LONG BAND OPTICAL AMPLIFIER

Abstract: The optical amplifier (5) includes a first gain medium (10a) that contains a rare earth dopant and a first pump (20a) that supplies optical energy at a first wavelength into this first gain medium (10a). The first pump operates at a pump wavelength that has a lower inversion saturation than the highest wavelength of absorption of the first gain medium. The optical amplifier further comprises a second gain medium (10b) operatively coupled to the first gain medium (10a) and a second pump (20b) that supplies optical energy into the second gain medium.

Description: LONG BAND OPTICAL AMPLIFIER FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates generally to long band optical amplifiers. More particularly, the invention relates to a long band optical amplifier employing a rare earth doped fiber and an improved dual pumping technique. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Optical amplifiers increase the amplitude of an optical wave through a process known as stimulated emission in which a photon, supplied as the input signal, excites electrons to a higher energy level within an optical material, which then undergo a transition to a lower energy level. In the process, the material emits a coherent photon with the same frequency, direction and polarization as the initial photon. These two photons can, in turn, serve to stimulate the emission of two additional photons coherently, and so forth. The result is coherent light amplification. Stimulated emission occurs when the photon energy is nearly equal to the atomic transition energy difference. For this reason, the process produces amplification in one or more bands of frequencies determined by the atomic line width. While there are a number of different optical amplifier configurations in use today, the optical fiber amplifiers are quite popular, particularly for optical communications applications. The optical fiber amplifier typically includes an optical material such as glass, combined with a rare earth dopant such as such as Erbium and configured as an optical waveguide. Rare-earth-doped silica fibers are popular today in part because they offer the advantages of single-mode guided wave optics. Optical fiber amplifiers made of such fibers can be made to operate over a broad range of wavelengths, dictated by the atomic properties of the host and rare earth dopant. For example, Erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) operate at two signal bands of the fiber transmission window. These signal bands are a conventional-band (C-band) with wavelength range from approximately 1528 nm to approximately 1565 nm and a long band (L-band) with wavelength range from approximately 1568 nm up to approximately 1610 nm. In a typical optical amplifier fabricated using Erbium doped silica fiber, electrons are excited (pumped) from the ground state ( 4 I. 5/ ) to the metastable state (l \ m) by either a pump at 980nm wavelength or 1480nm wavelength. In the case of 980nm pump, the electrons are first pumped to the excited state ( 4 Iι ! 2 ) and then non-radiactively decay into the metastable state ( 4 Iι 3 / 2 ) (See Fig. 1 1). In the case of 1480nm pump the electrons are directly pumped into 4 I| 3/2 state. The amplification occurs when the electrons in Iι 3/ state decay into the ground state by stimulated emission. After the electrons decay to the ground energy level Iιs/ 2 , they can be re-pumped to the excited energy level 4 Iι ι 2 where they can take part in further stimulated emission processes. Erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) are typically made out of multiple stages of coiled Er-doped fibers. An example of such Erbium doped fiber amplifier is shown in Figure 2. The most critical parameters on the performance of EDFAs are noise figure (NF) and gain G. The noise figure, NF, measured in dBs is defined as 10 times Logio of the ratio of the signal (S) to noise (N) ratio at the input of the amplifier to that at the output of the amplifier. That is, NF = 10 x Logι 0 (S/N) in/ (S/N) out. The gain, G, is defined as the ratio of signal output power to signal input power. In multistage amplifiers the noise figure NF is largely determined by the gain G in the front end of the amplifier. Thus, the higher the gain G of the first coil of the EDFA, the lower NF. Another measure of EDFA performance is the power efficiency, which is defined as the ratio between the numbers of photons amplified to the numbers of photons extracted from the pump. Since the performance of the communication system is determined by the noise performance of the amplifiers in the system, signal power of the amplifiers, and fiber transmission properties, optical communication systems require that the EDFAs have the lowest possible noise figure (NF), and provide the highest possible gain, (G). Figure 3 illustrates the absorption spectrum of the Erbium doped fiber (EDF). This