LOOSE-LEAF BINDER

Abstract: A binder (100) for releasably retaining loose-leaves. The binder has a front cover (44) that lies flatly beneath its back cover (40) when the binder is open 360 degrees. The rings (46) of the binder can rotate around an edge of the flatly-folded cover to enable loose-leaves to lie flat above and below the cover. The binder also has a skeleton (50) with a minimal cross-section spine which may be partially or completely embedded in a cover and rotates in relation to parallel front and back covers when the binder is open 360 degrees. The front cover, middle cover and back cover are connected in a way so that they do not interfere with the rotation of the rings. Mechanisms (51) to open and close the rings of the skeleton to allow addition or removal of loose-leaves, and ring shapes to optimize or stabilize the capacity of the binder during operation are also disclosed.

Description: LOOSE-LEAF BINDER Field of Invention This invention relates to loose-leaf binders and analogous products such as loose-leaf personal organizers, loose-leaf flip charts, loose-leaf writing pads and loose-leaf photo albums. Background Binders generally are comprised of two high- level assemblies, a "skeleton" and cover. The skeleton, as used herein, refers to the chassis of the binder, including the rings, spine and possible actuators, but excluding the cover. The spine, as used herein, refers to the elongated portion of the skeleton on which the rings are mounted; the spine excludes the rings, any transversely protruding elements disposed at the longitudinal ends of the skeleton such as actuation levers or proximate to the attachment points of rings such as springs wrapped around ring bases, and transversely protruding elements which are not fixed to rotate with the elongated portion such as a cover- attachment fastener wrapped about and rotatable about the elongated portion. One object of loose-leaf binders, which is related to both the skeleton and the cover, is minimization of the "footprint" of the binder. The footprint of a binder is the area that is covered by any part of the binder when the binder is placed upon a generally flat surface. Minimizing a binder's footprint during use efficiently utilizes desk, table, or lap space . A substitute product, the spiral notebook, specifically addresses this object by letting users flip the front cover and forward pages perfectly flat beneath the back cover and latter pages. However, spiral notebooks do not permit the easy addition or removal of pages . Conventional loose-leaf binders have a very large footprint because, during use, the front cover is open 180 degrees relative to the back cover. This large footprint causes these binders to be cumbersome during use. Furthermore, if the front cover and forward loose- leaves are flipped behind the back cover and latter loose-leaves of a conventional binder, the forward and latter loose- leaves do not lie flat against the front and back covers, respectively. Large stress is exerted on some loose-leaves causing them to tear out of the binder and the airfoil shape of the stack of forward loose-leaves, front cover, back cover, and latter loose- leaves does not provide a flat writing surface. Furthermore in this case, writing on the topmost loose- leaf is difficult as the stack of loose-leaves bends and springs back under the shifting weight of a writing hand and wrist. In the prior art, there have been attempts to minimize the footprints of loose-leaf binders during use while eliminating the problems mentioned above for conventional binders. However, each of these attempts has had some failing including: (1) sacrifice of a desired feature, (2) only partial achievement of this functionality, and (3) addition of undesirable characteristics . The failings of known loose-leaf binders to minimize binder footprints are principally the result of (i) the large transverse cross-section dimensions of - j - spines of known skeletons, (2) the methods employed to attach covers to skeletons, and (3) the design of the covers . The first main cause of these failings, the large transverse cross-section dimensions of loose-leaf binder skeleton spines, has generally resulted from a common objective of skeletons, the ability to simultaneously open and close all rings of a skeleton via a simple actuation mechanism. SOCRA, which is used herein to describe these skeletons, is an acronym for Simultaneously Openable/Closeable Rings Actuation. Conventional loose-leaf binders have SOCRA skeletons with spines having transverse cross-sections with major and minor dimensions wherein the large major dimension is built into the perimeter of the rings whereas the minor dimension is substantially radial to the center of the rings. Binder skeleton spines have traditionally had a transverse cross-section with a ratio of major to minor dimensions greater than two. Conventional loose-leaf binders have a front cover attached to a middle cover which in turn is attached to a back cover. The SOCRA skeleton is rigidly fixed to the middle cover or back cover via rivets. Exemplary dimensions of conventional loose- leaf binder covers in the market are as follows : Front and Bac -k Middle cover Cover Thickness Thickness 2mm 2 mm 3 mm 4.5 mm 4mm 5 mm Typical dimensions of conventional loose-leaf binder skeletons in the market are as follows : Ring Outer Ring Prong Skeleton Spine Diameter Thickness Width 13.5mm 1 mm 10mm 21 mm 2 mm 16mm 32 mm 2.8 mm 25 mm 75 mm 3.5 mm 50 mm A ring outer diameter differs from its corresponding ring inner diameter by two ring prong thicknesses. Skeleton spine width is the major transverse cross-section dimension of a binder skeleton spine. The widths of skeleton spines are affected and constrained by the SOCRA mechanism employed and ring prong thickness. Note that as ring size increases, prong thickness increases to handle the stronger forces acting on the rings. Because ring prongs are commonly riveted into plates in conventional skeletons, as ring prongs increase in thickness, the skeleton spine width also must increase to secure the thicker prongs. The smallest conventional binders in the market which are small pocket binders have skeleton spine widths that are still 10mm thick. Because of the thinness of cover segments and thickness of SOCRA skeleton spines in the prior art, the prior art generally teaches away from embedding of a SOCRA skeleton spine in a binder cover. The large transverse cross-section of known SOCRA skeleton designs has led to the orientation of the transverse cross-section such that the major dimension is substantially radial to the center of the rings in an attempt to minimize the binder footprint. However, this orientation has made attachment to the cover more - 3 - difficult which in turn has led to the use of loose-leaf front and back covers with no middle cover disposed therebetween. Such configuration exposes the rings and the ends of the loose-leaves leaving both less protected and makes the binder cumbersome to handle and less attractive. In such a known binder, the skeleton creates an awkward lump, thwarting the object of a flat writing surface, when positioned within a stack of loose- leaves or when positioned between the front cover and back cover after the front cover is flipped around against the back cover. U.S. Patent Nos. 3,190,293 to Schneider, 4,904,103 to Im and 2,331,461 to Dawson are examples of such known binders . Alternatively, to minimize binder footprints, some loose-leaf binders have independently-openable rings. In some of these loose-leaf binders, the back cover pivots about the thin skeleton spine and the front cover hangs loose-leaf on the rings, but there is no middle cover joining the front cover to the back cover. These designs make insertion and removal of loose-leaves tedious. Also, the exposed rings are unattractive and the loose-leaves are less protected. U.S. Patent Nos. 659,860 to Schild and 2,268,431 to Slonneger are examples of such binders . Yet another problem with known attempts to build a minimal-footprint binder are inadequate ring shapes having varying loose-leaf capacity when these binders are open 360 degrees versus when they are closed. This variation in capacity results from inclusion of the skeleton among the loose- leaves in one position but not in the other. U.S. Patent No. 4,904,103 to Im is an example of such a binder. Summary of Invention Accordingly, this invention provides an improved binder that satisfies the object of providing a binder with a minimal footprint during operation while obviating the disadvantages of the prior art. The invention includes improvements to the binder skeleton, cover and attachment of the skeleton to the cover. To minimize the binder footprint, the various embodiments of the invention described below contain at least one of the following elements as features: 1) Skeleton with a minimal LSCPL (defined below) . 2) SOCRA skeleton. 3) Cover designs that allow the front cover and back cover to fold in flat formations when open 360 degrees while simultaneously allowing the rings to rotate around an edge of the flatly- folded cover. 4) Spine of skeleton axially disposed relative to rotation of rings and oppositely rotating back cover when the binder is open 360 degrees. 5) Spine of skeleton embedded or partially embedded in cover in design and/or during operation of binder. 6) Middle cover joining front cover to back cover. 7) Attachment of the middle cover to back cover so that the covers do not interfere with rotation of the rings when the binder is opened 360 degrees. 8) Slots or holes to eliminate interference of cover with skeleton rings as skeleton rings rotate through plane of back cover. 9) Longest ring dimension is much larger than the LSCPL (defined below) . 10) Attachment of skeleton to cover in a way that allows the front cover to lie flat on the back cover while the binder is open 360 degrees. 11) Rings hidden (not exposed) when binder is closed. 12) Writing-support pads (described below). 13) Stable, incremental rotation of rings about an edge of the flatly-folded cover without a strong bias to particular positions. 14) Ring shapes with particular orientations to skeleton and cover to optimize or stabilize binder capacity. The preferred embodiments have a spine. LSCPL is an acronym for the Longest Spine Cross-section Perimeter Line segment and refers to the longest line segment connecting two points on the perimeter of the transverse cross-section of the skeleton spine. For example, for a skeleton spine having a circular cross- section, the LSCPL is the circle's diameter; for an ellipse, the LSCPL is the major axis; for a square or rectangle, the LSCPL is a diagonal; for a triangle, the LSCPL is the longest side of the triangle . The LSCPL dimension is important. When the binder cover is open 360 degrees, the binder cover is turned inside out such that at least a portion of the interior surfaces of the front and back covers face in opposite directions and the skeleton spine as well as a portion of the cover may be sandwiched between forward and latter loose-leaves. Preferably, the cover folds flat when open 360 degrees. The rings must be able to rotate while the cover is open 360 degrees. In the preferred embodiments, rotation of the rings necessitates that the spine rotate. If the LSCPL dimension is less than or equal to the thickness of the front and back covers, the spine can lie completely between the interior surface planes of the front and back cover throughout the complete range of the spine ' s rotation; in this case, the spine can remain flush with the front and back cover so that any potential lump caused by the spine while it is sandwiched between forward and latter loose-leaves is minimized or prevented so as to present a flatter top loose-leaf surface. Furthermore, the LSCPL dimension influences the desired thickness of a cover segment having a conduit in which the spine is rotatably disposed as a pivot of cover rotation; as the cover segment rotates about the spine, the conduit containing the spine must accommodate the LSCPL dimension. Various features of each preferred embodiment cooperate to enable its loose-leaves above and below the back cover to lie flat and parallel when the cover is open 360 degrees whether none, one, many, or all of the loose- leaves are flipped below the back cover. In the preferred embodiments, a SOCRA skeleton is rotatably disposed in a cover such that (1) the spine is a pivot about which the cover can rotate and (2) the spine is axially disposed relative to opposite rotations of the cover and rings . Several embodiments of skeletons for use with the binder are disclosed for minimizing the LSCPL. For example, in one embodiment of a skeleton, the rings are attached via a space-saving weld or braze versus the space-demanding riveting of conventional binders. Embedment of a skeleton in a cover segment without the segment becoming awkwardly thick and unattractive becomes feasible beginning with skeletons having LSCPL values of about 7-9mm. Most preferably, the LSCPL of the skeleton is less than or equal 5mm. Preferably, the binder has a SOCRA skeleton with a synchronized switching element to open or close its rings simultaneously. The preferred synchronized switching element has a first connective element which connects to one set of ring segments and a second connective element which connects to a corresponding and opposing second set of ring segments. The synchronized switching element has a mechanism to enable the first connective element to move in relation to the second connective element so as to open or close the first ring segments relative to the second ring segments. Means for attaching the front, middle and back cover segments are also disclosed. Objects and Advantages Accordingly, several objects or advantages of my invention contained in various embodiments described below are: (a) to provide a binder which can minimize its footprint during use by flipping the front cover and any number of forward loose- leaves flatly beneath the back cover and latter loose-leaves and which lacks the limitations and failings of past attempts cited; (b) to provide a binder which is reversible, so that either side may be used with equal advantages, the reversal being accomplished by opening the binder 360 degrees and then positioning it to access either the back of the exposed forward loose-leaf page or front of the exposed latter page, whereby either or both sides of a page may be written upon; (c) to provide a binder which always presents a flat writing surface including when the front cover is opened 180 or 360 degrees relative to the back cover, and the whole surface of the current loose-leaf page is flat and can be used from edge to edge and top to bottom; (d) to provide a binder whose front and back covers and optional writing- support pads may take the place of a desk, offering good support to write upon if the pad is rested in a lap or held in the hand; (e) to provide an attractive binder with rings hidden when closed; (f) to provide a binder affording superior protection to loose- leaves via a surrounding cover; (g) to provide a binder that is easy to handle, conveniently packs in brief cases and book bags and stacks or stands well on a bookshelf; (h) to provide a binder which reduces tearing stress on its loose-leaf pages when they are flipped beneath the back cover and latter pages; (i) to provide a thin binder when closed by embedding the skeleton spine in the cover; (j) To provide a binder with releasably retaining rings to bind loose-leaf pages permitting easy addition or removal of loose-leaf pages as desired; (k) to provide a binder with the ability to simultaneously open or close all of the binder's rings by a skeleton mechanism to reduce the effort of adding or removing loose-leaf pages; (1) to provide a binder with the smallest possible LSCPL skeleton value to eliminate or minimize any lump cause by the skeleton when the binder is open 360 degrees but where the skeleton fulfills its requirement to enable simultaneous opening and closing of all rings; (m) to provide a binder with a skeleton which can accommodate various numbers and spacings of rings; (n) to provide a binder with a skeleton that is spring urged to or can be locked in either of two stable states, an open position or closed position so its rings do not inadvertently open or close; (o) to provide a skeleton with a ring shape that provides substantially constant capacity during operation when the skeleton may be rotated from its upright position; and (p) to provide a binder that can be manufactured cheaply. Further objects and advantages of my invention will become apparent from consideration of the drawings and ensuing description. Brief Description of Drawings FIG. 1A is a perspective view of an embodiment of the binder of the present invention with its front cover open approximately 120 degrees relative to the back cover in which the spine of the binder skeleton is rotatably disposed. FIG. IB is a perspective view of the binder of FIG. 1A in its closed position. FIG. IC is a perspective view of the binder of FIG. 1A with the front cover and forward loose-leaf pages flipped 180 degrees open relative to the back cover. FIG. ID is a perspective view of the binder of FIG. 1A with the front cover and forward loose-leaf pages flipped approximately 360 degrees to a fully open position flatly beneath the back cover and latter loose- leaf pages. FIG. IE is a cross-sectional view of the binder of FIG. ID along line IE-IE in FIG. ID. FIG. IF is a sectional view of the binder