WEAKLY COORDINATING ANIONS CONTAINING POLYFLUOROALKOXIDE LIGANDS

Abstract: A compound comprising a polyfluorinated anion and the use thereof is provided. Specifically, the present invention provides a compound comprising an anion which comprises a polyfluorinated alkoxide coordinated to a transition metal, or a Group III, IV or V element.

Description: WEAKLY COORDINATING ANIONS CONTAINING POLYFLUOROALKOXIDE LIGANDS FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a compound containing polyfluoroal oxides and the use thereof, in particular, for use as an electrolyte in batteries and other electrochemical devices. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION A compound containing a weakly coordinating anion (i.e., an anion that coordinates only weakly with a cation) is useful in a variety of applications including as an electrolyte and a counter-ion for a catalyst in a variety of organic reactions. Some of the useful catalysts containing a weakly coordinating anion are described by Barbarich, et al. in "LiAl(OC(Ph)(CF 3 ) 2 ) 4 : A Hydrocarbon-Soluble Catalyst For Carbon-Carbon Bond-Forming Reactions", Organometallics, 1996, 15, 3776, which is incorporated herein in its entirety. Investigations of very reactive metal and nonmetal cations continues to spur the development of new weakly coordinating anions. See, for example, Bochmann, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl 1992, 31 1181; Strauss, Chem. Rev. 1993, 93, 927, Strauss, Chemtracts-Inorganic Chem. 1994, 6,1; and Seppelt, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1993, 32, 1025. One of the most important uses of weakly coordinating anions is to enhance the catalytic activity of metal cations. Two examples that have received considerable attention recently are metallocene-catalyzed olefin polymerization, and lithium-catalyzed Diels- Alder reactions and 1,4-conjugate addition reactions. See Turner, European Patent Appl. No. 277,004, 1988; Pellecchia et al, Makromol Chem., Rapid Commun. 1992, 13, 265; DuBay et al, J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 6898; Saidi et al, Chem. Ber. 1994, 127, 1761; Kobayashi etal, Chem. Lett. 1995, 307; and Arai etal, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 15, 3776. Useful anions must not only be weakly coordinating, they must also be stable with respect to oxidation and/or fragmentation in the presence of highly electrophilic cations. In addition, an ideal weakly coordinating anion should have a single negative charge dispersed over a large surface composed of relatively nonpolar bonds to weakly basic atoms such as hydrogen or the halogens. Weakly coordinating anions which conform to many, but not all, of these criteria include B(Arf) 4 " CBπHι 2 . „X„- (X=H, Me, Cl, Br, F or I), (X=H, F, Cl, or Br), and M(OTeF 5 )„- (n=4, M=B; n=6, M=Nb, Sb). All of the anions mentioned above have limitations. Some are too strongly coordinating for specific applications. Some are unstable under the harsh chemical conditions where they would be employed. For example, the fluorinated derivatives of BPh can react with strongly electrophilic cations, causing (i) cleavage of a C-F bond and formation of a bond between the fluorine atom and the cation or (ii) transfer of a fluoroaryl group to the cation. In either case, the cation is no longer reactive or catalytically active. Other weakly coordinating anions, such as ClO 4 ' , BF 4 " , PF 6 " , SbF 6 " , B(OTeF 5 ) " , and are not thermally and/or hydrolytically stable. In addition, lithium salts of such anions, including LiCF 3 SO 3 , have low electrical conductivity in some organic solvents, especially organic solvents that are stable in the presence of strong reducing agents such as metallic lithium and related lithium-containing battery anode solutions. Furthermore, some lithium salts, such as lithium triflate (LiCF 3 SO 3 ), cause corrosion of the aluminum current collectors in batteries, while some lithium salts, such as LiPFβ, are known to be unstable at temperatures as low as 70 °C and decompose over time. Still other anions containing boron atoms, and anions containing a carbon atom and a cluster of boron atoms, such as carboranes (e.g., CB 5 , CB 9 , CB U ), are not particularly weakly coordinating because the salts formed therefrom contain at most only one fluorine atom which is bonded to a boron atom. Recently, polyfluorinated carborane anions that are weakly coordinating and are thermally and/or hydrolytically stable have been disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. Patent Application No. 09/049,420, filed March 27, 1998. In addition, one particular class of compounds containing polyfluoroalkoxide ligands and the use thereof has been disclosed in commonly assigned PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US98/19268, filed September 11, 1998, and commonly assigned U.S. Patent Application No. 09/151,852, filed September 11, 1998, disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Despite the recent advances in weakly coordinating anions, there still is a need for new weakly coordinating anions. There is also a need for weakly coordinating anions having a high electrical conductivity in an organic solvent. There is also a need for weakly coordinating anions that are stable in solution and in the solid state. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION One embodiment of the present invention provides a compound comprising a monoanion of the formula: and uses thereof, where Mi is a transition metal, or a Group HI, IV or V element; each Z is independently O, S, or NRβR 7 ; each X is independently a halide; each Ri is independently a bond or Cι-C alkylene; each of R 2 , R 3 and R» is independently H, F, fluorinated Ci-Cio alkyl, fluorinated C 4 -C 2 o aryl, C 3 -Cι 0 cycloalkyl, fluorinated C 3 -Cιo cycloalkyl, Ci-Cio alkyl or C -C 2 n aryl, provided at least one of R 2 , R 3 and i is F, fluorinated Ci-Cw alkyl, fluorinated C 3 -Cιo cycloalkyl, or fluorinated C 4 -C 2 o aryl; each R 5 is independently fluorinated C 1 -C10 alkyl, fluorinated C 4 -C 20 aryl, C -C 2 o aryloxide, fluorinated C -C o aryloxide, C1-C10 alkoxide or fluorinated d- C10 alkoxide; each of e and R 7 is independently H or C1-C10 alkyl; each of a, b and c is independently an integer from 0 to 4, provided the sum of a, b and c is an integer from 2 to 8; and n is 1 or 2; and provided that when R 2 is a fluorinated Cι-C alkyl, Ri is a bond, b, and c are 0, and R 3 is Ci-Cio alkyl or fluorinated Ci-Cio alkyl then R_> is F, fluorinated Ci-Cio alkyl or fluorinated C -C 2 o aryl, preferably F, fluorinated Ci-Cio alkyl or fluorinated C -C 2 o aryl. Another embodiment of the present invention provides a compound comprising an anion of the formula: wherein M t is a transition metal, or a Group III, IV or V element; L is a halide, Ci-Cio alkyl, fluorinated Ci-Cio alkyl, -C 2 0 aryl, fluorinated C -C 2 o alkyl or a moiety of the formula -Z 3 -Rπ; d is an integer from 0 to 4; e is an integer from 1 to 3; the sum of d and e is an integer from 1 to 6; n is 1 or 2; each of Zi, Z 2 and Z 3 is independently O, S, or NRδR 7 ; each of Re and R 7 is independently H or C 1 -C10 alkyl; each R 9 is independently C1-C30 alkylene, fluorinated C1-C30 alkylene, substituted Cι-C 3 o alkylene, C3-C10 cycloalkylene, fluorinated C 3 -Cιo cycloalkylene, C 4 -C 2 o arylene or fluorinated C 4 -C 2 o arylene; each of Rg and Rio is a bond, or a moiety of the formula -[C(Rι 2 Rι 3 )] x -; each x is independently an integer from 1 to 4; each of Rι 2 and RB is independently H, F, Cι-C alkyl or fluorinated Cι-C alkyl; and each R11 is independently C1-C10 alkyl, fluorinated C1-C10 alkyl, C -C 2 o aryl, or fluorinated C 4 -C 2 o aryl; provided at least one of Rg and Rio is a moiety of the formula -C(R 12 Rι 3 )- and at least one of Rι 2 and R J3 is F or fluorinated Cι-C 4 alkyl. The present invention also provides an electrolyte for an electrochemical device, comprising the anion of the above described formula having a counter cation M where M is a metal cation, a phosphonium cation, an ammonium cation or a sulfonium cation. Preferably M is Li cation. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a compound comprising an anion of the formula: I and uses thereof, where Mi is a transition metal, or a Group III, IV or V element, preferably Mi excludes Cu; each Z is independently O, S, or NR δ R 7 ; each X is independently a halide; each Ri is independently a bond or Cι-C 4 alkylene; each of R 2 , R 3 and j is independently H, F, fluorinated Ci-Cio alkyl, fluorinated C 4 -C 2 o aryl, C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl, fluorinated C3-C10 cycloalkyl, C1-C10 alkyl or C -C 20 aryl, provided at least one of R 2 , R 3 and i is F, fluorinated C1-C10 alkyl, fluorinated C3-C 1 0 cycloalkyl, or fluorinated C -C 20 aryl; each R 5 is independently fluorinated C 1 -C10 alkyl, fluorinated C 4 -C 2 o aryl, C 4 - C 2 o aryloxide, fluorinated C 4 -C 2 o aryloxide, C1-C10 alkoxide or fluorinated C1-C10 alkoxide; each of Re and R 7 is independently H or C1-C 1 0 alkyl; each of a, b and c is independently an integer from 0 to 4, provided the sum of a, b and c is an integer from 2 to 8; and n is 1 or 2; provided that when R 2 is a fluorinated C x -C 4 alkyl, Ri is a bond, b, and c are 0, and R 3 is C 1 -C 1 0 alkyl or fluorinated C1-C10 alkyl then Rt is F, fluorinated Ci- C10 alkyl or fluorinated C 4 -C 2 o aryl, preferably F, fluorinated C1-C10 alkyl or fluorinated C 4 -C 2 o aryl. The present invention also provides a compound comprising an anion of the formula: π where Mi is a transition metal, or a Group in, IV or V element; L is a halide, Ci-Cio alkyl, fluorinated Ci-Cio alkyl, C -C 2 o aryl, fluorinated C -C 2 o alkyl or a moiety of the formula d is an integer from 0 to 4; e is an integer from 1 to 3; the sum of d and e is an integer from 1 to 6; n is 1 or 2; each of Zi, Z 2 and Z 3 is independently O, S, or NRδR 7 ; each of Re and R 7 is independently H or C1-C10 alkyl; each R 9 is independently Cι-C 30 alkylene, fluorinated Cι-C 30 alkylene, substituted C1-C30 alkylene, C3-C10 cycloalkylene, fluorinated C3-C10 cycloalkylene, C 4 -C 2 o arylene or fluorinated C -C 2 o arylene; each of Rg and Rio is a bond, or a moiety of the formula -[C(Rι 2 Rι 3 )]x-; each x is independently an integer from 1 to 4; each of Rι 2 and R i3 is independently H, F, Cι-C 4 alkyl or fluorinated C 1 -C4 alkyl; and each Rπ is independently C1-C10 alkyl, fluorinated C1-C10 alkyl, C 4 -C 2 o aryl, or fluorinated C -C 2 o aryl; provided at least one of Rg and Rio is a moiety of the formula -C(Rι 2 Ri3)- and at least one of R12 and R i3 is F or fluorinated Cι-C 4 alkyl. Preferably, the compound of the present invention has at least two polyfluorinated alkoxide groups bonded to Mi. As used herein, a "polyfluorinated anion" refers to an anion of the above described formula. The polyfluorinated anions of the present invention themselves do not necessarily comprise chemical compounds. Indeed, in an isolable compound, anions must be paired with cations to maintain electroneutrality. Thus, compounds of the present invention are, more accurately, of the formulas: m rv where M is a cation having a valence of from 1 to 4. M can be any cation including a cation derived from an alkali metal; alkaline-earth metal; transition metal such as Ag, Zn, Cu, Co, Fe, Mn, Cr, V, Ti, Zr, Rh, Pd, Cd, Hg, Os, Pt, Y, Nb, Sc, Ta, Hf, and Mo; lanthanide and actinide series metal; ammonium moieties such as ammonium, tetrahydrocarbyl ammonium, e.g., tetrabutyl ammonium and tetraethyl ammonium, trihydrocarbyl ammonium, e.g., triethyl ammonium, diisopropyl ethyl ammonium and trimethyl ammonium, dihydrocarbyl ammonium, nitrogen heteroaromatic cation such as 2,6-lutidinium, methyl 2,6-lutidinium, methyl pyridinium and pyridinium, and imminium cation; phosphonium moieties including tetraalkylphosphonium, tetraaryl phosphonium and phosphonium ions