USE OF CASPASE-14 AND CASPASE-14 MODULATORS TO DIAGNOSE AND/OR TREAT SKIN, EYE AND BRAIN DISORDERS

Abstract: The present invention is based on the finding that caspase-14 is expressed in epithelial tissue such as the epidermis, the epithelial layer of the choroid plexus and the pigmented retinal layer. The invention relates to the involvement of caspase-14 in keratinocyte differentiation and in a properly functioning blood-brain barrier and blood-eye barrier. The present invention specifically relates to nucleic acids encoding caspase-14, caspase-14 protein and modulators of caspase-14 expression, activation and bioactivity that can be used to diagnose and/or treat keratinocyte differentiation disorders, disturbances in the blood-eye barrier and brain disorders.

Description: Use of caspase-14 and caspase-14 modulators to diagnose and/or treat skin, eye and brain disorders Field of the invention The present invention is based on the finding that caspase 14 is expressed in epithelial tissue such as the epidermis, the epithelial layer of the choroid plexus and the pigmented retinal layer The invention relates to the involvement of caspase14 in keratmocyte differentiation and in a properly functioning blood-brain barrier and blood- eye barrier The present invention specifically relates to nucleic acids encoding caspase-14, caspase-14 protein and modulators of caspase-14 expression, activation and bioactivity that can be used to diagnose and/or treat disorders of keratmocyte differentiation, disturbances in the blood-eye barrier and certain brain disorders Background of the invention The epidermis is a stratified squamous epithelium in which keratinocytes are organised in distinct cell layers The basal cells proliferate, but suprabasal keratinocytes withdraw from the cell cycle and progressively undergo a terminal differentiation program towards the surface of the skin This keratmocyte differentiation process has several similarities to apoptosis bcl-2 is downregulated in suprabasal layers of the epidermis (Lu et al , 1993, Polakowska et al , 1994) c-myc is upregulated (Gandanllas et al , 1997) and in later stages transglutaminases are activated in order to form the cornified envelope (Rice et al , 1992) In the final stage of differentiation during the formation of the cornified layer, the nucleus is condensed and eventually destroyed (McCall and Cohen, 1991 , Haake and Polakowska, 1993) Caspase family members play a central role in apoptosis or programmed cell death (PCD) and it was demonstrated that caspases-1 , -2, -3, -4 and -7 were expressed in cultured keratinocytes (Takahashi et al , 1998) Weil and colleagues suggested that at least caspase-3 is involved in keratmocyte differentiation and the denucleation process (Weil et al , 1999) Albeit, the terminal differentiation of keratinocytes does not seem to be a classical apoptosis since these cells don't have any membrane blebbmg or DNA fragmentation and are not phagocytosed (Polakowska et al , 1994, Gandanllas et al , 1999) Although these differences indicate that terminal differentiation is not the classical apoptosis it is still possible that both processes use a similar signal transduction pathway In addition, recent evidence l indicated that caspases also act in differentiation processes that are associated with organelle loss such as lens fiber differentiation and oocyte maturation (Ishizaki et al 1998, McCatt et al , 1998) Mouse and human caspase-14 (Van de Craen et al , 1998) have been 5 described These caspases have a very restricted expression pattern, this in contrast with all other caspases identified (Van de Craen et al 1997 and 1998a and b Humke et al 1998) Skin keratinocytes play a central role in the vitamin D endocrine system Upon exposure to sunlight, the UVB component converts provitamin D 3 to previtamin D 3 that 10 becomes subsequently thermo-isomeπsed to vitamin D 3 (Hollick, 1997) Eventually, hydroxylation leads to the formation of the hormonally active form of vitamin D 3 1 ,25(OH) 2 D 3 (Fu et al , 1997) Keratinocytes respond to 1 ,25(OH) 2 D 3 with growth arrest and differentiation (Hosomi et al , 1983, Bikle and Pillai, 1993, Chen et al 1995) This observation has led to the successful use of vitamin D analogues in the i s treatment of hyperpro ferative skin diseases such as psoriasis (van de Kerkhof 1995 Fogh et al , 1997) Psoriasis, a common skin disorder with a frequency up to 2 % in many populations is characterised by keratmocyte hyperproliferation with parakeratotic differentiation (Ragaz and Ackerman, 1979, Bata-Csorgo et al , 1993) This epidermal hyperproliferation has not yet been explained on a molecular basis 0 The brain functions within a chemically well-controlled environment therefore the brain does not allow most water soluble products of the blood to enter Both the choroid plexus and the arachnoid membrane act as barriers between the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) The choroid plexus, besides its diffusion restrictive action, actively regulates the concentration of a wide variety of molecules present in 5 the CSF The brain ventricles, containing CSF, are covered with a single layer of cells called ependymal cells This cell layer constitutes the loosely barrier between the CSF and the interstitial fluid and at the choroid plexus passes into the choroid plexus epithelial cells covering capillaries and small blood vessels Because of the tight junctions between the epithelial cells water-soluble molecules cannot diffuse freely 0 between the blood and the CSF Two eye-blood or blood-ocular barriers regulate exchanges between the blood and the eye the blood-aqueous barrier residing in the ciliary body and ins and the blood-retina barrier The latter barrier exists at two levels 1 ) at the retinal capillaries that supply the inner layers of the retina and that are non-fenestrated and do not allow the passage of macromolecules, and 2) at the freely permeable choπocapillaries supplying the outer layers of the retina Breakdown of the blood-ocular barriers is common during mtra-ocular disease In the anterior chamber this leads to an increase in the protein content of the aqueous, which is observed clinically as 'flare' under the slit lamp Breakdown of the blood-retina barrier at the level of the retinal capillaries and resulting in retinal oedema may occur for many reasons, of which the most important are inflammatory conditions such as uveitis, venous occlusions and diabetic retinopathy, and surgical trauma Breakdown of the blood-retina barrier at the level of Bruch's membrane and the pigmented epithelium results in accumulation of fluid between the pigmented epithelium and the neuroretma, which thus becomes detached This occasionally occurs spontaneously in the macular region, but is more often secondary to inflammation or tumours involving the choroids Summary of the invention The current invention is based on the finding that caspase-14 expression is restricted to the suprabasal layers of the skin, the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus and the pigmented retinal layer in the eye The pigmented retinal layer is situated next to the vascular plexus of the choroid coat of the eye Hence, as in the choroid plexus in the brain, it is of extreme importance that the exchange of water-soluble molecules between the eye and the blood is tightly controlled Protection of the eye from invading pathogens or inflammatory factors is an absolute requirement for the preservation of vision (for review Streilem, 1999) Immune privilege of the eye is achieved by special micro-anatomic features (blood-eye barrier), soluble factors secreted by ocular cells and by regulatory molecules constitutively expressed on the surfaces of ocular cells, such as Fas (Griffith et al 1996) Since caspase-14 is expressed in tissues where cells need to be tightly linked to one another a functional requirement for caspase-14 expression is needed in the correct formation or functioning of these well controlled barriers, such as the skin, the brain choroid plexus and the retinal layer in the eye In addition, caspase-14 expression is drastically reduced in the skin plaques of psoπatic patients showing that caspase-14 is involved in the keratmocyte terminal differentiation program leading to normal skin development Caspase-14 is also expressed in the developing hair follicle, so having a role in hair growth or formation as well and in the sebaceous gland implicating a role in this gland functioning as well In view of the above, the present invention thus relates to the modulation of caspase-14 in order to treat or diagnose keratmocyte differentiation disorders such as comification disorders, disturbances in the blood-eye barrier and brain disorders More specifically, the present invention discloses the usage of nucleic acids encoding caspase-14, caspase- 14 protein or fragments thereof or modulators of caspase-14 expression activation and bioactivity such as antι-caspase-14 antibodies, ribozymes, vitamme D, ret oic acid, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), glucocorticoids, lithium salts and/or calcium salts to treat or diagnose the latter diseases Brief description of figures and table Fig. 1A shows that over-expression of caspase-14 does not induce apoptosis GFP and human caspase-14 expressing plasmids were transiently transfected in MCF-7 or HEK293T cells As a control for apoptotic cell death, cells were transfected with a caspase-8 expressing plasmid The transfected, GFP positive population was analysed for the presence of apoptotic cells by means of light (L) and fluorescence (F) microscopy Caspase-8 expressing cells clearly show apoptotic morphology such as nuclear condensation In contrast, caspase-14 expressing cells show a completely unaffected morphology Fig. 1 B and C demonstrate that caspase-14 is not processed when over-expressed in HEK293T or MCF-7 cells B) HEK293T cells or MCF-7 cells were transfected with different plasmids expressing munne or human caspase-14 (see also Fig 1A) After 24h, lysates were prepared and these were subjected to SDS-PAGE, electroblotted and revealed with a polyuυnai di ιtι-odbpdse-14 antibody C) Caspase-3, -6 or -7 were overexpressed in HEK293T cells Lysates were prepared after 24h and used for immunoblotting with the corresponding anti-caspase antibodies (filled arrow = procaspase, open arrow = large and small subunits of processed caspase) Fig. 2 demonstrates the expression of caspase-14 in the mouse embryo Immunohistochemistry, with an antι-caspase-14 antibody was performed on transversal sections of 15,5 dpc Balb/c mice A) expression in the skin, B) expression in the eye, C) expression in the brain (D = dorsal side, dk = differentiated keratinocytes, ec = epithelial layer of the choroid plexus, ep = epidermis, hi = premature hairbulb, h2 = maturing hairbulb, I = lens, n = nucleus, nl = neural layer of the retina, p = penderm, pi = pigmental layer of the retina, sb = stratum basale, V = ventral side, vc = vascular plexus of the eye choroid) Fig. 3 shows expression of caspase-14 in normal skin and psoπatic plaques Normal human skin and skin from psoriasis patients were fixed, embedded in paraffin and sliced The sections were used for immunohistochemistry with an anti-caspase- 14 antibody A) Normal skin B) Skin from a psoriasis patient (ep = epidermis, sb = stratum basale, sc = stratum corneum, sg = stratum granulosum, ss = stratum spinosum, n = nucleus, pp = psonatic plaque) Microscopical magnification is indicated in figures Fig. 4 shows caspase expression pattern in normal mouse skin 100 μg of protein extracted from skin of Balb/c and C57/B16 