TRANSFER OF SECURITY ASSOCIATION DURING A MOBILE TERMINAL HANDOVER

Abstract: An existing security association is re-established when a communication handover event occurs in a radio communications system such as IEEE 082.11 or a HIPERLAN wherein the existing security association between a mobile terminal and a wireless communication network is maintained when the communication handover occurs within the network. Authentication during a handover event is achieved by a challenge/response procedure. In accordance with the challenge/response procedure each member of a communication pair that is made up of a new access point and the mobile terminal that is experiencing a handover to the new access point sends a challenge to the other member of the communication pair. Each member of the communication pair then calculates a response to its received challenge, and these responses are sent back to the other member of the communication pair. Each member of the communication pair then compares its received response to a correct response. When these comparisons are correct, payload communication begins between the second access point and the mobile terminal.

Description: TRANSFER OF SECURITY ASSOCIATION DURING A MOBILE TERMINAL HANDOVER FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to radio communications systems of which a w ireless local area network (WLAN) is a non-limiting example More specifically this invention relates to providing information security when a mobile terminal is handed-over from a first base station or access point (AP) to a second base station or access point (AP) BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In a minimum configuration, a communication system is formed by a transmitting station and a receiving station that are interconnected by a communication channel Communication signals generated by the transmitting station are transmitted upon the communication channel and received by the receiving station In a radio communication system at least a portion of the communication channel is formed by a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum Increased mobility of communications is permitted m a radio communication system because a fixed or a hard-wired connection is not required between the transmitting and receiving stations A cellular communication system, of which a cellular telephone system is an example, is an example of a radio communication system When the mobile terminal of a subscriber to a cellular communication system is physically positioned at almost any location throughout an area that is encompassed by the network infrastructure of the cellular communication system, the mobile terminal is able to communicate by way of the cellular communication system with another mobile terminal The network infrastructure of an exemplary wireless communication system includes physically spaced-apart base stations 01 access points (APs) which each include a transceivei In such an exemplary system, each base station or AP defines a geographic area or cell of the communications system As a first mobile terminal is used to communicate w ith a second mobile terminal, and as the first mobile terminal travels or moves between the cells of the system, uninterrupted communication is possible by handing-ovei communications from one base station to another base station Such a communication handover is provided by a handover process A High Performance radio Local Area Network such as HIPERLAN type-2 supports three kinds of handover HIPERLAN/2 PROVIDES HIGH SPEED (typically 25 Mb/s data rate) communications between portable devices and broadband IP, ATM and UMTS networks, and is capable of supporting multiple media applications, with the typical application being indoors HIPERLAN/2 provides local wireless access to different infrastructure networks (e g IP, ATM and UMTS) by moving and stationary terminals that interact with access points which, in turn, usually aie connected to an IP, ATM, or UMTS backbone A number of access points aie required to service the network The wireless netwoik as a whole supports handovers of connections between access points to piovide mobility Typical operating environments include business networks and domestic premises networks An overview of HIPERLAN '2 access networks is provided by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) document DTR/BRAN- 00230002, 1998, incorporated herein by reference Depending upon the mobile terminal' s handover decision, sector handover (mter-sector), radio handover (inter access point transceiver/inter access point handover), network handover (inter access point/inter network handover) or forced handover may occur in accordance with HIPERLAN/2 Prior to the execution of a handovei , the mobile teiminal must gathei relevant measurements on the frequenc that is used by the cunent access point, as well as on the frequencies that are used by access points that are candidates for a handover Measurements on the serving frequency can be carried out by the mobile terminal while it is synchronized to the current access point However, m order to measure the Irequencv of neighboiing access points, the mobile terminal must be temporaiily absent tiom the current access point During a mobile terminal absent procedure the mobile teiminal is temporarily disconnected from the current access point, in order that the mobile terminal can perform measurements on neighboring access points During this time, no communication between the mobile terminal and the current access point is possible As part of this absent procedure, the mobile terminal tells the current access point that it will be absent for n-frames During this absent period, the mobile terminal cannot be reached by the current access point After the absent period, the current access point may trigger a mobile terminal alive sequence to check if the mobile teiminal is available During a sector handover the antenna sectoi ot the access point is changed, and the same access point controls the entire handovei Aftei a successful sector handover, the mobile terminal communicates via the new sector A radio handover relates to access points having moie than one transceivei per access point, for example two access point transceivei s and one access point controllei Radio handovei is peiformed when a mobile teiminal moves from a coverage area of one access point to another coverage area that is served by the same access point Since radio handover can be performed within the data link control (DLC) layer, higher layer protocols (HL) are not involved When the mobile terminal detects the need toi a handover to another