AEROSOL VALVE

Abstract: Valve for an aerosol container for a chemical formulation, the valve comprising a valve body having an inlet port through which the chemical formulation may enter the valve body, and outlet port through which the chemical formulation may exit the valve body and an open/close mechanism by means of which flow through the outlet port is controllable, wherein the internal surfaces of the valve which come into contact with the chemical formulation comprise a material with an electrical conductivity greater than 3.8 x 10<7> OMEGA <-1>m<-1>.

Description: AEROSOL VALVE Technical Field This invention relates to a valve and housing for a chemical dispenser, in particular to the properties of the materials comprising the valve and housing assembly. Background to Invention Chemical dispensers find widespread domestic and industrial application as a convenient means of applying a finite dose of a particular chemical or chemical formulation to a specific target. Typical examples include domestic aerosol containers, industrial paint sprayers, medicament dispensers and agrochemical sprayers. Medicament dispensers are widely used in the administration of medicines, particularly those for the treatment of respiratory disorders. In dispensing medicaments it is highly desirable that the dose dispensed on each occasion should be consistently at a predetermined level, to ensure that the patient receives the correct dosage. Every effort is therefore made in the design and manufacture of medicament dispensers and their component parts, particularly valve assemblies, to minimise any variations in medicament dosage. However, while great progress has been made in this area in recent years, there is still a risk that on some occasions the requisite dose may not be dispensed. A variety of factors are pertinent in this regard, ranging from lack of uniform dispersal of the formulation to inexperience of the patient in using the device. One such factor that may occur on occasions, which is of particular relevance to the present invention, is the adherence of medicaments and / or formulation additives to the internal surfaces of the valve and its component parts. This phenomenon is reversible in nature and may lead to greater or lower doses of medicament being dispensed throughout the lifetime of the device. This in turn can result in problems of inconsistent dose administration to the patient and in determining how many effective doses remain within the dispenser. An associated, if minor, problem is that the patient experiences difficulties in manually operating the valve as he perceives a 'notchiness' as the valve stem is depressed and released. Electrostatic interaction between the chemicals comprising the medicament and / or formulation additives and the internal surface of the valve may be a contributing factor which leads to the problem of dose variation described above. As can be seen from the prior art discussed below, the internal surfaces of these valves are often composed of a variety of materials which may favour electrostatic attraction between the medicament and / or formulation additives and the internal surfaces of the valve. Until now, however, the contributory role electrostatic attraction may have in the adhesion of chemicals to the internal surfaces of the valve has not been recognised and no one has addressed the resulting problem of dose variation in the manner described below. The prior art teaches that a variety of materials may be used in the manufacture of aerosol valve assemblies. Thus USP 3580431 describes a method of making aerosol valve tip and stem assemblies from hard materials such as polycarbonates, epoxy resins and metals. UK patent application GB 232351 discloses the use of acetal, nylon, polyester or metal in the preparation of annular lips and flanges in metering valves for pressurised dispensing containers. Similarly UK patent application GB 2198117 describes the construction of the valve body, cup and stem of an aerosol metering device using metal components, while European patent application EP 115186 discloses elements of such valves comprised of metals. Furthermore, valve assemblies consisting of stainless steel stems and aluminium ferrules are known in the prior art (e.g. the 'Spraymiser valve' from 3M Neotechnic Ltd.). The present invention teaches that construction of the internal surfaces of the valve and those of the supporting housing, either totally or substantially of a highly conductive material, can improve the problems of chemical dose variation and notchiness discussed above. The use of conductive materials in the construction of these surfaces may significantly reduce the build up of electrostatic charge