METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR EXAMINATIONS

Abstract: The present invention concerns a system and method for enabling examinations. Employing the invention involves the use of one or more forms which support interaction with a computer system or network. Each form is printed on sheet material such as paper and includes coded data which allows it to be used to interact with the computer system via a sensing device operated by a user. Specifically, in one embodiment, the method includes the steps of providing a user involved in an examination exercise with an exercise form containing coded data indicative of an identity of the exercise form and of at least one reference point of the exercise form, and receiving, in a computer system, response data from a sensing device operable by said user, said data regarding the identity of the exercise form and a position of the sensing device relative to the exercise form, the sensing device, when placed in an operative position relative to the exercise form, sensing the coded data and providing said response data from said coded data. In one aspect, the invention provides a system and method for enabling examinees to sit examinations in a controlled manner while they may be physically distant from the classroom. The examination paper may take the format of a multiple selection paper, a free response paper or a combination of the two, and the system of the invention can be utilized in the administration of the examination.

Description: METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR EXAMINATIONS FIELD OF INVENTION The present invention relates generally to distributed computing systems for use in the carrying out of educational exercises and, more particularly to a system and method for enabling examinations In one aspect, the invention provides a system and method for enabling examinees to sit examinations in a controlled manner while they may be physically distant from the classroom, or to enable examinees to receive and/or submit other educational exercises CO-PENDING APPLICATIONS Various methods, systems and apparatus relating to the present invention are disclosed in the following co- pending applications filed by the applicant or assignee of the present invention simultaneously with the present application PCT/AUOO/00762 PCT/AUOO/00763, PCT/AU00/00760, PCT/AUOO/00759, PCT/AUOO/00758, PCT/AU00/00764, PCT/AU00/00765, PCT/AU00/00766, PCT/AU00/00767, PCT/AU00/00768, PCT/AU00/00773, PCT/AU00/00774, PCT/AU00/00775, PCT/AU00/00776, PCT/AU00/00777, PCT/AUOO/00770, PCT/AU00/00769, PCT/AUOO/00771 , PCT/AUOO/00772, PCT/AU00/00754, PCT/AUOO/00755. PCT/AU00/00756, PCT/AU00/00757 The disclosures of these co-pending applications are incorporated herein by cross-reference Various methods, systems and apparatus relating to the present invention are disclosed in the following co< pending applications filed by the applicant or assignee of the present invention on 24 May 2000 PCT/AUOO/00518, PCT/AU00/00519, PCT/AU00/00520, PCT/AUOO/0052 PCT/AU00/00523, PCT/AUOO/00524 PCT/AU00/00525, PCT/AU00/00526, PCT/AUOO/00527, PCT/AUOO/00528, PCT/AU00/00529, PCT/AU00/00530, PCT/AU00/00531 , PCT/AUOO/00532, PCT/AUOO/00533, PCT/AU00/00534, PCT/AU00/00535, PCT/AU00/00536, PCT/AU00/00537, PCT/AUOO/00538, PCT/AU00/00539, PCT/AU00/00540, PCT/AU00/00541, PCT/AU00/00542, PCT/AU00/00543. PCT/AUOO/00544, PCT/AU00/00545, PCT/AU00/00547, PCT/AU00/00546, PCT/AU00/00554 PCT/AU00/00556, PCT/AU00/00557, PCT/AUOO/00558, PCT/AU00/00559, PCT/AU00/00560, PCT/AU00/00561 , PCT/AU00/00562, PCT/AU00/00563, PCT/AUOO/00564, PCT/AU00/00566, PCT/AU00/00567. PCT/AU00/00568, PCT/AU00/00569, PCT/AU00/00570, PCT/AU00/00571, PCT/AU00/00572. PCT/AU00/00573, PCT/AU00/00574, PCT/AU00/005 5, PCT/AU00/00576, PCT/AU00/00577, PCT/AU00/00578, PCT/AU00/00579, PCT/AU00/00581 , PCT/AU00/00580. PCT/AU00/00582, PCT/AU00/00587. PCT/AUOO/00588. PCT/AU00/00589, PCT/AU00/00583, PCT/AU00/00593, PCT/AU00/00590. PCT/AU00/00591 , PCT/AUOO/00592, PCT/AU00/00594. PCT/AU00/00595, PCT/AUOO/00596, PCT/AU00/00597, PCT/AU00/00598, PCI/AU00/00516. PCT/AU00/00517 and PCT/AU00/0051 1 The disclosures of these co-pending applications are incorporated herein by cross-reference RECTHED SHEET (RULE 91) BACKGROUND Interactive computer systems enabling information to be exchanged between students/examinees and teachers/examiners have been available for some time (sometimes referred to as the "electronic classroom") Resources such as the Internet can be used with such systems for assisting in giving lectures, setting exercises and submitting answers in response Administrators can use such systems to provide feedback to teachers to aid in evaluation and suggested improvement In setting examinations, homework and other exercises, an Internet-based computer system can be used to deliver a computeπzed exercise to the examinee at a workstation, and receive and record the examinee's responses duπng the test or when submitted by the examinee on expiry of a time limit The computer system can be used in evaluating responses, marking multiple choice papers, delivering prompts and results to examinees, etc SUMMARY OF INVENTION It is an objective of the present invention to provide a new method and system for enabling examinations The present invention provides, m a first aspect, a method of enabling examinations, the method including the steps of providing a user involved in an examination exercise with an exercise form containing coded data indicative of an identity of the exercise form and of at least one reference point of the exercise form, receiving, m a computer system, response data from a sensing device operable by said user, said data regarding the identity of the exercise form and a position of the sensing device relative to the exercise form, the sensing device, when placed m an operative position relative to the exercise form, sensing the coded data and providing said response data from said coded data According to the invention in a second aspect, there is provided a method of enabling examinations, the method including the steps of providing a user involved m an examination exercise with an exercise form containing information relating to the examination exercise and including coded data indicative of at least one parameter of the examination exercise, receiving, in a computer system, data from a sensing device operable by said user, said data regarding said at least one parameter and regarding movement of the sensing device relative to the exercise form, the sensing device, when moved relative to the exercise form, sensing the data regarding said at least one parameter using at least some of the coded data and generating the data regarding its own movement relative to the exercise form, interpreting, in the computer system, said movement of the sensing device as it relates to said at least one parameter According to the invention in a third aspect, there is provided a method of enabling examinations, the method including the steps of providing a user involved in an examination exercise with an exercise form including coded data indicative of an identity of the exercise form, receiving, in a computer system, data from a sensing device regarding an identity of the user and regarding the identity of the exercise form, the sensing device containing the data regarding the identity of the user and sensing the data regarding the identity of the exercise form using at least some of the coded data, and identifying, in the computer system and from the data regarding the identity of the user and the identity of the exercise form, an examination activity According to the invention in a fourth aspect, there is provided a system for enabling examinations, the system including at least one exercise form containing coded data indicative of an identity of the exercise form and of at least one reference point of the exercise form, a computer system for receiving response data from a sensing device operated by a user involved in an examination exercise, said data regarding the identity of the exercise form and a position of the sensing device relative to the exercise form, the sensing device, when placed in an operative position relative to the exercise form, sensing the coded data and providing said response data from said coded data According to the invention in a fifth aspect, there is provided a system for enabling examinations, the system including at least one exercise containing information relating to an examination exercise, the exercise form including coded data indicative of at least one parameter of the examination exercise, and a computer system for receiving data from a sensing device operated by a user involved in the examination exercise, said data regarding said at least one parameter and regarding movement of the sensing device relative to the exercise form, for interpreting said movement of the sensing device as it relates to said at least one parameter, the sensing device, when moved relative to the exercise form, sensing the data regarding said at least one parameter using at least some of the coded data and generating the data regarding its own movement relative to the exercise form According to the invention in a sixth aspect, there is provided a system for enabling examination, the system including at least one exercise form including coded data indicative of an identity of the exercise form, and a computer system for receiving from a sensing device data regarding an identity of a user involved in an examination exercise and the identity of the exercise form, and for identifying, from said received data, an examination activity, the sensing device containing the data regarding the identity of the user and sensing the data regarding the identity of the exercise form using at least some of the coded data Accordingly, the present invention provides a system and a method which utilizes one or more forms capable of interacting with a computer system Whilst the novel method and system of the present invention may be used in conjunction with a single computer system, in a particularly preferred form it is designed to operate over a computer network, such as the Internet Physically, the form is disposed on a surface medium which may be of any suitable structure However, m a preferred embodiment, the form is disposed on sheet material such as paper or the like which has the coded data pπnted on it and which allows interaction with the computer system The coded data is detectable preferably, but not exclusively, outside the visible spectrum, thereby enabling it to be machine-readable but substantially invisible to the human eye The form may also include visible material which provides information to a user, such as the application or purpose of the form, and which visible information may be registered or correlate in position with the relevant hidden coded data. The system also includes a sensing device to convey data from the form to the computer system, and in some instances, to contπbute additional data Again, the sensing device may take a vaπety of forms but is preferably compact and easily portable In a particularly preferred arrangement, the sensing device is configured as a pen which is designed to be able to physically mark the interactive form as well as to selectively enable the coded data from the form to be read and transmitted to the computer system The coded data then provides control information, configured such that designation thereof by a user causes instructions to be applied to the software running on the computer system or network The nature of the interaction between the form and the sensing device and the data that each contπbutes to the computer system may vary In one arrangement, the coded data on the form is indicative of the identity of the form and of at least one reference point on that form In another embodiment, the interactive form includes coded data which is indicative of a parameter of the form, whereas the sensing device is operative to provide data regarding its own movement relative to that form to the computer system together with coded data from the form In yet another arrangement, the form includes the coded data which at least identifies the form, and the sensing device is designed to provide, to the computer system, data based on the form coded data, and also on data which identifies the user of the device In a preferred arrangement, the system and method also employs specially designed pnnters to pπnt the interactive form Further these pnnters constitute or form part of the computer system and are designed to receive data from the sensing device As indicated above, the system and method of the invention is ideally suited to operate over a network In this arrangement, the pnnters are fully integrated into the network and allow for pnnting of the interactive forms on demand and also for distributing of the forms using a mixture of multi-cast and pomt-cast communication protocols Accordingly, in a prefeπed form, the present invention provides methods and systems which use a paper and pen based interface for a computer system This provides many significant benefits over traditional computer systems The advantage of paper is that it is widely used to display and record information Further, pnnted information is easier to read than information displayed on a computer screen Moreover, paper does not run on battenes, can be read in bnght light, or robustly accepts coffee spills or the like and is portable and disposable Furthermore, the system allows for hand- drawing and hand-wnting to be captured which affords greater πchness of expression than input via a computer keyboard and mouse The present invention therefore provides a system and method for enabling examinations, making use of novel interactive surface media It is to be understood in this specification and claims that the term "examinations" is to be understood to embrace vaπous types of educational exercises, which may be selected from a wide range of forms of study and testing activity, such as setting and recording a student's homework tasks, performing skills evaluation testing, enabling students to sit real time examinations, etc By means of the invention, for example, an examination paper can be delivered at a specific time to a distributed collection of students, for example in a classroom situation or at separate individual test sites, each student's paper provided with an interactive surface and each student having or being provided with a sensing device for interacting with the interactive surface Each examinee is then required to answer the questions on the paper within an allotted time The examination paper may take the format of a multiple selection paper, a free response paper or a combination of the two, and the system of the invention can be utilized m the administration of the examination A multiple selection examination paper requires the selection by the examinee of one or more available choices from a list of responses to a question set, and the system of the invention may include means to enable automatic grading of such papers A free response examination paper allows the input of numenc expressions, values or text The system may employ text conversion to allow the system to evaluate the response automatically, and unrecognized input can be routed to a human operator (an examiner or administrator) Homework or other pnvate study tasks can be distributed and captured in a similar manner BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS Prefeπed and other embodiments of the invention will now be descπbed, by way of non-limiting example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which Figure 1 is a schematic of a the relationship between a sample pnnted netpage and its online page descnption, Figure 2 is a schematic view of a interaction between a netpage pen, a netpage pπnter, a netpage page server, and a netpage application server, Figure 3 illustrates a collection of netpage servers and pnnters interconnected via a network, Figure 4 is a schematic view of a high-level structure of a pnnted netpage and its online page descnption, Figure 5 is a plan view showing a structure of a netpage tag, Figure 6 is a plan view showing a relationship between a set of the tags shown in Figure 5 and a field of view of a netpage sensing device in the form of a netpage pen, Figure 7 is a flowchart of a tag image processing and decoding algonthm, Figure 8 is a perspective view of a netpage pen and its associated tag-sensing field-of-view cone, Figure 9 is a perspective exploded view of the netpage pen shown in Figure 8, Figure 10 is a schematic block diagram of a pen controller for the netpage pen shown Figures 8 and 9, Figure 11 is a perspective view of a wall-mounted netpage pnnter, Figure 12 is a section through the length of the netpage pnnter of Figure 11 , Figure 12a is an enlarged portion of Figure 12 showing a section of the duplexed pnnt engines and glue wheel assembly, Figure 13 is a detailed view of the ink cartndge, ink, air and glue paths, and pnnt engines of the netpage pnnter of Figures 11 and 12, Figure 14 is a schematic block diagram of a pπnter controller for the netpage pπnter shown in Figures 11 and 12, Figure 15 is a schematic block diagram of duplexed pnnt engine controllers and Memjet™ pnntheads associated with the pπnter controller shown in Figure 14, Figure 16 is a schematic block diagram of the pnnt engine controller shown in Figures 14 and 15, Figure 17 is a perspective view of a single Memjet™ pnnting element, as used in, for example, the netpage pπnter of Figures 10 to 12, Figure 18 is a perspective view of a small part of an array of Memjet™ pnnting elements, Figure 19 is a seπes of perspective views illustrating the operating cycle of the Memjet™ pnnting element shown in Figure 13, Figure 20 is a perspective view of a short segment of a pagewidth Memjet™ pnnthead, Figure 21 is a schematic view of a user class diagram, Figure 22 is a schematic view of a pπnter class diagram, Figure 23 is a schematic view of a pen class diagram, Figure 24 is a schematic view of an application class diagram, Figure 25 is a schematic view of a document and page descnption class diagram, Figure 26 is a schematic view of a document and page ownership class diagram, Figure 27 is a schematic view of a terminal element specialization class diagram, Figure 28 is a schematic view of a static element specialization class diagram, Figure 29 is a schematic view of a hyperlink element class diagram, Figure 30 is a schematic view of a hyperlink element specialization class diagram, Figure 31 is a schematic view of a hyperhnked group class diagram, Figure 32 is a schematic view of a form class diagram, Figure 33 is a schematic view of a digital ink class diagram, Figure 34 is a schematic view of a field element specialization class diagram, Figure 35 is a schematic view of a checkbox field class diagram, Figure 36 is a schematic view of a text field class diagram, Figure 37 is a schematic view of a signature field class diagram, Figure 38 is a flowchart of an input processing algoπthm, Figure 38a is a detailed flowchart of one step of the flowchart of Figure 38, Figure 39 is a schematic view of a page server command element class diagram, Figure 40 is a schematic view of a subscπption delivery protocol, Figure 41 is a schematic view of a hyperlink request class diagram, Figure 42 is a schematic view of a hyperlink activation protocol, Figure 43 is a schematic view of a form submission protocol, Figure 44 is a schematic view of a set of user interface flow document icons, Figure 45 is a schematic view of a set of user interface page layout element icons, Figure 46 is a schematic view of an examination question class diagram according to the invention, Figure 47 is a schematic view of a conesponding examination answer class diagram according to the invention, Figure 48 is a schematic view of an examination user interface flow, Figure 49 is a schematic view of an examination main page, and Figure 50 is a schematic view of a sample examination page DETADJED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED AND OTHER EMBODIMENTS Note Memjet™ is a trade mark of Silverbrook Research Pty Ltd, Australia In the preferred embodiment, the invention is configured to work with the netpage networked computer system, a detailed overview of which follows It will be appreciated that not every implementation will necessanly embody all or even most of the specific details and extensions discussed below in relation to the basic system However, the system is descπbed in its most complete form to reduce the need for external reference when attempting to understand the context in which the preferred embodiments and aspects of the present invention operate In bπef summary, the prefened form of the netpage system employs a computer interface m the form of a mapped surface, that is, a physical surface which contains references to a map of the surface maintained in a computer system The map references can be queπed by an appropπate sensing device Depending upon the specific implementation, the map references may be encoded visibly or invisibly, and defined in such a way that a local query on the mapped surface yields an unambiguous map reference both within the map and among different maps The computer system can contain information about features on the mapped surface, and such information can be retneved based on map references supplied by a sensing device used with the mapped surface The information thus retneved can take the form of actions which are initiated by the computer system on behalf of the operator in response to the operator's interaction with the surface features In its prefeπed form, the netpage system relies on the production of, and human interaction with, netpages These are pages of text, graphics and images pnnted on ordinary paper, but which work like interactive web pages Information is encoded on each page using ink which is substantially invisible to the unaided human eye The mk, however, and thereby the coded data, can be sensed by an optically imaging pen and transmitted to the netpage system In the prefeπed form, active buttons and hyperlinks on each page can be clicked with the pen to request information from the network or to signal preferences to a network server In one embodiment, text wntten by hand on a netpage is automatically recognized