CONTROLLED EXPRESSION OF HETEROLOGOUS PROTEINS IN THE MAMMARY GLAND OF A TRANSGENIC ANIMAL

Abstract: The invention features an isolated nucleic acid containing a promoter region derived from the human lactoferin gene operably linked to a heterologous sequence, methods of expressing transgenes, and transgenic animals containing lactoferin-derived promoter regions.

Description: Controlled Expression of Heterologous Proteins in the Mammary Gland of a Transgenic Animal TECHNICAL FIELD This invention relates to expression of gene expression in mammary gland tissue. BACKGROUND This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/117,690. The field of transgenics has grown rapidly since the initial experiments describing the introduction of foreign DNA into the developing zygote or embryo (Brinster, R.L. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:4438-4442 (1985); Wagner et al, U.S. 4,873,191 (1989)). Transgenic technology has been applied to both laboratory and domestic species for the study of human diseases (Synder, B.W., et al., Mol. Reprod. and Develop. 40:419-428 (1995)), production of pharmaceuticals in milk (Ebert, K.M. and J.P. Selgrath, "Changes in Domestic Livestock through Genetic Engineering" in Applications in Mammalian Development, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1991), to develop improved agricultural stock (see, for example, Ebert, K.M. et al., Animal Biotechnology 1:145-159 (1990)) and xenotransplantation (Osman, N., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 94:14677-14682 (1997)). A crucial step in the development of transgenic animals is the construction of the vector or cassette to be microinjected. The ultimate utility or value of the transgenic animal is dependent on the specificity and strength of the promoter being used to express the gene of interest. This fact is particularly evident in utilizing the mammary gland of transgenic animals for the production of pharmaceuticals. Researchers aiming to produce pharmaceuticals in the milk of lactating transgenic animals focused on the cloning and characterization of the genes associated with the major milk proteins from the domestic species and common laboratory animals. For example, the genes for goat beta casein (Roberts, B. et al., Gene 121 :255-262 (1992)) and sheep beta lactoglobulin (Simons, J.P. et al., Nature 328:530-532 (1987)) were isolated and used to produce transgenic mice to demonstrate the ability to direct expression to the mammary gland. In both cases, the protein product was detected in the milk, however, the expression was highly variable and not completely limited to the mammary gland. These experiments clearly demonstrated that crucial control elements were not present in the vectors to correctly direct expression of the gene. This was further illustrated when a heterologous protein coding sequence was attached to a milk specific promoter (Wright, G., et al. Biotechnology 9:830-834 (1991); Ebert K.M. et al., Biotechnology 9:835-838 (1991)). In addition to the problem of inconsistent or non-tissue specific expression, researchers found that some transgenic animals over-expressed the target protein which caused problems with milk production (Shamay, A., et al., Transgenic Research 1:124-132 (1992); Ebert, K.M., et al., Biotechnology 12:699-702 (1994)). This limits the commercial utility of the transgenic production system because many commercially valuable proteins are enzymes, growth factors, or even toxins. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The invention provides a solution to the longstanding problem of inefficient or variable tissue-specific expression of heterologous genes in mammary gland tissue. Accordingly, the invention features transcription regulatory elements derived from a milk specific promoter, e.g., a mammalian lactoferrin gene promoter. An isolated nucleic acid within the invention containins a promoter region derived from the human lactoferrin gene operably linked to a heterologous sequence. A heterologous sequence is one that does not encode a naturally occurring lactoferrin polypeptide. The promoter region includes at least 20 nucleo tides of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. For example, the promoter region contains nucleotides 1-154 of SEQ ID NO:l or 2. Table 1 : Human Lactoferrin