CONTROL OF SCANNING VELOCITY MODULATION AT MULTIPLE SCANNING FREQUENCIES

Abstract: A method for controlling scan velocity modulation in a video display apparatus operable at a plurality of horizontal scanning frequencies. The method comprises the steps of, generating respective scanning velocity modulation signals from signals having a plurality of horizontal scanning frequencies and coupled for display by said apparatus, and, selectively controlling an amplitude of each respective scanning velocity modulation signal to a predetermined range of amplitudes.

Description: 1 CONTROL OF SCANNING VELOCITY MODULATION AT 2 MULTIPLE SCANNING FREQUENCIES 3 This invention relates to scanning velocity modulation (SVM) 4 systems and more particularly to the automatic control of scanning velocity 5 modulation signal amplitude at multiple scanning frequencies. 6 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 7 It is well known that in a cathode ray tube display an improvement 8 in apparent picture sharpness can be achieved by modulating the scanning 9 velocity of an electron beam in accordance with the derivative of the luminance 10 portion of the display signal. This derivative signal, or scan velocity modulation l i signal, can be derived from the luminance portion of the video signal and 12 identifies when scanning beam velocity variations should be employed. Slowing 13 of the scanning velocity of the electron beam causes a greater number of 14 electrons to land at a particular point in the display resulting in brightening of the 15 video monitor display at that particular location on the display. Conversely, 16 accelerating the scanning velocity at a particular portion of the screen results in 17 display darkening. Thus, horizontal rate edges may be visually enhanced by 18 variations in the display intensity at edge transitions caused by the variation of 19 the electron beam speed. This method of picture sharpness enhancement has 0 advantages over a peaking approach to picture sharpness enhancement such as 1 an avoidance of blooming of peaked high luminance (white) picture elements and 2 an avoidance of enhancement of video noise occurring within the bandwidth of 23 the peaked signals. 24 SVM systems, such as those described above, are well known for 25 use in television systems, but they are typically not used in computer monitors. 26 SVM systems are generally not well suited for use in monitors that display video 27 signals of various different formats such as VGA, or SVGA which may use 28 alternative scanning frequencies. The horizontal scanning rates of these video 29 formats can be anywhere from 2 to 2.4 times as great as an NTSC horizontal 30 scanning frequency. With the convergence of the television and the computer 31 monitor, SVM is starting to be used under much more demanding conditions. 32 For example, multimedia monitors are becoming available that are also capable of handling computer formats. This presents significant problems as concerns use of SVM. Not only are computer monitor horizontal scan rates greater than conventional NTSC scan rates, but new high definition television scan rates defined by the Advanced Television System Committee (ATSC) standards can also be as much as 2.1 4 times greater than NTSC television scan rates. Thus, for example, if the NTSC television systems are referred to as having a scan frequency of 1 H, then VGA, HDTV and SVGA systems can be said to have scan frequencies of 2H, 2.1 4H and 2.4H, respectively. One problem with the use of SVM technology in connection with displays that are to be used for video signals at a variety of different scan rates is that there is generally a doubling in SVM signal amplitude for every octave increase in horizontal scanning frequency. For example, the SVM signal generated from the derivative of a luminance component of a 2H scanning frequency signal will generally be 6 dB greater than the SVM signal which is generated for an NTSC ( 1 H) signal. This amplitude range can result in an SVM signal that is less than optimal. In particular, when SVM systems are used in fixed scanning rate displays, the application of scan velocity modulation to any video signal is optimized having a predetermined range of amplitudes for signal processing at the particular scan rate at which the display is to be used. However, when a display is operable at multiple scan rates, it is much more difficult to optimize SVM signal processing since the range of SVM amplitudes can at least double for the various video signal formats. For example, if scan velocity modulation in a multiple scan rate monitor is optimized for 1 H video signals, then excess SVM signal amplitude can result causing blooming or other undesirable artifacts when required to function with a 2H video signal. Similarly, when scan velocity modulation in a multiple scan rate monitor is optimized for 2H video signals, the SVM signal amplitude will be too small to provide sufficient image enhancement for 1 H signal inputs. It is thus desirable to determine a way in which to ensure that a predetermined range of SVM signal amplitudes is used, regardless of the scan frequency rate of a particular video display format. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In an inventive method scanning velocity modulation signal amplitude is controlled at a plurality of horizontal scanning frequencies. The method comprises the steps of, generating respective scanning velocity modulation signals from signals having a plurality of horizontal scanning frequencies and coupled for display by said apparatus, and, selectively controlling an amplitude of each respective scanning velocity modulation signal to a predetermined range of amplitudes. According to one aspect of the invention, the amount of gain applied to the scan velocity modulation signal is reduced as the frequency of the horizontal scanning frequency is increased. For example, gain can be reduced by 6dB for each octave increase in horizontal scanning frequency so as to compensate for the differences introduced by the horizontal scanning frequency associated with various video formats. According to another aspect of the invention, the horizontal scanning frequency is determined by a scan frequency detector circuit. In this case, the control signal is a DC voltage generated by said scan frequency detector which varies proportionally as a function of the horizontal scanning frequency. This DC voltage can then be used to directly control an amplifier gain. Alternatively, the control signal can be a digital command signal generated by a microprocessor responsive to horizontal scan frequency selection data. In that case, the digital command signal is preferably used to selectively vary an SVM gain register for controlling the amplitude of the SVM signal. In an alternative embodiment the SVM amplitude control signal can be a digital command signal generated by a microprocessor responsive display source selection data. In that case, the digital command signal is preferably used to selectively vary an SVM gain register for controlling the SVM signal amplitude. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIGURE 1 is a graph of SVM signal amplitude versus scanning frequency. FIGURE 2 is a block diagram of an inventive SVM automatic gain control system for controlling an SVM signal amplitude. FIGURE 3 is a detailed circuit diagram showing an embodiment of an SVM circuit with an automatic gain control system according to FIGURE 2. FIGURE 4 is a block diagram of an alternative inventive embodiment employing an SVM automatic gain control system according to FIGURE 2.. FIGURE 5(a) shows an SVM signal output from a differentiator for a 1 H video signal. FIGURE 5(b) shows the signal of FIGURE 5(a) after amplitude control. FIGURE 5(c) shows an SVM signal output from a differentiator for a 2H video signal. FIGURE 5(d) shows the signal of FIGURE 5(c) after amplitude control. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Figure 1 is a plot showing SVM signal amplitude versus scan frequency in a display operable at multiple scanning frequencies. The y-axis represents the SVM signal amplitude, for example in decibels, when generated by a conventional SVM differentiator circuit. The x-axis represents horizontal scanning frequency of an input video signal. The standard NTSC horizontal frequency is denoted by 1 H, hence, 2H denotes a scanning frequency which is one octave higher, for example, as used for 640x480 video format. FIGURE 1 illustrates that the SVM signal amplitude increases by about 6dB for video signals having horizontal scanning frequencies in the 2H or greater frequency band. Thus, an SVM circuit designed for specific performance parameters, such as peak to peak clipping and noise coring with in a predetermined range of SVM signal amplitudes with 1 H signals, can be over driven when processing SVM signals derived from video signals in the 2H frequency band. Overdriving an SVM system can for example result in, SVM output drive signal clipping, the output driver amplifier operating in a power limitation condition, with in addition, continuous peak to peak clipper activation and attendant loss of image sharpness enhancement. Alternatively, if the SVM circuitry is designed for optimal performance with a range of SVM signal amplitudes derived from 2H video signals, but receives a 1 H signal, the SVM signal amplitude will be too small, possibly even failing to overcome the signal range for noise coring, and certainly resulting in insufficient picture enhancement. FIGURE 2 depicts in block diagram form an SVM automatic gain control system for adjusting SVM signal amplitude to be with in a predetermined amplitude range when operating with video formats having different spatial resolution and different scanning frequencies. In FIGURE 2, a video signal which includes horizontal frequency information is applied to derivative circuit 1 . In derivative circuit 1 , the luminance component of the video signal is differentiated to produce an SVM signal. The output of derivative circuit 1 is coupled to variable gain amplifier 2. There, the SVM signal is amplified and is used generate a deflection current in the SVM coil for modulating the beam scanning velocity. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, scanning frequency detector 3 makes use of a portion of the input signal containing horizontal scanning frequency information to provide an indicator of likely spatial frequency content of the input signal. In simple terms, FIGURE 1 shows the increase in SVM signal amplitude that occurs with a doubling of input frequency. Since an exemplary ATSC image is capable of at least double the horizontal resolution of an NTSC signal, an SVM amplitude control system based on horizontal sync frequency determination provides a reliable indication of the spectral content of the displayed image. To control the gain or SVM signal amplitude generated by amplifier 2 the horizontal scanning frequency is monitored and when it increases above 1 H, a control signal from scan frequency detector 3 causes the SVM signal from amplifier 2 to be reduced in amplitude. Furthermore, SVM signal gain and or amplitude control can be applied generally in accordance with a complementary or inverse transfer function to that depicted in FIGURE 1 . Thus, gain, or SVM amplitude, is preferably halved for signals having double frequency scanning rates. Conversely, SVM amplitude or gain can similarly be increased for a corresponding decrease in horizontal scanning frequency. FIGURE 3 is a detailed circuit diagram showing an embodiment of the SVM automatic gain control system of FIGURE 2. As shown in FIGURE 3, a luminance signal with negative going horizontal sync is applied to the input of the circuit. This signal can be provided by horizontal sync, luminance (Y) with sync. The input video signal passes through AC coupling capacitor C1 which is coupled to the base electrode of transistor Q2, an emitter follower. Resistors R1 0, R1 1 and R1 2 form a potential divider and set the base voltages of transistors Q2 and Q4. The collector electrode of transistor Q2 is coupled to a source of operating potential, + VA, typically 24 volts, and its emitter is coupled through resistor R1 3 to the emitter electrode of grounded base amplifier Q4. The base electrode of transistor Q4 is biased from the junction of resistors R 1 1 and R1 2 and is decoupled ground via capacitor C2. The input video signal is differentiated in the collector circuit of transistor Q4 by the parallel configured network comprising capacitor C5, inductor L2 and damping resistor R1 9 thus producing an SVM signal. The output of the differentiator circuit is coupled via series connected capacitor C3 and resistor R20 to the base of transistor Q6. A resistor R21 is coupled to the junction of capacitor C3 and resistor R20 to bias the base of transistor Q6 to the same potential as that of transistor Q8. Transistors Q6 and Q8 form a differential amplifier in which the gain is set by resistors R26 and R28,R36 and the collector current of current source transistor Q7. Resistors R25, R33 and R34 form a potential divider that provides biasing voltages for transistors Q6, Q7, and Q8, where transistor Q6 is biased via resistors R20 and R21 and transistor Q8 is biased via resistor R30. The junction of resistors R21 , R30, R33 and R34 is decoupled to ground by capacitor C1 4. Similarly capacitor C 1 1 decouples the junction of resistors R25 and R33 to ground. The collector electrode of Q6 is coupled to supply voltage + VA, and the collector electrode of transistor Q8 is coupled to supply voltage +VA through collector load resistor R36. Additionally, the SVM signal output of the differential amplifier is taken from the collector electrode of transistor Q8. Moving to the scan frequency detector portion of the circuit, the video signal with negative going horizontal frequency information is applied via capacitor C6 to the base electrode of PNP transistor Q3 which is biased by resistor R1 4 which is connected to ground. Transistor Q3 is configured as a negative going pulse detector which outputs at its collector, a positive going horizontal rate pulse signal derived from the horizontal sync frequency of the incoming video signal. The emitter of transistor Q3 is coupled to operating potential + VA. Series connected resistors R1 6 and R1 7 form a collector load for transistor Q3. The positive pulses from the collector are coupled via resistor R1 7, which determines a charging current for capacitor C8. During intervening pulse periods capacitor C8 is discharged to ground via resistor R1 6 thus forming a horizontal rate sawtooth signal. The sawtooth waveform is then applied to the base electrode of transistor Q5, an emitter follower, that buffers the sawtooth signal. The collector electrode of transistor Q5 is coupled to supply voltage + VA, and the emitter electrode is coupled through resistor R1 5 to ground. The emitter of transistor Q5, is also coupled to resistor R1 8 and capacitor C7 which form a low pass filter that converts the sawtooth signal into a DC voltage having a value in proportion to the horizontal sync