mice was used for immunoblotting to analyse the activation of the indicated caspases (filled arrow procaspase, open arrow cleaved caspase fragments representing the large p20 subunit) Fig. 5 demonstrates that caspase-14 is expressed in differentiated keratinocytes Lysates of undifferentiated and differentiated HaCaT cells were used for immunoblotting A) Differentiation was induced by growing cells postconfluent and the lysates were used for immunoblotting with the indicated antibodies B) Normal Human Keratinocytes were grown in suspension Lysates were made at the indicated antibodies and used for immunodetection of caspase-14 As a control for caspase-3 processing lysates were loaded derived from U937 cells treated with TNF and cycloheximide (filled arrow procaspase, open arrow processed caspase) Fig. 6 shows the vitamin D dependent up-regulation of caspase-14 expression A) HaCaT cells were treated with no, 10 10 M, 10 9 M, 10 8 M, 10 7 M or 10 6 M vitamin D and lysed after 72h The lysates were used for immunoblotting with antibodies as indicated B) Differentiation of HaCaT cells was induced through addition of 10 7 M vitamin D Lysates were made at the indicated time-points and used for immunoblotting with the indicated antibodies As a control for caspase-3 processing lysates were loaded derived from U937 cells treated with TNF and cycloheximide (filled arrow procaspase, open arrow processed caspase) Fig. 7 shows tissue of normal human plexus choroideus, plexus choroideus papilloma and plexus choroideus carcinoma that was fixed paraffin embedded and sliced Caspase-14 protein expression was detected by means of immunohistochemistry using a polyclonal antι-caspase-14 antibody Caspase-14 is present in the epithelial cells of normal plexus choroideus, but is absent or very weakly expressed in plexus choroideus papilloma and plexus choroideus carcinoma The top panel of 2 pictures show a normal plexus choroideus, the middle panel of 2 pictures a plexus choroideus papilloma and the lower panel of 2 pictures a plexus choroideus carcinoma The pictures on the left hand side are controls, the pictures to the right hand side show caspase-14 protein expression Fig. 8 shows the induction of procaspase-14 expression in HaCaT cells by vitamine D, LiCI and hydrocortisome Hacat cells were grown subconfluent (top figure A) or induced to differentiate by means of post-confluent growth (bottom figure B) The cells were treated with the indicated agents for 72 h Vitamin D 3 was added to the cells 3 h before retmoic acid treatment Lysates were prepared and used for western analysis with a polyclonal antι-caspase-14 antibody Human skin lysate was used as a control for caspase-14 expression Table 1 shows the effect of vitamin D treatment on caspase-14 expression in human psoπatic plaques in stratum basale, stratum spmosum, stratum granulosum and stratum corneum 1 = control skin, 2 = psonatic skin before vit D treatment, 3 = psonatic skin after vit D treatment, - = no staining, -/+ = weak or sporadic staining, + = staining, ++ = mtens staining, ND = not determined, A, B, C, D, E, F, G are patient numbers (7 patients in total), sample numbers are indicated between brackets Detailed description of the invention It is an object of the present invention to modulate the formation or functioning of well controlled barriers such as skin, the brain choroid plexus or retinal layer in the eye based on caspase-14 expression It is thus an aim of the present invention to use nucleic acids encoding caspase-14, caspase-14 proteins or modulators of caspase-14 bioactivity to modulate keratmocyte differentiation and/or the blood-eye barrier and/or the blood-brain barrier, and as such, to treat disorders of skin and in particular keratmocyte differentiation disorders, disturbances in the blood-eye barrier and brain disorders The term 'modulate' means control or regulation (up- or down regulation), positively or negatively, of the expression, activation or bioactivity of caspase-14 protein or of its encoding nucleotide sequence The terms 'nucleic acids encoding caspase-14' refer to a polymeric form of nucleotides, either πbonucleotides or deoxynbonucleotides, encoding for caspase-14 Thus, these terms include double- and single-stranded DNA, and RNA They also include known types of modifications, for example, methylation, ' caps" substitution of one or more of the naturally occurring nucleotides with an analogue Specifically, the nucleic acid sequences of the invention comprise a coding sequence for caspase-14 as disclosed in PCT/EP99/04939 A "coding sequence" is a nucleotide sequence that is transcribed into mRNA and/or translated into a polypeptide when placed under the control of appropriate regulatory sequences A coding sequence can include, but is not limited to mRNA, cDNA, recombinant nucleotide sequences or genomic DNA Also fragments of 'nucleic acids encoding caspase-14' are part of the present invention These fragments can contain 5, 10, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 or more contiguous nucleotides and must be capable of modulating keratmocyte differentiation and/or the blood-eye barrier and/or the blood-brain barrier The terms 'modulators of caspase-14 bioactivity' refer in principle to any agent or molecule that has an effect on the amount of caspase-14 protein, the stability of caspase-14 or on the bioactivity of caspase-14 protein in any cell By 'agent or molecule' it is meant peptides, proteins, carbohydrates or any other small organic or an-organic compound The present invention thus relates to molecules that can be used to neutralize the activity of caspase-14 by interfering with its synthesis (i e transcription) and/or its translation In this respect, it is clear that some modulators may act directly on the above-mentioned regulatory sequences such as the caspase-14 promotor, or on mRNA encoding caspase-14, or on the translated, non-bioactive caspase-14 polypeptide or on the bioactive caspase-14 protein whereas other modulators, such as vitamme D, act indirectly on the latter targets Some examples of 'modulators of caspase-14' are antagonists neutralizing caspase-14 bioactivity, (small) molecules binding on the promoter region of caspase-14 so that binding of a transcription factor on said promotor is inhibited, (small) molecules binding to said transcription factor so that again binding to the caspase-14-promoter is inhibited, anti-sense RNA and DNA molecules and ribozymes that function to inhibit transcription or translation of caspase-14, and molecules interfering with the processing of the caspase-14 polypeptide and, as such, the activation of the caspase- 14 polypeptide The anti-sense RNA and DNA molecules and ribozymes as mentioned above function to inhibit the translation of caspase-14 mRNA and/or to affect transcription of caspase-14 DNA into caspase mRNA For example, anti-sense RNA and DNA molecules that directly block the translation of mRNA bind to said mRNA and as such prevent protein translation Ribozymes are enzymatic RNA molecules capable of catalyzing the specific cleavage of RNA The mechanism of πbozyme action involves sequence specific hybridization of the πbozyme molecule to complementary target RNA, followed by an endonucleolytic cleavage Within the scope of the invention are engineered hammerhead motif ribozyme molecules that specifically and efficiently catalyze endonucleolytic cleavage of caspase-14 RNA sequences Specific ribozyme cleavage sites within any potential RNA target are initially identified by scanning the target molecule for ribozyme cleavage sites that include the following sequences, GUA, GUU and GUC Once identified, short RNA sequences of between 15 and 20 πbonucleotides corresponding to the region of the target gene containing the cleavage site may be evaluated for predicted structural features such as secondary structure that may render the o gonucleotide sequence unsuitable The suitability of candidate targets may also be evaluated by testing their accessibility to hybridization with complementary oligonucleotides, using nbonuclease protection assays Both anti-sense RNA and DNA molecules and ribozymes of the invention may be prepared by any method known in the art for the synthesis of RNA molecules These include techniques for chemically synthesizing oligodeoxyπbonucleotides well known in the art such as for example solid phase phosphoramidite chemical synthesis Alternatively, RNA molecules may be generated by in vitro and in vivo transcription of DNA sequences encoding the antisense RNA molecule Such DNA sequences may be incorporated into a wide variety of vectors that incorporate suitable RNA polymerase promoters such as the T7 or SP6 polymerase promoters Alternatively, antisense cDNA constructs that synthesize anti-sense RNA constitutively or mducible depending on the promoter used, can be introduced stably into cell lines More specific examples of modulators of the present invention are antibodies binding to caspase-14, vitamme D or homologues/deπvates (deltanoids) thereof as described in Keski-Oja J 1999 (J Lab Clin Med 133(2) 95-97) and Jones et al 1998 (Physiol Rev 78(4) 1193-1231 ), retmoic acid or homologues thereof as described in Vahlquist 1999 (Dermatology 199 suppl 1 3-11 ), transforming growth factor-beta or homologues thereof as described in Akhurst and Balmain 1999 (J Pathol 187 (1) 82-90), glucocorticoids and homologues thereof, lithium salts and calcium salts as described in Riccardi 1999 (Cell Calcium 26(3-4) 77-83) The term 'antibody' or 'antibodies' relates to an antibody characterized as being specifically binding to caspase-14 with said antibody being preferably a monoclonal antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof such as a F(ab') 2 , F(ab) or single chain Fv type, or, any type of recombinant antibody derived thereof The monoclonal antibodies of the invention can for instance be produced by any hybndoma liable to be formed according to classical methods from splenic cells of an animal, particularly of a mouse or rat immunized against caspase-14, and of cells of a myeloma cell line, and to be selected by the ability of the hybndoma to produce the monoclonal antibodies recognizing caspase-14 which have been initially used for the immunization of the animals The monoclonal antibodies according to this invention may also be humanized versions of the mouse monoclonal antibodies made by means of recombinant DNA technology, departing from the mouse and/or human genomic DNA sequences coding for H and L chains or from cDNA clones coding for H and L chains Alternatively the monoclonal antibodies according to this invention may be human monoclonal antibodies Such human monoclonal antibodies are prepared, for instance, by means of human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) re-population of severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) mice as described in PCT/EP 99/03605 or by using transgenic non-human animals capable of producing human antibodies as described in US patent 5,545,806 Also fragments derived from these monoclonal antibodies such as Fab, F(ab)' 2 and scFv ("single chain variable fragment"), providing they have retained the original binding properties, form part of the present invention Such fragments are commonly generated by, for instance, enzymatic digestion of the antibodies with papam, pepsin, or other proteases Furthermore it is also well known in the art that monoclonal antibodies, or fragments thereof can be modified for various uses For example, the antibodies of the present invention can be labelled with an appropriate label of the enzymatic, fluorescent or radioactive