promoter region 1 CTGG -TCCTCAAGGAACAAGTAGACCTGGCCGCGGGGAGT 41 GGGGAGGGAAGGGGTGTCTATTGGGCAACAGGGCGGCAAA 81 GCCCTGAATAAAGGGGCGCAGGGCAGGCGCAAGTGCAGAG 121 CCTTCGTTTGCCAAGTCGCCrCGΛGACCGCAGACATGAAA GCATGTCTCCGCGGAAAA (SEQ ID NO:l) BamHI restriction site GGATCC (nucleotides 5-8) and Xhol site (nucleotides 140- 145) are italicized. These restriction sites may be altered, e.g., replaced with other restriction sites or with nucleotides that do not represent restriction enzyme recognition sites. Table 2: Human Lactoferrin promoter region 1 CTXXXXXXTCAAGGAACAAGTAGACCTGGCCGCGGGGAGT 41 GGGGAGGGAAGGGGTGTCT ATTGGGCAAC AGGGCGGCAAA 81 GCCCTGAATAAAGGGGCGC AGGGC AGGCGCAAGTGCAGAG 121 CCTTCGTTTGCC AAGTCGCXXXXXXACCGC AGAC ATGAAA GCATGTCTCCGCGGAAAA (SEQ ID NO:2) Optionally, the lactoferrin-derived promoter regions described above are linked to nucleotides 1-1176 of nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16 (GENBANK™ accession no. S52659). Table 6 1 cgaggatcat ggctcactgc caccttcatc tcccaggctc aaatggtcct cccactttag 61 cctcccaagt agctgggacc ataggcatac accaccatgc tgggctaatt tttgtatttt 121 ttgtagagat gggggtttcc ctatgaagcc caggctagtc ttgaactcct gggctcaagc 181 gatcctccca tcttggcctc ccaaagtgct gggattacag gcatgagcca ctgtgccctg 241 cctagttact cttgggctaa gttcacatcc atacacacag gatattcttt ctgaggcccc 301 caatgtgtcc cacaggcacc atgctgtatg tgacactccc ctagagatgg atgtttagtt 361 tgcttccaac tgattaatgg catgcagtgg tgcctggaaa catttgtacc tggggtgctg 421 tgtgtcatgg gaatgtattt acgagatgta ttcttagaag cagtattcta gcttttgaat 481 tttaaaatct gacatttatg gcgattgtta aaatgaggtt accatttcct attgaatact 541 atcaacacca aaaaagaaga aggaggagat ggagaaaaaa aagacaaaaa aaaaaaaagt 601 ggtagggcat cttagccata gggcatcttt ctcattggca aataagaaca tggaaccagc 661 cttgggtggt ggccattccc ctctgaggtc cctgtctgtt ttctgggagc tgtattgtgg 721 gtctcagcag ggcagggaga taccccatgg gcagcttgcc tgagactctg ggcagcctct 781 cttttctctg tcagctgtcc ctaggctgct gctgggggtg gtcgggtcat cttttcaact 841 ctcagctcac tgctgagcca aggtgaaagc aaacccacct gccctaactg gctcctaggc 901 accttcaagg tcatctgctg aagaagatag cagtctcaca ggtcaaggcg atcttcaagt 961 aaagaccctc tgctctgtgt cctgccctct agaaggcact gagaccagag ctgggacagg 1021 gctcaggggg ctgcgactcc taggggcttg cagacctagt gggagagaaa gaacatcgca 1081 gcagccaggc agaaccagga caggtgaggt gcaggctggc tttcctctcg cagcgcggtg 1141 tggagtcctg tcctgcctca gggcttttcg gagcctggat cctcaaggaa caagtagacc 1201 tggccgcggg gagtggggag ggaaggggtg tctattgggc aacagggcgg ggcaaagccc 1261 tgaataaagg ggcgcagggc aggcgcaagt ggcagagcct tcgtttgcca agtcgcctcc 1321 agaccgcaga catgaaactt gtcttcctcg tcctgctgtt cctcggggcc ctcggtgagt 1381 gcaggtgcct gggggcgcga gccgcctgat gggcgtctcc tgcgccctgt ctgctaggcg 1441 ctttggtccc tgtgtccggt tggctgggcg cggggtctct gcgccccgcg gtcccagcgc 1501 ctacagccgg gaggcggccc ggacgcgggg ccagtctctt tcccacatgg ggaggaacag 1561 gagctgggct cctcaagccg gatcggggca cgcctagctc tgctcagagc ttctcaaaag 1621 gcctcccagg cccctgtccc tttgtgtccc gcctaaggat ttggtcccca ttgtattgtg 1681 acatgcgttt tacctgggag gaaagtgagg ctcagagagg gtgagcgact agctcaagga 1741 ccctagtcca gatcctagct cctgcgagga ctgtgagacc ccagcaagac cgagccttta 1801 tgagacttag tttcttcact taaagaaacg gcctaaccat gggtccacag ggttgtgagg 1861 aggagatggg gcattcgcac accttccgtg gcagagggtt gtggaggggt gcggtgctcc 1921 tgatggaacc ctgtgtcaga gggtttgaga gggaaatgtc agccaaacag aaggaaggag 1981 cagaaggaag gaaacaattg tcagttccat aaccaaagta atttctcggg tgctcagagg 2041 gcactcccca gcgctgcaca ttagtgacct aaatgcgtga gtgcgg (SEQ ID NO: 16) By "isolated" is meant a nucleic acid molecule that is free of the genes which, in the naturally-occurring genome of the organism, flank the sequence of interest. The term therefore includes, for example, a recombinant DNA which is incorporated into a vector; into an autonomously replicating plasmid or virus; or into the genomic DNA of a procaryote or eucaryote; or which exists as a separate molecule (e.g., a cDNA or a genomic or cDNA fragment produced by PCR or restriction endonuclease digestion) independent of other sequences. It also includes a recombinant DNA which is part of a hybrid gene encoding additional polypeptide sequence. The term excludes large segments of genomic DNA, e.g., such as those present in cosmid clones, which contain a given DNA sequence flanked by one or more other genes which naturally flank it in a naturally-occurring genome. The lactoferrin-derived transcription regulatory sequences, are attached