frequency of the input video signal, i.e. the higher the horizontal frequency the greater the resultant DC voltage. This frequency dependent DC voltage is coupled to the base of emitter follower transistor Q1 0 which provides a current I via resistor R1 9 to the junction of resistor R27 and the emitter of the differential amplifier current source transistor Q7. The collector electrode of transistor Q7 is coupled to the junction of resistors R26 and R28, and the emitter electrode is coupled to ground via resistor R27. As the DC voltage from the scanning frequency detector increases, the voltage at the emitter of transistor Q7 increases causing the base emitter potential to be reduced which in turn reduces the collector current. Thus the current supply to the differential amplifier is reduced causing the SVM output signal at transistor Q8 collector to be reduced in amplitude. The reduction in source current of the differential amplifier causes a decrease in the gain of the SVM signal. Thus, the differential amplifier comprised of the transistors Q6, Q7 and Q8 is configured as a variable gain amplifier in which the output signal amplitude is automatically reduced when horizontal scanning frequency of the display signal is increased. It may be readily appreciated that the embodiment of the invention in FIGURE 2 is not limited to the precise arrangement shown and that there are other alternatives for implementing the control system according to the present invention. In fact, the present invention can be implemented using any circuit that detects a horizontal scan frequency of a video signal and then modifies SVM signal amplitude to maintain optimal SVM performance at different scan frequencies. FIGURE 4 depicts one such alternative embodiment. In FIGURE 4, input stage 1 0 is shown with a plurality of user selectable video input sources including several 1 H video sources such as NTSC composite video (VID 1 , 2, 3, 4), S-video (SVID 1 , 2, 3) and component video (Y Pr Pb) . In addition, input stage 10 typically has one or more input connections providing user selectable 2H and higher scanning frequency video sources including VGA 1 , VGA 2 and HDTV. It should be noted that the invention is not limited in this regard. Other video sources may also be provided and not all of the video sources identified need be supplied. In a further embodiment shown in FIGURE 4, when the user selected input is an NTSC or other 1 H input, the horizontal (H) sync pulses and vertical (V) sync pulses are extracted by a video processor, depicted by exemplary integrated circuit 1 1 , from the composite video or luminance signal components of the selected 1 H source. Video processor 1 1 then outputs the H and V sync pulses separated from the 1 H sources to H & V selector switch 1 2 for selection and coupling to microprocessor 1 3. The processing features of video processor 1 1 can be provided by an integrated circuit, for example type TA1 276N which is commercially available from Toshiba. However, the invention is not limited in this regard and those skilled in the art will recognize that discrete component circuitry or any other commercially available integrated circuit having similar capabilities can also be used for this purpose. An up-converter 1 6 can be provided between input stage 1 0 and video processor 1 1 . Up-converter 1 6 is used to convert NTSC or other 1 H video signals to 2H video signals and can, for example, be implemented by line doubling. As shown in FIGURE 4, up-converter 1 6 is controlled by microprocessor 1 3 via a data bus, for example, employing an l 2 C protocol, based on a determination of the selected input horizontal frequency by microprocessor 1 3. Referring again to block 1 0 of FIGURE 4, the 2H or higher input signals may provide separate horizontal and vertical sync pulses, which when selected, via the data bus, are directly coupled to H & V selector switch 1 2 and ultimately to microprocessor 1 3 for further processing. In the case of these 2H - 2.4H video sources, video processor 1 1 will preferably receive the component video signals (R, G, B) as shown, with selection within processor 1 1 controlled by microprocessor 1 3 via the l 2 C bus. As has been described, microprocessor 1 3 is variously coupled to provide control via the l 2 C bus. Microprocessor 1 3, can for example be an ST 9296 IC which is commercially available from ST Microelectronics. However, the invention is not limited in this regard and any other microprocessor of similar capability can be used for this purpose. As depicted in FIGURE 4, microprocessor 1 3 receives selected H and V sync pulses from H & V selector switch 1 2 to determine the horizontal frequency of the video source selected for display and SVM enhancement. Microprocessor 1 3 can determine the horizontal frequency of the selected display signal by a number of methods. For example, as described with reference to FIGURE 2, a frequency dependent voltage may be generated, with the resulting DC value measured by microprocessor 1 3 and compared with stored values