SANITARY WARE AND METHOD FOR PRODUCTION THEREOF

Abstract: According to the present invention, there is provided sanitary ware wherein a first coloring glaze layer is formed on the surface of a ceramic body, a second transparent glaze layer is formed on the first glaze layer, and an engobe layer is formed between said body surface and said first glaze layer.

Description: BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to sanitary ware, such as toilet bowls, urinals, wash basin, and washstands, and the producing thereof so as to maintain a function which allows the easy removal of dirt which has existed over a long period of time. DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART It is essential that the surfaces of sanitary ware have good appearance and they may be cleaned for the sake of sanitation and esthetics. Moreover, it is preferable that this condition be preserved over a long period of time. In order to maintain sanitary cleaning and good appearance, a cleanser of surfactants, acids, alkalis, and the like is applied to various types of scrub brushes and the surface of the sanitary ware is strongly scraped therewith. In short, dirt is removed through the force of chemical cleaning by a cleanser and the force of physical cleaning by scraping with brushes. Unfortunately, it is hard to call this kind of cleaning work easy, so it is preferable to minimize the frequency of this work. Moreover, since it has been shown in recent years that surfactants included in wastewater contribute to environmental pollution, low amount and frequency of use thereof is preferable. In light of such circumstances, sanitary ware have been proposed which have surfaces that are outstanding from the aspects of sanitation and good appearance. For example, proposals have been made for methods to make it difficult for dirt to stick to sanitary ware surfaces by coating the surfaces with fluorine resins or siloxane resins having fluoroalkyl groups so as to decrease the surface energy thereof. In addition, a method has been proposed to prevent strong adhesion of dirt to the sanitary ware surfaces by making the surfaces as smooth as possible. However, there has heretofore been insufficient study made of the relationship between surface conditions and difficulty of dirt adhesion, durability, or degree of gloss. There are only proposals for sanitary ware with flat and smooth surfaces based on conceptual awareness of good appearance and there are no proposals for the concrete means to achieve such characteristics. Further, DE 1 026 214 discloses a ceramic article coated with a glaze being free from pores and defects. The coating consists of two glaze layers preferably having an engobe underlayer. The first glaze layer is an opaque layer, the second glaze layer is preferably a silicate of lead or boron. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present inventors were aware that sanitary ware, on which dirt adheres with extreme difficulty and, once it adheres, is removed with a weak flow of water, can be obtained without accompanying poor appearance by devising a structure of glazed layers. In the embodiments of the present invention, the object is to provide sanitary ware which, without accompanying poor appearance, allows dirt to adhere with extreme difficulty and, once it adheres, is removed with a weak flow of water. To this end, there is provided a sanitary ware in which: a first coloring glaze layer is formed on the surface of a ceramic body ; a second transparent glaze layer is formed on the first glaze layer, the surface roughness Ra of the second glaze layer being less than 0.07 µm; and an engobe layer is formed between the ceramic body surface and the first glaze layer. Preferably, the first coloring glaze layer includes particulate substances such as opacifier particles or pigment particles. Preferably yet, the engobe layer is a layer with porosity less than the body. Suitably, the sanitary ware has at least one part with the engobe layer not formed. Typically, the engobe layer is formed mainly on a part in which a first glaze layer is formed on the both sides of the body surface and the engobe layer is formed only on one of the surfaces. The invention further relates to a producing process of sanitary ware comprising the steps of: applying raw materials to a formed body of a sanitary ware base in order to form an engobe layer, the raw materials to form the engobe layer being powdered raw materials with 50% particles diameters (D50) of 6 µm or less; applying coloring glaze raw materials to the engobe layer in order to form a first glaze layer; applying transparent glaze materials to the first glaze layer in order to form a second glaze layer; and firing. In the above producing process, the raw materials to form the engobe layer are preferably composed of 30% to 50% pottery stone, 30% to 50% clay, and 10% to 