PROCESS FOR PRODUCING PROPYLENE OXIDE

Abstract: A process for producing propylene oxide comprising the following steps: the oxidation step: a step of obtaining isopropylbenzene hydroperoxide by oxidizing isopropylbenzene; the epoxidation step: a step of obtaining propylene oxide and cumyl alcohol by reacting propylene with isopropylbenzene hydroperoxide obtained in the oxidation step; the hydrogenolysis step: a step of obtaining isopropylbenzene by hydrogenolyzing cumyl alcohol obtained in the epoxidation step, and recycling this isopropylbenzene to the oxidation step as a raw material of the oxidation step; and the organic acid removal step: a step of removing an organic acid out of the system in at least one point in said steps or between said steps.

Description: The present invention relates to a process for producing propylene oxide. More particularly, the present invention relates to a process for producing propylene oxide in which propylene is converted into propylene oxide in high yield using a hydroperoxide of isopropylbenzene as an oxygen carrier and said isopropylbenzene can be recycled. A process for oxidizing propylene by using a hydroperoxide of ethylbenzene as an oxygen carrier to obtain propylene oxide and styrene is known as a Halcon process. This process, however, is unsatisfactory from the standpoint of selective production of only propylene oxide in high yield, since styrene is produced as a byproduct together with propylene oxide The present inventors have intensively studied a process for producing propylene oxide not having the above-mentioned problem, and found as a result that propylene can be converted into propylene oxide without production of byproducts by using a hydroperoxide of isopropylbenzene as an oxygen carrier and propylene oxide can be obtained at high yield by adding a process for removing an organic acid. Thus the present invention is completed. Namely, the present invention relates to a process for producing propylene oxide comprising the following steps: oxidation step: a step of obtaining isopropylbenzene hydroperoxide by oxidizing isopropylbenzene; epoxidation step: a step of obtaining propylene oxide and cumyl alcohol by reacting propylene with isopropylbenzene hydroperoxide obtained in the oxidation step in the presence of a titanium-containing silicon oxide catalyst satisfying the following conditions (1) to (4): (1) an average pore diameter is 10 A or more, (2) pores in 90 % or more of volume of all pores, have a pore diameter of from 5 to 200 Å, (3) a specific pore volume is 0.2 cm 3 /g or more, and (4) the catalyst is a catalyst obtainable by a process comprising mixing and stirring in liquid condition a titanium source, silicon source and a quaternary ammonium ion of the following general formula (I) as a template to obtain a solid containing the catalyst components and template and then removing the template by means of solvent extraction: [NR 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 ] + (wherein, R 1 represents a linear or branched hydrocarbon group having 2 to 36 carbon atoms, and R 2 to R 4 represent an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms); hydrogenolysis step: a step of obtaining isopropylbenzene by hydrogenolyzing cumyl alcohol obtained in the epoxidation step, and recycling this isopropylbenzene to the oxidation step as a raw material of the oxidation step; and organic acid removal step: a step of removing an organic acid out of the system between the oxidation step and the epoxidation step to reduce a concentration of an organic acid in oxidation liquid fed to the epoxidation step to 0.5 % by weight or less. The oxidation step in the present invention is a step for obtaining isopropylbenzene hydroperoxide by oxidizing isopropylbenzene. The oxidation of isopropylbenzene is usually conducted by auto-oxidation using an oxygen-containing gas such as air, oxygen-concentrated air or the like. Particularly, an emulsion oxidation method in an alkaline aqueous emulsion is preferable from the standpoint of improving the yield of isopropylbenzene hydroperoxide. The usual reaction temperature is from 50 to 200°C, and the reaction pressure is usually from atmospheric pressure to 5 MPa. In the emulsion oxidation method, an alkali metal compound such as NaOH or KOH, alkaline earth metal compound, or alkali metal carbonate such as Na 2 CO 3 or NaHCO 3 , NH 3 , (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 , alkali metal ammonium carbonates or the like is used as an alkaline reagent. The epoxidation step in the present invention is a step of reacting an organic hydroperoxide obtained in the oxidation step with propylene to obtain propylene oxide and cumyl alcohol. The epoxidation step is carried out in the presence of a catalyst comprising a titanium-containing silicon oxide to obtain the desired product in high yield and high selectivity. As these catalysts, so-called Ti-silica catalysts containing Ti chemically bonded to silicon oxide are preferable. For example, a compound prepared by supporting a Ti compound on a silica carrier, a compound prepared by combining a Ti compound with silicon oxide by a coprecipitation method or sol gel method, zeolite compounds containing Ti, and the like are listed. The titanium-containing silicon oxide employed in the present invention satisfies all of the following conditions (1) to (3). The condition (1) is that an average pore diameter is 10 Å or more. The condition (2) is that pores in 90 % or more of volume of all pores, have a pore diameter of from 5 to 200 Å. The condition (3) is that a specific pore volume is 0.2 cm 3 /g or more. Here, the above-mentioned specific pore volume means a pore volume per g of a catalyst. The measurements in the above-mentioned conditions (1) to (3) can be conducted by ordinary methods using a physical adsorption method for a gas such as nitrogen, argon or the like The titanium-containing silicon oxide satisfies the following condition (4) in addition to the above-mentioned conditions (1) to (3). The condition (4) is that the titanium-containing silicon oxide is obtainable as described above by using a quaternary ammonium ion of the following general formula (I) as a template and then removing the template. [NR 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 ] + (wherein, R 1 represents a linear or branched hydrocarbon group having 2 to 36 carbon atoms, and R 2 to R 4 represent an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms). R 1 is a linear or branched hydrocarbon group having 2 to 36 carbon atoms, preferably having 10 to 18 carbon atoms. R 2 to R 4 are an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and it is preferable that all of R 2 to R 4 are a methyl group. As the specific examples of the quaternary ammonium ion of the general formula (I), cations such as hexadecyltrimethylammonium, dodecyltrimethylammonium, benzyltrimethylammonium, dimethyldidodecylammonium, and the like can be listed. The method for removing the template is removal by solvent extraction for maintaining activity and selectivity of a catalyst at high level. It is preferable that the catalyst has an absorption peak in the region of 960±5 cm -1 in the infrared absorption spectrum. This peak is supposed to correspond to titanium introduced in a silica skeleton. The catalyst can be used in any physical forms such as a powder, flake, spherical particle and pellet. As the specific method for obtaining a catalyst, the following method is given. First, a silica source, a titanium source and a quaternary ammonium ion as a template are mixed and stirred in liquid condition to obtain a solid containing the catalyst components and template. When a reagent used is in the form of solid, it is advantageous to dissolve or disperse the reagent in a solvent to give a solution to be used. As the silica source, amorphous silica and alkoxysilanes, for example, tetramethyl orthosilicate, tetraethyl orthosilicate, tetrapropyl orthosilicate and the like are listed. As the titanium source, titanium alkoxides, for example, tetramethyl titanate, tetraethyl titanate, tetrapropyl titanate, tetraisopropyl titanate, tetrabutyl titanate, tetraisobutyl titanate, tetra-2-ethylhexyl titanate, tetraoctadecyl titanate, and titanium (IV) oxyacetylacetonate, titanium (IV) diisopropoxy bisacetylacetonate and the like, or halogenated titaniums, for example, titanium tetrachloride, titanium tetrabromide, titanium tetraiodide and the like, are listed. As the template, those described above can be used. As the examples of the solvent, water and alcohols, for example, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, 2-propanol, n-butanol, sec-butanol, t-butanol, vinyl alcohol, allyl alcohol, cyclohexanol, benzyl alcohol and the like, diols, or mixtures thereof, and the like are listed. The molar