to determine the horizontal frequency of the selected source. In a second method microprocessor 1 3 can measure a duration or width of an element of the selected horizontal sync pulse to determine the horizontal scanning frequency. In a further method, since microprocessor 1 3 is responsive to user selection of display signal input, horizontal frequency indicating logic can, for example, be implemented by hard wiring or a look up table to associate the user selected input signal with a specific input signal format and scanning frequency. Furthermore, since various display signals are connected to the display device via mechanically different connectors, the horizontal frequency determination can be derived from the input socket selected . For example NTSC signals, S-video signals and SVGA signals are each input to the display via differing, non- interchangeable connectors. Thus, based on one or a combination of the various horizontal frequency determination methods, microprocessor 1 3 is preferably programmed to send a horizontal frequency specific gain or amplitude control command via the data bus to video processor 1 1 . Video processor 1 1 preferably contains an SVM generator with gain or SVM output signal amplitude controlled in response to control command data received from microprocessor 1 3 via the l 2 C bus. For example, in the case of IC type TA 1 276N previously noted, the SVM gain is controlled by a 2-bit register that can attenuate the SVM signal by OdB, -6dB, -9dB, with in addition, the capability of inhibiting the SVM signal output. Microprocessor 1 3 is preferably programmed such that the SVM signal is not attenuated, ie gain is set to OdB when 1 H video sources are determined, and for 2H sources microprocessor 1 3 generates control data which provides a - 6dB reduction in of SVM signal gain. Video sources with scan rates higher than 2H are preferably attenuated in accordance with the transfer function illustrated in FIGURE 1 . In general, for each octave increase in scanning frequency, the SVM signal is attenuated 6dB to maintain the SVM signal within a predetermined range of amplitudes. As shown in FIGURE 4, the controlled amplitude SVM signal is coupled to SVM driver 1 4 and ultimately SVM coil 1 5 to produce substantially similar image enhancement, independent of the display scanning frequency. As described previously, NTSC or other 1 H video signals can be converted into 2H video signals by up-converter 1 6. In this way signals with inherently lower image detail, or spatial resolution, are converted and receive detectable attributes indicative of 2H video signals. However, although such up converted signals may be detected as 2H video signals, the image detail is not comparable with that of a signal that originated as 2H signal . In simple terms the up conversion process cannot add image detail absent from the original 1 H image. Thus it can be appreciated that although these signals may be detected as 2H video signals, the displayed image can benefit from a level of SVM enhancement greater than that provided for original 2H signals. Thus when up- converter 1 6 is enabled, microprocessor 1 3 can determine from an exemplary look up table or the like, an amplitude control value suitable for SVM enhancement of such up-converted images. For example, an up converted image can receive an SVM amplitude value between those provided for 1 H and 2H frequency sources. FIGURES 5(a), 5(b), 5(c) and 5(d) illustrate the problem identified by applicants and the advantageous amplitude control solution described herein. FIGURE 5(a) shows an example of an SVM signal at an output of a differentiator or SVM signal generator. The SVM signal was formed by differentiation of a 1 H luminance signal component comprising a 1 00 IRE pulse with 60 nanosecond rise and fall times. FIGURE 5(c) shows an SVM signal formed by differentiation of a 2H video signal comprising a 100 IRE pulse with 30 nanosecond rise and fall times. The exemplary waveforms for FIGURES 5(a) and 5(c) are chosen to be visually equal, when displayed. Both of these signals are depicted with reference to the output of derivative circuit 1 of FIGURE 2. As described earlier, the SVM signal resulting from the 2H source is depicted with approximately twice the amplitude of the SVM signal derived from the 1 H source. Referring now to FIGURES 5(b) and 5(d), the effects of the advantageous automatic control system are shown according to a preferred embodiment of the invention. FIGURE 5(b) illustrates the amplitude of the 1 H SVM output signal as measured from the output of variable gain amplifier 2 in FIGURE 2. FIGURE 5(d) shows the amplitude of the 2H SVM output signal similarly measured at the output of variable gain amplifier 2 in FIGURE 2. As can be seen from the waveforms depicted in FIGURES 5(b) and 5(d), the amplitude of the 1 H and 2H SVM output signals are approximately the same. Thus, the SVM automatic gain control system maintains an optimal amplitude range for the scanning velocity modulation signal at multiple scan frequencies.

