METHODS OF MAKING COMPOUNDS

Abstract: A biological method of making a compound having formula (I), wherein R<1> is CH=CH2, COOH, CH2-CH3 or OH; R<3> is OH, or -OCH3; R<4> is OH; and R<2>, R<5> and R<6> are hydrogen, comprises treating a substrate comprising at least 0.5 % on a dry weight basis of a compound of formula (II), wherein R<1> is CH=CH-COOH; and R<2>, R<3>, R<4>, R<5> and R<6> are as defined above, with one or more fungus (including yeast) microorganisms in viable or non-viable forms and/or an enzymic and/or cell free extract and/or engineered enzyme or cell derived from said microorganisms.

Description: METHODS OF MAKING COMPOUNDS The present invention relates to a method for making compounds, for example from natural biological materials such as plant material. Microbiologically produced biochemicals have a valuable "natural" status and have the advantage of being readily biodegradable. The decarboxylation of ferulic acid to vinylguaiacol by Bacillus pumilus in aqueous-organic solvent two phase systems is described by Lee et al in Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 23:261-266, 1998. There is no suggestion in this document of processes involving yeast or fungi. The present invention seeks to provide biological methods (ie, methods involving enzymic conversions) of making certain phenolic compounds. According to the invention there is provided a biological method of making a compound having the following formula I: I wherein: R 1 is CH=CH 2 , COOH, CH 2 -CH 3 , or OH; R 3 is OH, or -OCH 3 ; R 4 is OH; and R 2 , R 5 and R° are hydrogen, comprising treating a substrate comprising at least 0.5% (preferably at least 50% , more preferably at least 75%, most preferably at least 85%) on a dry weight basis of a compound of formula II: wherein R 1 is CH=CH-COOH; and R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are as defined above, with one or more fungus (including yeast) microorganisms in viable or non-viable forms and/or an enzymic and/or cell free extract and/or genetically engineered enzyme or cell derived from said micro-organisms. Preferably, the microorganisms are selected from Ascomycetes, Deuteromycetes and Hyphomycetes, more preferably of the genus Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, Paecilomyces, Candida, or Aspergillus. Most preferably, the microorganisms are selected from Rhodotorula glutinis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Paecilomyces varnotii, Candida versitalis and Aspergillus niger. In another aspect, the invention provides a biological method of making a compound having the formula I, as defined hereinabove, comprising treating a substrate comprising at least 0.5% (preferably at least 50%, more preferably at least 75%, most preferably at least 85%) on a dry weight basis of a compound of formula II, as defined hereinabove, with one or more Group 2 Bacilli microorganisms in viable or non-viable forms and/or an enzymic and/or cell free extract and/or engineered enzyme or cell derived from said microorganisms. Preferably, the microorganism is selected from Paenibacilli, and is more preferably Paenibacillus polymyxa (most preferably the strain deposited as IMI 382464). Group 2 Bacilli form spores with a distinctive, thick outer coat which bears a series of raised ridges, giving a crenulated profile to the spore, and are described, for example, in General Microbiology, 5 th Edition, Stanier et al, at pages 482 to 485. The method of the invention is preferably used for producing vinylguaiacol, wherein the substrate is ferulic acid and the microorganism: is Saccharomyces cerevisiae; is selected from the Paenibacillus genus, preferably Paenibacillus polymyxa (more preferably IMI 382464); or the Rhodotorula genus, preferably Rhodotorula glutinis (more preferably IMI 379894); and/or an enzymic and/or cell free extract thereof and/or a genetically engineered enzyme or cell derived from said microorganisms. In another embodiment, the method is used for producing ethylguaiacol wherein the substrate is ferulic acid and the microorganism is selected from Deuteromycetes, preferably of the genus Candida, more preferably Candida versitalis (preferably NCYC 1433) and/or an enzymic and/or cell free extract thereof and/or a genetically engineered enzyme or cell derived from said microorganism. The method of the invention may also be used for producing methoxyhydroquinone wherein the substrate is ferulic acid and the microorganism is selected from Ascomycetes, preferably of the genus Aspergillus, more preferably Aspergillus niger (preferably a culture of Zyl 768 (IMI CC Deposit No. 379897)) and/or an enzymic and/or cell free extract thereof and/or a genetically engineered enzyme or cell derived from said microorganism. Preferably, when the process of the invention uses ferulic acid as a substrate, the ferulic acid is derived from plant material, preferably fibres or brans from maize, wheat, rice or sugar beet. When the process is carried out in this way, the product may contain residual plant material, such as fibre or bran. The method of the invention can also be used for producing protocatechuic acid wherein the substrate is caffeic acid and the microorganism is selected from Hyphomycetes, preferably of the genus Paecilomyces, more preferably Paecilomyces variotti, (preferably Zyl 733 (IMI CC Deposit No. 379901))and/or an enzymic and/or cell free extract thereof and/or a genetically engineered enzyme or cell derived from said microorganism. In yet another embodiment, the method of the invention is used for producing vinylcatechol wherein the substrate is caffeic acid and the microorganism is