of FIG. IE after it has been flipped over 180 degrees to enable writing on the back side of a forward loose-leaf page . FIG. IG is a perspective view of the skeleton of FIG. 1A with the rings closed. FIG. IH is a perspective view of the skeleton of FIG. 1A with the rings open. FIG. II is a perspective view of a component of the skeleton of the binder of FIG. 1A. FIG. 1J is a perspective view of additional components of the skeleton of the binder of FIG. 1A. As is apparent from FIGS. 1A, 1G-1H and 1K-1L, the inner rod is preferably inserted into the hollow outer tube prior to the attachment of the ring halves to the inner rod during the manufacture of the spine . FIG. IK is a perspective view of the skeleton of the binder of FIG. 1A, when the rings are in the closed position, with a sectional portion displaying the construction of the synchronized switching element that is disposed within the spine and that simultaneously opens or closes the rings of the binder. FIG. IL is a perspective view of the skeleton of the binder of FIG. 1A, when the rings are in the open position, with a sectional portion displaying the construction of the synchronized switching element that is disposed within the spine and that simultaneously opens or closes the rings. FIG. 2A is a perspective view of a second embodiment of the binder in the closed position where its front cover rides loose-leaf on its rings but is also connected to its middle cover by an attachment seam that is exterior to the binder rings. FIG. 2B is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 2A indicated by the section lines 2B-2B in FIG. 2A. FIG. 2C is a perspective view of the binder of FIG. 2A with loose-leaf pages removed and with the front cover flipped 180 degrees open relative to the back cover while the middle cover folds along an 180-degree- open crease . FIG. 2D is the cross section of FIG. 2B where the front cover and forward loose-leaf pages have been flipped 180 degrees open relative to the back cover and the middle cover folds along a 180-degree-open crease. FIG. 2E is the cross section of FIG. 2B where the front cover and forward loose-leaf pages have been flipped 360 degrees flatly beneath the back cover and latter loose-leaf pages and the middle cover folds along a 360-degree-open crease. FIG. 3A is a perspective view of a third embodiment of the binder in the closed position where its front cover rides loose-leaf on its rings via cover- ring connection loops. FIG. 3B is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 3A indicated by the section lines 3B-3B in FIG. 3A. FIG. 3C is a perspective view of the binder of FIG. 3A with the front cover and forward loose-leaf pages flipped 180 degrees open relative to the back cover and with the middle cover folded along two 180- degree-open creases. FIG. 3D is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 3C indicated by the section lines 3D-3D in FIG. 3C. FIG. 3E is the cross-section of FIG. 3B where the front cover and forward loose-leaf pages have been flipped 360 degrees flatly beneath the back cover and latter loose-leaf pages and the middle cover folds along a 360-degree-open crease. FIG. 4A is a perspective view of a fourth embodiment of the binder where part of the middle cover is interfaced to the front cover and is rotatable about the spine of the binder skeleton and the other part of the middle cover is interfaced to the back cover and is also rotatable about the spine of the binder skeleton. FIG. 4B is a perspective view of the binder of FIG. 4A with the front cover flipped 180 degrees open relative to the back cover and with the middle cover stretched flush between them. FIG. 4C is a perspective view of the binder of FIG. 4A with the front cover flipped 360 degrees open relative to the back cover while the segment of the middle cover that is interfaced to the front cover has been rotated roughly 180 degrees relative to the segment of the middle cover interfaced to the back cover. FIG. 4D is a bottom view of the binder of FIG. 4C with loose-leaf pages added. FIG. 5A is a perspective view of a fifth embodiment of the binder with its front and back covers interfaced to a middle cover with a middle beam that is rotatable about the spine of the skeleton. FIG. 5B is a bottom view of the binder of FIG. 5A with loose-leaf pages added and where the front cover and forward loose-leaf pages have been flipped 360 degrees flatly beneath the back cover and latter loose- leaf pages . FIG. 6A is a perspective view of a sixth embodiment of the binder with a loose-leaf front cover, no middle cover, and the back cover rotatable about the spine of the binder skeleton. FIG. 6B is a perspective view of the back cover of the binder of FIG. 6A. FIG. 7A is a perspective view of a seventh embodiment of the binder having a quad-planar cover, composed of a back cover interfaced to a bi-planar middle cover that interfaces to a front cover, and having the spine of the binder skeleton rotatably disposed adjacent a free edge of the back cover. FIG. 7B is a bottom view of the binder of FIG. 7A where forward loose-leaf pages have been flipped flatly beneath the cover segment containing the skeleton and beneath the latter loose-leaf pages and where the cover has been folded into a "Z" shape. FIG. 8 is a perspective view of an eighth embodiment of the binder which is similar to the seventh embodiment but is also zipper-closable and the back cover is attached or detached via a hook-and-loop fastener. FIG. 9 is a bottom view of a ninth embodiment of the binder which is similar to embodiment one but with a second middle cover segment that is interfaced to the front cover and that connects via hook-and-loop fastener to the back cover to fasten the binder shut . FIG. 10 is a bottom view of a tenth embodiment of the binder and is similar to embodiment 9, but switches the position of permanent middle-cover-back- cover attachment with that of the hook-and-loop middle- cover-back-cover attachment position. FIG. 11 is a bottom view of an eleventh embodiment of the binder with two opposing and enveloping front cover halves that fasten shut with a hook-and-loop fastener and where one front half is permanently connected to the back cover similar to Embodiment 1 while the other half is permanently interfaced to the back cover similar to Embodiment 10. FIG. 12 is a perspective view of a twelfth embodiment of the binder having a quad-planar cover composed of a back cover which is rotatable about the spine of the skeleton and whose top edge is interfaced to the top edge of one of the planar segments of a bi- planar middle cover. FIG. 13A is a perspective view of a thirteenth embodiment of the binder with the middle cover attached to the back cover in a manner similar to binder 1 but the back cover rides loose-leaf on the rings and the skeleton is not embedded in the cover. FIG. 13B is a bottom view of the binder of FIG. 13A with the front cover flipped 360 degrees open relative to the back cover and with the front cover folded upon itself. FIG. 14A is a perspective view of a fourteenth embodiment of the binder with the middle cover attached to the front and back covers in a manner similar to binder 2 but both the front and back covers ride loose- leaf on the rings and the skeleton is not embedded in the cover. FIG. 14B is a bottom view of the binder of FIG. 14A with the front cover flipped 180 degrees open relative to the back cover and with the middle cover folded along a 180-degree-open crease. FIG. 14C is a bottom view of the binder of FIG. 14A with the front cover flipped 360 degrees open relative to the back cover and with the middle cover folded along a 360-degree-open crease. FIG. 15 is a bottom view of a fifteenth embodiment of the binder with the front cover open 180 degrees relative to the back cover, the skeleton embedded m the middle cover, the front and back covers ride loose-leaf on the rings, and the middle cover is connected to the front and back cover at attachment seams exterior to the rings . FIG. 16A is a perspective view of a sixteenth embodiment of the binder which is similar to binder 1 but with openings instead of slots . FIG. 17 is a perspective view of a seventeenth embodiment of the binder with the skeleton embedded near the top edge of the back cover so that loose-leaves hang from the top of the back cover. FIG. 18A is a perspective view of an eighteenth embodiment of the binder where the back cover is rotatable about the spine of the skeleton, the planar segment of the bi -planar middle cover which interfaces with the back cover folds 180 degrees relative to the back cover and slot-holes that are naif m the back cover and half m the middle cover are bisected by this fold and enable the rings to rotate counterclockwise without interfering with the back or middle cover FIG. 18B is a bottom view of the binder of FIG. 18A with the front cover flipped 180 degrees open relative to the back cover and with the addition of writing-support pads and loose-leaves. FIG. 19A is a perspective view of a nineteenth embodiment of the binder which is similar to binder 18 with the addition of a folding slot cover. FIG. 19B is a bottom view of the binder of FIG. 19A with the front cover in its closed position relative to the back cover and the folding slot cover in its stretched position and with the addition of writing- support pads and loose-leaves . FIG. 19C is a bottom view of the binder of FIG. 19A with the front cover flipped 360 degrees open relative to the back cover and the folding slot cover in its folded position and with the addition of writing- support pads and loose-leaves . FIG. 20A is a perspective view of a twentieth embodiment of the binder where the skeleton is embedded in a conduit and where the rings of the skeleton are looped through holes in the middle cover. FIG. 20B is a bottom view of the binder of FIG. 20A with the front cover in its closed position relative to the back cover and with the addition of loose-leaves . FIG. 20C is a bottom view of the binder of FIG. 20A with the front cover flipped 360 degrees open relative to the back cover and with the addition of loose-leaves . FIG. 21A is a bottom view of a twenty-first embodiment of the binder in the closed position which is similar to the binder 20 but where the skeleton is embedded in a middle cover conduit of a constant cross- sectional shape. FIG. 21B is a bottom view of the binder of FIG. 21A with the front cover flipped 360 degrees open relative to the back cover. FIG. 22A is a bottom view of a twenty-second embodiment of the binder in a closed position which is similar to the binder 21, but where the skeleton is not embedded in any conduit of the cover so that the middle cover rides loose-leaf on the rings. FIG. 22B is a bottom view of the binder of FIG. 22A with the front cover flipped 360 degrees open relative to the back cover. FIG. 23A is a bottom view of a twenty- hird embodiment of the binder in a closed position having a flexible middle cover and a skeleton with a conventional arc-shaped spine which is firmly attached to the cover via a staple-thin rivet and is able to rotate via the flexibility of the middle cover. FIG. 23B is a bottom view of the binder of FIG. 23A with its front cover open 360 degrees and with all its loose-leaves resting above the back cover. FIG. 23C is a bottom view of the binder of FIG. 23A, but with its front cover, a writing- support pad, and one forward loose-leaf flipped beneath the back cover and latter loose-leaves. FIG. 23D is a bottom view of the binder of FIG. 23A, but with its front cover, a writing- support pad, and half the loose-leaves flipped beneath the back cover and remaining half of the loose-leaves. FIG. 23E is a bottom view of the binder of FIG. 23A, but with its front cover, a writing- support pad, and all but one forward loose-leaf flipped beneath the back cover and the one remaining latter loose-leaf. FIG. 24A is a bottom view of a twenty-fourth embodiment of the binder in the closed position which is similar to the binder 23 but with a thinner, more flexible middle cover and a conventional round rivet that attaches its skeleton to its middle cover. FIG. 24B is a bottom view of the binder of FIG. 24A, but with its front cover, a writing-support pad, and one forward loose-leaf flipped beneath the back cover and latter loose-leaves. FIG. 24C is a bottom view of the binder of FIG. 24A, but with its front cover, a writing-support pad, and half the loose-leaves flipped beneath the back cover and remaining half of the loose-leaves. FIG. 25A is a bottom view of a twenty-fifth embodiment of the binder in the closed position which has the same skeleton as the binders 23 and 24, but whose skeleton rotates via a hinge joint in its back cover . FIG. 25B is a bottom view of the binder of FIG. 25A, but with its front cover, a writing-support pad, and one forward loose-leaf flipped beneath the back cover and latter loose - leaves . FIG. 26A is a perspective view of a second embodiment of a skeleton for use with the binder displaying the position of the skeleton actuator knob when the rings are in the open position. FIG. 26B is a bottom, partial cross-sectional view of the skeleton of FIG. 26A displaying the construction of the synchronized switching element when the rings are in the closed position. FIG. 26C is a front cross-sectional view of the skeleton of FIG. 26A displaying the construction of the synchronized switching element and actuator knob position when the rings are in the closed position. FIG. 27A is a perspective view of a third embodiment of a skeleton for use with the binder having sectional portions displaying the construction of the synchronized switching element when the rings are in the closed position. FIG. 27B is a perspective view of the skeleton of FIG. 27A with sectional portions displaying the construction of the synchronized switching element when the rings are in the open position. FIG. 28A is a perspective view of a fourth embodiment of a skeleton for use with the binder having sectional portions displaying the construction of the synchronized switching element when the rings are in the closed position. FIG. 28B is a perspective view of the skeleton of FIG. 28A with sectional portions displaying the construction of the synchronized switching element when the rings are in the open position. FIG. 29A is a perspective view of a fifth embodiment of a skeleton for use with the binder that has its rings closed. FIG. 29B is a bottom view of a ring component of the skeleton of 29A. FIG. 29C is a partial, cross-sectional view of FIG. 29A indicated by the section lines 29C-29C in FIG. 29A. FIG. 30A is a bottom view of a first embodiment of a ring for use with the binder that has a partially elliptical shape with a linear top segment. FIGS. 30B-30F are bottom views of the binder of FIG. 1 with its rings replaced with rings of FIG. 30A; FIGS . 30B-30F depict skeleton rotation and related cover positions as the front cover, writing-support pad, and varying numbers of forward loose- leaves are flipped beneath the back cover and varying num-oers of latter loose-leaves . FIG. 31A is a bottom view of a second embodiment of a ring for use with the binder that has a partially elliptical shape with linear top and bottom segments . FIGS. 31B-31F are bottom views of the binder of FIG. 1 with its rings replaced with rings of FIG. 31A; FIGS. 31B-31F depict skeleton rotation and related cover positions as the front cover, writing-support pad, and varying numbers of forward loose-leaves are flipped beneath the back cover and varying number of latter loose-leaves . FIG. 32A is a bottom view of a third embodiment of a ring for use with the binder that has a partially elliptical shape with three linear top segments . FIGS. 32B-32F are bottom views of the binder of FIG. 1 with its rings replaced with rings of FIG. 32A; FIGS. 32B-32F depict skeleton rotation and related cover positions as the front cover, writing- support pad, and varying numbers of forward loose-leaves are flipped beneath the back cover and varying number of latter loose-leaves . FIG. 33A is a bottom view of a fourth embodiment of a ring for use with the binder that has a partially elliptical shape with two linear top segments. FIGS. 33B-33F are bottom views of the binder of FIG. 1 with its rings replaced w th rings of FIG. 33A; FIGS . 33B-33F depict skeleton rotation and related cover positions as the front cover, writing-support pad, and varying numbers of forward loose- leaves are flipped beneath the back cover and varying number of latter loose-leaves . Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments FIGS. 1A-1L A first preferred embodiment of the binder 1 of the present invention is illustrated in FIGS. 1A-1D (perspective views of the binder 1 open 120 degrees, 0 degrees, 180 degrees, and 360 degrees, respectively), FIG. 1E-1F (bottom views of the binder 1 open 360 degrees), and FIGS. 1G-1L (perspective views of the skeleton 50 of the binder 1) . The binder 1 comprises cover 100 and skeleton 50 with optional loose-leaf writing-support pads 61A and 61B. Cover 100 includes back cover 40, middle cover 42, and front cover 44. Back cover 40 has interior surface 40N and exterior surface 40X and front cover 44 has interior surface 44N and exterior surface 44X. Back cover 40, middle cover 42 and front cover 44 are typically made of cardboard, plastic, or other semi- rigid material that is optionally covered by a more flexible material such as vinyl or leather, but may be composed of any materials used to manufacture binder covers, loose-leaf flip-chart covers, loose-leaf personal organizer covers, or loose-leaf writing-pad covers . Skeleton 50 comprises the spine 53 and a plurality of rings 46. Rings 46 have ring segments 46A and 46B. Spine 53 includes tube 54 and inner rod 52. Ring segments 46B are disposed on tube 54 and ring segments 46A, complementary with ring segments 46B, are disposed on inner rod 52. Spine 53 has a synchronized switching element 51 that simultaneously opens or simultaneously closes ring segments 46A relative to ring segments 46B. Ring segments 46A and ring segments 46B are disposed perpendicular to spine 53. Conduit 56 is defined by the back cover 40 and is proximate to and runs substantially parallel with the edge 40A of back cover 40. The spine 53 of the skeleton 50 is rotatably disposed within conduit 56. Spine 53 is a pivot about which back cover 40 can rotate. Rings 46 are constrained to rotate with spine 53. Because spine 53 is a pivot of back cover 40 and rings 46 rotate with spine 53, spine 53 is axially disposed relative to opposite rotations of back cover 40 and rings 46. Slots 58A-58C are cut perpendicularly into the edge 40A of back cover 40. Back cover 40 defines paper margin supports 60A-60D. The purpose of slots 58A-58C which intersect conduit 56 and that of margin supports 60A-60D will become apparent in the explanation of the operation of the binder 1. The rings 46 are aligned with their respective slots 58A-58C so that at least a portion of each of the rings 46 is both received in and protrudes from one of the slots 58A-58C and thereby allowing spine 53 to be rotatably disposed within the back cover 40. Preferably, the tube 54 of spine 53 is constructed to have a relatively small cross-sectional dimension so that back cover 40 need not be unduly thick to define a conduit 56 large enough to receive the tube 54. Preferably, the cross-sectional dimension of tube 54 ranges from about 4mm to about 9mm and more preferably from about 4mm to 7mm. One edge of middle cover 42 merges into the plane of back cover 40 along seam 66 which is parallel to conduit 56. Seam 66 can be located between conduit 56 and the far parallel edge 40B of back cover 40 but is preferably located near conduit 56 without intersecting slots 58A-58C. The other edge of middle cover 42 interfaces to an edge of front cover 44. There need not be a distinct boundary distinguishing middle cover 42 and front cover 44, but often there is one in the form of a seam, crease, or hinge. Optional pads 61A and 61B can be placed loose-leaf on rings 46 between which loose- leaves 72 may be added. The binder 1 has a loose- leaf stack space 79 which is the space available for occupation by loose- leaves 72 concurrently bound on rings 46 when the cover 100 is closed. FIGS. 1G-1L show perspective and detailed cross-sectional views of skeleton 50 and its components. FIGS. IG and IH are perspective views of the skeleton 50 with rings 46 closed and open, respectively. In FIG. IJ, a plurality of ring segments 46A are attached to rod 52 via a weld, braze, adhesive or other appropriate means; similarly, a corresponding number of ring segments 46B are attached to tube 54 as shown in FIG. II. When rod 52 is assembled within tube 54, the spaced ring segments 46A protrude through similarly spaced slots 55 defined by tube 54. Preferably, the width of slots 55 approximates the cross-sectional diameter of ring segments 46A, or guide mechanisms of some type -- such as cylindrical grooves cut into the inner surface of tube 54 with complementary cylindrical flanges attached to rod 52 -- are provided to constrain rod 52 from moving longitudinally relative to tube 54. Slots 55 are cut long enough to enable tube 54 to concentrically rotate about rod 52 through a limited angle without interference from ring segments 46A. Tube 54 can be rotated about rod 52 to open or close ring segments 46A relative to ring segments 46B. In this embodiment of a skeleton 50, rod 52 and tube 54 serve as first and second connective elements, respectively, of synchronized switching element 51. FIGS. IK and IL show detailed views of the synchronized switch element 51 of spine 53 in the closed and open states, respectively. Preferably, the synchronized switch element 51 comprises tab 99A of rod 52 which forms a sliding transmission linkage with slot 29B which constrains cylinder 29 to rotate with rod 52, but allows cylinder 29 to slide longitudinally towards and away from rod 52. Cylindrical flanges 77 maintain the longitudinal center axis of rod 52 coincident with the longitudinal center axis of tube 54 to keep tab 99A disposed within slot 29B and ring segments 46A aligned with ring segments 46B. The smaller-diameter portion 29D of cylinder 29 extends through the center of spring 31 and through stop 32. The larger diameter portion 29C of cylinder 29 is in constant opposing contact with spring 31 and the motion of portion 29C is constrained to rotation and longitudinal movement by the inside surface of tube 54. Semi-annular, dual-slotted ledge 28 is disposed within the inner diameter of tube 54, and is preferably defined by or integrally formed as part of the tube 54. Semi-annular ledge 28 defines open notches 28A and 28B divided by tooth 28C. Tongue 29A of cylinder 29 is kept in constant contact with ledge 28 by spring 31 as tongue 29A slides over the tooth 28C to and from the two notches 28A and 28B defined by ledge 28 during operation of the binder 1. There are four fundamental operations of the binder 1, (i) opening or closing front cover 44 relative to back cover 40 to see and access the contents of the binder 1; (ii) writing on loose-leaf sheets; (iii) opening or closing rings 46 to insert or remove loose- leaf items such as paper and pocket folders; and (iv) handling and storage of the binder including carrying it in hand, standing it on a bookshelf, packing it in briefcases or bookbags, and stacking it horizontally. The binder 1 is opened like a book from its closed position (FIG. IB) by spreading its front cover 44 and back cover 40 apart (FIG. 1A) and, in so doing, usually rotating middle cover 42 relative to back cover 40 and front cover 44. As shown in FIGS. 1D-1F, the front cover 44 and forward loose-leaves 72A can be disposed flatly beneath the back cover 40 of binder 1 and latter loose-leaves 72B to minimize the footprint of the binder 1 during use. When front cover 44 and forward loose-leaves 72A are pulled beyond 180 degrees relative to back cover 40, skeleton 50 is able to rotate to accommodate this extended range of motion and thus prevents stress on loose-leaves 72 that could cause them to tear out of the rings 46. The rotation of skeleton 50 also enables forward loose-leaves 72A to lay flat against front cover 44 to provide flat writing surfaces when the binder 1 is open 360 degrees (FIGS. IE and IF) . Open slots 58A-58C are defined by the back cover 40 which allow the rings 46 to (i) stand upright when the back cover 40 is closed and (ii) rotate along with the skeleton 50. When the binder is open 180 degrees, skeleton 50 is able to rotate several degrees, typically 5-20 degrees, relative to its upright position because of slots 58A-58C in back cover 40 but is stopped from rotating further by middle cover 42 which presses up against slots 58A-58C when the middle cover 42 is supported by a flat surface. Since middle cover 42 is connected to back cover 40 between conduit 56 and the far parallel edge 40B of back cover 40, when front cover 44 is open 360 degrees relative to back cover 40, middle cover 42 is pulled away from slots 58A-58C and allows for maximum rotation of the rings 46 through the slots 58A-58C. When cover 100 is folded open 360 degrees in a flat formation, a portion of each ring 46 is rotatable about near-ring edge 40A, the pertinence of which is explained below. The angle of rotation of skeleton 50 from its upright position is determined by the relative number of forward loose-leaves 72A flipped beneath back cover 40 to latter loose-leaves 72B; i.e. the more loose- leaves 72 flipped beneath, the greater is the angle of rotation of skeleton 50 from its upright position. Other factors determining the angle that skeleton 50 rotates from its upright position are the diameter of rings 46, the thickness of back cover 40, and whether the binder is placed on a surface with the back cover 40 over front cover 44 (FIG. IE) or vice versa (FIG. IF) . A portion of each ring 46 being rotatable about near-ring edge 40A of the flatly-folded cover 100 serves two purposes: (1) it enables loose-leaves 72 to clear edge 40A as they are moved from one side of the back cover 40 to the other side while bound on rings 46 and (2) it enables a first variable segment of each ring 46 to be located on the interior side of back cover 40 while a second variable segment of each ring 46 is concurrently located on the exterior side of back cover 40 which is necessary to enable loose-leaves 72 stacked flatly and bound on rings 46 above back cover 40 to be substantially parallel to loose-leaves 72 stacked flatly and bound on rings 46 below back cover 40. For purpose (2) above to be possible, the inner diameter of each ring 46 must be greater than the thickness of the flat formation of cover 100 which equals the sum of the thicknesses of front cover 44 and back cover 40 which are placed together when cover 100 is open 360 degrees in the flat formation. The front cover 44 may be flexible enough or may have a fold or hinge such that it may be folded against itself while it is flipped back against back cover 40 in order to further reduce the footprint of the binder 1 (See FIG. 13B) . FIG. IC shows that users can write on the front or back of any loose-leaf 72 when the binder 1 is open 180 degrees. Likewise, when front cover 44 and forward loose- leaves 72A are flipped back against back cover 40 and latter loose-leaves 72B, the user can write on either the front side of the exposed latter loose- leaf 72B or the back side of the exposed forward loose- leaf 72A by positioning the binder as illustrated in FIGS. IE and IF, respectively. In this manner, the binder 1 of the present invention allows the user to write on the front or back of any loose-leaf 72 with the minimal binder footprint . Whenever skeleton 50 is rotated from its upright position, the margin supports 60A-60D provide support for writing so that almost the entire surface of loose-leaves 72 from left edge to right edge and from top to bottom can be written upon. Pads 61A-61B which also assist in this writing-support effort are likely to be only semi-rigid and thus benefit from the added support of margin supports 60A-60D in providing a flat, well-supported, writing surface. The support provided by both margin supports 60A-60D and loose-leaf writing- support pads 61A-61B help to prevent puncturing loose- leaves 72 during writing. Rotatably disposing spine 53 of skeleton 50 within back cover 40, outside of the loose-leaf stack space 79, provides for a flat writing surface when front cover 44 and any forward loose- leaves 72A are rotated either 180 degrees with respect to back cover 40 or approximately 360 degrees against the underside of back cover 40 and latter loose-leaves 72B. Spine 53 must be able to rotate with respect to the back cover 40 and be planar therewith in order to avoid the creation of uneven writing surfaces. Skeleton 50 of FIG. 1A includes a synchronized switch element 51 to simultaneously open all rings 46 to a stable open state (FIGS. IH and IL) or to simultaneously close all rings 46 to a stable closed state (FIGS. IG and IK) . Although, FIGS. IK and IL show some components of the synchronized switch element 51 to be disposed on one end of skeleton 50, corresponding mirror- image components of the synchronized switching element 51 may be disposed on the opposite end of skeleton 50, integrally formed with tab 99B, to provide more balanced operation. Opening skeleton 50 involves separating the interfacing free ends of ring segments 46A and ring segments 46B which permits the reception or removal of the loose-leaf sheets (FIGS. IH and IL) . Closing skeleton 50 involves adjoining the free ends of ring segments 46A and ring segments 46B to form completely closed rings 46 that secure the loose-leaf sheets within the binder (FIGS. IG and IK) . To open skeleton 50, any two opposing ring segments 46A and 46B are pulled apart by the user's fingers. This action triggers the synchronized switch element 51 to open all of the rings 46 simultaneously. In operation, the rod 52 of synchronized switching element 51 is caused to rotate relative to tube 54 and is resisted by spring 31 when any of the two opposing ring segments 46A and 46B are pulled apart. As rod 52 rotates relative to tube 54, cylinder 29 is constrained to rotate in sync by tab 99A and slot 29B but is also pushed longitudinally towards rod 52 by the spiral section or tooth 28C of ledge 28 causing the compression of spring 31 between cylinder 29 and stop 32. As rod 52 is rotated half between the closed and open positions, tongue 29A of cylinder 29 is forced out of notch 28A and slides over the tooth 28C thus enabling spring 31 to expand and push tongue 29A into notch 28B thereby stopping the rotation of rod 52. As shown in FIG. IL, when tongue 29A is disposed in notch 28B, the rings 46 are in their open position and held therein by spring 31 biasing tongue 29A into notch 28B. To close skeleton 50, any two opposing ring segments 46A and 46B are pushed together by the user's fingers which again triggers the synchronized switching element 51 to close all of the rings 46 simultaneously. The action of pushing any two opposing ring segments 46A and 46B together causes rod 52 of synchronized switching element 51 to rotate relative to tube 54 against the resistance of spring 31. As rod 52 rotates relative to tube 54, cylinder 29 is constrained to rotate in sync by tab 99A and slot 29B but is also pushed longitudinally or linearly towards rod 52 by tooth 28C of annular ledge 28 causing the compression of spring 31 between cylinder 29 and stop 32. As rod 52 is rotated half between the open and closed positions, tongue 29A of cylinder 29 is forced out of notch 28B and slides over tooth 28C thus enabling spring 31 to expand and push tongue 29A into notch 28A thereby stopping the rotation of rod 52. As shown in FIG. IK, when tongue 29A is disposed in notch 28A, the rings are in their closed position and held therein by spring 31 biasing tongue 29A into notch 28A. The binder cover 100, when closed, almost completely encompasses loose-leaves 72 and skeleton 50 including rings 46 and thus resembles a book. The encompassing is such that each of 270 rays emanating from the center of one of the rings 46 and spaced at consecutive 1-degree angular increments and intersecting the perimeter of that ring 46 subsequently intersects the cover 100 when the cover 100 is closed. Consequently, it is easier to stand the binder 1 on a shelf, it is less awkward to carry, it is easier to store in containers such as book shelves, brief cases, and back packs, it is more attractive, and it provides more protection to the loose-leaf pages 72 than a binder with a less enveloping cover, such as those with exposed rings . FIGS. 2A-2E FIGS. 2A-2E show perspective and sectional views of another preferred embodiment of a binder 2 of the present invention. The binder 2 comprises cover 200 and skeleton 50. Cover 200 includes front cover 144, middle cover 142, and back cover 40. The binder 2 comprises the same back cover 40 and skeleton 50 as the binder 1 shown in FIGS. 1A-1L, but incorporates a different middle cover 142 and front cover 144. Front cover 144 defines holes 74A for receiving rings 46 thereby enabling front cover 144 to be releasably bound by rings 46 in the same manner that loose-leaves 72 are releasably bound by the rings 46. Front cover 144 is connected to middle cover 142 via seam 166 which is disposed between holes 74A and the far parallel edge 144A of front cover 144. The preferred location of seam 166 is nearer holes 74A than the far edge 144A of front cover 144. Middle cover 142 has crease 80 and crease 82 and connects to back cover 40 as in the binder 1 as shown in FIGS. 1A-1C. Because front cover 144 rides loose-leaf on rings 46, rings 46 constrain the motion of front cover 144. When the binder 2 is opened 180 degrees and placed on a surface or when the binder 2 is opened 360 degrees, rings 46 constrain front cover 144 which in turn forces middle cover 142 to fold upon itself. To encourage smooth folding with a minimal resulting lump, creases 80 and 82 are preferably formed in middle cover 142. When the binder 2 is opened 180 degrees, middle cover 142 tends to fold along crease 80 and when the binder 2 is opened 360 degrees, middle cover 142 tends to fold along crease 82. For illustrative purposes, middle cover 142 has noticeable thickness in FIGS. 2A-2E; in practice middle cover 142 can be paper-thin to minimize any lump it creates when the binder 2 is open 360 degrees. FIG. 2E shows the minimal resulting footprint of the binder 2 provided when cover 200 is open 360 degrees in a flat formation between forward loose-leaves 72A and latter loose-leaves 72B. For purpose (2) recited earlier in the description of the binder 1 shown in FIGS. 1A-1F, the inner diameter of rings 46 is substantially greater than the thickness of the flat formation of cover 200 which equals the sum of the thickness of back cover 40 plus the thickness of front cover 144 plus twice the thickness of middle cover 142. Another advantage of the binder 2 of the present invention is more compact storage due to less wasted interior space