containing a mixture of alkyl and aryl groups; sulfonium moieties such as sulfonium ions containing alkyl, aryl or mixtures thereof; and other suitable cations such as thallium. Furthermore, M can be a relatively stable carbocation such as a trityl moiety and related carbocations (e.g., R-C ); and other known cations such as hydronium (H 3 O + ), H 3 O 2 + , (Et 2 O)„H , H 9 O 4 + , and formylium (HCO + ). Preferably, the cation (i.e., M) is selected from the group consisting of thallium, alkali metal and alkaline earth metal cations, ammonium, monohydrocarbyl ammonium, dihydrocarbyl ammonium, trihydrocarbyl ammonium, tetrahydrocarbyl ammonium, nitrogen heteroaromatic cation, tetrahydrocarbyl phosphonium, hydronium, formylium, and trityl and related carbocations; more preferably from the group consisting of trityl and related carbocations, thallium, tetrahydrocarbyl ammonium, alkali metal cations, and nitrogen heteroaromatic cation; and most preferably from the group consisting of trityl, Li + , Tf, 2,6-lutidinium, tetraethylammonium, sodium, potassium, and N-methyl-2,6-lutidinium. As used in this invention, a "hydrocarbyl" refers to a compound having at least one carbon atom. Such compounds include aryl, alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl. Moreover, hydrocarbyl can be straight chain, branched, or cyclic. Hydrocarbyl can also be substituted with other non hydrogen or carbon atoms such as halide, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen or phosphorus. It will be appreciated that a molar ratio of a cation to a polyfluorinated anion of the present invention depends on the valence of the cation. This is reflected in the values p and k, for example, if both the cation and the anion are monovalent, then k and p are 1, and there will be a 1 : 1 molar ratio between the cation and the polyfluorinated anion of the present invention. Whereas if the cation is divalent and the anion is monovalent, then k is 2 and p is 1, and there will be a 1:2 molar ratio between the cation and the polyfluorinated anion of the present invention. Preferably, k is an integer from 1 to 4, more preferably 1 to 3, still more preferably k is 1 or 2, and most preferably 1. Preferably p is 1 or 2 and more preferably 1. It should be appreciated that because the polyfluorinated anions of the present invention are weakly associating (i.e., coordinating) anions, a cation associated with a polyfluorinated anion can be readily exchanged with another cation by any of the known methods including ion exchange chromatography and other ion exchange methods. As used in this invention, Group III, IV and V elements are those elements which are listed in the Group HI, IV and V of the periodic table, respectively. For example, Group HI elements are B, Al, Ga, In and Tl; Group IV elements are C, Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb; and Group V elements are N, P, As, Sb and Bi. With reference to formulas I-IV described herein: Preferably Mi is selected from the group consisting of Al, B, V, Ti, Si, Zr, Ge, Sn, Cu, Y, Zn, Ga, Nb, Ta, Bi, P, As, Sc, Hf and Sb, more preferably from the group consisting of Al, B, V, Ti, Si, Zr, Ge, Sn, Y, Zn, Ga, Nb, Ta, Bi, P, As, Sc, Hf and Sb, still more preferably from the group consisting of Al, B, Nb and Ta, and most preferably from the group consisting of Al and B. Preferably, Z, Z_, Z 2 and Z 3 are O. Preferably n is 1. Preferably a is 1, 3 or 4, more preferably 4. Preferably b is 0 or 1. Preferably c is 0 or 3. Preferably the sum of a, b and c is an integer from 2 to 8, more preferably an integer from 4 to 8, still more preferably an integer from 4 to 6, and most preferably 4. Preferably X is fluoride. Preferably R 5 is fluorinated C 4 -C 2 o aryl or fluorinated C 4 -C 20 aryloxide, more preferably fluorinated phenyl or phenoxide, and most preferably 2-trifluoromethylphenoxide, 3-trifluoromethylphenoxide, 4- trifluoromethylphenoxide, pentafluorophenoxide, or pentafluorophenyl. Preferably Ri is a bond or methylene. Preferably each of R 2 , R 3 and R» is independently H, F, fluorinated Cι-C 4 alkyl, C4-C20 aryl or fluorinated C -C 20 aryl. More preferably each of R 2 , R 3 and Rt is independently H, F, trifluoromethyl, phenyl, 4- methylphenyl, methyl, n-butyl, 4-tert-butylphenyl, 3,5,- di(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, 3,5,-dimethylphenyl, 2,4,6- tri(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, 4-(triisopropylsilyl)-2,6- di(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, tert-butyl, cyclohexyl or pentafluorophenyl. Preferably L is a halide or a moiety of the formula -Z 3 -Rn, Ci-Cio alkyl, fluorinated Ci-Cio alkyl, C 4 -C 2 o aryl or fluorinated C -C 20 alkyl; more preferably L is F, pentafluorophenyl, or a moiety of the formula -Z 3 - Rn. Preferably d is an integer from 0 to 6, more preferably an integer from 0 to 4, and most preferably d is 0 or 2. Preferably e is an integer from 1 to 4, more preferably an integer from 1 to 2 and most preferably e is 2. Preferably, the sum of d and e is an integer from 1 to 6, more preferably 2 to 4. Preferably Rn is fluorinated Ci-Cio alkyl. Preferably R 9 is substituted or unsubstituted Pι,P 2 -substituted arylene or fluorinated arylene, or substituted or unsubstituted Pι,P 2 - substituted cycloalkylene or fluorinated cycloalkylene, such as cyclopentylene, and preferably cyclohexylene. As used in this invention, Pι,P 2 -substituted arylene/cycloalkylene refers to an arylene/cycloalkylene moiety in which -Zi-Rg- and -Z 2 -Rιo- groups are in Pi- and P 2 -positions of the arylene/cycloalkylene moiety, respectively. Thus, for example, 1,2- substituted phenylene refers to a phenylene group having -Zi-Rg- in the 1- position of the phenyl ring and -Z 2 -Rιo- group in the 2-position of the phenyl ring. "Substituted or unsubstituted" refers to the presence or absence of one or more substituents on the phenyl (or other appropriate) ring moiety, respectively. Such substituents