DEVICE AND METHOD FOR COUPLING A RIGID PIPE TO A FLEXIBLE HOSE

Abstract: A device and method for coupling a rigid pipe (12) to a flexible hose (22). The device for coupling a rigid pipe (12) to a flexible hose (22) is designed for use in low pressure applications whereby fluid communication between the rigid pipe (12) and the flexible hose (22) is prevented. The coupling of the present invention includes a clamping ring (30). After assembly of the coupling using the method of the present invention, a terminal end of the flexible hose (22) is interposed between the terminal end of the rigid pipe (12) and the clamping ring (30). Each of the rigid pipe (12) and clamping (30) is deformed to define cooperating annular rings, and to deform the flexible hose (22) therebetween. Deformation of the flexible hose (22) between the rigid pipe (12) and the clamping ring (30) annular rings serves to form a seal to prevent fluid communication between the rigid pipe (12) and flexible hose (22), and further prevents removal of the coupling. In an alternate embodiment, at least the rigid pipe (12) is deformed to define a barbed annular ring. In another embodiment, the clamping ring (30) is likewise deformed. In still another embodiment, the claming ring (30) defines a knurled surface (42) for increasing frictional resistance between the clamping ring (30) and the flexible hose (22).

Description: Description DEVICE AND METHOD FOR COUPLING A RIGID PIPE TO A FLEXIBLE HOSE This application is a Continuation-In-Part of Serial Number 09/212,659, filed on December 16, 1998. Technical Field This invention relates to the field of coupling devices and methods for making. More specifically, the present invention is related to a device and method for coupling a rigid pipe to a flexible hose. Background Art In the field of coupling devices, it is well known that there are many ways to accomplish the coupling of two conduits. These methods vary not only for various applications such as low pressure versus high pressure, but also for the materials from which the two conduits are fabricated. For applications of coupling devices for coupling a rigid pipe, such as fi6ricated from a metal composite, to a flexible pipe, such as plastic or rubber, several different devices have been used heretofore. Typical of the art are those devices disclosed in the following United States Letters Patents: Patent No. ϊnventor(s) Issue Date 3,211,476 J. B. Wagner Oct. 12, 1965 5,190,323 H. Oetiker Mar. 2, 1993 5,207,460 H. Oetiker May 4, 1993 5,295,718 D.D. Bartholomew Mar. 22, 1994 5,380,050 J.D. Sanders, et al. Jan. 10, 1995 5,775,740 K. Fukaya, et al. July 7, 1998 5,794,982 H.J. Green, et al. Aug. 18, 1998 Of these patents, the '476 patent issued to Wagner discloses a method for securing a threaded coupling to the end of a flexible hose. A cup-shaped body is placed over the end of the flexible hose and defines an opening to cooperate with the opening of the hose. A tubular member defines an enlarged portion proximate one end and a threaded portion proximate the opposite end. The enlarged portion is inserted into the flexible hose leaving at least a portion of the threaded portion exposed. A tubular pressure element is then inserted over the tubular member up to the enlarged portion and into the flexible hose. A nut is then engaged with the threaded portion and tightened to draw the enlarged portion of the tubular member into the tubular pressure element. The cup-shaped body serves to retain the flexible hose as pressure is exerted by the tubular pressure element as a result of the nut being tightened. While being useful to secure a threaded nipple to the end of a flexible hose, the device taught by Wagner does not allow for the coupling of a rigid pipe to a flexible conduit. Oetiker ('323) teaches a high pressure coupling specifically designed for use with hydraulic hoses of the type having inner and outer rubber layers and a reinforcement layer interposed therebetween. The '323 device includes a nipple structure which defines a number of annular ribs. An outer sleeve defines cooperating annular grooves. The nipple structure is inserted into the terminal portion of the hydraulic hose, and the outer sleeve is placed over the reinforcement layer of the hose. A portion of the outer rubber layer of the hose is removed. After the nipple structure and the outer sleeve are in place, the end of the outer sleeve is deformed to engage the nipple structure in order to maintain the device on the hose. However, the '323 device fails to teach a means for coupling a rigid pipe having no preformed deformations to a flexible conduit. The '460 device, also taught by Oetiker, is a hose connection for high pressure installations. The '460 device includes an internal pipe over which is inserted a washer, and an outer sleeve. The outer sleeve is also received over the washer. The internal pipe is deformed to define a plurality of annular rings, the