of the binder. Since front cover 144 rests flatly on loose-leaves 72 when the binder is closed (FIG. 2A and 2B) , there is no air pocket between the top loose-leaf 72 and front cover 144. This advantage is significant when considering the limited space of a briefcase or bookbag. The binder 2 of the present invention provides the advantages of an enveloping cover for the rings 46 while creating only a minimal footprint when opened approximately 180 degrees or 360 degrees. FIGS. 3A-3E FIGS. 3A-3E show perspective and sectional views of yet another preferred embodiment of a binder 3 of the present invention. The binder 3 comprises cover 300 and skeleton 50. Cover 300 includes front cover 244, middle cover 242, and back cover 40. The binder 3 comprises the same back cover 40 and skeleton 50 as the binder 1 shown in FIGS. 1A-1L, but incorporates a different middle cover 242 and a different front cover 244. Front cover 244 has loops 84 for receiving rings 46 so that it can be releasably bound by the rings 46. Front cover 244 is connected to middle cover 242 in the same manner as the front cover 44 is connected to middle cover 42 in binder 1 as shown in FIGS. 1A-1C. Creases 180A, 180B and 182 are preferably formed in middle cover 242 which is connected to back cover 40 in the same manner as the middle cover 42 of binder 1 is connected to back cover 40 as shown in FIGS. 1A-1C. Because front cover 244 of the binder 3 of the present invention rides loose-leaf on rings 46, rings 46 constrain the motion of front cover 244. When the binder 3 is opened 180 degrees and placed on a surface or when the binder 3 is opened 360 degrees, rings 46 constrain front cover 244 which in turn forces middle cover 242 to fold upon itself as shown in FIGS. 3D-3E. To encourage smooth folding with a minimal resulting lump, creases 180A, 180B and 182 are preferably formed in middle cover 242. When the binder 3 is opened 180 degrees, middle cover 242 tends to fold along crease 180A and crease 180B as shown in FIG. 3D, but when the binder 3 is opened 360 degrees, middle cover 242 tends to fold along crease 182 as shown in FIG. 3E. FIG. 3E shows the minimal resulting footprint of binder 3 of the present invention when opened about 360 degrees. Because front cover 244 of the binder 3 rests on rings 46, the binder provides the familiar, slightly triangular look-and-feel of known ring binders when closed, and also provides the advantages of an enveloping cover previously discussed with respect to the binder 1 of the present invention. FIGS. 4A-4D FIGS. 4A-4D show perspective and bottom views of an additional embodiment of a binder 4 of the present invention. The binder 4 comprises the same skeleton 50 as the binder 1 shown in FIGS. 1A-1L and cover 400. Cover 400 includes back cover 140, middle cover 342, and front cover 344. Middle cover 342 has two small middle cover portions 342A separated by a large middle cover portion 342B which are all pivotable about spine 53 of skeleton 50. Middle cover 342 has conduit 56B to hold spine 53 of skeleton 50. Middle cover portion 342B pivots about spine 53 in a manner similar to how back cover 40 pivots about spine 53 in the binder 1 shown in FIGS. lA-lC. Slots 158A-158C and margin supports 160A- 160D are defined by middle cover portion 342B. When the binder 4 is open 360 degrees (FIG. 4C and 4D) , skeleton 50 has been rotated within middle cover portion 342B to allow for the extended range of motion similar to how skeleton 50 can be rotated within back cover 40 of the binder 1. In both the 180-degree and 360-degree open positions, middle cover portion 342B behaves like an extension of back cover 140; the two provi.d J e one mostl,y planar surface to support loose- leaves 72. This is possible because middle cover portion 342B is the same thickness as back cover 140 except near the constricted neck or crease 140A where middle cover portion 342B and back cover 140 are connected or integrally formed (FIG. 4B) . The addition of writing-support pads 61A and 61B (see FIGS. IE and IF) to the binder 4 could cover any crevices that might lead to puncturing loose-leaves 72 during the writing process . Middle cover portions 342A are connected to or integrally formed with an edge 344A of front cover 344 with creases 344B disposed therebetween. Middle cover portions 342A pivot about respective ends of skeleton 50. Middle cover portions 342A do not interfere with the rotation of skeleton 50. When the binder 4 is open 360 degrees, middle cover portions 342A curve around middle cover 342B to enable front cover 344 to lie flat against back cover 140 as shown in FIG. 4D. FIGS. 5A-5B FIGS. 5A and 5B show perspective and bottom views of yet an additional embodiment of a binder 5 of the present invention. The binder 5 comprises the same skeleton 50 as the binder 1 and cover 500. Cover 500 includes back cover 1440, middle cover 442, and front cover 1044. Middle cover 442 of the binder 5 comprises a base 442A, a beam 86 disposed on base 442A and creases 442B and 442C disposed at the respective junctures of the beam 86 with base 442A. The spine 53 of skeleton 50 is rotatably disposed in conduit 56A. Slots 258A-258C are defined by middle cover 442. Margin supports 260A- 260D are defined by beam 86 of middle cover 442. The base 442A of middle cover 442 and front cover 1044 are joined together at crease or fold 1044A. The base 442A and back cover 1440 are joined at crease or fold 1440A. Although skeleton 50 can rotate relative to middle cover 442, only limited rotation is needed, the amount of rotation needed being influenced by the amount of loose-leaves 72 on one side of beam 86 of middle cover 442 compared with the other side. When the binder 5 is open 360 degrees (FIG. 5B) , the skeleton 50 need not rotate substantially because of the manner in which the base 442A folds upon itself at creases 442B and 442C to enable front cover 1044 to lie flat against back cover 1440. To enable middle cover 442, back cover 1440 and front cover 1044 to form two parallel planar surfaces when the binder is open 360 degrees, the base 442A of middle cover 442 as well as back cover 1440 and front cover 1044 are half as thick as beam 86 of middle cover 442. Optional writing-support pads 61A and 61B cover crevices associated with folds 442B and 442C and slots 258A-258C. When cover 500 is folded flatly open 360 degrees, beam 86 coincides with the near-ring edge of flatly-folded cover 500 and a portion of each ring 46 is rotatable about this edge. FIGS. 6A-6B FIG. 6A shows a perspective view of another embodiment of a binder 6 of the present invention comprising cover 600 and skeleton 50. FIG. 6B shows a perspective view of back cover 240. Cover 600 includes back cover 240 and front cover 444. The binder 6 of the present invention is similar to the binder 2 shown in FIGS. 2A-2E except that the binder 6 has no enveloping middle cover 42. Spine 53 of skeleton 50 is rotatably disposed in conduit 56 defined by back cover 240 such that spine 53 is a pivot of back cover 240. Like the front cover 144 of the binder 2 shown in FIGS. 2A-2E, front cover 444 of the binder 6 of the present invention defines holes 74A for receiving rings 46 thereby enabling front cover 444 to be releasably bound by the rings 46. Since there is no middle cover, the binder 6 of the present invention is more economical to manufacture and easier to open and close than similar binders having middle covers . FIGS. 7A-7B FIGS. 7A and 7B are perspective and bottom views of yet an additional preferred embodiment of a binder 7 of the present invention. The binder 7 comprises cover 700 and skeleton 50. Cover 700 includes back cover 340, middle cover 542, and front cover 44. The binder 7 is a variation of the binder 1 of the present invention having middle cover 542, which has been enlarged and is attached or integrally formed with the far edge 340B of back cover 340. Middle cover 542 is a bi-planar middle cover having middle cover portion 542A and middle cover portion 542B. The binder 7 of the present invention opens to 180 degrees similar to the binder 1 shown in FIGS. 1A-1F, but opens differently to the 360 degree position. FIG. 7B shows the binder 7 cover folded in a "Z" shape when opened 360 degrees and forward loose-leaves 72A are sandwiched between back cover 340 and middle cover portion 542B. When cover 700 is open 360 degrees, only back cover 340 of cover 700 is in flat formation between forward loose-leaves 72A and latter loose- leaves 72B. The inner diameter of rings 46 is substantially greater than the thickness of the flat formation of back cover 340 for a purpose (2) recited earlier in the description of the binder 1. FIG. 8 FIG. 8 is a perspective view of yet another preferred embodiment of a binder 8 of the present invention. The binder 8 comprises cover 800 and skeleton 50. Cover 800 includes back cover 440, middle cover 642, front cover 544, and zipper 88. The binder 8 is similar to the binder 7 shown in FIGS. 7A-7B since back cover 440 connects to middle cover portion 642B of the binder 8 much like back cover 340 connects to middle cover portion 542B of the binder 7. The binder 8, however, also comprises a zipper 88 for securely enclosing back cover 440, skeleton 50 and loose-leaves 72 (not shown) for improved storage and handling capability. Middle cover 642 has portions 642A and 642B. In addition, back cover 440 is releasably attached to middle cover portion 642B via a loop 91 and hook 90 fastener. Hooks 90 are disposed on the back cover interior surface 440N and loops 91 are disposed on a flap 78 attached to middle cover 642B. Since zipper 88 can become an encumbrance during usage, back cover 440 can be detached from the other cover sections of the binder. Spine 53 of skeleton 50 is disposed in conduit 56 of back cover 440. When the back cover 440 is detached from middle cover portion 642B, the binder 8 then resembles the binder 6 and can be used in a similar fashion bearing a minimal footprint when the forward loose- leaves 72A are flipped back against back cover 440. If zipper 88 is not an inconvenience, back cover 440 can be left attached to middle cover 642, and forward loose-leaves 72A can be flipped beneath back cover 440 by sandwiching them between back cover 440 and middle cover portion 642B. FIG. 9 FIG. 9 shows a bottom view of an additional preferred embodiment of a binder 9 of the present invention. The binder 9 comprises cover 900 and skeleton 50. Cover 900 includes back cover 540, middle covers 742A and 742B, and front cover 644. The binder 9 is similar to the binder 1 shown in FIGS. 1A-1F but also comprises a dual-purpose fastener comprising loops 190 and hooks 192A and 192B and an extra middle cover 742B. Middle cover 742A and middle cover 742B are disposed on opposite sides of the binder 9. Crease or hinge 742C is disposed between middle cover 742A and front cover 644 while crease or hinge 742D is disposed between front cover 644 and middle cover 742B. Several rows of hooks 190 are disposed on back cover 540 which cooperate with the rows of loops 192A and 192B disposed on middle cover 742B and front cover 644, respectively. The dual purpose fastener is composed of hooks 190 and alternative attachment positions at loops 192A or loops 192B. When the binder 9 is closed, hooks 190 fasten to loops 192A. When the binder 9 is opened 360 degrees as substantially shown in broken lines in FIG. 9, front cover 644 is folded upon itself at crease 81 and hooks 190 fasten to loops 192B to hold front cover 644 securely in place against back cover 540. The addition of middle cover 742B lets the binder 9 enclose rings 46 and inserted loose-leaves 72 on four sides when the binder 9 is closed and thus provides improved storage and handling. When the binder 9 is opened 360 degrees in a flat formation, front cover 644, middle cover 742A, and middle cover 742B are disposed beneath the wide portion of back cover 540, as divided by conduit 56, to avoid interfering with the rotation of rings 46 and to minimize the footprint of the binder 9. For purpose (2) recited earlier in the description of the binder 1 shown in FIGS. 1A-1F, the inner diameter of rings 46 is substantially greater than the thickness of the flat formation of cover 900 which equals the sum of the thickness of back cover 540 plus twice the thickness of front cover 644. FIG. 10 FIG. 10 shows a bottom view of yet another preferred embodiment of a binder 10 of the present invention. The binder 10 comprises cover 1000 and skeleton 50. Cover 1000 includes back cover 640, middle covers 842A and 842B, and front cover 744. The binder 10 is similar to the binder 9 of FIG. 9 in that the binder 10 comprises a dual purpose fastener comprising hooks 290 and loops 292A and 292B and an extra middle cover segment 842B. Crease or hinge 842C is disposed between middle cover 842A and front cover 744 while crease or hinge 842D is disposed between front cover 744 and middle cover 842B. Whereas middle cover 742A, front cover 644, and middle cover 742B are rotated clockwise to a position underneath back cover 540 in the binder 9 in FIG. 9, middle cover 842B, front cover 744, and middle cover 842A of the binder 10 are rotated counterclockwise to a position underneath back cover 640. Thus, the respective front covers 644 and 744 of the binders 9 and 10 open in opposite directions. In addition, the binder 10, like the binder 9, encloses rings 46 and inserted loose- leaves on four sides when closed and uses dual-purpose hook-and-loop fasteners. The fastener of the binder 10 comprises rows of hooks 290 disposed on back cover 640 and alternative attachment positions comprising rows of loops 292A and 292B disposed on middle cover 842A and front cover 744, respectively. When the binder 10 is closed, the rows of hooks 290 fasten to the rows of loops 292A. When the binder 10 is opened 360 degrees as substantially shown in broken lines in FIG. 10, front cover 744 is folded upon itself at crease 181 and the rows of hooks 290 fasten to the rows of loops 292B to hold front cover 744 securely in place against back cover 640. FIG. 11 FIG. 11 shows a bottom view of another preferred embodiment of a binder 11 of the present invention. The binder 11 comprises cover 1100 and skeleton 50. Cover 1100 includes back cover 740, middle covers 942A and 942B, and front cover 844. Front cover 844 has releasably connecting portions 844A and 844B. The binder 11 shares similarities with the binder 9 of FIG. 9 and the binder 10 of FIG. 10. The binder 11 of the present invention comprises a front-middle cover segment made up of front cover portion 844A and middle cover 942A that is permanently attached to back cover 740 near conduit 56. The binder 11 also comprises a front-middle cover segment made up of front cover portion 844B and middle cover 942B that is permanently attached to the back cover 740. Crease or hinge 942C is disposed between middle cover 942A and front cover portion 844A while crease or hinge 942D is disposed between front cover portion 844B and middle cover 942B. The two front-middle cover segments fasten together above back cover 740 when the binder 11 is closed or below back cover 740 when the binder 11 is open. The dual purpose hook-and-loop fastener of binder 11 comprises rows of hooks 390 and alternative attachment positions comprising rows of loops 392A and 392B. When the binder 11 is closed, hooks 390 fasten to loops 392A. When the binder 11 is opened 360 degrees as substantially shown in the broken lines of FIG. 11, front cover portion 844B is folded upon front cover portion 844A and hooks 390 fasten to loops 392B to hold front cover portion 844A and front cover portion 844B securely in place against back cover 740. Like the binder 9 of FIG. 9 and the binder 10 of FIG. 10, the binder 11 of the present invention encloses rings 46 and inserted loose-leaves 72 on four sides when closed and when open 360 degrees, middle cover 942A, middle cover 942B, front cover portion 844A, and front cover portion 844B are disposed beneath the wide portion of back cover 740, as divided by conduit 56, to avoid interfering with the rotation of rings 46. FIG. 12 FIG. 12 shows a perspective view of yet an additional embodiment of a binder 12 of the present invention. The binder 12 comprises cover 1200 and skeleton 50. Cover 1200 includes back cover 840, middle cover 1042, and front cover 44. The binder 12 differs from most of the binders presented thus far in how middle cover 1042, having portions 1042A and 1042B, avoids interfering with the rotation of rings 46 of skeleton 50 when forward loose-leaves 72A are flipped beneath back cover 840 and latter loose-leaves 72B. The middle cover portion 1042B is connected to the back cover 840 with a hinge joint or fold 840A. As shown in FIG. 12, middle cover portion 1042A is disposed between middle cover portion 1042B and front cover 44. When loose-leaves 72 are to be flipped beneath back cover 840, back cover 840 is pivoted up about fold 840A which is preferably expandable to accommodate a large volume of loose- leaves 72 flipped underneath the back cover 840. Forward loose-leaves 72A are then flipped 360 degrees around back cover 840 causing the rotation of rings 46. Back cover 840 is subsequently pivoted back toward its original position which sandwiches the forward loose- leaves 72A between back cover 840 and middle cover portion 1042B. To write on the reverse side of a loose-leaf, back cover 840 is flipped from the front side of middle cover portion 1042B up against the back side thereof so that the reverse side of the desired loose-leaf is exposed. To minimize the footprint of the binder, front