can be F, Cl; Br; I; an alkyl group including cyclic alkyl and alkyl groups containing F, Cl, Br and/or I; and an aryl group including aryl groups containing F, Cl, Br and/or I and heteroaryl groups. For an electrolyte, R 9 can also be Cι-C alkylene or fluorinated C x -C 4 alkylene, in particular -C(CF 3 ) 2 - moiety. Preferably x is a bond or 1. Preferably each of Rι 2 and R i3 are independently fluorinated C1-C4 alkyl. More preferably Rι 2 and Rι 3 are independently trifluoromethyl or perfluoroethyl, most preferably Rι 2 and Rι 3 are trifluoromethyl. Alkyl groups according to the present invention are aliphatic hydrocarbons which can be straight or branched chain groups. Alkyl groups optionally can be substituted with one or more substituents, such as Cl, Br, I, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, carboxy, oxo or cycloalkyl. There may be optionally inserted along the alkyl group one or more oxygen, sulfur or substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen atoms. Exemplary alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, z ' -propyl, w-butyl, /-butyl, chloromethyl, trichloromethyl, and pentafluoroethyl. Alkyl groups containing at least one fluorine is specifically refered herein as fluorinated alkyl groups. Aryl groups are carbocyclic or heterocyclic aromatic ring moieties. Aryl groups can be substituted with one or more substituents, such as a Cl, Br, I, alkenyl, alkyl, alkynyl, hydroxy, alkoxy or cycloalkyl. Exemplary aryl groups include, phenyl, p- methylphenyl, -tert-butylphenyl, thienyl, furanyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, and thiophenyl. Aryl groups containing at least one fluorine is specifically refered herein as fluorinated aryl groups. Mi of the polyfluorinated anion of the present invention may contain a mixture of polyfluorinated alkoxide and non-fluorinated alkoxide ligands. Specific polyfluoroalkoxide ligands for anion of formula I (i.e., compound of formula HI), include, but are not limited to, the following ligands: a polyfluoroalkoxide ligand where Z is O, Ri is methylene, b and c are 0, a is 4, and R 2 , R3 and R4 are F; and polyfluoroalkoxides where Z is O and Ri is a bond, and R 2 is trifluoromethyl, and each of R 3 and R 4 is independently phenyl or methyl; R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are trifluoromethyl; R 2 is trifluoromethyl, R 3 is phenyl, and R 4 is phenyl or pentafluorophenyl; and R 2 and R 3 are phenyl, and t is pentafluorophenyl. Specific polyfluoroalkoxide ligands for anion of formula II (i.e., compound of formula IV), include, but are not limited to, the following ligands: n is 1 and the -Zι-Rg-R 9 -Rι 0 -Z 2 - moiety comprises: where each of Rι 4 , Ru, Riβ, and Rn is independently H, Ci-Cio alkyl, fluorinated Ci-Cio alkyl, C 4 -C 2 o aryl, or fluorinated C 4 -C 20 aryl. Preferably, R J4 and R i7 are trifluoromethyl, Rι 5 is H, and Riβ is phenyl. Unlike other anions containing chelating dialkoxide groups, compounds II and IV of the present invention have improved stability (thermal, hydrolytic and electrochemical) lower toxicity, and/or higher synthetic yields. Moreover, compounds of the present invention, in particular lithium salts, have high conductivity making them particularly useful as electrolytes in electrochemical devices. A variety of counter-cation species, including metal cations such as Li, K, Na, Mg, Ca, and Cs; trityl cation; pyridinium cations such as 2,6-pyridinium cation; and 2,6- lutidinium cation, can be prepared from the anions of the present invention. For example, by cation-exchange reaction, the trityl (CPl^ 4 ) salt can be prepared by metathesis of Li salt of the anions with CPh 3 Cl in 1,2-dichloroethane. Without being bound by any theory, it is believed that the high conductivity of lithium salts of the compounds of the present invention is due to Li + ion being weakly bonded to several alkoxide oxygen atoms and possibly being bonded to several CF 3 -group fluorine atoms, similar to Tf ions in Tl 2 Zr(HFIP) 6 . In contrast, the Li + ion in the unfluorinated salt LiNb(OEt)6 is believed to be strongly bonded to only four ethoxide oxygen atoms from two adjacent Nb(OEt)β " anions forming a pseudo-tetrahedral LiO 4 core. Compounds containing the polyfluorinated anion of the present invention have high electrical conductivity making them particularly useful as electrolytes for electrochemical devices. Exemplary electrochemical devices include batteries, such as lithium batteries or lithium ion batteries for a variety of applications; other type of batteries; fuel cells; electrical double layer capacitors; sensors; and electrochromic displays. Such electrochemical devices can be used in a variety of applications including electrochemical devices for electric vehicles, lap top computers, and other applications requiring an energy source. As table 1 shows, lithium salts of the polyfluorinated anions of the present invention have high electrical conductivities in organic solvents. Specifically, the compounds of the present invention have high electrical conductivity in DME compared to other fluorine-containing lithium salts such as LiOTf. Table 1. Electrical Conductivity 1 HFIF = OCH(CF 3 ) 2 -; DPTE " = OC(CF 3 )(C6H 5 ) 2 -; TFTB ' = OC(CF 3 )(CH 3 ) 2 -; PFTB- = OC(CF 3 ) 3 -; HFPOF 2 = OC(CF 3 ) 2 (C 6 H4O)- 2 ; HFAPOP '2 - OC(CF 3 ) 2 [C 6 H 2 (CH 3 )(C 4 H 9 )O]- 2 ; HFTPOP '2 = OC(CF 3 ) 2 (C6HF 3 O) '2 ; OTf = CF 3 SO 3 " ; crown = 12-crown-4; PC = propylene carbonate; DME = 1,2- dimethoxyethane. Particularly useful lithium salts of the compounds of the present invention in batteries include LiB(HFPOP) 2 , LiB(HFAPOP) 2 , and LiB(HFTPOP) 2 . Again referring to Table 1, the lithium salts of the polyfluorinated anions of the present invention are at least about two orders of magnitude higher in electrical conductivity than lithium triflate. Thus, the amount of a compound of the present invention required in an electrochemical device to achieve