METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR REDUCING GREENHOUSE GASES

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for reducing discharges of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide. Carbonaceous materials, wood, pieces of vegetation, products made therefrom, and especially vegetative and municipal wastes poorly suitable for energy production, are treated in such a way that the release of carbon dioxide back to the atmosphere is reduced and restrained substantially. This is accomplished such that an organic mass is carbonized by heating in a charring reactor (2) in an oxygen-free or limited-oxygen volume to charcoal (20), the amount of which is more than 50 % of the carbon content of the dry mass matter, and to a gas mixture (30), from which, after its burning and the recovery of primary energy, at least water vapour is condensed to water and the released heat is exploited on a counterflow principle in a countercurrent heater (1) in the heating and drying of materials to be fed into the process. The resulting charcoal (20) can be exploited in the purification of bodies of water and as soil conditioner.

Description: METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR REDUCING GREENHOUSE GASES The invention relates to a method for reducing discharges of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide, wherein carbonaceous materials, wood, pieces of vegetation, products made therefrom, and particularly vegetative and municipal wastes poorly suitable for energy production, are treated in such a way that the release of carbon dioxide back to the atmosphere is substantially reduced and restrained, said method comprising the carbonization of an organic mass by heating the same in an oxygen-free or limited oxygen volume to charcoal, the amount of which is more than 50% of the carbon content of the dry mass matter, and to a gas mixture which is burned and, after the recovery of primary energy, condensed in a pressureless or pressurized condition. The invention relates also to an apparatus applying the method for reducing discharges of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide, wherein carbonaceous materials, wood, pieces of vegetation, products made therefrom, and particularly vegetative and municipal wastes poorly suitable for energy production, are treatable in such a way that the release of carbon dioxide back to the atmosphere is substantially reduced and restrained, said apparatus comprising a charring reactor, in which an organic mass is carbonizable by heating in an oxygen-free or limited oxygen volume to charcoal, the amount of which is more than 50% of the carbon content of the dry mass matter, and to a gas mixture, an afterburner for burning the gas mixture and a heat exchanger for recovering energy, whereafter the flue gases and what is left unburnt of the gas mixture are adapted to be condensed in a pressureless or pressurized condition. The amount of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide or CO 2 , has increased enormously over the past 100 years, which, according to current understanding, is one of the factors contributing to the warming of global climate. Climate warming and powerful industrial development have occurred during the same period, which also involves the increased use of fossil fuels and, thus, the release of especially CO 2 into the atmosphere, the annual rate of its release to the atmosphere being approximately 28 billion tons. Another temperature-balance upsetting change is partly a result of the destruction of forests (renewable natural resources). Although forests are currently increasing in industrialized countries, the effective rain forest areas are respectively dwindling even at a faster rate. The amount of CO 2 bound in the annual photosynthesis reaction of flora is about 180 billion tons. The same volume is released primarily as a result of decomposition, the cycle time being 50-100 years on average. The long cycle or turnover time of renewable fuels, such as wood, speaks in itself for the deployment thereof. On the other hand, the consequences of the deployment thereof shall not be essentially visible until after the lapse of said cycle time, i.e. about 50-100 years, which is too long a time in view of international agreements, such as the Kioto agreement on limiting discharges of carbon dioxide. Atmospheric warming leads to an increase in the content of water vapour, which in its part absorbs more heat, resulting in rising temperature and thus enhancing the impact of CO 2 . After the above problems were discovered, methods have been developed for restraining and curbing the release of CO 2 . Several alternative methods are basically prior known, for example the use of solar, wind and atomic energy. The exploitation of solar and wind energy is only at an early developing stage and thus far