METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MONITORING ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE EFFECTS

Abstract: A method and apparatus for monitoring and evaluating effects of electrostatic discharge associated with semiconductor manufacturing are disclosed. The method may include, for example, exposing at test photomask that contains an ESD sensitive geometry to a single or a variety of semiconductor manufacturing procedures. The test photomask may be analyzed to determine how much, if any, degradation of its geometry has occurred as a result of the exposure.

Description: METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MONITORING ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE EFFECTS TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates in general to the field of semiconductor manufacturing and, more particularly, to a method and apparatus for monitoring and evaluating effects of electrostatic discharge associated with semiconductor manufacturing. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The manufacturing of complex semiconductor devices involves a series of processes including deposition, photolithography and etching. During the photolithography process, semiconductor manufacturers often use a photomask to copy an image of an electronic circuit onto a semiconductor wafer. Photomasks come in various sizes and shapes such as IX and 2X photomasks or 2X, 2.5X, 4X, and 5X reticles. Reticles are a type of photomask that can be shot several times onto a single wafer with a photolithographic tool known as a stepper or scanner. Photomasks generally include a quartz blank having a patterned metal layer (e.g., chrome) deposited on one surface. This patterned metal layer contains the microscopic image of the electronic circuit, which is frequently referred to as the photomask's geometry. The quality of this geometry will substantially dictate the quality of the electronic circuits formed on the semiconductor wafers from the photomask. As design rules have moved toward smaller and more dense integrated circuit (IC) devices, the integrity of the photomask geometry has become increasingly important . One key cause of geometry degradation is electrostatic discharge (ESD) . ESD is created when a force causes a charge imbalance among a photomask's chrome structures. In the photomask context, effects of ESD include material sputtering and material migration. Instances of these effects can result in the non- functioning of IC devices created from the degraded photomask. As such, an incentive exists for identifying problem photomasks and potential sources of ESD. Unfortunately, given the large number of process steps necessary to create a large scale integrated circuit (IC) device, it is often very difficult to identify and monitor ESD effects throughout the complete manufacturing process. This is especially true when photomask production and photolithographic tool manufacturing are included in the list of semiconductor manufacturing process steps . One conventional method of testing for ESD damage on wafers is the inclusion of a test die on a reticle. This method retroactively identifies ESD effects. With this method a test die is included among a number of actual dies. The test die contains a simplified geometry that allows for process control and monitoring during wafer fabrication. However, the test die method requires the production of a bad wafer before a problem is detected. Moreover, the simplified test die geometry may not necessarily approximate the design rule to which the actual IC devices are manufactured. In addition, the test die may not provide information about actual reticle quality. Defect inspection is another conventional method of testing that which focuses more on the photomask. Defect inspection comprises either a die-to-die inspection or die-to-database inspection. In either case, an actual photomask geometry is compared against an ideal photomask geometry. Differences between the actual and the ideal are identified and a determination as to defect severity is made. Again, the inspection method is retroactive in that it identifies bad dies after they have become bad. Moreover, the inspection method requires a costly device operable to compare the actual geometry with the ideal geometry. A further method includes the taking of electrical field strength measurements while a photomask is stored, being handled, being shot or exposed during a photolithographic process. This is problematic for at least two reasons. First, electrical field strength measurements are not ESD measurements . The strength of an electrical field is merely an indicator of ESD potential . And second, the measurement is only an indicator of the ESD potential associated with the photolithographic process (i.e., an indicator of only one component of the total ESD effects a typical photomask encounters) . SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In accordance with teachings of the present invention, a method and apparatus for monitoring and evaluating effects of electrostatic discharge (ESD) associated with semiconductor manufacturing are provided. The disclosed invention provides significant advantages over prior technologies for ESD detection and evaluation. According to one aspect of the present invention, a test photomask, which may be any variety of photomask (e.g., a reticle), that contains an ESD sensitive