to a nominal promoter (e.g., the nominal lactoferrrin promoter or a heterologous promoter) which in turn is operably linked to a sequence to be transcribed. The heterologous sequence to be transcribed is a polypeptide-encoding sequence or antisense sequence. When incorporated into a transgenic mammal such as a cow, the regulatory sequences of the invention operably linked to a polypeptide-encoding sequence direct expression of a polypeptide at a level of at least 0.1 mg/ml in milk. Preferably, the sequences direct production of the trangene product at a level of 1-5 mg/ml in milk. The regulatory sequences described herein may be used as a bi-directional promoter capable of exerting its function independently of its orientation in relation to the nucleic acid to be transcribed. A nucleic acid according to the invention is obtained by any technique in use in the art, for example by cloning, hybridization with the aid of an appropriate probe, by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), or by chemical synthesis. The nucleic acid of the invention includes an RNA stabilization sequence and/or a polyadenylation (poly A) sequence. Such stabilization or poly A sequences are preferably operatively linked to the heterologous nucleic acid sequence at the 3' end of the sequence to be transcribed. The heterologous nucleic acid to be transcribed is preferably insulin, calcitonin, serum albumin, a tetrameric antibody, an FAb fragment, a single chain antibody, a plasma protein, an industrial enzyme, silk, or a membrane receptor. The RNA stabilization sequence includes nucleotides 424-1058 of SEQ ID NO:3 or 4. Table 3: 3' Region of Human Lactoferrin Gene 1 CAGGNTGGCCCAGTAAGGATTCCTGNGAATGAATTGAGTG 41 AATCTGCC AGGTGAAC ATGGATTGC AAACCGGGTTC AC AT 81 TCCCCGGNAGAAGCTAGAGGNCCCACCCAATTTCTTGTGA 121 ACTTGAGAATGTGACAGTCGATTCAATCAGAGACAAGTGC 161 AGGGTGGTTGTGTCTCTC AGGCC AGAGC AGGGAAAC ACCC 201 TGGCTGGTGAGGGCTAGACTCTGGCTCCCTTGAAC ACCGT 241 AGTCGCT AGG AGTAGGGGAGTGGGAAT ATGAGTGTGGCAA 281 GCACTGACTCAGTGATGGGAGAAGGGCAGAGAAAACTCTT 321 AGTATTCTCTTTGATTTATTGGATTAAATAACTGGTTTAA 361 TGGAAGAAATC AGTTTCTGAATCTCTTGCTCTGTTGTGTC 401 CCACAGCCCTCCTGGAAGCCTGTGAATTCCTCAGGAAGTA 441 AAACCGAAGAAGATGGCCCAGCTCCCCAAGAAAGCCTCAG 481 CCATTCACTGCCCCCAGCTCTTCTCCCCAGGTGTGTTGGG 521 GCCTTGGCCTCCCCTGCTGAAGGTGGGGATTGCCCAT 561 CCATCTGCTTACAATTCCCTGCTGTCGTCTTAGCAAGAAG 601 TAAAATGAGAAATTTTGTTGAT ATTCTCTCCTTATAAAGT 641 GTCACTCATCTTTTCTAGAATTTTATACTGAAATCACATG 681 CCTGACAAAATACCTGTACAGTTGGACCTTCCCTTCCAAG 721 TTTTCAGGTCCAGCCCCTCCTCTTTCTTGCAGTCTTGGGT 761 ATG ATGCCC AAGGGTCTGGAATTTAAGGCC AGGCCAAGC A 801 CCGGTTTTCCTAAGGGGATCTTGGTGGGTTATTC AC ATAG 841 CTGGCTCANTGCACGTGCATGTATGTGCCTGGGAATGTNT 881 GCCNTGTCCCCAAGGC AGGGC AGGGAAAGACCAAGGCCTT 921 GGGAAATTATTAACNGGAAANNTANGGGTTCCAANTNGCC 961 NC AATCNCNTTGCNNAAGTCCTAAATTTAACCAAGANCCT 1001 NGGGTTGGGGTTTAAAAAGGGGGACCTTTTAATTCCCNAA 1041 AGNTTCCCCTTAGGGGGG TGCGACAAGCCGC CGAAAGTTCCTCGAAGCTAGCTTCAGACGTGTCTAGA (SEQ ID NO: 3); bold type indicates nucleotides in exon 17 of human lactoferrin gene; "..." indicates a gap. Table 4: Lactoferrin-derived RNA stabilization sequence XXXXXXXAATTCCTCAGGAAGTA AAACCGAAGAAGATGGCCCAGCTCCCCAAGAAAGCCTCAG CCATTCACTGCCCCCAGCTCTTCTCCCCAGGTGTGTTGGG GCCTTGGCCTCCCCTGCTGAAGGTGGGGATTGCCCAT CCATCTGCTTACAATTCCCTGCTGTCGTCTTAGCAAGAAG TAAAATGAGAAATTTTGTTGATATTCTCTCCTTATAAAGT GTCACTCATCTTTTCTAGAATTTTATACTGAAATCACATG CCTGACAAAATACCTGTACAGTTGGACCTTCCCTTCCAAG TTTTCAGGTCCAGCCCCTCCTCTTTCTTGCAGTCTTGGGT ATGATGCCCAAGGGTCTGGAATTTAAGGCCAGGCCAAGCA CCGGTTTTCCTAAGGGGATCTTGGTGGGTTATTCACATAG CTGGCTCANTGCACGTGCATGTATGTGCCTGGGAATGTNT GCCNTGTCCCCAAGGCAGGGCAGGGAAAGACCAAGGCCTT GGGAAATTATTAACNGGAAANNTANGGGTTCCAANTNGCC NCAATCNCNTTGCNNAAGTCCTAAATTTAACCAAGANCCT NGGGTTGGGGTTTAAAAAGGGGGACCTTTTAATTCCCNAA AGNTTCCCCTTAGGGGGG (SEQ ID NO:4) The stabilization sequence may optionally include the nucleotide sequence TGCGACAAGCCGCCGAAAGTTCCTCGAAGCTAGCTTCAGACGTGTCTAGA (SEQ ID NO:5). Also within the invention is an isolated nucleic acid containing a lactoferrin-derived dominant control region (DCR) in the presence or absence of a lactoferrin-derived promoter sequence. A DCR is a nucleic acid sequence which directs consistent level, site of integration- independent, copy number-dependent expression of a nucleic acid operably linked thereto. For example, a DCR derived from genomic DNA located 5' or 3' to the