figure shows that a strong absorption peak is present in the 980nm-pumping band. Because of the strong absorption at the 980nm wavelength, some long-band EDFAs use a 980nm pump in conjunction with a first EDF coil. The use of the 980nm wavelength pump introduces high inversion at the front end of the optical amplifier, thus resulting in a low noise figure (See Fig. 2). The 980nm pump provides less efficient power conversion relative to 1480nm pump and is relatively difficult to build. Therefore, a 980nm pump is expensive. However, it appears to be a common belief that the use of a less efficient, more expensive 980nm pump (as the first pump in the L-band amplifier) is needed in order to provide low noise and thus, high signal to noise ratio so that a cleaner signal is provided to the second EDF coil for further amplification. In order to extract maximum power, the second stage pump (i.e., the pump that is coupled to the second EDF coil) is typically a more efficient, less expensive to manufacture, 1480nm wavelength pump (see Fig. 2). It is known that this second pump will improve the efficiency of the multiple stage EDF amplifier without introducing too much noise into the system. It is desirable to provide low noise L-band optical amplifiers that are also more efficient than prior art long band optical amplifiers. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention is set forth in the accompanying claims. For a more complete understanding of the invention, and its advantages, refer to the following specification and to the accompanying drawings. Additional preferable features and advantages of the invention are set forth in the detailed description, which follows. It should be understood that the following detailed description are merely exemplary of the invention, and are intended to provide an overview or framework for understanding the nature and character of the invention as it is claimed. The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the invention, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate various features and embodiments of the invention, and together with the description serve to explain the principles and operation of the invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 is an energy diagram for an Erbium doped silica glass; Figure 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating a prior art two stage pumped optical fiber amplifier; Figure 3 is a plot of the absorption spectrum of the Erbium doped fiber; Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of a two stage optical amplifier according to the first embodiment of the present invention; Figure 5 is an energy diagram for a Praseudiaium doped silica glass; Figure 6 is an energy diagram for a Neodimium doped silica glass; Figure 7 is a family of curves plotting noise figure (NF) as a function of coil length ratio, illustrating the resultant effect of varying the pump wavelength on NF; Figure 8 illustrates the inversion profile of the first coil or EDFA for three different pumps; Figure 9 illustrates second stage power requirements as a function of coil length ratio; Figure 10 is a family of curves plotting predicted NF spectra as a function of pump wavelength; Figure 11 is a family of curves plotting experimental data of the NF spectra as a function of pump wavelength; Figure 12 is a schematic diagram illustrating the two stage pumped optical fiber amplifier of a first embodiment of the present invention; Figure 13 is a schematic diagram illustrating the two stage pumped optical fiber amplifier of a second embodiment of the present invention; Figure 14 is a schematic diagram illustrating the two stage pumped optical fiber amplifier of a third embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFI ]RRED EMBODIMENTS We have discovered that an improved dual pumoing technique, (described in detail below) overcomes difficulty associated with prioi art, and that the optical amplifier utilizing this dual pumping technique not only exhibits low noise level but also has approximately 40% higher efficiency than the prior art optical amplifiers. According to an embodiment of the present invention, this technique utilizes two pumps operating at the same wavelength. These pumps reduce the steady state population in the intermediate termination energy level while simultaneously repopulating the metastable energy level. According to one embodiment of the invention, both pumps operate at a wavelength of 1480nm and the optical amplifier utilizes multiple coils (stages) of Erbium doped fiber. Figure 4 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of the optical amplifier 5. The preferred embodiment employs two optical waveguides 10a and 10b which may be, for example, an optical fiber having an inner core of a first optical material and an outer cladding of a different material. The materials used for the inner core and outer cladding have different indices of