geometry may be exposed to a single or a variety of semiconductor manufacturing procedures. The test photomask may also be exposed to various pieces of equipment related to manufacturing semiconductors. After exposure, the test photomask is analyzed to determine how much, if any, degradation of the geometry has occurred as a result of the exposure. An ESD sensitive geometry may be designed in accordance with teachings of the present invention such that it is significantly more sensitive to ESD than a typical photomask geometry for producing IC devices. In addition, an ESD sensitive geometry may be formed in accordance with the present invention to accurately relate to various design rules including the design rule to which a specific IC device will be manufactured. Technical advantages of the present inventions include providing a test photomask containing a highly ESD sensitive geometry. The highly sensitive ESD geometry allows the test photomask to reveal ESD effects in one or more cycles of exposure to a given manufacturing procedure or manufacturing device whereas a photomask used to manufacture IC devices may not reveal similar effects until after hundreds or thousands of exposures . Further technical advantages of the present invention include providing an ESD sensitive geometry, which may be specifically designed to relate to one or more given design rules for IC manufacturing. The ability to relate to multiple design rules allows a manufacturer to quickly determine to what design rule it can consistently manufacture with its current system. Additionally, a test photomask incorporating teachings of the present invention may be relatively easy and inexpensive to read and may allow users to identify, monitor and evaluate a single aspect or procedure of a semiconductor manufacturing process which may include the mask shop process. Alternatively, the user may identify, monitor and evaluate the entire process for cumulative ESD effects. This ability allows the user to quickly identify ESD problem areas. Other technical advantages will be apparent to one of skill in the art from the description, drawings and claims . BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS A more complete understanding of the present invention and advantages thereof may be acquired by referring to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numbers indicate like features, and wherein: FIGURES 1A and IB depict a perspective view of one embodiment of an apparatus for monitoring and evaluating severity of electrostatic discharge effects in accordance with teachings of the present invention; FIGURE 2 shows a top view of another embodiment of an apparatus for monitoring and evaluating severity of electrostatic discharge in accordance with teachings of the present invention; FIGURE 3 is flow chart depicting various semiconductor manufacturing procedures and identifying potential sources of electrostatic discharge effects that may be monitored and evaluated in accordance with teachings of the present invention; and FIGURES 4A, 4B and 4C represent STARlight review results indicating various degrees of electrostatic discharge effects on one embodiment of an apparatus incorporating teachings of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION FIGURES 1A and IB depict a perspective view of one embodiment of an apparatus, indicated generally at 10, for monitoring and evaluating severity of electrostatic discharge effects according to the present invention. The depicted embodiment of apparatus 10 is a reticle. Reticles are types of photomasks that may be shot once or several times onto a single wafer with a photolithographic tool known as a stepper or scanner. Apparatus 10 includes a substrate 12, which may be made from many materials including quartz or glass. One embodiment of an electrostatic discharge (ESD) sensitive geometry, indicated generally at 16, is formed on apparatus 10. Geometry 16 may be formed in a number of ways. For example, geometry 16 can be etched into a metallic layer such as a chrome layer that is associated with substrate 12. ESD sensitive geometry 16 preferably includes a test module pattern, indicated generally at 18, and a chrome border 14, formed on a surface of apparatus 10. As shown in FIGURE IB, test module pattern 18 includes bodies 20, 20a, and 26, lines 22 and 22a, and gaps 24 and 24a. It should be noted that body 26 comprises a portion of chrome border 14. The number of test modules, their configuration and size may be varied in accordance with teachings of the present invention to monitor, evaluate, and scale ESD and its effects. Though a photomask for ESD testing formed in accordance with teachings of the present invention may have various dimensions, the embodiment represented by apparatus 10 is a six inch by six inch test reticle that includes six groups of test module strings. As depicted in FIGURE 1A, each group of test module strings includes five strings. An example five string group may be seen more clearly in FIGURE 2. Though FIGURES 1A, IB, and 2 depict five string groups, the number of strings within a group and the number of groups on a reticle may be varied. In addition to varying the number of groups and/or strings within a group, the dimensions of a test module's element, for example, those depicted in test module 18 may be varied. For example, body 20 may be an approximately one mm by one mm chrome structure of generally square