transcription start site of lactoferrin directs transcription of a transgene product in mammary gland tissue of a transgenic mammal. Alternatively, the DCR confers inducibility of polypeptide-encoding sequence to which it is linked. Preferably, the DCR regulates tissue-specific transcription of a heterologous nucleic acid sequence; the regulation of transcription by is position independent relative to the location of the heterologous nucleic acid sequence. For example, the DCR is located 5' or 3' to the sequence to be transcribed. An increase in the level of transcription of a heterologous nucleic acid sequence under the control of a DCR is directly proportionate to the number of copies of the DCR. A nucleic acid is a nucleotide polymer, e.g, a DNA or RNA. Preferably, the nucleic acid is a double-stranded DNA. The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims. DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS Fig. 1 is a diagram of the human lactoferrin gene locus and a representation of overlapping BAC clones. The shaded box represents the lactoferrin coding sequence and the hatched box represents dominant control regions. Figs. 2A is a diagram of of a human lactoferrin PAC clones, and Fig. 2B is a diagram of human lactoferrin PAC subclones. B = BamHI, R = EcoRI, Sp = SpHI, X = Xbal, Xh = Xhol. Fig. 3 is a diagram of the construction strategy for a human lactoferrin expression cassette. B = BamHI, R = EcoRI, N = Notl, S = Sal ISp = SpHI, X = Xbal, Xh = Xhol DETAILED DESCRIPTION Human lactoferrin genomic DNA was cloned, and a milk specific expression cassette constructed utilizing human lactoferrin promoter sequences and other lactoferrin-derived enhancer and regulatory elements. Lactoferrin is found in concentrations of at least 2 mg/ml in human breast milk which makes it a minor component of milk (Masson, P.L. and Heremans, J.F. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 39B:119-129 (1971)). The lactoferrin promoter is a moderate strength promoter when compared to the casein promoters which direct high level expression of casein (10-20 mg/ml). In addition, the human lactoferrin promoter is somewhat unique compared to lactoferrin promoters of other species which direct dramatically lower levels of lactoferrin in milk. The human lactoferrin promoter is an optimal promoter for directing expression of heterologous proteins in mammary gland tissue of transgenic animals. The human lactoferrin locus (Fig. 1) was isolated from commercially available human bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) human PI artificial chromosome (PAC) libraries. Due to the unique nature of the BAC and PAC clones, the entire locus was covered in 2-5 individual clones. Each clone is capable of holding 75-150 kb of genomic DNA unlike cosmid vectors which can only hold 30-40 kb. The clones from the different libraries were characterized by restriction analysis and southern blotting to ensure that overlapping clones were isolated (Fig. 1). These overlapping clones were used to construct a milk specific expression cassette and to isolate the dominant control region for the locus. The human lactoferrin gene along with 20-30 kb of surrounding flanking sequence was subcloned from one of the artificial chromosome vectors into a cosmid vector. The gene was engineered to delete the protein coding sequence and add unique cloning sites for the addition of heterologous protein coding sequences. The human lactoferrin promoter is used to direct expression of foreign proteins to the milk of transgenic non-human mammals. The promoter is attached to either genomic or cDNA protein coding sequences. The human lactoferrin 3' flanking sequence or a 3' flanking sequence of any other gene is inserted into the expression cassette or vector to ensure stable mRNA expression and poly adenylation. For example, the 3' flanking sequence is derived from the 3' flanking region of actin, albumin, or butyrophilin. The transcription unit of the transgene expression system of the invention contains DNA sequences encoding a transgene, any expression control sequences such as a promoter or enhancer, a polyadenylation element, and any other regulatory elements that may be used to modulate or increase expression, all of which are operably linked in order to allow expression of the transgenic