selected from Ascomycetes, preferably of the genus Saccharomyces, more preferably Saccharomyces cerevisiae and/or an enzymic and/or cell free extract thereof and/or a genetically engineered enzyme or cell derived from said microorganism. When caffeic acid is used as a substrate in the method of the invention, it is preferably obtained from plant material, such as from sunflower seed. When the process is carried out in this way, the product may contain residual plant material, such as fibre or bran. An advantageous feature of the bioprocesses of the invention is that they are non-chemical, that is, they involve biological, especially enzymatic, processes. Skilled persons will appreciate that the bioprocesses of the invention are not limited to the specific examples, but include microorganisms and/or enzymic and/or cell free extracts therefrom and/or genetically engineered enzymes or cells derived from said microorganism which exhibit a suitable enzymic activity. The term "microorganism" and related terms used herein includes mutants of microorganisms more specifically referred to herein which exhibit a suitable enzymic activity. It will be understood that suitable enzymic activity means that the enzymes (in the case of cell-free systems), or the enzymes produced by the microorganisms, are capable of converting compounds of formula II into compounds of formula I, as described herein. The micro-organism or enzyme or cell-free extract derived therefrom produces the desired product efficiently and in high yields. This may be quantified in terms of: the rate of production of the product (gl " *day _1 ); the concentration of the product that accumulates (gl 1 ); the yield of the product obtained from the substrate (g of product per g of substrate or % M yield); and the absence of side products which is reflected in the purity of the isolated product (% purity). Preferably, the strains exhibit tolerance to high concentrations of both the substrate and the product, for example at least lgl "1 , preferably in the range of 1 to 40gl "1 , more preferably in the range of 5 to 40gl "1 . The strains also exhibit high metabolic selectivity for the production of the required products, for example the products may be produced in at least 75% (preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 90%) reaction molar yield and at least 50% (preferably at least 65%) recovered molar yield, and they have the ability to produce the products as non-growing cells so that, for example, expensive nutrients do not have to be supplied and expensive sterile fermentation equipment does not have to be used. In particular, the criteria for establishing suitability of the micro-organism or enzyme or cell-free extract for use in the methods of the invention are as follows: The micro-organism or enzyme or cell-free extract derived therefrom produces at least lg of the desired product per litre of reaction fluid and/or at least 50% molar yield of the desired product from the substrate (eg ferulic acid or caffeic acid) at a concentration of >0.25gl "1 , preferably >0.5gl "1 , more preferably greater than l.Ogl "1 . Preferably, the desired product has a purity of at least 90% as determined by positive characterisation of the product by ab initio analytical methods such as NMR. Preferably, the microorganism or enzyme or cell-free extract is capable of being used repeatedly, in two phase reaction systems, as immobilised cells, as disrupted cells, and is capable of reacting with impure substrates, if required. Preferably , the bioprocess includes a biphasic reaction mixture. More preferably, the biphasic reaction mixture includes an aqueous phase, such as water, and a water immiscible phase (eg, a liquid organic phase) such as vegetable oil, for example miglyol. The water immiscible phase acts as a product 'sink' in which the desired product formed from the substrate accumulates. This prevents accumulation of the product in the aqueous phase to levels which may inhibit or teπni ate the enzymatic reaction. This results in increased product yields compared to when the bioprocess is performed using a monophasic reaction mixture. The product should be produced over a reasonably short period of time eg 1 to 3 days or less. Preferably, the test microorganism is isolated using the soil isolation protocol described hereinafter. The compounds which may be produced by the method of the invention may have useful activities when used alone, in combination with each other or in combination with other compounds. For example, a number of the compounds of the invention have one or more activities selected from acidulant, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antibrowning, flavour/aroma and skin lightener activities. Preferred embodiments of the invention will now be described with reference to the following illustrative examples. Bioprocess for making compounds of formula I In the following examples, analysis of compounds other than methoxyhydroquinone and protocatechuic acid was carried out using high performance liquid chromatography (hplc) using the following conditions: Column Spherisorb C-18 Mobile phase 60:40 deionised water: MeCN; 1 % acetic acid How rate 2 mlπιin "1 Detection Ultraviolet at 290 nm. Analysis of methoxyhydroquinone and protocatechuic acid was carried out using high performance liquid chromatography (hplc) using the following conditions: Column Spherisorb C-18 Mobile phase 80:20 deionised water: MeCN; 1 % acetic acid Row rate L75 mlmin "1 Detection Ultraviolet at 290 nm. In the following examples, where organisms are grown in culture broth, the growth medium can contain