materials that are differentially deposited to define the cross section shapes, may be one or more types of materials that are selectively activated, cured or hardened, such as by exposure to light, heat or chemicals, and witii the selectivity being carried out in accordance with the calculated appliance shape data produced in the custom appliance designing process. In formhig brackets using the layer deposition process, one or more intermediate objects may be formed from which an appliance having a surface shaped to matingly conform to the surface of the crown of a tooth may be formed. Such intermediate objects may be in the form of a mold or a pattern for the making of a mold. For example, different waxes may be deposited, for example, by a jet printing process to build up the bracket shape as a stack of layers producing a three-dimensional wax pattern, which then can be used to form a mold to produce a custom bracket by an investment casting process. Materials out of which the brackets are to be ultimately made may also be deposited by a dot printing process, for example, depositing metal and binder mixtures that may be of different compositions to defhie the shape of the appliance being produced. Alternatively, homogeneous materials may be deposited but selectively cured, using laser energy or some other high resolution selective process. Such processes may produce a multi-layered object of material that will withstand heat or a solvent used to remove the material surrounding the portion of the material defining tlie appliance or appliance part, leaving an object that becomes the bracket, for example, or becomes a pattern for a mold to form the appliance or appliance part. Jigs for tlie positioning of one or more brackets or otlier appliances or appliance parts are formed by any of several possible processes, for example, that produce a cavity shaped to precisely conform to tlie occlusal surface of the crown of the one of the patient's teetii on which one or more appliances are to be positioned for bonding. The appliance or appliances to be bonded are configured in cooperation with the jig to attach to the jig so that each appliance will be located at one and only one position on tlie surface of the tooth when the jig is fitted in its unique position and orientation on the occlusal surface of the tooth. Preferably, when a set of brackets and bracket positioning jigs is provided according to the system and method described herein, the brackets and jigs are pre-attached to each other in predetermined relative positions and orientations at tlie appliance manufacturing facility so that tlie jigs need be removed only after the orthodontist has bonded tlie brackets to tlie teetii of tiie patient for which the appliance is designed. These and otlier objectives and advantages of the present invention will be more readily apparent from the following detailed description of the drawings hi which: Brief Description of the Drawings: Fig. 1 is a block diagram illustrating one embodiment of a custom ortliodontic appliance designing and manufacturing system according to one embodiment of the present invention. Fig. 2 is a flowchart of one embodiment of the process of the present invention performed with the system of Fig. 1. Fig. 3 is a perspective diagram of a three-dimensional graphics imaging scanner of the system of Fig. 1. Fig. 3A is a representation of the display produced by the computer of the scanner of Fig. 3 illustrating three views of a low resolution scanned image of a model of a patient's lower dental arch. Fig. 315 is a computer display of perspective representation high resolution data scanned by the scanner of Fig. 3 from a model of a patient's lower dental arch. Fig. 4 is an illustration of a display of the appliance facility computer of the system of Fig. I displaying an initial setup screen. Fig. 4A is a diagram of a portion of the setup screen of Fig. 4. Fig. 4B is an illustration of a display oi ' the appliance facility computer of tlie system of Fig. 1, similar to Fig. 4. displaying another setu screen. Fig. 4C is an illustrr.tion of a selected display window of the screen of Fig. 4B showing a tooth cross section in a crown long axis plane. Fig. 5 is a display of the appliance facility computer displaying a perspective view of the patient's teetii, in high resolution, three-dimensional solid images, in their relative positions prior to treatment. Fig. 5A is another setup screen display of the appliar.ee facility computer displaying various view windows showing the teeth of the patient in their relative pre treatment positions of Fig. 5A. Fig. 5B is a display of the appliance facility computer, similar to Fig. 5, displaying a perspective view of the patient's teeth, in high resolution, three-dimensional solid images, in calculated proposed relative posttreatment positions. Fig. 5C is a display of the appliance facility computer, similar to Fig. 5A, displaying various view windows showing the ' teeth of "the patient in the relative posttreatmenl positions of Fig. 5B. Fig. 5D is a display of the appliance facility computer displaying a perspective view of the mandibular teeth of a patient in the posttreatment positions of Figs. SB . and 5C shown in solid three- dimensional images with simplified vector representations superimposed hereou. Fig. 5E is a display of the appliance facility computer, similar to Fig. 5A, displaying various views of the patient's teet , in high resolution, three-dimensional solid images, in relative pos [treatment positions with a custom designed appliance thereon. Fig. 5F is a display of the appliance facility computer with a selected screen window enlarged and illustrating a tootli cross section with a custom designed bracket of the appliance of Fig. 5E positioned thereon, and illustrating a hybrid perspective view of simplified vectoi images and solid three-dimensional images of the mandibular teetii of the patient in the posttreatment positions with the custom designed appliance thereon. Fig. 5G is a display of the appliance facility computer illustrating a selected screen window showing an alternative hybrid perspective view to that of Fig. 5F of simplified vector images and solid three- dimensional images of the mandibular teeth of the patient in the posttreatment positions with the custom designed appliance thereon. Fig. 6 is a disassembled perspective view of a custom designed bracket and the corresponding custom designed bracket placement jig therefore illustrated in relation to the tooth on which the bracket is to be placed. Fig. 6A is a perspective view of a set of custom jigs formed according to one embodiment of the system of Fig. 1. Fig. 6B is a perspective diagram illustrating the milling of a custom jig of Fig. 6A. Fig. 7 is a sequential perspective diagram of a custom archwire forming system according to one embodiment of the system of Fig. 1. Figs. 8 -8D are sequential diagrams of a custom bracket fomiing system according to one embodiment of the system of Fig. 1. Figs. 9A-9C are perspective diagrams of a custom bracket fomiing system according to another embodiment of the system of Fig. 1. Detailed Description of the Drawings: One embodiment of a custom orthodontic appliance manufacturing system 10 according to principles of the present invention is diagrammatically illustrated in Fig. 1. A process by which the system 10 may operate is illustrated in the chart of Fig. 2. The system 10 may be distributed among a plurality of locations, preferably between two locations, which include an orthodontist's office 11 and an ortliodontic appliance designing and manufacturing facility or lab 13. The actions and decision making in the operation of the system 10 is distributed among three paths, including (1) the orthodontist 14 located at tiie office 11, (2) data gathering and processing equipment 30,33 and appliance manufacturing equipment 38, located mostly at tiie lab 13 but some of which may be located at the office 11, and (3) the lab operator 28 located at tiie facility 13. These three paths are represented by the three columns in Fig. 2, wherein tiie steps performed by tiie ortliodontist are illustrated at tiie left, the steps performed by tiie computers and other equipment are illustrated in tiie center, and the steps performed by operators at the facility 13 are illustrated at tiie right. The dashed lines represent interactions, including exchanges of information, between the paths. At tiie office 11, orthodontic treatment of a patient 12 is undertaken by an ortliodontist 14, at the office 11, who makes a diagnosis 15, which is reduced in form to one of several data records 16. The records 16 are generated as part of the case information necessary to determine the patient's condition, prescribe tiie appropriate treatment, and specify tiie type of orthodontic appliance to implement the treatment of the patient 12. The case information data records 16 include information identifying the patient 12, anatomical data of dental and related shapes from tiie mouth 18 of the patient 12, and preferably otlier background information 19, such as racial and genetic information that has a relation to the dental anatomical characteristics of the patient that can be useful in selecting or designing treatment and the types of appliances to be used in the treatment. Examination of the patient 12 by tiie orthodontist 14 involves the traditional application of the skill, knowledge and expertise of the ortliodontist 14, and results in the creation of a detailed anatomical record of the shape and initial malocclused locations of the teetii in the patient's mouth as well as the jaw structure of the patient 12. This detailed anatomical record may be in the form of a physical three-dimensional model 20 of the patient's mouth 18. Such a model 20 is typically a cast formed in a mold impression, made by the orthodontist 14, of materials such as alginate for example, of tlie patient's mouth 18, according to traditional procedures known to orthodontists. The model 20 is usually made of plaster and includes a mandibular casting or model 21 of the patient's lower jaw or mandible 22 and a maxillary model 23 of the patient's upper jaw or maxilla 24, each replicating tiie shapes of the patient's teeth in then relative pretreatment positions in the respective lower and upper jaws. The orthodontist 14 determines the general type of orthodontic appliance with which the patient 12 is to be treated, as well as certain parameters of such an appliance. In the system 10, the appliance is a custom orthodontic appliance 25 of a generally arcuate or arch-shaped shape that tlie orthodontist 14 installs on tiie patient's teeth. To initiate production of tiie appliance 25, the ortliodontist 14 transmits the physical model 20 to tlie appliance designhig and manufacturing facility 13 along with the other data records 16, including a prescription 27 wherein the orthodontist sets forth a treatment plan to be applied to the patient and specifies a result to be achieved by the treatment. As an alternative to transmitting a physical model 20 to the facility 13, a digital model 26 may be generated at the ortliodontist' s office 11, either directly from the patient's mouth 18 without tiie use of a physical model 20, or from the physical model 20, so that tiie digital model 26 may be transmitted to the appliance manufacturing facility 13. The prescription 27 may include a specification of techniques that are to be included in the treatment and a designation of an orthodontic appliance to be employed. Historically, such a prescription 27 is not so detailed as to include precise