and converted to computer text in the netpage system, allowing forms to be filled in In other embodiments, signatures recorded on a netpage are automatically venfied, allowing e-commerce transactions to be securely authonzed As illustrated m Figure 1 , a pnnted netpage 1 can represent a interactive form which can be filled in by the user both physically, on the pnnted page, and "electronically", via communication between the pen and the netpage system The example shows a "Request" form containing name and address fields and a submit button The netpage consists of graphic data 2 pnnted using visible ink, and coded data 3 pnnted as a collection of tags 4 using invisible mk The coπesponding page descnption 5, stored on the netpage network, descnbes the individual elements of the netpage In particular it descnbes the type and spatial extent (zone) of each interactive element (l e text field or button in the example), to allow the netpage system to conectly interpret input via the netpage The submit button 6, for example, has a zone 7 which conesponds to the spatial extent of the coπesponding graphic 8 As illustrated Figure 2, the netpage pen 101, a prefeπed form of which is shown in Figures 8 and 9 and descnbed in more detail below, works in conjunction with a netpage pnnter 601, an Internet-connected pnnting appliance for home, office or mobile use The pen is wireless and communicates securely with the netpage pnnter via a short-range radio link 9 The netpage pnnter 601, a prefeπed form of which is shown in Figures 11 to 13 and descnbed in more detail below, is able to deliver, penodically or on demand, personalized newspapers, magazines, catalogs, brochures and other publications, all pnnted at high quality as interactive netpages Unlike a personal computer, the netpage pnnter is an appliance which can be, for example, wall-mounted adjacent to an area where the morning news is first consumed, such as in a user's kitchen, near a breakfast table, or near the household's point of departure for the day It also comes in tabletop, desktop, portable and miniature versions Netpages pnnted at their point of consumption combine the ease-of-use of paper with the timeliness and interactivity of an interactive medium As shown in Figure 2, the netpage pen 101 interacts with the coded data on a pnnted netpage 1 and communicates, via a short-range radio link 9, the interaction to a netpage pπnter The pπnter 601 sends the interaction to the relevant netpage page server 10 for interpretation In appropnate circumstances, the page server sends a coπesponding message to application computer software running on a netpage application server 13 The application server may in turn send a response which is pnnted on the onginating pnnter The netpage system is made considerably more convenient in the prefeπed embodiment by being used m conjunction with high-speed microelectromechanical system (MEMS) based Inkjet (Memjet™) pnnters In the prefeπed form of this technology, relatively high-speed and high-quality pnnting is made more affordable to consumers In its prefeπed form, a netpage publication has the physical charactenstics of a traditional newsmagazine, such as a set of letter- size glossy pages pnnted in full color on both sides, bound together for easy navigation and comfortable handling The netpage pnnter exploits the growing availability of broadband Internet access Cable service is available to 95% of households m the United States, and cable modem service offenng broadband Internet access is already available to 20% of these The netpage pnnter can also operate with slower connections, but with longer delivery times and lower image quality Indeed, the netpage system can be enabled using existing consumer inkjet and laser pnnters, although the system will operate more slowly and will therefore be less acceptable from a consumer's point of view In other embodiments, the netpage system is hosted on a pnvate intranet In still other embodiments, the netpage system is hosted on a single computer or computer-enabled device, such as a pnnter Netpage publication servers 14 on the netpage network are configured to deliver pnnt-quality publications to netpage pnnters Penodical publications are delivered automatically to subscnbmg netpage pnnters via pomtcasting and multicasting Internet protocols Personalized publications are filtered and formatted according to individual user profiles A netpage pnnter can be configured to support any number of pens, and a pen can work with any number of netpage pnnters In the prefeπed implementation, each netpage pen has a unique identifier A household may have a collection of colored netpage pens, one assigned to each member of the family This allows each user to maintain a distinct profile with respect to a netpage publication server or application server A netpage pen can also be registered with a netpage registration server 11 and linked to one or more payment card accounts This allows e-commerce payments to be securely authonzed using the netpage pen The netpage registration server compares the signature captured by the netpage pen with a previously registered signature, allowing it to authenticate the user' s identity to an e-commerce server Other biometrics can also be used to venfy identity A version of the netpage pen includes fingerpnnt scanning, venfied in a similar way by the netpage registration server Although a netpage pnnter may deliver penodicals such as the morning newspaper without user intervention, it can be configured never to deliver unsolicited junk mail In its prefeπed form, it only delivers penodicals from subscnbed or otherwise authonzed sources In this respect, the netpage pnnter is unlike a fax machine or e-mail account which is visible to any junk mailer who knows the telephone number or email address 1 NETPAGE SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE Each object model in the system is descnbed using a Unified Modeling Language (UML) class diagram A class diagram consists of a set of object classes connected by relationships, and two kinds of relationships are of interest here associations and generalizations An association represents some kind of relationship between objects, 1 e between instances of classes A generalization relates actual classes, and can be understood in the following way if a class is thought of as the set of all objects of that class, and class A is a generalization of class B, then B is simply a subset of A The UML does not directly support second-order modelling - 1 e classes of classes Each class is drawn as a rectangle labelled with the name of the class It contains a list of the attnbutes of the class, separated from the name by a honzontal line, and a list of the operations of the class, separated from the attπbute list by a honzontal line In the class diagrams which follow, however, operations are never modelled An association is drawn as a line joining two classes, optionally labelled at either end with the multiplicity of the association The default multiplicity is one An astensk (*) indicates a multiplicity of "many", l e zero or more Each association is optionally labelled with its name, and is also optionally labelled at either end with the role of the coπesponding class An open diamond indicates an aggregation association ("is-part-of '), and is drawn at the aggregator end of the association line A generalization relationship ("ls-a") is drawn as a solid line joining two classes, with an aπow (in the form of an open tnangle) at the generalization end When a class diagram is broken up into multiple diagrams, any class which is duplicated is shown with a dashed outline in all but the main diagram which defines it It is shown with attnbutes only where it is defined 1.1 NETPAGES Netpages are the foundation on which a netpage network is built They provide a paper-based user interface to published information and interactive services A netpage consists of a pnnted page (or other surface region) invisibly tagged with references to an online descnption of the page The online page descnption is maintained persistently by a netpage page server The page descnption descnbes the visible layout and content of the page, including text, graphics and images It also descnbes the input elements on the page, including buttons, hyperlinks, and input fields A netpage allows markings made with a netpage pen on its surface to be simultaneously captured and processed by the netpage system Multiple netpages can share the same page descnption However, to allow input through otherwise identical pages to be distinguished, each netpage is assigned a unique page identifier This page ID has sufficient precision to distinguish between a very large number of netpages Each reference to the page descnption is encoded in a pnnted tag The tag identifies the unique page on which it appears, and thereby indirectly identifies the page descnption The tag also identifies its own position on the page Charactenstics of the tags are descnbed in more detail below Tags are pnnted in infrared-absorptive ink on any substrate which is infrared-reflective, such as ordinary paper Near-mfrared wavelengths are invisible to the human eye but are easily sensed by a solid-state image sensor with an appropπate filter A tag is sensed by an area image sensor in the netpage pen, and the tag data is transmitted to the netpage system via the nearest netpage pπnter The pen is wireless and communicates with the netpage pπnter via a short-range radio link Tags are sufficiently small and densely aπanged that the pen can reliably image at least one tag even on a single click on the page It is important that the pen recognize the page ID and position on every interaction with the page, since the interaction is stateless Tags are eπor-coπectably encoded to make them partially tolerant to surface damage The netpage page server maintains a unique page instance for each pnnted netpage, allowing it to maintain a distinct set of user-supplied values for input fields in the page descnption for each pnnted netpage The relationship between the page descnption, the page instance, and the pnnted netpage is shown m Figure 4 The page instance is associated with both the netpage pnnter which pnnted it and, if known, the netpage user who requested it 1.2 NETPAGE TAGS 1.2.1 Tag Data Content In a prefeπed form, each tag identifies the region in which it appears, and the location of that tag within the region A tag may also contain flags which relate to the region as a whole or to the tag One or more flag bits may, for example, signal a tag sensing device to provide feedback indicative of a function associated with the immediate area of the tag, without the sensing device having to refer to a descnption of the region A netpage pen may, for example, illuminate an "active area" LED when m the zone of a hyperlink As will be more clearly explained below, in a prefeπed embodiment, each tag contains an easily recognized invaπant structure which aids initial detection, and which assists in minimizing the effect of any waφ induced by the surface or by the sensing process The tags preferably tile the entire page, and are sufficiently small and densely aπanged that the pen can reliably image at least one tag even on a single click on the page It is important that the pen recognize the page ID and position on every interaction with the page, since the interaction is stateless In a prefeπed embodiment, the region to which a tag refers coincides with an entire page, and the region ID encoded in the tag is therefore synonymous with the page ID of the page on which the tag appears In other embodiments, the region to which a tag refers can be an arbitrary subregion of a page or other surface For example, it can coincide with the zone of an interactive element, m which case the region ID can directly identify the interactive element Table 1 - Tag data Each tag contains 120 bits of information, typically allocated as shown in Table 1 Assuming a maximum tag density of 64 per square inch, a 16-bit tag ID supports a region size of up to 1024 square inches Larger regions can be mapped continuously without increasing the tag ID precision simply by using abutting regions and maps The 100-bit region ID allows 2 100 (-10 30 or a million tnlhon tnlhon) different regions to be uniquely identified 1.2.2 Tag Data Encoding The 120 bits of tag data are redundantly encoded using a (15, 5) Reed-Solomon code This yields 360 encoded bits consisting of 6 codewords of 15 4-bit symbols each The (15, 5) code allows up to 5 symbol eπors to be coπected per codeword, l e it is tolerant of a symbol eπor rate of up to 33% per codeword Each 4-bit symbol is represented in a spatially coherent way in the tag, and the symbols of the six codewords are interleaved spatially within the tag This ensures that a burst eπor (an eπor affecting multiple spatially adjacent bits) damages a minimum number of symbols overall and a minimum number of symbols in any one codeword, thus maximising the likelihood that the burst eπor can be fully coπected 1.2.3 Physical Tag Structure The physical representation of the tag, shown in Figure 5, includes fixed target structures 15, 16, 17 and vanable data areas 18 The fixed target structures allow a sensing device such as the netpage pen to detect the tag and infer its three-dimensional onentation relative to the sensor The data areas contain representations of the individual bits of the encoded tag data To achieve proper tag reproduction, the tag is rendered at a resolution of 256x256 dots When pnnted at 1600 dots per inch this yields a tag with a diameter of about 4 mm At this resolution the tag is designed to be suπounded by a "quiet area" of radius 16 dots Since the quiet area is also contributed by adjacent tags, it only adds 16 dots to the effective diameter of the tag The tag includes six target structures A detection nng 15 allows the sensing device to initially detect the tag The nng is easy to detect because it is rotationally invaπant and because a simple coπection of its aspect ratio removes most of the effects of perspective distortion An onentation axis 16 allows the sensing device to determine the approximate planar onentation of the tag due to the yaw of the sensor The onentation axis is skewed to yield a unique onentation Four perspective targets 17 allow the sensing device to infer an accurate two-dimensional perspective transform of the tag and hence an accurate three-dimensional position and onentation of the tag relative to the sensor All target structures are redundantly large to improve their immunity to noise The overall tag shape is circular This supports, amongst other things, optimal tag packing on an lπegular tnangular gnd In combination with the circular detection nng, this makes a circular aπangement of data bits withm the tag optimal To maximise its size, each data bit is represented by a radial wedge in the form of an area bounded by two radial lines and two concentric circular arcs Each wedge has a minimum dimension of 8 dots at 1600 dpi and is designed so that its base (its inner arc), is at least equal to this minimum dimension The height of the wedge in the radial direction is always equal to the minimum dimension Each 4-bit data symbol is represented by an aπay of 2x2 wedges The 15 4-bit data symbols of each of the six codewords are allocated to the four concentric symbol nngs 18a to 18d in interleaved fashion Symbols are allocated alternately in circular progression around the tag The interleaving is designed to maximise the average spatial distance between any two symbols of the same codeword In order to support "single-click" interaction with a tagged region via a sensing device, the sensing device must be able to see at least one entire tag its field of view no matter where in the region or at what onentation it is positioned The required diameter of the field of view of the sensing device is therefore a function of the size and spacing of the tags Assuming a circular tag shape, the minimum diameter of the sensor field of view is obtained when the tags are tiled on a equilateral tnangular gnd, as shown in Figure 6 1.2.4 Tag Image Processing and Decoding The tag image processing and decoding performed by a sensing device such as the netpage pen is shown m Figure 7 While a captured image is being acquired from the image sensor, the dynamic range of the image is determined (at 20) The center of the range is then chosen as the binary threshold for the image 21 The image is then thresholded and segmented into connected pixel regions (l e shapes 23) (at 22) Shapes which are too small to represent tag target structures are discarded The size and centroid of each shape is also computed Binary shape moments 25 are then computed (at 24) for each shape, and these provide the basis for subsequently locating target structures Central shape moments are by their nature invaπant of position, and can be easily made invaπant of scale, aspect ratio and rotation The nng target structure 15 is the first to be located (at 26) A nng has the advantage of being very well behaved when perspective-distorted Matching proceeds by aspect-normalizing and rotation-normalizing each shape's moments Once its second-order moments are normalized the nng is easy to recognize even if the perspective distortion was significant The πng's oπginal aspect ana rotation 27 together provide a useful approximation of the perspective transform The axis target structure 16 is the next to be located (at 28) Matching proceeds by applying the πng's normalizations to each shape's moments, and rotation-normalizing the resulting moments Once its second-order moments are normalized the axis target is easily recognized Note that one third order moment is required to disambiguate the two possible onentations of the axis The shape is deliberately skewed to one side to make this possible Note also that it is only possible to rotation-normalize the axis target after it has had the πng's normalizations applied, since the perspective distortion can hide the axis target's axis The axis target's oπginal rotation provides a useful approximation of the tag's rotation due to pen yaw 29 The four perspective target structures 17 are the last to be located (at 30) Good estimates of their positions are computed based on their known spatial relationships to the nng and axis targets, the aspect and rotation of the nng, and the rotation of the axis Matching proceeds by applying the nng s normalizations to each shape's moments Once their second-order moments are normalized the circular perspective targets are easy to recognize, and the target closest to each estimated position is taken as a match The onginal centroids of the four perspective targets are then taken to be the perspective-distorted corners 31 of a square of known size in tag space, and an eight-degree-of-freedom perspective transform 33 is infeπed (at 32) based on solving the well-understood equations relating the four tag-space and image- space point pairs (see Heckbert, P , Fundamentals of Texture Mapping and Image Waφing, Masters Thesis, Dept of EECS. U of California at Berkeley, Technical Report No UCB/CSD 89/516, June 1989, the contents of which are herein mcoφorated by cross-reference) The infeπed tag-space to image-space perspective transform is used to project (at 36) each known data bit position in tag space into image space where the real-valued position is used to bihnearly inteφolate (at 36) the four relevant adjacent pixels in the input image The previously computed image threshold 21 is used to threshold the result to produce the final bit value 37 Once all 360 data bits 37 have been obtained in this way, each of the six 60-bit Reed-Solomon codewords is decoded (at 38) to yield 20 decoded bits 39, or 120 decoded bits in total Note that the codeword symbols are sampled in codeword order, so that codewords are implicitly de-interleaved dunng the sampling process The nng target 15 is only sought a subarea of the image whose relationship to the image guarantees that the nng, if found, is part of a complete tag If a complete tag is not found and successfully decoded, then no pen position is recorded for the cuπent frame Given adequate processing power and ideally a non-minimal field of view 193, an alternative strategy involves seeking another tag m the cuπent image The obtained tag data indicates the identity of the region containing the tag and the position of the tag within the region An accurate position 35 of the pen nib in the region, as well as the overall onentation 35 of the pen, is then infeπed (at 34) from the perspective transform 33 observed on the tag and the known spatial relationship between the pen's physical axis and the pen's optical axis 1.2.5 Tag Map Decoding a tag results in a region ID, a tag ID, and a tag-relative pen transform Before the tag ID and the tag-relative pen location can be translated into an absolute location within the tagged region, the location of the tag within the region must be known This is given by a tag map, a function which maps each tag ID in a tagged region to a coπesponding location The tag map class diagram is shown in Figure 22, as part of the netpage pnnter class diagram A tag map reflects the scheme used to tile the surface region with tags, and this can vary according to surface type When multiple tagged regions share the same tiling scheme and the same tag numbenng scheme, they can also share the same tag map The tag map for a region must be retnevable via the region ID Thus, given a region ID, a tag ID and a pen transform, the tag map can be retneved, the tag ID can be translated into an absolute tag location within the region, and the tag-relative pen location can be added to the tag location to yield an absolute pen location within the region 1.2.6 Tagging Schemes Two distinct surface coding schemes are of interest, both of which use the tag structure descnbed earlier in this section The prefeπed coding scheme uses "location-indicating" tags as already discussed An alternative coding scheme uses object-indicating tags A location-indicating tag contains a tag ID which, when translated through the tag map associated with the tagged region, yields a unique tag location within the region The tag-relative location of the pen is added to this tag location to yield the location of the pen withm the region This in turn is used to determine the location of the pen relative