ratio of the use amount of the titanium source to the use amount of the silica source is preferably from 10 -5 to 1, more preferably from 0.00008 to 0.4. The molar ratio of the use amount of the quaternary ammonium ion to the total amount of the silica source and the titanium source is preferably from 10 -2 to 2. For promoting the roaction of the silica source and the titanium source, it is preferable to impart alkaline or acidic property to the mixed solution. As the alkali source, quaternary ammonium hydroxides are preferable, and examples thereof include tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide, tetraethyl ammonium hydroxide, tetrapropyl ammonium hydroxide and the like. As examples of the acid, inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid and the like, and organic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid and the like are listed. The mixing and stirring temperature is usually from -30 to 100°C. A solid is formed by mixing and stirring, and this may also be aged for further growth of the solid. The aging time is usually 180 hours or less, and the aging temperature is usually from 0 to 200°C. When heating is required in aging, it is preferable to transfer the mixture into a pressure-resistant vessel and aging of the mixture is conducted under air-tight conditions for avoiding vaporization of the solvent. Next, the solid obtained in the above-mentioned step is subjected to a solvent extraction operation using a solvent to remove the template, thereby obtaining the intended catalyst. A technology for extracting out a template by a solvent is reported, for example, by Whitehurst et al. (see, U.S.Patent 5,143,879). The solvent used for extraction may advantageously be that which can dissolve the compound used as a template, and generally, oxa- and/or oxo-substituted hydrocarbons having 1 to about 12 carbon atoms which are liquid at normal temperature can be used. As the suitable solvent of this kind, alcohols, ketones, ethers (acyclic and cyclic) and esters can be used, and examples thereof include hydroxy-substituted hydrocarbons such as methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, isopropanol, n-butanol and octanol; oxo-substituted hydrocarbons such as acetone, diethyl ketone, methyl ethyl ketone and methyl isobutyl ketone; hydrocarbon ethers such as diisobutyl ether and tetrahydrofuran; hydrocarbon esters such as methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate and butyl propionate; and the like. The weight ratio of these solvents to the catalyst is usually from 1 to 1000, preferably from 10 to 300. For improving the extraction effect, acids or salts thereof may be added to these solvents. Examples of acids used include inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrobromic acid and the like, and organic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid and the like. Examples of salts thereof include alkali metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts, ammonium salts and the like. The concentration of an acid or salt thereof added in a solvent is preferably 10 mol/l or less, more preferably 1 mol/l or less. When the concentration of an acid or salt thereof added in a solvent is too large, titanium present in the catalyst is eluted, leading to decrease in catalytic activity in some cases. After sufficient mixing of a solvent and a catalyst, a liquid phase part is separated by filtration, decantation or the like. This operation is repeated as often as required. Extraction can also be conducted by flowing a washing solvent through a catalyst layer. Completion of washing can be recognized, for example, by analysis of a liquid phase part. The extraction temperature is preferably from 0 to 200°C, more preferably from 20 to 100°C. Instead of use of the above-mentioned organic extraction solvent, extraction can also be conducted by using a supercritical fluid. As the supercritical fluid, carbon dioxide is preferable. The supercritical temperature of carbon dioxide is about 31°C or more, and the extraction temperature is preferably from 31 to 100°C, more preferably from 35 to 60°C. The supercritical pressure is about 7.4 MPa, and preferably from 10 to 30 MPa. It is preferable to conduct extraction, using supercritical carbon dioxide in an amount of 50 to 500 g per minute per liter of a catalyst in extraction, for a period of 4 to 20 hours. Drying may be performed on a