overall diameter being smaller than the internal diameter of the flexible hose to be coupled thereto. The hose is inserted over the internal pipe, into the outer sleeve, and to the washer. The internal pipe is then enlarged to engage the interior of the hose. The outer sleeve is then deformed to cover the washer at one end, and to define inward annular rings to cooperate with the deformations of the internal pipe. Specifically, the outward deformations of the internal pipe and the inward deformations of the outer sleeve alternate. This method of coupling the internal pipe to the flexible hose is complicated, especially in low pressure applications. Bartholomew (718) teaches a connector fitting positionable on the terminal end of a flexible conduit. The 718 device includes a first member positioned about the exterior surface of the terminal end of the conduit, and a second member positioned within the interior of the terminal end of the conduit. Once in position, the diameter of the second member is expanded to engage the interior surfitce of the conduit, and the terminal end of the first member is reduced to engage the outer surface of the conduit. The 718 device does not, however, teach a device for coupling a rigid pipe to a flexible conduit. Sanders, et al. ('050), teach a coupling for a hose construction for use with a hose having an inner corrugated hose having inward projections. The '050 device defines an annular receptor for receiving the terminal end of the hose. A fitting defines a cooperating outer surface for being received by the corrugated inner surface of the hose, and an inner surface for cooperating with the interior wall of the coupling. Sanders, et al., do not teach a device for coupling a rigid pipe to a flexible conduit. The 740 device disclosed by Fukaya, et al, teaches a structure for coupling a small-diameter thin metal tube to a pressure rubber hose. The metal tube is first fit with an inner tube and the two are deformed to define annular grooves. The rubber hose is then fit over the tube structure and is then caulked. Such a structure, by virtue of the requirement of caulking, is not an acceptable device for most coupling applications. Green, et al. ('982), teach a device for coupling pipes with liners, the coupling device being provided with a liner. As in the 740 device above, the '982 device relies on a sealant compound to form a seal to prevent fluid communication between the coupler and the pipe or pipes into which the coupler is inserted. Green, et al., do not teach a device or method for coupling a rigid pipe to a flexible hose. These prior art devices teach various methods for manipulating the end of a flexible hose, such as to provide a connecting terminal end, or to connect it to another conduit. However, the prior art discussed does not teach a simple method for coupling a rigid pipe to a flexible hose, while also providing a device which prevents fluid communication between the pipe and the hose. Further, this prior aft does not teach a device for coupling these components for low pressure applications. Therefore, it is an object of this invention to provide a device for coupling a rigid pipe to a flexible conduit. Another object of the present invention is to provide such a device for use in low pressure applications and for relatively large diameter pipes and conduits. Yet another object of the present invention is to provide such a device whereby fluid communication between the rigid pipe and the flexible conduit is prevented. Still another object of the present invention is to provide a method whereby such a device is fabricated and installed. Disclosure of the Invention Other objects and advantages will be accomplished by the present invention which is designed for coupling a rigid pipe to a flexible conduit. The device for coupling a rigid pipe to a flexible hose is designed for use in low pressure applications whereby fluid communication between the rigid pipe and the flexible hose is prevented. The present invention also provides a method for fabricating and installing the coupling. The coupling of the present invention includes a clamping ring. After assembly of the coupling using the method of the present invention, a terminal end of the flexible hose is interposed between the terminal end of the rigid pipe and the clamping ring. In one embodiment, the clamping ring is disposed within the interior of the flexible hose, which is received within the rigid pipe. Alternatively, the clamping ring is disposed on an exterior of the flexible hose, which receives the terminal portion of the rigid pipe. In the first embodiment, the terminal portion of the rigid pipe defines an enlarged diameter for receiving the terminal end of the flexible hose. Prior to insertion of the flexible hose, the terminal portion of the rigid pipe is deformed to define at least one inwardly extending annular ring. After the rigid pipe annular rings are