Claims: CLAIMS 1 . A method for controlling scan velocity modulation in a video display apparatus operable at a plurality of horizontal scanning frequencies, comprising the steps of: a) generating respective scanning velocity modulation signals from signals having a plurality of horizontal scanning frequencies and coupled for display by said apparatus; and, b) selectively controlling an amplitude of each respective scanning velocity modulation signal to a predetermined range of amplitudes. 2. The method according to claim 1 , comprising a further step of: generating a control signal in accordance with a horizontal scanning frequency of said each respective scanning velocity modulation signal for controlling said amplitude to said predetermined range of amplitudes. 3. The method according to claim 1 , comprising a further step of: selecting a different one of said plurality of horizontal scanning frequencies and reducing said amplitude of a scanning velocity modulation signal in accordance with said different one having a horizontal scanning frequency greater than a horizontal scanning frequency of a prior selection 4 A method for controlling scan velocity modulation in a video display apparatus operable at a plurality of horizontal scanning frequencies, comprising the steps of: determining a horizontal scanning frequency of a signal coupled for display by said apparatus; generating from said signal coupled for display by said apparatus, a scanning velocity modulation signal having an amplitude representative of said horizontal scanning frequency of said signal coupled for display; and, selectively controlling said amplitude of said scanning velocity modulation signal responsive to said determining step. 5. A method for controlling scan velocity modulation in a video display apparatus operable at a plurality of horizontal scanning frequencies, comprising the steps of: generating from a signal coupled for display by said apparatus a scanning velocity modulation signal having an amplitude representative of a horizontal scanning frequency of said signal coupled for display; determining said horizontal scanning frequency of said signal coupled for display; generating a control signal in accordance with said determined scanning frequency; and, controlling responsive to said control signal said amplitude of said scanning velocity modulation signal such that said amplitude is substantially independent of said determined scanning frequency. 6. The method according to claim 5, comprising a further step of: reducing said amplitude as the frequency of said horizontal scanning frequency is increased. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein said amplitude is approximately halved for each octave increase in said determined horizontal scanning frequency. 8. The method according to claim 5, wherein said control signal generating step comprises the step of; representing said determined horizontal scanning frequency with a DC voltage that varies proportionally as a function of said determined horizontal scanning frequency. 9. The method according to claim 8, comprising the step of; controlling said amplitude of said scanning velocity modulation signal responsive to said DC voltage. 1 0. The method according to claim 5, wherein said control signal generating step comprises the step of; representing said determined horizontal scanning frequency with a digital signal generated by a microprocessor. 1 1 . The method according to claim 10 comprises the step of; controlling said amplitude of said scanning velocity modulation signal responsive to said digital signal. 1 2. A video display apparatus with scan velocity modulation and operable at a plurality of scanning frequencies comprising: means for generating a scan velocity modulation signal from a display signal coupled to said apparatus, said scanning velocity modulation signal having an amplitude directly related to a horizontal scanning frequency of said display signal; means for determining said horizontal scanning frequency; means for generating a control signal responsive to said determined horizontal scanning frequency; and, means responsive to said control signal for selectively controlling said amplitude of said scanning velocity modulation signal to maintain said scan velocity modulation signal amplitude substantially independent of said determined horizontal scanning frequency. 1 3. The video display apparatus according to claim 1 2, wherein said means for selectively controlling reduces said amplitude of said scanning velocity modulation signal in accordance a frequency increase of said determined horizontal scanning frequency. 1 4. The video display apparatus according to claim 1 2, wherein said means for selectively controlling halves said amplitude of said scanning velocity modulation signal for each octave increase in said determined horizontal scanning frequency. 1 5. The video display apparatus according to claim 1 2, wherein said control signal representing said determined horizontal scanning frequency is a DC voltage that varies proportionally as a function of said determined horizontal scanning frequency. 1 6. The video display apparatus according to claim 1 2, wherein said control signal representing said determined horizontal scanning frequency is a digital signal generated by a microprocessor. 1 7. The video display apparatus according to claim 1 6, wherein said digital signal sets a gain register to control said amplitude of said scanning velocity modulation signal.

Inventors: ALLENDER JEFFREY OWEN, SENDELWECK GENE KARL, ALLENDER, JEFFREY, OWEN, SENDELWECK, GENE, KARL
Applicants: ALLENDER JEFFREY OWEN, SENDELWECK GENE KARL, THOMSON LICENSING SA, ALLENDER, JEFFREY, OWEN, SENDELWECK, GENE, KARL, THOMSON LICENSING S.A.
Application year: 2000
Main classification: H04N3
IPC codes: G09G1, H04N3