to a user interface element in the page descnption associated with the region Not only is the user interface element itself identified, but a location relative to the user interface element is identified Location-indicating tags therefore trivially support the capture of an absolute pen path in the zone of a particular user interface element An object-indicating tag contains a tag ID which directly identifies a user interface element in the page descnption associated with the region All the tags in the zone of the user interface element identify the user interface element, making them all identical and therefore indistinguishable Object-indicating tags do not, therefore, support the capture of an absolute pen path They do, however, support the capture of a relative pen path So long as the position sampling frequency exceeds twice the encountered tag frequency, the displacement from one sampled pen position to the next within a stroke can be unambiguously determined With either tagging scheme, the tags function in cooperation with associated visual elements on the netpage as user interactive elements m that a user can interact with the pnnted page using an appropπate sensing device m order for tag data to be read by the sensing device and for an appropπate response to be generated in the netpage system 1.3 DOCUMENT AND PAGE DESCRIPTIONS A prefeπed embodiment of a document and page descnption class diagram is shown in Figures 25 and 26 In the netpage system a document is descnbed at three levels At the most abstract level the document 836 has a hierarchical structure whose terminal elements 839 are associated with content objects 840 such as text objects, text style objects, image objects, etc Once the document is pnnted on a pπnter with a particular page size and according to a particular user's scale factor preference, the document is paginated and otherwise formatted Formatted terminal elements 835 will in some cases be associated with content objects which are different from those associated with their coπesponding terminal elements, particularly where the content objects are style-related Each pnnted instance of a document and page is also descnbed separately, to allow input captured through a particular page instance 830 to be recorded separately from input captured through other instances of the same page descnption The presence of the most abstract document descnption on the page server allows a user to request a copy of a document without being forced to accept the source document's specific format The user may be requesting a copy through a pnnter with a different page size, for example Conversely, the presence of the formatted document descnption on the page server allows the page server to efficiently inteφret user actions on a particular pnnted page A formatted document 834 consists of a set of formatted page descnptions 5, each of which consists of a set of formatted terminal elements 835 Each formatted element has a spatial extent or zone 58 on the page This defines the active area of input elements such as hyperlinks and input fields A document instance 831 coπesponds to a formatted document 834 It consists of a set of page instances 830, each of which coπesponds to a page descnption 5 of the formatted document Each page instance 830 descnbes a single unique pnnted netpage 1, and records the page ID 50 of the netpage A page instance is not part of a document instance if it represents a copy of a page requested in isolation A page instance consists of a set of terminal element instances 832 An element instance only exists if it records instance-specific information Thus, a hyperlink instance exists for a hyperlink element because it records a transaction ID 55 which is specific to the page instance, and a field instance exists for a field element because it records input specific to the page instance An element instance does not exist, however, for static elements such as textflows A terminal element can be a static element 843, a hyperlink element 844, a field element 845 or a page server command element 846, as shown in Figure 27 A static element 843 can be a style element 847 with an associated style object 854, a textflow element 848 with an associated styled text object 855, an image element 849 with an associated image element 856, a graphic element 850 with an associated graphic object 857, a video clip element 851 with an associated video clip object 858, an audio clip element 852 with an associated audio clip object 859, or a scnpt element 853 with an associated scnpt object 860, as shown in Figure 28 A page instance has a background field 833 which is used to record any digital ink captured on the page which does not apply to a specific input element In the prefeπed form of the invention, a tag map 811 is associated with each page instance to allow tags on the page to be translated into locations on the page 1.4 THE NETPAGE NETWORK In a prefeπed embodiment, a netpage network consists of a distributed set of netpage page servers 10, netpage registration servers 11, netpage ID servers 12, netpage application servers 13, netpage publication servers 14, and netpage pnnters 601 connected via a network 19 such as the Internet, as shown in Figure 3 The netpage registration server 11 is a server which records relationships between users, pens, pnnters, applications and publications, and thereby authonzes vanous network activities It authenticates users and acts as a signing proxy on behalf of authenticated users in application transactions It also provides handwriting recognition services As descnbed above, a netpage page server 10 maintains persistent information about page descπptions and page instances The netpage network includes any number of page servers, each handling a subset of page instances Since a page server also maintains user input values for each page instance, clients such as netpage pnnters send netpage input directly to the appropnate page server The page server mteφrets any such input relative to the descnption of the coπesponding page A netpage ID server 12 allocates document IDs 51 on demand, and provides load-balancing of page servers via its ID allocation scheme A netpage pnnter uses the Internet Distnbuted Name System (DNS), or similar, to resolve a netpage page ID 50 into the network address of the netpage page server handling the coπesponding page instance A netpage application server 13 is a server which hosts interactive netpage applications A netpage publication server 14 is an application server which publishes netpage documents to netpage pnnters They are descnbed in detail in Section 2 Netpage servers can be hosted on a vanety of network server platforms from manufacturers such as IBM, Hewlett-Packard, and Sun Multiple netpage servers can run concuπently on a single host, and a single server can be distnbuted over a number of hosts Some or all of the functionality provided by netpage servers, and in particular the functionality provided by the ID server and the page server, can also be provided directly m a netpage appliance such as a netpage pnnter, in a computer workstation, or on a local network 1.5 THE NETPAGE PRINTER The netpage pnnter 601 is an appliance which is registered with the netpage system and pnnts netpage documents on demand and via subscnption Each pnnter has a unique pnnter ID 62, and is connected to the netpage network via a network such as the Internet, ideally via a broadband connection Apart from identity and secunty settings in non-volatile memory, the netpage pnnter contains no persistent storage As far as a user is concerned, "the network is the computer" Netpages function interactively across space and time with the help of the distnbuted netpage page servers 10, independently of particular netpage pnnters The netpage pnnter receives subscnbed netpage documents from netpage publication servers 14 Each document is distnbuted in two parts the page layouts, and the actual text and image objects which populate the pages Because of personalization, page layouts are typically specific to a particular subscnber and so are pointcast to the subscnber's pnnter via the appropnate page server Text and image objects, on the other hand, are typically shared with other subscnbers, and so are multicast to all subscnbers' pnnters and the appropnate page servers The netpage publication server optimizes the segmentation of document content into pointcasts and multicasts After receiving the pointcast of a document's page layouts, the pnnter knows which multicasts, if any, to listen to Once the pnnter has received the complete page layouts and objects that define the document to be pnnted, it can pnnt the document The pnnter rastenzes and pnnts odd and even pages simultaneously on both sides of the sheet It contains duplexed pnnt engine controllers 760 and pnnt engines utilizing Memjet™ pnntheads 350 for this ptupose The pnnting process consists of two decoupled stages rastenzation of page descnptions, and expansion and pnnting of page images The raster image processor (RIP) consists of one or more standard DSPs 757 running in parallel The duplexed pπnt engine controllers consist of custom processors which expand, dither and pπnt page images in real time, synchronized with the operation of the pnntheads in the pπnt engines Pnnters not enabled for IR pnnting have the option to pnnt tags using IR-absoφtive black ink, although this restricts tags to otherwise empty areas of the page Although such pages have more limited functionality than IR-pnnted pages, they are still classed as neφages A normal netpage pπnter pnnts netpages on sheets of paper More specialised netpage pnnters may pπnt onto more specialised surfaces, such as globes Each pnnter supports at least one surface type, and supports at least one tag tiling scheme, and hence tag map, for each surface type The tag map 811 which descnbes the tag tiling scheme actually used to pnnt a document becomes associated with that document so that the document's tags can be coπectly inteφreted Figure 2 shows the netpage pnnter class diagram, reflecting pnnter-related information maintained by a registration server 11 on the netpage network A prefeπed embodiment of the netpage pnnter is descnbed in greater detail in Section 6 below, with reference to Figures 11 to 16 1.5.1 Memjet™ Pnntheads The netpage system can operate using pnnters made with a wide range of digital pnnting technologies, including thermal inkjet, piezoelectnc inkjet, laser electrophotographic, and others However, for wide consumer acceptance, it is desirable that a netpage pnnter have the following charactenstics photographic quality color pnnting high quality text pnnting high reliability low pnnter cost low mk cost low paper cost simple operation nearly silent pnnting high pnnting speed simultaneous double sided pnnting compact form factor low power consumption No commercially available pnnting technology has all of these charactenstics To enable to production of pnnters with these charactenstics, the present applicant has invented a new pnnt technology, refeπed to as Memjet™ technology Memjet™ is a drop-on-demand inkjet technology that incoφorates pagewidth pnntheads fabncated using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology Figure 17 shows a single pnnting element 300 of a Memjet™ pπnthead The netpage wallpnnter mcoφorates 168960 pnnting elements 300 to form a 1600 dpi pagewidth duplex pnnter This pnnter simultaneously pnnts cyan, magenta, yellow, black, and infrared inks as well as paper conditioner and ink fixative The pnnting element 300 is approximately 110 microns long by 32 microns wide Arrays of these pnnting elements are formed on a silicon substrate 301 that coφorates CMOS logic, data transfer, timing, and dnve circuits (not shown) Major elements of the pnnting element 300 are the nozzle 302, the nozzle nm 303, the nozzle chamber 304, the fluidic seal 305, the ink channel nm 306, the lever arm 307, the active actuator beam pair 308, the passive actuator beam pair 309, the active actuator anchor 310, the passive actuator anchor 311, and the ink mlet 312 The active actuator beam pair 308 is mechanically joined to the passive actuator beam pair 309 at the join 319 Both beams pairs are anchored at their respective anchor points 310 and 311 The combination of elements 308, 309, 310, 311, and 319 form a cantilevered electrothermal bend actuator 320 Figure 18 shows a small part of an aπay of pnnting elements 300, including a cross section 315 of a pnnting element 300 The cross section 315 is shown without mk, to clearly show the ink inlet 312 that passes through the silicon wafer 301 Figures 19(a), 19(b) and 19(c) show the operating cycle of a Memjet™ pnnting element 300 Figure 19(a) shows the quiescent position of the ink meniscus 316 pnor to pnnting an ink droplet Ink is retained in the nozzle chamber by surface tension at the ink meniscus 316 and at the fluidic seal 305 formed between the nozzle chamber 304 and the ink channel nm 306 While pnnting, the pπnthead CMOS circuitry distnbutes data from the pnnt engine controller to the coπect pnnting element, latches the data, and buffers the data to dnve the electrodes 318 of the active actuator beam pair 308 This causes an electncal cuπent to pass through the beam pair 308 for about one microsecond, resulting in Joule heating The temperature increase resulting from Joule heating causes the beam pair 308 to expand As the passive actuator beam pair 309 is not heated, it does not expand, resulting in a stress difference between the two beam pairs This stress difference is partially resolved by the cantilevered end of the electrothermal bend actuator 320 bending towards the substrate 301 The lever arm 307 transmits this movement to the nozzle chamber 304 The nozzle chamber 304 moves about two microns to the position shown in Figure 19(b) This increases the ink pressure, forcing ink 321 out of the nozzle 302, and causing the ink meniscus 316 to bulge The nozzle nm 303 prevents the ink meniscus 316 from spreading across the surface of the nozzle chamber 304 As the temperature of the beam pairs 308 and 309 equalizes, the actuator 320 returns to its onginal position This aids in the break-off of the ink droplet 317 from the ink 321 in the nozzle chamber, as shown m Figure 19(c) The nozzle chamber is refilled by the action of the surface tension at the meniscus 316 Figure 20 shows a segment of a pnnthead 350 In a netpage pnnter, the length of the pπnthead is the full width of the paper (typically 210 mm) in the direction 351 The segment shown is 04 mm long (about 0 2% of a complete pπnthead) When pnnting, the paper is moved past the fixed pnnthead in the direction 352 The pnnthead has 6 rows of interdigitated pnnting elements 300, pnnting the six colors or types of ink supplied by the ink mlets 312 To protect the fragile surface of the pnnthead dunng operation, a nozzle guard wafer 330 is attached to the pπnthead substrate 301 For each nozzle 302 there is a coπesponding nozzle guard hole 331 through which the ink droplets are fired To prevent the nozzle guard holes 331 from becoming blocked by paper fibers or other debns, filtered air is pumped through the air inlets 332 and out of the nozzle guard holes dunng pnnting To prevent mk 321 from drying, the nozzle guard is sealed while the pnnter is idle 1.6 The Netpage Pen The active sensing device of the netpage system is typically a pen 101, which, using its embedded controller 134, is able to capture and decode IR position tags from a page via an image sensor The image sensor is a solid-state device provided with an appropnate filter to permit sensing at only near-infrared wavelengths As descnbed in more detail below, the system is able to sense when the nib is in contact with the surface, and the pen is able to sense tags at a sufficient rate to capture human handwntmg (l e at 200 dpi or greater and 100 Hz or faster) Information captured by the pen is encrypted and wirelessly transmitted to the pnnter (or base station), the pnnter or base station inteφreting the data with respect to the (known) page structure The prefeπed embodiment of the netpage pen operates both as a normal marking ink pen and as a non- marking stylus The marking aspect, however, is not necessary for using the netpage system as a browsing system, such as when it is used as an Internet interface Each netpage pen is registered with the netpage system and has a unique pen ID 61 Figure 23 shows the netpage pen class diagram, reflecting pen-related information maintained by a registration server 11 on the netpage network When either nib is in contact with a netpage, the pen determines its position and onentation relative to the page The nib is attached to a force sensor, and the force on the nib is inteφreted relative to a threshold to indicate whether the pen is "up" or "down" This allows a interactive element on the page to be 'clicked' by pressing with the pen nib, in order to request, say, information from a network Furthermore, the force is captured as a continuous value to allow, say, the full dynamics of a signature to be venfied The pen determines the position and onentation of its nib on the netpage by imaging, in the infrared spectrum, an area 193 of the page in the vicinity of the nib It decodes the nearest tag and computes the position of the nib relative to the tag from the observed perspective distortion on the imaged tag and the known geometry of the pen optics Although the position resolution of the tag may be low, because the tag density on the page is inversely proportional to the tag size, the adjusted position resolution is quite high, exceeding the minimum resolution required for accurate handwntmg recognition Pen actions relative to a netpage are captured as a senes of strokes A stroke consists of a sequence of time- stamped pen positions on the page, initiated by a pen-down event and completed by the subsequent pen-up event A stroke is also tagged with the page ID 50 of the netpage whenever the page ID changes, which, under normal circumstances, is at the commencement of the stroke Each netpage pen has a cuπent selection 826 associated with it, allowing the user to perform copy and paste operations etc The selection is timestamped to allow the system to discard it after a defined time penod The cuπent selection descnbes a region of a page instance It consists of the most recent digital ink stroke captured through the pen relative to the background area of the page It is inteφreted in an application-specific manner once it is submitted to an application via a selection hyperlink activation Each pen has a cuπent mb 824 This is the nib last notified by the pen to the system In the case of the default netpage pen descnbed above, either the marking black ink nib or the non-marking stylus nib is cuπent Each pen also has a cuπent nib style 825 This is the nib style last associated with the pen by an application, e g m resjrønse to the user selecting a color from a palette The default nib style is the nib style associated with the cuπent mb Strokes captured through a pen are tagged with the cuπent nib style When the strokes are subsequently reproduced, they are reproduced in the nib style with which they are tagged Whenever the pen is within range of a pnnter with which it can communicate, the pen slowly flashes its "online" LED When the pen fails to decode a stroke relative to the page, it momentanly activates its "eπor" LED When the pen succeeds in decoding a stroke relative to the page, it momentanly activates its "ok" LED A sequence of captured strokes is refeπed to as digital ink Digital ink forms the basis for the digital exchange of drawings and handwntmg, for online recognition of handwntmg, and for online venfication of signatures The pen is wireless and transmits digital mk to the netpage pnnter via a short-range radio link The transmitted digital ink is encrypted for pnvacy and secunty and packetized for efficient transmission, but is always flushed on a pen-up event to ensure timely handling in the pnnter When the pen is out-of-range of a pnnter it buffers digital ink in internal memory, which has a capacity of over ten minutes of continuous handwntmg When the pen is once again within range of a pnnter, it transfers any buffered digital ink A pen can be registered with any number of pnnters, but because all state data resides m netpages both on paper and on the network, it is largely lmmatenal which pnnter a pen is communicating with at any particular time A prefeπed embodiment of the pen is descnbed in greater detail in Section 6 below, with reference to Figures 8 to 10 1.7 NETPAGE INTERACTION The netpage pnnter 601 receives data relating to a stroke from the pen 101 when the pen is used to interact with a netpage 1 The coded data 3 of the tags 4 is read by the pen when it is used to execute a movement, such as a stroke The data allows the identity of the particular page and associated interactive element to be determined and an indication of the relative positioning of the pen relative to the page to be obtained The indicating data is transmitted to the pnnter, where it resolves, via the DNS, the page ID 50 of the stroke into the network address of the netpage page server 10 which maintains the coπesponding page instance 830 It then transmits the stroke to the page server If the page was recently identified m an earlier stroke, then the pnnter may already have the address of the relevant page server m its cache Each netpage consists of a compact page layout maintained persistently by a netpage page server (see below) The page layout refers to objects such as images, fonts and pieces of text, typically stored elsewhere on the netpage network When the page server receives the stroke from the pen, it retneves the page descnption to which the stroke applies, and determines which element of the page descnption the stroke intersects It is then able to inteφret the stroke in the context of the type of the relevant element A "click" is a stroke where the distance and time between the pen down position and the subsequent pen up position are both less than some small maximum An object which is activated by a click typically requires a click to be activated, and accordingly, a longer stroke is ignored The failure of a pen action, such as a "sloppy" click, to register is indicated by the lack of response from the pen's "ok" LED There are two kinds of input elements in a netpage