mathematical arrangements or movements of the teeth that tiie treatment will produce, but may include treatment goals, including some expressed in numerical values representing the arrangement of the teeth that is sought. Tlie facility 13 is provided with one or more framed operators 28. An operator 28 supervises tiie input of data into the computer 30, including the data of the digitized model 26 and also data of treatment plan and appliance design decisions or parameters. This data may be input into tiie input computer 30a or anotlier computer 30b specifically dedicated to tiie design of the custom appliance 25. An operator 28 may also add input to or control operation of appliance manufacturing equipment 38 controlled by computer 30, such as by computer 30b or by anotlier computer or machine controller 30c to manufacture the appliance 25. Where tiie inputting, design and manufacture are performed at the appliance facility 13, the computers 30a, 30b and 30c may be die same computer 30 or separate computers or controllers that are linked to each other or otherwise exchange data. Where the physical model 20 itself is transmitted to the facility 13, the operators 28 operating scanning equipment 33 to generate digital information 26 hi the form of a three-dimensional digital model of the patient's teeth while hi their pretreatment positions in the patient's mouth. Alternatively, the digital model 26 is received by the operator 28 from the orthodontist 14. The digital model 26 produced from the physical model 20 or received directly from the ortliodontist 14 is input into a computer 30a. The input computer 30a is particularly useful to manage the generation of the digital information 26 by controlling tiie scanning of the physical model 20, for example, with a three-dimensional laser scanner 33, to produce the 3-D digital model 26. The input computer 30a utilizes interaction from the operator 28 to efficiently guide the scanner 33 hi the scanning of areas on tiie surface of the teeth and in the selection of particularly useful orthodontic parameters from graphic images produced by the scanner 33 on a screen 35 of a display connected to the inputting computer 30. The scaimer 33 acquires 3-D data from tiie three-dimensional surfaces of the physical model 20 and inputs the acquired data to the computer 30a, which produces the digitized anatomical information or digital model 26 hi machine readable form for analysis by tiie appliance design computer 30b. The operator 28 hiputs information used to simplify the 3-D data to define the teetii and other dental anatomy of the patient in terms of landmarks or other criteria that are useful in the setup of the case or the design of the occlusion that is the objective of the treatment plan. Algorithms may also be used to determine these landmarks and ot er criteria with little or no operator interaction. The scanner 33 may include one or more video cameras, mechanical probes, laser or other optical scanners, ultrasonic scanners, moire image scanners or other forms of imaging or measurement hardware that alone, or in combination with other such components, produce a three-dimensional digital model of the surface of the patient's teetii and mouth tissue defining tiie shape of the patient's jaw. While a laser seamier 33 is illustrated, other types of scanners, preferably non-contact scanners, may be used, and as technology progresses, many types of such scanners are becoming available, such as digital optical scanners that use coded pulsed white light. The data of tiie 3-D digital model 26 is processed, along with other data from the orthodontist 14, and interactive selections made by the operator 28 and/or tiie orthodontist 14 to determine tooth finish or treatment positions of the patient's teetii. Preferably, tiie initial determinations of the final treatment positions of the teetii are made from tiie 3-D digital model, including particularly tooth shape and jaw shape data, from tlie prescription information 27 from tlie orthodontist 14, from the other information 16 from the orthodontist 14, and from selections made by the operator 28 which aids the computer 30b in interpreting and simplifying the data for processing. The tooth treatment position calculations made in the design computer 30b use programs containing algorithms such as those described in the related patents and applications identified above and others described below. The computer 30b may also utilize interactive methods by which an operator 28 monitors, selects options, and modifies the calculation of tooth finish positions as well as appliance design. The initial determinations of finish position produce a precise prediction of the prescribed treatment, taking into account the programmed algorithms and the exact three-dimensional shapes of the tooth surfaces. This results in an ideal dental or clinical archform or other intermediate or final tooth arrangement in which a treatment digital model, hi the form of three-dimensional computer images and numerical data, is provided for review, revision or approval by the orthodontist 14. Such a digital model may or may not be in the form of a mathematical archform model in which some equation or formula is used to articulate an arcuate, tiiat is a generally arch-shaped arrangement of the teeth. A digital model of a dental archform may be in the form of digital data from which the teetii can be represented or displayed in then generally arch-shaped arrangement for human evaluation. Preferably, the data is in a form that is capable of computer analysis. An image of the proposed treatment result is communicated digitally to tlie ortliodontist 14 through a computer network or other data link 31 connected between the design computer 30b at the appliance design facility 13 and an interactive computer terminal 32 at the office 11 of the ortliodontist 14. The link 31 along with software in the computers 32 and 30b provide an interactive system through which the orthodontist can manipulate the initial determinations of calculated treatment positions as well as the course of treatment in response to which tiie design computer 30b recalculates the final treatment positions of the teeth and generates display data for further review, revision or approval by ti e orthodontist 14. Once the tooth treatment positions are approved by the ortliodontist 14, the computer 30b automatically designs the appliance under the supervision of an operator 28. As a digital appliance design is produced, the design hiformation, which includes three-dimensional design display and numerical design data, is provided over the link 31 to the terminal 32 for interactive adjustment and ultimately approval by the orthodontist 14. When the appliance design has been approved by the orthodontist 18, the analysis and design computer 30b produces archive files 34 that are written with all of the relevant information of the analysis and tiie history and prescribed treatment of the patient 14. Calculated information for the patient is stored in a patient data file 36. From the calculations, tlie manufacturing computer 30c produces machine readable code 42 for operating digitally controlled manufacturing equipment 38 to produce the appliance 25. An instruction document or file 37 may also be produced, either by the computer 30b or the computer 30c, of information to aid the orthodontist 14 in treating the patient 14 with the custom appliance 25. For manufacture of custom orthodontic appliances of tiie types most commonly used at tiie present time, the manufacturhig equipment 38 preferably includes an appliance bracket forming machine 39 which produces custom brackets for the appliance 25. Automated bracket making can be canied out by casthig or molding of the brackets from molds made by tiie automated machines, by cutting slots at calculated angles or machining other features in preformed blanks, or by other automated bracket making methods. The machine 39 may shape the surfaces of preformed bracket bases, providing a design option of torquing the teetii by either tiie bracket slot or base, as may be best for various bracket materials. The equipment 38 may also hiclude an appliance arcliwhe bending machine or otiier type of wire fomiing machine 40 to produce custom shaped archwires for tiie appliance 25. The equipment 38 in most preferred embodiments includes a machine for fomiing components to aid in tiie installation of the appliance 25 by insuring that the appliance is located on the surfaces of the teeth when installed. In archwire and bracket type appliances, this includes a machine 41 for the making of bracket placement jigs, which cuts or otherwise forms three-dimensional tooth fitting recesses that prevent placement of the appliance on a tooth in all but the correct location on the tooth. While conventional bracket and archwire appliances are illustrated and described, concepts described herein can be applied to other forms of ortliodontic appliances. Where in the conventional appliance, individual brackets make connections between the appliance and the patient's teeth while archwires interconnect the teetii via tiie brackets to exert the treating forces among the teeth, a single piece appliance hi which a resilient arch shaped element both interfaces with the teeth and exerts forces among the teetii can be used according to certain aspects of tiie invention. Similarly, tiie three-dimensional surfaces that may be provided on placement jigs to locate tiie appliance on the patient's teeth may be located on parts of an appliance itself, such as on the bracket itself or on a single piece generally arch-shaped appliance, so that the appliance is self-positioning or self-locating. Such a jig may or may not remain attached to the appliance or may or may not remain on tiie patient's teetii so as to facilitate initial or continued positioning of the appliance on the teeth. A suitable 3-D seamier 33 is illustrated in Fig. 3 and includes a laser seamier assembly 43. The laser seamier 43 has two electrically steerable laser source-sensor assemblies 44 and 45, each with a laser source or transmitter 44a, 45a, respectively, and a laser sensor or receiver 44b,45b. The laser assembly 44 is a high speed low resolution scanner used to generate a low resolution image to serve as a control map for tlie laser 45, which is a high resolution seamier that generates data that forms the three-dhnensional model 26 used for tooth finish position calculation and appliance design and manufacture. The low resolution laser of the laser assembly 44 may be, for example, a laser scanning unit of the type manufactured by Keyence of Japan model LK031 , while the high resolution laser 45 may be, for example, a laser scanning unit of the type manufactured by Keyence of Japan model LK081. The low resolution laser 44 is preferably set to produce three orthogonal coordinate measurements of points at a density of about two (2) data pohits per linear millimeter in each of three dimensions, while tiie high resolution laser 45 is preferably set to produce three orthogonal coordinate measurements of points at a density of about ten (10) data points per linear millimeter in each of three dimensions. The input computer 30a is connected to the laser unit 43 to control its operating parameters and to interpret, format and store the 3-D data being generated. The computer 30a also steers the lasers 44 and 45 and orients the respective lower and/or upper halves 21,23 of the physical model 20. For scanning, the halves of the model 20 are individually mounted in a holder or support 46, which is mounted to an inner yoke 47 so