polypeptide. Preferably, the human lactoferrin promoter regulatory DNA is used to control expression of a transgene in a transcription unit, or a truncated fragment of this promoter which functions analogously may be used. The lactoferrin-derived regulatory sequence, e.g., promoter sequence or DCR is positioned 5' to a heterologous nucleic acid sequence, e.g., a transgene, in a transcription unit. Portions of the lactoferrin-derived promoter region are tested for their ability to allow tissue-specific and elevated expression of a transgene using assays known in the art, e.g., standard reporter gene assays using luciferase, beta- galactosidase, or expression of an antibiotic resistance gene as a detectable marker for transcription. All or part of one of the nucleotide sequences specified in a reference sequence, e.g., SEQ ID NO:l or 2, its complementary strand or a variant thereof may be used in to direct transcription of a heterologous nucleic acid sequence such as a transgene in a transgenic mammal. A nucleic acid fragment is a portion of at least 20 continuous nucleotides identical to a portion of length equivalent to one of the reference nucleotide sequences or to its complement. The invention includes sequences which hybridize under stringent conditions, with all or part of the sequence reported in a reference sequence and retains transcription regulatory function. For example, the nucleic acid may contain one or more sequence modifications in relation to a reference sequence. Such modifications may be obtained by mutation, deletion and/or addition of one or more nucleotides compared to the reference sequence. Modifications are introduced to alter the activity of the regulatory sequence, e.g., to improve promoter activity, to suppress a transcription inhibiting region, to make a constitutive promoter regulatable or vice versa. Modification are also made to introduce a restriction site facilitating subsequent cloning steps, or to eliminate the sequences which are not essential to the transcriptional activity. Preferably, a modified sequence is at least 70% (more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 95%, more preferably at least 99%o) identical to a reference sequence. The modifications do not substantially alter the transcription promoter function associated with the reference sequence (or a naturally- occurring lactoferrin promoter sequence). For example, modifications are engineered to avoid the site of initiation of translation. Nucleotide and amino acid comparisons are carried out using the Lasergene software package (DNASTAR, Inc., Madison, WI). The MegAlign module used was the Clustal V method (Higgins et al., 1989, CABIOS 5(2): 151 - 153). The parameter used were gap penalty 10, gap length penalty 10. Alternatively, the nucleic acids described herein hybridize at high stringency to a strand of DNA having the reference sequence, or the complement thereof and have transcription regulatory activity. Hybridization is carried out using standard techniques, such as those described in Ausubel et al. (Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, 1989). "High stringency" refers to nucleic acid hybridization and wash conditions characterized by high temperature and low salt concentration, i.e, hybridization at 42 degrees C, and in 50% formamide; a first wash at 65 degrees C, 2X SSC, and 1% SDS; followed by a second wash at 65 degrees C and 0.2% x SSC, 0.190 SDS. Lower stringency conditions suitable for detecting DNA sequences having about 50% sequence identity to a reference gene or sequence are detected by, for example, hybridization at 42 degrees C in the absence of formamide; a first wash at 42 degrees C, in 6X SSC, and 1% SDS; and a second wash at 50 degrees C, in 6X SSC, and 1% SDS. Techniques to evaluate whether a variant has a promoter activity or transcription regulatory activity are known in the art. For example, the sequence to be tested is inserted upstream of a reporter gene whose expression is detectable (e.g., β-galactosidase, catechol oxygenase, luciferase or a gene conferring resistance to an antibiotic). The promoter activity or transcription regulatory activity is at least 50% (more preferably 60%, more preferably 70%), more preferably 80%, more preferably 90%), more preferably 95%, more preferably 99%o, and most preferably 100%) of