by facilitating electrical discharge to an earthed point and thus ameliorate the aforementioned problems. Summary of Invention According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided a valve for an aerosol container for a chemical formulation, the valve comprising a valve body having an inlet port through which the chemical formulation may enter the valve body, an outlet port through which the chemical formulation may exit the valve body and an open/close mechanism by means of which flow through the outlet port is controllable, wherein the internal surfaces of the valve which come into contact with the chemical formulation comprise a material with an electrical conductivity greater than 3.8 x 10 7 Ω "1 m- 1 . In one aspect, the internal surfaces of the valve consist of a material with an electrical conductivity greater than 3.8 x 10 7 Ω "1 m "1 . In another aspect, the internal surfaces of the valve comprise a coating comprising a material with an electrical conductivity greater than 3.8 x 10 7 Ω "1 nτ 1 . In a further aspect, the internal surfaces of the valve comprise a lining comprising a material with an electrical conductivity greater than 3.8 x 10 7 Ω "1 m "1 . Optionally the lining is detachable. Preferably the internal surfaces of the valve comprise a material with an electrical conductivity greater than 4.0 x 10 7 Ω '1 m '1 . More preferably the internal surfaces comprise a material with an electrical conductivity greater than 4.2 x 10 7 Ω ~1 m "1 . In one aspect, the material comprises a metal or metal alloy. Preferably the metal or metal alloy is selected from the group consisting of copper, stainless steel and brass. In another aspect, the material comprises a ceramic material. Preferably the ceramic material comprises a cermet material. More preferably the cermet material comprises a composite of a ceramic material with a conductive metal, or a ceramic material doped with a conductive metal. More preferably the cermet material is selected from the group consisting of nickel zirconate, cobalt zirconate and molybdenum zirconate. In a further aspect, the material comprises an organic polymeric material. Preferably the organic polymeric material is selected from a group consisting of polycarbonate, polyester, acetal, nylon and epoxy resins. More preferably the organic polymeric material includes a doping element selected from the group consisting of gold, silver and similar precious metals, carbon black and quaternary ammonium salts. The doping elements are taken to include elements which are sputtered, loaded or doped onto a target. Targets can comprise polymeric materials such as polycarbonate, polyester, acetal, nylon or epoxy resins. In another aspect, the invention provides a slide valve wherein the open/close mechanism comprises a sealing ring and receivable by the sealing ring a valve stem having a dispensing passage, the valve stem being slidably movable within the ring from a valve-closed to a valve-open position in which the interior of the valve body is in communication with the exterior of the valve body via the dispensing passage. The invention further provides a valve comprising a valve body defining a metering chamber for metering an amount of chemical formulation and an open/close mechanism by means of which the flow through the inlet port to the metering chamber is controllable. Moreover there is provided a valve wherein the valve body has a sampling chamber in communication with the metering chamber via a second inlet port, the inlet port being controllable by means of an open/close mechanism thereby regulating the flow of chemical formulation into the metering chamber. In another aspect of the present invention there is provided an aerosol container comprising a valve according to the present invention. The aerosol container preferably comprises a suspension of a chemical in a propellant. Preferably the propellant in the aerosol container is liquified HFA134a or HFA-227. Preferably the chemical is a medicament. More preferably the medicament in the aerosol container is selected from the group consisting of albuterol, salmeterol, ipratropium bromide, fluticasone propionate, beclomethesone dipropionate, salts or soivates thereof and any combination thereof. A preferred combination comprises salmeterol xinafoate and fluticasone propionate. In one aspect, the chemical is an agrochemical. Preferably the agrochemical is selected from the group consisting of herbicide, insecticide, fungicide, rodenticide, nematocide, acaracide and plant growth regulator. In another aspect, the chemical is a crop fertiliser. In a further aspect, the chemical is a marking material. Preferably the marking material is selected from the group