configuration, line 22 may have a length of approximately 200 μm and a width of approximately 2.5 μm, and gap 24 defined by the distance between line 20 and body 20a may have a width of approximately 1.5 μm. All of these dimensions can be varied in order to improve ESD testing for a given semiconductor manufacturing process and a desired design rule. The following ranges indicate different dimensions that have been tested. It should be clear that other dimensions, including dimensions that are either larger or smaller than those listed, may be used. Body dimensions ranging from approximately 0.1 mm by 0.1 mm to 4 mm by 4 mm have been tested. Line lengths ranging from approximately 0.2 mm to 0.5 mm have also been tested. Gap widths ranging from approximately 15 μm to 1.5 μm have been tested. It should be noted that a single test reticle could include a plurality of test modules and that the various included test modules could have bodies, lines and gaps of differing dimensions. In fact, a string of test modules may be more sensitive to ESD than a single test module. As such, it may be desirable to create a string of modules (e.g., 15, 20 or 25 modules) extending from the chrome border. As mentioned above, a single test reticle could include many such strings . Among the strings and/or within a single string, the body, line and gap dimensions could be varied to provide specific ESD testing for a semiconductor manufacturing process. For example, six sets of five strings, with each string including twenty- five test modules could be included in an ESD sensitive geometry. A similar configuration is depicted in FIGURE 2, which is a top view of another embodiment of an apparatus incorporating teachings of the present invention. The five strings of FIGURE 2 may be virtually identical and may provide multiple locations for ESD incidents and may help ensure statistically relevant results. Moreover, the test modules of the FIGURE 2 embodiment may be distributed to cover all portions of the testing surface. With test modules covering all portions of testing surface, the embodiment of FIGURE 2 may test its four quadrants independently separated from each other by a 5mm wide glass gap, which may allow, for example, the testing of individual grounding pads on a photolithographic tool or any other local ESD variation. The accuracy of ground pad testing may be improved by spacing a line of test modules or test module string approximately 5 mm apart from another test module string. The six sets also allow for monitoring and evaluating several possible ESD events at the same time. The gap and/or line dimensions may differ between the five strings that make up each set . This variation helps define critical dimensions and design rules. By including gap dimensions of 1.5 μm, 2.0 μm, 2.5 μm. 3.0 μm and 4.0 μm and using a line width of 2.5 μm, a semiconductor manufacturer will be able to test its processes to determine which design rule it could effectively manufacture. If the test reticle indicates failures at sites with a gap width of 1.5 μm and a line width of 2.5 μm, the manufacturer knows that, approximately, a .3 μm design rule may suffer from ESD (may be unobtainable) with its current system. Conversely, if the test reticle indicates no failures at sites with a gap width of 2.5 μm and a line width of 2.5 μm, the manufacturer can probably manuf cture to a .5 μm design rule without being ESD endangered by effects which are indicated by this test reticle. Determining whether a test photomask indicates failure may involve two primary steps: (1) exposure to a charge inducing event or apparatus, which can include handling or grounding of the test reticle; and (2) analyzing the test reticle to determine the severity of geometry degradation, which can indicate the severity of electrostatic discharge. The exposure step can include exposure to a single event or apparatus or exposure to a series of events and/or apparatuses. The analyzing step can involve the use of a microscope. Using a microscope has benefits and drawbacks. The benefits are primarily that the results are determined quickly and at a relatively low cost. The primary drawbacks are accuracy problems and inherent subjectivity problems (the test would most likely be performed by a human operator) . A second alternative may be to perform a STARlight test, a photomask analyzing technique provided by KLA-Tencor. STARlight testing is an automated testing procedure that indicates differences in optical behavior of the test reticle and particularly the chrome that makes up the test reticle geometry. FIGURE 3 is flow chart depicting various semiconductor manufacturing procedures and identifying some potential sources of electrostatic discharge effects, which may be identified and monitored in accordance with teachings of the present invention. A typical semiconductor manufacturing procedure, indicated generally at 30, includes photomask manufacturing steps 32, photolithographic tool manufacturing steps 34 and IC device manufacturing 36. Many of the steps associated with photomask, photolithographic device and IC device manufacturing are potential sources of ESD and, as such, potential causes of photomask geometry degradation. The design step 40 wherein an electrical circuit to be included m an IC device is designed is the input data for photomask manufacturing. Once designed, the circuit is etched onto a blank during the process