solid obtained after the extraction. Namely, the solid is heated, under an atmosphere of a non-reducing gas, for example, nitrogen, argon or carbon dioxide, or an oxygen-containing gas, for example, air, at a temperature preferably from 10 to 800°C, more preferably from 50 to 300°C. A silylation is preferably performed on the thus obtained catalyst. The silylation is conducted by contacting the resulting catalyst with a silylating agent to convert a hydroxyl group present on the surface of the catalyst into a silyl group. Examples of the silylating agent include organic silanes, organic silylamines, organic silylamides and derivatives thereof, and organic silazanes and other silylating agents. Examples of the organic silane include chlorotrimethylsilane, dichlorodimethylsilane, chlorobromodimethylsilane, nitrotrimethylsilane, chlorotriethylsilane, iododimethylbutylsilane, chlorodimethylphenylsilane, dichlorodimethylsilane, dimethyl n-propylchlorosilane, dimethylisopropylchlorosilane, t-butyldimethylchlorosilane, tripropylchlorosilane, dimethyloctylchlorosilane, tributylchlorosilane, trihexylchlorosilane, dimethylethylchlorosilane, dimethyloctadecylchlorosilane, n-butyldimethylchlorosilane, bromomethyldimethylchlorosilane, chloromethyldimethylchlorosilane, 3-chloropropyldimethylchlorosilane, dimethoxymethylchlorosilane, dimethylphenylchlorosilane, triethoxychlorosilane, dimethylphenylchlorosilane, methylphenylvinylchlorosilane, benzyldimethylchlorosilane, diphenyldichlorosilane, diphenylmethylchlorosilane, diphenylyinylchlorosilane, tribenzylchlorosilane and 3-cyanopropyldimethylchlorosilane. Examples of the organic silylamine include N-trimethylsilylimidazole, N-t-butyldimethylsilylimidazole, N-dimethylethylsilylimidazole, N-dimethyl-n-propylsilylimidazole, N-dimethylisopropylsilylimidazole, N-trimethylsilyldimethylamine, N-trimethylsilyldiethylamine, N-trimethylsilylpyrrole, N-trimethylsilylpyrrolidine, N-trimethylsilylpiperidine, 1-cyanoethyl(diethylamino)dimethylsilane and pentafluorophenyldimethylsilylamine. Examples of the organic silylamide and derivative thereof include N,O-bistrimethylsilylacetamide, N,O-bistrimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide, N-trimethylsilylacetamide, N-methyl-N-trimethylsilylacetamide, N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide, N-methyl-N-trimethylsilylheptafluorobutylamide, N-(t-butyldimethylsilyl)-N-trifluoroacetamide and N,O-bis(diethylhydrosilyl)trifluoroacetamide. Examples of the organic silazane include hexamethyldisilazane, heptamethyldisilazane, 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisilazane, 1,3-bis(chloromethyl)tetramethyldisilazane, 1,3-divinyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisilazane and 1,3-diphenyltetramethyldisilazane. Disclosed as examples of other silylating agents are N-methoxy-N,O-bistrimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide, N-methoxy-N,O-bistrimethyisilyl carbamate, N,O-bistrimethylsilyl sulfamate, trimethylsilyltrifluoromethane sulfonate and N,N'-bistrimethylsilylurea. The preferable silylating agent is hexamethyldisilazane. The catalyst prepared in this manner has high surface area and highly dispersed titanium active sites, and can be suitably used in an olefin epoxidation reaction. In the present invention, isopropylbenzene hydroperoxide used as a raw material for the epoxidation process may be a dilute or dense purified substance or non-purified substance. The epoxidation reaction is conducted by contacting propylene and isopropylbenzene hydroperoxide with a catalyst. The reaction can be carried out in liquid phase using a solvent The solvent must be liquid under the temperature and pressure in the reaction, and substantially inert to reactants and products. The solvent may be composed of a substance present in the hydroperoxide solution used. For example, when isopropylbenzene hydroperoxide is a mixture with isopropylbenzene which is a raw material thereof, this can be used instead of a solvent without particularly adding a solvent. Additionally, monocyclic aromatic compounds (e.g. benzene, toluene, chlorobenzene, orthodichlorobenzene), and alkanes (e.g. octane, decane, dodecane) and the like are listed as useful solvents. The epoxidation temperature is usually from 0 to 200°C, and preferably from 25 to 200°C. The pressure may be at a level sufficient to keep the reaction mixture in liquid condition. In general, the