specified amounts of either, or both, a vitamin supplement and a trace elements supplement. These were prepared as follows. Vitamin supplement: biotin (2 mgl '1 ), folic acid (2 mgl "1 ), pyridoxine (10 mgl "1 ), riboflavin (5 mgl "1 ), thiamine (5 mgl "1 ), nicotinic acid (5 mgl "1 ), pantothenic acid (5 mgl "1 ), vitamin B12 (0.1 mgl "1 ), 4-aπιinobenzoic acid (5 mgl "1 ), and thioacetic acid (5 mgl "1 ). Trace elements supplement: concentrated hydrochloric acid (51.3 mi 1 ), MgO (10.75 gl 1 ), CaC0 3 (2.0 gl 1 ), FeS0 4 .7H 2 0 (4.5 gl 1 ), ZnS0 4 .7H 2 0 (1.44 gl 1 ), MnS0 4 .4H 2 0 (1.12 gl "1 ), CuS0 4 .5H 2 0 (0.25 gl "1 ), CoS0 4 .7H 2 0 (0.28 gl 1 ), and H 3 B0 3 (0.06 gl "1 ). Commercial supplies of Sacharomyces cerevisiae from Tesco pic, Sainsburys pic or Hovis yeast were used in Examples 2, 7, 8, 9 and 10. Candida versitalis was obtained as publicly available NCYC 1433. All other organisms were isolated using the soil isolation protocol described, unless indicated otherwise. Abbreviations IMI - International Mycological Institute, Egham, Surrey, UK NCYC - National collection of yeast cultures, Norwich, UK Soil Isolation Protocol To 2ml deionised water was added approximately 100 mg soil The resulting suspension was mixed thoroughly (vortex mixer) allowed to stand at room temperature (22°C for 1 hour followed by further mixing to distribute suspended material. The macroscopic solids were allowed to settle for approximately 10 minutes and the supernatant (lOOμl) was applied to a suitable medium (see below) in a 90mm petri dish using a spread plate technique. Plates were incubated at 28°C until colony development was observed. For the isolation of fungi, soil supernants were spread plated onto a yeast malt medium comprising: 4g glucose, 4g yeast extracts, lOg malt extract per litre deionised water. For the isolation of bacteria, soil superaatants were spread plated onto nutrient agar (Oxoid, Unipath Limited, UK) Example 1: Preparation of Vinylguaiacol A strain of Rhodotorula glutinis (Zyl 702 (IMI CC Deposit No 379894)) was cultured at 30 °C by shaking at 200 rpm on a yeast malt medium containing (per litre of deionised water): glucose 4g; yeast extract 4g and malt extract lOg. After 40 hours incubation, ferulic acid was added to a final concentration of 2gl "1 . The incubation was continued for a further 21 hours during which time the progress of the reaction was monitored by h.p.l.c. analysis using the conditions described above. After 21 hours incubation the reaction had progressed to a molar conversion of 97.4% . The molar conversion after 3 hours was 61 % . Example 2: Preparation of Vinylguaiacol Saccharomyces cerevisiae, "Bakers yeast", (2g, purchased from J. Sainsburys pic under the trade mark Sainsburys Easy Blend) was activated by suspending dry yeast powder in deionised water (20 ml) for 30 minutes at 37°C. A medium (1 1) containing (per litre deionised water): glucose 4g; yeast extract 4g and malt extract lOg was inoculated (5%) with the activated yeast suspension and incubated at 30°C with shaking at 200rpm for 96 hours. After 96 hours incubation, the cells were harvested by centrifugation (15 minutes at 4000rpm), resuspended in 50ml of 0.9% (w/v) NaCl, and then disrupted by passage once through a cell disrupter (operating pressure 30,000psi). To 50ml of the resultant disrupted cell suspension was added ferulic acid at an initial concentration of lOgl "1 . Also added at the same time was 50ml of Miglyol to form an upper organic layer to the biphasic biotransformation mixture. The progress of the reaction was monitored by analysis as described above. After incubation at 30 °C for 64 hours the reaction had progressed to a 92% conversion to vinylguaiacol. Example 3: Preparation of Vinylguaiacol from Maize Fibre Ferulic acid was released from maize fibre as follows. A lOg portion of maize fibre was shaken (200 rpm) at 30° C, overnight, in a conical flask with 100 ml of 1M sodium hydroxide solution. The resulting solution was acidified to pH 5.5 prior to the addition of 45 ml of a culture of Rhodotorula glutinis (Zyl 702 (IMI CC Deposit No 379894)) which had been grown on yeast malt medium in a 250 ml shake flask and incubated with shaking (200 rpm) at 30 °C for 40 hours. At this time a concentration of 0.495 gl "1 ferulic acid was detected. The resulting suspension was itself incubated at 30 °C with shaking (200 rpm) and the vinylguaiacol concentration monitored by hplc. After 10 minutes a 7.9% conversion of ferulic acid to vinylguaiacol was observed; after 1 hour there was a 29% conversion; after 20 hours a 93 % conversion. The reaction mixture was extracted twice with 50ml of n-hexane and the combined extracts dried and evaporated to yield 48mg of an oil comprising 84% vinylguaiacol. Example 4: Preparation of Vinylguaiacol from Maize Fibre Ferulic acid was released from maize fibre as follows. A 50g portion of maize fibre was shaken (200 rpm) at 30° C, for 15 hours, in a conical flask with 500 ml of 1M sodium hydroxide solution. The resulting solution containing 940 mg ferulic acid was neutralised by the addition of concentrated hydrochloric acid. This was added to 1 litre of a culture of Rhodotorula glutinis (Zyl 702 (IMI CC Deposit No 379894)) which had been grown on yeast malt medium in a 5 litre shake flask and incubated with shaking (200 rpm) at 30 °C for 24 hours. The mixture was adjusted to pH 5.5 and 1 litre of n-hexane was added. The resulting two-phase system was mixed gently (80 rpm) at 30 °C. After 24 hours the two liquid phases were separated and the aqueous re-extracted with 500 ml of n- hexane. The combined organic solvent