cover 44 can be folded against one side of middle cover portion 1042B while back cover 840 is folded against the other side of middle cover portion 1042B. Alternatively, front cover 44 can be sandwiched between middle cover portion 1042B and back cover 840. FIGS. 13A-13B FIGS. 13A and 13B are perspective and bottom views, respectively, of an additional embodiment of a binder 13 of the present invention. The binder 13 comprises cover 1300 and skeleton 50. Cover 1300 includes front cover 44, middle cover 42, and back cover 940. Like the binder 1 of FIG. 1A, middle cover 42 of the binder 13 attaches to back cover 940 at seam 66. Back cover 940 has holes 74B to enable it to be releasably attached to rings 46 and has open conduit 156 which intersects holes 74B . Spine 53 of skeleton 50 is not disposed within back cover 940. However, when the binder 13 is open 360 degrees as shown in FIG. 13B, the open conduit 156 defined by back cover 940 receives tube 54 of spine 53 to minimize or eliminate the lump caused by spine 53 so that back cover 940 can lie flat. Because back cover 940 hangs in a loose-leaf manner on rings 46 via holes 74B, spine 53 and rings 46 are able to rotate relative to back cover 940 as needed when the binder 13 is open 360 degrees. Front cover 44 is preferably flexible enough to fold against itself to minimize the binder's footprint when open 360 degrees. When the binder 13 is closed, skeleton 50 is surrounded by back cover 940, middle cover 42, and front cover 44 so that rings 46 are not exposed thus making the binder 13 more attractive and easy to handle. FIGS. 14A-14C FIGS. 14A-14C are perspective and bottom views of a further preferred embodiment of a binder 14 of the present invention. The binder 14 comprises cover 1400 and skeleton 50. Cover 1400 includes middle cover 142, back cover 940, and front cover 944. Like the binder 2 of FIGS. 2A-2E, middle cover 142 of the binder 14 attaches to back cover 940 and front cover 944 at seams 66 and 166, respectively. Front cover 944 has holes 74A to enable it to be releasably attached to rings 46 and has open conduit 256 which intersects holes 74A. Likewise, back cover 940 has holes 74B to enable it to be releasably attached to rings 46 and has open conduit 156 which intersects holes 74B. Spine 53 of skeleton 50 is not disposed within back cover 940. When the binder 14 is open 360 degrees as shown in FIG. 14C, middle cover 142 folds flat along crease 82 and the open conduits 156 and 256 defined by the back cover 940 and front cover 944, respectively, receive tube 54 of spine 53 to minimize or eliminate the lump caused by spine 53 so that back cover 940 can lie flat relative to front cover 944. When the binder 14 is open 180 degrees as shown in FIG. 14B, middle cover 142 tends to fold flat along crease 80. When the binder 14 is open 360 degrees, spine 53 and rings 46 are able to rotate relative to front cover 944 and back cover 940 as needed depending upon the number of forward loose- leaves 72A. When the binder 14 is closed, skeleton 50 is surrounded by back cover 940, middle cover 142, and front cover 944 so that rings 46 are not exposed thus making the binder 14 more attractive and easy to handle. FIG. 15 FIG. 15 is a bottom view of another preferred embodiment of a binder 15 of the present invention. The binder 15 comprises cover 1500 and skeleton 50. Cover 1500 includes back cover 940, front cover 944 and middle cover 1142. Spine 53 of skeleton 50 is disposed within the middle cover 1142. Skeleton 50 is able to rotate relative to back cover 940 because middle cover 1142 is preferably very thin and flexible and defines slots similar to the slots 258A-258C of binder 5 shown in FIG. 5A. When the binder 15 is open 360 degrees, thin and flexible middle cover 1142 folds flat and open conduits 156 and 256 receive spine 53 wrapped in part of middle cover 1142 to minimize or eliminate the lump caused by spine 53 so that back cover 940 can lie flat relative to front cover 944. FIG. 16 Description/Operation FIGS. 16A is a perspective view of yet a further embodiment of a binder 16 of the present invention. The binder 16 comprises cover 1600 and skeleton 50. Cover 1600 includes middle cover 42, front cover 44, and back cover 1040. Back cover 1040 defines margin supports 360A-360D divided by openings 358A-358C. Bridges 62 span openings 358A-358C at edge 1040A of back cover 1040. Bridges 62 have a smaller thickness than back cover 1040 to enable rings 46 to stand upright when the binder 16 is closed. Skeleton 50 and rings 46 are able to rotate relative to back cover 1040. By enabling rings 46 to stand upright when the binder 16 is closed and permitting spine 53 and rings 46 to adequately rotate relative to back cover 940 when the binder 16 is open 360 degrees, openings 358A-358C are nearly functionally equivalent to slots 58A-58C of the binder 1 of FIG. 1A. FIG. 17 FIG. 17 shows a perspective view of yet another preferred embodiment of a binder 17 of the present invention. The binder 17 comprises cover 1700 and skeleton 650. Cover 1700 includes back cover 1140, middle cover 1242, and front cover 44. The back cover 1140 defines slots 458A and 458B interspaced between margin supports 460A-460C. As shown in FIG. 17, spine 653 of skeleton 650 is disposed within conduit 56B defined by the top edge 1140A of back cover 1140. Middle cover 1242 is disposed between back cover 1140 and front cover 44. Loose-leaves are flipped over the top edge 1140A of back cover 1140 while middle cover 1242 and front cover 44 are flipped around the side edge 1140B of back cover 1140 in order to minimize the footprint of the binder 17. FIGS. 18A-18B FIGS. 18A and 18B are perspective and bottom views of another preferred embodiment of a binder 18 of the present invention. The binder 18 comprises cover 1800 and skeleton 50. Cover 1800 includes front cover 44, back cover 1240 and a bi-planar middle cover 1342. Middle cover 1342 has middle cover portion 1342A and middle cover portion 1342B. As shown in FIG. 18A, middle cover portion 1342A is disposed between front cover 44 and middle cover portion 1342B which is disposed between middle cover portion 1342A and back cover 1240. Crease 1342C is preferably disposed between front cover 44 and middle cover portion 1342A and crease 1342D is preferably disposed between middle cover portion 1342A and middle cover portion 1342B. Middle cover portion 1342B and back cover 1240 each define half of the total area of slots 558A-558C interspaced between margin supports 560A-560D. The perimeters of slots 558A-558C are closed and completely surrounded by middle cover portion 1342B and back cover 1240. Slots 558A-558C are roughly 0-shaped and exposed when the binder 18 is closed. The slots 558A- 558C fold in half along a fold 1342E between middle cover portion 1342B and back cover 1240 to become roughly U-shaped when front cover 44, middle cover portion 1342A and middle cover portion 1342B are flipped back against back cover 1240 to minimize the footprint of the binder 18 as shown in FIG. 18B and in dotted lines in FIG. 18A. The folding of slots 558A-558C prevents back cover 1240, middle cover portion 1342A and middle cover portion 1342B from interfering with the rotation of rings 46 through the plane of back cover 1240. When cover 1800 is folded flatly open 360 degrees, a portion of each ring 46 is rotatable around the near-ring edge 1240A. This construction of the binder 18 does not require the attachment of middle cover portion 1342B to the wide portion of back cover 1240 as divided by conduit 56. As shown in FIG. 18B, one edge of middle cover portion 1342B is connected to the edge 1240A of back cover 1240 near margin supports 560A-560D. The fold 1342E adjacent to back cover 1240 can be relocated to enable the edge of middle cover portion 1342B to interface to the edge 1240A of back cover 1240 on either side of back cover 1240 as divided by conduit 56. Forward loose-leaves 72A and latter loose-leaves 72B and pads 61A and 61B lie parallel and flat when the binder 18 is open 360 degrees as shown in FIG. 18B. FIGS. 19A-19C FIGS. 19A-19C are perspective and bottom views, respectively, of yet another preferred embodiment of a binder 19 of the present invention. The binder 19 comprises cover 1900 and skeleton 50. Cover 1900 includes back cover 1340, middle cover 1442 and front cover 44. Middle cover 1442 has portions 1442A-1442D. Back cover 1340 defines margin supports 660A-660D and half of the area of each of the slots 658A-658C, the other halves of which being defined by the middle cover portion 1442B. Unlike the -margin supports 560A-560D of the binder 18 shown in FIGS. 18A-18B, the margin supports 660A-660D have the same thickness as the back cover 1340 and are shorter than margin supports 560A- 560D of the binder 18. Like the slots 558A-558C of the binder 18 shown in FIGS. 18A-18B, slots 658A-658C fold in half along the fold 282A between middle cover portion 1442B and back cover 1340 when the binder 19 is open 360 degrees. Slot cover 64, having middle cover portions 1442C and 1442D, attaches to middle cover portion 1442B and back cover 1340 and completely spans slots 658A-658B to hide them when the binder 19 is closed as shown in FIG. 19B. Slot cover 64 defines a crease 282B between middle cover portions 1442C and 1442D which allows it to fold neatly away from slots 658A-658C when the binder 19 is open 360 degrees. FIGS. 20A-20C FIGS. 20A-20C are a perspective and two bottom views, respectively, of yet another preferred embodiment of a binder 20 of the present invention. The binder 20 comprises cover 2000 and skeleton 50. Cover 2000 includes front cover 1044, middle cover 1542, and back cover 1440. Middle cover 1542 has middle cover portions 1542A-1542F that are connected together to define conduit 356. Skeleton 50 is disposed within conduit 356 such that rings 46 are looped through middle cover holes 74C-74D. Conduit 356 changes shape as front cover 1044 is opened relative to back cover 1440. Middle cover portions 1542A-1542D snugly enwrap spine 53 as the binder 20 is opened 360 degrees as seen in FIG. 20C. Spine 53 is a pivot about which cover 2000 can rotate when cover 2000 is flatly-folded open 360 degrees. As the binder 20 is opened from its closed position to its 360 degree position, front cover 1044 and middle cover portion 1542A rotate about fold 382A and spine 53 until they abut back cover 1440 and middle cover portion 1542D, respectively. When cover 2000 is folded flatly open 360 degrees, a transient near-ring edge coinciding with fold 382A exists and a portion of each ring 46 is rotatable about this edge. Middle cover portions 1542A and 1542D, front cover portion 1044A and back cover portion 1440A are preferably the same thickness so as to form parallel planar surfaces when binder 20 is open 360 degrees. Middle cover portions 1542B and 1542C have reduced thickness relative to middle cover portions 1542A and 1542D to accommodate spine 53 when the binder 20 is open 360 degrees. Front cover 1044 has front cover portions 1044A and 1044B. Back cover 1440 has back cover portions 1440A and 1440B. The thickness of front cover portion 1044B and back cover portion 1440B is less than the thickness of front cover portion 1044A and back cover portion 1440A, respectively, so that a channel 65 is formed when the binder 20 is open 360 degrees as seen in FIG. 20C. Channel 65 accommodates ring-hole cover 164 that folds neatly via crease 382B into channel 65 as the binder 20 is opened 360 degrees. Ring-hole cover 164 includes middle cover portions 1542E-1542F and hides rings 46 and middle cover holes 74C-74D when the binder 20 is in its closed position as seen in FIG. 20B to give the binder 20 the aesthetic appearance and handling of a bound book. The binder 20 is similar to the binder 5 m that the thickness of the folded middle cover 1542 is substantially equal to the sum of the thickness of front cover 1044 and back cover 1440 as seen when the binder is open 360 degrees in FIG. 20C. FIGS. 21A-21B FIGS. 21A-21B are bottom views of yet another preferred embodiment of a binder 21 of the present invention. The binder 21 comprises cover 2100 and skeleton 50. Cover 2100 includes front cover 1044, middle cover 1642 and back cover 1440. Middle cover 1642 has middle cover portions 1642A-1642D. Middle cover portion 1642B contains conduit 456B. Spine 53 of skeleton 50 is disposed within conduit 456B and creates middle cover lump 67 in middle cover portion 1642B. Middle cover portion 1642A contains conduit 456A which receives middle cover-lump 67 when the binder 21 is open 360 degrees as shown in FIG. 2IB. Rings 46 are looped through middle covers 1642A-1642B of the binder 21 in a similar manner as rings 46 are looped through middle covers 1542A-1542B of the binder 20. As the binder 21 is opened from its closed position in FIG. 21A to its 360 degree position in FIG. 21B, front cover 1044 and middle cover portion 1642A rotate about fold 482A until they abut back cover 1440 and middle cover 1642B, respectively, to minimize the footprint of the binder 21. Middle cover 1642A, middle cover 1642B, front cover 1044 and back cover 1440 form parallel planar surfaces when the binder 21 is open 360 degrees. Front cover 1044 has front cover portions 1044A and 1044B. Back cover 1440 has back cover portions 1440A and 1440B. The thickness of front cover portions 1044B and back cover portions 1440B is less than the thickness of front cover portions 1044A and back cover portions 1440A, respectively, so that a channel 165 is formed when the binder 21 is open 360 degrees as seen in FIG. 21B. Channel 165 accommodates ring-hole cover 264 that folds neatly via crease 482B into channel 165 as the binder 21 is opened 360 degrees. Ring-hole cover 264, having middle cover portions 1642C- 1642D, gives the binder 21 the aesthetic appearance and handling of a bound book when the binder 21 is closed as seen in FIG. 21A. The binder 21 is similar to the binder 5 and the binder 20 in that the thickness of the folded middle cover 1642 is substantially equal to the sum of the thickness of front cover 1044 and back cover 1440 as seen when the binder 21 is open 360 degrees in FIG. 21B. FIGS. 22A-22B FIGS. 22A-22B are bottom views of yet another preferred embodiment of a binder 22 of the present invention. The binder 22 comprises cover 2200 and skeleton 50. Cover 2200 includes front cover 1044, middle cover 1742 and back cover 1540. Middle cover 1742 includes middle cover portions 1742A-1742D. Rings 46 are looped through middle cover portions 1742A-1742B of the binder 22 in a similar manner as rings 46 are looped through middle cover portions 1542A-1542B of the binder 20. However, middle cover portions 1742A-1742B are releasably bound to rings 46 in the same manner as loose-leaves 72 are releasably bound to rings 46. As the binder 22 is opened from its closed position in FIG. 22A to its 360 degree open position in FIG. 22B, front cover 1044 and middle cover portion 1742A rotate about fold 582A until they abut back cover 1540 and middle cover 1742B, respectively, to minimize the footprint of the binder 22. Middle cover portion 1742A, middle cover portion 1742B, front cover 1044, writing-support pad 161 and back cover 1540 form parallel planar surfaces when the binder 22 is open 360 degrees. Writing-support pad 161 has portions 161A-161B where 161B is of reduced thickness relative to 161A to hinder spine 53 from causing a lump in the writing surface. Front cover 1044 has front cover portions 1044A and 1044B. Back cover 1540 includes back cover portions 1540A-C. The thickness of back cover portion 1540C is reduced relative to back cover portion 1540B so as to accommodate spine 53 when the binder 22 is in the closed position. The thickness of front cover portion 1044B and back cover portion 1540B is less than the thickness of front cover portion 1044A and back cover portion 1540A, respectively, so that a channel 265 is formed when binder 22 is open 360 degrees as seen in FIG. 22B. Channel 265 accommodates ring-hole cover 364 that folds along crease 582B into channel 265 as the binder 22 is opened 360 degrees. Ring-hole cover 364 has middle cover portions 1742C-1742D and gives the binder 22 the aesthetic appearance and handling of a bound book when the binder 22 is closed as seen in FIG. 22A. FIGS. 23A-23E FIGS. 23A-23E are bottom views of yet another preferred embodiment of a binder 23 of the present invention. The binder 23 comprises skeleton 550, one or more staple-thin fasteners 68 and cover 2300. Cover 2300 includes front cover 1144, middle cover 1842 and back cover 1640. Middle cover 1842 has middle cover portions 1842A-1842C. Skeleton 550 includes spine 553 and rings 746. Conventional spine 553 has an arc-shaped cross- section and has a switching element to simultaneously open and close rings 746. Skeleton 550 is fixed to middle cover portion 1842B via one or more staple-thin fasteners 68. Middle cover portion 1842B is of reduced thickness relative to middle cover portion 1842A and middle cover portion 1842C preferably creating recess 71 to contain spine 553. Recess 71 aids in providing a flat writing surface when the binder 23 is open 180 degrees by lowering spine 553 partially into the plane of front cover 1144 and back cover 1640. The reduced thickness of middle cover portion 1842B also facilitates its greater flexibility relative to middle cover portions 1842A and 1842C enabling it to have a small radius of curvature illustrated in FIGS. 23C-23E such that middle cover portion 1842A is able to lie flatly against middle cover portion 1842C. Furthermore, fastener 68 