pressure is advantageously from 100 to 10000 kPa. The epoxidation reaction can be carried out advantageously using a catalyst in the form of a slurry or fixed bed. In the case of a large scale industrial operation, a fixed bed is preferably used. The epoxidation reaction can be conducted by a batch-wise method, semi-continuous method, continuous method or the like. When liquid containing reaction raw materials is passed through a fixed bed, a liquid-like mixture discharged from a reaction region does not contain any catalyst at all or contains substantially no catalyst. In the present invention, the concentration of an organic acid in oxidation liquid fed to the epoxidation step is 0.5% by weight or less, more preferably 0.1% by weight or less. When the concentration of an organic acid is too high, catalytic activity decreases, and further, catalyst life may be shortened in some cases. The oxidation liquid fed to the epoxidation step includes also reaction liquid produced in this oxidation step, or liquid concentrated by distillation or the like. The organic acid has a carboxyl group, and examples of carboxylic acids are formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, benzoic acid and the like, dicarboxylic acids such as oxalic acid, malonic acid, hydroxy acids such as lactic acid, and the like. The hydrogenolysis step of the present invention is a step in which cumyl alcohol obtained in the epoxidation step is hydrogenolyzed to obtain isopropylbenzene and isopropylbenzene is recycled to the oxidation step as a raw material of the oxidation step. Namely, by hydrogenolysis the same isopropylbenzene as used in the oxidation step is recycled. The hydrogenolysis reaction is usually conducted by contacting cumyl alcohol and hydrogen with a catalyst. The reaction can be carried out in liquid phase using a solvent or gas phase. The solvent must be substantially inert to reactants and products. The solvent may be composed of the substance present in the cumyl alcohol solution used. For example, when cumyl alcohol is a mixture with isopropylbenzene which is a product, this can be used instead of a solvent without particularly adding a solvent. Additionally, alkanes (e.g., octane, decane, dodecane), monocyclic aromatic compounds (e.g., benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene) and the like are listed as useful solvents. The hydrogenolysis temperature is generally from 0 to 500°C, and preferably from 30 to 400°C. In general, the pressure is advantageously from 100 to 10000 kPa. The hydrogenolysis reaction can be advantageously conducted using a catalyst in the form of a slurry or fixed bed. The method of the present invention can be conducted by a batch-wise method, semi-continuous method or continuous method. When liquid or gas containing reaction raw materials is passed through a fixed bed, a liquid-like mixture discharged from a reaction region does not contain any catalyst at all or contains substantially no catalyst. The organic acid removal step in the present invention is a step of removing an organic acid out of the system etween the oxidation step and the epoxidation step to controll the concentration of an organic acid in the oxidation liquid fed to the epoxidation step, within the above-mentioned range. The organic acid removal step can usually be carried out by distillation, extraction or the like. For example, when extraction is used, extraction can be conducted using water or alkaline aqueous solution as an extractant. When an alkaline aqueous solution is used as an extractant, an organic acid can be removed by contacting with an alkaline aqueous solution containing an alkali in an amount not less than the molar number of the organic acid fed, leaving the solution, followed by removing the aqueous phase out of the system. Further, it is preferable to water-wash an oil layer after alkali washing, for removing the remaining alkali and salt of an organic acid with an alkali. As the alkali, alkali metal compounds such as NaOH and KOH, alkaline earth metal compounds, or alkali metal carbonates such as Na 2 CO 3 and NaHCO 3 , or NH 3 and (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 , alkali metal ammonium carbonates, and the like are used. The organic acid is as described in the section of the epoxidation step. Examples Example 1 Oxidation step Cumene was mixed with air, and they were reacted under conditions of