a similar electrical conductivity in an organic solvent such DME is about 1% of the amount of other fluorine-containing electrolytes such as LiCF 3 SO 3 . A lithium salt of the polyfluorinated anion of the present invention has an electrical conductivity of at least about 4 DScm "1 in DME at about 0.01 M concentration at about 25 DC, preferably at least about 60 DScm "1 , more preferably at least about 150 DScm "1 , and most preferably at least about 180 D Scm "1 . Without being bound by any theory, it is believed that the weak bonds between the Li + cation and the CF 3 groups are responsible for the high electrical conductivity in low dielectric solvents. Indeed, it is believed that the high degree or fluorination and the weak coordination between the Li + cations in the C-F bonds differentiate the lithium salts of the present invention from other fluorine-containing lithium salts. The electrochemical stability of a representative compound is shown in Table 2 below. Specifically, Table 2 lists anodic stability of a compound containing a chelating group HFTPOP, e.g., a bidentate group. The anodic stability shows the relative stability of the compound and the potential for oxidation of an anode containing the compound relative to lithium. Table 2. Anodic Stability Conditions: Sweep rate: 5 mV/s; T=25 °C; Reference electrode: Li wire; Working electrode Pt; Counter electrode: Pt mesh. The polyfluorinated anions of the present invention can also be used in a variety of organic reaction catalysts where a weakly coordinating anion improves the yield, selectivity and/or the rate of catalytic reaction by the corresponding cation including in catalysts for conjugate additions and Diels-Alder reactions. The compounds of the present invention comprise a weakly coordinating anion, i.e., polyfluorinated anion, which enhances the catalytic activity of the associated metal cation. Exemplary catalytic reactions that have recently received a considerable attention are lithium-catalyzed Diels- Alder reactions and lithium-catalyzed 1,4-conjugate addition reactions. As shown below, using LiNb(HFIP)6, 1, as a catalyst in 1,4-conjugate addition reaction of silyl ketene acetal 2 to the sterically encumbered D,D-unsaturated carbonyl compound 3 gave the 1,4- addition product 4 in 93% yield. Reaction conditions: 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) solvent, 0.1 M of 3, 0.2 M of 2, 0.01 M of LiNb(HFIP)6 and 0.01 M of hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) at 24 DC for 30 hours. Formation of only the 1,4-addition product 4 was observed under these conditions. Interestingly, when HMPA was left out of the reaction mixture, a mixture of 4 and the 1,2-addition product 5 was observed after only 10 minutes (95% isolated yield, 4:5 mole ratio = 1:5). Without being bound by any theory, it is believed that Li + ion coordinates with HMPA to produce a sterically more hindered enone-lithium ion complex, thus favoring addition of the ketene at a site more distant from the carbonyl carbon, i.e., 1,4- addition, over addition of the ketene to the carbonyl carbon, i.e., 1,2-addition reaction. Because lithium compounds of the present invention are similar to lithium compounds disclosed in PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US98/19268 and U.S. Patent Application No. 09/151,852, lithium compounds of the present invention are expected to provide a similar reaction selectivity. A comparison of the ability of LiNb(HFIP)6 and two other lithium catalysts to increase the formation of 1 ,4-conjugate addition product is shown in Table 3. The weaker Lewis acidity of the Li(HMPA) + complex results in a decreased reaction rate, which is evidenced by the longer reaction time required when HMPA is added to the reaction mixture. The results obtained with LiNb(HFIP)6 are comparable to the results obtained with the very active catalyst LiCo(C 2 B 9 Hπ)2. Product yields were substantially lower when LiClO 4 was the catalyst. Furthermore, when LiClO 4 was employed in the presence of co-catalyst HMPA, the ratio of 4:5 improved only to 1.3:1. Without being bound by any theory, it is believed that the larger size and/or more weakly coordinating ability of Nb(HFIP)6 " to Li + compared with ClO 4 " is responsible for the difference in catalytic activity between LiClO 4 and LiNb(HFIP)6. Table 3. Yields of 1,4- and 1,2-addition products 4 and 5, respectively, from lithium- catalyzed reactions between 2 and 3 a catalyst co-catalyst time 4:5 ratio % yield LiNb(HFIP)6 none lO min 1:5 95% LiNb(HFIP) 6 0.1 MHMPA 30 h 100:0 93% LiCo(C 2 B 9 H„) 2 c none 20 min 1:6 95% LiCo(C 2 B 9 Hιι) 2 c 0.1 M HMPA 32 h 100:0 96% LiClO 4 none lO min 1:4.5 62% LiClO 4 0.1 MHMPA 48 h 1.3:1 69% a Reaction conditions: 1,2-dichloroethane, 0.1 M of 3, 0.2 M of 2, 0.1 M of catalyst and 0.1 M of co-catalyst, when appropriate, at 25 DC). b HMPA = hexamethylphosphoramide. c These results are from DuBay et al, J. Org. Chem., 1994, 59, 6898. The polyfluorinated anions of the present invention that are sterically bulkier, i.e., larger, than Nb(HFIP)6 " afford lithium-ion catalysts that are more regioselective and/or more active in the absence of HMPA. Moreover, enantiomerically enriched polyfluorinated anions of the present invention containing a polyfluorinated alkoxide having a chiral center afford lithium-ion catalysts that are enantioselective, i.e., produce an enantiomerically enriched product. A chiral center of a carbon atom, of course, is a carbon atom to which four different groups are attached; however, the ultimate criterion ofchirality ofa compound is nonsuperimposability on the mirror image. Facially selective, enantioselective or stereoselective synthetic reactions are those in which one of a set of stereoisomers is formed predominantly or exclusively. Preferably, one isomer is produced in at least about 50 percent enantiomeric excess. Enantiomeric excess is the amount of difference between one enantiomer and the other