access point controller, the mobile teiminal may still synchronize to the current access point In this case the mobile teiminal may notify its access point controller that the mobile terminal will perform a handover to another access point controllei In the case oi a radio handov er all relevant information about on-going connections, secuπty parameters, etc are available in the access point, so that this information is not re-negotiated A network handover is carried out w hen a mobile teiminal moves fiom one access point to another access point Since the mobile terminal leaves the serving area of a radio control link (RLC) instance, a network handover involves the convergence layer (CL) and the HL (as may be needed), as well as DLCI To maintain HL association and connections, specific signaling via the backbone may be needed When the mobile terminal detects the need for handover to another (target) access point, the mobile terminal may still be synchronized to the current access point In this case, the mobile terminal may notify the current access point that it will perform a handover to another access point The notified access point shall then stop transmitting to that mobile terminal, but shall maintain association for a specified time, when indicated Forced handover gives a current access point the opportunity to oider a certain mobile terminal to leave the current access point's cell A forced handover is initiated by the access point sending a Force_Handover signal to the mobile terminal In one procedure the mobile terminal performs a normal handover and leaves its old cell, regardless ot whether it finds a new cell In a second procedure the mobile tei minal has the opportunity to come back to the old access point if handover fails For further discussion of HIPLERLAN/2 featuies see the Broadband Radio Access Networks (BRAN), HIPERLAN type 2 Functional Specification, Radio Link Control (RLC) that are piovided bv the ETSI standardization organization, incorporated herein by reference Several types of wireless communication systems have been implemented, and others have been proposed, to encompass limited geographic areas, foi example a limited area that is encompassed by a building or by an office workplace within a building Wireless communication systems such as microcellular networks, private netwoiks, and WLANs aie exemplary of such systems Wireless communication systems are typically constructed pursuant to standards that are promulgated by a regulatoiy or a quasi-regulatory body For instance, the IEEE 802 1 1 standard promulgated by the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering) is a wireless local area network (LAN) standard pertaining generally to the commercial 2 4 GHz wireless LAN The 802 1 1 standard specifies an interface between a wireless terminal and a base station or access point, as well as among wireless terminals Standards pertaining to a physical layer and a media access contiol (MAC) layer are set forth in such a standard This standaid permits automatic medium sharing between different devices that include compatible physical layers Asynchronous data transfer is provided foi in the standard, generally by way of the MAC layer, utilizing a carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) communication scheme While the IEEE 802 1 1 standard provides foi wneless communications through the use of mobile terminals that aie constructed to be mutually operable pursuant to such a standard, the standard does not adequately provide for real time wireless services Foi instance, in an implementation of the standard a significant loss of qualit is sometimes experienced during handover of communications from one AP to anothei AP Excessive numbeis of data frames are susceptible to being lost or delayed, lesultmg m the loss of communication quality, or even termination of communications Operational modes different than that set foith in the IEEE 802 1 1 standaid are therefore required, particularly foi leal time neless services Proprietary functions have been pioposed hich permit improved quality of communications as compared to opeiation pui suant to the existing IEEE 802 1 1 standard APs and mobile teimmals that ai e operable to pei form such proprietary functions are refeπed to as being propπetaiy mode capable However, both ends of a communication pair, consisting of a mobile terminal and the AP through which the mobile terminal communicates, must be capable of operation m the propπetaiy mode If both ends of the communication pair are not together operable pursuant to the proprietary mode, conventional operation pursuant to the IEEE 802 1 1 standard is required Therefore, prior to permitting both ends of the communication pair to operate in the proprietary mode, a determination must be made of the ability of both ends of the communication pair together to be operable pursuant to the proprietary mode The above mentioned copendmg patent application provides apparatus that is operable to identify whether both ends of the communication pan aie togethei operable in the proprietary mode, the apparatus operating to activate both ends of the communication pair to operate in the pioprietaiy mode when it is determined that pair-compatibility exits, and the apparatus therealtei operating to maintain the proprietary mode opeiation dining handovei procedures should a mobile terminal physically move fiom a cell that is serviced by a first AP to a cell that is seived by a second AP In addition to the valuable features that are piovided by the apparatus of this copend g application, it would be desnable to re-establish a security association as such an AP-to-AP handovei occuis Many customers, and particularly business env nonments, l equire a high degree of data security, and this data security cannot be compiomised by use of a WLAN installation Since access to the WLAN cannot be restncted physically, it is customary to use ciytographical methods to protect transmitted data and network elements C ui ient IEEE 802 1 1 and ITEF Internet standards offei two complementaiv mechanisms for pi ovidmg secui e data communications over a w ireless link. 1 e Internet Protocol Secuiit (IPSEC) IPSEC is an IP-based secui it} protocol that provides FOR secure communication between two IP hosts A common use of the IPSEC piotocol is m the building of Virtual Private Netwoiks (VPNs) In WLAN systems the IPsec protocol can be used to provide end-to-end security for data packets, this security being provided by authenticating and/or encrypting the transmitted data packets IPsec uses symmetric cryptography that requires use of the same enciyption