30% flux. Preferably yet, the sanitary ware has at least one part with the engobe layer not formed. Preferably still, the engobe layer is formed mainly on a part in which a first glaze layer is formed on the both sides of the body surface and the engobe layer is formed only on one of the surfaces. In the present invention, the term 'sanitary ware" means an equipment used in the vicinity of rest rooms, specifically meaning toilets, urinals, strainers for urinals, toilet tanks, wash basins of wash stands, hand wash basins, etc. "50% particle diameter" means the particle diameter of particles in a case where an accumulated volume of the particles from a smaller particle based on the particle distribution measurement data derived through the use of a laser diffraction method reaches to 50%. "Centerline average roughness Ra" is, extracting the measured length 1 from the roughness curve to the direction of the centerline thereof, making the centerline of this extracted part X axis, making the direction of the axial magnification Y axis, and expressing the roughness curve as y = f(x), the value in micrometers (µm) obtained by the following equation: The measurement of the centerline average roughness Ra, following the definitions and notations of JIS-BO0601 (1994), was conducted by using stylus-type surface roughness measurement apparatus which is in compliance with JIS-BO651 (1996). These JIS standards, along with their English translations, can be easily obtained from Japan Industrial Standards (address: 1-24, Akasaka 4-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-0052 Japan). A schematic diagram of this measurement apparatus is shown in Fig. 2. In the Fig. 2, a detector 11 is equipped with a stylus 12 and a skid 13, and the detector 11, into which surfaces of a sample 14 on a fixing device 15 are fed with a feeder 16, detects displacements in the vertical direction. The surface roughness curve can be obtained by displaying these displacements with a magnification device (not shown) on an indicating device or recording device. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the surface structure of an embodiment of the sanitary ware according to this invention; and Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the stylus-type surface roughness measurement apparatus that is in compliance with JIS-BO651 (1996). DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS In the sanitary ware according to the present invention, a first coloring glaze layer is formed on the surface of the ceramic body, a second transparent layer is formed on the first layer, and an engobe layer is formed between the surface of the ceramic body and the first layer. In general, only one coloring glaze layer is formed on the surface of sanitary ware. In such case, a particulate coloring component such as opacifier particles or pigment particles forms uneveness on the surface of the glaze. Therefore, to the best of the present inventors' knowledge, in the field of sanitary ware, ceramics having a surface roughness with Ra of at most about 0.1 µm are being sold. In the present invention, a second transparent glaze layer is formed on a first coloring glaze layer, so as to reduce uneveness formed by the above-mentioned particulate substance. As a result of this, the Ra of the second glaze layer, that is the surface glaze layer, is less than 0.07 µm. The sanitary ware of the present invention having the above-mentioned structure is such that it is difficult for dirt such as yellowing, feces, mold, urolith, or the like to adhere and, even if it were to adhere, it would be washed away with a weak flow of water. As a result of this, it is possible over long periods of time to keep the surface of the glaze clean without frequent cleaning operations. It was conventional wisdom that dirt adheres with difficulty to flat and smooth surfaces; however, the degree of this effect, from the standpoint of conventional wisdom, is extremely conspicuous and is surprisingly beyond anticipation. For example, with sanitary ware according to the present invention, dirt due to a permanent marker floats up when it comes into contact with water and is removed by a flow of water. The same is true for salad oil. Moreover, adhesion of furring and urolith is extremely difficult, and even if adhesion does occur, it is easily removed. This high degree of difficulty of adhesion and ease of dirt removal was totally impossible to expect with conventional wisdom. On the other hand, it was not easy to form the "two-layered glaze structure" sanitary ware having a second transparent glaze layer on a first coloring glaze layer. It turned out that, with regards to toilets, wash basins, and similar large-scale complicated-shaped sanitary ware having raw materials used in conventional sanitary ware ( taking as the main rawmaterials natural rawmaterials such as silicate sand (quartz) and