is purposefully staple-thin so as not to hinder the folding of middle cover 1842. The folding of middle cover 1842 creates a transient near-ring edge 73 in cover 2300. To facilitate the flipping of front cover 1144 and one or more forward loose-leaves 72A 360 degrees such that they lie parallel to back cover 1640 and latter loose-leaves 72B, skeleton 550 must be able to incrementally rotate in a stable and controlled manner relative to front cover 1144 and back cover 1640. Because skeleton 550 is fastened to middle cover portion 1842B, it cannot freely rotate relative to middle cover portion 1842B; but skeleton 550 rotates relative to front cover 1144 and back cover 1640 via the flexibility of middle cover portion 1842B. As illustrated in FIGS. 23C-23E, skeleton 550 is not strongly biased to a particular angular position when front cover 1144 is flipped 360 degree beneath back cover 1640 and can incrementally rotate as needed depending upon the number of forward loose-leaves 72A to be flipped beneath back cover 1640; back cover 1640 and middle cover portion 1842A slide against front cover 1144 and middle cover portion 1842B to facilitate the amount of necessary rotation of skeleton 550. Staple-thin fasteners 68 can be affixed loosely to allow freer rotation of skeleton 550 relative to middle cover portion 1842B. To provide a flat writing surface, writing-support pads 61A and 61B blanket crevices 75A-75B between spine 553 and middle cover portions 1842A and 1842C, respectively. When cover 2300 is open 360 degrees, spine 553 is rotatably disposed on middle cover 1842 such that rings 746 of skeleton 550 can rotate about near-ring edge 73 of the flatly-folded cover 2300. Since spine 553 is riveted to cover 2300, it is not a pivot about which cover 2300 can rotate. However, when the binder 23 is flatly folded open 360 degrees, the flexibility and small radius of curvature of middle cover 1842 enable spine 553 to be substantially axially disposed relative to the rotation of rings 746 and the oppositely rotating front cover 1144 and back cover 1640. All points of front cover 1144, back cover 1640, and rings 746 rotate through substantially the same size angle about spine 553 as most of the flatly-folded cover 2300 rotates about spine 553. In this case, front cover 1144 and back cover 1640 share the same angular rotation about spine 553 even though front cover 1144 and back cover 1640 slide radially in opposite directions relative to spine 553. Front cover 1144 comprises front cover portions 1144A-1144B and back cover 1640 comprises back cover portions 1640A-1640B. Front cover portion 1144B is of reduced thickness enabling the folding of front cover portion 1144A beneath middle cover 1842 and back cover 1640 as shown in FIG. 23B. Likewise, back cover portion 1640B is of reduced thickness enabling the folding of back cover portion 1640A beneath middle cover 1842 and front cover 1144. The binder 23 is similar to the binder 5 in that the thickness of the folded middle cover 1842 is substantially equal to the sum of the thickness of front cover 1144 and back cover 1640 as seen when the binder is open 360 degrees in FIGS. 23C-23E. Moreover, the LSCPL of spine 553 is less than or equal to sum of the thickness of front cover 1144 and back cover 1640 which minimizes or eliminates any potential lump caused by spine 553 when it is positioned between forward loose- leaves 72A and latter loose-leaves 72B when the binder 23 is open 360 degrees. Also the major diameter of the rings 746 is much larger than the LSCPL dimension of spine 553. The many elements of the binder 23 described in detail above work in concert to enable front cover 1144 and forward loose-leaves 72A to lie flat and parallel to back cover 1640 and latter loose-leaves 72B when the binder 23 is opened 360 degrees. As the binder 23 is opened from its closed position to its 360 degree position, front cover 1144 and middle cover portion 1842A rotate about middle cover portion 1842B until they abut back cover 1640 and middle cover portion 1842C, respectively, as shown in FIGS. 23C-23E. Middle cover portion 1842A, middle cover portion 1842C, front cover portion 1144A and back cover portion 1640A are preferably the same thickness to form parallel planar surfaces when the binder 23 is open 360 degrees . Partially elliptical rings 746 have a major diameter that is greater than or equal to the sum of their cut-off minor diameter plus the LSCPL of spine 553. This enables the loose-leaf capacity of rings 746 when the binder 23 is open 360 degrees to be greater than or equal to the capacity of the binder 23 when it is open 180 degrees and is typically loaded. FIGS. 24A-24C FIGS. 24A-24C are bottom views of yet another preferred embodiment of a binder 24 of the present invention. The binder 24 comprises skeleton 550, one or more round rivets 69, and cover 2400. Cover 2400 includes front cover 1144, middle cover 1942, and back cover 1640. The binder 24 comprises the same skeleton 550, front cover 1144 and back cover 1640 as the binder 23 shown in FIGS. 23A-23E, but incorporates a different middle cover 1942 and round rivets 69 in place of middle cover 1842 and staple-thin fasteners 68 of the binder 23. Skeleton 550 is fixed to middle cover 1942 via round rivets 69. Middle cover 1942 includes middle cover portions 1942A-1942C. Like middle cover portion 1842B, middle cover portion 1942B is of reduced thickness relative to middle cover portions 1942A and 1942C. But middle cover portion 1942B of the binder 24 is longer and thinner than middle cover portion 1842B of the binder 23 which enables middle cover portion 1942B to accommodate round rivets 69 as well as staple-thin fasteners 68. Because middle cover portion 1942B is thin and flexible, middle cover portion 1942B prevents round rivets 69 from causing a lump between middle cover portions 1942A and 1942C by providing the extra room that round rivets 69 require relative to staple-thin fasteners 68. Middle cover portion 1942B is also shaped so as to deter the edges of round rivets 69 from cutting into and damaging middle cover 1942 during repeated usage of the binder 24. To provide a flat writing surface, writing-support pads 61A and 6IB blanket crevices 175A-175B between spine 553 and middle cover portions 1942A and 1942C, respectively. FIGS. 25A-25B FIGS. 25A-25B are bottom views of yet another preferred embodiment of a binder 25 of the present invention. The binder 25 comprises skeleton 550, one or more round rivets 69, and cover 2500. Cover 2500 includes front cover 44, middle cover 2042, and back cover 1740. The binder 25 has the same skeleton 550 as the binder 23 shown in FIGS. 23A-23E. Back cover 1740 has portions 1740A-1740D. Skeleton 550 is fixed to back cover 1740 via round rivets 69. To facilitate the flipping of front cover 44 and one or more forward loose-leaves 72A 360 degrees such that they lie parallel to back cover 1740 and latter loose-leaves 72B, skeleton 550 must be able to incrementally rotate in a stable and controlled manner relative to front cover 44 and back cover 1740. Because skeleton 550 is riveted to back cover portion 1740D, it cannot freely rotate relative to back cover portion 1740D; but skeleton 550 rotates relative to front cover 44 and most of back cover 1740 via a hinge joint 76 between back cover portions 1740D and 1740C. Thus rings 746 are rotatable about a near- ring edge of back cover portion 1740C. Skeleton 550 is not strongly biased to a particular angular position when front cover 44 is flipped 360 degrees beneath back cover 1740, as illustrated in FIGS. 25B. Skeleton 550 can incrementally rotate as needed depending upon the number of forward loose- leaves 72A to be flipped beneath back cover 1740. Spine 553 is substantially axially disposed relative to opposite rotations of large back cover portion 1740A and rings 46. Middle cover 2042 has middle cover portions 2042A-2042B and is attached to the wide side of back cover 1740 as divided by hinge joint 76 such that middle cover 2042 does not interfere with the rotation of skeleton 550 as front cover 44 and forward loose- leaves 72A are flipped beneath back cover portions 1740A-1740C. Back covers portions 1740C-1740D are of reduced thickness relative to back cover portion 1740A which aids in providing a flat writing surface when the binder 25 is open 180 degrees by lowering spine 553 partially into the plane of back cover portion 1740A. Back cover portion 1740B is a small wedge-shaped segment connecting back cover portion 1740C with back cover portion 1740A. To provide a flat writing surface, writing-support pads 61A and 61B blanket crevices 275A- 275B between spine 553 and back cover portion 1740A as illustrated in FIG. 25B. Rivet groove 70 accommodates round rivet 69 when the binder 25 is in its closed position. The binder 25 is similar to other embodiments of the present invention in that the LSCPL of spine 553 is less than or equal to sum of the thickness of front cover 44 and back cover 1740A which minimizes or eliminates any potential lump caused by spine 553 when it is positioned between forward loose- leaves 72A and latter loose-leaves 72B when binder 25 is open 360 degrees. The binder 25 is also similar to the binder 1 in the manner that its middle cover 2042 is attached to its back cover 1740 to avoid interfering with the rotation of its skeleton 550. FIGS. 26A-26C FIGS. 26A-26C show perspective, bottom and front views, respectively, of another preferred embodiment of a skeleton 150 of the binder of the present invention with detailed sectional portions of the synchronized switching element 151 thereof. In this embodiment of a skeleton 150, cable 34 and tube 154 serve as the first and second connective elements, respectively, of synchronized switching element 151. Rings 146 have ring segments 146A-146C. Ring segments 146A and ring segments 146B are attached to tube 154 via weld, braze, or other appropriate means. Ring segments 146B are hollow and their conduits 33 are constricted at one end by ledges or stops 132. Conduit 33 houses spring 131 and receives part of ring segment 146C. Stop 132 supports one end of spring 131 which constantly exerts a pushing force on ring segments 146C both when skeleton 150 is open or closed. In the closed position shown in FIG. 26B, ring segments 146C are pressed up against ring segments 146A. Ring segments 146C are capable, albeit constrained, to slide into ring segments 146B which have the same curvature as ring segments 146C. One end of ring segment 146C defines an opening or needle eye 30. Cable 34 comprises a trunk segment 34A with three branch segments 34B with each branch segment 34B terminating with a loop 35. Each conduit 33, spring 131, and stop 132 of the three ring segments 146B of skeleton 150 are threaded by one of the branch segments 34B of cable 34. Each of ring segments 146C is attached to cable 34 via a chain link between its needle eye 30 and a corresponding loop 35. FIG. 26C shows the trunk-end of cable 34 attaches to pull-lock 38 which has knob 38A. Pull-lock 38 is also attached to spring 36. Spring 36 is extended to its lock position through slot 37 when skeleton 150 is locked open as seen in FIG. 26A and as shown in broken lines of FIG. 26C. FIGS. 26A-26C show rings 146 to be circular. However, other ring shapes are possible as long as portions of ring segments 146B and 146C have the same curvature to enable retraction of ring segment 146C into ring segment 146B. To open skeleton 150, knob 38A of pull-lock 38 is pulled away from tube 154 against the resistance of springs 131 until spring 36 spring locks into slot 37. Meanwhile, pull-lock 38 pulls cable 34 which simultaneously retracts the three ring segments 146C into the three ring segments 146B to lock open all three rings 146. To close skeleton 150, spring 36 is pressed in to release cable 34 which is dragged to its closed position by springs 131 which also extend the ring segments 146C out of the ring segments 146B until they hit up against the ring segments 146A. Rings 146 stay closed because of the compression loading of springs 131. FIGS. 27A-27B FIGS. 27A and 27B show perspective views of a further preferred embodiment of a skeleton 250 of the binder of the present invention, with detailed sectional portions showing the synchronized switching element 251 of skeleton 250. Ring segments 46A are attached to rod 252 via weld, braze or other appropriate means. Similarly, ring segments 46B are attached to tube 254. When rod 252 is assembled within tube 254, the spaced ring segments 46A protrude through similarly spaced slots 55 of tube 254. Tube 254 rotates about rod 252 through a limited angle to open and close ring segments 46A relative to ring segments 46B. Cylindrical flanges 77 maintain the longitudinal axis of rod 252 coincident with the longitudinal axis of tube 254. Synchronized switching element 251 includes spring 97 which is torsionally loaded when skeleton 250 is either open or closed and which is always resisting the opening of ring segments 46A relative to ring segments 46B. Catch 98A which is attached to, or integrally formed as a part of, rod 252 constrains one arm of torsion spring 97, while catch 98B which is attached to, or integrally formed as a part of, tube 254 constrains the other arm of torsion spring 97. Ledge 27A extends from rod 252 while ledge 27B extends from tube 254. Both ledge 27A and ledge 27B are in contact with wedge 26 which is able to longitudinally slide along, as well as rotate around, the rod 252. Wedge 26 is kept in contact with ledge 27A and ledge 27B via push rod 76 and torsion spring 97. Push rod 76 and push button 39 are on opposite ends of a two-state mechanical switch common to ball-point pens for extending and retracting the ball-point. In ball-point pens, this two-state mechanical switch depends upon the constant resistance of a compression spring; in skeleton 250, the constant resistance is supplied by torsion spring 97 via linkages (rod 252 and ledges 27A and 27B) to wedge 26. When push rod 76 is in the retracted position shown in FIG. 27A, push button 39 is up and the rings are closed. When push button 39 is depressed or clicked down, push rod 76 is pushed and locked into its extended position. As push rod 76 is extended, it pushes on wedge 26 which angularly separates ledge 27A from ledge 27B which in turn forces rod 252 to rotate relative to tube 254 which causes ring segments 46A to open relative to ring segments 46B. Since push rod 76 is locked in place, ring segments 46A remained locked open relative to ring segments 46B as shown in FIG. 27B. When push button 39 is depressed a second time, it unlocks push rod 76 from its extended position allowing torsion spring 97 to act upon rod 252 and tube 254 to close ring segments 46A and ring segments 46B as well as ledge 27A and ledge 27B as shown in FIG. 27A. As ledge 27A and ledge 27B close, they force wedge 26 and push rod 76 to their closed and retracted positions, respectively, and push rod 76 forces push button 39 to its original up position. Although FIGS. 27A and 27B show some components of synchronized switching element 251 to be disposed on one end of skeleton 250, corresponding mirror-image components of the synchronized switching element 251 may be disposed on the opposite end of skeleton 250 to provide more balanced operation. FIGS. 28A-28B FIGS. 28A and 28B show perspective views of yet another preferred embodiment of skeleton 350 of the binder of the present invention, with detailed sectional portions showing the synchronized switching element 351 of skeleton 350. Ring segments 46A are attached to rod 352 via weld, braze or other appropriate means. Similarly, ring segments 46B are attached to tube 354. When rod 352 is assembled within tube 354, the spaced ring segments 46A protrude through similarly spaced slots 55 of tube 354. Tube 354 rotates about rod 352 through a limited angle to open and close ring segments 46A relative to ring segments 46B. Synchronized switching element 351 includes spring 97 which is torsionally loaded when skeleton 350 is either open or closed and which is always resisting the opening of ring segments 46A relative to ring segments 46B. Catch 98A which is attached to, or integrally formed with, rod 352 constrains one arm of torsion spring 97 while catch 98B which is attached to, or integral with, tube 354 constrains the other arm of torsion spring 97. Stop 32 protrudes from the inner wall of tube 354. Spring 31 which loosely spirals around rod 352 is compressed between stop 32 and push button 139. Spring 31 always has some amount of compression loading, albeit less when skeleton 350 is in the open state. Cylindrical, hollow push button 139 can slide longitudinally along rod 352 a limited distance like a sleeve on a rod. Tooth 93, which protrudes from the inner wall of push button 139 into groove 94 of rod 352, constrains push button 139 to rotate in sync with rod 352. Pawl 95 protrudes from the outer wall of push button 139 and slides along the limited path of ledge 96. Pawl 95 constrains the longitudinal and rotational motion of push button 139. Ledge 96 protrudes from the inner wall of tube 354. Stop 32 also acts as a flange to maintain the longitudinal axis of rod 352 coincident with the longitudinal axis of tube 354. To open skeleton 350, ring segments 46A and ring segments 46B are pulled apart. This action causes rod 352 to rotate relative to tube 354 and is resisted by torsion spring 97. As rod 352 rotates relative to tube 354, push button 139 is constrained to rotate in sync because of its tooth 93 within groove 94, but push button 139 is