and/or authentication key at both ends of a communication link Scalable key management protocols such as IKE can be used to geneiate the symmetnc keys foi an IPsec stack While the Internet Key Exchange (IKE) kev management protocol is useful for the establishment of an IP level secui it association during an initial mobile-teimmal/access-point association, w hen the need foi a communication handover occurs, the use of IKE oi othei similai piotocols inflicts a considerable time delay on accomplishing the hando ei since such piotocols require the exchange of multiple messages, the their use of public key encryption requires very heavy computation Since a handover of the payload traffic can be lesumed only aftei an activ e secui ity association has been established between the new-AP and the mobile teiminal the use of the IKE key management piotocol or other such protocols piesents problems during the handover When any security protocol with a dynamic enciyption key , i e a session- dependent dynamic key, is applied betw een a mobile teiminal and an AP, it is desirable to find a mechanism for the tiansfei of an active secui ity association from one AP to another AP, as the mobile teiminal moves within the coveiage that is provided by the wireless radio network oi system It is in light of this background information that the piesent invention provides a low or short delay method/apparatus for the key management and security association re-establishment during a WLAN communication handover, wherein there is no need to modify the end-to-end security association during handover (e g IPsec payload connections between the mobile terminal and a server), and wherein the handover affects only the security functions between the mobile terminal and the new and old APs SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to radio communications to the IEEE 802 1 1 2 4 GHz WLAN standard, to high performance radio local area networks (HIPERLANs), to the ETSI HIPERLAN type 2 standard, and to IPSEC level security association between a wireless terminal and netwoik elements The invention finds utility in any IP based w iieless network, examples of w hich include ETSI BRAN and IEEE 802 1 1 In addition the invention finds utility when a mobile terminal moves between tw o IPSEC l outei entities wheie a wireless terminal communicates ith an endpomt that it, not a wiieless access point The present invention provides an efficient method/apparatus for reestablishing an existing security association w hen a handover e ent occui s in a radio communications system such as an IEEE 802 1 1 01 a HIPERLAN Operation of this invention increases hando ei pei tormance and minimizes the delay that is associated with re-negotiating an security association between a new AP and a mobile terminal The invention provides an efficient way to maintain an established security association between a mobile teiminal and the wireless communication network when a handover occurs w ithin the network An example of the utility of the invention is a WLAN having Internet Protocol Secuπty (IPsec) based security association between the APs and the mobile terminals that are within the WLAN Howevei , the invention also finds utility for maintaining any type of dynamic security association, such as HIPERLAN/2 radio level security functions In accordance with the invention, authentication of a mobile terminal during a handover event is achieved by a challenge/response procedure In accordance with this challenge/response procedure the new AP sends a challenge to the mobile terminal, whereupon the mobile terminal (MT) l esponds bv sending a response to the new AP An authentication key for both ends of the communication pair that is made up of a mobile terminal and an AP is originally generated by a scaleable key management protocol, for example Internet Ke\ Exchange (IKE ) Security associations are transferred between the vanous APs that aie w ithin the wireless communication system in oidei to a oid the need foi a new and different key exchange duimg each handover The keys and their related information aie requested by a new AP during a handover process, and the keys and othei information aie tiansferred fiom the old AP to the new AP in one or more handov ei messages that pass between the old AP and the new AP The exchange of authentication challenges and the responses thereto are integrated into handov ei signaling that occurs between the new AP and the mobile teiminal that is involved in the handovei In accordance with a feature of the invention the messages aie medium access control (MAC) messages It is to be noted that this invention' s feature of pio iding access point authentication is a desirable but an optional featuie While a secure connection is preferred between access points, such a feature is not required by the spirit and scope of the invention These and other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent to those of skill m the art upon reference to the following detailed description of the invention, which description makes leference to the drawing BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG 1 is a showing of a communication system in w hich an embodiment of the present invention is operable FIG 2 is a showing of a forward handover process in accordance with the invention FIG 3 is a showing of a backward handovei process in accordance with the invention FIGS 4A-4C provide another showing of the forward handover piocess of FIG 2 FIGS 5A-5C provide another showing of the backw ard handovei piocess of FIG 3 FIG 6 is a showing of a HIPERLAN/2 foiced handover in accordance with the invention FIG 7 is a showing of a HIPERLAN/2 forw aid handover m accordance with the invention DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION FIG 1 is an example of a communication system that provides for radio communications with and between a plurality of mobile terminals, of which mobile terminal 12 is an example In another example, an access point covers the radio interface and fixed network bridge, with the access points connected to the fixed network, this example not requiring the CCU shown m FIG 1 Communication system 10 forms a WLAN that provides radio communications with a plurality of mobile teimmals 12 as set forth m the IEEE 802 1 1 standard, as well as, potentially, pursuant to a proprietary mode of operation, as is described in the above mentioned copendmg patent application Other communication systems are analogous, and operation of the present invention is also operable m such othei communication systems WLAN 10 includes a plurality of spaced-apai t APs 1 and 1 14 that