consisting of ink, dye and pigment. In another aspect, the chemical is a covering material. Preferably the covering material is selected from the group consisting of paint, dye, pigment, preservative, corrosion inhibitor and static inhibitor. In a further aspect, the chemical is a deodorant or a perfume. In yet another aspect, the chemical is a cosmetic. In a further aspect, the chemical is a hair spray for holding hair in place. In one aspect, the chemical is an air freshener. In another aspect, the chemical is a cleanser for cleaning and polishing surfaces. In a further aspect, the chemical is a lubricant, such as a light oil, for lubricating surfaces. In one aspect there is provided an aerosol container, wherein the internal surfaces comprise a material with an electrical conductivity greater than 3.8 x 10 7 Ω "1 m "1 . Preferably the internal surfaces comprise a material with an electrical conductivity greater than 4 x 10 7 Ω "1 nτ 1 . More preferably the internal surfaces comprise a material with an electrical conductivity greater than 4.2 x 10 7 Ω "1 m "1 . According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a housing for an aerosol container, the container having an outlet member for dispensing of aerosol therefrom, comprising a sleeve portion for receipt of the container, a support for receipt of the outlet member, the support having a dispensing passage through which the aerosol is dispensable, wherein the surfaces of the housing comprise a material with an electrical conductivity greater than 3.8 x 10 7 Ω "1 m "1 . In one aspect, the surfaces of the housing consist of a material with an electrical conductivity greater than 3.8 x 10 7 Ω "1 m "1 . In another aspect, the surfaces of the housing comprise a coating comprising a material with an electrical conductivity greater than 3.8 x 10 7 Ω "1 nτ 1 . Preferably the surfaces of the housing comprise a material with an electrical conductivity greater than 4 x 10 7 Ω '1 πr 1 . More preferably the surfaces of the housing comprise a material with an electrical conductivity greater than 4.2 x 10 7 Ω ~1 nr 1 . Optionally the surfaces of the housing comprise a ceramic material. Preferably the ceramic material comprises a cermet material. More preferably the cermet material comprises a composite of a ceramic material with a conductive metal, or a ceramic material doped with a conductive metal. The cermet material is selected from the group consisting of nickel zirconate, cobalt zirconate and molybdenum zirconate. In another aspect, the surfaces of the housing comprise an organic polymeric material. Preferably the organic polymeric material is selected from the group consisting of polycarbonate, polyester, acetal, nylon and epoxy resins. More preferably the organic polymeric material includes a doping element selected from the group consisting of gold, silver and similar precious metals, carbon black and quaternary ammonium salts. The doping elements are taken to include elements which are sputtered, loaded or doped onto a target. Targets can comprise polymeric materials such as polycarbonate, polyester, acetal, nylon or epoxy resins. According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a chemical dispenser comprising an aerosol container and a housing as herein described. According to a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a chemical dispenser comprising a reservoir for a chemical in aqueous solution or suspension; a pressurised canister for aerosolising the chemical solution or suspension; a chamber wherein the solution or suspension is aerosolisable by release of pressure from the canister, the chamber having a dispensing passage through which aerosol is dispensable; wherein the surfaces of the reservoir and/or the chamber and/or the dispensing passage comprise a material with an electrical conductivity greater than 3.8 x 10 7 Ω - 1 rτr 1 . Brief Description of Drawings The invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: Figure 1 is a section through a metering valve according to the invention. Figure 2 is a schematic representation of a section through an aerosol container and valve according to the invention. Figure 3 is a sectional view of a medicament dispenser according to the invention. Detailed Description of Drawings A valve according to the invention is shown in Figure 1 and comprises a valve body 1 sealed in a ferrule 2 by means of crimping, the ferrule itself being set on the neck of a container (not shown) with interposition of a gasket 3 in a well-known manner. The container is loadable with a suspension of medicament, such as salmeterol xinafoate in liquid propellant HFA134a. The valve body 1 is formed at its lower part with a metering chamber 