phases, which contained 540 mg vinylguaiacol (75% yield) were dried and evaporated to yield an oil (740 mg) which was 65% vinylguaiacol by assay. This represents a 66% recovery of vinylguaiacol from ferulic acid. Example 5: Preparation of Protocatechuic Acid from Caffeic Acid To 400 ml of sterilised yeast malt medium (4g glucose; 4g yeast extract; lOg malt extract; made up to 1 litre with deionised water) was added glucose (40g) and caffeic acid (lg) and the resultant mixture was inoculated with spores of Paecilomyces variotii (Zyl 733 (IMI CC Deposit No 379901)) prior to incubation at 30°C with shaking at 200rpm. Further aliquots of glucose (20g) were added at 24 hours, 72 hours and 96 hours. After 168 hours, hplc assay indicated that there were 630 mg total of protocatechuic acid present in the reaction system, representing a 74% molar conversion. The culture broth was extracted with ethyl acetate (900 ml) and assay showed that 527 mg of protocatechuic acid had been recovered along with 45 mg of unreacted caffeic acid. Evaporation of the dried solvent yielded 750 mg of a pale yellow gum which was resuspended in diethyl ether (100 ml) to give a red, granular, insoluble solid which was removed and the remaining solution evaporated to give 700 mg of recovered solid which was 67% protocatechuic acid by assay and 6% caffeic acid. This solid was dissolved in diethyl ether (10 ml) to which was then added a further 10ml of petroleum ether 40/60. Evaporation of this solution by blowing nitrogen over the solution gave a yellow oil from which the solution was decanted and evaporated to give a cream coloured solid (435 mg) which was 96.3% protocatechuic acid by assay. Example 6: Preparation of Methoxyhydroquinone from Ferulic acid Ferulic acid (2g) was added to a medium comprising: 50g glucose; 5g (NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 ; 2g K 2 HP0 4 ; 0.2g NaCl; 0.2g MgS0 4 ; 0.15g CaCl 2 ; 1 ml trace element solution and 10 ml vitamins solution, made up to 1 litre with deionised water. The mixture was inoculated with a starter culture (50 ml) of Aspergillus niger (IMI CC Deposit No 379897)) "Zyl 768" which had been incubated for 24 hours in the same medium and the resulting mixture incubated at 30°C with shaking at 200 rpm in a conical flask. After 67 hours the Methoxyhydroquinone concentration was assayed by hplc as being approximately 1 gl "1 . The biomass was removed by filtration and the solution was treated with aqueous Sodium hydroxide (2M) to adjust the pH to 6.8. The solution was then extracted with Ethyl acetate (1100 ml then 600 ml) and the combined organic phases dried and evaporated to dryness to yield Methoxyhydroquinone (1.09g; 76% molar conversion) as a dark brown oil. Example 7: Preparation of vinylcatechol from caffeic acid Bakers yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, (3 g purchased from Tesco Stores Ltd under the trade designation Tesco Easy Blend Dried Yeast) was activated by suspending the dried yeast powder in 200 ml of a medium containing (per litre of deionised water): glucose 4 g; yeast extract 4 g and malt extract 10 g. The suspension was incubated at 30°C with shaking at 200 rpm for 24 hours at pH of ca 5.0. After 24 hours incubation, caffeic acid was added to an initial concentrations of 1 gl "1 . The progress of the reaction was monitored by analysis as described above. After incubation for a further period of 72 hours, an additional aliquot of caffeic acid was added at a concentration of 1 g L "1 . Following incubation for a total of 144 hours after first adding caffeic acid, the reaction had progressed to a molar conversion of 95%. Example 8: Preparation of vinylcatechol from caffeic acid with a whole cell preparation Bakers' yeast (0.5g, purchased from Tesco Stores Ltd under the trade designation Tesco Easy Blend Dried Yeast) was activated by suspending the dried yeast powder in 50 ml of a medium containing (per litre of distilled water): glucose 4g; yeast extract 4g and malt extract 10 g. The suspension was incubated at 30°C with shaking at 200 rpm for 50 hours without pH adjustment. After 50 hours incubation, caffeic acid was added at an initial concentration of 5gl _1 . The progress of the reaction was monitored by analysis as described above. After incubation for a further period of 113 hours an additional aliquot of caffeic acid was added at a concentration of Sgl "1 . Also added at the same time was 50 ml of miglyol to form an upper organic layer and thus from a biphasic biotransformation reaction mixture. After incubation for a further period of 48 hours, an additional aliquot of caffeic acid was added at a concentration of 10 gl "1 . Again after incubation for a further 48 hours, a final aliquot of caffeic acid was added at a concentration of lOgl "1 . Following incubation for a total of 233 hours after first adding caffeic acid, biotransformation of the batch-fed acid (30gl 1 ) had progressed to a molar conversion of 95% based on the concentration of vinyl catechol detected in the miglyol layer. Subsequent extraction of the migylol layer with an equal volume of either polyethylene glycol (average molecular weight 2000) or 1 ,2-propane diol (propylene glycol) resulted respectively in 88% and 76% partitioning of the vinylcatechol out of miglyol into the alternative organic solvent. Example 9: Preparation of vinylcatechol from caffeic acid with a disrupted cell preparation Bakers' yeast (0.5g, purchased from Tesco Stores Ltd under the trade designation Tesco Easy Blend Dried Yeast) was activated by suspending the dried yeat powder in 100ml of a medium containing (per litre of distilled water): glucose 