page descnption hyperlinks and form fields Input through a form field can also tngger the activation of an associated hyperlink 1.7.1 Hyperlinks A hyperlink is a means of sending a message to a remote application, and typically elicits a pnnted response in the netpage system A hyperlink element 844 identifies the application 71 which handles activation of the hyperlink, a link ID 54 which identifies the hyperlink to the application, an "alias required" flag which asks the system to include the user's application alias ID 65 in the hyperlink activation, and a descnption which is used when the hyperlink is recorded as a favonte or appears in the user' s history The hyperlink element class diagram is shown in Figure 29 When a hyperlink is activated, the page server sends a request to an application somewhere on the network The application is identified by an application ID 64, and the application ID is resolved in the normal way via the DNS There are three types of hyperlinks general hyperlinks 863, form hyperlinks 865, and selection hyperlinks 864, as shown in Figure 30 A general hyperlink can implement a request for a linked document, or may simply signal a preference to a server A form hyperlink submits the coπesponding form to the application A selection hyperlink submits the cuπent selection to the application If the cuπent selection contains a single-word piece of text, for example, the application may return a single-page document giving the word's meaning within the context in which it appears, or a translation into a different language Each hyperlink type is charactenzed by what information is submitted to the application The coπesponding hyperlink instance 862 records a transaction ID 55 which can be specific to the page instance on which the hyperlink instance appears The transaction ID can identify user-specific data to the application, for example a "shopping cart" of pending purchases maintained by a purchasing application on behalf of the user The system includes the pen's cuπent selection 826 a selection hyperlink activation The system includes the content of the associated form instance 868 in a form hyperlink activation, although if the hyperlink has its "submit delta" attnbute set, only input since the last form submission is included The system includes an effective return path in all hyperlink activations A hyperlinked group 866 is a group element 838 which has an associated hyperlink, as shown in Figure 31 When input occurs through any field element in the group, the hyperlink 844 associated with the group is activated A hyperlinked group can be used to associate hyperlink behavior with a field such as a checkbox It can also be used, m conjunction with the "submit delta" attnbute of a foπn hyperlink, to provide continuous input to an application It can therefore be used to support a "blackboard" interaction model, I e where input is captured and therefore shared as soon as it occurs 1.7.2 Forms A form defines a collection of related input fields used to capture a related set of inputs through a pnnted netpage A form allows a user to submit one or more parameters to an application software program running on a server A form 867 is a group element 838 in the document hierarchy It ultimately contains a set of terminal field elements 839 A form instance 868 represents a pnnted instance of a form It consists of a set of field instances 870 which coπespond to the field elements 845 of the form Each field instance has an associated value 871, whose type depends on the type of the coπesponding field element Each field value records input through a particular pnnted form instance, I e through one or more pnnted netpages The form class diagram is shown in Figure 32 Each form instance has a status 872 which indicates whether the form is active, frozen, submitted, void or expired A form is active when first pnnted A form becomes frozen once it is signed or once its freeze time is reached A form becomes submitted once one of its submission hyperlinks has been activated, unless the hyperlink has its "submit delta" attnbute set A form becomes void when the user invokes a void form, reset form or duplicate form page command A form expires when its specified expiry time is reached, 1 e when the time the form has been active exceeds the form's specified lifetime While the form is active, form input is allowed Input through a form which is not active is instead captured in the background field 833 of the relevant page instance When the form is active or frozen, form submission is allowed Any attempt to submit a form when the form is not active or frozen is rejected, and instead elicits an form status report Each form instance is associated (at 59) with any form instances denved from it, thus providing a version history This allows all but the latest version of a form in a particular time penod to be excluded from a search All input is captured as digital ink Digital ink 873 consists of a set of timestamped stroke groups 874, each of which consists of a set of styled strokes 875 Each stroke consists of a set of timestamped pen positions 876, each of which also includes pen onentation and nib force The digital ink class diagram is shown in Figure 33 A field element 845 can be a checkbox field 877, a text field 878, a drawing field 879, or a signature field 880 The field element class diagram is shown in Figure 34 Any digital ink captured in a field's zone 58 is assigned to the field A checkbox field has an associated boolean value 881, as shown in Figure 35 Any mark (a tick, a cross, a stroke, a fill zigzag, etc ) captured in a checkbox field's zone causes a true value to be assigned to the field's value A text field has an associated text value 882, as shown in Figure 36 Any digital ink captured in a text field's zone is automatically converted to text via online handwntmg recognition, and the text is assigned to the field's value Online handwntmg recognition is well-understood (see, for example, Tappert, C , C Y Suen and T Wakahara, "The State of the Art in On-Line Handwntmg Recognition", IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol 12, No 8, August 1990, the contents of which are herein incoφorated by cross-reference) A signature field has an associated digital signature value 883, as shown in Figure 37 Any digital mk captured in a signature field's zone is automatically venfied with respect to the identity of the owner of the pen, and a digital signature of the content of the form of which the field is part is generated and assigned to the field's value The digital signature is generated using the pen user' s pπvate signature key specific to the application which owns the form Online signature veπfication is well-understood (see, for example, Plamondon, R and G Lorette, "Automatic Signature Venfication and Wπter Identification - The State of the Art", Pattern Recognition, Vol 22, No 2, 1989, the contents of which are herein incoφorated by cross-reference) A field element is hidden if its "hidden" attnbute is set A hidden field element does not have an input zone on a page and does not accept input It can have an associated field value which is included in the form data when the form containing the field is submitted "Editing" commands, such as stnke-throughs indicating deletion, can also be recognized in form fields Because the handwntmg recognition algonthm works "online" (I e with access to the dynamics of the pen movement), rather than "offline" (I e with access only to a bitmap of pen markings), it can recognize run-on discretely- wntten characters with relatively high accuracy, without a wnter-dependent training phase A wnter-dependent model of handwntmg is automatically generated over time, however, and can be generated up-front if necessary, Digital ink, as already stated, consists of a sequence of strokes Any stroke which starts in a particular element's zone is appended to that element's digital ink stream, ready for inteφretation Any stroke not appended to an object's digital ink stream is appended to the background field's digital ink stream Digital mk captured in the background field is inteφreted as a selection gesture Circumscπption of one or more objects is generally inteφreted as a selection of the circumscnbed objects, although the actual inteφretation is application-specific Table 2 summanses these vaπous pen interactions with a netpage Table 2 - Summary of pen interactions with a netpage The system maintains a cuπent selection for each pen The selection consists simply of the most recent stroke captured in the background field The selection is cleared after an inactivity timeout to ensure predictable behavior The raw digital ink captured in every field is retained on the netpage page server and is optionally transmitted with the form data when the form is submitted to the application This allows the application to inteπogate the raw digital ink should it suspect the oπginal conversion, such as the conversion of handwntten text This can, for example, involve human intervention at the application level for forms which fail certain application-specific consistency checks As an extension to this, the entire background area of a form can be designated as a drawing field The application can then decide, on the basis of the presence of digital mk outside the explicit fields of the form, to route the form to a human operator, on the assumption that the user may have indicated amendments to the filled-in fields outside of those fields Figure 38 shows a flowchart of the process of handling pen input relative to a netpage The process consists of receiving (at 884) a stroke from the pen, identifying (at 885) the page instance 830 to which the page ID 50 in the stroke refers, retrieving (at 886) the page descnption 5, identifying (at 887) a formatted element 839 whose zone 58 the stroke intersects, determining (at 888) whether the formatted element coπesponds to a field element, and if so appending (at 892) the received stroke to the digital mk of the field value 871, inteφreting (at 893) the accumulated digital ink of the field, and determining (at 894) whether the field is part of a hyperlinked group 866 and if so activating (at 895) the associated hyperlink, alternatively determining (at 889) whether the formatted element coπesponds to a hyperlink element and if so activating (at 895) the coπesponding hyperlink, alternatively, in the absence of an input field or hyperlink, appending (at 890) the received stroke to the digital mk of the background field 833, and copying (at 891) the received stroke to the cuπent selection 826 of the cuπent pen, as maintained by the registration server Figure 38a shows a detailed flowchart of step 893 m the process shown Figure 38, where the accumulated digital ink of a field is inteφreted according to the type of the field The process consists of determining (at 896) whether the field is a checkbox and (at 897) whether the digital ink represents a checkmark, and if so assigning (at 898) a true value to the field value, alternatively determining (at 899) whether the field is a text field and if so converting (at 900) the digital ink to computer text, with the help of the appropnate registration server, and assigning (at 901) the converted computer text to the field value, alternatively determining (at 902) whether the field is a signature field and if so veπfying (at 903) the digital ink as the signature of the pen's owner, with the help of the appropnate registration server, creating (at 904) a digital signature of the contents of the coπesponding form, also with the help of the registration server and using the pen owner's pnvate signature key relating to the coπesponding application, and assigning (at 905) the digital signature to the field value 1.7.3 Page Server Commands A page server command is a command which is handled locally by the page server It operates directly on form, page and document instances A page server command 907 can be a void form command 908, a duplicate form command 909, a reset form command 910, a get form status command 911, a duplicate page command 912, a reset page command 913, a get page status command 914, a duplicate document command 915, a reset document command 916, or a get document status command 917, as shown in Figure 39 A void form command voids the coπesponding form instance A duplicate form command voids the coπesponding form instance and then produces an active pnnted copy of the cuπent form instance with field values preserved The copy contains the same hyperlink transaction IDs as the oπginal, and so is indistinguishable from the oπg al to an application A reset form command voids the conesponding form instance and then produces an active pnnted copy of the form instance with field values discarded A get form status command produces a pnnted report on the status of the coπesponding foπn instance, including who published it, when it was pnnted, for whom it was pnnted, and the form status of the form instance Since a form hyperlink instance contains a transaction ID, the application has to be involved in producing a new form instance A button requesting a new form instance is therefore typically implemented as a hyperlink A duplicate page command produces a pnnted copy of the coπesponding page instance with the background field value preserved If the page contains a form or is part of a form, then the duplicate page command is inteφreted as a duplicate form command A reset page command produces a pnnted copy of the coπesponding page instance with the background field value discarded If the page contains a form or is part of a form, then the reset page command is inteφreted as a reset form command A get page status command produces a pnnted report on the status of the coπesponding page instance, including who published it, when it was pnnted, for whom it was pnnted, and the status of any forms it contains or is part of The netpage logo which appears on every netpage is usually associated with a duplicate page element When a page instance is duplicated with field values preserved, field values are pnnted in their native form, l e a checkmark appears as a standard checkmark graphic, and text appears as typeset text Only drawings and signatures appear in their onginal form, with a signature accompanied by a standard graphic indicating successful signature venfication A duplicate document command produces a pnnted copy of the coπesponding document instance with background field values preserved If the document contains any forms, then the duplicate document command duplicates the forms in the same way a duplicate form command does A reset document command produces a pnnted copy of the coπesponding document instance with background field values discarded If the document contains any forms, then the reset document command resets the forms in the same way a reset form command does A get document status command produces a pnnted report on the status of the coπesponding document instance, including who published it, when it was pπnted, for whom it was pnnted, and the status of any forms it contains If the page server command's "on selected" attnbute is set, then the command operates on the page identified by the pen's cuπent selection rather than on the page containing the command This allows a menu of page server commands to be pnnted If the target page doesn't contain a page server command element for the designated page server command, then the command is ignored An application can provide application-specific handling by embedding the relevant page server command element in a hyperlinked group The page server activates the hyperlink associated with the hyperlinked group rather than executing the page server command A page server command element is hidden if its "hidden" attnbute is set A hidden command element does not have an input zone on a page and so cannot be activated directly by a user It can, however, be activated via a page server command embedded in a different page, if that page server command has its "on selected" attnbute set 1.8 STANDARD FEATURES OF NETPAGES In the prefeπed form, each netpage is pnnted with the netpage logo at the bottom to indicate that it is a netpage and therefore has interactive properties The logo also acts as a copy button In most cases pressing the logo produces a copy of the page In the case of a form, the button produces a copy of the entire form And in the case of a secure document, such as a ticket or coupon, the button elicits an explanatory note or advertising page The default single-page copy function is handled directly by the relevant netpage page server Special copy functions are handled by linking the logo button to an application 1.9 USER HELP SYSTEM In a prefeπed embodiment, the netpage pnnter has a single button labelled "Help" When pressed it elicits a single page of information, including status of pnnter connection status of pnnter consumables top-level help menu • document function menu top-level netpage network directory The help menu provides a hierarchical manual on how to use the netpage system The document function menu includes the following functions • pnnt a copy of a document • pnnt a clean copy of a form • pnnt the status of a document A document function is initiated by selecting the document and then pressing the button The status of a document indicates who published it and when, to whom it was delivered, and to whom and when it was subsequently submitted as a form The help page is obviously unavailable if the pnnter is unable to pnnt In this case the "eπor" light is lit and the user can request remote diagnosis over the network 2 PERSONALIZED PUBLICATION MODEL In the following descnption, news is used as a canonical publication example to illustrate personalization mechanisms in the netpage system Although news is often used in the limited sense of newspaper and newsmagazine news, the intended scope in the present context is wider In the netpage system, the editonal content and the advertising content of a news publication are personalized using different mechanisms The editonal content is personalized according to the reader's explicitly stated and implicitly captured interest profile The advertising content is personalized according to the reader's locality and demographic 2.1 EDITORIAL PERSONALIZATION A subscnber can draw on two kinds of news sources those that deliver news publications, and those that deliver news streams While news publications are aggregated and edited by the publisher, news streams are aggregated either by a news publisher or by a specialized news aggregator News publications typically coπespond to traditional newspapers and newsmagazines, while news streams can be many and vaned a "raw" news feed from a news service, a cartoon stnp, a freelance wnter's column, a friend's bulletin board, or the reader's own e-mail The netpage publication server supports the publication of edited news publications as well as the aggregation of multiple news streams By handling the aggregation and hence the formatting of news streams selected directly by the reader, the server is able to place advertising on pages over which it otherwise has no editonal control The subscnber builds a daily newspaper by selecting one or more contnbuting news publications, and creating a personalized version of each The resulting daily editions are pnnted and bound together into a single newspaper The vanous members of a household typically express their different interests and tastes by selecting different daily publications and then customizing them For each publication, the reader optionally selects specific sections Some sections appear daily, while others appear weekly The daily sections available from The New York Times online, for example, include "Page One Plus", "National", "International", "Opinion", "Business", "Arts/Living", "Technology", and "Sports" The set of available sections is specific to a publication, as is the default subset The reader can extend the daily newspaper by creating custom sections, each one drawing on any number of news streams Custom sections might be created for e-mail and friends' announcements ("Personal"), or for momtonng news feeds for specific topics ("Alerts" or "Clippings") For each section, the reader optionally specifies its size, either qualitatively (e g short, medium, or long), or numencally (I e as a limit on its number of pages), and the desired proportion of advertising, either qualitatively (e g high, normal, low, none), or numencally (I e as a percentage) The reader also optionally expresses a preference for a large number of shorter articles or a small number of longer articles Each article is ideally wntten (or edited) in both short and long forms to support this preference An article may also be wntten (or edited) m different versions to match the expected sophistication of the reader, for example to provide children's and adults' versions The appropnate version is selected according to the reader's age The reader can specify a "reading age" which takes precedence over their biological age The articles which make up each section are selected and pnontized by the editors, and each is assigned a useful lifetime By default they are delivered to all relevant subscnbers, in pnonty order, subject to space constraints in the subscnbers' editions In sections where it is appropπate, the reader may optionally enable collaborative filteπng This is then applied to articles which have a sufficiently long lifetime Each article which qualifies for collaborative filtenng is pnnted with rating buttons at the end of the article The buttons can provide an easy choice (e g "liked" and "disliked'), making it more likely that readers will bother to rate the article Articles with high pπonties and short lifetimes are therefore effectively considered essential reading by the editors and are delivered to most relevant subscnbers The reader optionally specifies a serendipity factor, either qualitatively (e do or don't suφnse me), or numencally A high serendipity factor lowers the threshold used for matching dunng collaborative filteπng A high factor makes it more likely that the coπesponding section will be filled to the reader's specified capacity A different serendipity factor can be specified for different days of the week The reader also optionally specifies topics of particular interest within a section, and this modifies the pπonties assigned by