as to rotate thereon on its axis under the control of a servo motor 48 which is controlled by the input computer 30a. Similarly, the inner yoke 47 is pivotally mounted to an outer yoke 49 to pivot on an axis tiiat is perpendicular to the axis of rotation of tiie holder 46 and located to approximately intersect the half of the model 20 that is mounted on tlie holder 46. This allows the model half to be oriented at any angle desired with respect to the laser scanner 43 so that direct line-of-sight views of the model can be obtained by the lasers of all surface areas of the model. The outer yoke 49 is controlled by a servo motor 50, which is also controlled by the hiput computer 30a. The outer yoke 50 is mounted to a carriage 51 that is movable horizontally on a table 52 on two axes by servo motors 53,54, respectively, both of which are controlled by the input computer 30a. The laser assembly 43 is also mounted on the table 52. The movable carriage 51 allows for precise placement of the half of the model 20 in tiie holder 46 at a distance from tlie laser 43 for optimal focusing and for the optimal angle of incidence of tiie laser on the model half being scanned. The yokes 47 and 49 and the carriage 51 are preferably made of heavy metal castings and the table 52 is preferably made of heavy granite blocks supported on a solid foundation so that vibrations that can affect tiie precise scanning of the high resolution laser 45 are not transmitted between the laser scanner 43 and the holder 46. When the scanner 33 is operated, the operator 28 sets up the scanner parameters through a setup screen at tiie computer 30a and initiates low resolution scanning of the lower jaw model half 21. For tiie low resolution scanning, tiie model 21 is placed on tiie holder 46 and tiie inner yoke 47 is oriented by computer controlled operation of the motor 50 so that the low resolution laser 44 scans a top view of the model 21 which is displayed on the monitor of computer 30a as illustrated in the left window 55a of Fig. 3A. The computer then reorients the yoke 47 to generate low resolution views of the labial and lingual sides of tiie teetii, by rotating the model 21 in the holder 46 on tiie inner yoke 47 by the computer controlled operation of the motor 48. This produces low resolution panoramic lingual views represented by tiie windows 55b, 55c, respectively. The views 55a, 55b, 55c are effectively two dimension displays generated for the purpose of providing the operator 28 with a way to define the location of the various teeth of the model 21 in the three-dimensional space at tiie scanner 33. Controls are provided at the top of the screens of the display of the computer 30 that are relevant to the operation being performed or the data being viewed. These controls include a menu, for example, menu 55e, that expands or changes as different selections are enabled in the course of the setup as well as a control 55f for selecting various views and command buttons 55g for actuating various calculations or initiating equipment functions. At tiie terminal of tiie input computer 30a, tiie operator 28 can use a pointing device to select points on tiie computer screen to define tlie inner and outer boundaries 56a and 56b, respectively, of tlie lower jaw, and lines 56c separating the individual teeth, from the top view 55a, so that each tooth can be represented as a separate three-dimensional object. The lines 56c may be automatically displayed on the elevational views 55b, 55c, on which the operator 28 can further select points to define labial and lingual tooth-gum lines 56d and 56e, respectively. Once tiie boundaries 56a-56e are defined from tiie view screens 55a-55c, high resolution scanning can be initiated with the high resolution laser 45. High resolution scanning uses the boundary lines 56a-56c to precisely am the laser 45 and thereby niinimize tl e amount of data generated. The laser 45 generates up to fifty or more segmented high resolution images of different and overlapphig areas of the model 21, a composite screen display of which is illustrated in Fig. 3B. The data points are each defined by three orthogonal x,y,z coordinates. The separate images are each stored in separate data files. Once the separate image data files are generated, the images can be knitted together by the use of conventional software available for that puipose to produce a single three-dimensional high resolution digital mandibular model of the patient's lower jaw with the teeth of the patient. Initially, this is possible for the teetii in then pretreatment malocclused positions. As tooth finish positions or other treatment positions are calculated, as described below, the composite images can be displayed to show teeth in any of such positions. Fig. 3B is a composite image of teetii in ideal positions. Standard software is available that includes various three-dimensional image processing programs and data conversion files provided with available laser scanning devices, to produce image files in standard data formats. The maxillary tooth model 23 is similarly produced. When tiie three-dimensional low and high resolution data files have been produced and stored by the input computer 30a with data of separate three-dimensional shapes of each of the patient's teeth as well as vector data locating and orienting each tooth shape model in its malocclused pretreatment position relative to a reference that locates the teeth relative to each of the others, the files are ready for further processing hi designing tiie patient's occlusion by calculating or otherwise detemiine finish position and then designing a custom appliance to move the teetii to positions dictated by a treatment plan. The data files are loaded into the computer 30, which may be a separate analysis and design computer 30b, which is programmed to produce, under the interactive guidance of an operator 28, and interactive involvement of the orthodontist 14, a three-dimensional digital model of tlie teetii of the patient in some proposed posttreatment position. In doing so, an initial proposed treatment position is calculated by the computer 30b and presented for review by tiie orthodontist 14. This electronic model, once modified and approved, serves as the basis for the design of tiie custom ortliodontic appliance that moves the teeth to the positions represented in tiie model. In the analysis and design computer 30b, the data are filtered or processed to extract the geometric characteristics from the three-dimensional images that are to be used to calculate the final positions of the teetii and to design the appliance. The extracted information defines a simplified digital model of the teeth, and preferably also includes parameters customarily used by the orthodontist to define or describe tootii position, such as torque, tip and rotation angles, and may also include X, Y,Z displacements from some reference point, plane or archform. Typically, tiie three-dimensional high resolution digital model is in the form of a 3-D bitmap or raster image where the simplified model is in the form of a vector image file, overlay or layer of the bitmap or raster image. The generation of the simplified data image is initiated by an operator 28 of tiie analysis and design computer 30b by selecting a menu option, for example tiiat named "Create Setup", which appears on the main menu bar at the top of the screen when adequate data to calculate tooth treatment positions is available in tlie computer. The "Setup" is a term often used to refer to the finish, target or posttreatment positions of the teetii that are tiie objectives of tiie treatment plan. Selecting tiie "Create Setup" option displays a screen 60, an example of which is illushated in Fig.4. The screen 60 is divided hito a mahi menu 61, sets of option buttons 62, one associated with each of the items on the main menu 61, an archform window 63, which displays an occlusal plan view of one of ti e mandibular or maxillary arches, a tooth icon bar 64 which displays an icon in either occlusal or labial view of each individual tootii in the arch in the window 63, and a selected tooth window 65, which displays an enlarged view of a selected one of the teetii of the arch shown in the window 63. In the Create Setup mode, the computer 30b steps through a series of procedures in which tlie shape of tiie patient's lower jaw is determhied and characteristic geometric features of the patient's teetii are extracted from the three-dimensional digital model. The procedures are capable of being performed either automatically with the computer 30b making decisions, or interactively with an operator 28 and the program of the computer 30b contributing to decisions. The procedures are explained in the interactive or semi-manual mode for simplicity, but the decision making processes that are explained can be made automatically using coding the described steps hi programmed algorithms. The Setup mode starts with the setup of the teeth of tiie mandibular arch. As the Setup mode steps through its procedures, the number of items on the mahi menu bar 61 increases or otherwise changes so that the operator can select from among all current available procedures or return to view the data displays that can be generated from data produced by completed procedures. This facilitates the entry of data in the proper sequence. An initial procedure of tiie mandibular setup is the defining of the mandibular arch in the form of a generally arch-shaped mathematical function that represents the centerline of the trough in the patient's lower jaw bone containing tiie roots of the mandibular teeth. This function is provided to satisfy the first condition of the proposed tooth finish position calculation: tiiat the patient's mandibular teetii should be contained and aligned within tiie cancellous portion of the patient's mandibular bone. The function can be considered a mathematical representation of tiie patient's mandibular skeletal archform. To generate a function defining the mandibular skeletal archform, an occlusal view 66 is displayed in the window 63 of the patient's mandibular arch from the high resolution digital model, as illustrated in Fig. 4A, from which an outline of tissue covering the mandibular bone structure defining the mandibular trough MT is visible. Tlie digital bitmap image 66 is overlaid with a computer generated positioning grid G. The computer 30b may pause at this point to allow the operator 28 to adjust the position of the grid G. The grid lines intersect the boundaries of tiie mandibular trough. These boundaries B B and B L can be selected by pattern recognition software, manually by tiie operator 28 clicking with a pointing device at the grid and boundary intersection points, or first with software and then allowing tiie operator 28 to confirm or modify the software selections. The selection defines three-dimensional cartesian coordinates La x>γ>z and Li XιYtZ of labial and lingual limits, respectively, of tiie cortical bone of tiie patient on both sides of the jaw, tlie data of which include a third Z dimension, derived from the three-dimensional model, of each point that is selected on tiie two dimensional display. Once tlie intersection points of tiie mandibular trough boundaries and the grid are defined, the computer 30b calculates midpoint coordinates MP x z between each of the individual labio-lingual pahs of La and Li. Also calculated are the bone width distances DLL between each of the respective labio-lingual pah La and Li. The midpoints MP X.Y>Z , one of which is tiie designated origin MP 0AO at the midpoint of the jaw, lie on an