of manufacturing a photomask 42. This process usually involves etching a blank. The etching typically results in a photomask having a geometry defined m part by a chrome layer. The etching and the handling associated with the etching may be charge inducing. Once etched, the photomask is tested to ensure that its geometry accurately represents the desired circuit. This testing step 44 can result in a failing photomask, which either forces the manufacturer to repair the photomask or to scrap it and return to step 42 where another photomask is prepared. Again, this testing and handling can be charge inducing and promote ESD. If the photomask passes its test, it is packaged and sent to an IC device manufacturer where its geometry will be shot onto semiconductor wafers (not expressly shown) . This shipping step 46 often entails a great deal of handling, which may be further charge inducing. An often forgotten source of ESD resides in the photolithographic tool which may be a stepper, stocker, cleaner etc. and in the steps associated with its manufacture. More precisely, the photolithographic tool, itself, may be inherently conducive to ESD. At the outset, a photolithographic tool is designed and manufactured. This step is indicated at 48. The tool is tested to ensure proper operation, indicated at 50. One important test that should and often is not performed on the photolithographic tool is an ESD test. Before a photolithographic tool is shipped to an IC device manufacturer, it should be tested at step 50 to ensure that it is not conducive to ESD and that its charge inducing characteristics are acceptable. When the IC device manufacturer secures both a photomask and a photolithographic device, the IC manufacture may load, as indicated at step 54, the photomask into the photolithographic device in order to begin shooting. This loading procedure requires a great deal of handling and, as a result, can be another source of ESD. Similarly, the step of actually shooting the photomask 56 is troublesome. Exposing the photomask to intense energy generated during the shooting process often helps establish the charge separation or electrical potential difference necessary to create ESD. As such, a great many ESD effects are observed when the photomask is removed from the photolithographic tool. The step of removing the photomask involves much handling, which may precipitate occurrences of ESD. Occasionally, handling by a person is not necessary to release the ESD. If the photolithographic device improperly grounds the photomask (e.g., a grounding pad does not function properly), ESD can occur without human contact. In any event, the photomask is typically stored after being shot. This storage step 60 usually involves placing a photomask into a mechanical storage device (e.g., a SMIF pot or any kind of stocker) . The storage device in conjunction with the handling necessary to place the photomask within the storage device can and often does result in ESD. Readily apparent from this description of the various procedures associated with manufacturing of semiconductors is the fact that ESD and its causes are present throughout the entire semiconductor manufacturing process. The method and apparatus of the present invention allow for independent ESD testing at each step of the process or collective ESD testing in any selected portion of the process. Both kinds of testing are necessary to identify and monitor ESD effects associated with semiconductor manufacturing. Of the various ESD effects, geometry degradation may be the most detrimental. FIGURES 4A, 4B and 4c represent review results indicating various degrees of electrostatic discharge effects on one embodiment of an apparatus incorporating teachings of the present invention. In general terms, the most common ESD effects on photomasks include material sputtering and material migration. Basically, the chrome that makes up a photomask's geometry is either deposited where it should not be or is removed where it should be. Material migration is usually more devastating to the functionality of an IC device created from a defective photomask. The potential risk may be high, because this kind of effect can be cumulative. However, material sputtering can also result in complete non-functionality of an IC device. Material sputtering usually operates between the chrome border and structures in the scribe lane. In this area of a device, elements may be around 10 μm apart, and 10 μm approximates the scatter free distance for electrons in air. As depicted in FIGURE 4A, there is limited if any visible effect from electrostatic discharge. The effects begin to appear in FIGURE 4B and are clearly apparent in FIGURE 4C. The apparatus of the present invention is extremely sensitive to ESD and will yield defects like well before a typical photomask. In fact, the high sensitivity provided by the present invention allows the test photomask's geometry to reveal ESD effects in one or more cycles of exposure to a given manufacturing procedure or piece of equipment whereas the IC manufacturer's photomask may not reveal similar effects until after hundreds or thousands of exposures . Moreover, the ESD sensitive geometry of the test photomask can be designed to relate to whatever design rule the IC manufacturer is manufacturing. When dealing with extremely small design rules, ESD effects are exaggerated (i.e., device functionality affecting defects will