expensive. Liquefaction and storage of CO 2 is also inconvenient to carry out because of its poor handling properties. The Kioto agreement proposes the binding of CO 2 by means of algal growth. Another feasible solution is the expansion of forest areas. However, the impact of these solutiions is insufficient over a short term, although this is an important solution for reaching a balance over a longer term (50-200 years). A method and an apparatus of the foregoing type are prior known from the patent publication US-5,725,738. It suggests that a biomass be carried through the process on trolleys. The condensable component of discharging gases is separated from the non-condensable component in condenser cyclones. The temperature applied in the preheating of a biomass is so high (120°C-250°C) that the evaporation heat of water vapour could not be recovered, i.e. the discharging gases could not be efficiently exploited in the preheating of a biomass. The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus capable of providing an effective and economically attractive solution for reducing discharges of greenhouse gases. In order to achieve this objective, a method of the invention is principally characterized in that the heat released in the condensation of a gas mixture is exploited in the heating and drying of materials to be fed into the process on a countercurrent principle for recovering also the evaporation heat released in the condensation of water vapour. Furthermore, an apparatus for applying the method is principally characterized in that the thermal energy released in the condensation of gases is adapted to be exploited in the heating and drying of materials to be fed into the process by means of a countercurrent heater for recovering also the evaporation heat from the condensation of water vapour. The resulting carbon is exploitable especially in the purification of bodies of water and as a soil conditioner. The solution of the invention is attractive in terms of energy economy, since a considerable amount of energy can be efficiently exploited at a low temperature. Moreover, the material can be fed into the apparatus without any pre-drying. In the present invention, the reduction of discharges of greenhouse gases is thus based on the carbonization or charring of organic matters, the excellent stability of carbon in nature slowing down substantially the circulation time of charcoal. When burning organic compounds, the carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) releases immediately, when the same are decayed by microbes, the carbon dioxide has a retention of decades, but when the same are carbonized, the retention is centuries, perhaps millennia. A further substantial advantage gained by the method is the small amount and composition of a discharge gas produced in carbonization or charring. The composition contains very little carbon dioxide and nitrogen. The main portion consists of water vapour, the condensation of which is preferably effected by means of cooling and a possible increase of pressure. This results in a highly efficient recovery of energy, nor is it hardly at all affected by the moisture of a material fed into the process. The process is preferably capable of exploiting materials normally poorly suitable for the production of energy, such as municipal waste and tree branches, leaves, brushwood, stumps and roots, which can be driven into the process without drying through a crushing plant. All organic matter is acceptable, such as wood, plant parts, products made therefrom and, by means of plant arrangements, also waste oils and plastics. The method eliminates most of the landfill problems and does it economically in an energy-producing manner, in addition to the most important objective, the reduction of CO 2 -discharges. The process can be modified to be more complete in facilities serving major population centres, but also to be simpler for small capacities, with regard to transportation costs. Preferred embodiments of the invention are set forth in the non-independent claims. The invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which fig. 1 shows schematically one embodiment for a carbonization process; and fig. 2 shows an example of a heat recovery plant for drying and preheating a mass to be fed into the process. The carbonization apparatus comprises a countercurrent heater, designated with reference numeral 1. The countercurrent heater 1 is in communication with a carbonization or charring reactor 2 by way of a supply duct 41 for organic matter. The charring reactor 2 is in communication with separate further processing equipment for materials, charcoal 20 and a gas mixture 30, produced therein. The further processing equipment for charcoal 20 includes a cooler 3, a screen 4, a fluidized bed 5, a washing unit 6, and a pelletizing unit 7, all in communication with