arch that describes the size and shape of the center of the cancellous portion of the mandibular bone. From this a mandibular trough equation MTE is derived, from which a symmetrical equation _Ϊ _r may be derived. Then, additional procedures are carried out, first for the mandibular teeth then for the maxillary • teeth. These include refining the boundaries of each of the teeth from the archform images so that their images can be independently moved in tiie computer, selecting the widths of the teeth across the teetii from their points of contact with adjacent teeth on the same arch, selecting landmarks or tooth prominences, including incisal edges, cusps, grooves and ridges, and defining tlie crown long axes of the teetii, all in three dimensions. All of these procedures can be carried out using pattern recognition programming techniques. The accuracy of each procedure will benefit by allowing manual confirmation or correction of computer selected parameters and landmarks by an operator 28. The teeth are identified with selection of menu tab 61a (Fig. 4), either automatically, or by operator selection. The tooth identification procedure tells the computer, or confirms for the computer, a determination made by an operator or the computer that a particular portion of tlie three-dimensional data represents tlie shape of a particular tooth. Tootii identification can proceed, automatically by the computer 30b and/or manually by the operator 28. For example, the selection can be made with a selection by the operator 28 of areas of the image in window 63 as the names of the individual teeth are sequentially displayed in a box 62a, or by the operator confirming images sequentially displayed in the window 65 as corresponding to the tootii names displayed h the box 62a as shown in Fig. 4B, or by the program in the computer 30b making tlie determination for each of the teeth. Whether to make manual selections or to view automated selections, the operator 28 can choose windows 64 or 65 to display occlusal views or facial views of tiie individual teetii by clicking on buttons 62b or 62c. Next, the distances between tiie mesio-distal extremities, or mesio-distal widths MDW, of each of the mandibular teetii are defined with selection of menu tab 61b. This width is the distance between the contact pohits which a tootii will have with adjacent teetii when the teeth are arranged in contact with each otlier in a dental arch in their treated or finish positions. In addition, the sum of the mesio-distal widths of the teetii on a dental arch constitutes the total lengtii of the dental arch. The widths, once determined, are added together to detemhne tiie total lengtii of the dental arch and the amount of space needed if all of the teeth at their original dimensions of the patient are to be retained. The mesio-distal widths can be determined either automatically by software using algorithms to recognize and interpret the teeth from the three-dimensional data and interpreting the mesial and distal contact points of the teetii with adjacent teeth, by the operator 28 manually selecting tiie tootii intersection points on occlusal views of the teetii as they are displayed in tiie window 65, or by tlie operator confirming selections made by the computer. For simplicity, the MDWs are illustrated with respect to the mandibular teetii in Fig. 4A, and the determination of these widths is carried out, for mandibular and maxillary teeth, using screens as illustrated in Fig. 4B for the maxillary teeth with the top view of the tooth selected for display in window 65. More particularly, for both upper and lower teeth, MDWs may be interactively picked by the operator from tiie enlarged occlusal image 65 illushated in Fig.4B. With tiie MDW &wi tab 61b selected for mandibular teeth, only occlusal views are available in the tooth icon bar 64 and for the enlarged individual tooth image window 65. The operator picks tlie mesial and distal contact points M X ^ Z D X YZ , - Ir respectively, for the tootii, which in the illustration is tiie upper left first molar. The points are selected by the operator by clicking a pointing device at a point hi the X, Y plane as displayed in the window 65, whereupon the Z coordinate is determined from the high resolution data file image of the tooth. The computer 30b calculates the distance between these points and stores the X, Y component of this width, from the coordinates of contact points M χγ D x γ , as the MD W for the tooth. This width is defined in the data as a line in vector form in a way that is related to its location in relation to the three-dimensional data of the shape of the tootii. In the Setup mode, the operator 28 visually selects points tiiat locate the prominences of each of the teeth that serve as tiie landmarks that form tiie starting points for tlie calculations of tooth ideal or finish position calculations. In tooth position calculations, the computer 30b may use the selections directly, or may take hito account actual three-dimensional data of the tooth surfaces so that tlie accuracy of the manual selection of the landmarks is not critical. In lieu of manual location of the landmark pohits and all other selections, the locations of the points may be done automatically by the computer through analysis of the three-dhnensional tooth shape data of each tootii as well as of the adjacent teetii. Automatic selection may be presented for acceptance or change by the operator 28. This may be particularly useful in the case of teetii tiiat are worn or damaged. Automatic selection seeks to locate the selected points with tiie same objectives as those described herein as done manually by an operator. The prominence landmarks selected hi this way hiclude the incisal center points of each of the anterior teeth, each of the cusps on the posterior teetii and each of the marginal ridges and central grooves on tiie posterior teetii, and each for both the upper and lower teeth. When manually selected, these selections are made from tiie occlusal view of the teetii displayed in the mdividual tootii image window 65 as illustrated in Fig.4B and can be adjusted from a front view as illustrated in window 65 hi Fig. 4 or in a mesial distal view as illustrated in Fig. 4C. The operator 28 also selects points to define a crown long axis CLA of each tooth, which is most easily done hi tlie first instance in a mesial-distal view, as illustrated in Fig. 4C. Definition of a crown long axis for a tootii can be achieved.manually by tiie operator 28 selecting points to define a long axis plane LAP through the tooth. This selection is carried out, for example, by selecting two points on the facial view to define an Orientation of a line in the long axis plane proximate the facial side of the tooth, and two points on the occlusal view of the tooth to defhie an orientation of a line in tiie long axis plane proximate the occlusal surface of the tooth. Usually, such points are the major prominences such as incisal center points or mesial buccal cusps and central tootii gum intersection points. Preferably, the selection of points to defhie the plane LAP is made first by selecting a labial and lingual point from the plan or occlusal view of the tooth, as illustrated for example in the individual tooth image window 65 hi Fig. 4B. Then with such an LAP plane defined, a mesial-distal view of tiie LAP plane as illustrated hi Fig. 4C is displayed. From this view, gingival intersection points on the lingual and facial sides of the tootii can be selected, the midpoint of which, when calculated, defines a gingival center point GCP on the crown long axis of the tooth. The CLA is calculated to extend through this point through a predetermined one of the prominences of tiie tootii, depending on the type of tootii involved. When all of the selections have been made, tiie digital model of tiie teeth includes two types of files, one containing the high resolution, three-dimensional digital tootii shape data of each of tiie teetii arranged in their pretreatment positions and the other containing simplified vector data representations of the teet , each formed of a long axis plane LAP with the crown long axis CLA located therein, and with the tooth's mesial distal width vector MDW and the various tooth landmarks of the tootii located in reference to the plane and the CLA. The torque and tip angles of each of the teetii can be calculated in reference to the orientation of tiie CLA relative to the occlusal plane or tlie plane of tiie MTE, and ti e rotation angle can be calculated from the orientation of the MDW about tiie CLA relative to the tangent of the MTE. To assist the orthodontist, a perspective view showing each of the teeth in their pretreatment positions is generated, as illustrated in Fig. 5. This view shows the three-dimensional solid shapes 70, produced from high resolution, three-dimensional data from the raster image file, of each of tiie teeth of both tlie upper and lower dental arches arranged in their pretreatment positions relative to each other. Each tooth is, preferably, illushated in a different color. Three-dimensional information can be displayed in several ways, one being by tiie use of brightness variations to represent the dimension perpendicular to the screen, or by shadow shading, or both. Stereoscopic techniques may also be made to produce three-dimensional viewing, for example, using color separation and goggles for the user. Holography can also be used for the three-dimensional displays. In tiie screen displays illushated, superimposed on tiie solid images of the teetii are data from tlie simplified vector image file, showing tlie long axis planes LAP, the crown long axes CLA, and tiie grid G containing the equation of the mandibular hough MTE. A user can toggle between the view of Fig. 5 and tiie screen of Fig. 5 A. which displays right, left and front views, as well as occlusal views of each of tlie arches, in separate view windows 71-75, along with a table 76 listing values for the torque, tip and rotation angles of each tooth. The Setup mode ends with the tootii treahnent position detem ination, or Setup Calculation. In this phase, suggested tooth finish positions are calculated and communicated to the orthodontist to adjust and approve prior to the design of the appliance, and then recalculated hi accordance with the interactive communications between the ortliodontist 14 at the office 11 and the design computer 30b at the appliance manufacturing facility 13. On the screen illustrated hi Fig. 5A, an operator or the ortliodontist can select a Create Setup button 77 and cause tiie computer 30b to calculate tooth finish or posttreatment positions, which can ah be displayed together in a perspective view as illustrated in Fig. 5B, which is similar to Fig. 5, or as separate elevational or occlusal views as illushated in Fig. 5C, which is similar to Fig. 5A, in which the values of tiie calculated posttreatment angles are numerically displayed in the table 76. Tooth finish positions may be calculated by the methods described in the related patents and applications identified above, for example, hi U.S. Patent No. 5,431,562, to which are added the three- dimensional capabilities described herein. The calculations may take into account skeletal, maxillary and mandibular criteria, including occlusion, in deteimining the treatment positions of tiie teeth. In the calculations, the mandibular teetii, which should be contained and aligned within the cancellous portion of the mandibular bone, are translated horizontally so tiiat their crown long axes are initially placed on the mandibular