formed, the clamping ring is inserted into the terminal end of the flexible hose, and both are inserted into the rigid pipe terminal portion. The clamping ring is then deformed to defined at least one annular ring to cooperate with each rigid pipe annular ring. As the clamping ring is deformed, the flexible hose is engaged and deformed into the cooperating annular ring defined by the rigid pipe. Deformation of the flexible hose between the rigid pipe and clamping ring annular rings serves to form a seal to prevent fluid communication between the rigid pipe and flexible hose, and further prevents removal of the coupling. A further alternative includes formation of the annular rings in both the rigid pipe and the clamping ring in an inward direction. In this embodiment, the annular rings are formed in the clamping ring prior to insertion in the flexible hose. The flexible hose is then inserted into the enlarged terminal portion of the rigid pipe, and the annular rings are then formed in the rigid pipe. In yet other embodiments, at least the rigid pipe is deformed to define a barbed annular ring. In one such embodiment, the barbed annular ring is formed proximate the leading edge of the clamping ring, the trailing edge of the clamping ring being positioned proximate the terminal portion of the flexible hose. In another such embodiment, the clamping ring is likewise deformed. The barbed annular bead may be formed outwardly or inwardly in the latter embodiment, but is formed inwardly in the former embodiment. In still another embodiment, the clamping ring defines a knurled surface for increasing frictional resistance between the clamping ring and the flexible hose. The method of assembling the second embodiment, wherein the clamping ring is disposed on the exterior of the flexible hose, is similar to that of the first, with one of the rigid pipe and the clamping ring being deformed prior to assembly of the coupling, and the other being deformed after assembly. For annular rings formed inwardly, the rigid pipe annular rings are formed first. For annular rings formed outwardly, the clamping ring annular rings are deformed first. Brief Description of the Drawings The above mentioned features of the invention will become more clearly understood from the following detailed description of the invention read together with the drawings in which: Figure 1 is a perspective view a device for coupling a rigid pipe to a flexible hose constructed in accordance with several features of the present invention and installed on each end of a rigid pipe; Figure 2 illustrates an exploded side elevation view, in section, of the device for coupling a rigid pipe to a flexible hose, showing the various components prior to assembly thereof; Figure 3 is a side elevation view, in section, of the device for coupling a rigid pipe to a flexible hose during assembly thereof; Figure 4 is a side elevation view, in section, of the device for coupling a rigid pipe to a flexible hose after assembly thereof; Figure 5 illustrates an alternate embodiment of the device for coupling a rigid pipe to a flexible hose of the present invention; Figure 6 illustrates another alternate embodiment of the device for coupling a rigid pipe to a flexible hose of the present invention; Figure 7 illustrates a further alternate embodiment of the device for coupling a rigid pipe to a flexible hose of the present invention; Figure 8 illustrates a further alternate embodiment of the device for coupling a rigid pipe to a flexible hose of the present invention wherein a the rigid pipe and clamping ring are deformed to define an outwardly extending barbed bead; Figure 9 illustrates a further alternate embodiment of the device for coupling a rigid pipe to a flexible hose of the present invention wherein a the rigid pipe and clamping ring are deformed to define an inwardly extending barbed bead; Figure 10 illustrates a further alternate embodiment of the device for coupling a rigid pipe to a flexible hose of the present invention wherein a the rigid pipe is deformed below the clamping ring to define an inwardly extending barbed bead: Figure 1 1 illustrates a further alternate embodiment of the device for coupling a rigid pipe to a flexible hose of the present invention wherein a the rigid pipe is deformed below the clamping ring to define an inwardly extending barbed bead and wherein the clamping ring defines a knurled outer surface for increasing frictional resistance between the clamping ring and the flexible hose; and Figure 12 is an exploded view of the embodiment of the device for coupling a rigid pipe to a flexible hose illustrated in Figure 11. Best Mode for Carrying out the Invention A device for coupling a rigid pipe to a flexible hose incorporating various features of the present invention is illustrated generally at 10 in the figures. The device for coupling a rigid pipe to a flexible hose, or coupling 10 is designed for coupling a