type It should also be clear that the 'antibodies' of the present invention also include polyclonal antisera prepared against caspase-14 The present invention thus relates to the usage of nucleic acids encoding caspase-14, caspase-14 protein, modulators of caspase-14 expression, modulators of caspase-14 activation and/or bioactivity for the manufacture of a medicament for treating skin disorders, in particular keratmocyte differentiation disorders, disturbances in the blood- eye barrier and brain disorders It should also be clear that fragments and vaπants/homologues of said modulators that are capable of modulating keratmocyte differentiation and/or the blood-eye barrier and/or the blood-brain barrier are part of the present invention With respect to skin disorders it should be clear the normal skin consists of two layers epidermis and dermis beneath which is the subcutaneous fat There are also two types of skin, hair-bearing and non-hair-beaπng (glabrous), e g palms and soles The current invention discloses that caspase-14 expression and/or activation occurs in the skin, more specifically in the epidermis, and that modulation of caspase-14 is essential for the treatment of disorders of the skin, in particular of disorders of the epidermis and/or disorders of keratmocyte differentiation, and more in particular cornification disorders However, it should be clear that caspase-14 may also be expressed in non-skin epithelium such as mouth epithelium The present invention thus also relates to the modulation of caspase-14 in the latter non-skin epithe a 'Cornification is the normal process (orthokeratosis) of skin differentiation and specifically relates to the formation of the stratum corneum A disorder of cornification thus relates to a defect in the latter process and can be arbitrarily subdivided in parakeratotic and hyperkeratotic disorders Hereditary conditions characterized by a cornification disorder are (1 ) ichthyosis ('fish skin' disease) referring to a complex group of conditions all characterized by generalized, non-inflammatory flaky and scaly, thickened skin (2) bullous ichthyoform erythroderma referring to solitary or localized lesions identical to epidermolytic hyperkeratosis present in the skin (3) Darier disease or follicular keratosis, (4) Hailey-Hailey (benign familial chronic pemphigus), (5) Grover disease (transient acantholytic dermatosis), (6) epidermolysis bullosa (mechano-bullous diseases) and (7) Mi aria (M crystalline, M rubra, M profunda) In addition there is a group of conditions, called psoπasiform lesions, in which the pathological features are characterized by focal lamellar parakeratosis regular acanthosis, prolongation of rete ridges and squirting papillae Psoriasis is an example of such a condition and the present invention discloses that caspase-14 expression in psonatic skin is drastically down-regulated So strategies to up-regulate caspase-14 expression may prove to have an important therapeutic contribution to diseases involving parakeratosis such as psoriasis Lichenoid lesions characterized by basal cell liquefaction and a 'band-like' chronic inflammatory infiltrate in the papillary dermis and dermatitic (eczematous) lesions are other groups of conditions Blistering eruptions or pemphigus disorders form another interrelated group of lesions in which blisters involve the epidermis and are characterized by acantholysis, i e separation of epithelial cells from each other through loss of intercellular substances and disruption of the desmosomes This results in individually separated, smooth-surfaced epidermal cells Two types of pemphigus are recognized 1 ) pemphigus fo aceus with its variant, Fogo Selvagem and 2) pemphigus vulgaπs with its variant, pemphigus vegetans Since the expression of caspase-14 is also observed in the sebaceous glands, modulation of caspase-14 is useful in treating disease conditions affecting the pilosebaceous follicle such as follicu tis, acne vulgaπs, keratosis pilaπs, lichen spinulosus, rosacea which is a common condition with a variable clinical appearance including facial flushing, erythema, papules, and pustules, pitynasis rubra pilaπs, pityπasis rubra pilaπs, alopecia including alopecea areata and scarring alopecias Caspase-14 modulation may also be essential for diagnosing and/or treating tumours of the skin such as epidermal naevi organoid naevus (naevus sebaceous of Jadassohn), seborrhoeic keratosis (basal cell papilloma), melanoacanthoma, inverted follicular keratosis, squamous cell papilloma, clear cell acanthoma, epidermal cysts solar keratosis bowen disease, squamous cell carcinoma keratoacanthoma basal cell carcinoma, basosquamous cancer, lentigo, melanocytic naevus, malignant melanoma, eccπne gland tumours such as eccπne poroma, syπngoma, cylindroma, eccπne hidrocystoma, eccπne spiradenoma, hidradenoma and sweat gland carcinoma, tumours of apocrme glands and the pilosebaceous unit such as hidradenoma papilliferum, syπngocystadenoma papilrferum, apocrme carcinoma, extra-mammary Paget disease, trichofolliculoma, tπchoepithelioma, pilomatixoma, tπchilemmoma, sebaceous gland neoplasms and sebaceous hyperplasia Thus, caspase-14 expression may also be involved in the development of keratmocyte tumors and a protocol can be developed to up-regulate the caspase-14 expression in tumor cells so that denucleation and a subsequent eradication of said tumor cells occurs Excessive cornification can also take place in the multi-layer epithelium of the mouth the airway and the vagina so that modulation of caspase-14 expression and/or activation also assists in curing these disease processes It is clear that modulation of caspase-14 expression and/or activation can also be used in veterinary applications such as treatment of disorders of ectodermal extrusions such as feathers, horns and nails Moreover modulation of caspase-14 expression and/or activation can be used to treat the process of wound healing and to treat patients receiving skin transplants For example in wound healing a high speed of skin cornification is desired to avoid infection of the skin and therefore an up-regulation of caspase-14 expression and/or activity is beneficial On the other hand in skin transplant processes it is desirable that the normal skin cornification is delayed before a successful transplantation is carried out and therefore a down-regulation of caspase-14 and/or activity is more beneficial Also in vitro skin propagation systems benefit from reduced cornification to allow better growth and expansion of the skin samples With respect to disturbances in the blood-eye barrier it is clear from the present invention that caspase-14 expression is specifically observed in the pigmented epithelium of the retina and that under- or over-expression of caspase-14 may result in eye-disease A non-limited list of such diseases which are due to a malfunctioning of the blood-retina barrier or where a reduction in blood-retina barrier function takes place include (1 ) glaucoma, (2) diseases, due to various infective agents, such as conjunctivitis (3) uveitis (4) Fuchs heterochromic iπdocyclitis (5) sympathetic ophthalmrtis, (6) lens-induced endophtalmitis, (7) diseases of the retina such as diabetic eye disease, retmopathy of prematurity, inherited retinal degeneration, retmitis pigmentosa, age-related macular degeneration, senile macular degeneration and disciform degeneration, (8) cataract, (9) mtra-ocular tumours such as malignant melanomas, hemangiomas and retinoblastomas (10) multiple sclerosis, (11 ) ischemia, and (12) AIDS With regard to brain disorders, it is clear that the choroids plexus is present within each of the four ventricles of the brain and is responsible for the production of cerebrospmal fluid (CSF) The choroids plexus has a characteristic, lobulated appearance and consists of a single continuous layer of epithelial cells overlying a vascular central core Choroidal epithelial cells are derived from the ependymal lining of the ventricles The choroids epithelium consists of a single continuous layer of simple cuboidal cells resting on a basal lamina The lateral surfaces of adjoining cells are bound by tight junctions obliterating the intercellular space and forming a barrier to extracellular movement of substances to, or from, the CSF This barrier function that is normally served by brain capillaries is in the choroids plexus shifted to the epithelium itself The present invention discloses that caspase-14 expression is specifically present (upregulated) in the cytoplasm of the choroidal epithelial cells and that modulation of caspase-14 expression and/or activation is involved in the modulation of the barrier function of the choroids plexus In man the normal pressure of CSF as measured in the recumbent position by lumbar puncture varies from 25-70 mm water in infants and from 65-195 mm water (5-15 mm Hg) in adults Elevations of this CSF pressure may be an indication of a neural pathology like a tumor such as a papilloma or a carcinoma (see examples) An excess in CSF mtracranially can result in hydrocephalus and an excess in CSF pressure can also be the result of head injury, meningitis or idiopathic causes Untreated, elevated CSF pressure leads to progressive neurological dysfunction, coma, and eventually death A reduction in blood-brain barrier takes also place in the following diseases cerebral malaria traumatic brain injury acute encephalopathy and encephalitis related to influenza virus infection, multiple sclerosis, acute colitis AIDS cerebral ischemie Alzheimer s disease and acute hypertension The modulation of caspase-14 expression can thus be used to treat the above-described disorders Modulation of the choroids epithelial barrier through caspase-14 modulation can also be used for the treatment of neuronal disorders such as Alzheimer s disease or Parkinson s disease where it is necessary that a medicament efficiently crosses the blood-brain barrier or where it is necessary that the crossing of the blood-bram-barπer of a compound or medicament has to be inhibited Thus, in certain instances when medication is required, it might be desirable that said barrier is (temporally) less stringent in order to let penetrate medicaments having a therapeutic action into the brain and/or eye respectively The present invention also relates to the usage of nucleic acids hybridising with nucleic acids encoding for caspase-14 or fragments thereof, or molecules, such as antibodies, specifically binding to caspase-14 protein or fragments thereof for the manufacture of a diagnostic assay for skin disorders, in particular keratmocyte differentiation disorders, disorders in the blood-brain barrier and/or disorders in the blood-brain barrier Thus a nucleic acid or a fragment thereof, encoding for caspase- 14 can be used as a probe for hybridisation to, for example, nucleic acids derived from a skin sample of an animal or a human It can be also expected that mutations in the caspase-14 gene may lead to skin disorders and that these mutations can be detected by hybridisation with the natural occurring caspase-14 gene or with an ohgonucleotide comprising said mutation Alternatively the diagnostic method can be carried out on the protein level This can be done by using molecules that specifically bind to caspase-14 protein or a fragment thereof Typically such a diagnostic method comprises the steps (i) measuring the level of caspase-14 in an appropriate skin sample derived from an animal or a human that is to be diagnosed, and then (n) comparing the level found with the corresponding level (normal level, normal concentration range) for apparently healthy animals