trough equation MT . The buccal cusps and incisal tips of the mandibular teeth are made to align incisoghigivally to produce a substantially flat mandibular occlusal plane, and are arranged in a smooth archform in which the buccal cusps align buccolhigually with the central grooves of the maxillary teeth. The marginal ridges of tiie maxillary posterior teeth are arranged on the archform as the centric stops for the buccal cusps of the mandibular teeth. The central grooves of the maxillary posterior teeth define buccal lingual locations of the centric stops of the mandibular teeth. The calculations are all carried out hi three dimensions. The calculations of fhial treatment positions includes calculation of the positions of the teetii hi three-dimensional coordinates as well as three orientation angles. The angles calculated are the torque angle or inclination, tiie tip angle or angulation, and the rotation angle. The torque angle is the angle of the tootii relative to the vertical in the facial- lingual/vertical plane, with the vertical direction being essentially that direction perpendicular to the occlusal plane. The tip angle is the angle relative to the vertical in a mesial- distal/vertical plane. The rotation angle is the angle of the defined plane LAP with a facial-lingual line about a vertical axis. Initial rotation angle calculations of tlie posterior teeth orient the teeth so tiiat a line from tiie mesial-buccal cusp to the distal marginal ridge of the tooth is mesial-distal, tiiat is, is parallel to the archform equation. Calculation of tip angle takes into account accepted norms and any prescription by the orthodontist as well as adjustments to best fit the three-dimensional surfaces and landmarks of occluding teetii at tiie occlusion while fitting tl e teeth with each other in then respective arches and supporting bone. In viewhig the calculated finish positions, a user may view perspective displays of the teeth of a shigle arch, as hi Fig. 5D which shows both tiie high resolution 3D data and the simplified vector data. The 3D solid images and tiie simplified vector representations of the teetii may be viewed separately or together. In the vector data file, various landmarks may also be displayed, as, for example, in Fig. 5E where the incisal tips 78 and buccal cusps 79 of tiie lower teetii are illustrated, which landmarks may serve, for example, as the reference points on the teetii for aligning the lower teetii on a best fit equation for tiie lower arch, such as the best fit buccal cusp equation BFBCE that is described more fully in the related patents. In viewhig the calculated finish positions that are suggested by the computer 30b, the ortliodontist 14 can adjust the positions of any of tiie teeth in six degrees of freedom on a computer at the orthodontist's office 11 which is connected to die computer 30b at tiie appliance design facility 13 through a telephone or wireless link or other network. Normally, an orthodontist first considers adjustments to the torque, tip and rotation angles of the teetii. The angle adjustments are made by selecting tlie angle and tooth to adjust hi tlie table 76 (Fig. 5C) and then to adjust a slide control 76a or type in a new value for the angle to be adjusted. As tiie value changes, tiie display changes to reflect tiie change in die value being made. The orthodontist can also adjust any tootii i x,y,z coordinates or in gingival-occlusal, facial-lingual and mesial- distal coordinates. Rather than translating the entire tooth, which presents interference issues, the ortliodontist might adjust particular landmarks. When the adjustments have been made by an orthodontist and a testing of tiie changes made is desired, tlie ortliodontist selects the Calculate Setup button 77 to cause the computer 30b at the appliance design facility to recalculate the treatment positions of all of the teeth based on the changes made by the ortliodontist. In doing so, the ortliodontist can select or unselect, in check boxes 77a provided, tlie parameters that can be changed in the setup calculation. In this way, the orthodontist can also test extractions by selecting the elimination of selected teetii from tiie calculations, and may test over-corrections that the orthodontist might desire. The setup recalculations proceed accordhig to the orthodontists selections to position the teetii in stable positions according to predetermined criteria stored in the computer 30b. When tlie tootii finish positions have been finally calculated following the iterations between the computer 30b and the orthodontist, tlie orthodontist communicates satisfaction with the treatment positions to the appliance design facility 13 and the operator thereat then commands tlie computer 30b, or the computer can be respond automatically, to design the appliance. In designing an appliance according to conventional straight-wire orthodontic appliance techniques, the appliance will be one made up of brackets to be bonded to the patient's teeth which support an interconnecting archwire. The straight whe appliance design proceeds with the design of an archwire, the design of brackets and the design of bracket placement ' jigs, all custom to the treatment plan approved by the orthodontist for the specific patient. The design of archwhes can be carried out in accordance with the patents incoiporated above, such as U.S. Patent Nos. 5,454,717 and 5,447,432. Archwire designhig concepts such as those discussed in U.S. Patent No. 5,474,448, hereby expressly incoiporated by reference herein, are also particularly suitable. Arcliwhe design places an archwire 80 at an optimal low profile position relative to each of the teeth, as illustrated hi Fig. 5E for tlie mandibular arch. The arcliwhe 80 is designed to lie in an arcliwhe plane AWP through the teetii when tiie teetii are in their posttreatment or finish positions, as illustrated in Fig. 5F for a mandibular fhst bicuspid. Once the arcliwhe 80 has been designed, brackets 81 are automatically designed by the computer 30b to form the connection between the archwire 80 and the patient's tooth, with the shape of the custom arcliwhe 80 defining an archwire slot 82 in the bracket 81 and the three-d nensional data from the 3-D high resolution data file for tiie tooth defining the contour of the bracket mounting base 83. To facilitate the proper identification of the brackets to the teeth on which they belong, these bracket mounting bases are preferably shaped in accordance with the concepts described in U.S. Patent No. 5,993,206, hereby expressly incoiporated by reference herein, with the bases thereof being scaled reductions of the profiles of the crowns of the teeth viewed from the facial side. The screen of Fig. 5E illustrates an automatically designed appliance on three-dhnensional solid images of tiie mandibular teetii, shown in a facial view screen window 84 and an occlusal view window 85. With this screen, a user can select the mdividual teetii to display in an individual tooth window 86, and can also display tiie cross-sectional view of the tooth as illustrated in Fig. 5F. The appliance formed of the archwire 80 and brackets 81 is illustrated on vector images of the teetii in a perspective view in Fig. 5G, which can also be selected by a user for display. As with the positioning of the teeth, the design of the appliance can be adjusted by a user, who may be either the operator 28 at the appliance design facility 13 or the ortliodontist 14 on a computer at the office 11. In particular, the orthodontist can adjust the torque, tip and rotation of tiie brackets just as these parameters of tiie tooth were adjusted in aniving at tiie tooth finisli positions, so as to change the relationship of the arcliwhe slot relative to the tooth. The bracket location on the surface of the tooth can also be adjusted by the orthodontist. Similarly, the archwire can be reshaped. When these changes to the appliance have been made by the orthodontist, the appliance design may be recalculated. In addition, the tooth treatment or finish positions can be recalculated and the recalculated positions displayed to show the effects, if any, that changes to the appliance design would cause to the relocations of the teetii when heated with such an appliance. Once tlie archwire 80 and brackets 81 have been designed and the positions of the brackets on the teeth determined, jigs 87 are automatically designed by the computer 30b. From bracket design and positioning information and from the high resolution, three-dimensional data of the shape of the teeth, the jigs 87 are designed so that they fit at a unique location and orientation on tiie occlusal surface of the crown of one of the teeth 92 so that the corresponding custom bracket 81 for that tooth is precisely supported at its calculated placement position on the tooth 92 during the bonding of the bracket 81 to the tooth with adhesive by the orthodontist. Fig. 6 illustrates such a jig 87 as a solid three-dimensional object, dimensioned and positioned to intersect the one of the teeth 92 on which a bracket 81 is to be placed. The bracket is shaped and placed so as to avoid interference with adjacent teetii in either their pretreatment or posttreatment positions and during the movement of the tootii during treatment. In particular, the body of tiie jig 87 is designed to have a cavity 88 on one side thereof to fit precisely against the occlusal surface 91 of one, and only one, of the patient's teetii 92. The surface of the cavity 88 has a shape defined by the high resolution, three-dimensional data of the occlusal surface 91 of the tootii over which the jig 87 is to fit. The jig 87 has a bracket engaging element 89 configured to removably connect to a bracket 81, which has a hole 90 in the archwire support 94 thereof to receive the element 89. The element 89 is in the form of a cylindrical post having a shoulder thereon to fix the spacing of the bracket from the jig. When assembled for shipment to the orthodontist, the element 89 is lightly bonded to the bracket with wax or adliesive. When the jig 87 is fit on the crown of tlie tooth, the bracket 81 is positioned and oriented hi one, and only one, way on die tooth because the bracket 81 , and particularly the archwire slot 82 thereof, is in a specific design position and orientation relative to the surface of the cavity 88 when the jig and bracket assembly are placed on the tooth. When tiie jig 87 is so positioned on the crown of a tooth with the cavity 88 conforming exactly to the occlusal surface of the tooth, the base 83 of the bracket 81 is supported in a predetermined position on the tooth according to the automated custom appliance design. When bonded with adliesive hi this position on the tooth, tiie archwire slot 82 of the bracket 81 will be located at its design position and orientation relative to the occlusal surface 91 of the tooth 92. The design of the custom ortliodontic appliance produces data files 36 from which automatic manufacturing equipment can be controlled to produce archwires and brackets and the jigs for installation of tlie brackets at design locations on tlie patient's teetii, or otiier appliances. Most archwhes, such as those made of stainless steel, can be made on whe bending machines controlled by signals that represent the whe as a curvature that is a function of the wire length from end to end. Such a whe bender is described, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 5,447,432. Whes are sometimes desired that are highly elastic and formed of materials such as titanium alloys that cannot be easily or accurately formed by bending. Such