feldspar, and adding, for the sake of coloring, zircon and pigments to act as opacifiers), trying to form the "two-layered structure" in which a second transparent glaze layer is formed on a first coloring glaze layer formed on the ceramic body, in the firing process, the second transparent glaze layer fused sooner than the first glaze layer with the temperature rising, and the large amount of gas generated from the body at a higher temperature than the fusion temperature of the second glaze layer is blocked with the second glaze layer, making it difficult to be released to the outside, and inviting the poor exterior appearance of spot designs which accompany air bubble residues, and deterioration in the flatness and the smoothness due to local surface rising which accompanies air bubble residues. Therefore, in the present invention, an engobe layer is formed between the ceramic body and the first coloring glaze layer. By interposing the engobe layer, along with the increased difficulty of influence on the first and second glaze layers by the generation of gas and decreased occurrence of poor appearance due to spots, it became possible to prevent damage to the flatness and the smoothness of the second layer surface due to influence of the above-mentioned gas. According to the wisdom obtained by the inventors, the effect of the present invention will not be greatly influenced by the glaze compositions; however, the range of preferable and more preferable compositions is as shown as mentioned below. With regards to the following compositions, opacifier zircon and pigment are not included in the comparisons. In a case of comparing the composition of the second transparent layer and the composition of the first coloring layer except opacifiers and pigments, increasing the Al 2 O 3 and SiO 2 components contained in the second layer, production becomes easy since the range of temperature at which firing without production defects can be achieved broadens. Preferable compositions for first coloring glaze layer Preferable range (weight %) More preferable range (weight %) SiO 2 52 to 80 57 to 80 Al 2 O 3 5 to 14 5 to 12 Fe 2 O 3 0 to 0.4 0 to 0.4 MgO 0.5 to 4.0 0.5 to 3.5 CaO 6 to 17 8 to 17 ZnO 3 to 11 3 to 10 K 2 O 1 to 5 1 to 5 Na 2 O 0.5 to 2.5 0.5 to 2.5 ZrO 2 0.1 to 15 0.1 to 15 Pigment 0.001 to 20 0.001 to 20 Preferable compositions for second transparent glaze layer Preferable range (weight %) More preferable range (weight %) SiO 2 53 to 82 58 to 82 Al 2 O 3 5.5 to 16 6 to 16 Fe 2 O 3 0 to 0.4 0 to 0.4 MgO 0.5 to 4.0 0.5 to 3.5 CaO 6 to 17 6 to 15 ZnO 3 to 11 3 to 10 K 2 O 1 to 5 1 to 5 Na 2 O 0.5 to 2.5 0.5 to 2.5 The thickness of the second transparent glaze layer may be set as desired, but about from 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm is preferable and 0.15mm to 0.4mm is more preferable. In addition, the thickness of the first coloring glaze layer may be set as desired, but about from 0.1 mm to 1.0 mm is preferable and 0.2 mm to 0.7 mm is more preferable. Such thickness means that production defects such as hairline fissures and glaze scaling will not easily arise. Within the second transparent glaze layer may be added anti-bacterialmetals such as silver, copper, zinc, compounds thereof, or solid solutions. As a result of this, anti-bacterial functions can be called forth. According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the engobe layer formed between the ceramic body surface and the first glaze layer is made to be a dense layer having a lower porosity than the ceramic body. By this, the engobe layer has a blocking function to prevent growth of pinholes caused by gas from the ceramic body in the course of passing through the first glaze layer or the first and second glaze layers. It becomes more difficult to occur poor appearance such as spots and it is possible to prevent damage to the flatness and the smoothness of the second glaze layer caused by the gas. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, on at least one part of the sanitary ware, a part on which an engobe layer is not formed is provided. By providing a part on which an engobe layer is not formed, influences of the gas from the ceramic body can be easily and effectively controlled. Moreover, production costs will be decreased. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, an engobe layer is formed mainly on a part wherein the first glaze layer is formed on the both sides of the ceramic body surfaces and also the engobe layer is formed only on one side surface. By doing so, influences of the gas from the ceramic body on important parts for external appearance such as a part in which washbasin bowls is formed can be more effectively controlled. The sanitary ware according to the present invention are in the form of toilets, specifically, toilet bowls, urinals, strainers for urinals, or the like, as mentioned above. Dirt such as yellowing of toilet bowls, traps, and lower surfaces of rims is effectively prevented or removed. Moreover, the sanitary ware according to the present invention are in the form of washstand basins or hand washing basins. Soap fouling, water scum fouling, or the like, of the bowl portions of wash basins or hand washing basins is effectively prevented or easily removed. According to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, sanitary ware are produced with processes comprising the following steps of: applying raw materials to a formed body of a sanitary ware base in order to form an engobe layer, applying coloring glaze raw materials onto the engobe layer in order to form a first glaze layer, applying transparent glaze raw materials onto the first glaze layer in order to form a second glaze layer, and firing. Conventionally known ceramic bodies may be used as the body of a sanitary ware base mentioned above. That is, a body slip for sanitary ware made by mixing raw materials such as silica sand, feldspar, clay, or the like may be properly formed. As raw materials to form the engobe layer, the same materials (pottery stone, clay, feldspar and other naturally occurring minerals particles) used to form normal bodies may be mixed. A preferable composition of raw materials used to form the engobe layer is: 30% to 50% pottery stone, 30% to 50% clay, and 10% to 30% flux. By using 30% to 50% pottery stone, 30% to 50% clay, and 10% to 30% flux, proper conditions of fusion and heating of the engobe may be obtained and the function to block gas from the body will be stable. In addition, the 50% particle diameters (D50) of the raw material powders used to form the engobe layer are less than or equal to 6 µm. Such particle diameters can be obtained by mixing raw materials of the above-mentioned composition with a ball mill or the like, and by milling as needed. By making the 50% particle diameters (D50) less than or equal to 6 µm, the engobe layer can more easily become a dense layer with a porosity less than the ceramic body layer below, making it easier to maintain the function of blocking gas from the body. The raw materials to form the engobe layer may be applied to all or one part of the formed body when applied to the surface of the formed body of the sanitary ceramic base. One part of the formed body is, for example, the bowl surface, the trap, the back side of the lower surface of the portion which is located above the bowl surface and constructs a water path for flush water, and other easily dirty parts of the toilet. As application methods, commonly known methods such as spray coating, flow coating, printing, or the like may be used. The coloring glaze raw materials used to form the first glaze layer are a mixture of naturally occurring mineral particles including silica sand, feldspar, and limestone; non-crystalline glazes; or raw materials including mixtures of these materials to which pigments and/or opacifiers added. The pigments include, for example, cobalt compounds and iron compounds. The opacifiers include, for example, zircon and tin oxide. The non-crystalline glazes are glaze raw materials compounded from the above-mentioned naturally occurring mineral particles and the like, and fused to be glassified at high temperatures. For example, it is possible that frit glaze may be suitable for use. For methods to apply onto the engobe layer the coloring glaze raw materials which are to form the first glaze layer, commonly known methods such as spray coating, flow coating, and printing may be used. In particular, wet process spray coating or flow coating is preferable because scaling of the glaze does not easily arise. For the transparent raw materials to form the second glaze layer, any of the following may be used as desired: (1) non-crystalline glaze, (2) mixture of non-crystalline glaze and naturally occurring mineral particles (in this case, the percentage of non-crystalline glaze in the total sum of both is preferably from 50% to 99%, and more preferably would be from 60% to 95%), and (3) naturally occurring mineral particles ground to 6 µm or less in 50% particle diameters (D50). The above-mentioned transparent glaze is applied to all or one part of the first glaze layer. Preferably, one part means, for example, the bowl surface, the trap, the lower surface of the rim and other easily dirty parts of the toilet. For methods to apply onto the first glaze layer the transparent glaze raw materials to form the second glaze layer, commonly known methods such as spray coating, flow coating, and printing may be used. In particular, dry process spray coating is preferable. In the firing process, firing is conducted at the temperature in the range of 800 °C to 1300 °C. By doing so, the body and the engobe is heated, and the two glaze layers are fixed, thereby obtaining a sanitary ware surface