or humans (normal individuals) If the level found deviates from the normal level this is an indication that the animal or human suffers from some abnormal condition of skin disorder A raised level will be indicative of hyperkeratmization while subnormal levels may be found in connection with parakeratotic syndromes such as psoriasis The measurement of caspase-14 protein can in principle be performed by any method that provides the satisfactory sensitivity, precision, specificity etc It is believed that immunoassays are the most preferred methods Immunoassays comprise bringing the sample suspected of containing an abnormal level of caspase-14 in contact with an antibody specific for caspase-14 (antι-caspase-14 antibody) in an assay medium under conditions permitting formation of an immune complex comprising caspase-14 and the antι-caspase-14 antibody The complex formed is thereafter determined by per se known methods to give a quantitative or qualitative measure of the caspase-14 level in the assay medium that in turn is a measure of the caspase-14 level in the sample In these types of assays the complex as such may be measured or it may be measured by aid of a biospecific, affinity reactant labelled with an analytically detectable substance (label), said reactant (and its label) being capable of becoming specifically incorporated into the complex Examples of suitable biospecific affinity reactants that can be labelled are antι-caspase-14 antibodies, caspase-14 as such, anti-antibodies (anti-anti- caspase-14 antibody) directed against constant regions of an antibody that is present in the complex formed, Proteins A and G etc Examples of detectable substances (labels) that may be used are luminescers, chromophors fluorophors, enzymes, enzyme substrates, cofactors, coenzymes, radioactive isotopes, particles (metallic or non-metallic), biotm (detected by its reaction with avidin) etc Some labels change their signal when becoming incorporated into the immune complex while others do not The former type of labels provides homogeneous immune assays in which there is no need to separate the label incorporated into the complex from the label not incorporated The latter type of labels demands the separation to be carried out, for instance by insolubilizmg the complex in which the label is or is to be incorporated (heterogeneous assays) In order to achieve an insolubilized complex that contains the label, precipitating agents such as polyethylene glycol and insolubilized and msolubilizable biospecific affinity reactants binding to the complex may be used Of course this latter type shall not insolubihze the labelled biospecific affinity reactant as such The artisan in the field is capable of selecting the appropriate immunoassay protocols, for instance homogeneous or heterogeneous variants, order and type of addition and incubation steps etc The mam point is that the amount of reactants added must be such that the amount of label incorporated into the complex or not incorporated into the complex will reflect the caspase-14 level in the sample Normal assay conditions are aqueous media with or without non-disturbing water-miscible co-solvents, temperatures within 0-40 °C and pH-values within 4-10 The antι-caspase-14 antibody used may be prepared by standard techniques well- known for other antibodies The term encompasses polyclonal as well as monoclonal antibodies and antibodies produced by recombinant techniques The term anti- caspase-14 antibody means an antibody preparation reacting specifically with caspase-14, such as in monomeric forms, caspase-14 as included in dι-, multi or heteromeric forms and/or fragments of monomeric caspase-14 exhibiting caspase-14 unique determinants and epitopes The present invention discloses that the above- described molecules can be used as a medicament for treatment of diseases as described above or can be used to treat said diseases In this respect, the present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising modulators of caspase-14 bioactivity, nucleic acids encoding caspase-14 and/or caspase-14 protein It should be clear that the therapeutic method of the present invention against for example skin disorders can also be used in combination with any other skin therapy known in the art such as PUVA-therapy or retmoic acid treatment The term 'medicament to treat' relates to a composition comprising molecules as described above and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient (both terms can be used interchangeably) to treat diseases as indicated above The administration of a compound, an antagonist or agonist of the caspase-14 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be by way of topical, oral inhaled or parenteral administration The active compound may be administered alone or preferably formulated as a pharmaceutical composition An amount effective to treat the disorders described above depends on the usual factors such as the nature and severity of the disorders being treated and the weight of the mammal However, a unit dose will normally contain 0 01 to 50 mg for example 0 01 to 10 mg, or 0 05 to 2 mg of Caspase-14 agonist or antagonist or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof Unit doses will normally be administered once or more than once a day, for example 2, 3, or 4 times a day, more usually 1 to 3 times a day, such that the total daily dose is normally in the range of 0 0001 to 1 mg/kg, thus a suitable total daily dose for a 70 kg adult is 0 01 to 50 mg, for example 0 01 to 10 mg or more usually 0 05 to 10 mg It is greatly preferred that the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in the form of a unit-dose composition, such as a unit dose topical, oral, parenteral, or inhaled composition Such compositions are prepared by admixture and are suitably adapted for topical, oral, inhaled or parenteral administration, and as such may be in the form of tablets, capsules, oral liquid preparations, powders, granules, lozenges, reconstitutable powders, mjectable and mfusable solutions or suspensions or suppositories or aerosols Tablets and capsules for oral administration are usually presented in a unit dose, and contain conventional excipients such as binding agents fillers diluents tablettmg agents, lubricants, dismtegrants, colourants, flavourings and wetting agents The tablets may be coated according to well-known methods in the art Suitable fillers for use include cellulose, mannitol, lactose and other similar agents Suitable dismtegrants include starch, polyvmylpyrrolidone and starch derivatives such as sodium starch glycollate Suitable lubricants include, for example, magnesium stearate Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable wetting agents include sodium lauryl sulphate These solid oral compositions may be prepared by conventional methods of blending, filling, tablettmg or the like Repeated blending operations may be used to distribute the active agent throughout those compositions employing large quantities of fillers Such operations are, of course, conventional in the art Oral liquid preparations may be in the form of, for example, aqueous or oily suspensions, solutions, emulsions, syrups, or elixirs, or may be presented as a dry product for reconstitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use Such liquid preparations may contain conventional additives such as suspending agents, for example sorbitol syrup, methyl cellulose, gelatin, hydroxyethylcellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, aluminium stearate gel or hydrogenated edible fats, emulsifying agents, for example lecithin, sorbitan monooleate, or acacia, non-aqueous vehicles (which may include edible oils), for example, almond oil, fractionated coconut oil, oily esters such as esters of glycerine, propylene glycol, or ethyl alcohol, preservatives, for example methyl or propyl p-hydroxybenzoate or sorbic acid and if desired conventional flavouring or colouring agents Oral formulations also include conventional sustained release formulations, such as tablets or granules having an enteric coating Preferably, compositions for inhalation are presented for administration to the respiratory tract as a snuff or an aerosol or solution for a nebulizer, or as a microfine powder for insufflation, alone or in combination with an inert carrier such as lactose In such a case the particles of active compound suitably have diameters of less than 50 microns, preferably less than 10 microns, for example between 1 and 5 microns, such as between 2 and 5 microns A favoured inhaled dose will be in the range of 0 05 to 2 mg, for example 0 05 to 0 5 mg, 0 1 to 1 mg or 0 5 to 2 mg For parenteral administration, fluid unit dose forms are prepared containing a compound of the present invention and a sterile vehicle The active compound, depending on the vehicle and the concentration, can be either suspended or dissolved Parenteral solutions are normally prepared by dissolving the compound in a vehicle and filter sterilising before filling into a suitable vial or ampoule and sealing Advantageously, adjuvants such as a local anaesthetic, preservatives and buffering agents are also dissolved in the vehicle To enhance the stability, the composition can be frozen after filling into the vial and the water removed under vacuum Parenteral suspensions are prepared in substantially the same manner except that the compound is suspended in the vehicle instead of being dissolved and sterilised by exposure to ethylene oxide before suspending in the sterile vehicle Advantageously, a surfactant or wetting agent is included in the composition to facilitate uniform distribution of the active compound Where appropriate, small amounts of bronchodilators for example sympathomimetic amines such as isoprenalme, isoethaπne, salbutamol, phenylephπne and ephedπne, xanthine derivatives such as theophyllme and aminophylline and corticosteroids such as prednisolone and adrenal stimulants such as ACTH may be included As is common practice, the compositions will usually be accompanied by written or printed directions for use in the medical treatment concerned The present invention further provides a pharmaceutical composition for use in the treatment and/or prophylaxis of herein described disorders which comprises a molecule or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, and, if required, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier thereof Another pharmaceutically acceptable composition is an inhalation composition, suitably in unit dosage form Yet another pharmaceutical acceptable composition for treatment of skin disorders is a topical composition, suitable in unit dosage form Genetic constructs of caspase-14 or functional fragments thereof can also be used in gene therapy A 'genetic construct' means that the coding information of caspase-14 or a functional fragment thereof is operably linked to elements known in the art that can provide transcription of the caspase-14, such as a promoter and/or enhancer sequence Gene therapy means the treatment by the delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids to patient's cells This is extensively reviewed in Lever and Goodfellow 1995, Br Med Bull , 51 , 1-242, Culver 1995, Ledley, F D 1995 Hum Gene Ther 6, 1 129 To achieve gene therapy there must be a method of delivering genes to the patient's cells and additional methods to ensure the effective production of any therapeutic genes There are two general approaches to achieve gene delivery, these are non-viral delivery and virus-mediated gene delivery As an example, but not limited to this is the use of a virus-mediated