wires can be formed on equipment such as the whe forming system of the type illustrated in Fig. 7. The system 110 of Fig. 7 uses a mill 111 to form a cut 113 that is tiie shape of an archwire as it appears in the archwire plane AWP through a sheet 112 of metal, ceramic, machinable rigid foam or other temperature resistant material tiiat is about 0.01 inch thick. The cut 113 that is the shape of the archwire separates the sheet 112 into two parts, 112a,l 12b, which are hiserted into opposite ends of a slot 114 which is formed in a ceramic block 115. The block 115 is fom ed of two parts 115 a, 115b that are pinned together to defhie the slot 114 between them. A blank lengtii of archwire material 116 is hiserted into the slot 114 between the halves 115a,l 15b of the block 115. Then, tlie two parts 112a,112b of the sheet 112 are hiserted into the slot 114, and brought together on opposite sides of the wire 116, so as to clamp the whe blank 116 between the sheet halves 112a,l 12b in a groove that is the shape of the cut 113 of the custom archwire 80, described above. The block 115 is then heated until the whe blank 116 is annealed and permanently assumes the shape of the cut 113. The block 115 and sheet halves 112a,l 12b are then separated and the wire 116 that is formed in the shape of the custom archwire 80 is removed. The automatic formation of custom brackets is accomplished by one of several systems, one being that described in U.S. Patent No. 5,454,717, in which individual bracket blanks are mounted in separate fixtures on the workpiece holder of a mill and the slots are cut at custom locations and orientations in the archwire support of the bracket, which is then welded to a bonding base that is preformed to a standard curvature of a tootii. One alternative bracket manufachiring system that uses bases having standardized curvatures is the system 120 illushated in Figs. 8A-8D. The system 120 uses a die assembly 123 which has a plurality of recesses 121 therein, each having a curvature conforming to the standard or statistically average curvature of a respective one of a patient's teetii at tiie point on tiie facial side (or lingual side in the case of lingual appliances) of the crown at which an ortliodontic bracket is typically attached. A shigle sheet 122 of deformable metal material of a type and thickness out of which bracket bonding bases 83a can be fomied is placed into the die assembly 123, and tlie sheet 122 is deformed such that a portion of it conforms to each of a plurality of cavities or recesses 121, one cavity for each bracket of a set. The force to deform the sheet 122 may be applied directly against tlie sheet 122 by static fluid pressure, preferably, using a liquid such as an oil. When tiie sheet 122 has been deformed, a layer of whe mesh 124 is welded to the side thereof that includes the usually concave sides of the bracket bonding bases 83a. On tlie opposite and usually convex side of each of the bases 83a is welded a blank archwire support 94a of an ortliodontic bracket. Then, tlie sheet 122 with each of tiie arcliwhe supports 94a welded thereto is mounted on a slot cutting mill 125, which cuts the slots in all of the archwire supports 83a of all of tiie brackets. Each of the bases are then cut from the sheet 122 using a laser cutter or some otiier cutter that is, preferably, computer controlled. Another alternative system for automatically fomiing custom brackets is the system 130 illustrated hi Figs. 9A-9C. In the system 130, custom brackets 83b are formed in layers, for example, by jet printing of material to build up the bracket in layers by a stereo-lithography process. The printing of the material can be by directly depositing material of which the brackets are made to thereby form the bracket or to deposit wax or other pattern material to form a pattern from which a mold can be made to cast the bracket, such as by an investment casting method. In one such version of the system 130, a print head 131 is set up to jet print two types of wax, one which will either be melted or dissolved away, which is deposited on the portions of each layer that are external to the bracket being formed, and the other type of wax, which is deposited on portions interior to the bracket behig formed, which will remain. An object 133 that is printed with such a method is either heated or chemically treated so as to remove the wax that is external to the bracket, leaving only the wax internal to the bracket, which is now a pattern in the shape of the bracket to be fomied. The wax which becomes the pattern, may, for example, be of a higher melting point than the other wax or may be of a type that is insoluble hi a solvent that will dissolve the other wax. The waxes are deposited in uniform layers, with tiie wax tiiat is to form the pattem being deposited in the shape of a cross section or slice of the bracket and the otiier wax occupyhig the other areas of the layer that are to be removed. The layer is thereby deposited as a uniform thickness of the two waxes, with the pattern cross section defined by the one wax and the area around the pattern defined by the other. The wax around the pattern may, therefore, be selectively melted or dissolved away, leaving only a wax pattern in the shape of the appliance to be molded. With such a system, the object may include a set of custom brackets 83b made according to the design method described above, interconnected by a stem 134, formed in a mold made from a pattern 135 formed out of the wax type that will remain after treatment, which can form the wax pattern for use in an otherwise conventional investment casting method of manufacture of tlie brackets. With such a method, the wax pattern made of the remaining wax is set in plaster or some other medium and the remaining wax is either burned out or evaporated. Then metal is injected into the mold cavity fomiing the custom brackets 83b. Brackets 83b made by this method can have not only custom located archwire slots but will have custom curved bases formed to precisely match tlie curvature of the teetii from the high resolution, three- dimensional data thereof. By printing in layers, the layers can be of the same approximate thickness as the resolution of the dots of wax being printed, thereby providing the same resolution in the direction perpendicular to the layers as exists in tiie planes of the layers. Use of printing techniques to produce brackets, preferably layer by layer, is capable of producing brackets and other appliances or appliance components having full tiiree-dimensional properties. This method is particularly useful for brackets made of materials such as plastic or ceramic that are not as easily machined, which can then be molded hi molds made by this process. With such brackets, the bases can be shaped to conform precisely to the three-dimensional curvature of the surface of the tooth at the ideal placement position for the bracket on tlie tooth. Torque of the bracket can be built hito the base of the bracket rather than behig built into the archwire slot by controlling the angle of the slot. Brackets can be made according to the system 130 by printing the material of which the bracket is to be made, such as metal, plastic or ceramic, rather than printing a material of which a pattern is made, such as wax. This direct stereo lithographic printing eliminates the need to cast a custom mold for the appliance around a pattern, then injecting the mold with appliance forming material to form the appliance. Methods of manufacture are known or are evolving by which materials, such as, for example, metal or ceramic, can be provided hi powder form mixed with a binder. Such a material could then be deposited in a layer hi the shape of the cross section of an appliance, with the area around the shape being formed only of a binder like material. The deposition may be by printing. Like the pattern printed for the investment casting method, the binder can be removed by heat or solvent, leaving a bracket or other appliance or appliance part formed of the material in tiie three-dimensional shape of the orthodontic appliance. Instead of making a mold of the material, after all layers have been applied to produce the three-dimensional appliance, the material, which is metal, ceramic or other material, and which is relatively fragile with the binder removed, is then heated to just below its melting point, and sintered t til it achieves the desired cohesion and density. Such sintering usually results hi shrinkage which must be accounted for by enlarging the shape of the appliance cross sections being printed by a scale that compensates for the predicted shrinkage. Other techniques for producing the appliance in layers may be used, with each layer being controlled by the manufacturing computer 30c to conform to the shape of the custom appliance design. Materials may, for example, be deposited in uniform layers, with a cross section of the appliance then being bonded, such as for example, behig sintered with the use of a computer conhOlled laser, for example, in the shape of the custom appliance design. After all of the layers have been applied, the material which has not been so bonded is removed leavhig a three-dimensional appliance. The laser, or other energy source, photographically exposes the material in a way similar to that used in patterning photo-resist film in tiie manufacture of semiconductors, thereby fixing the material so tiiat it can be selectively removed to produce a bracket shaped object. Brackets may be configured with surfaces on them that facilitate their positioning on a patient's teetii using separate jigs or a separate surface on the bracket hi lieu of jigs. In the bracket illustrated in Fig. 6, for example, the vertical hole 90 is formed in the archwire support for the removable connection thereto of a post-like element 89 of a jig 87. The manufacture of the jigs for positioning such brackets may be carried out with any of several manufachiring techniques tiiat will reproduce the precise shape of the tooth crown occlusal surface 91 hi tlie jig 83, so tiiat tlie jig will fit in one, and only one, position and orientation on the crown of tlie tootii of the patient to which a custom appliance is to be bonded. A suitable method to make such a jig is to machine the cavity 88 of the jig 87 out of a rigid foam material using a precision computer controlled mill sized and configured for that purpose. One such material is LAST-A-FOAM type FR3720 manufactured by General Plastics Mfg. Co. of Tacoma Washington. Preferably, a set of all of the jigs required to treat a particular patient is formed of a shigle integral block 98 of the foam material, as illushated hi Fig. 6 " A. The block thereby facilitates tiie holding of tiie jigs for machining. A channel 99 may be cut by die mill around each jig so that by simply slicing the upper surface of the foam from the block of foam, the individual jigs may be separated. The crown surface cavities 88 are cut into the jigs 87 in accordance with the three-dimensional data from tiie high resolution 3-D data file, as illushated in Fig. 6B. The portion of the data used to define the shape is detemiined in the appliance design process wherein the bracket placement positions on the patient's teeth are calculated. What is described above includes the preferred embodiments of the invention. Tiiose skilled in the art will appreciate that additions to and modifications of the system and method of the invention, and the detailed manifestations thereof, may be made without departing from the principles of the inventive concepts set forth herein.