are individually located at two spaced-apai t geogi aphic locations While only two APs 14, 1 14 shown, in actual piactice a gieatei number of APs aie utilized APs 14, 1 14 are sometimes refeπed to as base stations or remote antenna devices (RADs) The term "access point", "AP", or "ap" shall generally be used heiem to identify devices that foim points of access to the network lnfrastiucture of communication system 1 0 The term ' mobile terminal", "MT" oi "mt" shall generally be used to identify de ices that foim points of access to access points Each of the APs 14, 1 14 includes radio transceivei cncuitry 16 that is capable of transceivmg radio communication signals with mobile terminals 12 when the mobile terminals aie positioned within communication lange of a particular AP Generally, a mobile terminal 12 communicates w ith an AP 14, 1 14 when the mobile terminal is positioned ithin a geogi aphic ai ea oi cell 1 8, 1 18 that is proximate to and defined by a given access point In FIG 1 , cell 1 8 is associated with access point 14, mobile terminal 12 resides within cell 18, and cell 1 18 is associated with access point 1 14 Note that mode selector 34 is included only when an implementation of the invention uses proprietary radio link level messages, this not being a required implementation of the invention Access points 14, 1 14 are coupled to a cential control unit (CCU) 22 CCU 22 is typically a hub or an IP router CCU 22 provides foi connections to an external communication netwoik backbone 24 Although not shown, other communication devices, such as othei communication stations and othei communication networks are typically coupled to communication network backbone 24 In this way, a communication path can be foimed to provide foi communications between a mobile teiminal 12 and communication stations that are coupled, either directly or lndπectly, to communication netwoik backbone 24 Also, local communication between the plurality of mobile terminals 12 is permitted In a communication between pan s of mobile terminals 12, the communication path formed theiebetween includes two sepaiate radio-links APs 14, 1 14 include control elements 28 that peifoim various contiol functions related to operation of the lespecti e APs In FIG 1 control elements 28 are each shown to include a compaiator 32, a mode selectoi 34 and a handovei availability determmei 36 w hich contiol elements aie functional and aie implemented in any desu ed mannei such as foi example algorithms that are executable by processing cucuitiy In another implementation, the functions that are pei formed by such elements are located elsewhere, such as at mobile terminals 12 as indicated by block 28', oi at CCU 22 as indicated by block 28" Thus the functions perfoimed by the control elements can be distributed amongst seveial diffeient de ices Note that in accordance with the invention, compaiatoi 32 includes secui ity functions, and blocks 28 include medium access contiol (MAC) functions In the construction and arrangement of FIG 1 , and as taught by the above mentioned copending patent application, a communication pair that consists of an AP 14, 1 14 and a mobile terminal 12 are operable pursuant to a IEEE 802 1 1 standard-mode when it is determined that the communication pair are not both proprietary-mode compatible, or thev ai e opei able pui suant to the propπetaiy-mode when it is determine that both members of the communication pair are propπetaiy-mode capable In older to produce this result, a comparator 32 receives identifiers that identify the operable-mode of both the mobile terminal and the access point that form a communication pair A mode selector 34 then selects the standard-mode of operation or the proprietary-mode of operation foi communication between the mobile teiminal and the access point As the physical position of a mobile teiminal 12 changes fiom cell 18 to cell 1 1 8 during a given communication session, mobile terminal 12 leaves a first geographic area 18 that is serviced by AP 14, and then enter a second geographic area 1 18 that is serviced by AP 1 14. This cell-to-cell or area-to- area movement requires a handover of communications from the old-AP 14 that is associated with the first area 18 to the new-AP 1 14 that is associated with the second area 1 18, thus permitting continued communication with mobile terminal 12. Handover availability determiner 36 provides indications to mobile terminal 12 of the available APs to which a handover of communications is possible, this availability being contained in an available access point list 38 that contains the identities of the APs that are available for the handover of communications. Available access point list 38 can be communicated to the mobile terminals 12 at selected time intervals, or access point list 38 can be provided to each mobile terminal 12 when the mobile terminal is initially activated, or a network prefix or list of network prefixes can be used to provide the same goal. In this explanation of the invention it will be assumed that a security association (SA) exists between mobile terminal 12 and the current or old- AP 14. That is, it will be assumed that mobile terminal 12 and AP 14 share the same common set of keys and other information that is necessary to achieve the security function(s). In accordance with the invention, this established and shared security association is transferred from old-AP 14 to new-AP 1 14, in a secure fashion, as mobile terminal moves from cell 1 8 to cell 1 1 8. This transfer is made in a very fast manner by minimizing the number of message that are needed to effect the transfer, and by eliminating the use of public key encryption. As a result, the interruption of a payload traffic transfer to and from mobile terminal 12 is minimized, any interruption of this type being very important foi leal-time seivices such as Voice ovei IP (VOIP) and video distribution In accordance with the invention, an authentication key 01 secuπty association for both ends of the communication link ( 1 e the link that involves mobile terminal 12 and AP 14) is geneiated by a sealable key management protocol, such as IKE, it being noted that Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol can also be utilized Later, when mobile terminal 12 moves fiom cell 1 8 and its AP 14 to cell 1 I S and its AP 1 14, authentication during the handovei process is achieved by the invention's simple challenge/iesponse piocedui e Also, secuπty associations aie transferred between old-AP 14 and new-AP 1 14, thus avoiding the need for a new key exchange during a handovei fi om old-AP 14 to new-AP 1 14 During the