a pressure of 500 kPa and a temperature of 105°C for 5 hours. The produced oxidation liquid had the following composition. Oxidation liquid composition Cumene hydroperoxide 24 wt% Cumyl alcohol 1 wt% Isopropylbenzene 72 wt% Others 3 wt% Organic acid removal step The oxidation liquid obtained in the oxidation step was mixed with a sodium carbonate aqueous solution at a ratio of oxidation liquid to sodium carbonate aqueous solution of 5:1 the mixture was allowed to stand still, then, the resulting oil layer was mixed with water at a ratio of oil layer to water of 5:1, and the mixture was allowed to stand still. The resulting oil layer had the following composition. Cumene hydroperoxide 24 wt% Cumyl alcohol 1 wt% Isopropylbenzene 72 wt% Organic acid 0.002 wt% Epoxidation step The washed oxidation liquid obtained in the organic acid removal step was allowed to pass continuously through a fixed bed flow reaction vessel in the presence of a Ti-containing silicon oxide catalyst, together with propylene in an amount of 8-fold mol based on 1 mol of isopropylbenzene hydroperoxide in the washed oxidation liquid. When the inlet temperature was controlled to 100°C, the cumene hydroperoxide conversion was 60.5%, the PO yield based on the reacted C'3 amount was 99%, and the PO selectivity based on the converted cumene hydroperoxide was 98%. Comparative Example 1 An epoxidation reaction is conducted under the same conditions as in Example 1 except that organic acid removal was not carried out. The amount of an organic acid in the feed for epoxidation was 0.1% by weight. At this point, the cumene hydroperoxide conversion was 53%, the PO yield based on the reacted C'3 amount was 98%, and the PO selectivity based on the converted cumene hydroperoxide was 84%. As compared with Example 1, the catalytic activity decreased and propylene oxide yield also decreased. The present invention could provide a propylene oxide production method in which propylene oxide can be obtained in high yield by converting propylene into propylene oxide without producing a byproduct using a hydroperoxide of isopropylbenzene as an oxygen carrier and by adding a step of removing an organic acid.

Claims: A process for producing propylene oxide comprising the following steps: oxidation step: a step of obtaining isopropylbenzene hydroperoxide by oxidizing isopropylbenzene; epoxidation step: a step of obtaining propylene oxide and cumyl alcohol by reacting propylene with isopropylbenzene hydroperoxide obtained in the oxidation step in the presence of a titanium-containing silicon oxide catalyst satisfying the following conditions (1) to (4): (1) an average pore diameter is 10 Å or more, (2) pores in 90 % or more of volume of all pores, have a pore diameter of from 5 to 200 Å, (3) a specific pore volume is 0.2 cm 3 /g or more, and (4) the catalyst is a catalyst obtainable by a process comprising mixing and stirring in liquid condition a titanium source, silicon source and a quaternary ammonium ion of the following general formula (I) as a template to obtain a solid containing the catalyst components and template and then removing the template by means of solvent extraction: [NR 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 ] + (wherein, R 1 represents a linear or branched hydrocarbon group having 2 to 36 carbon atoms, and R 2 to R 4 represent an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms); hydrogenolysis step: a step of obtaining isoprbpylbenzene by hydrogenolyzing cumyl alcohol obtained in the epoxidation step, and recycling this isopropylbenzene to the oxidation step as a raw material of the oxidation step; and organic acid removal step: a step of removing an organic acid out of the system between the oxidation step and the epoxidation step to reduce a concentration of an organic acid in oxidation liquid fed to the epoxidation step to 0.5 % by weight or less. The process, according to Claim 1, wherein the concentration of an organic acid in oxidation liquid fed to the epoxidation step is 0.1 % by weight or less. The process according to Claim 1 or 2, wherein the catalyst has an absorption peak in a region of 960±5cm -1 in the infrared absorption spectrum.

Inventors: OKU NORIAKI, SEO TATEO, OKU, NORIAKI, SEO, TATEO
Applicants: SUMITOMO CHEMICAL CO, SUMITOMO CHEMICAL COMPANY, LIMITED
Application year: 2000
Main classification: C07D301
IPC codes: C07D303, B01J29, B01J21, C07B61, C07D301