more readily occur) . Embodiments of the present invention allow a manufacturer to quickly determine how small and how consistently the manufacturer can manufacture with its current system without ESD effects. The number of modules which generate the high sensitivity, may also provide a scale to measure the relative change of ESD risk. A calibration of this scale is in preparation. In preferred embodiments, this scale may be calibrated. Additionally, given the ease and relatively low costs of monitoring and evaluating the test photomask, a user can narrowly test a single aspect or procedure of its manufacturing process. Alternatively, the user can test the entire process for cumulative ESD effects. This capacity allows the manufacturer to monitor its procedures and to identify ESD problem areas. Although the present invention has been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made thereto without departing from the sphere and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

Claims: WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. A method for monitoring electrostatic discharge effects, comprising: exposing a test photomask having an electrostatic discharge sensitive geometry formed thereon to a semiconductor manufacturing procedure; and analyzing the test photomask to identify and evaluate the severity of electrostatic discharge effects associated with the semiconductor manufacturing procedure. 2. The method of Claim 1, wherein the semiconductor manufacturing procedure comprises at least one procedure associated with manufacture of a photomask. 3. The method of Claim 1, wherein the semiconductor manufacturing procedure comprises at least one procedure associated with photolithography. 4. The method of Claim 1, wherein the semiconductor manufacturing procedure comprises at least one procedure associated with testing a manufactured photolithographic tool. 5. The method of Claim 1, wherein the semiconductor manufacturing procedure comprises storing the test photomask. 6. The method of Claim 1, wherein the semiconductor manufacturing procedure comprises cleaning a reticle semiconductor manufacturing site. 7. The method of Claim 1, wherein the semiconductor manufacturing procedure comprises handling of the test photomask. 8. The method of Claim 1, wherein the semiconductor manufacturing procedure comprises placing the test photomask in a photolithographic tool. 9. The method of Claim 1, wherein the step of analyzing the test photomask further comprises observing the test photomask under a dark field microscope. 10. The method of Claim 1, wherein analyzing the test photomask further comprises observing the test photomask with a lighting device operable to show differences in optical behavior of a metal associated with a metal layer of the photomask. 11. The method of Claim 1, wherein the electrostatic discharge effects comprise material migration. 12. The method of Claim 1, wherein the electrostatic discharge effects comprise material sputtering . 13. The method of Claim 1, wherein the geometry comprises a plurality of bodies, lines and gaps. 14. The method of Claim 1, wherein determining the electrostatic discharge effects comprises identifying a minimum design rule to which the semiconductor manufacturing procedure may be used to satisfactorily manufacture integrated circuit devices. 15. A method for monitoring severity of electrostatic discharge effects, comprising: contacting a test photomask having an electrostatic discharge sensitive geometry formed thereon with a piece of semiconductor manufacturing equipment; removing the test photomask from the piece of semiconductor manufacturing equipment; and analyzing the test photomask to determine the severity of any electrostatic discharge effects associated with the piece of semiconductor manufacturing equipment . 16. The method of Claim 15, wherein the piece of semiconductor manufacturing equipment comprises a photomask storage device. 17. The method of Claim 15, wherein the piece of semiconductor manufacturing equipment comprises a stepper. 18. The method of Claim 15, further comprising the step of creating a photolithographic image with the test photomask before analyzing the test photomask. 19. An apparatus for monitoring electrostatic discharge effects associated with semiconductor manufacturing, comprising: a photomask; an electrostatic discharge sensitive geometry formed on the photomask; the geometry having at least one test module defined in part by at least two bodies; each body having a surface area sufficient to induce electrostatic discharge effects; and a line and a gap disposed between the two bodies. 20. The apparatus of Claim 19, wherein the line extends from a first of the at least two bodies and toward a second of the at least two bodies; the line having a terminal end proximate the second of the at least two bodies; and the terminal end defining the gap between the terminal end and the second of the at least two bodies. 21. The apparatus of Claim 20, further comprising a plurality of test modules. 22. The apparatus of Claim 21, wherein the plurality of test modules comprises a risk scale. 23. The apparatus of Claim 22, wherein the plurality of test modules are arranged in a two- dimensional array.

Inventors: ENGLISCH ANDREAS, ENGLISCH, ANDREAS
Applicants: DUPONT PHOTOMASKS INC, DUPONT PHOTOMASKS, INC.
Application year: 2000
Main classification: G03F1
IPC codes: G03F1, H01L23