challenge/response procedure, new-AP 1 1 8 sends a challenge to mobile terminal 12, whereupon mobile terminal 12 sends a response to new- AP 1 18 In addition, mobile terminal 12 authenticates new-AP 1 1 8 in a similar manner during the handovei The keys and related information aie requested by new -AP 1 14. wheieupon they are transferred from old-AP 14 to new -AP 1 14 m handover messages Similarly, the exchange of the authentication challenges and the responses thereto are integrated into the handover signaling that occui s between new -AP 1 14 and mobile terminal 12 FIG 2 shows a forward handov ei ( HO) pi ocess 20 m accordance with the invention, this being a preferred embodiment of the invention In foi ward handover process 20 the handover signaling is sent between mobile terminal (MT or mt) 12 and ne -access point (AP 01 ap) 1 14 I his type of handovei is especially useful when radio link 21 is lost ithout pπoi arning FIG 3 shows a backwaid handov ei (HO ) pi ocess 30 in uccoi dance w ith the invention In backwaid hando er piocess 30 handovei is l equested by mobile terminal 12 communication with old-AP 14, this lesulting in a somewhat different message sequence than is show n m FIG 2 During a backward handover a beneficial option is to use the l adio mteiface message 3 1 that carries the authentication challenge fiom old-AP 14 to mobile teiminal 12 to also trigger backward handovei 33 That is. authentication challenge 3 1 is used to indicate to mobile terminal 12 that it should disconnect from old-AP 14 and connect to new-AP 1 14 wheieat a secuπty association (SA) 35 has already been prepared for mobile terminal 12 As used herein the term "old-AP" means an access point such as access point 14 with which mobile terminal 12 is originally or currently communicating Thus, the term "old-AP" also means a * 'cuι ι ent-AP" with which mobile terminal 12 is communicating at a time that a communication handover is required As used herein the term "new-AP" means an access point such as access point 1 14 with which mobile terminal 12 must begin communicating because the mobile terminal has geographically mov ed from and old cell 1 8 to a new cell 1 1 8 Thus, the term "new-AP" also means a "futui e-AP" w ith w hich mobile terminal 12 will communicating aftei a communication handov ei has been completed In FIGS 2 and 3 IEEE 802 1 1 message names aie used, and additional parameters of the handover messages are show n How ever, this naming of the messages is not critical to the spnit and scope of this inv ention since the invention can be accomplished in other systems than IEEE 80211 The use of extended MAC (medium access contiol) messages in FIGS 2 and 3 to cam the additional parameters over the ladio mtei laces is ho e ei beneficial in that the need to send additional messages is avoided In order to guarantee secuπty, it is desnable that messages that cany the keys be ciphered Therefore, the tiansfei of secuiitv association oi SA and othei contiol traffic between APs 14,114 is shown as being enciypted and authenticated by IPsec The specific means whereby it is determined that mobile terminal 12 has physically moved relative to cells 18,118, such that handovei is required, is not critical to the present invention For example, the piocedure can be analogous to that used conventional time-division cellular systems that use mobile assisted handover procedures In general, mobile teiminal 12 tunes to control channels of the base stations or APs of adjacent cells such as cells 18,118, for example at timed intervals The signal strength, or some othei signal characteristic such as bit error rate, of the signals that are broadcast on these control channels are then measuies oi sensed by mobile terminal 12 Uplink signals that are based upon this measuiement at mobile terminal 12 die then sent by the mobile terminal to netwoik 1 , wheieupon netwoik 10 determines whethei a communication handovei should be effected When it is determined that handover is required, instiuctions are sent to mobile terminal 12, and the communication handovei piocess oi FIG 2 oi FIG 3 begins FIGS 4A-4C provide anothei showing of foi w id handovei piocess 20 wherein communication handovei of mobile teiminal 12 is pio ided lelatπe to old-AP 14 and new-AP 114 as mobile teiminal mo es fiom cell 18 to cell 118 In this figure a mobile terminal or MT is also referred to using the term "mt", and an access point or AP is also refeπed to using the term "ap" With reference to FIG 4A, foiwai d handov ei pi ocess 20 is initiated at mobilt terminal 12 by the yes output 400 of event 4 1 indicating that handov ei is lequned Mobile terminal 12 now opei ates at function 402 to activate its radio handover function At function 403 mobile terminal 12 generates a challenge to new-AP 1 14, whereupon at function 404 a MAC _REAS SOC IA 1 E_REQ message that contains "mt_challenge" is sent to new -A P 1 14 At function 405, new-AP 1 14 accepts message 404 w hereupon new -AP 1 14 operates at function 406 to send a handover request to old-AP 14 Old-AP 14 now operates at function 407 to l etπe e secuπty association parameters SA,SA from its security association database Old-AP 14 then operates at function 408 to send a handover request that contains the parameters SA,SA to new-AP 1 14 With reference to FIG 4B, new-AP 1 14 now operates at function 409 to cieate a security association (SA). opei ates at function 410 to genei ate a challenge to authenticate mobile teiminal 1 2. operates at function 41 1 to calculate a response to the "mt_challenge" that w as contained in FIG 4A's message 404, and operates at function 412 to send an MAC_AUTHENTICATE__REQ message to mobi le tei minal 1 2 Message 412 contains the "ap_response" that was calculated bv opei ation of function 41 1 contains the "ap_challenge" that as genei ated by opei ation of function 41 0, and contains "other information" Mobile terminal 12 now operates at function 41 3 to update its security association parameters, operates at function 414 to calculate a response to the "ap_challenge" that was leceiv ed by w ay of message 412. and opeiates at function 415 to compai e the "ap_ι esponse' that w as l eceived bv ay ol message 412 to the coirect oi expected lesponse When the comparison performed by function 41 5 pi oduccs a con ect compare, function 416 operates to authenticate new -AP 1 14. whei eupon function 41 7 operates to send a MAC_AUTHENTICATE_RESP message to new -AP 1 14, this message containing the "mt iesponse" that was calculated at function 414 With reference now to FIG 4C , at function 41 new -AP 1 14 opeiates to compaie the "mt_response" that it l