Claims: Accordingly, the following is claimed: 1. A method of providing a custom orthodontic appliance for repositioning teeth of a patient comprising: providing a computer hiterface device to an orthodontic practitioner; providhig automated orthodontic appliance manufacturing equipment; producing a record of three-dimensional hiformation from the mouth of a patient containing three- dhnensional hiformation of tlie shapes of the teeth of the patient and/or their positions in the mouth of the patient; inputting data of the three-dimensional hiform ' ation into a digital computer and deriving with the computer, from the three-dimensional information, suggested tooth positions and orientations; displaying images of the teeth in tiie suggested tootii positions and orientations for hispection by the orthodontic practitioner; providhig a capability for entering change data from the orthodontic practitioner into a computer indicating selected changes in the suggested tooth positions and orientations; if change data is entered, recalculating with a computer, revised tootii positions and orientations in response to the change data; if change data is entered, redisplaying, at the fhst location, hnages of the teetii in the revised tooth positions and orientations for inspection by the orthodontic practitioner; entering commands from the orthodontic practitioner accepting the revised tootii positions and orientations; processing data of the accepted tooth positions and orientations and of .the three-dimensional information and designing a custom orthodontic appliance for the patient; in response to digitized data of the designed custom ortliodontic appliance, manufacturing an ortiiodontic appliance so designed that is configured to urge tlie teeth of the patient, when installed thereon, toward the revised tooth positions and orientations. 2. A method of providing a custom ortiiodontic appliance for repositioning teetii of a patient comprising: providing a computer hiterface device to an orthodontic practitioner at a fhst location that includes one or more cites remote from an ortiiodontic appliance manufacturing facility at which a patient visits an ortiiodontic practitioner for diagnosis or treatment; providing automated ortiiodontic appliance manufacturing equipment at a second location that includes one or more cites including the orthodontic appliance manufacturing facility; at the first location, producing a record of three-dimensional hiformation from the mouth of a patient containing three-dimensional information of the shapes of the teeth of tiie patient and/or their positions hi the mouth of the patient; inputting data of tlie three-dimensional information into a digital computer and deriving with the aid of a computer, from the three-dimensional information, tootii positions and orientations; at the first location, providhig a capability for entering data from the orthodontic practitioner into a computer indicating preferred tooth positions and orientations; processing data of the tooth positions and orientations and of the three-dimensional information and designing a custom ortiiodontic appliance for the patient; at tiie second location, in response to digitized data of the designed custom orthodontic appliance, manufacturing an orthodontic appliance so designed that is configured to urge the teeth of the patient, when installed thereon, toward the revised tooth positions and orientations. 3. A method of providing a custom orthodontic appliance for repositioning teeth of a patient comprising: providing a computer hiterface device to an orthodontic practitioner at a first location that includes one or more cites remote from an orthodontic appliance manufacturing facility at which a patient visits , an orthodontic practitioner for diagnosis or treatment; providhig automated orthodontic appliance manufacturing equipment at a second location that includes one or more cites including the orthodontic appliance manufacturing facility; at the first location, producing a record of three-dimensional information from the mouth of a patient containing three-dimensional information of the shapes of the teetii of the patient and/or their positions in the mouth of the patient; inputting data of tiie three-dimensional information hito a digital computer and deriving with the computer, from the three-dimensional information, suggested tootii positions and orientations; at the first location, displaying images of the teetii in the suggested tootii positions and orientations for inspection by the orthodontic practitioner; at tiie first location, providhig a capability for entering change data from the orthodontic practitioner into a computer indicating selected changes in the suggested tooth positions and orientations; if change data is entered, recalculating with a computer, revised tootii positions and orientations in response to tiie change data; if change data is entered, redisplaying, at the first location, images of the teetii in the revised tooth positions and orientations for inspection by the ortiiodontic practitioner; at the first location, entering commands from the ortiiodontic practitioner accepting the revised tooth positions and orientations; processhig data of tiie accepted tootii positions and orientations and of the three-dimensional information and designing a custom orthodontic appliance for the patient; at the second location, in response to digitized data of tiie designed custom orthodontic appliance, manufacturing an orthodontic appliance so designed tiiat is configured to urge the teetii of the patient, when installed thereon, toward tiie revised tootii positions and orientations. 4. The method of claim 3 further comprising: providing a digital communications link between the computer interface device at the first location and a digital computer at the second location; transferring the record of three-dimensional information from the first location to the second location; inputting the data of the three-dimensional information hito the digital computer at the second location and deriving therewith the suggested tootii positions and orientations; communicating digital data of the suggested tooth positions and orientations from the second location to the first location over the digital communications link; communicating the digital change data from the first location to the second location over the digital communications link; recalculating the revised tooth positions and orientations with the digital computer at the second location in response to the change data; communicating digital data of the revised tootii positions and orientations from the second location to the first location over the digital communications link; communicating the entered commands accepting the revised tooth positions and orientations from the first location to the second location over the digital communications link; the processing of the data of the accepted revised tooth positions and orientations and of the three- dimensional information and the designing of the custom orthodontic appliance being carried out with the digital computer at the second location. 5. The method of claim 4 further comprising' transmitting data of the design of the custom orthodontic appliance from the second location to the first location over the digital communications link; displaying the images of the designed custom orthodontic appliance al the first location in response to the transmitted data thereof; transmitting data the appliance modification data from the first location to the second location and entering the data into Ihe digital computer at the second location; redesigning the appliance with the digital computer at the second location in response to the transmitted appliance modification data; transmitting data of the redesign of the custom orthodontic appliance from the second location to the first location over (he digital communications link; transmitting the entered commands accepting the redesign of the orthodontic appliance from the fhst location to the second location over the diuital communications link. 6. The method of claim 3 further comprising: at the first location, displaying images of tlie designed custom orthodontic appliance and the teeth of the patient hi tooth positions and orientations produced by the appliance for inspection by the orthodontic practitioner; at the first location, entering appliance modification data from the orthodontic practitioner into a computer indicating selected modifications in the proposed orthodontic appliance; redesigning with a computer, a custom orthodontic appliance in response to the appliance modification data; at the first location, redisplaying hnages of the redesigned custom orthodontic appliance and the teeth of the patient hi tootii positions and orientations produced by the redesigned appliance for inspection by the orthodontic practitioner; at the first location, entering commands from tlie orthodontic practitioner accepting the redesign of the orthodontic appliance; and transmitting data from the first location to the second location in response to the entered commands accepting the redesign. 7. The method of any of claims 1 through 3 further comprising: the manufacturing step includes manufacturing includes foπning positioning jigs having surfaces thereon that conform to the shapes of the teeth of the patient. 8. The method of any of claims 1 through 3 further comprising: the manufacturing step includes manufachiring includes forming a positioning jig having a surface thereon that conforms to the shape of one or more teeth of the patient; and the method further comprises: locating tiie jig on the patient with said surface confonning to the shape of tlie one or more teeth, positioning structure on the one or more teetii with the jig, and bonding the structure so positioned to the tootii. 9. A method of providing and installing an orthodontic appliance to reposition the teetii of a patient to preferred positions in the mouth of tlie patient, the method comprising the steps of: producing a model of the mouth of a patient at a treatment location, from which model three- dimensional information of the shapes of the teeth of tlie patient and/or their positions in the mouth of the patient can be derived; transmitting the model from the treatment location to a production location; at the production location, inputting tlie three-dhnensional information into a digital computer and produchig three-dimensional digital representations of a plurality of the teetii of the patient from the three- dimensional information hiput therein; derivhig with the computer, at the production location, from the tiiree-dimensional representations, suggested relative tooth finish positions and orientations tiiat define tiie three-dimensional shapes of each of tlie teeth of the plurality and or their positions and orientations relative to each other in mutual occlusion in a pair of arches; fransmitting, from the production location to a computer terminal at a treatment location, digital data of the derived suggested tooth finish positions and displaying images of the teetii in the suggested relative tootii finish positions and orientations; changing selected data of the relative tootii finish positions and orientations on tlie computer teπriinal at the treatment location and ttansmitting data of the changed relative tootii finish positions to tlie production location; recalculating with a computer, at the production location, revised relative tootii finish positions and orientations resulting from the changed selected data tiiereof and further transmitting, from the production location to a computer terminal at a treatment location, digital data of the recalculated revised relative tootii finish positions and displaying tlie hnages of tiie teetii in the revised relative tootii finish positions and orientations; manufachiring at tlie production location, hi response to control signals containing three-dhnensional information of the shapes of the patient's teeth and of the revised relative tootii finish positions and orientations, an orthodontic appliance having at least some surfaces thereof that conform to tlie shapes of the teetii of tiie patient, which appliance, when installed on the teeth of the patient by placing said surfaces tiiereof in confomiing contact with corresponding stufaces of the patient's teetii, urge tlie teeth of the patient toward tlie revised relative tootii treatment positions; and at the treatment location, installing the appliance on the teeth of the patient by placing said surfaces thereof in confomiing contact with corresponding surfaces of the patient's teeth, and urging with the appliance the teetii of the patient toward the revised relative tooth treatment positions. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein: tiie model is a three-dimensional physical model cast from a mold of the patient's teetii at the treatment location; and the inputting is conducted by scanning tiie physical model at the production location and producing a high resolution, three-dimensional data file of the patient's teeth thereby. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein: the scanning includes scanning the model with a laser and producing three-dimensional digital data of the surfaces of the patient's teetii thereby. 12. The method of claim 11 wherein the scanning includes: scanning the model and producing a low resolution digital image thereby; selecting data of the low resolution digital image data that conforms to portions of the low resolution image for consideration in determining tootii finish positions and appliance design; scanning the model in accordance with the selected data to produce high resolution, three-dimensional images of at least portions of surfaces of the patient's teetii which contact other teetii or the appliance. 13. The method of any of claims 1 through 3 or claim 9 wherein: the tooth finish position deriving and calculating steps include representing each tootii at least partially by its crown long axis located and oriented in three dimensions. 