INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

Abstract: The invention relates to an integrated gyrator structure, in which each transistor in the gyrator core (preferably MOS devices) has series feedback associated therewith. This allows for compensation over a large bandwidth of the effects of channel delay in the MOS transistors.

Description: INTEGRATED CIRCUIT TECHNICAL FIELD This invention relates to integrated circuits, and in particular to integrated analog filter circuits. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In integrated circuits, it is extremely difficult to realise inductors, except with very low inductances. As a result, it is generally only possible to use RC filters (with resistors and capacitors) , except at very high frequencies. As an alternative, active filters are often used. Such devices use transconductance elements such as transistors, in combination with capacitors, which together can form integrators or gyrators, and can emulate the impedance of inductors . An integrated gyrator structure, for use in a very high frequency filter, is proposed in Nauta "A CMOS Transconductance-C Filter Technique for Very High Frequencies", IEEE Journal of Solid State Circuits, Vol. 27,. No. 2, February 1992. The author's first order analysis of the circuit concluded that the proposed gyrator behaves stably. The author also proposed a Q-tuning loop, to provide a controllable Q-value for the filter at very high frequencies. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention proceeds from the realization that this first order analysis of the prior art structure results in an incomplete understanding of the structure. In particular, a more detailed analysis of the MOS transistors reveals that each MOS transistor adds a delay element due to the actions of charged particles in the channel of the transistor. More specifically, the nonquasi-static behaviour of the channel charge adds a delay, which could be approximated as a parasitic pole, in the frequency characteristic of the transconductance of the device. The channel delays of the transistors can make the gyrator unstable, in particular in the case of higher order filters (which are often required, in order to provide the necessary filter characteristics) , or at higher frequencies (when the channel delay becomes more of a problem) . Moreover, the channel delay means that the prior art Q-tuning loop does not function as intended. The present invention attempts to overcome the disadvantages of the prior art, by taking the channel delay of the- transistors into consideration. Specifically, the invention relates in one aspect to the design of an integrated circuit device, in a way which includes consideration of the channel delay of the transistors. In another aspect, the invention relates to an integrated circuit device, in which the channel delay of a transistor is compensated by means of series feedback. In another aspect, the invention relates to the design method, which accounts for the channel delay. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS Figure 1 is a block schematic diagram of a gyrator circuit in accordance with the invention. Figure 2 is a circuit diagram of an inverter in the circuit of Figure 1. Figure 3 is a circuit diagram showing a transistor, with a feedback circuit, which can be used in the circuit of Figure 1. Figure 4 is a plot of transfer-admittance magnitude against frequency for devices according to the invention. Figure 5 is a plot of transfer-admittance phase against frequency for devices according to the invention. Figure 6 is a circuit diagram showing a transistor, with a feedback circuit, which can be used in the circuit of Figure 1. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Figure 1 shows a gyrator cell 2. The core of the gyrator cell comprises four CMOS inverter circuits 4, 6, 8, 10, which are arranged in a loop, with the output of each inverter being connected to the input of the next. The gyrator has first and second differential inputs i_l, i_2 , and first and second differential outputs o_l, o_2. The cell also includes an input common mode feedback network 12 , comprising inverters 14, 16, 18, 20, and an output common mode feedback network 22, comprising inverters 24, 26, 28, 30. In general, a gyrator consists of a positive transconductance and a negative transconductance . In the cell of Figure 1, the negative transconductance is formed by using differential signals and crossing one pair of wires. It is this crossing of the wires to form a cross-coupled structure which results in stability problems. Thus, the present invention applies to any cross-coupled structure. The analysis herein is set out in the context of a gyrator, and hence relates specifically to filters formed from gyrators. However, the same analysis applies also to integrators, and hence also to filters formed from integrators. Thus, the present invention encompasses such devices. In devices according to the present invention, conventional CMOS inverters, as shown in Figure 2, may conveniently be used, and the subsequent description relates primarily to such devices. However, the analysis applies also to bipolar and BiCMOS devices, and hence also to filters formed from such devices . Thus, the present invention encompasses such devices also. The present invention proceeds from the realization that the conventional first order analysis of the properties of the devices, for example, in the case of a MOS transistor, assuming that the MOS transadmittance is purely conductive, is inadequate. An alternative analysis, considering a nonquasi-static channel delay, is therefore proposed. Thus, the MOS transadmittance, modelling the channel delay, can be approximated as: s.T-. am S γm - oσπfe ^ ~ I , ~ o £m - S.C m " *" here conventional notation has been used, that is, g m is the device transconductance, C gs is the device gate- source capacitance, x = 2/(εω T ) ι . = 2C ga /ε, where ω τ is the transit angular frequency, that is, the angular frequency when the current gain is one, and. ε, the Elmore constant of the channel =5. Thus, this analysis gives different possible approximations for the effect of the channel delay. A first possibility is to assume a pure delay, using the exponential function. However, the resulting function is difficult to use in analyses. A second possibility is to use the final approximation, which gives a zero in the right-hand half of the complex plane. A third possibility is to use the intermediate approximation, which gives a pole. The second and third possible models give the same phase lag, providing the pole and zero time constants are equal, so this aspect of the stability analysis is satisfactory. The zero in the right-hand half of the complex plane gives the amplitude of the transadmittance a high-pass characteristic, while the intermediate approximation, with the pole, gives the amplitude of the transadmittance a low-pass characteristic. The latter is more realistic, and so that is the model used hereinafter. In one advantageous embodiment of the invention, each MOS transistor in the gyrator core has series feedback added thereto. Figure 3 shows a transistor 42 and feedback circuit 44. Specifically, the feedback circuit 44 comprises the parallel combination of a feedback resistor Rf (having resistance r f ) and capacitor Cf (having capacitance c f ) , connected to the source terminal of the transistor aud in series with it. Defining the impedance of the feedback circuit as r f || c f = z f , = r f /(l+s.τ f ), the closed loop transfer- admittεnce G T is : In the limit, when g m .r f »l, G T will approximate l/z f at low frequencies. Thus, G T will have a left half- plane zero, resulting in an initial phase advance. Since, without feedback, there is a phase lag, this suggests that a balance condition can be found, in which, at least below a particular frequency, the phase-lag can be minimized. Thus, by choosing an appropriate approximation for the channel delay, it is possible to compensate therefor over a large bandwidth. The resulting design can then be used as the basis for an integrated circuit device . Figures 4 and 5 show various plots A-G of the magnitude and phase respectively of the transfer- admittance, for different values of the parameters T and z, where T = g m .r f , and τ f = 1/z, and where τ^ = 1. It can thus be seen that a moderate loop gain can result in a substantial widening of the trans dmittance bandwidth, and can also provide some phase lead, which may be de-sirable to compensate for some other parasitic-induced phase lag. In a practical application of the invention, it is important that the characteristic parameters (such as 9 m ' r f τ gm an< 3- τ f ) should have a constant relationship in all production devices at different operating temperatures and supply voltages . Figure 6 shows a way of achieving this in an IC. Specifically, an MOS transistor 50, operating in its triode region, is used as the- feedback impedance. In this case, r f = l/g d and C f = C g . Advantageously, the bias voltage connected to the gate of the transistor 50 tracks variations in the supply voltage to the gyrator cell . In the case of the gyrator structure proposed by Nau a in "A CMOS Transconductance-C Filter Technique for Very High Frequencies", IEEE Journal of Solid State Circuits, Vol. 27, No. 2, February 1992, for example, the supply voltage to the gyrator cell is derived from a tuning circuit, which provides a voltage which is dependent on variations in process, temperature and supply voltage. Thus, if the bias voltage tracks variations in the gyrator cell tuning voltage, this can ensure that r f « l/g m and τ f « x over normal variations in process, temperature and supply. There is thus provided a circuit which can compensate for channel delay in a gyrator or other cross-coupled structure. There is further provided a method of designing an integrated circuit to achieve such compensation.