that associated with the reference sequence (or a naturally-occurring lactoferrin promoter or DCR). A sequence may also be modified so that the promoter activity or transcription regulatory activity is greater than that associated with the reference sequence (or a naturally-occurring lactoferrin promoter or DCR). For example, an increase in promoter activity is at least twice that of naturally-occurring lactoferrin sequence. In another example, an increase in transcriptional acitivity is directly proportionate to the number of copies of a given regulatory sequence, e.g., a DCR. Thus, a transcription unit or expression cassette may contain two or more copies of a regulatory sequence such as a DCR in tandem to increase production of a desired gene product. The components of a transgene expression system are delivered to a cell on one or more vectors, which include, but not limited to, plasmids and viruses. One or more transcription units may be provided on a plasmid, where a lactoferrin-derived promoter region is used to control expression and is positioned 5' to a transgene Example 1: Identification of Dominant Control Regions (DCR) In addition to the construction of a milk specific expression cassette, the isolated genomic clones are used to screen for a dominant control region (DCR) necessary for position independent, copy number dependent expression. To screen for a DCR, the two most distal clones which contain an intact lactoferrin coding sequence are isolated from all bacterial sequences and microinjected into a mammalian transgenic model, e.g., mouse or rat embryos, to produce transgenic animals. Any clone containing a DCR will produce equivalent amounts of human lactoferrin in the milk of all transgenic lines tested. Once a DCR has been localized to a single BAC or PAC clone, the DCR can be further localized by deletional analysis and the production of additional transgenic animals. Once the DCR has been localized to a 5-10 kb region, this region can be connected to the lactoferrin promoter cassette to direct position independent, copy number dependent expression. Although this procedure is described for the human lactoferrin locus, the technique is applicable to any locus such as but not limited to casein or lactoglobulin loci. The lactoferrin-derived regulatory sequences described herein are useful to direct expression of a transgene in mammary gland tissue of a transgenic non-human mammal. The mammary gland is used as a bioreactor to produce commercially valuable proteins. The methods described herein are used to clone the human lactoferrin gene and surrounding dominant control elements of the lactoferrin gene as well as casein and whey protein loci to obtain consistent tissue-specific expression of heterologous proteins in mammary glandtissue. Example 2: Isolation of Genomic Human Lactoferrin Clones A milk specific promoter construct containing lactoferrin-derived transcription regulatory sequences is used for the production of foreign proteins in the milk of transgenic non-human mammals. The human lactoferrin gene was cloned and regulatory sequences modified for use as a promoter. The strategy described below is useful for isolating a milk specific dominant control region from any milk gene locus. Human BAC and PAC libraries were purchased from Genome Systems Inc., St Louis, MO and were pre-blotted on to filters for screening. The filters were probed with oligonucleotides complimentary to the first and last exons of the lactoferrin gene. Reference sequences were obtained through the GENB ANK™ system. All clones isolated were characterized by restriction analysis and southern blotting to determine regions of overlap. Table 4: Oligonucleotides Used to Screen Human PAC Genomic Library 3'mRNA primers: HLAC5 5 '-GGAAGCCTGTGAATTCCTCAGGAA-3 ' (SEQ ID NO:6) HLAC6 5'-GCAGGGAATTGTAAGCAGATGGAT-'3 (SEQ ID NO:7) Promoter primers: HLAC12 5'-CCTTGAGGATCCAGGCTCCGAA-3' (SEQ ID NO:8) HLAC13 5'-GAAGATAGCAGTCTCACAGGTCAA-3' (SEQ ID NO:9) Genomic clones containing the human lactoferrin gene were isolated using DOWN TO EARTH™ human PAC DNA pools purchased from Genome Systems, Inc. (St. Louis, MO). The human PAC DNA are arrayed in 20 microtiter dishes which can be screened using e consecutive rounds of PCR to identify individual clones of interest. The PAC library was constructed by