the editors The speed of the reader's Internet connection affects the quality at which images can be delivered The reader optionally specifies a preference for fewer images or smaller images or both If the number or size of images is not reduced, then images may be delivered at lower quality (l e at lower resolution or with greater compression) At a global level, the reader specifies how quantities, dates, times and monetary values are localized This involves specifying whether units are impenal or metnc, a local timezone and time format, and a local cuπency, and whether the localization consist of in situ translation or annotation These preferences are denved from the reader's locality by default To reduce reading difficulties caused by poor eyesight, the reader optionally specifies a global preference for a larger presentation Both text and images are scaled accordingly, and less information is accommodated on each page The language in which a news publication is published, and its coπesponding text encoding, is a property of the publication and not a preference expressed by the user However, the netpage system can be configured to provide automatic translation services in vanous guises 2.2 ADVERTISING LOCALIZATION AND TARGETING The personalization of the editonal content directly affects the advertising content, because advertising is typically placed to exploit the editonal context Travel ads, for example, are more likely to appear m a travel section than elsewhere The value of the editonal content to an advertiser (and therefore to the publisher) lies in its ability to attract large numbers of readers with the nght demographics Effective advertising is placed on the basis of locality and demographics Locality determines proximity to particular services, retailers etc , and particular interests and concerns associated with the local community and environment Demographics determine general interests and preoccupations as well as likely spending patterns A news publisher's most profitable product is advertising "space", a multi-dimensional entity determined by the publication's geographic coverage, the size of its readership, its readership demographics, and the page area available for advertising In the netpage system, the netpage publication server computes the approximate multi-dimensional size of a publication's saleable advertising space on a per-section basis, taking into account the publication's geographic coverage, the section's readership, the size of each reader's section edition, each reader's advertising proportion, and each reader's demographic In companson with other media, the netpage system allows the advertising space to be defined in greater detail, and allows smaller pieces of it to be sold separately It therefore allows it to be sold at closer to its true value For example, the same advertising "slot" can be sold in varying proportions to several advertisers, with individual readers' pages randomly receiving the advertisement of one advertiser or another, overall preserving the proportion of space sold to each advertiser The netpage system allows advertising to be linked directly to detailed product information and online purchasing It therefore raises the intnnsic value of the advertising space Because personalization and localization are handled automatically by netpage publication servers, an advertising aggregator can provide arbitraπly broad coverage of both geography and demographics The subsequent disaggregation is efficient because it is automatic This makes it more cost-effective for publishers to deal with advertising aggregators than to directly capture advertising Even though the advertising aggregator is taking a proportion of advertising revenue, publishers may find the change profit-neutral because of the greater efficiency of aggregation The advertising aggregator acts as an intermediary between advertisers and publishers, and may place the same advertisement in multiple publications It is worth noting that ad placement in a netpage publication can be more complex than ad placement in the publication's traditional counteφart, because the publication's advertising space is more complex While ignoπng the full complexities of negotiations between advertisers, advertising aggregators and publishers, the prefeπed form of the netpage system provides some automated support for these negotiations, including support for automated auctions of advertising space Automation is particularly desirable for the placement of advertisements which generate small amounts of income, such as small or highly localized advertisements Once placement has been negotiated, the aggregator captures and edits the advertisement and records it on a netpage ad server Conespondingly, the publisher records the ad placement on the relevant netpage publication server When the netpage publication server lays out each user's personalized publication, it picks the relevant advertisements from the netpage ad server 2.3 USER PROFILES 2.3.1 Information Filtering The personalization of news and other publications relies on an assortment of user-specific profile information, including • publication customizations • collaborative filteπng vectors • contact details • presentation preferences The customization of a publication is typically publication-specific, and so the customization information is maintained by the relevant netpage publication server A collaborative filtenng vector consists of the user's ratings of a number of news items It is used to coπelate different users' interests for the puφoses of making recommendations Although there are benefits to maintaining a single collaborative filtenng vector independently of any particular publication, there are two reasons why it is more practical to maintain a separate vector for each publication there is likely to be more overlap between the vectors of subscnbers to the same publication than between those of subscnbers to different publications, and a publication is likely to want to present its users' collaborative filtenng vectors as part of the value of its brand, not to be found elsewhere Collaborative filtenng vectors are therefore also maintained by the relevant netpage publication server Contact details, including name, street address, ZIP Code, state, country, telephone numbers, are global by nature, and are maintained by a netpage registration server Presentation preferences, including those for quantities, dates and times, are likewise global and maintained in the same way The localization of advertising relies on the locality indicated in the user's contact details, while the targeting of advertising relies on personal information such as date of birth, gender, mantal status, income, profession, education, or qualitative denvatives such as age range and income range For those users who choose to reveal personal information for advertising puφoses, the information is maintained by the relevant netpage registration server In the absence of such information, advertising can be targeted on the basis of the demographic associated with the user's ZIP or ZIP+4 Code Each user, pen, pnnter, application provider and application is assigned its own unique identifier, and the netpage registration server maintains the relationships between them, as shown in Figures 21, 22, 23 and 24 For registration puφoses, a publisher is a special kind of application provider, and a publication is a special kind of application Each user 800 may be authonzed to use any number of pnnters 802, and each pnnter may allow any number of users to use it Each user has a single default pnnter (at 66), to which penodical publications are delivered by default, whilst pages pnnted on demand are delivered to the pnnter through which the user is interacting The server keeps track of which publishers a user has authonzed to pnnt to the user's default pnnter A publisher does not record the ID of any particular pnnter, but instead resolves the ID when it is required The user may also be designated as having administrative pnvileges 69 on the pnnter, allowing the user to authonze other users to use the pnnter This only has meaning if the pnnter requires administrative pnvileges 84 for such operations When a user subscnbes 808 to a publication 807, the publisher 806 (l e application provider 803) is authonzed to pnnt to a specified pnnter or the user's default pnnter This authonzation can be revoked at any time by the user Each user may have several pens 801, but a pen is specific to a single user If a user is authonzed to use a particular pnnter, then that pnnter recognizes any of the user' s pens The pen ID is used to locate the coπesponding user profile maintained by a particular netpage registration server, via the DNS in the usual way A Web terminal 809 can be authonzed to pnnt on a particular netpage pnnter, allowing Web pages and netpage documents encountered dunng Web browsing to be conveniently pnnted on the nearest netpage pπnter The netpage system can collect, on behalf of a pπnter provider, fees and commissions on income earned through publications pnnted on the provider's pnnters Such income can include advertising fees, click-through fees, e- commerce commissions, and transaction fees If the pnnter is owned by the user, then the user is the pnnter provider Each user also has a netpage account 820 which is used to accumulate micro-debits and credits (such as those descnbed m the preceding paragraph), contact details 815, including name, address and telephone numbers, global preferences 816, including pnvacy, delivery and localization settings, any number of biometnc records 817, containing the user's encoded signature 818, fingeφnnt 819 etc, a handwntmg model 819 automatically maintained by the system, and SET payment card accounts 821, with which e-commerce payments can be made In addition to the user-specific netpage account, each user also has a netpage account 936 specific to each pnnter the user is authonzed to use Each pπnter-specific account is used to accumulate micro-debits and credits related to the user's activities on that pπnter The user is billed on a regular basis for any outstanding debit balances A user optionally appears in the netpage user directory 823, allowing other users to locate and direct e-mail (etc ) to the user 2.4 INTELLIGENT PAGE LAYOUT The netpage publication server automatically lays out the pages of each user's personalized publication on a section-by-section basis Since most advertisements are in the form of pre-formatted rectangles, they are placed on the page before the editonal content The advertising ratio for a section can be achieved with wildly varying advertising ratios on individual pages withm the section, and the ad layout algonthm exploits this The algonthm is configured to attempt to co-locate closely tied editonal and advertising content, such as placing ads for roofing mateπal specifically within the publication because of a special feature on do-it-yourself roofing repairs The editonal content selected for the user, including text and associated images and graphics, is then laid out according to vanous aesthetic rules The entire process, including the selection of ads and the selection of editonal content, must be iterated once the layout has converged, to attempt to more closely achieve the user's stated section size preference The section size preference can, however, be matched on average over time, allowing significant day-to-day vanations 2.5 DOCUMENT FORMAT Once the document is laid out, it is encoded for efficient distribution and persistent storage on the netpage network The pπmary efficiency mechanism is the separation of information specific to a single user's edition and information shared between multiple users' editions The specific information consists of the page layout The shared information consists of the objects to which the page layout refers, including images, graphics, and pieces of text A text object contains fully-formatted text represented in the Extensible Markup Language (XML) using the Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL) XSL provides precise control over text formatting independently of the region into which the text is being set, which in this case is being provided by the layout The text object contains embedded language codes to enable automatic translation, and embedded hyphenation hints to aid with paragraph formatting An image object encodes an image m the JPEG 2000 wavelet-based compressed image format A graphic object encodes a 2D graphic in Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) format The layout itself consists of a seπes of placed image and graphic objects, linked textflow objects through which text objects flow, hyperlinks and input fields as descnbed above, and watermark regions These layout objects are summanzed in Table 3 The layout uses a compact format suitable for efficient distribution and storage Table 3 - netpage layout objects 2.6 DOCUMENT DISTRIBUTION As descnbed above, for puφoses of efficient distribution and persistent storage on the netpage network, a user-specific page layout is separated from the shared objects to which it refers When a subscπbed publication is ready to be distnbuted, the netpage publication server allocates, with the help of the netpage ID server 12, a unique ID for each page, page instance, document, and document instance The server computes a set of optimized subsets of the shared content and creates a multicast channel for each subset, and then tags each user-specific layout with the names of the multicast channels which will carry the shared content used by that layout The server then pointcasts each user's layouts to that user's pnnter via the appropnate page server, and when the pointcastmg is complete, multicasts the shared content on the specified channels After receiving its pointcast, each page server and pnnter subscnbes to the multicast channels specified in the page layouts Duπng the multicasts, each page server and pnnter extracts from the multicast streams those objects refeπed to by its page layouts The page servers persistently archive the received page layouts and shared content Once a pnnter has received all the objects to which its page layouts refer, the pnnter re-creates the fully- populated layout and then rastenzes and pnnts it Under normal circumstances, the pnnter pnnts pages faster than they can be delivered Assuming a quarter of each page is covered with images, the average page has a size of less than 400KB The pnnter can therefore hold in excess of 100 such pages m its internal 64MB memory, allowing for temporary buffers etc The pnnter pnnts at a rate of one page per second This is equivalent to 400KB or about 3Mbit of page data per second, which is similar to the highest expected rate of page data delivery over a broadband network Even under abnormal circumstances, such as when the pπnter runs out of paper, it is likely that the user will be able to replenish the paper supply before the pnnter' s 100-page internal storage capacity is exhausted However, if the pnnter' s internal memory does fill up, then the pπnter will be unable to make use of a multicast when it first occurs The netpage publication server therefore allows pnnters to submit requests for re-multicasts When a cntical number of requests is received or a timeout occurs, the server re-multicasts the coπesponding shared objects Once a document is pnnted, a pnnter can produce an exact duplicate at any time by retnevmg its page layouts and contents from the relevant page server 2.7 ON-DEMAND DOCUMENTS When a netpage document is requested on demand, it can be personalized and delivered in much the same way as a penodical However, since there is no shared content, delivery is made directly to the requesting pnnter without the use of multicast When a non-netpage document is requested on demand, it is not personalized, and it is delivered via a designated netpage formatting server which reformats it as a netpage document A netpage formatting server is a special instance of a netpage publication server The netpage formatting server has knowledge of vanous Internet document formats, including Adobe's Portable Document Format (PDF), and Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) In the case of HTML, it can make use of the higher resolution of the pnnted page to present Web pages in a multi-column format, with a table of contents It can automatically include all Web pages directly linked to the requested page The user can tune this behavior via a preference The netpage formatting server makes standard netpage behavior, including interactivity and persistence, available on any Internet document, no matter what its ongin and format It hides knowledge of different document formats from both the netpage pnnter and the netpage page server, and hides knowledge of the netpage system from Web servers 3 SECURITY 3.1 CRYPTOGRAPHY Cryptography is used to protect sensitive information, both in storage and in transit, and to authenticate parties to a transaction There are two classes of cryptography in widespread use secret-key cryptography and public-key cryptography The netpage network uses both classes of cryptography Secret-key cryptography, also refeπed to as symmetric cryptography, uses the same key to encrypt and decrypt a message Two parties wishing to exchange messages must first aπange to securely exchange the secret key Public-key cryptography, also refeπed to as asymmetnc cryptography, uses two encryption keys The two keys are mathematically related m such a way that any message encrypted using one key can only be decrypted using the other key One of these keys is then published, while the other is kept pnvate The public key is used to encrypt any message intended for the holder of the pnvate key Once encrypted using the public key, a message can only be decrypted using the pnvate key Thus two parties can securely exchange messages without first having to exchange a secret key To ensure that the pnvate key is secure, it is normal for the holder of the pnvate key to generate the key pair Public-key cryptography can be used to create a digital signature The holder of the pnvate key can create a known hash of a message and then encrypt the hash using the pnvate key Anyone can then venfy that the encrypted hash constitutes the "signature" of the holder of the pnvate key with respect to that particular message by decrypting the encrypted hash using the public key and venfying the hash against the message If the signature is appended to the message, then the recipient of the message can venfy both that the message is genuine and that it has not been altered in transit To make public-key cryptography work, there has to be a way to distπbute public keys which prevents impersonation This is normally done using certificates and certificate authoπties A certificate authonty is a trusted third party which authenticates the connection between a public key and someone's identity The certificate authoπty venfies the person's identity by examining identity documents, and then creates and signs a digital certificate containing the person's identity details and public key Anyone who trusts the certificate authonty can use the public key in the certificate with a high degree of certainty that it is genuine They just have to venfy that the certificate has indeed been signed by the certificate authonty, whose public key is well-known In most transaction environments, public-key cryptography is only used to create digital signatures and to securely exchange secret session keys Secret-key cryptography is used for all other puφoses In the following discussion, when reference is made to the secure transmission of information between a netpage pπnter and a server, what actually happens is that the pnnter obtains the server's certificate, authenticates it with reference to the certificate authonty, uses the public key-exchange key in the certificate to exchange a secret session key with the server, and then uses the secret session key to encrypt the message data. A session key, by definition, can have an arbitranly short lifetime 3.2 NETPAGE PRINTER SECURITY Each netpage pnnter is assigned a pair of unique identifiers at time of manufacture which are stored in readonly memory m the pnnter and in the netpage registration server database The first ID 62 is public and uniquely identifies the pnnter on the netpage network The second ID is secret and is used when the pnnter is first registered on the network When the pπnter connects to the netpage network for the first time after installation, it creates a signature public/pnvate key pair It transmits the secret ID and the public key securely to the netpage registration server The server compares the secret ID against the pnnter' s secret ID recorded in its database, and accepts the registration if the IDs match It then creates and signs a certificate containing the pnnter' s public ID and public signature key, and stores the certificate m the registration database The netpage registration server acts as a certificate authoπty for netpage pnnters, since it has access to secret information allowing it to venfy pnnter identity When a user subscnbes to a publication, a record is created m the netpage registration server database authoπzmg the publisher to pnnt the publication to the user's default pπnter or a specified pπnter Every document sent to a pπnter via a page server is addressed to a particular user and is signed by the publisher using the publisher's pnvate signature key The page server venfies, via the registration database, that the publisher is authonzed to deliver the publication to the specified user The page server venfies the signature using the publisher's public key, obtained from the publisher's certificate stored in the registration database The netpage registration server accepts requests to add pnnting authoπzations to the database, so long as those requests are initiated via a pen registered to the pπnter 3.3 NETPAGE PEN SECURITY Each netpage pen is assigned a unique identifier at time of manufacture which is stored m read-only memory in the pen and in the netpage registration server database The pen ID 61 uniquely identifies the pen on the netpage network A netpage pen can "know" a number of netpage pnnters, and a pnnter can "know" a number of pens A pen communicates with a pπnter via a radio frequency signal whenever it is