4, and its upper part with a sampling chamber 5 which also acts as a housing for a return spring 6. The words "upper" and "lower" are used for the container when it is in a use orientation with the neck of the container and valve at the lower end of the container whicli corresponds to the orientation of the valve as shown in Figure 1. Inside the valve body 1 is disposed a valve stem 7, a part 8 of which extends outside the valve through lower stem seal 9 and ferrule 2. The stem part 8 is formed with an inner axial or longitudinal canal 10 opening at the outer end of the stem and in communication with a radial passage 11. The upper portion of stem 7 has a diameter such that it can pass slidably through an opening in an upper stem seal 12 and will engage the periphery of that opening sufficiently to provide a seal. The stem seals 9 and 12 are made by a moulding process and have rounded points of contact with the valve stem 7. Upper stem seal 12 is held in position against a step 13 formed in the valve body 1 between the said lower and upper parts by a sleeve 14 which defines the metering chamber 4 between lower stem seal 9 and upper stem seal 12. The valve stem 7 has a passage 15 which, when the stem is in the inoperative position shown, provides a communication between the metering chamber 4 and sampling chamber 5, which itself communicates with the interior of the container via orifice 16 formed in the side of the valve body 1. Valve stem 7 is biased downwardly to the inoperative position by return spring 6 and is provided with a shoulder 17 which abuts against lower stem seal 9. In the inoperative position as shown in Figure 1 shoulder 17 abuts against lower stem seal 9 and radial passage 11 opens below lower stem seal 9 so that the metering chamber 4 is isolated from canal 10 and suspension inside cannot escape. A ring 18 having a "U" shaped cross section extending in a radial direction is disposed around the valve body below orifice 16 so as to form a trough 19 around the valve body. As seen in Figure 1 the ring is formed as a separate component having an inner annular contacting rim of a diameter suitable to provide a friction fit over the upper part of valve body 1 , the ring seating against step 13 below the orifice 16. However, the ring 18 may alternatively be formed as an integrally moulded part of valve body 1. The principal internal surfaces of the valve of Figure 1 are comprised of stainless steel which has a conductivity greater than 3.8 x 10 7 Ω "1 rτr 1 . Thus, the internal surfaces of the valve body (1a), metering chamber (4a), sampling chamber (5a) and valve stem (7a and 8a) are comprised of stainless steel. These surfaces may in other embodiments be comprised of, consist of, be coated with, or be lined with another material having a conductivity greater than 3.8 x 10 7 Ω "1 m 1 . The material can be a metal or metal alloy, a ceramic material or composite, or alternatively an organic polymeric material. To use the device the container is first shaken to homogenise the suspension within the container. The user then depresses the valve stem 7 against the force of the spring 6. When the valve stem is depressed both ends of the passage 15 come to lie on the side of upper stem seal 12 remote from the metering chamber 4. Thus a dose is metered within the metering chamber. Continued depression of the valve stem will move the radial passage 11 into the metering chamber 4 while the upper stem seal 12 seals against the valve stem body. Thus, the metered dose can exit through the radial passage 11 and the outlet canal 10. Releasing the valve stem causes it to return to the illustrated position under the force of the spring 6. The passage 15 then once again provides communication between the metering chamber 4 and sampling chamber 5. Accordingly, at this stage liquid passes under pressure from the container through orifice 16, through the passage 15 and thence into the metering chamber 4 to fill it. A schematic diagram of a section through an aerosol container and valve according to the invention is shown in Figure 2. As illustrated, valve body 101 is attached to aerosol container 130 which is filled with a medicament formulation 140. The container is loadable with a suspension of medicament, such as salmeterol xinafoate in liquid propellant HFA134a. To use the device the container is first shaken to homogenise the suspension within the container. Medicament formulation 140 enters the valve body 101 from container 130 via the inlet port 116 and is discharged from the valve via the outlet port 111 along outlet canal 110 by means of an open/close mechanism. A medicament dispenser comprising an aerosol container and housing according to the invention is