4g; yeast extract 4g and malt extract lOg. The suspension was incubated at 30 °C with shaking at 200 rpm for 50 hours without pH adjustment. After 50 hours incubation, the cells were harvested by centrifugation (15 minutes at 4000 rpm), resuspended in 20ml phosphate buffer (0.1M, pH 5.85), and then ruptured by passage once through a cell disrupter (operating pressure 30,000 psi). The resultant disrupted cell suspension was made up to a total volume of 100ml with additional phosphate buffer (0.1M, pH 5.85). Caffeic acid was added at an initial concentration of 3Q \ ~1 . Also added at the same time was 100ml of Miglyol to form an upper organic layer and thus a biphasic biotransformation reaction mixture. The progress of the reaction was monitored by analysis as described above. After incubation for a period of 22.5 hours, an additional aliquot of caffeic acid was added at a concentration of SOgl "1 . Following incubation for a total of 94 hours after first adding caffeic acid, biotransformation of the batch-fed acid (όOgl 1 ) had progressed to a molar conversion of 94% based on the concentration of vinyl catechol detected in the miglyol layer. Example 10: Preparation of vinylcatechol from caffeic acid with immobilised bio catalyst in a monophasic organic solvent Bakers' yeast (3g, purchased from Tesco Stores Ltd under the trade name of Tesco Easy Blend Dried Yeast) was added to 2.5 litres of medium containing (per litre of distilled water): glucose 4g; yeast extract 4g and malt extract lOg. The suspension was incubated at 30°C with shaking at 200 rpm for 120 hours without pH adjustment. After 120 hours incubation, the cells were harvested by centrifugation (15 minutes at 4000 rpm), resuspended in 50 ml of 0.9% (w/v) NaCl, then disrupted by passage once through a cell disrupter (operating pressure 30,000 psi). To 25 ml of the resultant disrupted cell suspension was added 25 ml of a sterile solution of 3.0% (w/v) sodium alginate. After through stiring, the mixture was added drop- wise to 200 ml of 0.2M CaCl 2 , and the resultant beads allowed to harden for 18 hours at 4°C. The hardened beads were washed with 0.9% (w/v) NaCl and added to 25 ml of miglyol containing l.Og caffeic acid (ie 40g/L). The suspension was incubated at 30° C with shaking at 200 rpm, and progress of the biotransformation monitored as described above. After incubation at 30 °C for 70 hours the reaction had progressed to 74% molar conversion based on the concentration of vinylcatechol detected in the miglyol. Table 1: Preparation of compounds of the invention from caffeic acid or ferulic acid and selected microorganisms. # -Indicates a minimum value where further addition of substrate has not been investigate Example 11: Production of Ethylguaiacol from ferulic acid using C. versitalis Candida versitalis (NCYC 1433) was grown from a plate culture inoculum for 6 days in yeast malt medium containing lOg/L malt extract, 4g/L yeast extract, 4g/L glucose, and 2% sodium chloride dissolved in deionised water and autoclaved at 120°C. The 50ml culture was incubated at 30°C and 200 rpm in a 250ml conical flask. After 6 days this culture was used to provide a 10% inoculum for a 150ml second culture of the yeast malt medium occupying 50% v/v of the flask. This was incubated at 21-22°C for 24 hrs while agitating at 150 rpm. Then ferulic acid was added to a concentration of 2g/L, together with 100 ml of Miglyol, which alternatively could be added after 50 hrs when the concentration of ethylguaiacol in the aqueous phase had reached 0.25- 0.3g/L. (Miglyol is added because the strain appears to be intolerant of the ethylguaiacol product, with the maximum concentration of ethylguaiacol accumulated (in a monophasic reaction) in the absence of Miglyol as product sink being 0.5 g/L). Ethylguaiacol formation was monitored by hplc using as solvent 60:40 water: acetonitrile plus, 1 % acetic acid, at a flow rate of 2ml/min and monitoring at 290 nm. Ethylguaiacol was formed in a good yield from ferulic acid, with vinylguaiacol being detected as the intermediate. After 184 hrs incubation, the concentration of ethylguaiacol in the Miglyol was 3.64g/L, which represents 92 to 94% of the theoretical maximum yield. The ethylguaiacol could be easily recovered from the Miglyol as a pure chemical by solvent extraction into hexane and then rotary evaporation to dryness. Example 12: Reduction of vinylguaiacol to ethylguaiacol Vinylguaiacol was produced from ferulic acid by microbial bioconversion as described in Example 1 or Example 2. Vinylguaiacol (500 mg) and cobalt (II) sulfate heptahydrate (940 mg) were dissolved in ethanol (10 ml) under a helium atmosphere. Sodium borohydride (255 mg), dissolved in ethanol (5 ml), was added slowly with stirring in an ice bath. The dark solution was then permitted to stir at room temperature. After 36 hours an hplc trace showed that only about 4% of the starting material remained. A peak with the same retention time as ethylguaiacol (6.0 mins, 60:40 H 2 0: MeCN + 1 % AcOH) was present. The ethanolic solution was poured into 2M HC1 (20ml) and extracted twice with diethyl ether. The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate. Ethanol (100ml) was added to the diethyl ether and the latter was removed in vacuo to leave an ethanolic solution. Ethylguaiacol was recovered in a yield of 72% from the starting ferulic acid, and with no residual vinylguaiacol remaining in this recovered ethylguaiacol product. Example 13: Production of vinylguaiacol in the presence of miglyol Candida versitalis (Zyl 866; NCYC 1433) was grown (from a 10% inoculum) in 25ml of sterile yeast malt medium