within range of the pπnter Once a pen and pnnter are registered, they regularly exchange session keys Whenever the pen transmits digital ink to the pnnter, the digital ink is always encrypted using the appropnate session key Digital ink is never transmitted in the clear A pen stores a session key for every pnnter it knows, indexed by pnnter ID, and a pnnter stores a session key for every pen it knows, indexed by pen ID Both have a large but finite storage capacity for session keys, and will forget a session key on a least-recently-used basis if necessary When a pen comes within range of a pnnter, the pen and pπnter discover whether they know each other If they don't know each other, then the pπnter determines whether it is supposed to know the pen This might be, for example, because the pen belongs to a user who is registered to use the pnnter If the pnnter is meant to know the pen but doesn't, then it initiates the automatic pen registration procedure If the pnnter isn't meant to know the pen, then it agrees with the pen to ignore it until the pen is placed in a charging cup, at which time it initiates the registration procedure In addition to its public ID, the pen contains a secret key-exchange key The key-exchange key is also recorded in the netpage registration server database at time of manufacture Dunng registration, the pen transmits its pen ID to the pπnter, and the pnnter transmits the pen ID to the netpage registration server The server generates a session key for the pnnter and pen to use, and securely transmits the session key to the pnnter It also transmits a copy of the session key encrypted with the pen's key-exchange key The pπnter stores the session key internally, indexed by the pen ID, and transmits the encrypted session key to the pen The pen stores the session key internally, indexed by the pnnter ID Although a fake pen can impersonate a pen in the pen registration protocol, only a real pen can decrypt the session key transmitted by the pnnter When a previously unregistered pen is first registered, it is of limited use until it is linked to a user A registered but "un-owned" pen is only allowed to be used to request and fill netpage user and pen registration forms, to register a new user to which the new pen is automatically linked, or to add a new pen to an existing user The pen uses secret-key rather than public-key encryption because of hardware performance constraints in the pen 3.4 SECURE DOCUMENTS The netpage system supports the delivery of secure documents such as tickets and coupons The netpage pnnter includes a facility to pnnt watermarks, but will only do so on request from publishers who are suitably authonzed The publisher indicates its authonty to pnnt watermarks in its certificate, which the pnnter is able to authenticate The "watermark" pnnting process uses an alternative dither matnx in specified "watermark" regions of the page Back-to-back pages contain minor-image watermark regions which coincide when pnnted The dither matnces used in odd and even pages' watermark regions are designed to produce an interference effect when the regions are viewed together, achieved by looking through the pnnted sheet The effect is similar to a watermark in that it is not visible when looking at only one side of the page, and is lost when the page is copied by normal means Pages of secure documents cannot be copied using the built-in netpage copy mechanism descnbed in Section 1 9 above This extends to copying netpages on netpage-aware photocopiers Secure documents are typically generated as part of e-commerce transactions They can therefore include the user's photograph which was captured when the user registered biometπc information with the netpage registration server, as descnbed in Section 2 When presented with a secure netpage document, the recipient can venfy its authenticity by requesting its status in the usual way The unique ID of a secure document is only valid for the lifetime of the document, and secure document IDs are allocated non-contiguously to prevent their prediction by opportunistic forgers A secure document venfication pen can be developed with built-in feedback on venfication failure, to support easy point-of-presentation document venfication Clearly neither the watermark nor the user's photograph are secure in a cryptographic sense They simply provide a significant obstacle to casual forgery Online document venfication, particularly using a venfication pen, provides an added level of secuπty where it is needed, but is still not entirely immune to forgenes 3.5 NON-REPUDIATION In the netpage system, forms submitted by users are delivered reliably to forms handlers and are persistently archived on netpage page servers It is therefore impossible for recipients to repudiate delivery E-commerce payments made through the system, as descnbed in Section 4, are also impossible for the payee to repudiate 4 ELECTRONIC COMMERCE MODEL 4.1 SECURE ELECTRONIC TRANSACTION (SET) The netpage system uses the Secure Electronic Transaction (SET) system as one of its payment systems SET, having been developed by MasterCard and Visa, is organized around payment cards, and this is reflected in the terminology However, much of the system is independent of the type of accounts being used In SET, cardholders and merchants register with a certificate authoπty and are issued with certificates containing their public signature keys The certificate authoπty venfies a cardholder's registration details with the card issuer as appropnate, and venfies a merchant's registration details with the acquirer as appropnate Cardholders and merchants store their respective pnvate signature keys securely on their computers Dunng the payment process, these certificates are used to mutually authenticate a merchant and cardholder, and to authenticate them both to the payment gateway SET has not yet been adopted widely, partly because cardholder maintenance of keys and certificates is considered burdensome Intenm solutions which maintain cardholder keys and certificates on a server and give the cardholder access via a password have met with some success 4.2 SET PAYMENTS In the netpage system the netpage registration server acts as a proxy for the netpage user (I e the cardholder) in SET payment transactions The netpage system uses biometπcs to authenticate the user and authonze SET payments Because the system is pen-based, the biometnc used is the user's on-line signature, consisting of time-varying pen position and pressure A fingeφnnt biometnc can also be used by designing a fingeφπnt sensor into the pen, although at a higher cost The type of biometnc used only affects the capture of the biometnc, not the authonzation aspects of the system The first step to being able to make SET payments is to register the user's biometnc with the netpage registration server This is done in a controlled environment, for example a bank, where the biometπc can be captured at the same time as the user's identity is venfied The biometπc is captured and stored in the registration database, linked to the user's record The user's photograph is also optionally captured and linked to the record The SET cardholder registration process is completed, and the resulting pnvate signature key and certificate are stored in the database The user's payment card information is also stored, giving the netpage registration server enough information to act as the user's proxy in any SET payment transaction When the user eventually supplies the biometπc to complete a payment, for example by signing a netpage order form, the pπnter securely transmits the order information, the pen ID and the biometnc data to the netpage registration server The server venfies the biometnc with respect to the user identified by the pen ID, and from then on acts as the user' s proxy in completing the SET payment transaction 4.3 MICRO-PAYMENTS The netpage system includes a mechanism for micro-payments, to allow the user to be conveniently charged for pnnting low-cost documents on demand and for copying copyπght documents, and possibly also to allow the user to be reimbursed for expenses incuπed in pnnting advertising matenal The latter depends on the level of subsidy already provided to the user When the user registers for e-commerce, a network account is established which aggregates micro-payments The user receives a statement on a regular basis, and can settle any outstanding debit balance using the standard payment mechanism The network account can be extended to aggregate subscnption fees for penodicals, which would also otherwise be presented to the user in the form of individual statements 4.4 TRANSACTIONS When a user requests a netpage in a particular application context, the application is able to embed a user- specific transaction ID 55 in the page Subsequent input through the page is tagged with the transaction ID, and the application is thereby able to establish an appropnate context for the user's input When input occurs through a page which is not user-specific, however, the application must use the user's unique identity to establish a context A typical example involves adding items from a pre-pnnted catalog page to the user's virtual "shopping cart" To protect the user's pnvacy, however, the unique user ID 60 known to the netpage system is not divulged to applications This is to prevent different application providers from easily coπelating independently accumulated behavioral data The netpage registration server instead maintains an anonymous relationship between a user and an application via a unique alias ID 65, as shown in Figure 24 Whenever the user activates a hyperlink tagged with the "registered" attnbute, the netpage page server asks the netpage registration server to translate the associated application ID 64, together with the pen ID 61, into an alias ID 65 The alias ID is then submitted to the hyperlink's application The application maintains state information indexed by alias ID, and is able to retπeve user-specific state information without knowledge of the global identity of the user The system also maintains an independent certificate and pnvate signature key for each of a user's applications, to allow it to sign application transactions on behalf of the user using only application-specific information To assist the system in routing product bar code (UPC) "hyperlink" activations, the system records a favoπte application on behalf of the user for any number of product types Each application is associated with an application provider, and the system maintains an account on behalf of each application provider, to allow it to credit and debit the provider for click-through fees etc An application provider can be a publisher of peπodical subscnbed content The system records the user's willingness to receive the subscnbed publication, as well as the expected frequency of publication 5 COMMUNICATIONS PROTOCOLS A communications protocol defines an ordered exchange of messages between entities In the netpage system, entities such as pens, pnnters and servers utilise a set of defined protocols to cooperatively handle user interaction with the netpage system Each protocol is illustrated by way of a sequence diagram in which the honzontal dimension is used to represent message flow and the vertical dimension is used to represent time Each entity is represented by a rectangle containing the name of the entity and a vertical column representing the lifeline of the entity Duπng the time an entity exists, the lifeline is shown as a dashed line Dunng the time an entity is active, the lifeline is shown as a double line Because the protocols considered here do not create or destroy entities, lifelines are generally cut short as soon as an entity ceases to participate in a protocol 5.1 SUBSCRIPTION DELIVERY PROTOCOL A prefeπed embodiment of a subscnption delivery protocol is shown in Figure 40 A large number of users may subscnbe to a penodical publication Each user's edition may be laid out differently, but many users' editions will share common content such as text objects and image objects The subscnption delivery protocol therefore delivers document structures to individual pnnters via pointcast, but delivers shared content objects via multicast The application (l e publisher) first obtains a document ID 51 for each document from an ID server 12 It then sends each document structure, including its document ID and page descnptions, to the page server 10 responsible for the document's newly allocated ID It includes its own application ID 64, the subscnber' s alias ID 65, and the relevant set of multicast channel names It signs the message using its pnvate signature key The page server uses the application ID and alias ID to obtain from the registration server the coπesponding user ID 60, the user's selected pnnter ID 62 (which may be explicitly selected for the application, or may be the user's default pnnter), and the application's certificate The application's certificate allows the page server to venfy the message signature The page server's request to the registration server fails if the application ID and alias ID don't together identify a subscnption 808 The page server then allocates document and page instance IDs and forwards the page descnptions, including page IDs 50, to the pnnter It includes the relevant set of multicast channel names for the pnnter to listen to It then returns the newly allocated page IDs to the application for future reference Once the application has distnbuted all of the document structures to the subscnbers' selected pnnters via the relevant page servers, it multicasts the vanous subsets of the shared objects on the previously selected multicast channels Both page servers and pnnters monitor the appropnate multicast channels and receive their required content objects They are then able to populate the previously pointcast document structures This allows the page servers to add complete documents to their databases, and it allows the pnnters to pnnt the documents 5.2 HYPERLINK ACTIVATION PROTOCOL A prefeπed embodiment of a hyperlink activation protocol is shown in Figure 42 When a user clicks on a netpage with a netpage pen, the pen communicates the click to the nearest netpage pnnter 601 The click identifies the page and a location on the page The pnnter already knows the ID 61 of the pen from the pen connection protocol The pnnter determines, via the DNS, the network address of the page server 10a handling the particular page ID 50 The address may already be in its cache if the user has recently interacted with the same page The pnnter then forwards the pen ID, its own pnnter ID 62, the page ID and click location to the page server The page server loads the page descnption 5 identified by the page ID and deteπnmes which input element's zone 58, if any, the click lies in Assuming the relevant input element is a hyperlink element 844, the page server then obtains the associated application ID 64 and link ID 54, and determines, via the DNS, the network address of the application server hosting the application 71 The page server uses the pen ID 61 to obtain the coπesponding user ID 60 from the registration server 11, and then allocates a globally unique hyperlink request ID 52 and builds a hyperlink request 934 The hyperlink request class diagram is shown m Figure 41 The hyperlink request records the IDs of the requesting user and pnnter, and identifies the clicked hyperlink instance 862 The page server then sends its own server ID 53, the hyperlink request ID, and the link ID to the apphcation The application produces a response document according to application-specific logic, and obtains a document ID 51 from an ID server 12 It then sends the document to the page server 10b responsible for the document's newly allocated ID, together with the requesting page server's ID and the hyperlink request ID The second page server sends the hyperlink request ID and application ID to the first page server to obtain the coπesponding user ID and pnnter ID 62 The first page server rejects the request if the hyperlink request has expired or is for a different application The second page server allocates document instance and page IDs 50, returns the newly allocated page IDs to the application, adds the complete document to its own database, and finally sends the page descnptions to the requesting pnnter The hyperlink instance may include a meaningful transaction ID 55, in which case the first page server includes the transaction ID in the message sent to the application This allows the application to establish a transaction- specific context for the hyperlink activation If the hyperlink requires a user alias, l e its "alias required" attnbute is set, then the first page server sends both the pen ID 61 and the hyperlink's application ID 64 to the registration server 11 to obtain not just the user ID coπesponding to the pen ID but also the alias ID 65 coπesponding to the application ID and the user ID It includes the alias ID in the message sent to the application, allowing the application to establish a user-specific context for the hyperlink activation 5.3 HANDWRITING RECOGNITION PROTOCOL When a user draws a stroke on a netpage with a netpage pen, the pen communicates the stroke to the nearest netpage pnnter The stroke identifies the page and a path on the page The pnnter forwards the pen ID 61, its own pπnter ID 62, the page ID 50 and stroke path to the page server 10 in the usual way The page server loads the page descnption 5 identified by the page ID and determines which input element's zone 58, if any, the stroke intersects Assuming the relevant input element is a text field 878, the page server appends the stroke to the text field's digital ink After a peπod of inactivity in the zone of the text field, the page server sends the pen ID and the pending strokes to the registration server 11 for inteφretation The registration server identifies the user coπesponding to the pen, and uses the user' s accumulated handwntmg model 822 to inteφret the strokes as handwritten text Once it has converted the strokes to text, the registration server returns the text to the requesting page server The page server appends the text to the text value of the text field 5.4 SIGNATURE VERIFICATION PROTOCOL Assuming the input element whose zone the stroke intersects is a signature field 880, the page server 10 appends the stroke to the signature field's digital ink After a penod of inactivity in the zone of the signature field, the page server sends the pen ID 61 and the pending strokes to the registration server 11 for venfication It also sends the application ID 64 associated with the form of which the signature field is part, as well as the form ID 56 and the cuπent data content of the form The registration server identifies the user coπesponding to the pen, and uses the user's dynamic signature biometnc 818 to venfy the strokes as the user's signature Once it has venfied the signature, the registration server uses the application ID 64 and user ID 60 to identify the user's application-specific pnvate signature key It then uses the key to generate a digital signature of the form data, and returns the digital signature to the requesting page server The page server assigns the digital signature to the signature field and sets the associated form's status to frozen The digital signature includes the alias ID 65 of the coπesponding user This allows a single form to capture multiple users' signatures 5.5 FORM SUBMISSION PROTOCOL A prefeπed embodiment of a fo n submission protocol is shown in Figure 43 Form submission occurs via a form hyperlink activation It thus follows the protocol defined in Section 5 2, with some form-specific additions In the case of a form hyperlink, the hyperlink activation message sent by the page server 10 to the application 71 also contains the form ID 56 and the cuπent data content of the form If the form contains any signature fields, then the application venfies each one by extracting the alias ID 65 associated with the coπesponding digital signature and obtaining the coπesponding certificate from the registration server 11 6 NETPAGE PEN DESCRIPTION 6.1 PEN MECHANICS Refemng to Figures 8 and 9, the pen, generally designated by reference numeral 101, includes a housing 102 in the form of a plastics moulding having walls 103 defining an inteπor space 104 for mounting the pen components The pen top 105 is in operation rotatably mounted at one end 106 of the housing 102 A semi-transparent cover 107 is secured to the opposite end 108 of the housing 102 The cover 107 is also of moulded plastics, and is formed from semi- transparent matenal in order to enable the user to view the status of the LED mounted withm the housing 102 The cover 107 includes a main part 109 which substantially suπounds the end 108 of the housing 102 and a projecting portion 110 which projects back from the mam part 109 and fits within a coπesponding slot 111 formed in the walls 103 of the housing 102 A radio antenna 112 is mounted behind the projecting portion 110, within the housing 102 Screw threads 113 suπounding an aperture 113A on the cover 107 are aπanged to receive a metal end piece 114, including coπesponding screw threads 115 The metal end piece 114 is removable to enable ink cartndge replacement Also mounted within the cover 107 is a tn-color status LED 116 on a flex PCB 117 The antenna 112 is also mounted on the flex PCB 117 The status LED 116 is mounted at the top of the pen 101 for good all-around visibility The pen can operate both as a normal marking ink pen and as a non-mark g stylus An ink pen cartndge 118 with nib 119 and a stylus 120 with stylus nib 121 are mounted side by side within the housing 102 Either the ink cartndge nib 119 or the stylus nib 121 can be brought forward through open end 122 of the metal end piece 114, by rotation of the pen top 105 Respective slider blocks 123 and 124 are mounted to the ink cartndge 118 and stylus 120, respectively A rotatable cam baπel 125 is secured to the pen top 105 in operation and aπanged to rotate therewith The cam baπel 125 includes a cam 126 in the foπn of a slot within the walls 181 of the cam baπel Cam followers 127 and 128 projecting from slider blocks 123 and 124 fit within the cam slot 126 On rotation of the cam baπel 125, the slider blocks 123 or 124 move relative to each other to project either the pen nib 119 or