each other. The further processing equipment for the gas mixture 30 includes an afterburner 8, a heat exchanger 9, a countercurrent heater 1 , a washing unit 10, and a collector unit 11 , all in communication with each other. The actual carbonization of organic matter takes place in the charring reactor 2. Generally, all organic matters are suitable for use in the process. In particular, the materials may comprise landfill waste, agricultural vegetation waste, tree branches and barks, brushwood, organic household refuse, packing boards, and to some extent, also plastics. The heating of organic matter in the reactor 2 is performed in conditions that are oxygen-free or contain a limited amount of oxygen. Oxygen is received in the reactor 2 primarily along with the supplied organic matter. If necessary in view of controlling the process, the supply of oxygen can nevertheless be regulated artificially. The end product from a resulting, heat-sustaining or exothermal carbonization or charring reaction consists primarily of the charcoal 20 and the gas mixture 30, the latter containing principally nitrogen gas, vapourized water, as well as a small amount of CO 2 . As inflammable components, the gas mixture 20 further contains carbon monoxide, hydrogen, methane, acetone, and acetic acid. The charring reaction is produced in the reactor 2 at certain temperatures. Preferably, this takes place at temperatures of 350-600°C. At lower temperatures the organic matter does not carbonize sufficiently wel l, and at higher temperatures the surface activity of resulting charcoal 20 will be weaker. For this reason, the carnonization is preferably effected at temperatures of 400-500°C. The wood material to be fed into the process has a dry matter content with about 40% of carbon and the organic waste material has a dry matter content with about 35% of carbon. At the above-mentioned temperatures, the organic matter has more than 50%, yet most preferably about 75-90% of its carbon content convert into the charcoal 20. The resulting charcoal 20 is separated from the gas mixture 30 and carried along passages 42a, 42b to the cooler 3. The separation of coal dust migrating into a duct 42 along with the gas mixture 30 can be effected by using e.g. cyclones 13 in conjunction with the reactor 2. A condensation agent for the cooler 3, for example water, is separately supplied to the cooler 3. The thermal energy of charcoal 20 present in the cooler 3 transfers into a condensation agent 21 , which is carried along a passage 42c to the countercurrent heater 1. Thus, the thermal energy of charcoal 20 will be exploited for the drying and heating of materials to be fed into the process. At this point, the charcoal material passed through the cooler 3 is naturally not pure carbon, but contains various impurities and non-flammable materials, such as sand and metals, which are separated from charcoal 20. This is preferably achieved by means of some appropriate separation process, comprising for example a vibrating screen 4, a fluiidized bed 5, capable of separating coarse impurities, for example sand, from charcoal. This is followed by advancing the charcoal 20 along a passage 42d and by washing it in a washing unit 6. The charcoal 20 is carried further along a passage 42e to a pelletizing unit 7, in which the charcoal 20 is converted (pelletized) appropriately for various applications. If the charcoal does not find suficient use in water treatment or as a soil conditioner, it can be stored and substituted for fossil fuels after the greenhouse effect is under control. The gas mixture 30 separated from the charcoal 20 is delivered along a passage 43a to an afterburner 8. Flue gases produced in the afterburner 8 and a nonflammable portion of the gas mixture 30 are carried along a passage 43b to a heat exchanger 9. The heat exchanger 9 is used for the substantial recovery of thermal energy, which is then used for electricity and/or district heating. This is followed by delivering the flue gases and the non-flammable portion of the gas mixture 30 along a passage 44 to a countercurrent heater 1 , wherein water vapour liquefies from the gas mixture 30 and the thermal energy is used in the heating and drying of an organic matter to be fed into the process. The liquid is discharged from the countercurrent heater 1 by way of an outlet 46 to a water collector unit 11. Heat flows arriving in the countercurrent heater 1 along the passages 44 and 42c are adjusted in such a way that, at the inlet end of the countercurrent heater 1 , which is provided with a supply conveyor 40, the temperature of flue gases and the like residual gases is less than 100°C, preferably less than 90° C, most preferably within the range of 30-50° C. Fig. 2 shows an example of a heat recovery unit, i.e. the countercurrent heater 1 of fig. 1. The crushed material, landfill mass, milled peat