also pushed longitudinally towards rod 352 by a spiral section of ledge 96 that acts on pawl 95. The movement of push button 139 towards rod 352 causes the compression of spring 31 between push button 139 and stop 32. As rod 352 forces pawl 95 to rotate, pawl 95 is forced out of slot 96A, slides over tooth 96C of ledge 96 and is forced into slot 96B by spring 31 thereby locking push button 139 in its extended state which corresponds to the open position of skeleton 350 as shown in FIG. 28B. When pawl 95 is disposed in slot 96B, the user can release the rings 46 because pawl 95 is obstructed from rotating back by the tooth 96C of ledge 96 and thus pawl 95 is able to resist the torsional closing force of torsion spring 97. To close skeleton 350, push button 139 is pressed towards rod 352 against the resistance of spring 31. This action causes pawl 95 to move out of slot 96B and slide over tooth 96C of ledge 96 where the pawl 95 is then forced into slot 96A by spring 31 which allows torsion spring 97 to act to close the rings 46 of skeleton 350. Torsion spring 97 twists catch 98A relative to catch 98B causing rod 352 to rotate relative to tube 354 until ring segments 46A are closed against ring segments 46B. Although, FIGS. 28A and 28B show some components of synchronized switching element 351 to be disposed on one end of skeleton 350, corresponding mirror- image components of synchronized switching element 351 may be disposed on the opposite end of skeleton 350 to provide more stable operation. Skeleton embodiments 150, 250 and 350 can be used in place of skeleton embodiment 50 in each and every of the preferred embodiments that incorporate skeleton 50 of the present invention via a small modification to the covers to allow access to the actuators: knob 38A, button 39 and button 139. This modification is simply a hole in the top and bottom edges of the covers of the respective embodiments of the binders of the present invention. FIGS. 29A-29C FIGS. 29A-29B show perspective and side views, respectively, of a further preferred embodiment of a skeleton 450 of the binder of the present invention. FIG. 29C shows a side cross-sectional view of the rod 452 of skeleton 450. Skeleton 450 comprises three rings 246 and rod 452. FIG. 29C shows that rings 246 comprise ring segments 246A and ring segments 246B the ends of which define tabs 47 and slots 48, respectively. Also, nubs 49A and nubs 49B protrude from ring segments 246A and ring segments 246B, respectively. Ring segments 246A have a small hollow free end into which tabs 47 can be inserted. Skeleton 450 is assembled by inserting ring segments 246A through holes 57 defined by skeleton 450 and sliding the rings 246 so that only nubs 49A and not nubs 49B pass through light-bulb shaped hole 57. Then each ring 246 is rotated about the portion of ring 246 disposed within hole 57 to stand rings 246 upright relative to rod 452 as shown in FIG. 29A. Each ring 246 is opened or closed individually. To open ring 246, tab 47 is pushed down relative to slot 48 and pulled out of the hollow tip of ring segment 246A to unhitch tabs 47 from slots 48. The body of ring 246 acts like a spring which is free of tension or compression in its open position as shown in FIG. 29B. To close rings 246, force is exerted to insert tabs 47 of ring segments 246B into slots 48 of ring segments 246A until the tabs 47 are hitched in slots 48 and locked therein by the spring loading of rings 246 that exists when rings 246 are in the closed position. Since the front covers of many of the preferred embodiments of the binders of the present invention often rests on the rings of the skeleton, the rotation of the tops of rings 246 towards skeleton 450 can help minimize binder thickness when the binder is closed. FIGS. 30A-30F FIG. 30A is the bottom view of another preferred embodiment of a ring component 346 of the present invention and FIGS. 30B-30F are bottom views of binder 1, shown in FIGS. 1A-1L, with its skeleton 50 incorporating rings 346 in placed of rings 46. FIGS. 30B-30F show rings 346 in different positions as varying numbers of forward loose-leaves 72A are flipped beneath -b_ac-k cover 40. Ring 346 comprises ring segments 346A-346B and the portion of spine 53 intersected by ring segments 346A-346B. Ring segment 346A has ring segments 346P- 346Q and ring segment 346B has ring segments 346R-346S. The shape of ring 346 is a cut-off ellipse that is derived from an ellipse and chord P1Q1 parallel to its major axis. Rings segments 346Q and 346S coincide with chord P1Q1. The ellipse's minor axis bisects chord P1Q1 on one side of the major axis and bisects spine 53 on the opposite side of the major axis. Distance Al is the upright-ring loose-leaf capacity measured from the interior surface 4ON of back cover 40 to point Ql when rings 346 are upright as shown in FIGS. 30A and 30B. When rings 346 are upright, ring segments 346Q and 346S are parallel to back cover 40. Distance El is the length of the major axis of the interior cut-off ellipse of ring 346 as shown in FIG. 30A. FIGS. 3 OC-3 OF show that back cover 40 and front cover 44 occupy additional interior ring space when forward loose-leaves 72A are flipped 360 degrees beneath back cover 40 that they do not occupy when rings 346 are upright as in FIG. 30B. The space occupied by back cover 40 and front cover 44 is measured by distance Dl as shown in FIG. 30D. Distance (Bl + CI) measures the loose-leaf capacity of the rings when spine 53 is rotated 90 degrees as shown in FIG. 30D. Cover 100 of FIGS. 30B-30F is preferably loaded and unloaded with loose-leaves when cover 100 is open 180 degrees and rings 346 are substantially upright. Therefore, the height of the upright rings 346 determines the capacity of rings 346 as users will fill the rings up to the under surface of the ring segments 346Q and 346S. For convenient operation of the binder, it is preferred that the upright-ring loose-leaf capacity be less than or equal to the loose-leaf capacity when the spine 53 is rotated to other positions shown in FIGS. 30C-30F. To enable rings 346 to have less or the same loose-leaf capacity when rings 346 are upright as when spine 53 and rings 346 are rotated 90 degrees from upright, the following equation must be satisfied: Al =< Bl + CI equation 1 From FIG. 30D, major axis distance El equals the sum of distances Bl, CI, and Dl . El = Bl + CI + Dl equation 2 Substituting equation 2 into equation 1 and rearranging terms yields : El >= Al + Dl For a given thickness of back and front cover as measured by distance Dl and for a given upright-ring loose-leaf capacity Al, the length of the major axis El of ring 346 can be calculated so that the loose-leaf capacity of rings 346 in the upright position is greater than or equal to the loose-leaf capacity of rings 346 when spine 53 and loose-leaf ring 346 are rotated 90 degrees from upright. More stringently, chord P1Q1 can cut the elliptical curve of rings 346 at a position such that the upright-ring loose-leaf capacity is less than or equal to the loose-leaf capacity of rings 346 for the range of spine rotation illustrated in FIGS. 30B-30F. The preferred length of El is its maximum value that satisfies this more stringent constraint. Completely elliptical rings immediately decrease in loose-leaf capacity as spine 53 begins to rotate and ring prongs enter the plane of the back cover 40 of binder 1. Cut-off elliptical rings 346 do not share this problem because point Ql which determines upright-ring capacity of rings 346 extends farther from back cover 40 as spine 53 rotates counterclockwise from upright until point Ql is directly over spine 53. FIGS. 31A-31F FIG. 31A is the bottom view of another preferred embodiment of a ring component 446 of the present invention and FIGS. 31B-31F are bottom views of binder 1, shown in FIGS. 1A-1L, with its skeleton 50 incorporating rings 446 in placed of rings 46. FIGS. 31B-31F show rings 446 in different positions as varying numbers of forward loose-leaves 72A are flipped beneath back cover 40. Ring 446 comprises ring segments 446A- 446B and the portion of spine 53 intersected by ring segments 446A-446B. Ring segment 446A comprises ring segments 446P-446R and ring segment 446B comprises ring segments 446S-446U. The shape of ring 446 is a cut-off ellipse similar to ring 346 with additional chord ring segments 446P and 446S parallel to the major axis of the elliptical curve of rings 446. When binder 1 of FIGS. 31A-31F is open 180 degrees, middle cover 42 presses against the flat ring segments 446P and 446S to urge rings 446 to stand upright. FIGS. 32A-32F FIG. 32A is the bottom view of another preferred embodiment of a ring component 546 of the present invention and FIGS. 32B-32F are bottom views of binder 1, shown in FIGS. 1A-1L, with its skeleton 50 incorporating rings 546 in placed of rings 46. FIGS. 32B-32F show rings 546 in different positions as varying numbers of forward loose- leaves 72A are flipped beneath back cover 40. Ring 546 comprises ring segments 546A- 546B and the portion of spine 53 intersected by ring segments 546A-546B. Ring segment 546A has ring segments 546P-546R and ring segment 546B has ring segments 546S-546U. Mostly elliptical ring segments 546P and 546S are joined to straight ring segments 546Q and 546T, respectively. Straight ring segments 546Q and 546T are bridged by straight ring segments 546R and 546U to complete rings 546. Straight ring segments 546Q, 546R, 546U, and 546T constitute a multiple-line perimeter segment. The two angles that straight ring segments 546Q and 546T make with the major axis of the partial ellipse of ring 546 are not arbitrary. Straight ring segments 546Q and 546T are made intentionally parallel to lines XI and Yl, respectively. Line XI is a tangent line to spine 53 and ring segment 546S and line Yl is a tangent line to spine 53 and ring segment 546P. When rings 546 are in their upright position, line XI is in the plane of the exterior surface 4OX of back cover 40 and ring segment 546Q is parallel as shown in FIG. 32B. Distance A2 measured from the interior surface 4ON of back cover 40 to the under surface of rings segment 546Q is the upright-ring loose-leaf capacity of rings 546. Similar to rings 346, rings 546 are wider than tall such that the upright-ring loose-leaf capacity of rings 546 is less than or equal to the loose-leaf capacity of rings 546 for the range of spine rotation illustrated in FIGS. 32B-32F. Rings 546 rotate through a smaller angular range in FIGS. 32B-32F than rings 346 rotate in FIGS. 30B-30F. Cover 100 of FIGS. 32B-32F is preferably loaded and unloaded with loose-leaves when cover 100 is open 180 degrees and rings 546 are substantially upright . FIGS. 33A-33F FIG. 33A is the bottom view of another preferred embodiment of a ring component 646 of the present invention and FIGS. 33B-33F are bottom views of binder 1, shown in FIGS. 1A-1L, with its skeleton 50 incorporating rings 646 in placed of rings 46. FIGS. 33B-33F show rings 646 in different positions as varying numbers of forward loose- leaves 72A are flipped beneath back cover 40. Rings 646 are very similar to rings 546 but have less straight ring " segments and are partially circular. Ring 646 comprises ring segments 646A-646B and the portion of spine 53 intersected by ring segments 646A-646B. Ring segment 646A has ring segments 646P- 646Q and ring segment 646B has ring segments 646R-646S. o Mostly circular ring segments 646P and 646R are joined to straight ring segments 646Q and 646S, respectively. Straight ring segments 646Q and 646S are parallel with lines X2 and Y2 , respectively, and constitute a multiple-line perimeter segment. Line X2 is a tangent line to spine 53 and ring segment 646R and line Y2 is a tangent line to spine 53 and ring segment 646P. When rings 646 are in their upright position, line X2 is in the plane of the exterior surface 4OX of back cover 40 and ring segment 646Q is parallel as shown in FIG. 33B. Distance A3 measured from the interior surface 4ON of back cover 40 to the under surface of rings segment 646Q is the upright-ring loose-leaf capacity of rings 646. Similar to rings 346, rings 646 are wider than tall such that the upright-ring loose-leaf capacity of rings 646 is less than or equal to the loose-leaf capacity of rings 646 for the range of spine rotation illustrated in FIGS. 33B-33F. Rings 646 rotate through a smaller angular range in FIGS. 33B-33F than rings 346 rotate in FIGS. 30B-30F. Cover 100 of FIGS. 33B-33F is preferably loaded and unloaded with loose-leaves when cover 100 is open 180 degrees and rings 646 are substantially upright . FIGS. 34 FIG. 34 is the bottom view of another preferred embodiment of a ring component 746 of the present invention. Ring 746 is very similar to ring 346 except that spine 553 is incorporated in place of spine 53. Ring 746 comprises ring segments 746A-746B and the portion of spine 553 intersected by ring segments 746A- 746B. Ring segments 746A and 746B closely correspond in shape and function to ring segments 346A and 346B of FIGS. 30A-30F. Rings 746 are incorporated in binders o 23-25 shown in FIGS. 23A-25B where the skeleton is fixed to the cover with a fastener or rivet. FIGS. 35 FIG. 35 is the bottom view of another preferred embodiment of a ring component 846 of the present invention. Ring 846 is very similar to ring 546 except that spine 553 is incorporated in place of spine 53. Ring 846 comprises ring segments 846A-846B and the portion of spine 553 intersected by ring segments 846A- 846B. Ring segments 846A and 846B closely correspond in shape and function to ring segments 546A and 546B of FIGS. 32A-32F. Rings 846 can be incorporated in binder 25 shown in FIGS. 25A-25B where the skeleton is fixed to back cover 1740D with a rivet. The invention provides for a minimal footprint during use without sacrificing other popular advantages common to loose-leaf binders. The binder provides the minimal footprint capability with minimal tearing stress on the loose-leaves, a flat writing surface and the ability to simultaneously open or close all rings of the binder via an actuator. While my above descriptions contain many specificities, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention, but rather as an exemplification of several preferred embodiments thereof. Many other variations are possible. For example, all twenty-five binder embodiments with a SOCRA skeleton can instead use a skeleton having independently-openable rings. The cover embodiments with conduits that contain spine 53 can be joined with rings that are not connected by a spine; for example, skeleton 450 could be cut into three segments via cuts between its rings and then each segment placed end-to- o end in conduit 56 as when they are unified. Other spineless embodiments are easily created from binders 13, 14 and 20 by eliminating skeleton 50 and inserting unconnected, independently-openable rings in place of rings 46 of these binders. Skeletons with more rings can be substituted by adding a corresponding number of slots to the binder cover. Skeletons with a synchronized switching element different from those disclosed herein may be substituted. Furthermore, a synchronized switching element that opens or closes all the rings simultaneously can be replaced by a sequential switching element that opens or closes all the rings sequentially. Margin supports can be eliminated especially when writing-support pads are included. Binder 1 can be modified by eliminating its middle cover segment and attaching a wider unsegmented flexible front cover directly to back cover 40 at the location of seam 66. The skeleton of FIGS. 26A-26C can be modified so that its rings can pitch back and forth like the skeleton of FIG. 29A to enable reduced binder thickness when the binder is not filled to capacity. The binder of FIG. 8 could have a second loops flap attached to its middle cover to provide an alternative attachment to the back cover. Other variants comprise a skeleton with rings that can rotate relative to its spine's longitudinal dimension while a portion of its spine is held still. One such variant comprises a spine with a rectangular cross-section with a height equal to the thickness of its back cover and where the spine rigidly attaches along one edge of the back cover flush with the interior and exterior surfaces of the back cover to extend the back cover writing surface; the spine connects binder rings which can rotate about the spine's longitudinal dimension through slots in the spine. A second such variant can be made simply by placing spine 53 of skeleton 50 in a sleeve with slots corresponding to rings 46 that allow spine 53 to rotate relative to the sleeve; the sleeve which is part of this variant's spine can be rigidly riveted to a cover but still allow spine 53 contained therein and rings 46 to rotate relative to the cover. This use of a fixed sleeve may include the previous variant above where the sleeve is designed with a rectangular cross-section, and having spine 53 of skeleton 50 disposed within and rotatable relative to the rectangular sleeve while the sleeve is held still. Another variant, which lacks a distinct skeleton component, has a cover which is integrally formed with a synchronized switching element for simultaneously opening and closing its rings and which folds flat when open 360 degrees, and has rings that can rotate around a near-ring edge of the flatly-folded cover when the cover is open 360 degrees. It will appreciated by persons skilled in the art that herein described is a loose-leaf binder and analogous products and method of use. While the present invention has been described by reference to various preferred embodiments, it will be understood by persons skilled in the art that many modifications and variations may be made in those preferred embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Accordingly, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the disclosed preferred embodiments and that it have the full scope permitted by the following claims.