shown in Fig 3. The housing may comprise, consist of, or be coated with a material with a conductivity greater than 3.8 x 10 7 Ω "1 m ~1 . The medicament dispenser comprises a tubular housing 240, open at both ends, in which an aerosol container 230 can be located (considered to be the top of the device). An outlet 210 leads laterally from the lower end of the housing 240 and can be in the form of a mouthpiece or, if desired, a nozzle for insertion into the patient's nostril. The aerosol container 230 has an outlet valve stem 250 at one end which can be depressed to release a measured dose of medicament. The valve may be the valve of Figure 1. A support 260 is provided at the lower end of the housing 240 and has a passage 270 in which the valve stem 250 of the aerosol container 230 can be located and supported. A second passage 280 is provided in the support 260 and is directed towards the interior of the outlet 210. To use the dispenser the device is shaken to homogenise the suspension within the container. The protruding portion of the aerosol container 230 can then be depressed to move the container relative to the valve stem 250 to open the valve and a dose of medicament contained in the aerosol will be discharged through the passage 280 and into the outlet 210 from which it can be inhaled by the patient. One dose will be released from the aerosol container each time it is fully depressed. In particular, the dispenser is suitable for containing medicament for the treatment of respiratory disorders. Appropriate medicaments may thus be selected from, for example, analgesics, e.g., codeine, dihydromorphine, ergotamine, fentanyl or morphine; anginal preparations, e.g., diltiazem; antiallergics, e.g., cromoglycate, ketotifen or nedocromil; antiinfectives e.g., cephalosporins, penicillins, streptomycin, sulphonamides, tetracyclines and pentamidine; antihistamines, e.g., methapyrilene; anti- infiammatories, e.g., beclomethasone dipropionate, fluticasone propionate, flunisolide, budesonide, rofleponide, mometasone furoate, ciclesonide or triamcinolone acetonide; antitussives, e.g., noscapine; bronchodilators, e.g., albuterol, salmeterol, ephedrine, adrenaline, fenoterol, formoterol, isoprenaline, metaproterenol, phenylephrine, phenylpropanolamine, pirbuterol, reproterol, rimiterol, terbutaline, isoetharine, tulobuterol or 4-hydroxy-7-[2-[[2-[[3-(2- phenylethoxy)propyl]sulfonyl]ethyl]amino]ethyl-2(3H)-benzothiazolone; diuretics, e.g., amiloride; anticholinergics, e.g., ipratropium, tiotropium, atropine or oxitropium; hormones, e.g., cortisone, hydrocortisone or prednisolone; xanthines, e.g., aminophylline, choline theophyllinate, lysine theophyllinate or theophylline; therapeutic proteins and peptides, e.g., insulin or glucagon; vaccines, diagnostics, and gene therapies. It will be clear to a person skilled in the art that, where appropriate, the medicaments may be used in the form of salts, (e.g., as alkali metal or amine salts or as acid addition salts) or as esters (e.g., lower alkyl esters) or as solvates (e.g., hydrates) to optimise the activity and/or stability of the medicament and/or to minimise the solubility of the medicament in the propellant. Preferred medicaments are selected from albuterol, salmeterol, ipratropium bromide, fluticasone propionate and beclometasone dipropionate and salts or solvates thereof, e.g., the sulphate of albuterol and the xinafoate of salmeterol. Medicaments can also be delivered in combinations. Preferred formulations containing combinations of active ingredients contain salbutamol (e.g., as the free base or the sulphate salt) or salmeterol (e.g., as the xinafoate salt) in combination with an antiinflammatory steroid such as a beclomethasone ester (e.g., the dipropionate) or a fluticasone ester (e.g., the propionate). A particularly preferred combination comprises salmeterol xinafoate salt and fluticasone propionate. It will be understood that the present disclosure is for the purpose of illustration only and the invention extends to modifications, variations and improvements thereto. The application of which this description and claims form part may be used as a basis for priority in respect of any subsequent application. The claims of such subsequent application may be directed to any feature or combination of features described therein. They may take the form of product, method or use claims and may include, by way of example and without limitation, one or more of the following claims:

Claims: Claims 1. Valve for an aerosol container for a chemical formulation, said valve comprising a valve body having an inlet port through which said chemical formulation may enter said valve body, an outlet port through which the chemical formulation may exit the valve body and an open/close mechanism by means of which flow through said outlet port is controllable, wherein the internal surfaces of the valve which come into contact with the chemical formulation comprise a material with an electrical conductivity greater than 3.8 x 10 7 Ω "1 m 1 . 2. Valve according to claim 1 , wherein said internal surfaces of the valve consist of a material with an electrical conductivity greater than 3.8 x 10 7 Ω "1 nτ 1 . 3. Valve according to claim 1 , wherein the internal surfaces of the valve comprise a coating comprising a material with an electrical conductivity greater than 3.8 x 10 7 Ω - 1 πr 1 . 4. Valve according to claim 1 , wherein the internal surfaces of the valve comprise a lining comprising a material with an electrical conductivity greater than 3.8 x 10 7 Ω - 1 nτ 1 . 5. Valve according to claim 4, wherein said lining is detachable. 6. Valve according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the internal surfaces preferably comprise a material with an electrical conductivity greater than 4 x 10 7 Ω "1 rτr 1 . 7. Valve according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the internal surfaces more preferably comprise a material with an electrical conductivity greater than 4.2 x 10 7 Ω - 1 rτr 1 . 8. Valve according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the material comprises a metal or metal alloy. 9. Valve according to claim 8, wherein said metal or metal alloy is selected from the group consisting of copper, stainless steel and brass. 10. Valve according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the material comprises a ceramic material. 11. Valve according to claim 10, wherein said ceramic material comprises a cermet material. 12. Valve according to claim 11 , wherein said cermet material comprises a composite of a ceramic material with a conductive metal or a ceramic material doped with a conductive metal. 13. Valve according to claim 12, wherein the cermet material is selected from the group consisting of nickel zirconate, cobalt zirconate and molybdenum zirconate. 14. Valve according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the material comprises an organic polymeric material. 15. Valve according to claim 14, wherein said organic polymeric material is selected from the group consisting of polycarbonate, polyester, acetal, nylon and epxoy resins. 16. Valve according to either of claims 14 or 15, wherein the organic polymeric material includes a doping element selected from the group consisting of gold, silver and similar precious metals, carbon black and quaternary ammonium salts. 17. Valve according to any of claims 1 to 16, wherein the open/close mechanism comprises a sealing ring and receivable by said sealing ring a valve stem having a dispensing passage, said valve stem being slidably movable within the ring from a valve-closed to a valve-open position in which the interior of the valve body is in communication with the exterior of the valve body via said dispensing passage. 18. Valve according to any of claims 1 to 17, comprising a valve body defining a metering chamber for metering an amount of chemical formulation and an open/close mechanism by means of which the flow through the inlet port to said metering chamber is controllable. 19. Valve according to claim 18, wherein said valve body has a sampling chamber in communication with the metering chamber via a second inlet port, said inlet port being controllable by means of an open/close mechanism thereby regulating the flow of chemical formulation into the metering chamber. 20. Aerosol container comprising a valve according to any of claims 1 to 19. 21. Aerosol container according to claim 20 comprising a suspension of a chemical in a propellant. 22. Aerosol container according to claim 21 wherein said propellant is liquefied HFA134a or HFA-227. 23. Aerosol container according to either of claims 21 or 22, wherein said chemical is a medicament. 24. Aerosol container according to claim 23, wherein said medicament is selected from the group consisting of albuterol, salmeterol, ipratropium bromide, fluticasone propionate, beclomethesone dipropionate, salts or solvates thereof and any combination thereof. 25. Aerosol container according to claim 23, wherein the medicament is a combination of salmeterol xinafoate and fluticasone propionate. 26. Aerosol container according to claim 21 , wherein the chemical is an agrochemical. 27. Aerosol container according to claim 26, wherein said agrochemical is selected from the group consisting of herbicide, insecticide, fungicide, rodenticide, nematocide, acaracide and plant growth regulator. 