Claims: CLAIMS 1. An integrated circuit gyrator, having series feedback associated with at least some of the transistors therein. 2. An integrated circuit gyrator as claimed in claim 1, comprising a plurality of inverters arranged in a loop . 3. An integrated circuit gyrator as claimed in claim 2, having a pair of input terminals and a pair of output terminals. 4. An integrated circuit gyrator as claimed in claim 2, having a cross-coupled structure . 5. An integrated circuit gyrator as claimed in claim 2, wherein the inverters are MOS inverters. 6. An integrated circuit gyrator as claimed in claim 5, having series feedback associated with each MOS device in the MOS integrators. 7. An integrated circuit gyrator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the series feedback is provided by a parallel combination of a resistor and a capacitor, connected in series with the respective transistor. 8. An integrated circuit gyrator as claimed in claim 7, wherein the transistors are MOS devices, and each parallel combination of a resistor and a capacitor is connected to the source terminal of the respective transistor. 9. An integrated circuit gyrator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the transistors are MOS devices, and the series feedback is provided by a further MOS transistor connected to the respective device, each further MOS transistor having a bias voltage applied thereto such that it operates in its triode region. 10. An integrated circuit gyrator as claimed in claim 9, wherein the bias voltage tracks variations in a gyrator supply voltage. 11. A method of designing an integrated circuit analog filter, the filter comprising at least one cross-coupled structure containing a plurality of transistors, the method comprising accounting for the channel delay of at least some of said transistors, and adding series feedback associated with said transistors to compensate therefor over a large bandwidth. 12. A method as claimed in claim 11, further comprising realising an integrated circuit structure in accordance with said method. 13. A cross-coupled integrated circuit transistor structure, having series feedback associated with at least some of the transistors therein. 14. A cross-coupled MOS structure, having series feedback associated with at least some of the transistors therein. 15. A MOS gyrator, having series feedback associated with at least some of the transistors therein. 16. A MOS gyrator, including a gyrator core comprising a plurality of MOS inverters, having series feedback associated with at least some of the transistors in said gyrator core . 17. An integrated circuit analog filter, comprising a plurality of integrators, wherein the integrators have series feedback associated with at least some of the transistors therein. 18. An integrated circuit analog filter, comprising a plurality of gyrators, wherein the gyrators have series feedback associated with at least some of the transistors therein.

Inventors: GEIS HENRIK, MATTISSON SVEN, GEIS, HENRIK, MATTISSON, SVEN
Applicants: ERICSSON TELEFON AB L M, TELEFONAKTIEBOLAGET LM ERICSSON
Application year: 2000
Main classification: H03H11
IPC codes: H03H11