ligating a partial Sau3A I digest of human DNA into the vector pAdlOSacBII. The pAdlOSacBII vector is a low PI phage derived artificial chromosome vector capable of replication inserts of average size of 120 kb in the appropriate bacterial host. The vector is deisgned with T7 and SP6 promoters to enable sequencing of isolated clones and for chromosome walking in order to isolate entire gene loci or gene families. In order to isolate the human lactoferrin gene, oligonucleotides were designed which were complimentary to the promoter region (sequence derived from GENB ANK™ Accession #S52659) and the 3' end of the human lactoferrin mRNA (sequence derived from GENBANK™ Accession # X53961) for use in a polymerase chain reaction (see Table 4). The PCR primers were tested utilizing human genomic DNA and found to generate PCR fragments of the predicted size. The primers HLAC5 and HLAC6 were then used to screen the human PAC DNA pools and two positive clones were identified. The two clones were localized to wells 94K13 and 169a20 and ordered from Genome Systems, Inc. The bacterial clones were grown under kanamycin selection an amplified using IPTG for large scale preparation according to the manufacturer's protocol. To ensure that the clones contained the entire human lactoferrin gene, the two clones were then screened by PCR using the HLAC12 and HLAC13 primers. Both clones were found to contain the full length human lactoferrin gene and were then used for restriction mapping and subcloning of the gene fragments for construction of a mammary gland specific expression cassette. Example 3 : Construction of a Mammary Gland Specific Expression Cassette To construct a mammary gland specific expression cassette, the promoter and 3' flanking regions of the human lactoferrin gene were subcloned and unique restriction enzyme sites added to allow for the addition of heterologous coding sequences and excision from the vector backbone. A schematic representation of the two human lactoferrin clones is shown in Fig. 2 A (not drawn to scale). Each clone contained an insert of approximately 120 kb. The human lactoferrin gene is approximately 24.5Kb in length and is divided into 17 exons (Kim et al., Mol. Cells 8(6):663-8 (1998). As shown in Fig. 2B, the human lactoferrin gene was subcloned as five distinct fragments into the vectors pUC19 (New England BioLabs, Beverly, MA) or Sci. The cosmid Sci was derived from the vector Supercos (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA) and has a multiple cloning site (Sall-BamHI-XhoI-Notl) added between the two EcoRI sites. The subclones were then used to reassemble a mammary gland specific expression cassette of the human lactoferrin gene. The promoter region was reconstructed as a Sail to Xhol fragment using the subclones HL3 and HL10 (Fig. 3). A unique Xhol restriction site was added before the ATG initiation codon using polymerase chain reaction mutagenesis and the oligonucleotides HL14 and HL14 (Table 5). The 500 bp PCR fragment amplified from the vector HL3 was subcloned into PvuII digested pUC19 to form the vector HL12. The plasmid HL12 was then digested with BamHI and Xhol to excise the human lactoferrin fragment which was ligated into BamHI XhoI digested Sci to form the vector HL14. HL14 was digested with BamHI, treated with calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase, and the 3.2 kb fragment from HL10 inserted. The orientation of the 3.2 kb insert was determined by restriction analysis and confirmed by DNA sequencing. The final vector was designated HL15 and contains approximately 3 kb of promoter sequence which can be excised as a Sail to Xhol fragment. Table 5: Oligonucleotides Used to Add an Xhol site Upstream of the Initiation Codon HLAC14 5'-CCTTCAAGGTCGACTGCTGAAGAAGAT-3' (SEQ ID NO:10) HLAC17 5'-CATGTCTGCGGTCTCGAGGCGACTTGGCAA-'3 (SEQ ID NO:l) HLLINK3 5- CTAGATAAGCCGACTCCAGCAGTAACGTCGACGCGGCCGCA-3' (SEQ ID NO:12) HLLINK4 5'- AGCTTGCGGCCGCGTCGACGTTACTGCTGGAGTCGGCTTAT-3' (SEQ ID NO:13) The 3' flanking region of the gene was subcloned as single BamHI fragment of over 20 kb in length which was designated HL11 (Fig. 3 ). Restriction analysis of the vector HL11 revealed the presence of several Xhol sites which were removed before reconstruction of the 3' flanking region. To remove the Xhol sites, the 3' end was further