refraction so that optical energy reflects at the inner core-outer cladding interface thereby permitting the light to propagate through the waveguide. As will be more fully explained below, the optical waveguide comprises a host material, preferably of glass, that contains a rare earth dopant. A variety of different optical materials and rare earth dopants may be used for this purpose. Although Erbium dopped silica fiber is used as an example in this embodiment, the use of other example materials will be apparent to those having skill in the art. It is preferred that the rare earth dopants have a "three level" or a "four level" atomic energy structure. Some examples of other rare earth dopants are Praseodymium (Pr + ) and Neodymium (Nd + ). Some examples of other host materials are Fluorine (FI) and Telluride (Tl). The energy level diagrams for these rare earth materials are shown in Figures 5 and 6. More specifically, Figure 5 illustrates the energy levels of Praseodymium doped glass. A Praseodymium doped fiber amplifier (PDFA) may be pumped with a 1.01 nm pump and produces a signal in a 1.31 μm range. Figure 6 illustrates energy levels of the Neodymium doped glass. A Neodymium doped fiber amplifier (NDFA) may be pumped with the 0.8 μm pump and produces a signal in the 1.37μm range. The optical amplifier 5 has a first pump 20a that serves as the primary pump. This pump is used to excite a population of rare earth ions within the optical material, raising them from their ground energy state to a metastable energy state. The metastable energy state is characterized by a comparatively long fluorescence lifetime, usually greater than 10 microseconds. In other words, ions raised to the metastable energy state remain in that state for a sufficient time enabling stimulated emission. The optical amplifier 5 illustrated in Figure 4 includes an input port 30 into which an optical input signal S 1 may be introduced. The input port 30 couples the input optical signal S 1 into the first optical waveguide 10a (comprising a coiled active fiber) whereby amplification is produced by stimulated emission of photons from the metastable energy state. A second optical waveguide 10b, also comprising a coiled active fiber is arranged down stream of the first optical waveguide 10a. The optical waveguide 10b further amplifies optical signal provided by the waveguide 10a. The second optical waveguide 10b is coupled to the output port 40, from which the amplified optical signal exits the amplifier 5. The second pump 20b is coupled to the second optical waveguide 10b and serves to excite the population of rare earth atoms in the optical material of the waveguide 10b by raising them to the metastable energy state. The amplified optical signal exiting the first waveguide, 10a, is used as an input signal for the waveguide 10b and, as stated above, is further amplified by this waveguide, 10b. The amplifier 5 may include an input stage, a mid stage and an output stage. These stages may include components such as coupler(s), filter(s), isolator(s), attenuator(s), and/or gain flattener(s). We have compared the performances of two stage Erbium doped silica fiber amplifiers (similar to the one of Figure 4) with different first stage pumps 20a, each having to provide one of three different pump wavelengths. The pump power of the first stage pumps 10a is 140mW. In each of these amplifiers, the second waveguide 10b is pumped by two 1480nm pumps 20b to achieve good power conversion (i.e. high efficiencies). The pump power for the pumps 20b was varied between 130mW and 185mW. The total fiber length, i.e. the length of coiled fibers for both the first and second stage, was 130 meters. The results obtained from the simulated modeling of the amplifiers and from the actual measurements are discussed below. The analysis compares amplifiers that utilize a first pump 20a that provides either a 980nm (case I), 1480nm (case II) or 1510nm (case III) pumping wavelength. The performance metrics are amplifier noise figure (NF) and second stage pump power (i.e. the pump power of the pump 20b). Figure 7 shows the maximum NF (noise figure) as a function of coil length ratio between the first stage (waveguide 10a) and second stage (waveguide 10b) for the three amplifier simulation models. It is jlear from the simulation results that the maximum NF produced when the pump 20a operates at either 1480nm or 980nm wavelength is about the same. However, as can be seen from this figure, pumping with the 1510nm pump 20a results in a significant degradation of NF. Pumping at different wavelengths on the first stage of the optical amplifier results in different front-end inversions due to the differences in absorption and emission coefficients at the pump wavelength of the pump 20a. For L-band amplifier, the front-end inversions for 980nm and 1480nm pumping are approximately the same due to a higher backward ASE (amplifier spontaneous