enantiomer in the product composition. Enantiomeric excess can be expressed by the following formula: %ee = (R-S)/(R+S), where R is amount of one enantiomer and S is the amount of the other enantiomer, for example, %ee of a product composition containing 98% of one enantiomer and 2% of the other enantiomer is 96%. More preferably, one isomer is produced in at least about 80 percent enantiomeric excess, still more preferably at least about 90 percent enantiomeric excess, even more preferably at least about 95 percent enantiomeric excess, and most preferably at least about 98 percent excess over the other enantiomer. Lithium salts of the polyfluorinated anions of the present invention can be combined or mixed with a polymer to prepare polymeric materials that exhibit lithium ion conductivity. Such materials, referred to as salt-in-polymer solid electrolytes or solid polymer electrolytes, can be used as electrolytes for solvent-free high-energy-density lithium-based batteries. A polymer can also include a linker which allows a direct linkage of the compound of the present invention to the polymeric structure by a chemical bond formation between the polymer and the compound of the present invention. The polymers useful for the present invention have a rubbery physical characteristic. Generally, suitable polymers have one or more of the following identifying characteristics: 1) ability to dissolve lithium salts of weakly coordmating anions and/or to coordinate, albeit weakly, to the lithium cations of lithium salts of weakly coordinating anions; 2) ability to maintain low glass-transition temperatures with varying amounts of lithium salts dissolved therein; and 3) the ability to possess high electrical conductivities, especially high lithium-ion conductivities, i.e., higher than lithium triflate/polymer mixture at a given temperature). Exemplary polymers useful for the present invention include polyethylene glycol polyethylene; polypropylene; polystyrene; polybutadiene; poly(vinyl fluoride) polychloroprene; poly(alkyl siloxane) such as poly(dimethylsiloxane); poly(vinyl chloride) poly(ethylene imine); and poly(alkylene oxide) such as poly(propylene oxide), amorphous poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(ethylene oxide). Preferably the polymer is selected from the group consisting of amorphous polyethylene oxide (aPEO), poly(alkylene oxide), poly(alkyl siloxane), poly(vinyl fluoride), poly(vinyl chloride), polychloroprene, polybutadiene, polyethylene and poly propylene; more preferably from the group consisting of aPEO, poly(vinyl fluoride), poly(vinyl chloride), polychloroprene, polybutadiene, polyethylene and polypropylene; and most preferably from the group consisting of aPEO, polybutadiene, polyethylene and polypropylene. The present invention also includes salt-in-polymer electrolytes having alkali metal salts containing the polyfluorinated anions of the present invention. Compounds containing these polyfluorinated anions have superior glass transition temperatures, impedance measurements and cation transference numbers than compounds containing other anions. The polyfluorinated anions of the present invention can also be used as co-catalysts for activating transition-metal-catalyzed olefin polymerization and as counterions for polymerization photoinitiators. Additional objects, advantages, and novel features of this invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following examples thereof, which are not intended to be limiting. EXAMPLES Example 1 Synthesis of LiB(C 6 F 5 ) 3 (HFIP). B(CδF 5 ) (0.0256 g, 0.05 mmol) and LiHFIP (0.0087 g, 0.05 mmol) were dissolved in 5 mL of DME to make a clear, colorless solution. Example 2 Synthesis of LiB(C 6 F 5 ) 3 (DPTE). B(C 6 F 5 ) (0.0256 g, 0.05 mmol) and LiDPTE (0.0129 g, 0.05 mmol) were dissolved in 5 mL of DME to make a clear, colorless solution. Example 3 Synthesis of LiB(C 6 F 5 ) 3 (PFTB). B(C 6 F 5 ) (0.0256 g, 0.05 mmol) and LiPFTB (0.0121 g, 0.05 mmol) were dissolved in 5 mL of DME to make a clear, colorless solution. Example 4 Synthesis of LiAl(DPTE) 4 . Hexane (40 mL) was added to LiAlHt (0.0188 g, 0.4955 mmol) to make a suspension. To this was added H(DPTE) (0.500 g, 1.982 mmol) as a hexane solution (10 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred for 4 day at room temperature under an argon atmosphere, after which time a considerable amount of a white solid material was present in a clear and colorless solution. The mixture was filtered through a medium frit. The white solid was washed with hexane, then dissolved in toluene. Toluene was removed under vacuum to leave a white solid that was heated at 105 °C for 18 h. A 1H NMR spectrum of this white solid revealed that approximately 3 mol-% of the alcohol H(DPTE) still remained, but the compound LiAl(DPTE) 4 was otherwise pure. 1H NMR (CeDβ/CβFβ) δ 7.26 (d, 16 H), 7.00 (m, 24 H). 19 F δ -72.40 (s). Low Resolution mass spectrum (negative ion electrospray, CH 3 CN solution): m/z 1031 (M-Li) " ; calc'd for 1031.6. Example 5 Synthesis of Li(DME) 2 Al(TFTB) 4 . Hexane (30 mL) was added to LiAlHt (0.0976 g, 2.57 mmol) to make a suspension. To this was added H(TFTB) (1.3155 g, 10.28 mmol) as a hexane solution (20 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred for 3 day at room temperature then at reflux for 3 days under an argon atmosphere. After this time almost no solid was present in solution. The mixture was filtered through a medium frit, to leave an off-white solid and a slightly tan, clear solution. Hexane was removed from the latter under vacuum to leave a white solid. This was sublimed at 90 °C under vacuum to yield a white powder. The solid was dissolved in DME and stirred for 2 h, after which time solvent was removed to yield a white powder. 1H NMR (CβDe/CβFe) δ 2.89 (DME, s, 6 H), 2,68 (DME, s, 4 H), 1.53 (s, 12 H). 