gene delivery system with replication defective retroviruses to stably introduce genes into patient's cells (see also further) In human skin ceramides are the major lipid constituents of the stratum corneum Together with the neutral lipids, they form broad laminated intercellular sheets and play a crucial role in the skin barrier function Ceramide-containing dermato-cosmetic products have been suggested for use in dermato-cosmetic applications such as a restoration of a disturbed skin barrier function Also in gene therapy ceramides can be added to compounds activating the activity of caspase-14 or ceramides can be added to vectors comprising nucleic acids encoding caspase-14 The application of ceramides can facilitate the topical administration The skin, particularly the epidermis, is appealing as a target tissue for delivery of polynucleotides For example, skin can be been successfully used as a site for genetic immunization (i e , immunization by administration of an antigen-encoding sequence) (see, e g , U S Pat No 5,589,466, Robinson et al 1997 Sem Immunol 9 217-83 Johnston et al 1994 Meth Cell Biol 43 353-65 Barry et al 1997 Vaccine 15 788-91 Sundaram et al 1996 Nucl Acids Res 24 1375-7, Moelling 1997 Cytokmes Cell Mol Ther 3 127-35) Second, skin is an attractive target organ due to its accessibility, thereby providing one of the easiest routes of administration Moreover, because it is a stratified epithelium, skin allows for the possibility of targeting gene expression to either differentiated or prohferative cells, depending upon the desired effect of gene product expression In addition, epidermal biology is relatively well-characterized at both the cellular and molecular levels For example, the regulatory sequences of the keratins have been used to express a variety of exogenous genes in the epidermis of transgenic mice, and are readily adaptable for expression in other organisms (Greenhalgh et al 1994 J Invest Dermatol 103 63S-69S, Vassar et al 1991 Genes Dev 5 714-27, Bailleul et al 1990 Cell 62 697-708) Further to the present invention it would be desirable to use for example, but not- limiting, a recombinant adenoviral vector wherein the expression of caspase-14 is under control of a strong, constitutive or mducible promoter which could be used to treat parakeratotic skin diseases such as psoriasis Alternatively a recombinant viral vector could be constructed where a dominant negative caspase-14 or an antisense construct of caspase-14 or a ribozyme against caspase-14 is under control of a strong promoter The latter recombinant vector could be used to treat for example skin disorders of hyperkeratmization Conventional methods for delivery of polynucleotides for expression in the skin include invasive, semi-invasive, or non-invasive methods Invasive methods involve breaking the skin or otherwise disrupting or bypassing the epidermal barrier Conventional invasive methods include needle injection (U S Pat No 5 589 466, Masayuki et al 1996 FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 14 221-30, Ciernik et al 1996 Hum Gene Ther 7 893-9), particle bombardment ("gene gun," Vahlsing et al 1994 J Immuol Meth 175 11-22, Cheng et al 1993 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90 4455-9, Sundaram et al 1996 Nucl Acids Res 24 1375-7, Johnston et al 1994 Meth Cell Biol 43 353-65), and jet injection (Furth et al 1995 Molec Biotech 4 121-7) Expression of an exogenous DNA has also been accomplished by direct application of DNA or DNA-hposome complexes to mcisional wounds (Sun et al 1997 J Invest Dermatol 108 313-8) Semi- invasive methods involve permeabihzation of the epithelium through either mechanical or chemical means For example, one successful semi-invasive method involves the application of a pulsed electric field to the skin (Zhang et al 1996 Biochem Biophys Res Commun 220 633-6) The invasive and semi-invasive methods generally deliver the polynucleotide in the form of naked DNA (see e g , U S Pat No 5,589,466) Non- mvasive methods include topical application of a DNA-containmg formulation that contains transfection-facilitatmg molecules Examples of such formulations include liposomes (Li et al 1995 Nature Med 1 705-6, Alexander et al 1995 Human Mol Genet 4 2279-85) In general, conventional non-invasive methods involve pretreatment of the skin to remove hair (e g , by shaving and/or use of a depilatory) (Li et al 1995 Nature Med 1 705-6, Alexander et al 1995 Human Mol Genet 4 2279-85) Although conventional methods hold great promise for delivery of gene products to the skin of local and systemic effects, the more complicated the delivery method or the delivery formulation, the more difficult application of these methods and formulations will be in the field For example, a genetic construct comprising the caspase-14 polynucleotide sequence preferred for use in the field would be one that requires no special equipment, such as instruments for breaking the skin to deliver the DNA, and further involves no special formulation that might require special handling Recent methods for delivery of polynucleotides to skin cells do not require special formulations or invasive procedures to facilitate delivery of the genetic material into skin cells An example of such a method is fully described in US 6,087,341 The topical formulations of caspase-14 (polynucleotide constructs or the purified caspase-14 protein) include those pharmaceutical forms in which the composition is applied externally by direct contact with the skin surface to be treated A conventional pharmaceutical form for topical application includes a soak, an ointment, a cream, a lotion, a paste, a gel, a stick, a spray, an aerosol, a bath oil, a solution and the like Topical therapy is delivered by various vehicles, the choice of vehicle can be important and generally is related to whether an acute or chronic disease is to be treated As an example, an acute skin proliferation disease generally is treated with aqueous drying preparations, whereas chronic skin proliferation disease is treated with hydrat g preparations Soaks are the easiest method of drying acute moist eruptions Lotions (powder in water suspension) and solutions (medications dissolved in a solvent) are ideal for hairy and intertπginous areas Ointments or water-m-oil emulsions, are the most effective hydratmg agents, appropriate for dry scaly eruptions, but are greasy and depending upon the site of the lesion sometimes undesirable As appropriate, they can be applied in combination with a bandage, particularly when it is desirable to increase penetration of the caspase-14 composition into a lesion Creams or oil-in- water emulsions and gels are absorbable and are the most cosmetically acceptable to the patient (Guzzo et al, in Goodman & Gilman's Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9 sup th Ed , p 1593-15950 (1996)) Cream formulations generally include components such as petroleum, lanolin, polyethylene glycols, mineral oil, glycerin, isopropyl palmitate, glyceryl stearate, cetearyl alcohol, tocopheryl acetate, isopropyl myπstate, lanolin alcohol, simethicone, carbomen, methylchloπsothiazolinone, methylisothiazolinone, cyclomethicone and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, as well as mixtures thereof Other formulations for topical application include shampoos, soaps, shake lotions, and the like, particularly those formulated to leave a residue on the underlying skin, such as the scalp (Arndt et al, in Dermatology In General Medicine 2.2838 (1993)) In general, the concentration of the caspase-14 composition in the topical formulation is in an amount of about 0 5 to 50% by weight of the composition, preferably about 1 to 30%, more preferably about 2-20%, and most preferably about 5-10% The concentration used can be in the upper portion of the range initially, as treatment continues, the concentration can be lowered or the application of the formulation may be less frequent Topical applications are often applied twice daily However, once- daily application of a larger dose or more frequent applications of a smaller dose may be effective The stratum corneum may act as a reservoir and allow gradual penetration of a drug into the viable skin layers over a prolonged period of time In a topical application, a sufficient amount of caspase-14 must penetrate a patient's skin in order to obtain a desired pharmacological effect It is generally understood that the absorption of drug into the skin is a function of the nature of the drug the behaviour of the vehicle, and the skin Three major variables account for differences in the rate of absorption or flux of different topical drugs or the same drug in different vehicles the concentration of drug in the vehicle the partition coefficient of drug between the stratum corneum and the vehicle and the diffusion coefficient of drug in the stratum corneum To be effective for treatment, a drug must cross the stratum corneum which is responsible for the barrier function of the skin In general, a topical formulation which exerts a high in vitro skin penetration is effective in vivo Ostrenga et al (J Pharm Sci , 60 1175-1179 (1971 ) demonstrated that in vivo efficacy of topically applied steroids was proportional to the steroid penetration rate into dermatomed human skin in vitro A skin penetration enhancer which is dermatologically acceptable and compatible with caspase-14 can be incorporated into the formulation to increase the penetration of caspase-14 from the skin surface into epidemal keratinocytes A skin enhancer which increases the absorption of aminoguanidme into the skin reduces the amount of aminoguanidme needed for an effective treatment and provides for a longer lasting effect of the caspase-14 formulation Skin penetration enhancers are well known in the art For example, dimethyl sulfoxide (U S Pat No 3,711 ,602), oleic acid, 1 ,2- butanediol surfactant (Cooper, J Pharm Sci , 73 1153-1156 (1984)), a combination of ethanol and oleic acid or oleyl alcohol (EP 267,617), 2-ethyl-1 ,3-hexanedιol (WO 87/03490), decyl methyl sulphoxide and Azone RTM (Hadgraft, Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokmet, 21 165-173 (1996)), alcohols, sulphoxides, fatty acids, esters, Azone RTM , pyrrolidones, urea and polyoles (Kalbitz et al, Pharmazie, 51 619-637 (1996)), terpenes such as 1 ,8-cιneole, menthone, monene and nero dol (Yamane, J Pharmacy & Pharmocology, 47 978-989 (1995)), Azone RTM and Transcutol (Harrison et al, Pharmaceutical Res 13 542-546 (1996)), and oleic acid, polyethylene glycol and propylene glycol (Singh et al, Pharmazie, 51 741-744 (1996)) are known to improve skin penetration of an active ingredient Levels of penetration of an caspase-14 composition can be determined by techniques known to those of skill in the art For example, radio-labeling of caspase-14, followed by measurement of the amount of radio-labelled caspase-14 absorbed by the skin enables one of skill in the art to determine levels of the composition absorbed using any of several methods of determining skin penetration of the test compound Publications relating to skin penetration studies include Remfenrath, W G and G S Hawkins The Weanling Yorkshire Pig as an Animal Model for Measuring Percutaneous Penetration In Swine in Biomedical Research (M E Tumbleson, Ed ) Plenum, New York, 1986, and Hawkins, G S Methodology for the Execution of In Vitro Skin Penetration Determinations In Methods for Skin Absorption B W Kemppamen and W G Reifenrath, Eds , CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1990, pp 67-80, and W G Reifenrath, Cosmetics & Toiletries 110 3-9 (1995) For some applications, it