eceived by w ay of message 41 7 to the proper or correct response, and when this compaπson produces the correct compare, function 419 operates to authenticate mobile terminal 12 New-AP 1 14 then operates at function 420 to send a MAC_REASSOCIATE_RESP message to mobile terminal 12, whereupon handover is completed and mobile terminal 12 thereafter operates at function 421 to lesume its payload traffic using new-AP 1 14 FIGS 5A-5C pi ovide another showing of backw ai d handover process 30 wherein communication handovei is provided loi mobile terminal 12 lelative to old-AP 14 and new-AP 1 14 In this figuie a mobile tei minal oi MT is also referred to using the term "mt", and an access point oi AP is also referred to using the term "ap" With refei ence to FIG 5 A., backw aid handov ei pi ocess 10 is initiated at mobile terminal 12 by the yes output 500 of e ent 501 indicating that handover is requned Mobile terminal 12 now opei ates at function 502 to send a handovei request to old-AP 14 When message 502 is received at old-AP 14. function 503 accepts the message, function 504 operates to retrie e security association parameters SA.SA from its security association ( SA ) data base, and function 505 operates to send a handover request that contains the parameters SA.SA to new -AP 1 14. Using the parameters SA.SA that were received in message 505. new-AP 1 14 now operates at function 506 to create its own security association ( SA) . New-AP 1 14 then operates at function 507 to generate a challenge to authenticate mobile terminal 12. and at function 508 a handover request is sent to old-AP 14. this request 508 including the "ap_challenge " that was generated at function 507, and "other information". With reference now to FIG. 5B, in response to message 508. old-AP 14 operates at function 509 to send a MAC_DIS ASSOCIATE message to mobile terminal 12, this message containing the "ap_challenge" and the "other information" that was old-AP 14 received from new-AP 1 14 by way of message 508. In response to message 509, mobile terminal 12 activates its radio handover function at 510. At function 51 1 mobile terminal 12 now updates its security association parameters, at function 51 1 mobile terminal 12 operates to calculate a response to the "ap_challenge " portion of messages 508 and 509. at function 513 mobile terminal 12 operates to generate a challenge to authenticate new-AP 1 14, and at function 5 1 4 mobi le terminal 12 send a MAC_REASSOCIATE_REQ message to new -AP 1 14. Message 5 14 contains the "mt_response" that was calculated at function 5 1 1 . the "mt_challenge" that was generated at function 512. and "other information". With reference now to FIG 5C, function 515 piovides authentication ol mobile terminal 12. function 516 compaies the ' mt_ιesponse" that was leceived by way of message 513 to the conect oi expected lesponse, function 517 calculates a lesponse to the "mt challenge" that was leceived by way ol message 513. and function 518 opeiates to send a MAC_REASSOCIATE_RESP ^ ENH message to mobile teiminal 12. message 518 containing the "ap_ιesponse" that was calculated by function 517 At function 519 mobile terminal 1 opeiates to authenticate new-AP 114 by comparing at function 520 the "ap_ι espouse contained in message 518 with the coirect or expected response, and as a lesult of this conect comparison, function 521 causes mobile terminal 12 to lesume payload tiaffic using new- AP 114 From the above it can be seen that the piesent invention provides a method/apparatus the provides for information secuiity when communication with a given mobile-terminal 12 is handed-over fiom a first access-point 14 to a second access-point 114 A communication system 10 is provided having a plurality of access-points, each access point seivmg a diffeient geogiaphic aiea that is within an oveiall geogiaphic aiea that is seived by communication system 10, and a plurality of mobile-teiminals 12 aie piovided vvheiein the mobile-terminals aie individually physicallv, moveable withm the overall geographic aiea and between the diffeient geogiaphic aieas In the handovei piocess/apparatus oi the invention, fust it is sensed hen a given mobile-terminal 12 moves fiom a communication-influence with a fust access-point 14 into a communication-influence with a second access-point 114 (see 401 of FIG 4A and 501 of FIG 5 A) When such a move is sensed secuiitv -association-paiameteis aie fetched fiom fust access-point 14 (see 407 oi riG 4 A and )4 ol I IG 5A) a secuiitv association is cieated at second access point 114 in accordance with the letπeved secuiity -association-paiameteis (see 409 of 1 IG 4B and 506 of UG 5 5 A) and a security association created at given mobile-terminal 12 in accordance with the letπeved security-association paiameteis (see 413 of riG 4B and 510 of FIG 5B) Also when such a move is sensed an authcntιcatc-dι_cess-poιnt-challenge is 10 sent fiom given mobile-teimmal 12 to the second access-point 114 (see 404 ol FIG 4A and 513 of FIG 5B), and an authenticate-mobile-teπninal-challengc is sent from second access-point 114 to given mobile-teimmal 12 (see 412 of FIG 4B and 508 of FIG 5A) Note that the above descπbed access-pomt- challenge is an optional feature of the invention 15 In response to the authenticate-access-pomt-challenge that is received from given mobile-terminal 12, second access-point 114 now generates an authenticate-access-point-response (see 411 of FIG 4B and 516 of FIG 5C), and this authenticate-access-pomt-iesponse is sent to gi en mobile teiminal 20 12 (see 412 of FIG 4B and 517 of FIG 5Ci In lesponse to the authenticate mobile-teiminal-challcnge that is lecei ed fiom second access-point 114, gi en mobile-teπninal 12 now calculates an authenticate-mobile-teimmal-iesponse (see 414 of 1 IU 4B and l of FIG ~> -> 5B), and this authenticate-mobile-teiminal-icsponse is sent to second access point 114 (see 41 " of TIG 4B and 311 of I lu SB) A first-compare at given mobile-teimmal 12 now operates to compaie the authenticate-access-pomt-response that is leceived fiom second access-point 30 114 to a correct or an expected response (see 415 of FIG 4B and 519 of FIG 71 5C), and a second-compaie at second access-point 1 14 now opei ates to compai e the authenticate-mobile-teiminal-i esponse that is l eceived fi om given mobile-terminal 12 to a conect oi an expected lesponse (see 418 oi FIG 4C and 515 of FIG 5C) Finally , communication is initiated betw een giv en mobile-teimmal 12 and second access-pomt 1 14 based upon the outcome of the f nst-compaie and tht second-compare (see 421 of FIG 4C and 520 o f UG 5C ) FIGS 6 and 7 show two additional embodiments of the mv ention While the specific details of the FIGS 6 and 7 embodiments diffei m the specific details thereof, the content of the FIGS 6 and "~ embodiments will be l eadi ly apparent by way of a comparison to the above described FIG 2, 3, 4A-4B, and 5A-5B embodiments of the invention While the invention has been described detail while making reference to preferred embodiments thereof, no part of this detailed description is not to be taken as a limitation on the spirit and scope of the invention, since it is known that others skilled m this art will readily v isualize yet other embodiments that are w ith the spirit and scope of this inv ention once the inv ention is geneially known