having excellent flatness and smoothness. EXAMPLES (Comparison 1) Glaze raw material Weight percent SiO 2 55 to 80 Al 2 O 3 5 to 13 Fe 2 O 3 0.01 to 0.4 MgO 0.8 to 3.0 CaO 8 to 17 ZnO 3 to 8 K 2 O 1 to 4 Na 2 O 0.5 to 2.5 ZrO 2 0.1 to 15 Pigment 0.001 to 20 2 kilograms of the glaze raw material having the composition shown in Table 1, 1 kilogram of water, and 4 kilograms of flint ball were putted into a ceramic pot with a volume of 6 liters. By milling with a ball mill, the particle size measurement result of the coloring glaze slurry found by a laser diffraction particle size analyzer was made to be as follows: 65% being 10 µm or less and the 50% average particle diameter (D50) being about 6.5 µm or less. The glaze slurry obtained here is referred to as Glaze A. Next, using a ceramic body slip for sanitary ware which was obtained by mixing silica sand, feldspar, clay, etc. as raw materials, an under-counter type wash basin which has a bowl surface that does not require glazing on the back surface was made. Glaze A was applied by the spray-coating method, and afterward, a sample was obtained by firing at 1100 °C to 1200 °C. The roughness of the glazed surface (Ra) was measured and appearance defects in the product were confirmed on the wash basin thus obtained. The surface roughness was measured by using a stylus-type surface roughness measurement apparatus (JIS-B0651) and the centerline surface roughness (Ra) was measured. Appearance defects in the product were confirmed by visual inspection. (Comparison 2) Glaze raw material Weight percent SiO 2 52 to 76 Al 2 O 3 6 to 14 MgO 0.5 to 4.0 CaO 6 to 17 ZnO 3 to 11 K 2 O 1 to 5 Na 2 O 0.5 to 2.5 2 kilograms of the transparent glaze raw materials which was obtained by mixing the raw materials having the composition shown in Table 2 and non-crystalline glaze so that the percentage of the non-crystalline glaze in the total sum of both is from 50 weight % to 99 weight %, 1 kilogram of water, and 4 kilograms of flint ball were putted into a ceramic pot with a volume of 6 liters. By milling with a ball mill, the particle size measurement result of the transparent glaze slurry found by a laser diffraction particle size analyzer was made to be as follows: 67% being 10 µm or less and the 50% average particle diameter (D50) being about 6.0 µm or less. The glaze slurry obtained here is referred to as Glaze B. Next, using a ceramic body slip for sanitary ware which was obtained by mixing silica sand, feldspar, clay, etc. as raw materials, a wall-mounted type wash basin which has a bowl surface that requires glazing on the back surface was made. Glaze A is applied as an undercoat layer by the spray-coating method, and Glaze B is applied thereon as an overcoat layer. Afterward, a sample was obtained by firing at 1100 °C to 1200 °C. The roughness of the glazed surface (Ra) was measured and appearance defects in the product were confirmed on the wash basin thus obtained. The surface roughness was measured by using a stylus-type surface roughness measurement apparatus (JIS-B0651) and the centerline surface roughness (Ra) was measured. Appearance defects in the product were confirmed by visual inspection. (Example 1) 2 kilograms of the engobe raw materials (30% to 50% pottery stone, 30% to 50% clay, and 10% to 30% feldspar), 2 kilograms of water, and 4 kilograms of flint ball were putted into a ceramic pot with a volume of 6 liters. By milling with a ball mill, the particle size measurement result of the coloring glaze slurry found by a laser diffraction particle size analyzer was made to be as follows: 62% being 10 µm or less and the 50% average particle diameter (D50) being about 7.0 µm or less. The engobe raw material slurry obtained here is referred to as Slurry C. Next, using a ceramic body slip for sanitary ware which was obtained by mixing silica sand, feldspar, clay, etc. as raw materials, a wall-mounted type wash basin which has a bowl surface that requires glazing on the back surface was made. Slurry C was applied onto the front surface of the bowl to form an engobe layer, using the spray coating method. In addition, Glaze A is applied to a desired part including both front and back surfaces of the bowl as an undercoat layer by the spray-coating method, and Glaze B is applied to a desired part excluding the back surface of the bowl as an overcoat layer. Afterward, a sample was obtained by firing at 1100 °C to 1200 °C. The roughness of the glazed surface (Ra) was measured and appearance defects in the product were confirmed on the wash basin thus obtained. The surface roughness was measured by using a stylus-type surface roughness measurement apparatus (JIS-B0651) and the centerline surface roughness (Ra) was measured. Appearance defects in the product were confirmed by visual inspection. (Example 2) 2 kilograms of the engobe raw materials (30% to 50% pottery stone, 30% to 50% clay, and 