subcloned by digestion with EcoRI or Xbal into the vector pUC19. Two overlapping clones designated HL16 and HL24 were found to contain the stop codon and immediate 3' region of the gene. In order to add a unique 3' restriction site, the plasmid HL16 was digested with Xbal which leaves the 5 'fragment attached to the vector backbone, gel purified, and ligated with a synthetic linker (Table 5, oligonucleotides HLLINK3 and HLLINK4). The correct orientation of the linker was determined by restriction analysis and the new plasmid designated HL26. The plasmid HL26 was then digested EcoRI and ligated with the synthetic linker: 5'-AATTGCTCGAGC-3' (SEQ ID NO: 14) 5'-CGAGCTCGTTAA-3' (SEQ ID NO:15) The addition of the linker converts the EcoRI site to an Xhol site and forms the plasmid HL27. To complete the 3' flanking region, HL27 was digested with Xbal and Sail and ligated with the 7 kb Xbal/Xhol fragment from HL24. The final construct was designated HL28 and could be excised as an Xhol to Notl fragment approximately 7.2 kb in length. The Xhol/Notl fragment from HL28 was then ligated into Xhol/Notl digested HLl 5 to form the final vector HL29 (Fig. 3). A number of embodiments of the invention have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims. WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

Claims: 1. An isolated nucleic acid, comprising a promoter region derived from the human lactoferrin gene operably linked to a heterologous sequence, wherein said promoter region comprises nucleotides 1-154 of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:2. 2. The nucleic acid of claim 1 , wherein said nucleic acid further comprises nucleotide 1-1176 of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:16. 3. An isolated nucleic acid, comprising a promoter region derived from the human lactoferrin gene operably linked to a heterologous sequence, wherein said promoter region comprises nucleotides 1 - 154 of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. 4. The nucleic acid of claim 2, wherein said nucleic acid further comprises nucleotides 1-1176 of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16. 5. The nucleic acid of claim 1, wherein said heterologous sequence encodes a polypeptide. 6. The nucleic acid of claim 2, wherein said heterologous sequence does not encode a naturally occurring lactoferrin polypeptide. 7. The nucleic acid of claim 1, wherein said nucleic acid further comprises an RNA stabilization sequence. 8. The nucleic acid of claim 7, wherein said RNA stabilization sequence comprises nucleotides 424-1058 of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:3. 9. The nucleic acid of claim 7, wherein said RNA stabilization sequence comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:4. 10. The nucleic acid of claim 8, wherein said RNA stabilization sequence further comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:5. 11. The nucleic acid of claim 9, wherein said RNA stabilization sequence further comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:5. 12. The nucleic acid of claim 1, wherein said nucleic acid further comprising a polyadenylation sequence. 13. The nucleic acid of claim 1, wherein said heterologous sequence encodes be insulin, calcitonin, serum albumin, a tetramric antibody, an FAb fragment, a single chain antibody, a plasma protein, an industrial enzyme, silk, or a membrane receptor. 14. An isolated nucleic acid comprising a lactoferrin-derived promoter sequence and a dominant control region (DCR). 15. The nucleic acid of claim 8, wherein said DCR regulates tissue-specific transcription of a heterologous nucleic acid sequence, wherein regulation of transcription by said DCR is position independent relative to the location of said heterologous nucleic acid sequence. 16. The nucleic acid of claim 8, wherein said DCR regulates transcription of a heterologous nucleic acid sequence, wherein an increase in the level of transcription of said heterologous nucleic acid sequence is directly proportionate to the number of copies of said DCR. 17. A transgenic non-human mammal comprising the isolated nucleic acid of claim 1.

Inventors: DITULLIO PAUL A, DITULLIO, PAUL, A.
Applicants: DITULLIO PAUL A, TRANXENOGEN INC, DITULLIO, PAUL, A., TRANXENOGEN, INC.
Application year: 2000
Main classification: C12N15
IPC codes: C07K14