containing 2% w/v sodium chloride. After 24 hours ferulic acid was added to a final concentration of 1-8 g/1 and 25 ml of miglyol was also added as a supernatant. The flask was shaken at 250 rpm at 21 °C and the solutions assayed by HPLC. Over 134 hours the amount of vinylguaiacol increased in the miglyol phase of the reaction with relatively little vinylguaiacol being present in the aqueous phase of the bioconversion. There was also evidence of ethylguaiacol being present in the miglyol phase of the reaction. By comparison of peak areas on HPLC it was seen that use of 8 g/1 ferulic acid in the reaction led to similar molar yields of vinylguaiacol being produced whereas 2 g/1 or 1 g/1 ferulic acid in the reaction gave lower molar yields of vinylguaiacol. Example 14: Preparation of vinylguaiacol from ferulic acid (Lysed Cell) A yeast (Rhodotorula glutinis ; Zyl 702; IMI CC Deposit No 379894) was used to inoculate a medium (400 ml) of the following composition in phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH7): glucose, 2% (w/v); yeast extract, 0.5%; tryptone soya broth, 1 % . The culture was incubated for 24 hr after which the cells were removed by centrifugation, washed three times in the phosphate buffer (0.1M, pH7) and resuspended (20 ml). Cell lysis was achieved in a French press to yield a crude protein extract (3 mg protein/mL). This extract (2 mL) was challenged with ferulic acid (1.2 mg) which was converted quantitatively to vinylguaiacol after a 4 hr incubation with shaking (200 rpm) at 30 °C. Example 15: Preparation of vinylguaiacol from ferulic acid (Lyophilised Cell) A yeast micro-organism (Rhodotorula glutinis Zyl 702; IMI CC Deposit No 379894) was used to inoculate medium (200 ml) of the following composition in phosphate buffer (0.1M, pH7); glucose, 2% (w/v); yeast extract, 0.5%;tryptone soya broth, 1 % . The culture was incubated for 24 hr when the cells were removed by centrifugation, washed three times with phosphate buffer (0.1M, pH7) and resuspended in the same buffer (20 ml) and lyophilised. A portion of the lyophilised cells (20 mg) was added to a two-phase mixture of decane (5 ml) and phosphate buffer (10 ml, 50 mM, pH7) containing ferulic acid (20 mg) in an Erlenmeyer flask (50 ml) and incubated with shaking (200 rpm) at 30 °C. Ferulic acid remained exclusively in the aqueous phase while the vinylguaiacol formed partitioned between the two in about 10:1 ratio in favour of the organic. The reaction was stopped after 31 hr, when no ferulic acid remained, to give a combined vinylguaiacol yield of 12.8 mg (83%). Example 16: Preparation of vinylguaiacol from ferulic acid using Paenibacillus polymyxa Paenibacillus polymyxa (Zyl 277; IMI CC Deposit No 382464) cells were grown at 30 °C, shaking at 200 rpm for 27 hours on a medium comprising per litre deionised water: (NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 , 5g; K 2 HP0 4 , 2g; NaCl, 0.2g; glucose, lOg; malt extract, 3g; yeast extract, 3g; MgS0 4 , 0.22g; CaCl 2 , 0.015g; ferulic acid, 0.5g. The cells were harvested by centrifugation (4,000 x g 15 m') washed with 0.9% (w/v) saline solution followed by resuspension in 0.9% (w/v) saline solution as a 20-fold concentration. An aliquot of concentrated cells (5ml) was added to a solution of sodium alginate (15ml 3.5% w/v) and mixed thoroughly, prior to addition dropwise from a 3ml plastic pipette into 1 litre of 0.2M CaCl 2 solution. The beads formed by this procedure were stored at 4°C overnight in CaCl 2 solution to harden before washed in 21 of tap water. The beads interspersed with an inert packing material were packed into a 100ml glass column. A solution of ferulic acid in tap water (500 ml, 6g/l) was pumped continuously through the column at a temperature of 24 °C and the pH of this solution was maintained at pH 7.0. After 6 hours operation, the aqueous stream exiting the top of the column was continuously extracted into hexane (500 ml) to remove vinylguaiacol, prior to rerarning to the column. Results Vinylguaiacol concentrations (gl "1 ) were: Example 17: Production of Vinylguaiacol from Ferulic Acid by Paenibacillus polymyxa (ZYL277) in a Two Phase System Paenibacillus polymyxa (Zyl 277; IMI CC Deposit No 382464) was grown in a bioreactor in a medium containing (g/1) (NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 , 5; K 2 HP0 4 , 2; NaCl, 0.2; yeast extract, 2; malt extract, 2; glucose, 10; ferulic acid, 0.5; lOml/l of a solution contaimng 0.1M MgSO 4 /0.01M CaCl 2 ; at 30°C, pH 6.0, oxygen 70% on a stirrer cascade (100-500 rpm). After 24h, 100 ml of culture was placed in a 250ml conical flask, stirred at 25 °C with pH control at 7 using 2M NaOH or dilute phosphoric acid as required. 4 g/1 ferulic acid (free acid) was added to the aqueous phase before it was overlaid with 100ml hexane. The hexane was added to partition vinylguaiacol from the aqueous phase where it may be toxic to the organism. Vinylguaiacol concentrations in both the aqueous and hexane phase were determined by HPLC. Further ferulic acid was added to the aqueous phase as the reaction proceeded. The hexane layer was removed periodically and replaced with 100ml of new hexane to prevent it becoming saturated with vinylguaiacol. Vinylguaiacol concentrations in both phases at the time of changing the hexane phase are shown below along with the cumulative total ferulic acid added to the aqueous phase (g/1). Time (h) Vinylguaiacol (g/1) Total Ferulic Acid Aqueous Hexane Total Added (g/1) 21 0.70 9.78 10.48 12 93 0.78 9.86 10.64 22 117 0.70 10.44 11.14 34 143 0.60 7.94 8.54 42 172 0.37 7.30 7.67 50 262 0.62 10.58 11.20 58 314 0.53 9.40 9.93 66 The