emission) saturation in the 980nm case. This was not taken into account in designs of the prior art L-band multiple stage optical amplifiers. Figure 8 shows the inversion profile along the first coil of the Er-doped fiber using different forward pumping pumps 20a that operate at the same power (140 mW) but at different wavelengths. These wavelengths are 980nm, 1480nm, and 1510nm. As stated above, the higher inversion at the front end of the optical amplifier results in lower noise figure. There is a clear saturation of the inversion at the front end of the amplifier when 980nm pump is used. This is the result of a strong backward ASE (amplifier spontaneous emission) from the accumulation of the ASE at the front end of the optical amplifier. As can be seen from this figure, the inversion saturation corresponding to the 1480nm pump is significantly lower than that of a 980nm pump, while the inversion profile corresponding to the 15 lOnm pump shows no saturation of the front end inversion. Thus, we discovered that in the L-band amplifiers, the 1480nm pump 20a has lower backward ASE than the 980nm pump, and because of this, the front end inversion of the 1480nm and 980nm pumps is about the same. Therefore, surprisingly, these two pumps 20a (1480nm and 980nm) provide about the same noise figure NF. However, the 1480nm pump provides significantly higher power for L-band operation than the 980nm pump and is less expensive to manufacture than the 980 nm pump. Figure 9 illustrates the second stage pump power requirement as a function of coil length ratio between the first stage and second stages, when the first pump 20a operates at either 980nm, 1480nm, or 15 lOnm wavelengths. The vertical axis represents pump power of the pump 20b in milliwats (mW). Figure 9 illustrates that there is a reduction of pump power requirement (at coil ratios of about 0.16 or higher) when pumping at 1480nm and 1510nm compared to 980nm pumping. Such reduction in pump power requirement will provide better pump margin for amplifier operation. Figure 10 shows the NF spectra (NF as a function of wavelength) from the above simulation. The NF spectrum represents the optimized coil ratio for each pumping configuration. The optimized coil ratio is about 0.3 and is determined by the ratio that results in the lowest noise figure (NF) for a given pump wavelength. Figure 10 illustrates that pumping with the wavelengths of 980nm and 1480nm produce an equivalent noise figure performance, while a 1510nm pumping configuration results in worse NF spectra for the L-band optical amplifiers. Experimental results on the NF spectra for a two stage EDFA that utilizes a 1480nm first pump 20a and a conventional 980nm first pump 20a are shown in Figure 1 1. The results are obtained from the identical optical amplifier that at first utilized a 980nm first stage pump 20a and then utilized a 1480nm first stage pump 20a. The first stage pumps 20a operated at a fixed coil ratio of a 40%. As expected, an all 1480nm pumping configuration shows very good NF performance as compared to pumping configuration that utilizes a 980nm first stage pump. This is consistent with the results form the simulation. With this configuration (the pump 20a providing laser beam at 980nm wavelength) we have observed a reduction of the total pump power by about 35%. Based on the experimental and theoretical results, we determined that dual pumping EDFA at the same wavelength (ex: 1480nm pump for each staged the EDFA) resulted in improved pumping efficiency, while maintaining low noise level. More specifically, we demonstrated that 1480 nm pump provides sufficient front-end inversion to keep equivalent noise figure performance. Because of the higher power conversion efficiency, 1480nm first stage pump 20a lowers the pump margin by more than 10%. From a product point of view, such superior optical performance plus more than 40% cost advantage makes all 1480 nm pumping configuration preferable in many application that utilize L-band EDFAs. Figures 12 and 13 illustrate other EDFA embodiments. The EDFA illustrated in Figure 12 is similar to the EDFA illustrated in Fig. 4, bi t utilizes only one (forward pumping) pump 20b, coupled to the second EDF coil, '"he EDFA illustrated in Fig. 13 utilizes several different pumps 20b. The pumps 20b of this EDFA operate at different wavelengths, for pump multiplexing. Thus, when taking into account backward ASE, noise figure and the power provided by the first pump 20a, we determined that with L-band EDFA it is preferable to utilize a 1480nm first pump, 20a. The same principle should apply to other amplifiers (rare earth doped amplifiers with fibers having dopants other than Er and which operate at other wavelength bands). That is, in choosing the wavelength of choice of first pump 20a, one should preferably consider backward ASE and its effect on the noise figure NF and then chose the more efficient first pump that