rigid pipe 12 to a flexible hose 22. In the preferred embodiment the coupling 10 is designed for use in low pressure applications and for relatively large diameter pipes 12 and hoses 22, whereby fluid communication between the rigid pipe 12 and the flexible hose 22 is prevented. The present invention also provides a method for fabricating and installing the coupling 10. For purposes of the present application, the flexible hose 22 is intended to include any type of flexible hose, including but not limited to a rubber hose, a flexible metal hose, and a bellows flex hose. The coupling of the present invention includes a clamping ring 30. After assembly of the coupling 10 using the method of the present invention, a terminal end 24 of the flexible hose 22 is interposed between the terminal end 14 of the rigid pipe 12 and the clamping ring 30. In the embodiment illustrated in Figures 1 -4, the clamping ring 30 is disposed within the interior 26 of the flexible hose 22, which is received within the rigid pipe terminal end 14. Figure 1 illustrates a coupling 10 installed at both ends of a rigid pipe 12, such as might be used as a radiator hose in a transfer truck. It has been found that the coupling 10 of the present invention is useful in low pressure applications between zero and one hundred pounds per square inch (0 - 100 psi). Further, the coupling 10 has proven useful in applications for a flexible hose 22 having a diameter within a range of three-eighths inches to ten inches (3/8" - 10"). It will be understood, however, that these ranges are exemplary only, and that the coupling 10 of the present invention may be used in other pressure ranges and with a flexible hose 22 having a diameter other than in the specified range. Figures 2-4 illustrate in progression the method of assembling the coupling 10 of the present invention. Figure 2 illustrates an exploded view of a coupling 10 wherein the clamping ring 30 is disposed on the interior 26 of the flexible hose 22. The terminal portion 14 of the rigid pipe 12 defines an enlarged diameter for receiving the terminal end 24 of the flexible hose 22. To this extent, the outside diameter 28 of the flexible hose 22 is substantially equal to the inside diameter 18 of the enlarged portion of the rigid pipe terminal portion 14. Prior to insertion of the flexible hose 22, the terminal portion 14 of the rigid pipe 12 is deformed to define at least one annular ring 16. Illustrated are three such annular rings 16. However, any number of annular rings 16 may be formed as required for a particular application. The annular rings 16 are formed using a conventional rotary, segmented or in-line process. In the illustrated embodiment, the rigid pipe 12 and the clamping ring 30 are each fabricated from any ferrous or non-ferrous tubing, and the flexible hose 22 is fabricated from a polymer. Further, the flexible hose 22 may be define a braided construction, as required for a particular application. Further, as discussed above, the flexible hose 22 may be fabricated from a flexible metal or may define a bellow flex hose. After the rigid pipe annular rings 16 are formed, the clamping ring 30 is inserted into the terminal end 24 of the flexible hose 22, and both are inserted into the rigid pipe terminal portion 14, as illustrated in Figure 3. As illustrated, the outside diameter 36 of the clamping ring 30 is substantially equal to the inside diameter 26 of the flexible hose 22. Finally, as illustrated in Figure 4, the clamping ring 30 is deformed to define at least one annular ring 32 to cooperate with each rigid pipe annular ring 16. As the clamping ring 30 is deformed, the flexible hose 22 is engaged and deformed into the cooperating annular ring 16 defined by the rigid pipe 12. Deformation of the flexible hose 22 between the rigid pipe annular rings 16 and clamping ring annular rings 32 serves to form a seal to prevent fluid communication between the rigid pipe 12 and flexible hose 22, and further prevents removal of the coupling 10. Figure 5 illustrates an alternate embodiment of the present invention, wherein the annular rings 16,32 in both the rigid pipe 12 and the clamping ring 30 are formed inwardly. In this embodiment, the annular rings 32 are formed in the clamping ring 30 prior to insertion in the flexible hose 22. The flexible hose 22 is then inserted into the enlarged terminal portion 14 of the rigid pipe 12, and the annular rings 16 are then formed in the rigid pipe 12. Figures 6 and 7 illustrate two further embodiments of the present invention wherein the clamping ring 30 is disposed on the exterior 28 of the flexible hose 22, with the rigid pipe 12 being disposed on the interior 26 of the flexible hose 22. In each of these embodiments, the rigid pipe 12, prior to formation of the annular rings 16, defines a constant outside diameter 20 (no enlarged portion is required) substantially equal to the interior diameter 26 of the flexible hose 