and vegetative wastes, such as branches, leaves, stumps, roots, straws etc., are fed in a wet condition into the countercurrent dryer 1. The apparatus comprises three rotating cylinders or drums 1 a, 1 b+1 c and 1 d, which divide the countercurrent dryer 1 functionally and structurally in three separate sections I, II and III. Mass is delivered into the drum 1a for heating and drying the same. The cylinders are set in an inclined position, whereby the solid mass advances while rotating. The cylinder walls are provided with helical guide vanes 1f for addusting the advancing speed, especially for heavier pieces. The mass is carried by means of a screw conveyor 1e from section I into section II, in which most of the evaporation of water takes place. In section III, the mass heats up to a temperature of 150-170°C and is delivered further into the carbonization chamber 2. After the recovery of primary energy, the counterflowing flue gas rich in water vapour is fed at a temperature of 170-200°C into section III. The gas passes from III into the mantle of II, i.e. in between the drum 1 a and a shell 1c, in which is received also the water vapour formed in II. The water condensed in the mantle contains impurities. The water is passed to a further treatment. The gas mixture passing from the mantle into section I is supplemented with warm air. The amount of air is optimized on the basis of the temperature and relative humidity of the gas mixture. The discharging gas, having a temperature of about 30-60° C, is scrubbed by washing and/or carbon filtration. In cylinder II, it is preferable to increase a temperature difference between a mantle defined by the shell 1 c and a material space defined by the drum 1 b by raising a little pressure within the mantle and by lowering the same in the evaporation space. It is also possible to use a heat exchanger between sections II and I, whereby heat is transferred to dry air which is guided into the cylinder 1a. The condensation of water can also be performed in a heat exchanger (not shown). In the drum 1d and 1a, the discharge gases are in a direct contact with a mass to be fed, since in the drum 1 d the gases have a temperature which is sufficiently high for water vapour not to condense, and the gas arriving in the drum 1a is substantially stripped of water vapour and the gas is supplemented with hot air. An operating benefit offered by rotating drums is that the conveyance of a miscellaneous solid material and the transfer of heat are readily feasible in a continuous process. The nitrogen gas remaining from the gas mixtrure 30 and a small amount of CO 2 and water are removed from the countercurrent heater 1 by way of a discharge channel 45 to a washing unit 10. This mixture is left with a minor amount of other impurities, which can be removed by normal gas cleaning methods. A detergent composition is fed to the washing unit 10 along a supply channel 12 arranbged for the purpose. Impurities remaining in the detergent composition are discharged along a supply channel 47 to the collector unit 11. A majority of the impurities (oils, salts, and deposits) are present in the receiver 1 1 of waters and treated separately. The collector unit 1 1 is used for separating water and other substances from each other. Water is carried for a further treatment along a supply channel 49 and other substances are carried for a further treatment along a supply channel 48. The amount of flue gas to be released into the atmosphere along a discharge channel 50 is comparatively small and very clean. For the most part, it comprises nitrogen, containing small amounts of CO 2 , water, and impurities.

Claims: Claims 1. A method for reducing discharges of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide, wherein carbonaceous materials, wood, pieces of vegetation, products made therefrom, and particularly vegetative and municipal wastes poorly suitable for energy production, are treated in such a way that the release of carbon dioxide back to the atmosphere is substantially reduced and restrained, said method comprising the carbonization of an organic mass by heating the same in an oxygen-free or limited oxygen volume to charcoal (20), the amount of which is more than 50% of the carbon content of the dry mass matter, and to a gas mixture (30) which is burned and, after the recovery of primary energy, condensed in a pressureless or pressurized condition, characterized in that the heat released in the condensation of a gas mixture is exploited in the heating and drying of materials to be fed into the process on a countercurrent principle for recovering also the evaporation heat released in the condensation of water vapour. 