provides about the same noise figure. This pump will generally not be a 980nm pump. Accordingly, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and adaptations can be made to the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention. It is intended that the present invention cover the modifications and adaptations of this invention as defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims: What is claimed is: 1. An optical amplifier comprising: (i) a first gain medium having an optical host that contains a rare earth dopant; (ii) a first pump that supplies optical energy at a first wavelength into said first gain medium, said first pump wavelength having lower inversion saturation than the highest wavelength of absorption of said first gain medium; (iii) a second gain medium operatively coupled to said first gain medium; and (iv) a second pump, said second pump supplying optical energy into said second gain medium. 2. The optical amplifier according to claim 1, 8, or 10 wherein said second pump operates at a wavelength that is the same as said first wavelength of said first pump. 3. The optical amplifier according to claim 1, 8, or 10 wherein said first wavelength is not 980 nm. 4. The optical amplifier of claim 1 wherein said optical waveguide is an Erbium doped glass fiber. 5. The optical amplifier according to claim 1 wherein said optical waveguide comprises at least two coils of Erbium doped silica fiber. 6. The optical amplifier according to claim 5 wherein said first pump is coupled to one of said coils and said second pump is coupled to another one of said coils. 7. The optical amplifier of claim 4 or 5 wherein said wavelength is about 1480 nanometers. A L-band optical amplifier comprising: a first optical λvaveguide 10a having an optical host that contains a rare earth dopant, said host and dopant defining a ground energy state; a first pump 20a that supplies optical energy into said waveguide establishing a metastable energy state above said ground energy state, said first pump 20a being optically coupled to said waveguide 10a; an input 30 coupled to said optical waveguide, said input 30 introducing an optical signal to be amplified, such that amplification is produced by stimulated emission of photons from said metastable energy state, thereby establishing a termination energy state below said first metastable energy state and above said ground energy state; a second optical waveguide 10b having an optical host that contains a rare earth dopant, said second optical waveguide 10b being operatively connected to said first optical waveguide 10a; and a second pump optically 20b coupled to said second optical waveguide 10b, said second pump 20b supplying optical energy to said second optical waveguide 10b at a wavelength that is the same as said wavelength of said first pump 20b. 9. An optical amplifier 5 comprising: (i) a first gain medium 10a having an optical host that contains a rare earth dopant; (ii) a first pump 20a that supplies optical energy at a first wavelength into said first gain medium; (iii) a second gain medium operatively coupled to said first gain medium; and (iv) a second pump supplying optical energy into said second gain medium, said second pump operating at a wavelength that is the same as said first wavelength of said first pump. 10. The optical amplifier according to claim 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 9 further containing a mid stage situated intermediate said first and said second gain medium, said mid stage delivering an out put signal from said first gain medium 10a into said second gain medium 10b, wherein said mid stage includes at least one of the following components: an isolator, a filter, a coupler, a gain flattener, or an attenuator. 11. An L-band optical amplifier comprising: (i) a first gain medium 10a having an optical host that contains a rare earth dopant; (ii) a first pump 20a that supplies optical energy at a first wavelength into said first gain medium 10a; said first pump 20a operating at a pump wavelength which is not the highest wavelength of absorption of said first gain medium; (iii) a second gain medium 10b operatively coupled to said first gain medium 10a; and (iv) a second pump 20b, said second pump 20b supplying optical energy into said second gain medium 10b. 12. The optical amplifier according to claim 11, wherein said second pump 20b is a backward pumping pump. 13. The optical amplifier according to claim 11, further comprising at least one additional pump. 14. The optical amplifier according to claim 13 wherein said additional pump operates at a wavelength that is different form the wavelengths of said first and said second pumps.

Inventors: FLOOD FELTON A, LIU YONGQIAN, SMART RICHARD G, FLOOD, FELTON, A., LIU, YONGQIAN, SMART, RICHARD, G.
Applicants: CORNING INC, CORNING INCORPORATED
Application year: 2000
Main classification: H01S3
IPC codes: H01S1, H01S3, H04B10