28. Aerosol container according to claim 21 , wherein the chemical is a crop fertiliser. 29. Aerosol container according to claim 21 , wherein the chemical is a marking material. 30. Aerosol container according to claim 29, wherein said marking material is selected from the group consisting of ink, dye and pigment. 31. Aerosol container according to claim 21 , wherein the chemical is a covering material. 32. Aerosol container according to claim 31 , wherein said covering material is selected from the group consisting of paint, dye, pigment, preservative, corrosion inhibitor and static inhibitor. 33. Aerosol container according to claim 21 , wherein the chemical is a deodorant or a perfume. 34. Aerosol container according to claim 21 , wherein the chemical is a cosmetic. 35. Aerosol container according to claim 21 , wherein the chemical is a hair spray. 36. Aerosol container according to claim 21 , wherein the chemical is an air freshener. 37. Aerosol container according to claim 21 , wherein the chemical is a cleanser. 38. Aerosol container according to claim 21 , wherein the chemical is a lubricant. 39. Aerosol container, wherein the internal surfaces comprise a material with an electrical conductivity greater than 3.8 x 10 7 Ω "1 πr 1 . 40. Aerosol container according to claim 39, wherein said internal surfaces comprise a material with an electrical conductivity greater than 4 x 10 7 Ω "1 m "1 . 41. Aerosol container according to either of claims 39 or 40, wherein the internal surfaces comprise a material with an electrical conductivity greater than 4.2 x 10 7 Ω- 1 nr 1 . 42. A housing for an aerosol container, said container having an outlet member for dispensing of aerosol therefrom, comprising a sleeve portion for receipt of said container, a support for receipt of said outlet member, said support having a dispensing passage through which the aerosol is dispensable, wherein the surfaces of said housing comprise a material with an electrical conductivity greater than 3.8 x 10 7 Ω - 1 πr 1 . 43. Housing according to claim 42, wherein said surfaces of the housing consist of a material with an electrical conductivity greater than 3.8 x 10 7 Ω "1 nτ 1 . WO 01 /l 0743 PCT/EPOO/06302 19 44. Housing according to claim 42, wherein the surfaces of the housing comprise a coating comprising a material with an electrical conductivity greater than 3.8 x ' 10 7 Ω - 1 rτv 1 . 45. Housing according to any of claims 42 to 44, wherein the surfaces preferably comprise a material with an electrical conductivity greater than 4 x 10 7 Ω "1 m "1 . 46. Housing according to any of claims 42 to 45, wherein the surfaces more preferably comprise a material with an electrical conductivity greater than 4.2 x 10 7 Ω - 1 rτf 1 . 47. Housing according to any of claims 42 to 46, wherein the material comprises a ceramic material. 48. Housing according to claim 47, wherein said ceramic material comprises a cermet material. 49. Housing according to claim 48, wherein said cermet material comprises a composite of a ceramic material with a conductive metal or a ceramic material doped with a conductive metal. 50. Housing according to either of claims 48 or 49, wherein the cermet material is selected from the group consisting of nickel zirconate, cobalt zirconate and molybdenum zirconate. 51. Housing according to any of claims 42 to 46, wherein the material comprises an organic polymeric material. 52. Housing according to claim 51 , wherein said organic polymeric material is selected from the group consisting of polycarbonate, polyester, acetal, nylon and epoxy resins. 53. Housing according to either of claims 51 or 52, wherein the organic polymeric material includes a doping element selected from the group consisting of gold, silver and similar precious metals, carbon black and quaternary ammonium salts. 54. Chemical dispenser comprising an aerosol container according to any of claims 20 to 41 and a housing according to any of claims 42 to 53. 55. Chemical dispenser comprising a reservoir for a chemical in aqueous solution or suspension; a pressurised canister for aerosolising said chemical solution or suspension; a chamber wherein the solution or suspension is aerosolisable by release of pressure from said canister, said chamber having a dispensing passage through which aerosol is dispensable; wherein the surfaces of said reservoir and/or said chamber and/or said dispensing passage comprise a material with an electrical conductivity greater than 3.8 x 10 7 Ω "1 m "1 .

Inventors: RUSSELL DAVID JOSEPH, RUSSELL, DAVID, JOSEPH
Applicants: GLAXO GROUP LTD, RUSSELL DAVID JOSEPH, GLAXO GROUP LIMITED, RUSSELL, DAVID, JOSEPH
Application year: 2000
Main classification: B65D83
IPC codes: A45D34, A61J1, A61M11, A61M15, B05B9, B65D83