is preferable to administer a long acting form of caspase-14 composition using formulations known in the arts, such as polymers Caspase-14 can be incorporated into a dermal patch (Jungmger, H E , in Acta Pharmaceutica Nordica 4 117 (1992), Thacharodi et al, in Biomateπals 16 145-148 (1995), Niedner R , in Hautarzt 39 761 -766 (1988)) or a bandage according to methods known in the arts to increase the efficiency of delivery of the drug to the areas to be treated Optionally, the topical formulations of this invention can have additional excipients for example, preservatives such as methylparaben, benzyl alcohol, sorbic acid or quaternary ammonium compound, stabilizers such as EDTA, antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene or butylated hydroxanisole, and buffers such as citrate and phosphate Other therapeutic agents suitable for use herein are any compatible drugs that are effective for the intended purpose, or drugs that are complementary to the caspase-14 formulation As an example, the treatment with an formulation of this invention can be combined with other treatments such as a topical treatment with corticosteroids calcipotπne, coal tar preparations, a systemic treatment with methotrexate, retmoids, cyclospoπn A and photochemotherapy The combined treatment is especially important for treatment of an acute or a severe skin proliferation disease The caspase-14 formulation utilized in a combination therapy may be administered 79 simultaneously, or sequentially with other treatment, such that a combined effect is achieved Unless stated otherwise in the Examples, all recombinant DNA techniques are performed according to protocols as described in Sambrook et al (1989), Molecular Cloning A Laboratory Manual Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press NY or in Volumes 1 and 2 of Ausubel et al (1994) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology Current Protocols The present invention is further described by reference to the following non-limiting examples whereas a material and method section is enclosed for sake of clarity too Examples Materials and methods Human caspase-14 cDNA cloning Human skin RNA was prepared from cultured normal human keratinocytes, first strand cDNA was prepared using the Superscript Preamplification System for First strand cDNA synthesis (Gibco BRL) This keratmocyte cDNA was used to obtain a fragment containing full length human procaspase-14 or procaspase-14Λp (procaspase- 4 lacking the putative prodomain consisting of 13 ammo acids) by means of PCR technology [forward PCR primer ATAAGAATGCGGCCGCAAGCAATCCGCGGTCTTTGGAAGAGGAG; forward PCR Δp primer ATAAGAATGCGGCCGCAATGTCAGGTGCCCGCCTGGCCCTA; reverse PCR primer GCTAGCTAGCCTGCAGATACAGCCGTTTCCGGAG; hcaspase-14 matching sequences are indicated in bold These Notl/Nhel digested amphcons were provided with a N-termmal flag tag and a C-termmal myc tag in a modified pCDNA3 vector (Invitrogen, San Diego, CA, USA) to generate the pCDNA-flag-hCASPASE-14-myc and pCDNA-flag-hCASPASE-14Δp-myc vectors Transient transfection of HEK293T or MCF-7 and detection of apoptotic cells HEK293T is a human embryonal kidney carcinoma stably transfected with the SV40 T- antigen (DuBπdge et al , 1987) These cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 10% fetal calf serum, nonessential ammo acids, L- glutamine, and penicillin/streptomycin Human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells were maintained in RPMI1640 containing 5% fetal calf serum, 5% newborn calf serum, nonessential ammo acids, L-glutamine, and penicillin/streptomycin 5x10 HEK293T or MCF-7 cells were seeded per well (6-well plate) and transiently transfected, 1 μg of total plasmid DNA, by the lipofection method (FuGene, Boehringer). The cells were co-transfected with pEGFP.N1 (a plasmid constitutively expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP)) and pCDNA3flag (control vector), pSVsportmC14 (Van De Craen et al 1998a), pCDNA3-mCASP-14 (Van De Craen et al., 1998a), pCDNA3-fiag-hCASP-14-myc, pcDNA3-flag-hCASP-14ΔP-myc or pCAGGS-mCASP-8 (Van de Craen et al , 1998b) 24h after transfection the GFP- positive population was population was analysed for apoptotic morphology by means of fluorescence microscopy. Immunohistochemistry Mouse embryos and skin tissues from humans and C57BI/6 mice were fixed in 4% para-formaldehyde, paraffine embedded and sliced (4-6μm). Endogenous peroxidase was blocked with Peroxidase Blocking Reagent (Dako). Both murine and human caspase-14 were stained by a rabbit polyclonal antibody originally raised against recombinant, bacterially expressed murine caspase-14. All antibodies were diluted in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and the primary antibody was detected by an indirect peroxidase antibody conjugate technique The sections were incubated with a rat anti- rabbit (Dako) for 45 minutes 3- ammo- 9- ethyl carbazole (AEC, Dako) was used as a chromogen for demonstration of the complex. The specificity of the immunohistochemical reactions was checked by omitting the primary antibody or substituting the antι-caspase-14 antibody by an unrelated antibody at the same concentration. Keratinocyte culture HaCaT cells were grown in DMEM supplemented with 10% FCS. Normal human keratinocytes (NHK) were isolated from foreskins of young donors as described (Kitano and Okada, 1983) NHK cells were grown in Keratinocyte Serum Free medium (GIBCO BRL) with a calcium concentration of 0.09 mM and supplemented with 50 μg of bovin pituitary extract per ml and 5 ng of human epidermal growth factor per ml (GIBCO BRL). Third to fifth passage cells were used. Keratinocyte differentiation assays HaCaT or NHK cells were grown post confluence in the same medium as used for keratinocyte culture. Suspension culture was carried out as described (Watt, 1994). Briefly, after trypsinization, keratinocytes, were suspended in keratinocyte serum-free medium (10 7 per ml). This liquid suspension was then diluted (1.10) in keratinocyte serum-free semisolid medium containing the aforementioned supplements and 2% methylcellusose (Aldπch, Bornem, Belgium) and incubated on 0 4% poly(2- hydroxyethylmethylacrylate) (Sigma, St Louis, MO) coated dishes Vitamin D treatment was performed in Keratinocyte Serum Free medium without insulin, thyroid hormone, and hydrocortisone because higher vitamin D anti- proliferative activity was described in the absence of insulin (Chen et al, 1995) Vitamin D was added from a stock solution of 10 "4 M per ml in absolute ethanol 1 ,25- dihydroxyvitamm D 3 was purchased from Sigma Chemical Co (St Louis MO) The cells were given fresh medium, containing the vitamin D every 24 hours Immunoblot analysis Transfected cells, differentiated keratinocytes or skin tissue were lysed in a buffer containing 1 % NP-40, 200 mM NaCI, 10mM Tns HCI pH7-7 5, 5 mM EDTA, 10% glycerol, 1 mM PMSF, 0 1 mM aprotmm and 1 mM leupeptm These lysates were immunoblotted with the indicated antibodies Anti-keratin 10 and anti- human caspase- 3 were purchased from Santa-Cruz and Biosource, respectively Antibodies against murine caspases were raised by injecting rabbits with purified, bacterially expressed caspase preparations (Van de Craen et al , 1999) Note that the anti-muπne caspase- 14 antibody cross-reacts with human caspase-14 on western blots as well as on immunohistochemistry staining In vitro transcription/translation pCDNA-plasmids containing mouse or human caspase-14 full length cDNA (pDNA1mCASP-14 and pCDNA3hCASP-14) were used to produce radiolabelled precursor caspase-14 by coupled transcription/translation (TNT kit from Pomega) In vitro caspase-14 cleavage assay 2 microliter of in vitro radiolabelled caspase-14 was incubated with 5 μg of skin or cell lysates in a total volume of 25 μl caspase buffer (50 mM HEPES, pH7 5, 1mM EDTA, 10 mM DTT, 1 mM PMSF, 50 μM leupeptin and 20 μg/ml aprotmm) for 90 minutes at 37 °C Skin and cell lysates were prepared in a buffer containing 1 % NP-40, 200 mM NaCI, 10 mM Tns HCI pH 7 0 to 7 5, 5 mM EDTA 10% glycerol 1 mM PMSF 50 μM leupeptin and 20 μg/ml aprotmm In case of addition of caspase inhibitors, these were used at a final concentration of 10 μM and pre- cubated with the lysates for 30 minutes at 37 °C The resulting cleavage products were analysed on a 15% SDS- PAGE Results 1) Overexpression of procaspase-14 does not induce cell death or autoprocessing. In previous experiments we showed that overexpression of murine caspase-14 did not induce cell death (Van de Craen et al 1998a) To examine whether overexpression of human caspase-14 is able to induce cell death, HEK293T or MCF-7 cells were transiently transfected with different vectors containing mouse or human procaspase-14 Since it has previously been shown that caspase-8 is capable of inducing apoptosis in both cell lines (Boldm et al 1996, Muzio et al , 1996), a caspase- 8 expression vector was used as a positive control A vector coding for GFP was co- transfected, which made it possible to visualise the transfected population by fluorescence microscopy and analyse whether the cells had the morphological features of apoptotis In HEK293T cells or MCF-7 cells overexpression of caspase-8 resulted respectively in 89% or 80% cell death 24h after transfection (Fig 1A) However, in neither of both cell lines transient overexpression of human caspase-14 did result in any cell death Removal of a putative 13 ammo acids long prodoma contained in human caspase-14 did neither result in apoptosis Upon overexpression caspases do autoprocess, thereby generating the p10 and p20 subunits, resulting in fully enzymatically active caspase eventually leading to cell death (Molmeaux et al , 1993, Kamens et al , 1995, Van de Craen et al , 1997 and 1998b) By means of western blot analysis human caspase-14 processing was evaluated Overexpression of caspase-14 nor with or without the putative prodomam in MCF-7 or HEK293T did not result in processing (Fig B) This in contrast to other short prodomam caspases such as caspase-3, -6 and -7 that show autoprocessing resulting in the appearance of proteolytic fragments corresponding to large and small subunits, when overexpressed in HEK293T cells (Fig 1C) 2) Caspase-14 expression is restricted to epithelia of ectodermal origin. previously it was shown that the tissue distribution of caspase-14 mRNA is limited to the adult skin and embryo (Van de Craen et al , 1998a) To further investigate where exactly caspase-14 is expressed, we performed immunohistochemistry on embryo sections, using a polyclonal antι-mouse-caspase-14 antibody As a negative control the stainmgs were performed with the anti-rabbit-HRP antibody only Immunostaining of 15 5 dpc embryo sections revealed that caspase-14 is expressed in the differentiated layers of the epidermis (Fig 2A), in the pigmented layer of the retina and in the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus (Fig 2B and C) Caspase- 14 is not expressed in the embryonic skin peπderm or in the basal keratinocyte layers (stratum basale), these layers represent undifferentiated keratinocytes and contain neither the typical differentiation markers of adult skin (Byrne et al , 1994) Moreover, caspase-14 is expressed in the fully developed hair bulb that also consists of differentiated keratinocytes (Hardy 1992) whereas in a premature hair bulb consisting of only cells of the stratum basale there is no caspase-14 expression (Fig 2A) In addition, the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus stained more strongly in 15 5 dpc embryos than in the 13 5 dpc embryo's In the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus and the retinal