stylus nib 121 out through the hole 122 in the metal end piece 114 The pen 101 has three states of operation By turning the top 105 through 90° steps, the three states are Stylus 120 nib 121 out, • Ink cartndge 118 nib 119 out, and • Neither ink cartndge 118 nib 119 out nor stylus 120 nib 121 out A second flex PCB 129, is mounted on an electronics chassis 130 which sits within the housing 102 The second flex PCB 129 mounts an infrared LED 131 for providing infrared radiation for projection onto the surface An image sensor 132 is provided mounted on the second flex PCB 129 for receiving reflected radiation from the surface The second flex PCB 129 also mounts a radio frequency chip 133, which includes an RF transmitter and RF receiver, and a controller chip 134 for controlling operation of the pen 101 An optics block 135 (formed from moulded clear plastics) sits within the cover 107 and projects an infrared beam onto the surface and receives images onto the image sensor 132 Power supply wires 136 connect the components on the second flex PCB 129 to battery contacts 137 which are mounted within the cam baπel 125 A teπninal 138 connects to the battery contacts 137 and the cam baπel 125 A three volt rechargeable battery 139 sits withm the cam baπel 125 in contact with the battery contacts An induction charging coil 140 is mounted about the second flex PCB 129 to enable recharging of the battery 139 via induction The second flex PCB 129 also mounts an infrared LED 143 and infrared photodiode 144 for detecting displacement in the cam baπel 125 when either the stylus 120 or the ink cartndge 118 is used for wnting, in order to enable a determination of the force being applied to the surface by the pen nib 119 or stylus nib 121 The IR photodiode 144 detects light from the IR LED 143 via reflectors (not shown) mounted on the slider blocks 123 and 124 Rubber gnp pads 141 and 142 are provided towards the end 108 of the housing 102 to assist gnpping the pen 101, and top 105 also includes a clip 142 for clipping the pen 101 to a pocket 6.2 PEN CONTROLLER The pen 101 is aπanged to detenmne the position of its nib (stylus nib 121 or ink cartndge nib 119) by imaging, in the infrared spectrum, an area of the surface in the vicinity of the nib It records the location data from the nearest location tag, and is aπanged to calculate the distance of the nib 121 or 119 from the location tab utilising optics 135 and controller chip 134 The controller chip 134 calculates the onentation of the pen and the nib-to-tag distance from the perspective distortion observed on the imaged tag Utilising the RF chip 133 and antenna 112 the pen 101 can transmit the digital mk data (which is encrypted for secunty and packaged for efficient transmission) to the computing system When the pen is in range of a receiver, the digital ink data is transmitted as it is formed When the pen 101 moves out of range, digital ink data is buffered withm the pen 101 (the pen 101 circuitry includes a buffer aπanged to store digital ink data for approximately 12 minutes of the pen motion on the surface) and can be transmitted later The controller chip 134 is mounted on the second flex PCB 129 the pen 101 Figure 10 is a block diagram illustrating in more detail the architecture of the controller chip 134 Figure 10 also shows representations of the RF chip 133, the image sensor 132, the tn-color status LED 116, the IR illumination LED 131, the IR force sensor LED 143, and the force sensor photodiode 144 The pen controller chip 134 includes a controlling processor 145 Bus 146 enables the exchange of data between components of the controller chip 134 Flash memory 147 and a 512 KB DRAM 148 are also included An analog-to-digital converter 149 is aπanged to convert the analog signal from the force sensor photodiode 144 to a digital signal An image sensor interface 152 interfaces with the image sensor 132 A transceiver controller 153 and base band circuit 154 are also included to interface with the RF chip 133 which includes an RF circuit 155 and RF resonators and inductors 156 connected to the antenna 112 The controlling processor 145 captures and decodes location data from tags from the surface via the image sensor 132, monitors the force sensor photodiode 144, controls the LEDs 116, 131 and 143, and handles short-range radio communication via the radio transceiver 153 It is a medium-performance (~40MHz) general-puφose RISC processor The processor 145, digital transceiver components (transceiver controller 153 and baseband circuit 154), image sensor interface 152, flash memory 147 and 512KB DRAM 148 are integrated in a single controller ASIC Analog RF components (RF circuit 155 and RF resonators and inductors 156) are provided in the separate RF chip The image sensor is a 215x215 pixel CCD (such a sensor is produced by Matsushita Electronic Coφoration, and is descnbed in a paper by Itakura, K T Nobusada, N Okusenya, R Nagayoshi, and M Ozaki, "A 1mm 50k-Pιxel IT CCD Image Sensor for Miniature Camera System", IEEE Transactions on Electronic Devices, Volt 47, number 1, January 2000, which is incoφorated herein by reference) with an IR filter The controller ASIC 134 enters a quiescent state after a peπod of inactivity when the pen 101 is not m contact with a surface It incoφorates a dedicated circuit 150 which monitors the force sensor photodiode 144 and wakes up the controller 134 via the power manager 151 on a pen-down event The radio transceiver communicates in the unlicensed 900MHz band normally used by cordless telephones, or alternatively in the unlicensed 2 4GHz industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band, and uses frequency hopping and collision detection to provide interference-free communication In an alternative embodiment, the pen incoφorates an Infrared Data Association (IrDA) interface for short- range communication with a base station or netpage pnnter In a further embodiment, the pen 101 includes a pair of orthogonal accelerometers mounted in the normal plane of the pen 101 axis The accelerometers 190 are shown in Figures 9 and 10 in ghost outline The provision of the accelerometers enables this embodiment of the pen 101 to sense motion without reference to surface location tags, allowing the location tags to be sampled at a lower rate Each location tag ID can then identify an object of interest rather than a position on the surface For example, if the object is a user interface input element (e g a command button), then the tag ID of each location tag within the area of the input element can directly identify the input element The acceleration measured by the accelerometers in each of the x and y directions is integrated with respect to time to produce an instantaneous velocity and position Since the starting position of the stroke is not known, only relative positions withm a stroke are calculated Although position integration accumulates eπors in the sensed acceleration, accelerometers typically have high resolution, and the time duration of a stroke, over which eπors accumulate, is short 7 NETPAGE PRINTER DESCRIPTION 7.1 PRINTER MECHANICS The vertically-mounted netpage wallpnnter 601 is shown fully assembled in Figure 11 It pnnts netpages on Letter/ A4 sized media using duplexed &Vι" Memjet™ pnnt engines 602 and 603, as shown in Figures 12 and 12a It uses a straight paper path with the paper 604 passing through the duplexed pnnt engines 602 and 603 which pnnt both sides of a sheet simultaneously, in full color and with full bleed An integral binding assembly 605 applies a stnp of glue along one edge of each pnnted sheet, allowing it to adhere to the previous sheet when pressed against it This creates a final bound document 618 which can range in thickness from one sheet to several hundred sheets The replaceable ink cartndge 627, shown in Figure 13 coupled with the duplexed pnnt engines, has bladders or chambers for stonng fixative, adhesive, and cyan, magenta, yellow, black and infrared inks The cartndge also contains a micro air filter in a base molding The micro air filter interfaces with an air pump 638 inside the pnnter via a hose 639 This provides filtered air to the pnntheads to prevent ingress of micro particles into the Memjet™ pnntheads 350 which might otherwise clog the pnnthead nozzles By incorporating the air filter within the cartndge, the operational life of the filter is effectively linked to the life of the cartndge The ink cartndge is a fully recyclable product with a capacity for pnnting and gluing 3000 pages (1500 sheets) Refemng to Figure 12, the motonzed media pick-up roller assembly 626 pushes the top sheet directly from the media tray past a paper sensor on the first pπnt engine 602 into the duplexed Memjet™ pπnthead assembly The two Memjet™ pnnt engines 602 and 603 are mounted in an opposing in-line sequential configuration along the straight paper path The paper 604 is drawn into the first pπnt engine 602 by integral, powered pick-up rollers 626 The position and size of the paper 604 is sensed and full bleed pnnting commences Fixative is pnnted simultaneously to aid drying in the shortest possible time The paper exits the first Memjet™ pnnt engine 602 through a set of powered exit spike wheels (aligned along the straight paper path), which act against a rubbenzed roller These spike wheels contact the 'wet' pnnted surface and continue to feed the sheet 604 into the second Memjet™ pπnt engine 603 Refemng to Figures 12 and 12a, the paper 604 passes from the duplexed pπnt engines 602 and 603 into the binder assembly 605 The pnnted page passes between a powered spike wheel axle 670 with a fibrous support roller and another movable axle with spike wheels and a momentary action glue wheel The movable axle/glue assembly 673 is mounted to a metal support bracket and it is transported forward to interface with the powered axle 670 via gears by action of a camshaft A separate motor powers this camshaft The glue wheel assembly 673 consists of a partially hollow axle 679 with a rotating coupling for the glue supply hose 641 from the ink cartndge 627 This axle 679 connects to a glue wheel, which absorbs adhesive by capillary action through radial holes A molded housing 682 suπounds the glue wheel, with an opening at the front Pivoting side moldings and sprung outer doors are attached to the metal bracket and hinge out sideways when the rest of the assembly 673 is thrust forward This action exposes the glue wheel through the front of the molded housing 682 Tension spnngs close the assembly and effectively cap the glue wheel dunng penods of inactivity As the sheet 604 passes into the glue wheel assembly 673, adhesive is applied to one vertical edge on the front side (apart from the first sheet of a document) as it is transported down into the binding assembly 605 7.2 PRINTER CONTROLLER ARCHITECTURE The netpage pnnter controller consists of a controlling processor 750, a factory-installed or field-installed network interface module 625, a radio transceiver (transceiver controller 753, baseband circuit 754, RF circuit 755, and RF resonators and inductors 756), dual raster image processor (RIP) DSPs 757, duplexed pπnt engine controllers 760a and 760b, flash memory 658, and 64MB of DRAM 657, as illustrated in Figure 14 The controlling processor handles communication with the network 19 and with local wireless netpage pens 101, senses the help button 617, controls the user interface LEDs 613-616, and feeds and synchronizes the RIP DSPs 757 and pπnt engine controllers 760 It consists of a medium-performance general-puφose microprocessor The controlling processor 750 communicates with the pπnt engine controllers 760 via a high-speed seπal bus 659 The RIP DSPs rasteπze and compress page descnptions to the netpage pnnter' s compressed page format Each pπnt engine controller expands, dithers and pnnts page images to its associated Memjet™ pnnthead 350 in real time (l e at over 30 pages per mmute) The duplexed pπnt engine controllers pπnt both sides of a sheet simultaneously The master pπnt engine controller 760a controls the paper transport and monitors ink usage in conjunction with the master QA chip 665 and the ink cartndge QA chip 761 The pnnter controller's flash memory 658 holds the software for both the processor 750 and the DSPs 757, as well as configuration data. This is copied to mam memory 657 at boot time The processor 750, DSPs 757, and digital transceiver components (transceiver controller 753 and baseband circuit 754) are integrated in a single controller ASIC 656 Analog RF components (RF circuit 755 and RF resonators and inductors 756) are provided in a separate RF chip 762 The network interface module 625 is separate, since netpage pnnters allow the network connection to be factory-selected or field-selected Flash memory 658 and the 2G256Mbιt (64MB) DRAM 657 is also off-chip The pnnt engine controllers 760 are provided in separate ASICs A vanety of network interface modules 625 are provided, each providing a netpage network interface 751 and optionally a local computer or network interface 752 Netpage network Internet interfaces include POTS modems, Hybnd Fiber-Coax (HFC) cable modems, ISDN modems, DSL modems, satellite transceivers, cuπent and next-generation cellular telephone transceivers, and wireless local loop (WLL) transceivers Local interfaces include IEEE 1284 (parallel port), lOBase-T and 100Base-T Ethernet, USB and USB 2 0, IEEE 1394 (Firewire), and vanous emerging home networking interfaces If an Internet connection is available on the local network, then the local network interface can be used as the netpage network interface The radio transceiver 753 communicates in the unlicensed 900MHz band normally used by cordless telephones, or alternatively m the unlicensed 2 4GHz industπal, scientific and medical (ISM) band, and uses frequency hopping and collision detection to provide interference-free communication The pnnter controller optionally incoφorates an Infrared Data Association (IrDA) interface for receiving data "squirted" from devices such as netpage cameras In an alternative embodiment, the pnnter uses the IrDA interface for short-range communication with suitably configured netpage pens 7.2.1 RASTERIZATION AND PRINTING Once the main processor 750 has received and venfied the document's page layouts and page objects, it runs the appropnate RIP software on the DSPs 757 The DSPs 757 rastenze each page descnption and compress the rastenzed page image The ma processor stores each compressed page image in memory The simplest way to load-balance multiple DSPs is to let each DSP rastenze a separate page The DSPs can always be kept busy since an arbitrary number of rastenzed pages can, in general, be stored in memory This strategy only leads to potentially poor DSP utilization when rastenzmg short documents Watermark regions m the page descnption are rastenzed to a contone-resolution bi-level bitmap which is losslessly compressed to negligible size and which forms part of the compressed page image The infrared (IR) layer of the pnnted page contains coded netpage tags at a density of about six per inch Each tag encodes the page ID, tag ID, and control bits, and the data content of each tag is generated during rastenzation and stored in the compressed page image The main processor 750 passes back-to-back page images to the duplexed pnnt engine controllers 760 Each pnnt engine controller 760 stores the compressed page image in its local memory, and starts the page expansion and pnnting pipeline Page expansion and pnnting is pipelined because it is impractical to store an entire 114MB bi-level CMYK+IR page image in memory 7.2.2 PRINT ENGINE CONTROLLER The page expansion and pnnting pipeline of the pnnt engine controller 760 consists of a high speed IEEE 1394 senal interface 659, a standard JPEG decoder 763, a standard Group 4 Fax decoder 764, a custom halftoner/compositor unit 765, a custom tag encoder 766, a line loader/formatter unit 767, and a custom interface 768 to the Memjet™ pπnthead 350 The pπnt engine controller 360 operates in a double buffered manner While one page is loaded into DRAM 769 via the high speed senal interface 659, the previously loaded page is read from DRAM 769 and passed through the pnnt engine controller pipeline Once the page has finished pnnting, the page just loaded is pnnted while another page is loaded The first stage of the pipeline expands (at 763) the JPEG-compressed contone CMYK layer, expands (at 764) the Group 4 Fax-compressed bi-level black layer, and renders (at 766) the bi-level netpage tag layer according to the tag format defined in section 1 2, all in parallel The second stage dithers (at 765) the contone CMYK layer and composites (at 765) the bi-level black layer over the resulting bi-level CMYK layer The resultant bi-level CMYK+IR dot data is buffered and formatted (at 767) for pnnting on the Memjet™ pnnthead 350 via a set of line buffers Most of these line buffers are stored in the off-chip DRAM The final stage pnnts the six channels of bi-level dot data (including fixative) to the Memjet™ pnnthead 350 via the pnnthead interface 768 When several pnnt engine controllers 760 are used in unison, such as in a duplexed configuration, they are synchronized via a shared line sync signal 770 Only one pnnt engine 760, selected via the external master/slave pin 771, generates the line sync signal 770 onto the shared line The pnnt engine controller 760 contains a low-speed processor 772 for synchronizing the page expansion and rendenng pipeline, configuπng the pπnthead 350 via a low-speed senal bus 773, and controlling the stepper motors 675, 676 In the 8 l /2" versions of the netpage pnnter, the two pπnt engines each pnnts 30 Letter pages per minute along the long dimension of the page (11"), giving a line rate of 8 8 kHz at 1600 dpi In the 12" versions of the netpage pnnter, the two pπnt engines each pnnts 45 Letter pages per minute along the short dimension of the page (8V2"), giving a line rate of 10 2 kHz These line rates are well within the operating frequency of the Memjet™ pnnthead, which in the cuπent design exceeds 30 kHz 8 EXAMINATION PAPERS USING THE NETPAGE SYSTEM As will be explained m more detail below by way of example, the netpage system provides the facility for enabling student examinations and the carrying out of other educational exercises, enabling the delivery of documents such as examination papers to students The examinees are then able to sit the examination papers and their responses can be captured at an allotted time To give but one example of an application of the invention outside the usual educational context, the system of the invention my be used to enable skills testing of a candidate, such as a multiple selection test as part of the candidate' s vehicle dnver training and registration Each netpage or netpage document used in such a student testing activity, such as an instruction paper, an examination page, a multiple selection examination form, or an examination answer workbook, is refeπed to herein as an "exercise form", containing as appropnate the interactive objects (hyperlinks and form fields) The netpage system affords an application whereby a user can undergo and submit a wntten examination by completing a netpage exercise form, in this case an examination form The netpage examination may be pre-pnnted and distributed to examinees in a classroom situation Alternatively the examination may be pnnted at the user's location, which may be remote from the examiner's location 8.1 APPLICATION DRAWING NOTATION Each application user interface flow is illustrated as a collection of documents linked by command aπows A command aπow indicates that the target document is pnnted as a result of the user pressing the coπesponding command button on the source page Some command aπows are labelled with multiple commands separated by slashes (7's), indicating that any one of the specified commands causes the target document to be pnnted Although multiple commands may label the same command aπow, they typically have different side-effects In application terms, it is important to distinguish between netpage documents and netpage forms Documents contain pnnted information, as well as command buttons which can be pressed by the user to request further information or some other action Forms, in addition to behaving like normal documents, also contain input fields which can be filled in by the user They provide the system with a data input mechanism It is also useful to distinguish between documents which contain genenc information and documents which contain information specific to a particular interaction between the user and an application Genenc documents may be pre-pnnted publications such as magazines sold at news stands or advertising posters encountered in public places Forms may also be pre-pnnted, including, for example, subscnption forms encountered in pre-pnnted publications They may, of course, also be generated on-the-fly by a netpage pnnter in response to user requests User-specific documents and forms are normally generated on the fly by a netpage pnnter in response to user requests Figure 44 shows a genenc document 990, a genenc form 991, a user-specific document 992, and a user-specific form 993 Netpages which participate m a user interface flow are further descnbed by abstract page layouts A page layout may contain vanous kinds of elements, each of which has a unique style to differentiate it from the others As shown in Figure 45, these include fixed information 994, vanable information 995, input fields 996, command buttons 997, draggable commands 998, and text hyperlinks or hypertext links 999 When a user interface flow is broken up into multiple diagrams, any document which is duplicated is shown with dashed outlines in all but the main diagram which defines it 8.2 EXAMINATION PAPERS OBJECT MODEL The examination papers object model involves an examination provider, examinations, and examinees The examination question class diagram is shown m Figure 46, whilst the examination answer class diagram is shown in Figure 47 Each examination provider 500 has a umque provider identifier and a name Each examination user 501 is related to a particular examination provider, and has an identifier 65 (alias ID) which is unique within the scope of the particular examination provider Each examination user 501 represents a particular netpage user 800 to the examination provider, although