19 F NMR(C 6 D6/C6F 6 ) δ -84.62 (s). Example 6 Synthesis of LiAl(HFIP) 4 . Freon-113 (40 mL) was added to LiAlH t (0.1630 g, 4.29 mmol) to make a suspension. This was cooled to 0 °C in an ice bath, and H(HFIP) (2.8826 g, 17.16 mmol) was added dropwise as a solution in 10 mL Freon-113. This mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 24 h, then at room temperature for 4 days. After this time, the solution was white and cloudy. Freon-113 was removed under vacuum to leave a white solid, which was found to be 97.4% pure by 19 F NMR. 1H NMR (CD 3 CN/C 6 F 6 ) δ 4.6 (m, 4 H). 19 F NMR(CD 3 CN/C6F 6 ) δ -76.15 (d). Low Resolution mass spectrum (negative ion electrospray, CH 3 CN solution): m/z 694.9 (M- Li) " ; calc'd for C I u^X, 695.1. Example 7 Synthesis of LiB(HFPOP) 2 . H 2 (HFPOP) (2.0029 g, 7.7 mmol), LiOH»H 2 O (0.1541 g, 3.67 mmol), and B(OH) 3 (0.2267, 3.67 mmol) were dissolved in 115 mL distilled water. Under an argon atmosphere, the mixture was stirred at 105 °C for 18 h. After this time, the solution was clear and colorless. It was opened to air, and water was removed using a rotary evaporator to leave a clear, colorless oil. This was first dried by azeotropic distillation with toluene to leave a white powder, followed by heating at 197 °C under vacuum (10 3 torr) for a period of 18 h. Yield: 1.7856 g (91%) isolated as a white solid. 1H NMR (CDjCN/CβFe) δ 7.37 (d, 2 H), 7.24 (t, 2 H), 6.79 (t, 2H), 6.7 (d, 2 H). 19 F NMR(CD 3 CN/C6F6) δ -75.00 (s). Low Resolution mass spectrum (negative ion electrospray, CH 3 CN solution): m/z 527.1 (M-Li) " ; calc'd for CιgHgBFι 2 O 4 527.0. Example 8 Synthesis of LiB(HFAPOP) 2 . LiOH»H 2 O (0.1522 g, 3.62 mmol) and B(OH) 3 (0.2241 g, 3.62 mmol) were dissolved in 115 mL distilled water and heated at reflux for 18 h. H 2 (HFAPOP) (2.5120 g, 7.61 mmol) was then added as a solid along with diethyl ether (15 mL). This mixture was heated to 100 °C and stirred for 18 h. After this time, the reaction mixture was a clear and colorless solution. Diethyl ether and water were removed using a rotary evaporator to leave a clear, colorless oil. This was first dried by azeotropic distillation with toluene to leave an off-white powder, followed by heating at 104 °C under high- vacuum conditions (10 "5 torr) for 7 days. Yield: 1.9749 g (82 %) isolated as an off-white solid. 1HNMR (C 6 D 6 /C 6 F6) δ 7.37 (m, 2 H), 7.133 (s, l H), 7.127 (s, 1 H), 2.07 (s, 6 H), 1.27 (s, 18 H). 19 F NMR CβDβ/CeFβ) δ -72.81 (m), -76.44 (m). Low Resolution mass spectrum (negative ion electrospray, CH 3 CN solution): m/z 667.3 (M-Li) " ; calc'd for Example 9 Synthesis of LiB(HFTPOP) 2 . LiOH»H 2 O (0.156 g, 3.72 mmol) and B(OH) 3 (0.230 g, 3.72 mmol) were dissolved in 50 mL distilled water and heated at reflux for 1 h. The compound H 2 (HFTPOP) (2.45 g, 7.44 mmol) was then added as a solid along with diethyl ether (10 mL). This mixture was heated to 100 °C and stirred for 18 h. After this time, the reaction mixture was a clear and colorless solution. Diethyl ether and water were removed using a rotary evaporator to leave a clear, colorless oil. This was first dried by azeotropic distillation with toluene, followed by heating at 190 °C under high-vacuum conditions (10 " 3 torr) for 18 h. Yield: 2.08 g (87%). 1H NMR (CD 3 CN/C6F 6 ) δ 7.12 (m, 2 H). 19 F δ -75.42 (s), -148.75 (m), -157.38 (m). Low Resolution mass spectrum (negative ion electrospray, CH 3 CN solution): m/z 634.8 (M-Li) ' ; calc'd for CιgH 2 BFι 8 O 4 635.0. Example 10 This example illustrates a method for preparing salt-in-polymer electrolytes containing the polyfluorinated anion of the present invention. Samples of aPEO containing different stoichiometric amounts of LiNb(HFIP)6 were prepared as follows. A sample of the polymer (typically 0.13 g, 3.0 mmol ether- oxygen atoms) was mixed with tetrahydrofuran (7 mL). The resulting mixture was mixed with a tetrahydrofuran solution containing varying amounts of LiNb(HFIP) 6 so that the ether-oxygen/lithium molar ratio was 12, 24, or 30. The reaction mixture was stirred for 15 hours, after which time a colorless homogeneous solution was observed. Volatiles were removed from the reaction mixture by vacuum evaporation, resulting in a clear, colorless, rubbery solid on the walls of the flask. The rubbery solid was heated under vacuum at 60 DC for 12 hours to ensure complete removal of tetrahydrofuran. The three clear, colorless, rubbery, salt-in-polymer electrolytes prepared in this way were aPEOι 2 LiNb(HFIP)6, aPEO 2 LiNb(HFIP) 6 , and aPEO 3 oLiNb(HFIP) 6 . Example 11 Synthesis of LiAl[O(C 6 H 4 )C(CF 3 )2O]2 About 0.515g of HO(C 6 H 4 )C(CF 3 ) 2 OH (1.98 mmol) and 0.155 g of LiAlH, (4.09 mmol) were mixed in toluene and sthred for 140 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through a Schlenk filter with Celite. The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to leave a brown solid. 1H NMR (C 6 D 6 ) D 7.76 (doublet, 1 H), 7.37 (doublet, 1 H), 6.93 (triplet, 1 H), 6.73 (triplet, 1 H), 6.65 (triplet, 1 H), 6.56 (triplet, 1 H), 6.45 (doublet, 1 H), 6.03 (doublet, 1 H). 19 F NMR (CβDg) D -72.47 (multiplet), -74.06 (multiplet), -78.15 (multiplet), -78.75 (multiplet). The foregoing discussion of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. The foregoing is not intended to limit the invention to the form or forms disclosed herein. Although the description of the invention has included description of one or more embodiments and certain variations and modifications, other variations and modifications are within the scope of the invention, e.g., as may be within the skill and knowledge of those in the art, after understanding the present disclosure. It is intended to obtain rights which include alternative embodiments to the extent permitted, including alternate, interchangeable and/or equivalent structures, functions, ranges or steps to those claimed, whether or not such alternate, interchangeable and/or equivalent structures, functions, ranges or steps are disclosed herein, and without intending to publicly dedicate any patentable subject matter.