14. The method of claim 13 further comprising the steps of: the tooth finish position deriving and calculating steps hiclude calculating positions of cusps, ridges, grooves and tootii widths in three dimensions relative to the locations and orientations of the crown long axes of the teeth. 15. The method of any of claims 1 through 3 or claim 9 wherein: the tootii finish position deriving and calculating steps include defining each tooth's torque angle, tip angle, rotation angle and position relative to others of the patient's teeth. 16. The method of any of clahns 1 through 3 or clahn 9 wherein: the tootii finish position deriving and calculating steps include defining each tooth's in six degrees of freedom. 17. The method of any of claims 1 through 2 or claim 9 wherein: the data changing step includes adjusting computer hnages of a tooth by changing a tooth's torque angle, tip angle, rotation angle or position relative to others of the patient's teeth by an orthodontist on a computer terminal at the treatment location. 18. The method of any of claims 1 through 3 or claim 9 wherein: the manufacturing step includes manufacturing an appliance that includes brackets for connection to the teetii at calculated placement positions on the surfaces thereof and includes removable jigs having surfaces thereon that conform to the shapes of the teetii of the patient and connect to the brackets to position and orient the brackets relative to those stufaces, such that, when the jigs are connected to the brackets and tlie surfaces thereof are fit onto the teetii with the surfaces thereof confomiing to the surfaces of the teeth, the brackets are supported at the calculated placement positions for bondhig to the surfaces of tlie teeth. 19. The method of claim 18 wherein: tiie orthodontic appliance manufacturing includes removably connecting each of the brackets to a corresponding one of the jigs; and the method includes providing the appliance to the treatment location with brackets and jigs removably connected. 20. The method of any of claims 1 through 3 or claim 9 wherein: the orthodontic appliance manufacturing includes depositing material in accordance with a calculated appliance design, layer by layer, until a three-dhnensional object the size and shape of an orthodontic appliance or component thereof, or a negative form from which tlie appliance or component can be made, is defined by the deposited material. 21. The method of claim 20 wherein: the material is selectively formed in each layer of a first portion of material that is removable chemically, thermally or mechanically, and a second portion that remains after removal of the first portion to form a solid object the shape of a custom orthodontic appliance or component thereof. 22. The method of claim 21 wherein: the solid object is a pattern having said shape and the manufacturing further includes forming a mold with the use of the pattern and casthig the orthodontic appliance or component thereof therein. 23. The method of claim 22 wherein: the material is wax of two types, one forming said first portion and one fomiing said second portion, and the deposition thereof to selectively form the layers includes the selective jet printing of the layers to define a cross section of the object with said second portion forming the pattem and being surrounded by a removable medium formed of said fust portion. 24. The method of claim 9 wherein: the orthodontic appliance manufacturing includes fomiing bases for a plurality of brackets of a set from an integral sheet of base material, each base having an archwire support blank attached thereto, and cutting archwire slots in each of the arcliwhe supports by supporting the sheet and movhig a cutting tool relative thereto. 25. The method of claim 9 wherein: the orthodontic appliance manufachiring includes cutting a curve in a form in the custom shape of an archwhe, placing a whe lengtii in the cut curve and heat treating the wire while held by the form to impart to the wire the shape of the cut curve. 26. A method of making a custom orthodontic appliance comprishig the steps of: produchig three-dimensional digital data defining shapes of the crowns of a plurality of the teeth of a patient; by a jet printing method and in response to the three-dimensional digital data, directly or indirectly fomiing a custom orthodontic appliance having at least one three-dimensional surface thereof that is configured to matingly conform to at least a portion of the crown of a tooth of the patient. 27. The method of claim 26 wherein the forming of the custom orthodontic appliance by stereo lithography includes: fomiing, by stereo lithography responsive to tlie three-dimensional digital data, an intermediate object having at least one surface defined by tlie shape of at least a poition of at least one of the crowns of the teeth of the patient; and performing a molding process using the intermediate object to form a custom orthodontic appliance having at least one three-dimensional surface thereof that is configured to matingly conform to at least a portion of the crown of a tooth of the patient 28. The method of claim 27 wherein: the forming of the intermediate object includes forming the intermediate object having a plurality of surfaces each defined by the shape of at least a portion of a different one of the crowns of the teeth of the patient; and the performing of the molding process includes forming the appliance having a plurality of three- dimensional surfaces thereof configured to matingly conform each'to at least a portion of the crown of a different one of the plurality of the teetii of the patient. 29. The method of claim 28 wherein: the forming of the intermediate object includes forming a pattern of a plurality of brackets of the orthodontic appliance and using tlie pattem to make a mold thereof; and the performing of the molding process includes investment casting a plurality of ortliodontic brackets hi tlie mold, each bracket having a three-dimensional surface thereon configured to matingly conform to at least a portion of the crown of one of the teetii of the patient. 30. The method of clahn 26 wherein the forming of the custom orthodontic appliance by stereo lithography includes directly produchig an orthodontic bracket by depositing by stereo lithography material from which tlie bracket is made in tlie shape of an orthodontic bracket having at least one three-dimensional surface tiiereof tiiat is configured to matingly conform to at least a portion of the crown of a tooth of the patient. 31. Straightening the teetii of a patient with an orthodontic appliance made by the method of any of claims 26 through 30 and further comprising the steps of: installing the custom orthodontic appliance on the teeth of the patient with the said surface matingly conforming to said portion of the crown of tiie tootii of tiie patient; and through forces exerted on tlie tooth through the matingly conforming surface, moving tlie tooth in the mouth of the patient. 32. A method of directly or indirectly manufacturing an orthodontic appliance comprishig: producing digital data defining a three dimensional surface of an orthodontic appliance; depositing material, in accordance with the digital data, layer by layer in a plurality of layers each constituting a two dimensional cross-section of a solid object having an edge defined by data of the tinee dimensional surface, the layers being stacked in a third dimension to foπn the solid object having a three dimensional surface defined by the data. 33. The method of claim 32 further comprising: the solid object having the tinee dimensional surface is an orthodontic appliance having a surface defined by the three dimensional surface of tlie object. 34. The method of claim 32 further comprising: using the solid object having the tinee dimensional surface to indirectly shape an orthodontic appliance having a surface defined by the tinee dimensional surface of the object. 35. The method of claim 34 wherein: the solid object is a pattem having said shape and the manufacturing further includes forming a mold with the use of the pattern and casting the ortiiodontic appliance or component thereof therein. . 36. The method of claim 32 wherein: the material is selectively formed in each layer of a first portion of material that is removable chemically, tiiermally or mechanically, and a second portion that remains after removal of the first portion to form a solid object the shape of a custom orthodontic appliance or component thereof. 37. The method of claim 35 wherein: the material is wax of two types, one fomiing said first portion and one forming said second portion, and the deposition thereof to selectively form the layers includes the selective jet printing of the layers to define a cross section of the object with said second portion forming the pattern and being surrounded by a removable medium formed of said first portion. 38. A method of manufacturing an orthodontic appliance comprising: defining three-dimensional digital data of a custom ortliodontic appliance; providhig bases for a plurality of brackets of a set on an integral sheet of base material, each base having a curvature approximately corresponding to the tlnee dimensional shape of at least a portion of a crown of a tooth; attaching an arcliwhe support blank to each of the bases on the integral sheet; and cutting archwhe slots in each of the archwhe supports by supporting the sheet and moving a cutting tool relative thereto. 39. The method of claim 38 further comprising: separating each of the bases from tiie sheet. 40. A method of manufacturing an orthodontic appliance comprising: defining three-dimensional digital data of a custom ortliodontic appliance; forming, in response to the data, in a shaping element a dental anatomical or orthodontic appliance shape; and fomiing tlie an orthodontic appliance or appliance accessory to the shape with the shaping element. 41. The method of claim 40 wherein: the forming of the shape includes forming a curve in tlie shaping element in the shape of an archwhe; and the forming of tiie appliance or appliance accessory to tlie shape includes; placing a wire length in the cut curve and annealing the wire while held by the form to impart to the whe tiie shape of the cut curve. 42. A custom orthodontic appliance manufachiring system comprising: an orthodontic appliance manufacturing machine at an ortiiodontic appliance manufacturing facility; computer interface means remote from an orthodontic appliance manufacturing facility; means for producing a record of tlnee-dhnensional information from the mouth of a patient containing tlnee-dhnensional information of the shapes of the teetii of the patient and/or their positions in the mouth of the patient; means for inputting data of the three-dimensional information into a digital computer; means for deriving from the three-dimensional information, suggested tootii positions and orientations; the hiterface means including means for displaying images of the teeth in the suggested tooth positions and orientations; means for processing data of the accepted revised tooth positions and orientations and of the tlnee- dhnensional information and designhig a custom ortiiodontic appliance for the patient; the machine being operative in response to digitized data of the designed custom orthodontic appliance to manufacture an orthodontic appliance so designed that is configured to urge the teetii of the patient, when installed thereon, toward the revised tooth positions and orientations. 43. The system of claim 42 further comprising: means for entering change data indicating selected changes in the suggested tooth positions and orientations; means for recalculating revised tooth positions and orientations in response to the change data; the interface means including means for redisplayhig images of the teetii in the revised tooth positions and orientations for inspection by tlie orthodontic practitioner and means for entering commands from the orthodontic practitioner accepting the revised tootii positions and orientations; 44. The system of claim 42 or clahn 43 further comprising: a digital communications link between the computer hiterface device and a digital computer at the orthodontic appliance manufacturing facility; and wherein the means for inputting the data of the three-dhnensional information into the digital computer is located at tlie ortiiodontic appliance manufacturing facility which further includes means communicating digital data of the suggested tooth positions and orientations from the orthodontic appliance manufacturing facility to the interface over the digital communications link. 45. The system of claim 42 or claim 43 wherein the means for producing the record of three- dimensional information from the mouth of a patient includes: a low resolution optical scanner for producing a low resolution digital image of the shapes of the patient's teeth; and a high resolution optical seamier producing three-dimensional images of at least portions of surfaces of tiie patient's teeth in response to a selection from the low resolution digital image. 46. The system of claim 42 or clahn 43 wherein: tiie hiterface includes means for providhig controls to an orthodontic practitioner for inputting change data of torque angle, tip angle, or rotation angle hiformation for individual teeth; and the means for recalculating revised tootii positions and orientations in response to the change data is operative to recalculate the revised tooth positions and orientations in response to the input angle data. 47. A system for manufacturing an ortliodontic appliance comprising means, including a programmed computer, for performing the method of any of claims 1 through 41. 48. A system for manufacturing an orthodontic appliance comprising means, including a programmed computer, for facilitating the performance of the method of any of clahns 1 through 41.

Inventors: ANDREIKO CRAIG A, CHAPAULOUD ERIC, PAYNE MARK A, ANDREIKO, CRAIG, A., CHAPAULOUD, ERIC, PAYNE, MARK, A.
Applicants: ANDREIKO CRAIG A, CHAPAULOUD ERIC, ORMCO CORP, PAYNE MARK A, ANDREIKO, CRAIG, A., CHAPAULOUD, ERIC, ORMCO CORPORATION, PAYNE, MARK, A.
Application year: 2000
Main classification: A61B
IPC codes: A61C7, A61C13, A61C19, G06F17