pigment layer there is only cytoplasmic expression, while in skin also nuclear expression occurs 3) Caspase-14 is gradually expressed in the differentiating skin Immunohistochemistry on human skin sections confirmed that the caspase-14 protein is only expressed in the differentiated layers of the epidermis but not in the basal layer (Fig 3). The expression increases gradually in the skin from the stratum spmosum towards the stratum granulosum and the stratum corneum During keratinocyte differentiation the caspase-14 expression also becomes more pronounced in the nucleus especially in the stratum granulosum In a later stage the nucleus gets expulsed, thereby reaching the final stage of differentiation resulting in the formation of the cornified layers The mature hairshaft and the sebaceous gland consist of differentiated keratinocytes (Hardy, 1992), and also here caspase-14 is expressed In the sweat glands, which are of dermal origin, the staining was negative 4) The expression of caspase-14 is drastically reduced in the skin plaques of psoriatic patients. Psoriasis is a common human disease with distinctive histological hallmarks including epidermal keratinocyte hyperproliferation, abnormal keratinocyte differentiation, parakeratosis and immune cell infiltration Until now it is not clear if psoriasis is caused by a defect in the keratinocyte or the recruited immune cells To evaluate a potential role for caspase-14 in skin pathologies, we analysed samples from psonatic skin plaques by immunohistochemistry with antι-caspase-14 antibodies Plaques from 6 independent psonatic were analysed and compared to the same number of non-involved patients As is clear from Fig 3 (showing one representative patient from psonatic and non-involved skin) the psonatic plaques show a marked decrease in the expression of caspase-14 In the parakeratotic lesions and in the abnormal, multi-layered stratum basale caspase-14 expression was seemingly absent in case of psonatic skin Non-involved skin stained in a pattern as discussed above These data show an involvement of caspase-14 in abnormal skin differentiation pathologies Strategies to upregulate caspase-14 expression may prove to have an important therapeutic contnbution to diseases involving parakeratosis such as psoriasis 5) Caspase-14 is processed in normal mouse epidermis. As shown in Fig 1 we were unable to generate processed caspase-14 upon overexpression in HEK293T or MCF-7 cells To analyse if caspase-14 is present in an activated state in developing skin, we made a protein extract of mouse skin and used these lysates for immunoblotting with different rabbit polyclonal anti-caspase antisera In the case of caspase-14 we could clearly detect bands corresponding both to the proenzyme and to the processed p20 fragment (Fig 4) The two bands that can be observed at the size of approximately 20 and 18 5 kDa probably represent the large subunit with and without prodomam, respectively The specificity of these bands for caspase-14 was confirmed in a competition experiment in which the western blot was developed with antι-caspase-14 in the presence of recombinant bacterially expressed caspase-14 Under these conditions any of the antι-caspase-14 stained fragments could be detected, in contrast to incubation with antι-caspase- 4 in the presence of recombinant caspase-3 The typical apoptosis-related caspases such as caspase-3, -6 and -7 were only present as unprocessed proenzymes Although, an involvement of active caspase-3 has been claimed in skin differentiation (Weil et al , 1999) Since it is well documented that IL1 is produced in the skin (Kumar et al , 1992, Boehm et al , 1995, Debets et al , 1995), we also analysed the activation state of caspase-1 and - 11 It has been shown in physiological systems that these two caspases are involved in the processing and secretion of IL1-α and -β (Kuida et al , 1995, Li et al , 1995, Li et al , 1997, Wang et al , 1998) As expected we could detect prototype bands correlating to processed forms of caspase-1 and -1 1 6) The expression of caspase-14 in human keratinocytes is mducible in vitro. 2b Since caspase-14 is not present in the stratum basale but is expressed in the differentiated layers of the epidermis, we wondered whether the protein expression of caspase-14 in keratinocytes could be induced in vitro by conditions of differentiation In a western blot experiment it was shown that cell lysates of undifferentiated HaCaT cells or normal human keratinocytes do not contain caspase-14 (Fig 5A), which was expected since these undifferentiated cells represent the stratum basale cells of the epidermis where no caspase-14 is expressed Primary human keratinocytes grown in suspension or post confluence express several differentiation markers such as keratin 1 and 10, involucπn and transglutaminase (Poumay and Pittelkow, 1995) We could show that in cells grown under these differentiating conditions caspase-14 was expressed together with keratin 10 (Fig 5A and B) In contrast, caspase-3 expression was hardly affected when cells were grown post confluence These differentiation conditions did not lead to the processing of caspase-3 or -14 As a control for caspase-3 processing lysates were loaded derived from U937 cells treated with TNF and cycloheximide Treatment of keratinocytes with 1 ,25-dιhydroxyvιtamιn D 3 also induces these cells to differentiate (Hosomi et al , 1983 Bikle and Pillai, 1993 Chen et al , 1995) HaCat keratinocytes were treated with different concentrations of vitamin D and cells were lysed 72h after treatment We were able to show that vitamin D is capable of inducing the expression of procaspase-14 in a dose-dependent way, reaching a maximal level at 10 7 to 10 6 M (Fig 6A) This concentration range of vitamin D has also been described as the optimal concentrations for vitamin D-mduced anti- proliferative effects on keratinocytes (Simpson et al , 1980, Segaert et al , 1997) The non-treated cells also express low levels of procaspase-14 due to post confluent growth of the cells at this time-point. Moreover, keratin 10 was expressed in these cultures, indicating that differentiation was already occurring Vitamin D treatment does not enhance the expression of keratin 10, however apparently its expression could no longer be detected when vitamin D was added at a concentration of 10 6 M It is possible that at this concentration keratinocyte differentiation reaches its final stage, eventually leading to the formation of keratin complexes that are not solubilised in classical lysis buffers (Eichner et al , 1989 and 1990) To analyse the vitamin D- mduced caspase-14 expression in time, we performed a kinetics experiment in which HaCat cells treated with a fixed concentration of 1 ,25-dιhydroxyvιtamιn D 3 (10 7 M) and lysed after 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours (Fig 6B) Caspase-14 was increasingly expressed from 48 hours on, to 96 hours treatment Background expression of caspase-14 increased in time due to the post confluent differentiation state of the cells, as shown by keratin 10 expression In neither condition we were able to observe fragments of caspase-14 pointing to processing of caspase-14, as was observed in mouse skin lysates (Fig 4) Again, the caspase-3 expression or processing level was not affected by treatment with vitamin D, or by post confluent growth This in contrast to the proposed role of activated caspase-3 in keratinocyte differentiation (Weil er al 1999) 7) Caspase-14 is activated during epidermal differentiation To determine the kinetics of caspase-14 activation during epidermal differentiation we monitored the appearance of its cleavage products during the formation of epidermal equivalents (EE i e in vitro reconstituted epidermis purchased from Mattek Corp Ashland M A ) EE consists of several layers of differentiating KC and form a stratum corneum comparable to that of normal human epidermis in vivo and can therefore be considered an in vitro model for terminal differentiation of KC For the analysis of the time course of caspase-14 processing, EE were either left submerged in culture medium or lifted to the air-liquid interface after onset of stratification Samples obtained at different timepoints were stored frozen on dry ice until further analysis Wesiem bioi analysis for casμase-14 was performed with lysates of EE Specificity of the antibody was controlled by pre-mcubation with recombinant caspase- 14 Kinetics of caspase-14 cleavage was studied by analysing EE at 2 4 and 7 days after lifting at the air liquid interface In parallel EE maintained submerged in culture medium were tested Morphology of submerged EE and EE lifter to the interface was analysed by hematoxylin eosm staining of paraffin sections For Western blot analysis all samples were lysed in SDS-lysis buffer (62 5 mM Tπs/HCI, pH 6 8, 6M urea, 2% SDS, 0 00125% bromophenolblue, 5% β- mercaptoethanol) After ultrasonification and removal of insoluble cell debris, 40μg of protein were electrophoresed through a 8% to 18% gradient polyacrylamide gel and blotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA) Blots were blocked for 3 h in blocking buffer (PBS with 7 5% nonfat dry milk, 2% BSA, 0 1 %Tween) and incubated with caspase-14 specific antiserum diluted 1 1000 in blocking buffer overnight at 4 C Subsequently, membranes were washed in PBS with 5% nonfat dry milk, 0 1 % Tween, incubated with peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG Fc antibody (Pierce 1 10000 in blocking buffer) for 1 h at room temperature washed in PBS and developed using the ECL chemiluminescent detection system (Amersham) As control the antι-caspase-14 antiserum was premcubated with 10 μg/ml recombinant mouse caspase-14 for 1 hour at room temperature Thus, in this system, the exposure of the culture to air is a strong stimulus for the formation of a regular epidermis (Asselineau et al , 1985) Therefore we compared EE cultured at the air-liquid interface with EE left submerged in the medium Under submerged conditions, EE failed to differentiate and did not form a regular stratified epidermis After 7 days the uppermost KC layers still contained nuclei Although high amounts of the caspase -14 proenzyme (28kD) were detectable via Western blot at all time points, only minute amounts of caspase-14 cleavage products (1 1 and 17kD) could be detected after 7 days By contrast in EE which were lifted at the air liquid interface, KC differentiation proceeded to the formation of a well structured stratum corneum, devoid of nuclei In lysates of these EE, subunit bands of caspase-14 demonstrating its activation were present already two days after lifting EE to the air- liquid interface and strong processing was observed on day 7 8) Regulation of caspase-14 expression by vitamin D treatment of psoriatic skin Skin samples were derived from psonatic patients Psonatic plaques were treated with calcipotπol-Daivonex The treatment with calcipotπol was two times per day and was applied in a salve Non-involved skin from the same patients served as a control Biopsies of the psonatic plaques were taken before and after treatment Skin samples were fixed, paraffin embedded and sliced Caspase-14 protein expression was detected by means of immunohistochemistry using a polyclonal antι-caspase-14 antibody The vitamin D treatment clearly results in an increased expression of caspase-14 in all suprabasal layers, including the parakeratotic plaques Both nuclear and cytoplasmic staining was increased by the treatment Also the thickening of the psonatic skin is significantly reduced by treatment with vitamin D Seven patients were treated with vitamin D and