netpage user 800 may be an examination user of any number of examination providers or a participant in any other netpage activities, educational or otherwise For each examination 502, then, an examination user 501 may be an examiner (or invigilator) 504, a marker 505, or an examinee 506 The name and descnption of an examination user 501 can denve from the details of the coπesponding netpage user 800, as known to the netpage system Each examination provider 500 may be associated with a number of examinations 502 Each examination 502 has a unique identifier (within the context of the examination), a descnption, a status, a pnnt, a start, an end time, and a time limit for the examination The status of the examination 502 may be 'not begun', 'in progress' or 'completed' The pnnt time is the time after which it is permissible to pnnt the examination, the start time is the time after which it is permissible to start the examination, and the end time is the time by which the examination must be completed An examination 502 has a number of questions 507 Each question 507 has a unique number, a descnption, and a maximum score Each question may be either a multiple choice question 509 or an essay question 511 A multiple choice question 509 has associated with it a number of options 510, each option 510 having an option number and a descnption, one (or more) of the multiple choice options being the coπect answer For each examination question 507, an examinee may give an answer 508 (see Figure 47) Each multiple choice answer 514 contains the chosen option number and the time the answer was wntten Each essay answer 515 has the essay content The essay answer is handwntten by the user and is stored as digital ink, and optionally the wntmg may be converted to text using handwntmg recognition Each answer 508 may have associated with it a score 512 and a comment 513 8.3 EXAMINATION PAPERS USER INTERFACE 8.3.1 Obtaining the Examination If the examination is held in a classroom setting, the examination is likely to be pre-pnnted and distnbuted at the start of the examination Alternatively the user may complete the examination at a position remote from the examiner The user may obtain a copy of the examination in one of several ways, such as the user may be given the pre-pnnted examination by the examiner pnor to the start of the examination, the examination may be pnnted directly on the user's netpage pnnter by the examiner, or the user may pnnt the examination from the netpage examination main page (see Figure 48) The user may obtain the netpage examination ma page (Figure 49) from a vaπety of links, such as from the netpage directory, or from a bookmark available to the netpage user An examination will often be associated with a specified pnnt time, and the examination paper cannot be pnnted pnor to this time Figure 49 illustrates a sample Examination Main Page 516 This shows the examination descnption, the examination status, the pnnt time, the start time, the end time and the examination time limit The user signs the form and clicks the <pnnt exam> button to pnnt the examination If the examination is pre-pnnted for distnbution in a classroom environment, all examinees receive a genenc version of the examination paper If the examination is pnnted on the examinee's netpage pnnter, the examinee's name may be pnnted on the examination paper 8.3.2 Completing the Examination The sample examination page 517 is shown in Figure 50 The user completes the examination using their netpage pen, the user's input being transmitted to the nearest netpage pπnter and sent to the examination application via a page server For multiple choice questions each option is pnnted beside a checkbox, and the user marks the checkbox for the option or options they believe to be coπect For essay-style questions the user wntes their answer in the field below the question Each examination page has a <Reset Form> button If the user clicks the <Reset Form> button a blank form is pnnted and the examinee can start afresh An examination may have a specified start time, in which case no user input can be submitted pnor to this time Any changes made to the examination paper before the examination start time is ignored An examination may have a specified end time The examination must be completed/submitted by this time, and no user input can be submitted after this time Any changes made to the examination paper after the examination end time is ignored An examination may have a time limit, indicating the amount of time the user has to complete the examination If the examination has a pπnt time, but no start time, the time limit may be measured from the pπnt time If the examination has a start time the time limit is measured from the examination start time As mentioned above, an examination may compπse multiple choice questions, including checkboxes, or may compnse essay-style questions Essay-style answers are stored as digital ink, and may be optionally converted to text using handwntmg recognition 8.3.3 Submitting the Examination Examination questions can be implemented within a hyperlinked group with the "submit delta" set In this case each stroke is timestamped and transmitted to the application as it is wntten, signifying that all user input can be captured by the application, up until the end of the examination The user can still make changes to previously completed questions until the examination ends Alternatively, the examination can have one or more <Submιt> buttons When the user presses <Submιt>, the form is submitted to the application Each stroke can be timestamped so that the application can choose to ignore anything wntten after the examination end time, making it more difficult for the user to make changes to forms already submitted However, in that case, the user must ensure he or she has submitted all pages of the examination Each netpage form may have a selected lifetime, after which the form expires and can no longer be submitted Each form may additionally or alternatively have an auto-freeze time The form can be submitted after this time but any changes made after the auto-freeze time are ignored To prove their identity the examinee can be required to sign the form at the start of the examination, and the netpage system allows the signature to be venfied from records using known signature venfication techniques Optionally, the user can sign the examination at the end of the examination, or can sign each page, in order to sign off on the content of the examination If this is the case, it must be made clear to the examinee that signing freezes the content and that subsequent changes will be ignored 8.3.4 Marking Examinations Multiple choice questions can be automatically marked by the examination apphcation If a completed examination is pnnted by a marker, extra fields can optionally be pnnted for essay style questions to allow the marker to enter the score and comments against the answer CONCLUSION Clearly, many alternative and additional features to those descnbed above are possible and will be evident to the skilled reader Whilst the invention has been illustrated and descnbed in the context of a particular example thereof, it will be appreciated by the skilled reader that it may be implemented in other ways Furthermore, many modifications to the detailed features descnbed may be envisaged, and it is understood that any such modifications and/or additions to the embodiment specifically descnbed and illustrated herein may be made without departing from the spiπt or scope of the invention

Claims: CLAIMS 1 A method of enabling examinations, the method including the steps of providing a user involved in an examination exercise with an exercise form containing coded data indicative of an identity of the exercise form and of at least one reference point of the exercise form, receiving, in a computer system, response data from a sensing device operable by said user, said data regarding the identity of the exercise form and a position of the sensing device relative to the exercise form, the sensing device, when placed in an operative position relative to the exercise form, sensing the coded data and providing said response data from said coded data 2 The method of claim 1, the exercise form containing information relating to the examination exercise, the method including the steps of sensing, using at least some of the coded data, indicating data using the sensing device placed in an operative position relative to the exercise form, and identifying, in the computer system and from the indicating data, at least one parameter relating to the examination exercise 3 The method of claim 2 in which said at least one parameter relating to the examination exercise is associated with at least one zone of the exercise form, and m which the method includes identifying, in the computer system and from the zone relative to which the sensing device is located, said at least one parameter 4 The method of claim 3 including receiving in the computer system, data regarding movement of the sensing device relative to the exercise form, the sensing device sensing its movement relative to the exercise form using at least some of the coded data, and identifying, in the computer system and from said movement being at least partially within said at least one zone, said at least one parameter 5 A method of enabling examinations, the method including the steps of providing a user involved in an examination exercise with an exercise form containing information relating to the examination exercise and including coded data indicative of at least one parameter of the examination exercise, receiving, in a computer system, data from a sensing device operable by said user, said data regarding said at least one parameter and regarding movement of the sensing device relative to the exercise form, the sensing device, when moved relative to the exercise form, sensing the data regarding said at least one parameter using at least some of the coded data and generating the data regarding its own movement relative to the exercise form, inteφreting, in the computer system, said movement of the sensing device as it relates to said at least one parameter 6 A method of enabling examinations, the method including the steps of providing a user involved in an examination exercise with an exercise form including coded data indicative of an identity of the exercise form, receiving, a computer system, data from a sensing device regarding an identity of the user and regarding the ldentity of the exercise form, the sensing device containing the data regarding the identity of the user and sensing the data regarding the identity of the exercise form using at least some of the coded data, and identifying, in the computer system and from the data regarding the identity of the user and the identity of the exercise form, an examination activity 7 The method of claim 6, in which the coded data is also indicative of at least one parameter of the examination exercise, and the method includes receiving, in the computer system, indicating data from the sensing device regarding said at least one parameter of the examination exercise, the sensing device sensing the indicating data using at least some of the coded data 8 The method of claim 7 which includes receiving, in the computer system, data from the sensing device regarding movement of the sensing device relative to the exercise form, the sensing device generating data regarding its own movement relative to the exercise form 9 The method of claim 2, 5 or 7, in which the parameter is an action parameter of the examination exercise, the method including effecting, in the computer system, an operation in respect of the action parameter 10 The method of claim 9 in which the action parameter of the examination exercise is selected from the group compπsing pnnting one or more exercise forms, repnnting an exercise form, and submitting a response relating to the examination exercise 11 The method of claim 2, 5 or 7, in which the parameter is an option parameter of the examination exercise, the method including identifying, in the computer system, that the user has entered a hand-drawn mark by means of a sensing device and effecting, in the computer system, an operation associated with the option parameter 12 The method of claim 11 in which the option parameter is associated with a multiple choice test 13 The method of claim 2, 5 or 7, m which the parameter is a text parameter of the examination exercise, the method including identifying, in the computer system, that the user has entered handwπtten text data by means of the sensing device and effecting, in the computer system, an operation associated with the text parameter 14 The method of claim 13 which includes converting, m the computer system, the handwπtten text data to computer text 15 The method of claim 13, m which the text parameter is associated with at least one of a user's identification, a response relating to the examination exercise, and an examination exercise identification 16 The method of claim 2, 5 or 7, in which the parameter is an authonzation parameter of the examination exercise, the method including identifying, in the computer system, that the user has entered a handwπtten signature by means of the sensing device and effecting, in the computer system, an operation associated with the authonzation parameter. 17 The method of claim 16 which includes veπfymg, in the computer system, that the signature is that of the user 18 The method of claim 17 in which the authonzation parameter is associated with submitting a response relating to the examination exercise 19 The method of claim 2, 5 or 7, in which the parameter is a graphical parameter of the examination exercise, the method including identifying, in the computer system, that the user has entered hand-drawn graphical information by means of the sensing device and effecting, in the computer system, an operation associated with the graphical parameter 20 The method of claim 19 in which the graphical parameter is associated with submitting a response to the examination exercise 21 The method of claim 1, 5 or 6, in which the exercise form contains infoπnation relating to at least one of an exercise form pnnt time, an examination exercise start time, an examination exercise end time, an examination exercise duration, an examination exercise status, a multiple choice examination, a wntten response examination, an examination exercise date, an examination exercise title, an examination exercise descnption, a user's identification, and information for users, concerning the examination exercise 22 The method of claim 1 , 5 or 6 in which includes pnnting the exercise form on demand 23 The method of claim 22 which includes pnnting the exercise form on a surface of a surface-defining means and, at the same time that the exercise form is pnnted, pnnting the coded data on the surface 24 The method of claim 23 which includes pnnting the coded data to be substantially invisible in the visible spectrum 25 The method of claim 1 , 5 or 6, which includes retaining a retrievable record of each exercise form generated, the exercise form being retnevable using its identity as contained in its coded data 26 The method of claim 1 , 5 or 6, which includes distnbutmg a plurality of the exercise forms using a mixture of multicast and pointcast communications protocols 27 The method of claim 1 , 5 or 6, in which the sensing device contains an identification means which lmparts a unique identity to the sensing device and identifies it as being associated with a particular user and in which the method includes monitoπng, in the computer system, said identity 28 The method of claim 1, 5 or 6, which includes providing all required information relating to the examination exercise on the at least one exercise form, to eliminate the need for a separate display device 29 The method of claim 1 , 5 or 6, in which the exercise form is provided on multiple pages and in which the method includes binding the pages 30 The method of claim 1, 5 or 6, in which additional communication means is provided between the user and a provider of the exercise form 31 The method of claim 1, 5 or 6, in which the exercise form is an examination paper, and in which the user is an examinee 32 A system for enabling examinations, the system including at least one exercise form containing coded data indicative of an identity of the exercise form and of at least one reference point of the exercise form, a computer system for receiving response data from a sensing device operated by a user involved in an examination exercise, said data regarding the identity of the exercise form and a position of the sensing device relative to the exercise form, the sensing device, when placed in an operative position relative to the exercise form, sensing the coded data and providing said response data from said coded data 33 The system of claim 32, the exercise form containing infoπnation relating to the examination exercise, the computer system receiving indicating data from the sensing device for identifying at least one parameter relating to the examination exercise 34 The system of claim 33 in which said at least one parameter relating to the examination exercise is associated with at least one zone of the exercise form 35 The system of claim 32 including the sensing device, the sensing device sensing its movement relative to the exercise form using at least some of the coded data 36 A system for enabling examinations, the system including at least one exercise form containing information relating to an examination exercise, the exercise form including coded data indicative of at least one parameter of the examination exercise, and a computer system for receiving data from a sensing device operated by a user involved in the examination exercise, said data regarding said at least one parameter and regarding movement of the sensing device relative to the exercise form, and for inteφreting said movement of the sensing device as it relates to said at least one parameter, the sensing device, when moved relative to the exercise form, sensing the data regarding said at least one parameter using at least some of the coded data and generating the data regarding its own movement relative to the exercise form 37 A system for enabling examinations, the system including at least one exercise form including coded data indicative of an identity of the exercise form, and a computer system for receiving data from a sensing device operated by a user involved in the examination exercise, said data regarding an identity of the user and the identity of the exercise form, and for identifying, from said received data, an examination activity, the sensing device containing the data regarding the identity of the user and sensing the data regarding the identity of the exercise form using at least some of the coded data 38 The system of claim 37 in which the coded data is also indicative of at least one parameter of the examination activity, the computer system receiving indicating data from the sensing device regarding said at least one parameter of the examination activity, and the sensing device sensing the indicating data using at least some of the coded data 39 The system of claim 38 which includes the sensing device, the sensing device sensing its movement relative to the exercise form 40 The system of claim 33, 36 or 38, in which said at least one parameter of the examination exercise is selected from the group compnsing an action parameter of the examination exercise, an option parameter of the examination exercise, a text parameter of the examination exercise, an authonzation parameter of the examination exercise, and a graphical parameter of the examination exercise 41 The system of claim 40 in which the action parameter is selected from the group compnsing pnnting one or more exercise forms, repπntmg an exercise form, and submitting a response relating to the examination exercise 42 The system of claim 40 in which the option parameter is associated with a multiple choice test 43 The system of claim 40 in which the text parameter is associated with at least one of a user's identification, a response relating to the examination exercise, and an examination exercise identification 44 The system of claim 40 in which the authonzation parameter is associated with submitting a response relating to the examination exercise 45 The system of claim 40 m which the graphical parameter is associated with submitting a response relating to the examination exercise 46 The system of claim 32, 36 or 37, in which the sensing device includes a marking nib 47 The system of claim 32, 36 or 37, in which the sensing device contains an identification means which imparts a unique identity to the sensing device and identifies it as being associated with a particular user 48 The system of claim 32, 36 or 37 in which the exercise form is pnnted on a surface of a surface- defining means and in which the system includes a pπnter for pnnting the exercise form on the surface on demand 49 The system of claim 48 m which the pnnter pnnts the coded data on the surface at the same time as pnnting the exercise form on the surface 50 The system of claim 32, 36 or 37, in which the coded data is substantially invisible in the visible spectrum 51 The system of claim 32, 36 or 37, which includes a database for keeping a retπevable record of each exercise form generated, each exercise form being retπevable by using its identity as included in its coded data 52 The system of claim 48 in which, to cater for an exercise form pnnted on multiple pages, the pπnter includes a binding means for binding the pages 53 The system of claim 32, 36 or 37, including additional communication means for communication between the user and a provider of the exercise form 54 The system of claim 32, 36 or 37 for use by an examinee as user, m which the exercise form is an examination form

Inventors: LAPSTUN JACQUELINE ANNE, LAPSTUN PAUL, SILVERBROOK KIA, LAPSTUN, JACQUELINE, ANNE, LAPSTUN, PAUL, SILVERBROOK, KIA
Applicants: LAPSTUN JACQUELINE ANNE, LAPSTUN PAUL, SILVERBROOK KIA, SILVERBROOK RES PTY LTD, LAPSTUN, JACQUELINE, ANNE, LAPSTUN, PAUL, SILVERBROOK RESEARCH PTY LTD, SILVERBROOK, KIA
Application year: 2000
Main classification: G06F17
IPC codes: G03B15, G03B17, G06F3, G06F13, G06F17, G06Q30, G06Q50, G09B7, H04N5, H04N101