seven collected hexane layers contained a total of 5.42g vinylguaiacol. Ferulic acid additions had been carried out to take account of increases in aqueous volume due to pH control. In total 7.16g ferulic acid had been added (equivalent to 66 g/1 taking account of increasing aqueous volume). This equates to a molar yield for vinylguaiacol of 98% . Example 18: Vinylguaiacol production by using disrupted cells of Paenibacillus polymyxa Paenibacillus polymyxa (Zyl 277; IMI CC Deposit No 382464) cells were grown on a πήmmal medium (containing, in g/1, glucose, 10, yeast extract, 3, malt extract, 3, ferulic acid, 0.5,), at pH 6.5 and 70% oxygen on cascade control for 18 hours. Optical density (at 610nm) at harvest was 2.37. Two 100ml aliquots of this culture were taken, one was passed twice through a continuous cell disrupter (Constant Systems, 2 Plus series) at 40,000 psi at 16°C. The cells, disrupted and whole, were placed in separate 250ml conical flasks, pH adjusted to 6.5, and 4g/l ferulic acid added. The pH was maintained at 6.5 by manually adding NaOH or dilute phosphoric acid as required for the first hour, after that point there was no pH control. The flasks were shaken at 200 rpm, 28°C. Vinylguaiacol production was monitored by HPLC. Time (h) Vinylguaiacol (g/1) Disrupted cells Whole cells 0.5 0.573 0.757 1.0 0.809 0.938 16.5 2.095 2.346 Compositions The compounds produced by the process of the invention can be used in compositions, including "cosmetic products" and "personal care products". For the purposes of this invention "cosmetic products" are products intended for increasing the appeal, visually and olfactively, of the human body. Likewise "personal care products" are products intended for cleaning, smoothing or otherwise improving the health and well-being of the outside of the human body. These definitions of cosmetic and personal care products at least partially overlap since many products provide functions in both categories. Examples of such products are: perfumes and like products known as "eau de toilette" and "eau de parfum", hand and body lotions, skin tonics, shaving products, bath and shower products, deodorant and antiperspirant products, hair care products such as shampoos and hair conditioners, mouth and dental care products. Such products are well known in the art. Thus, examples of skin care products are described in "Harry's Cosmeticology", R. G. Harry, 6 th edition, Leonard Hill Books (1973), Chapters 5-13, 18 and 35; examples of deodorants and antiperspirants are described in C. Fox, cosmetics and Toiletries 100 (Dec. 1985), pp 27-41; examples of hair care products are described "Harry's Cosmeticololgy " , vide supra, chapters 25-27; examples of dental care products are described in M. Pader, Oral Hygiene: Products and Practice, Marcel Dekker, New York (1988). Cosmetic and personal care products are usually perfumed, on the one hand to give pleasant odour to the products themselves and on the other hand to have the body parts to which they are applied emit a pleasant odour after their use. Moreover, the compounds of the invention may be used in food and beverage compositions in addition to or instead of conventional preservatives. Microorganism Deposits Exemplary micro-organisms suitable for use in accordance with the present invention have been deposited for the purposes of patent procedures under the Budapest Treaty with the IMI Genetic Resource Reference Collection which is an International Depositary authority recognised under the Treaty. The address of the IMI Collection is CABI Bioscience UK Centre Egham, Genetic Resource Collection, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey, England TW20 PTY telephone 01784 470111, fax 01491 829100, e-mail bioscience@cabi.org. TABLE 2: Exemplary compounds of the invention Protocatechuic acid 2-Methoxyhydroquinone (3,4-Dihyroxybenzoic acid) Ethylguaiacol 4-Vinylcatechol (4-Ethyl-2-methoxyphenol) 4-Vinylguaiacol (4-Vinyl-2-methoxyphenol)

Claims: CLAIMS 1. A biological method of making a compound having the following formula I: wherein R 1 is CH=CH 2 , COOH, CH 2 -CH 3 or OH; R 3 is OH, or -OCH 3 ; R 4 is OH; and R 2 , R 5 and R 6 are hydrogen, comprising treating a substrate comprising at least 0.5% on a dry weight basis of a compound of formula II: wherein R 1 is CH=CH-COOH; and R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are as defined above, with one or more with one or more fungus (including yeast) microorganisms in viable or non-viable forms and/or an enzymic and/or cell free extract and/or genetically engineered enzyme or cell derived from said micro-organisms. 2. A method as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the microorganism is selected from Ascomycetes, Deuteromycetes and Hyphomycetes. 3. A method as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the microorganism is selected from Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, Paecilomyces, Candida and Aspergillus. 4. A method as claimed in Claim 3, wherein the microorganism is selected from Rhodotorula glutinis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Paecilomyces varriotii, Candida versitalis, and Aspergillus niger. 5. A method of making a compound having the formula I, as defined in Claim 1, comprising treating a substrate comprising at least 0.5% on a dry weight basis of a compound of formula II, as defined in Claim 1, with one or more Group 2 Bacilli microorganisms in viable or non-viable forms and/or an enzymic and/or cell free extract and/or engineered enzyme or cell derived from said micro-organisms. 6. A method as claimed in Claim 5, wherein the microorganism is selected from Paenibacilli. 