2. A method as set forth in claim 1 , characterized in that the organic mass is charred in an oxygen-free or limited-oxygen containing reactor (2), at least the charcoal (20) and the gas mixture (30) formed in an exothermal reaction created therein being separated from each other for a further treatment, and that the resulting charcoal (20) is exploited in the purification of bodies of water and as a soil conditioner. 3. A method as set forth in claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the charcoal (20) formed in the reactor (2) is cooled, separated from non-charring substances by means of a screen (4) and/or a fluidized bed (5), washed, and converted to suit various applications in such a way that the thermal energy released in conjunction with the cooling of the charcoal (20) is exploited for the drying and/or heating of materials to be fed into the process. 4. A method as set forth in any of claims 1 -3, characterized in that the gas mixture (30) formed in the reactor (2) is burned in an afterburner (8) and the resulting energy is used as electrical and/or thermal energy. 5. A method as set forth in any of claims 1-4, characterized in that all gases discharging from the process are scrubbed. 6. An apparatus for reducing discharges of greenhouse gases, wherein carbonaceous materials, wood, pieces of vegetation, products made therefrom, and particularly vegetative and municipal wastes poorly suitable for energy production, are treatable in such a way that discharges of greenhouse gases, especially the release of carbon dioxide back to the atmosphere, are substantially reduced and restrained, said apparatus comprising a charring reactor (2), in which an organic mass is carbonizable by heating in an oxygen-free or limited oxygen volume to charcoal (20), the amount of which is more than 50% of the carbon content of the dry mass matter, and to a gas mixture (30), an afterburner (8) for burning the gas mixture and a heat exchanger (9) for recovering energy, whereafter the flue gases and what is left unburnt of the gas mixture (30) are adapted to be condensed in a pressureless or pressurized condition, characterized in that the thermal energy released in the condensation of gases is adapted to be exploited in the heating and drying of materials to be fed into the process by means of a countercurrent heater (1 ) for recovering also the evaporation heat from the condensation of water vapour. 7. An apparatus as set forth in claim 6, characterized in that at least the charcoal (20) and the gas mixture (30) formed in an exothermal reaction created in the reactor (2) are adapted to be separated from each other for a further treatment, and that the resulting charcoal (20) is exploitable in the purification of bodies of water and as a soil conditioner. 8. An apparatus as set forth in claim 6 or 7, characterized in that the charcoal (20) formed in the reactor (2) is cooled in a cooler (3), separated from non- charring substances by means of a screen (4) and/or a fluidized bed (5), scrubbed in a washing unit (6), and converted in a pelletizing unit (7) appropriately for various applications, and that the thermal energy released in conjunction with the cooling of the charcoal (20) is adapted to be exploitable in the heating and drying of materials to be fed into the process. 9. An apparatus as set forth in any of claims 6-8, characterized in that the cooled flue gases exploited in conjunction with the heating and drying of materials, and an unburnt portion of the gas mixture (30), which has not condensed to liquid, are adapted to be scrubbed in a washing unit (10). 10. An apparatus as set forth in any of claims 6-9, characterized in that the countercurrent heater (1) comprises at least two rotatable cylinders or drums (1a, 1 b+1 c, 1 d), in the first (1 d, 1 a) of said drums the flue gases being in a direct contact with a mass to be fed and the second drum (1 b+1 c), wherein the temperature of gases to be discharged falls below 100°C and water vapour condenses to water, is provided with a shell or mantle (1c), which is located outside the material-space defining drum (1 b) and in which the discharge gas travels without coming to contact with the material. 11. An apparatus as set forth in claim 10, characterized in that the mantle of said second drum (1b+1c) is provided with a water outlet, as well as with an outlet for remaining gases, to a third drum (1a), the mass being delivered therein in a wet condition and the gas mixture passing therein being adapted to be supplemented with warm air. 12. An apparatus as set forth in claim 10 or 11 , characterized in that between the drums (1 a, 1 b+1 c, 1 d) are conveyor screws (1 e), that the drums are in an inclined position and sloping in the feeding direction, and that the drums are provided with helical guide vanes (1f) enhancing the feeding of mass.

Inventors: AHO YRJOE, AHO, YRJOE
Applicants: AHO YRJOE, BIOLENTINA OY, AHO, YRJOE
Application year: 2000
Main classification: C10B53
IPC codes: C10B53, C10B57, F23G5, F23G7, F23J15, F26B3, F26B21, F28C3