Claims: What is claimed is Claim 1 A method of piovid g lnioimation secuiitv when communication with a given mobile-teimmal is handed-ovei fiom a first access-point to a second access-point compπsing the steps of providing a communication s stem having a pluialitv of access-points each access point seivmg a diffeient geogiaphic aiea within an oveiall geogiaphic area that is served bv said communication system providing a plurality of mobile teπmnals that aie each physically moveable withm said oveiall geographic aiea and between said diffeient geographic areas, sensing when said given mobile-terminal moves from a communication-influence with said fust access-point into a communication- influence with said second access-point lespondmg to said sensing step by retrieving secuπty-association- parameters from said first access-point by ci eating a security association at said second access-point in accordance with said retrieved secuπty- association-paiameters, and by ci eating a secuiitv association at said gi en mobile-terminal in accordance with said letπe ed secuπt -asso ation- paiameters, and initiating communication between said given mobile-teimmal and said second access-point based upon said fiist-compaπng step and said second- comparing step Claim 2 The method of claim 1 including the steps of responding to said sensing step bv sending an authenticate-access- pomt-challenge fiom said given mobik-teiminal to said second access-point and by sending an authenticate-mobile-teiminal-challenge liom said second access-point to said given mobile-teim al generating an authenticate-access-pomt-i esponse at said second access- point in response to said authenticate-access-pυint-challenge leceived fi om said given mobile-terminal, sending said authenticate-access-pomt-i esponse to said given mobile- teiminal, generating an authenticate-mobile-tei minal-i esponse at said given mobile-terminal in lesponse to said authenticate-mobile-tei minal-challenge l eceived from said second access-point, sending said authenticate-mobile-teiminal-response to said second access-point, first-comparing said authenticate-access-po t-i esponse to a correct lesponse at said given mobile-terminal, second-comparing said authenticate-mobile-terminal-response to a correct response at said second access-point, and initiating communication between said given mobile-terminal and said second access-point based upon said first-comparing step and said second- comparing step Claim 3 The method of claim 2 wheiem said plurality of mobile- terminals have a media access conti ol layei and compatible phv sical lavei s and wherein said messages are media access conti ol messages Claim 4 The method of claim 3 wheiem said messages are transmitted within a wireless LAN such as IEEE 802 1 1 oi HIPERLAN/2 multiple access messages Claim 5 The method of claim 2 wheiem said communication system is a WLAN communication system w hei em a secui ity pi otocol is used to pi ov idc end-to-end security for data packets Claim 6 The method of claim 5 whei em said end-to-end security is pi ovided by authenticating and oi enci yptmg said data packets, and w hei em said security protocol provides symmetπc ci yptogi aphy l equirmg use of a same encryption and/oi authentication kev at both ends oi a communication Claim 7 The method of claim 6 w hei em a sealable key management protocol operates to genei ate symmetπc key foi said secuπty pi otocol Claim 8 The method of claim 6 inc luding the step of providing a session dependent d namic enci y ption key betw een said given mobile-terminal and said second access-point, and transferring an active security association from first access-point to said second access-point as said given mobile-terminal moves withm communication coverage that is pi ovided by said communication system Claim 9 The method of claim 4 including the steps of providing said communications system as a LAN , providing a server within said LAN providing key management and secuπtv assoc iation l e-estabhshment withm said LAN during a communication handov ei w ithout l equirmg a modification to an end-to-end secui itv association as communication continues during said communications handov ei such that said communications handover affects onlv secui itv functions betw een said mobile-terminal and said first and second access-points Claim 10 The method of claim 9 w hei em said L AN includes Internet Protocol Secuπty based security association betw een said plurality of access- points and said plurality of mobile-tei minals Claim 1 1 . The method of claim 1 w herein an authentication key is provided for both ends of a communication pair that is made up of said given mobile-terminal and said first and second access-points, said authentication key being generated by a scaleable key management protocol. Claim 12. The method of claim 1 wherein an authentication key or security association exists between said given mobile-terminal and said first access- point in accordance with a scaleable key management protocol; and wherein security associations are transferred between said plurality of access-points in order to avoid the need for a new key exchange during a communication handover. Claim 13. The method of claim 12 wherein said sealable key management protocol is IKE, and wherein security associations are transferred between said first access-point and said second access-point in manner to avoid a need for a new key exchange during said communication handover from said first access-point to said second access-point. Claim 14. The method of claim 13 including the step of encrypting messages that that carry the keys. Claim 15. A challenge/response method for maintaining a security association when a communication-handover event occurs in a radio communications system, comprising the steps of: providing a communication-pair that is made up of an access-point and a mobile-terminal that is experiencing a communication