Claims: WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. A compound comprising a monoanion of the formula: wherein Mi is a transition metal, or a Group HI, IV or V element provided Mi is not Cu; each Z is independently O, S, or NRβR 7 ; each X is independently a halide; each Ri is independently a bond or Cι-C 4 alkylene; each of R2, R3 and Rt is independently H, F, fluorinated C1-C10 alkyl, fluorinated C -C20 aryl, C3-C10 cycloalkyl, fluorinated C3-C 10 cycloalkyl, C1-C10 alkyl or C 4 -C2o aryl, provided at least one of R 2 , R3 and R» is F, fluorinated C1-C10 alkyl, fluorinated C3-C10 cycloalkyl, or fluorinated C -C 2 o aryl; each R5 is independently fluorinated C1-C10 alkyl, fluorinated -C20 aryl, C 4 -C2o aryloxide, fluorinated C 4 -C 2 o aryloxide, C1-C10 alkoxide or fluorinated Ci- C10 alkoxide; each of Re and R 7 is independently H or C1-C10 alkyl; and each of a, b and c is independently an integer from 0 to 4, provided the sum of a, b and c is an integer from 2 to 8; and provided that when R 2 is a fluorinated Cι-C alkyl, Ri is a bond, b, and c are 0, and R3 is C 1 -C10 alkyl or fluorinated C1-C10 alkyl then Rt is F, fluorinated C1-C10 alkyl or fluorinated C 4 -C 2 o aryl. 2. The compound of Claim 1, wherein Mi is selected from the group consisting of Al, B, V, Ti, Si, Zr, Cu, Ge, Sn, Y, Zn, Ga, Nb, Ta, Bi, P, As, Sc, Hf and Sb. 3. The compound of Claim 2, wherein Mi is selected from the group consisting of Al, B, Nb and Ta. 4. The compound of Claim 3, wherein Mi is selected from the group consisting of Al and B. 5. The compound of Claim 1, wherein X is F. 6. The compound of Claim 1, wherein R5 is pentafluorophenyl. 7. The compound of Claim 1, wherein Z is O and Ri is a bond. 8. The compound of Claim 7, wherein R 2 is trifluoromethyl, and each of R3 and R4 is independently phenyl or methyl; R2, R3 and t are trifluoromethyl; R 2 is trifluoromethyl, R 3 is phenyl, and R is phenyl or pentafluorophenyl; or R 2 and R 3 are phenyl, and Rt is pentafluorophenyl. 9. The compound of Claim 1, wherein R5 is 2-trifluoromethyl-phenoxide, 3- trifluoromethylphenoxide, 4-trifluoromethylphenoxide, pentafluorophenoxide, or pentafluorophenyl. 10. The compound of Claim 1, wherein the sum of a, b and c is 4. 11. The compound of Claim 1 , wherein Z is O and Ri is methylene. 12. The compound of Claim 11, wherein b and c are 0, a is 4 and R2, R3 and Rt are F. 13. An electrolyte for an electrochemical device comprising the compound of Claim 1. 14. The electrolyte of Claim 13, wherein the counter cation of said monoanion is lithium. 15. A compound comprising an anion of the formula: wherein Mi is a transition metal, or a Group in, IV or V element; L is a halide, Ci-Cio alkyl, fluorinated Ci-Cio alkyl, C -C 2 o aryl, fluorinated C -C20 alkyl or a moiety of the formula -Z 3 -Rπ; d is an integer from 0 to 4; e is an integer from 1 to 3; the sum of d and e is an integer from 1 to 6; n is 1 or 2; each of Zi, Z 2 and Z 3 is independently O, S, or NReR 7 ; each of Re and R 7 is independently H or C1-C10 alkyl; each R 9 is independently C1-C30 alkylene, fluorinated C1-C30 alkylene, substituted C1-C30 alkylene, C3-C10 cycloalkylene, fluorinated C3-C10 cycloalkylene, C -C 2 o arylene or fluorinated G1-C20 arylene; each of Rg and Rio is a bond, or a moiety of the formula -[C(Ri2Ri3)] x -; each x is independently an integer from 1 to 4; each of R 12 and R13 is independently H, F, Cι-C alkyl or fluorinated Cι-C alkyl; and each Rn is independently C1-C10 alkyl, fluorinated C1-C10 alkyl, -C20 aryl, or fluorinated C -C 2 o aryl; provided at least one of Rg and Rio is a moiety of the formula -C(Rι 2 Rι 3 )- and at least one of R 12 and R 1 3 is F or fluorinated Cι-C alkyl. 16. The compound of Claim 15, wherein Mi is selected from the group consisting of Al, B, V, Ti, Si, Zr, Ge, Sn, Cu, Y, Zn, Ga, Nb, Ta, Bi, P, As, Sc, Hf and Sb. 17. The compound of Claim 16, wherein Mi is selected from the group consisting of Al, B, Nb and Ta. 18. The compound of Claim 17, wherein Mi is selected from the group consisting of Al and B. 19. The compound of Claim 15, wherein R12 and R 1 3 are fluorinated Cι-C 4 alkyl. 20. The compound of Claim 19, wherein R 12 and R 1 3 are trifluoromethyl. 21. The compound of Claim 15, wherein the sum of d and e is 2 or 4. 22. The compound of Claim 15, wherein n is 1, Zi and Z 2 are O, Rg is a moiety of the formula -C(Rι 2 Rι 3 )-, Rio is a bond, and R12 and R13 are trifluoromethyl. 23. The compound of Claim 15, wherein n is 1 and the -Z Rg-R9-Rιo-Z 2 - moiety comprises: wherein each R15, Riβ, and R is independently H, C1-C10 alkyl, fluorinated C1-C10 alkyl, C -C 2 o aryl, or fluorinated C -C 2 o aryl. 24. The compound of Claim 23, wherein R i4 and Rn are trifluoromethyl, Rι 5 is H, and Riβ is phenyl. 25. The compound of Claim 15, wherein d is 0 and e is 2. 26. The compound of Claim 15, wherein d is 2 and e is 2. 27. The compound of Claim 15, wherein L is F. 28. The compound of Claim 15, wherein R 9 is G1-C20 arylene or fluorinated C 4 -C 2 o arylene. 29. An electrolyte for an electrochemical device comprising a compound of Claim 15.

Inventors: FAUBER BENJAMIN P, NOLAN BENJAMIN G, STRAUSS STEVEN H, FAUBER, BENJAMIN, P., NOLAN, BENJAMIN, G., STRAUSS, STEVEN, H.
Applicants: UNIV COLORADO RES, COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY RESEARCH FOUNDATION
Application year: 2000
Main classification: C07F3
IPC codes: B01J31, C07C31, C07F1, C07F5, C07F9, H01B1, H01M8, H01M10