10% to 30% feldspar), 2 kilograms of water, and 4 kilograms of flint ball were putted into a ceramic pot with a volume of 6 liters. Bymilling with a ball mill, the particle size measurement result of the coloring glaze slurry found by a laser diffraction particle size analyzer was made to be as follows: 71% being 10 µm or less and the 50% average particle diameter (D50) being about 5.0 µm or less . The engobe raw material slurry obtained here is referred to as Slurry D. Next, using a ceramic body slip for sanitary ware which was obtained by mixing silica sand, feldspar, clay, etc. as raw materials, a wall-mounted type wash basin which has a bowl surface that requires glazing on the back surface was made. Slurry D was applied onto the front surface of the bowl to form an engobe layer, using the spray coating method. In addition, Glaze A is applied to a desired part including both front and back surfaces of the bowl as an undercoat layer by the spray-coating method, and Glaze B is applied to a desired part excluding the back surface of the bowl as an overcoat layer. Afterward, a sample was obtained by firing at 1100 °C to 1200 °C. The roughness of the glazed surface (Ra) was measured and appearance defects in the product were confirmed on the wash basin thus obtained. The surface roughness was measured by using a stylus-type surface roughness measurement apparatus (JIS-B0651) and the centerline surface roughness (Ra) was measured. Appearance defects in the product were confirmed by visual inspection. Each result is shown in Table 3. It turned out that, by applying engobe having the function of blocking gas from the body to the body surface and forming an engobe layer, independent of the form of the product, a part to which the coloring glaze layer was applied, or the like, spot designs do not readily occur. Appearance Surface roughness (Ra) Comparison 1 Good 0.110 µm Comparison 2 Somewhat partial spot 0.060 µm Example 1 Mostly good 0.055 µm Example 2 Good 0.050 µm INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY According to the present invention, independent of the form of a product, a part to which a coloring glaze layer is applied, sanitary ware with good appearance which maintains the function of allowing over a long period of time the easy removal of dirt can be provided.

Claims: Sanitary ware wherein: a first coloring glaze layer is formed on the surface of a ceramic body; a second transparent glaze layer is formed on said first glaze layer, the surface roughness Ra of said second glaze layer being less than 0.07 µm; and an engobe layer is formed between said ceramic body surface and said first glaze layer. Sanitary ware defined in claim 1, wherein said first coloring glaze layer includes particulate substances such as opacifier particles or pigment particles. Sanitary ware defined in either claim 1 or 2, wherein said engobe layer is a layer with porosity less than said body. Sanitary ware defined in any one of claims 1 through 3, wherein said sanitary ware has at least one part with said engobe layer not formed. Sanitary ware defined in any one of claims 1 through 4, wherein said engobe layer is formed mainly on a part in which a first glaze layer is formed on the both sides of said body surface and said engobe layer is formed only on one of the surfaces. A producing process of sanitary ware as defined in any one of claims 1 through 5, comprising the steps of: applying raw materials to a formed body of a sanitary ware base in order to form an engobe layer, said raw materials to form said engobe layer being powdered raw materials with 50% particles diameters (D50) of 6 µm or less; applying coloring glaze raw materials to said engobe layer in order to form a first glaze layer; applying transparent glaze materials to said first glaze layer in order to form a second glaze layer; and firing. A producing process of sanitary ware defined in claim 6, wherein raw materials to form said engobe layer are composed of 30% to 50% pottery stone, 30% to 50% clay, and 10% to 30% flux. A producing process of sanitary ware defined in any one of claim 6 or 7, wherein said sanitary ware has at least one part with said engobe layer not formed. A producing process of sanitary ware defined in any one of claims 6 through 8, wherein said engobe layer is formed mainly on a part in which a first glaze layer is formed on the both sides of said body surface and said engobe layer is formed only on one of the surfaces.

Inventors: HORIUCHI SATOSHI, KASAHARA SHINGO, KAWAKAMI KATSUHIRO, MATSUMOTO YUKINARI, SUDA NARUMITSU, TAKADA HIROYUKI, TOMIOKA YUTAKA, UENO TORU, YAMADA SHIGEYUKI, HORIUCHI, SATOSHI, KASAHARA, SHINGO, KAWAKAMI, KATSUHIRO, MATSUMOTO, YUKINARI, SUDA, NARUMITSU, TAKADA, HIROYUKI, TOMIOKA, YUTAKA, UENO, TORU, YAMADA, SHIGEYUKI
Applicants: TOTO LTD, TOTO LTD.
Application year: 2000
Main classification: C04B41
IPC codes: C04B41