handover to said access-point; sending a first-challenge from said mobile-terminal to said access- point; sending a second-challenge from said access-point to said mobile- teimmal calculating a first-iesponse to said l eceiv ed fu st challenge at said access-point, sending said first-response to said mobile-tei mmal calculating a second-response to said l eceiv ed second-challenge at said mobile-terminal, sending said second-response to said access-pomt first-comparing said leceiv ed in st-iesponse to a con ect l esponse at said mobile-terminal, second-comparing said received second-i esponse to a coi rect response at said access-point, and beginning communication between said access-point and said mobile- terminal as a function of said fnst-compaπng step and said second-comparing step Claim 16 The method of claim 1 5 wheiem said radio communications system is selected from the group IEEE 802 1 1 and HIPERLAN Claim 17 The method of claim 1 5 w hei em said mobile-tei mmal is communication with a another access-pomt pπoi to said communication- handover event, and wheiem said secui ity association is a secuiity association that exists between said mobile-terminal and said anothei access-po t Claim 18 Apparatus for maintaining a giv en secuπty-association in a radio communications system w hen a communication-handov ei occurs as a mobile-terminal physically mov es fi om a fust geogi aphic ai ea that is seiv ed by a first commumcation-access-point to a second geogiaphic area that is served by a second commumcation-access-pomt said mobile-teimmal initially forming a first communication-pair w ith said first communication- access-pomt, and aftei said communication handov ei said mobile-teimmal foiming a second communication-pan w ith said second commumcation- access-po t each membei of said fu st communication pan hav ing said giv en secuπty-association associated thei ew ith the appai atus compπsmg first means at said mobile-teim al ioi sensing a need to initiate said communication-handov ei second means withm said l adio communications svstem and responsive to said fu st means sensing said need to initiate said communication-handov ei foi establishing said given secuπty -association at said second commumcation-access-pomt, third means at said mobile-teimmal foi geneiatmg an access-pomt- challenge as a function said given security-association and foi sending said access-point-challenge to said second communication-access-point, fourth means at said second commumcation-access-pomt foi generating a mobile-terminal-challenge as a function of said given security-association established at said second communication-access-point, and for sending said mobile-terminal-challenge to said mobile-terminal, fifth means at said mobile-terminal and responsive to said mobile- termmal-challenge tor geneiatmg a mobile-teπmnal-i esponse as a function oi said given security-association and foi sending said mobile-teriumal- l esponse to said second communication-acctss-point sixth means at said second commumcation-access-pomt and lesponsiv e to said access-point-challenge foi geneiatmg an access-pomt-iesponse as a function of said giv en security-association established at said second commumcation-access-pomt and foi sending said access-point-response to said mobile-terminal se enth means at said mobile-teimmal and l esponsiv e to said access- pomt-iesponse foi deteimmmg if said access point-i espouse is correct as a function of said given security-association eighth means at said second commumcation-access-pomt and l esponsive to said mobile-teimmal-i esponse foi deteimm g it said mobile terminal-response is coirect as a function of said giv en security-association established at said second communication-access point and ninth means withm said ladio communications svstem and responsiv e to said eighth and ninth means foi establishing said communication-handov ei when both said mobile-terminal-iesponse and said access-pomt-response are coirect Claim 19 The appaiatus of claim 1 8 w hei em said tadio communications system is selected from the group IEEE 802 1 1 and HIPERLAN Claim 20 A method for maintaining a given security-association m a radio communications system when a communication-handover of a mobile terminal occurs, said mobile-terminal initially forming a first communicaϋon- pair with said first communication-access-point, and after said communication-handover said mobile-terminal forming a second communication-pair with said second communication-access-pomt, each member of said first communication-pan hav ing said given secui ity - association associated therewith the method compi is g the steps of sensing a need to initiate said communication-handov ei responding to said need to initiate said communication-handovei and establishing said giv en security -association at said second communication- access-pomt in lesponse thereto generating at said mobile tei minal an access-pomt challenge as a function said giv en security -association sending said access-point challenge to said second coimuunication- access-pomt, generating at said second communication-access-point a mobiie- teimmal-challenge as a function of said giv en secui itv -association established at said second commumcation-access-pomt sending said mobile-teim al-challenge to said mobile-teimmal, l espondmg to said mobile-teimmal-challenge at said mobile-teimmal and geneiatmg a mobile-termmal-iesponse as a function of said given security-association sending said mobile-terimnal-i espouse to said second communication access-po t, responding to said access-pomt-challenge at said second commumcation-access-pomt and geneiatmg an access-pomt-i esponse as a function of said given security-association established at said second commumcation-access-pomt, sending said access-pomt-response to said mobile-terminal, responding to said access-pomt-iesponse at said mobile-terminal and determining if said access-pomt-response is correct as a function of said given security-association, responding to said mobile-terminal-response at said second communication-access-point and determining it said mobile-terminal- l esponse is coirect as a function of said giv en sec ui itv -association established at said second commumcation-access-pomt and establishing said communication-handov ei w hen both said mobile- termmal-response and said access-pomt-iesponse ai e coirect

Inventors: ALA-LAURILA JUHA, HANSEN HARRI, SALVELA JUHA, ALA-LAURILA, JUHA, HANSEN, HARRI, SALVELA, JUHA
Applicants: NOKIA CORP, NOKIA INC, NOKIA CORPORATION, NOKIA INC.
Application year: 2000
Main classification: H04Q7
IPC codes: H04L12, H04L29, H04W12, H04W36