analysed for caspase-14 expression All patients gave similar results (see table 1 ) 9) Caspase-14 expression is reduced in papillomas and carcinomas of the choroid plexus We analyzed caspase-14 expression by means of immunohistochemistry in human papillomas and carcinomas of the choroid plexus and compared this expression to normal levels of expression in the epithelium of the choroid plexus Caspase-14 expression could be demonstrated in the epithelial cells of normal choroid plexus whereas caspase-14 expression in both papilloma and carcinoma of the choroid plexus was strongly reduced (see Figure 7) These tumors share with the normal choroid plexus the property of cerebrospmal fluid (CSF) production Overproduction of CSF by these tumours is a well-recognized phenomenon, eventually leading to 5 hydrocephalus Since a reduced caspase-14 expression level correlates with a dysfunctional choroid plexus epithelium, increasing caspase-14 expression by use of caspase-14 expression modulators or by gene therapy restores normal functioning of the choroid plexus 10) Regulation of caspase-14 expression in keratinocyte cultures by vitamme D, l o retinoic acid, lithium salts and glucocorticoids Induction of caspase-14 protein expression was further analyzed upon treatment of HaCaT cells with vitamin D 3 retmoic acids LiCI, cytokmes or glucocorticoids Before treatment the cells were grown subconfluent or induced to differentiate and express procaspase-14 by means of post-confluent growth The cells that were grown 15 subconfluent do not express caspase-14 However, the expression of procaspase-14 could be induced by treatment of the cells with vitamin D 3 , LiCI or hydrocortisone In cells grown post-confluent the caspase-14 expression level augmented upon treatment with vitamin D 3 , LiCI or hydrocortisone and was lower after treatment with retmoic acids Both 9-c/s retmoic acid and a\\-trans retmoic acid were used All-frans 0 ret oic acid at concentrations less then 10 6 M and 9-c/s retmoic acid have been described as antagonists for vitamin D dependent antiproliferative activity while at pharmacologic concentrations 10 6 M) all-frans retmoic acid can potentiate this effect In the sub- or post-confluent grown cells the vitamin D 3 inducing effect on caspase-14 expression could be inhibited by addition of retmoic acids At concentrations lower 5 than 10 "6 M a\\-trans retmoic acid, there was less inhibition on the vitamin D dependent induction of caspase-14 expression Cytokmes (TNF, IL-1 beta, IFN-gamma) did not influence caspase-14 expression, although the inducing effect of LiCI was inhibited in combination with TNF (see Fig 8) 11) Modulation of caspase-14 via nucleic acids encoding for caspase-14 affects 30 skin differentiation The effect on skin differentiation of overexpression or downregulation of caspase-14 is monitored in vitro Therefore retroviral expression vectors are developed containing wild-type caspase-14 (over-expression), a catalytically inactive caspase-14 mutant that could act as a dominant-negative form of caspase-14 (downregulation) or an antisense caspase-14 sequence (downregulation) The catalytically inactive mutant is obtained by modifying the catalytic important residues such as Hιs89 or Cys132 (referring to the human caspase-14 sequence as previously referred to) to Ala Examples of retroviral vectors used for transfection of keratinocytes are EBV-based vectors such as the LZRS retroviral vector (Seitz et al , 1998) or pBabe puro (Lowell et al , 2000) These vectors are then used to transfect primary keratinocyte cultures with an > 99 % transfection efficiency The transfected keratinocytes are then used in an in vitro epidermal differentiation assay and the effect of upregulation or downregulation of caspase-14 on the outcome of the epidermal differentiation is monitored by means of histological analysis and western blotting The western blotting indicates to what level caspase-14 is upregulated/down-regulated and processed when compared to control cultures 12) Skin lysates contain a caspase-14 processing activity In vitro translated and radioactive 35 S-methιonιne labelled murine or human procaspase-14 was incubated with lysates of undifferentiated or differentiated keratinocytes (HaCaT or NHK cells), or lysates of mouse skin (C57BL/6 mice) for 90 minutes at 37°C and analysed by means of SDS-PAGE and autoradiography The differentiated keratinocytes were obtained by growing these cells postconfluence, this condition was shown to upregulate caspase-14 expression but not processing Both mouse and human caspase-14 were processed to its catalytic subunits p20 and p10 by an enzymatic activity present in the mouse C57BL/6 skin lysate This activity was neither detectable in lysates of undifferentiated nor in vitro differentiated (postconfluence = pc) keratinocytes These data correlate with our observations that in skin caspase-14 is present in its processed form and that postconfluence grown keratinocytes only show procaspase-14 expression To test if a known caspase-activity could be responsible for the caspase-14 processing activity present in skin lysates, we incubated these lysates with different peptide inhibitors before co-incubation with the labelled procaspase-14 for 30 minutes at 37 °C None of the used inhibitors affected the procaspase-14 processing activity present in skin lysates We used the well-known caspase inhibitors zVAD, BocD, DEVD and YVAD and the cathepsm B inhibitor zFA References Asselineau D, Bemhard B, Bailly C, Darmon M, Epidermal morphogenesis and induction of the 67 kD keratin polypeptide by culture of human keratinocytes at the liquid-air interface Exp Cell Res 1985 Aug, 159(2) 536-9 Bata-Csorgo Z, Hammerberg C, Voorhees JJ, Cooper KD Flow cytometnc identification of pro ferative subpopulations within normal human epidermis and the localization of the primary hyperproliferative population in psoriasis J Exp Med 1993 Oct 1 ,178(4) 1271-81 Bikle DD, Pillai S Vitamin D calcium and epidermal differentiation Endocr Rev 1993 Feb,14(1 ) 3-19 Boehm KD, Yun JK Strohl KP, Elmets CA Messenger RNAs for the multifunctional cytokmes ιnterleukιn-1 alpha ιnterleukιn-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha are present in adnexal tissues and in dermis of normal human skin Exp Dermatol 1995 Dec,4(6) 335-41 Boldm MP, Goncharov TM, Goltsev YV, Wallach D 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379-87 Eichner R, Sun TT, Aebi U The role of keratin subfamilies and keratin pairs in the formation of human epidermal intermediate filaments J Cell Biol 1986 May, 102(5) 1767-77 Eichner R, Kahn M Differential extraction of keratin subunits and filaments from normal human epidermis J Cell Biol 1990 Apr, 110(4) 1149-68 Fogh K, Kragballe K Vitamin D3 analogues Clin Dermatol 1997 Sep-Oct, 15(5) 705- 13 Fu GK, Portale AA, Miller WL Complete structure of the human gene for the vitamin D lalpha-hydroxylase, P450c1alpha DNA Cell Biol 1997 Dec,16(12) 1499-507 Gandanllas A, Goldsmith LA, Gschmeissner S, Leigh IM, Watt FM Evidence that apoptosis and terminal differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes are distinct processes Exp Dermatol 1999 Feb,8(1 ) 71-9 Gandanllas A, Watt FM c-Myc promotes differentiation of human epidermal stem cells Genes Dev 1997 Nov 1 ,11 (21 ) 2869-82 Griffith TS, Yu X, Herndon JM, Green DR, Ferguson TA CD95-ιnduced apoptosis of lymphocytes in an immune privileged site induces immunological tolerance Immunity 1996 Jul, 5(1 ) 7-16 Haake AR, Polakowska RR Cell death by apoptosis in epidermal biology J Invest Dermatol 1993 Aug, 101 (2) 107-12 Hardy MH The secret life of the hair follicle Trends Genet 1992 Feb,8(2) 55-61 Hollick JB, Dorweiler JE, Chandler VL Paramutation and related allelic interactions Trends Genet 1997 Aug, 13(8) 302-8 Hosomi J, Hosoi J, Abe E, Suda T, Kuroki T Regulation of terminal differentiation of cultured mouse epidermal cells by 1 ,25 dihydroxyvitamin D 3 Endocrinology 1983, 113 1950-1957 Humke EW, Ni J, Dixit VM ERICE, a novel FLICE-activatable caspase Biol Chem 1998 Jun 19,273(25) 15702-7 Ishizaki Y, Jacobson MD Raff MC A role for caspases in lens fiber differentiation J Cell Biol 1998 Jan 12,140(1 ) 153-8 Kamens J, Paskmd M, Hugunm M, Talanian RV, Allen H, Banach D, Bump N, Hackett M, Johnston CG, Li P, et al Identification and characterization of ICH-2, a novel member of the ιnterleukιn-1 beta-converting enzyme family of 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Claims: Claims Use of modulators of caspase-14 bioactivity, nucleic acids encoding caspase- 14 and/or caspase-14 protein for the manufacture of a medicament that modulates keratinocyte differentiation and/or the blood-eye barrier and/or the blood-brain barrier Use according to claim 1 wherein said modulators are chosen from the group comprising modulators of caspase-14 expression, modulators of caspase-14 activation and/or bioactivity, and/or fragments of said modulators that modulate keratinocyte differentiation and/or the blood-eye barrier and/or the blood-brain barrier Use according to claim 2, wherein said modulators of caspase-14 activation and/or bioactivity are modulators that bind to caspase-14 protein Use according to claim 3, wherein said modulators that bind to caspase-14 protein are antibodies and/or fragments thereof that modulate keratinocyte differentiation and/or the blood-eye barrier and/or the blood-brain barrier Use according to claim 2, wherein said modulators of caspase-14 expression are chosen from the group comprising anti-sense nucleic acids that hybridize with nucleic acids encoding caspase-14 or fragments thereof, ribozymes, vitamme D or homologues thereof, retmoic acid or homologues thereof, transformation growth factor-beta or homologues thereof, glucocorticoids and homologues thereof, lithium salts and calcium salts Use according to claim 5 wherein said vitamme D is vitamme D 3 , wherein said glucocorticoid is hydrocortisone and wherein said lithium salt is lithiumchloπde Use of modulators of caspase-14 bioactivity, nucleic acids encoding caspase- 14 and/or caspase-14 protein for the manufacture of a medicament for treating disorders of keratinocyte differentiation, disturbances in the blood-eye barrier and brain disorders Use of nucleic acids hybridising with nucleic acids encoding for caspase-14 or fragments thereof, or, molecules specifically binding to caspase-14 protein and/or fragments thereof for the manufacture of a diagnostic assay for disorders of keratinocyte differentiation, disturbances in the blood-eye barrier and/or disturbances in the blood-brain barrier A pharmaceutical composition comprising modulators of caspase-14 bioactivity, nucleic acids encoding caspase-14 and/or caspase-14 protein. 10. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 9 wherein said modulators are chosen from the group comprising modulators that bind to caspase-14 protein, anti-sense nucleic acids that hybridize with nucleic acids encoding caspase-14 or fragments thereof, ribozymes, vitamine D or homologues thereof, retinoic acid or homologues thereof, transforming growth factor-beta or homologues thereof, glucocorticoids and homologues thereof, lithium salts and calcium salts.

Inventors: DECLERCQ WIM, LIPPENS SASKIA, VANDENABEELE PETER, DECLERCQ, WIM, LIPPENS, SASKIA, VANDENABEELE, PETER
Applicants: DECLERCQ WIM, LIPPENS SASKIA, VANDENABEELE PETER, VLAAMS INTERUNIV INST BIOTECH, DECLERCQ, WIM, LIPPENS, SASKIA, VANDENABEELE, PETER, VLAAMS INTERUNIVERSITAIR INSTITUUT VOOR BIOTECHNOLOGIE VZW
Application year: 2000
Main classification: A61K38
IPC codes: A61K31, A61K33, A61K38, A61P17, A61P25, A61P27, C07K16, C12N9