22. Further, the flexible hose outside diameter 28 is substantially equal to the clamping ring inside diameter 34. In Figure 6, the annular rings 32,16 of the clamping ring 30 and the rigid pipe 12 are formed outwardly. In this embodiment, the annular rings 32 are formed in the clamping ring 30 first. The terminal end 24 of the flexible hose 22 is then inserted into the clamping ring 30, and the terminal end 14 of the rigid pipe 12 is then inserted into the flexible hose 22. Finally, the rigid pipe 12 is deformed to define the annular rings 16 to cooperate with the clamping ring annular rings 32. In the embodiment illustrated in Figure 7, the annular rings 16,32 of each of the rigid pipe 12 and the clamping ring 30 are formed inwardly. In this embodiment, the annular rings 16 are formed in the rigid pipe 12 first. The terminal portion 24 of the flexible hose 22 is then inserted into the clamping ring 30 and then over the rigid pipe 12. The a n l r riπgc 32 m -h clαiπpuϊ img 3G mc u.cn luπiicu to cooperate with the rigid pipe annular rings 16. In the embodiments illustrated in Figures 8-12, at least the rigid pipe 12 is deformed to define a barbed annular ring 16'. In Figures 8 and 9, the clamping ring 30' is likewise deformed. In the remaining figures, the barbed annular ring 16' is formed proximate the leading edge 38 of the clamping ring 30", the trailing edge 40 of the clamping ring 30" being positioned proximate the terminal portion 24 of the flexible hose 22. As illustrated in Figures 8 and 9, the barbed annular bead 16' may be formed outwardly (see Figure 8) or inwardly (see Figure 9) when both the rigid pipe 12' and the clamping ring 30' are deformed. However, when only the rigid pipe 12' is deformed, the barbed annular ring 16' is formed toward the clamping ring 30". As illustrated, in Figures 10 and 11, the clamping ring 30" is disposed on the interior 26 of the flexible hose 22. Accordingly, the barbed annular ring 16' is deformed inwardly. However, although not illustrated, when the clamping ring 30" is disposed on the exterior 28 of the flexible hose 22 and the rigid pipe 12' is disposed within the flexible hose 22, the barbed annular ring 16' is deformed outwardly. As in the previous embodiments, when an annular ring 16 is formed in addition to a barbed annular ring 16', such annular ring 16 may be formed in either direction. For purposes of the present invention, the term "barbed" is intended to mean a distinct change in direction, as opposed to a gradually sloped curve. By providing a barbed annular ring 16', improved gripping between the rigid pipe 12, the flexible hose 22, and the clamping ring has been accomplished 30. In the embodiment illustrated in Figures 1 1 and 12, the exterior surface 36" of the clamping ring 30" defines a knurled surface 42, similar to that shown on the interior 34" of the clamping ring 30" for increasing frictional resistance between the clamping ring 30" and the flexible hose 22. For the embodiment wherein the clamping ring 30" is disposed on the exterior 28 of the flexible hose 22 and the rigid pipe 12' on the interior 26 thereof, the interior surface 34" of the clamping ring 30" is knurled. In each of the above-described embodiments, it will be seen that the components are limited simply to a flexible hose 22 and rigid pipe 12 to be coupled, and a clamping ring 30 to accomplish the coupling 10. In each embodiment, both the rigid pipe 12 and the clamping ring 30 are deformed to define cooperating annular rings 16,32 to deform the flexible hose 22 interposed there between. One of the rigid pipe 12 and the clamping ring 30 is deformed prior to assembly of the coupling 10, and the other is deformed after assembly. The order of deformation is dependant upon the direction of the deformation and the disposition of the rigid pipe 12 and the clamping ring 30. Specifically, for annular rings 16,32 formed inwardly as illustrated in Figures 5 and 7, the inner of the rigid pipe 12 and clamping ring 30 is deformed first. For annular rings 16,32 formed outwardly, as in Figures 1-4 and 6. the outer of the rigid pipe 12 and clamping ring 30 is deformed first. From the foregoing description, it will be recognized by those skilled in the art that a device and method for coupling a rigid pipe to a flexible hose offering advantages over the prior art has been provided. Specifically, the device and method are provided for coupling a rigid pipe to a flexible hose. The coupling is designed for use in low pressure applications and for relatively large diameter pipes and conduits, whereby fluid communication between the rigid pipe and the flexible hose is prevented. While a preferred embodiment has been shown and described, it will be understood that it is not intended to limit the disclosure, but rather it is intended to cover all modifications and alternate methods falling within the spirit and the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.