7. A method as claimed in Claim 6, wherein the microorganism is Paenibacillus polymyxa. 8. A method as claimed in Claim 1 or Claim 5 for producing vinylguaiacol, wherein the substrate is ferulic acid and the microorganism is Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Paenibacillus polymyxa or Rhodotorula glutinis and/or an enzymic and/or cell free extract thereof and/or a genetically engineered enzyme or cell derived therefrom. 9. A method as claimed in Claim 1 for producing ethylguaiacol wherein the substrate is ferulic acid and the microorganism is selected from Deuteromycetes and/or an enzymic and/or cell free extract thereof and/or a genetically engineered enzyme or cell derived therefrom. 10. A method as claimed in Claim 9, wherein the microorganism is of the genus Candida. 11. A method as claimed in Claim 10, wherein the microorganism is Candida versitalis. 12. A method as claimed in Claim 1 for producing methoxyhydroquinone wherein the substrate is ferulic acid and the microorganism is selected from Ascomycetes and/or an enzymic and/or cell free extract thereof and/or a genetically engineered enzyme or cell derived therefrom. 13. A method as claimed in Claim 12, wherein the microorganism is of the genus Aspergillus. 14. A method as claimed in Claim 13, wherein the microorganism is Aspergillus niger. 15. A method as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 14, wherein the ferulic acid is derived from plant material. 16. A method as claimed in Claim 15, wherein the plant material comprises fibres or brans from maize, wheat, rice or sugar beet. 17. A method as claimed in Claim 1 for producing protocatechuic acid wherein the substrate is caffeic acid and the microorganism is selected from Hyphomycetes, and/or an enzymic and/or cell free extract thereof and/or a genetically engineered enzyme or cell derived therefrom. 18. A method as claimed in Claim 17, wherein the microorganism is of the genus Paecilomyces. 19. A method as claimed in Claim 18, wherein the microorganism is Paecilomyces variotti. 20. A method as claimed in Claim 1, for producing vinylcatechol wherein the substrate is caffeic acid and the microorganism is selected from Ascomycetes and/or an enzymic and/or cell free extract thereof and/or a genetically engineered enzyme or cell derived therefrom. 21. A method as claimed in Claim 20, wherein the microorganism is of the genus Saccharomyces. 22. A method as claimed in Claim 21, wherein the microorganism is Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 23. A method as claimed in any one of Claims 17 to 22 wherein the caffeic acid is obtained from plant material. 24. A method as claimed in Claim 23, wherein the caffeic acid is obtained from sunflower seed. 25. A biological method of making a compound having the formula I as defined in Claim 1 or Claim 5, comprising treating a substrate with one or more micro-organisms or an enzyme or cell free extract derived from the micro-organisms wherein the substrate is selected from ferulic acid and caffeic acid and the micro-organism or extract produces at least a 50% molar yield of the compound of 0.5 gl "1 or more, with a pure product recovery of approximately 75% reaction yield or more. 26. A method as claimed in Claim 25, wherein the microorganism or extract produces between 20 to 30 gl "1 of the compound having formula I. 27. A method as claimed in Claim 25 or Claim 26, wherein the compound of formula I is vinylguaiacol, ethylguaiacol, protocatechuic acid, methoxyhydroquinone or vinylcatechol. 28. A method as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 27, wherein the reaction mixture is biphasic. 29. A method as claimed in Claim 28, wherein the biphasic reaction mixture comprises an aqueous phase and an organic phase. 30. A method as claimed in Claim 29, wherein the aqueous phase comprises water and the organic phase comprises a vegetable oil, preferably miglyol. 31. A method as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 27 wherein the biotransformation method involves a monophasic reaction mixture. 32. A microorganism and/or an enzymic extract and/or cell free extract thereof wherein the microorganism is selected from one or more of Paecilomyces variotti (IMI CC Deposit No. 379901), Rhodotorula glutinis (IMI CC Deposit No. 379894), Aspergillus niger (IMI CC Deposit No. 379897), Paenibacillus polymyxa (IMI CC Deposit No 382464) or a micro-organism strain derived from one or more of said micro-organisms. 33. A process for the production of ethylguaiacol which comprises forming vinylguaiacol by a method according to any one of Claims 1 or 8 and converting the vinyl group in vinylguaiacol to an ethyl group. 34. A process as claimed in Claim 33, wherein the vinyl group is converted to an ethyl group using a borohydride salt. 35. The use of a fungal cell in viable or non-viable forms and/or an enzymic and/or cell free extract of said yeast to produce vinylguaiacol, ethylguaiacol, vinylcatechol, methoxyhydroquinone or protocatechuic acid. 36. Use as claimed in Claim 35, wherein the yeast is Rhodotorula glutinis.

Inventors: GRADLEY MICHELLE LORRAINE, SIME JOHN THOMAS, WILLETTS ANDREW JOHN, GRADLEY, MICHELLE, LORRAINE, SIME, JOHN, THOMAS, WILLETTS, ANDREW, JOHN
Applicants: GRADLEY MICHELLE LORRAINE, SIME JOHN THOMAS, WILLETTS ANDREW JOHN, ZYLEPSIS LTD, GRADLEY, MICHELLE, LORRAINE, SIME, JOHN, THOMAS, WILLETTS, ANDREW, JOHN, ZYLEPSIS LIMITED
Application year: 2000
Main classification: C12P7
IPC codes: A01N31, A01N37, A23L1, A23L3, A61K8, A61K9, A61K31, A61K36, A61P17, A61Q5, A61Q13, A61Q15, A61Q17, A61Q19, C12N1, C12P7, C12R1