Claims: Having thus described the aforementioned invention, WE CLAIM: 1. A device for coupling a rigid pipe to a flexible hose comprising: a rigid pipe deformed at a terminal end to define at least one annular ring; a clamping ring; and a flexible hose interposed between said rigid pipe and said clamping ring and deformed at said at least one rigid pipe annular ring, whereby fluid communication between said rigid pipe and said flexible hose is prevented. 2. The device of Claim 1 wherein said rigid pipe annular ring defines a barbed configuration to enhance engagement of and prevention of fluid communication between said rigid pipe and said flexible hose. 3. The device of Claim 2 wherein said clamping ring is deformed to define at least one barbed annular ring to cooperate with said at least one rigid pipe barbed annular ring. 4. The device of Claim 1 wherein said clamping ring is configured to be closely received within said flexible hose, and wherein said rigid pipe defines a terminal portion configured to closely receive a terminal portion of said flexible hose. 5. The device of Claim 4 wherein said clamping ring defines an outer knurled surface to enhance engagement of said clamping ring and said flexible hose. 6. The device of Claim 1 wherein said rigid pipe defines a terminal portion configured to be closely received within a terminal portion of said flexible hose, and wherein said clamping ring is configured to closely receive said flexible hose terminal portion. 7. The device of Claim 6 wherein said clamping ring defines an inner knurled surface to enhance engagement of said clamping ring and said flexible hose. 8. A method for fabricating a device for coupling a rigid pipe to a flexible hose, said device including a clamping ring for establishing said coupling, said method comprising the steps of: (a) interposing a terminal portion of said flexible hose between said clamping ring and a terminal portion of said rigid pipe; and (b) forming at least one annular ring in one of said clamping ring and said rigid pipe, said at least one annular ring being formed by deformation of said one of said clamping ring and said rigid pipe. 9. The method of Claim 8, wherein step (a) is preceded by step (b) and wherein said method further comprises the step of: (c) forming at least one cooperating annular ring in a rernaining of said clamping ring and said rigid pipe to cooperate with said at least one annular ring formed in said one of said clamping ring and said rigid pipe, said at least one cooperating annular ring being formed by deformation of said rernaining of said clamping ring and said rigid pipe, said at least one annular ring and said at least one cooperating annular ring serving to deform at least one corresponding portion of said flexible hose to prevent fluid communication between said rigid pipe and said flexible hose. 10. The method of Claim 9 wherein said deformation of said rigid pipe and said clamping ring in each of said steps of forming at least one annular ring and forming at least one cooperating annular ring is accomplished by deforming each of said rigid pipe and said clamping ring outwardly. 1 1. The method of Claim 10 wherein said clamping ring is configured to be closely received within said flexible hose terminal portion, and wherein said flexible hose terminal portion is configured to be closely received within said rigid pipe terminal portion, said rigid pipe terminal portion being deformed to define said at least one annular ring and said clamping ring being deformed to define said at least one cooperating annular ring. 12. The method of Claim 10 wherein said clamping ring is configured to closely receive said flexible hose terminal portion, and wherein said flexible hose terminal portion is configured to closely receive said rigid pipe terminal portion, said clamping ring being deformed to define said at least one annular ring and said rigid pipe terminal portion being deformed to define said at least one cooperating annular ring. 13. The method of Claim 9 wherein said deformation of said rigid pipe and said clamping ring in each of said steps of forming at least one annular ring and forming at least one cooperating annular ring is accomplished by deforming each of said rigid pipe and said clamping ring inwardly. 14. The method of Claim 13 wherein said clamping ring is configured to be closely received within said flexible hose terminal portion, and wherein said flexible hose terminal portion is configured to be closely received within said rigid pipe terminal portion, said clamping ring being deformed to define said at least one annular ring and said rigid pipe terminal portion being deformed to define said at least one cooperating annular ring. 15. The method of Claim 13 wherein said clamping ring is configured to closely receive said flexible hose terminal portion, and wherein said flexible hose terminal portion is configured to closely receive said rigid pipe terminal portion, said rigid pipe terminal portion being deformed to define said at least one annular ring and said clamping ring being deformed to define said at least one cooperating annular ring.

Inventors: LOGAN DAN T, MATT WALTER J, MOREHOUSE WALLACE B, YATES STEVEN E, LOGAN, DAN, T., MATT, WALTER, J., MOREHOUSE, WALLACE, B., YATES, STEVEN, E.
Applicants: DWWS LLC, DWWS, LLC
Application year: 2000
Main classification: F16L33
IPC codes: F16L33