Claims: o Claims: I claim: 1. A binder for releasably binding a plurality of loose-leaves comprising: a cover having a conduit; a spine embedded within said conduit; a plurality of binder rings attached to said spine; each of said binder rings rotatable relative to said conduit; and a switching element for opening all of said binder rings substantially together. 2. The binder of claim 1 wherein said spine is rotatably disposed in said conduit as a pivot about 5 which said cover is rotatable. 3. The binder of claim 1 wherein each of said binder rings has first and second ring segments, said switching element has a first connective element attached to each of said first ring segments and a second connective element attached to each of said second ring segments whereby moving said first connective element relative to said second connective element opens all of said binder rings substantially together. 4. The binder of claim 1 wherein said cover defines a plurality of slots, each of said slots intersecting said conduit and receiving at least a portion of one of said binder rings. 5. The binder of claim 1 wherein said cover defines at least one slot that intersects said conduit, one of said binder rings is at least partially disposed o in said slot; said cover having a fold parallel to said conduit and which intersects said slot, said slot is folded upon itself as said cover is folded along said fold. 6. The binder of claim 5 wherein said cover has a slot cover that hides said slot when said cover is closed. 7. The binder of claim 6 wherein said slot cover borders said conduit, said spine rotatably disposed in said conduit as a pivot about which said cover is rotatable. 8. The binder of claim 1 wherein said cover has a fold and defines at least one pair of cover holes, a ring one of said binder rings being looped through said pair of cover holes, said fold positioned between first and second cover holes of said pair of cover holes, said first cover hole slides along said ring one toward said second cover hole as said cover is folded along said fold. 9. The binder of claim 8 wherein said cover has a ring-hole cover which hides said cover holes when said cover is closed, said fold is separate from said ring-hole cover. 10. The binder of claim 9 wherein said ring- hole cover borders said conduit, said spine rotatably disposed in said conduit as a pivot about which said cover is rotatable. 11. The binder of claim 1 wherein said cover comprises a front cover, a middle cover and a back -79- o cover, said back cover has first and second edges substantially parallel to each other, a portion of each of said binder rings rotatable about said first edge, said back cover divided by said conduit into a narrow side and a wide side, said first edge located on said narrow side and said second edge located on said wide side, said middle cover joining said back cover on said wide side. 12. The binder of claim 1 wherein said cover enwraps and hides most of the perimeter of each of said binder rings when said cover is closed such that each of 270 rays emanating from the center of a first ring of said binder rings and spaced at consecutive 1-degree angular increments and intersecting the perimeter of said first ring subsequently intersects said cover when said cover is closed. 13. A binder for releasably binding a plurality of loose-leaves comprising: a spine attached to a plurality of binder rings; a switching element for opening all of said binder rings substantially together; a cover having a front cover and a back cover; wherein a longest line connecting two points on the perimeter of a transverse cross-section of said spine is less than or equal to a sum of the thickness of said front plus the thickness of said back cover, said back cover having substantially planar interior and exterior surfaces wherein first and o second planes contain said planar interior and exterior surfaces respectively, each of said binder rings intersects said first and second planes when said cover is open 360 degrees, said front cover is substantially parallel to said back cover when said cover is open 360 degrees, whereby loose-leaves stacked flatly and bound by said binder rings above said back cover are substantially parallel to loose-leaves stacked flatly and bound by said binder rings below said back cover when said cover is open 360 degrees. 14. The binder of claim 13 wherein said binder rings are rotatable relative to said back cover when said cover is open 360 degrees, said spine is axially disposed relative to rotation of said binder rings and concurrent opposing rotation of said back cover when said cover is open 360 degrees. 15. The binder of claim 13 wherein said cover is flatly disposed with a near-ring edge when open 360 degrees, said near-ring edge being adjacent said binder rings, a portion of each of said binder rings rotatable about said near-ring edge as said cover is flatly disposed, whereby said back cover may be disposed between loose-leaves which are bound flatly and substantially parallel on said binder rings. 16. A binder for releasably binding a plurality of loose-leaves comprising: a cover comprising a front cover and a back cover; a spine attached to a plurality of binder rings; a switching element for opening all of said binder rings substantially together; wherein a longest line connecting two points on the perimeter of a transverse cross-section of said spine is less than or equal to a sum of thicknesses of said front and back covers, and a ring inner diameter of said binder rings is greater than said sum of thicknesses. 17. The binder of claim 16 wherein said longest line is at most nine millimeters. 18. The binder of claim 16 wherein: said front cover having front cover interior and exterior surfaces, said back cover having back cover interior and exterior surfaces, said cover folds flat when said cover lies open 360 degrees such that said front cover exterior surface is adjacent to said back cover exterior surface and such that said front cover interior surface is substantially parallel to said back cover interior surface, said cover has a near-ring edge adjacent to said spine when said cover lies open 360 degrees, a portion of each of said binder rings is rotatable about said near-ring edge, whereby loose-leaves arranged flatly and bound by said binder rings adjacent to said front cover are substantially parallel to loose-leaves arranged flatly and bound by said binder rings adjacent to said -82- o back cover when said cover lies open 360 degrees. 19. The binder of claim 16 wherein: said cover having a near-ring edge adjacent said binder rings when said cover is open 360 degrees, a portion of each of said binder rings rotatable about said near-ring edge, whereby loose-leaves stacked flatly and bound on said binder rings above said back cover and spine are substantially parallel to loose-leaves stacked flatly and bound on said binder rings below said back cover and spine as said cover lies open 360 degrees. 20. The binder of claim 16 wherein: said front cover having front cover interior and exterior surfaces and said back cover having back cover interior and exterior surfaces; said spine in contact with said cover when said cover is open 360 degrees, said front cover interior surface and said back cover interior surface are planar when said cover lies open 360 degrees, said spine and said cover are disposed between substantially parallel first and second planes when said cover is open 360 degrees with said first plane flatly interfacing said front cover interior surface and said second plane flatly interfacing said back cover interior surface and with said front cover exterior surface in contact with said back cover exterior surface, whereby loose-leaves stacked flatly and bound on said binder rings above said front and back o covers lie substantially parallel to loose-leaves stacked flatly and bound on said binder rings below said front and back covers as said cover lies open 360 degrees . 21. The binder of claim 16 wherein said cover has a middle cover linking said front cover to said back cover whereby said cover hides and shields said binder rings when said cover is closed such that each of 270 rays emanating from the center of a first ring of said binder rings and spaced at consecutive 1-degree angular increments and intersecting the perimeter of said first ring subsequently intersects said cover when said cover is closed. 22. A binder for releasably binding a plurality of loose-leaves comprising: a plurality of binder rings; a switching element for opening all of said binder rings substantially together; a cover having a front cover and a back cover; said cover having a near-ring edge adjacent said binder rings when said cover is open 360 degrees, a portion of each of said binder rings rotatable about said near-ring edge, whereby loose-leaves stacked flatly and bound on said binder rings above said back cover are substantially parallel to loose-leaves stacked flatly and bound on said binder rings below said back cover as said cover lies open 360 degrees, and whereby loose-leaves stack parallel when o said cover is closed and lies on a flat surface such that said back cover interfaces said flat surface. 23. The binder of claim 22, further comprising: a spine attached to each of said binder rings, wherein a part of said cover is disposed in a flat formation when said cover is open 360 degrees, a ring inner diameter of said binder rings is greater than a thickness of said formation, a longest line connecting two points on the perimeter of a transverse cross-section of said spine is less than or equal to said thickness of said formation, whereby loose-leaves stacked flatly and bound on said rings above said spine and said formation are substantially parallel to loose-leaves stacked flatly and bound on said rings below said spine and said formation. 24. The binder of claim 22, further comprising: a spine attached to each of said binder rings, wherein said cover having a loose-leaf stack space when said cover is closed which is a space usable for occupation by loose-leaves concurrently bound on said binder rings, said spine disposed outside of said loose-leaf stack space when said cover is closed. 25. The binder of claim 24, wherein: said cover folds flat when said cover is o open 360 degrees such that exterior surfaces of said front and back covers are in contact and such that interior surfaces of said front and back covers are substantially parallel; whereby loose-leaves adjacent to said front cover and loose-leaves adjacent to said back cover stack substantially flat and parallel when said cover is open 360 degrees. 26. The binder of claim 22 further comprising a spine attached to each of said binder rings, wherein said spine is attached to said cover by at least one fastener with a staple-thin portion, said staple-thin portion penetrates said cover, the longitudinal dimension of said staple-thin portion oriented parallel to the longitudinal dimension of said spine. 27. The binder of claim 22 wherein said cover hides and shields the perimeter of each of said binder rings on three of four sides when said cover is closed such that each of 270 rays emanating from the center of a first ring of said binder rings and spaced at consecutive 1-degree angular increments and intersecting the perimeter of said first ring subsequently intersects said cover when said cover is closed. 28. The binder of claim 22 wherein said cover includes a middle cover, at least a portion of said middle cover foldable flatly between said back cover and said front cover when said cover is laid open 360 degrees, each of said binder rings has a first variable segment positioned above said back cover and a second variable segment positioned below said back cover when said cover is laid open 360 degrees, said portion of each of said binder rings rotatable through an angle of at least 45 degrees about said near-ring edge at the same time said front cover is flatly positioned on the exterior side of said back cover such that said front cover is substantially parallel to said back cover, whereby the sizes of said first and second variable segments of said binder rings vary as needed depending upon the number of loose-leaves positioned flatly above said back cover versus the number of loose-leaves positioned flatly below said back cover when said cover is laid open 360 degrees. 29. The binder of claim 22, further comprising: a spine attached to each of said binder rings; wherein said cover has at least one cover segment with substantially planar interior and exterior surfaces, planes one and two contain said planar interior and exterior surfaces respectively, said spine connected to said cover segment substantially between said planes one and two. 30. The binder of claim 22 wherein each of said binder rings has first and second ring segments, said switching element has a first connective element attached to each of said first ring segments and a second connective element attached to each of said second ring segments whereby moving said first connective element relative to said second connective element opens all of said binder rings substantially together. 31. The binder of claim 22 wherein: at least one binder ring of said binder rings has a ring perimeter including a straight perimeter segment, said straight perimeter segment substantially parallel to said back cover when said cover is closed, said one binder ring and said back cover rotatable in opposite directions about an axis coincident to a fixed point on said ring perimeter. 32. A binder for releasably binding a plurality of loose-leaves comprising: a cover having a back cover; a plurality of binder rings, wherein said cover having a near-ring edge adjacent said binder rings when said cover is open 360 degrees, a portion of each of said binder rings rotatable about said near-ring edge, at least one binder ring of said binder rings has a ring perimeter including a straight perimeter segment and a curved perimeter segment, said curved perimeter segment substantially coincident with a portion of a shape selected from the group consisting of ellipses and ovals and circles, said one binder ring having a major ring axis and a minor ring axis which are coincident with major and minor axes, respectively, of said shape, said major ring axis is perpendicular to said minor ring axis, said straight perimeter segment substantially parallel to said major ring axis, said one binder ring and said back cover rotatable in opposite directions about an axis substantially coincident to where said minor ring axis intersects said curved perimeter segment, whereby loose-leaves stacked flatly and bound on said binder rings above said back cover are substantially parallel to loose-leaves stacked flatly and bound on said binder rings below said back cover as said cover lies open 360 degrees. 33. A binder for releasably binding a plurality of loose-leaves comprising: a cover having a back cover; a plurality of binder rings, wherein said cover having a near-ring edge adjacent said binder rings when said cover is open 360 degrees, a portion of each of said binder rings rotatable about said near-ring edge, at least one binder ring of said binder rings has a ring perimeter including a multiple-line perimeter segment and a curved perimeter segment, said curved perimeter segment substantially coincident with a portion of a shape selected from the group consisting of ellipses and ovals and circles, said shape having a minor axis, said one binder ring having a minor ring axis which is coincident with said minor axis of said shape, said multiple-line perimeter segment bisected by said minor ring axis, o said multiple-line perimeter segment having first and second line segments on opposite sides of said minor ring axis, said first and second line segments form angles of the same magnitude with said minor ring axis, said one binder ring and said back cover rotatable in opposite directions about an axis substantially coincident to where said minor ring axis intersects said curved perimeter segment, whereby loose-leaves stacked flatly and bound on said binder rings above said back cover are substantially parallel to loose-leaves stacked flatly and bound on said binder rings below said back cover as said cover lies open 360 degrees. 34. A binder for releasably binding a plurality of loose-leaves comprising: a plurality of binder rings which are each openable and closable; a cover having a back cover; said cover having a near-ring edge adjacent said binder rings when said cover is open 360 degrees, said near-ring edge having slots corresponding 1 to 1 with said binder rings, each of said slots receiving a portion of one of said binder rings, each of said binder rings rotatable about a fixed axis which intersects said slots, a portion of each of said binder rings being rotatable about said near-ring edge, whereby loose-leaves disposed on said binder rings above said back cover stack substantially o flat and parallel relative to flatly-stacked loose- leaves disposed on said binder rings below said back cover when said cover is laid open 360 degrees. 35. The binder of claim 34 further comprising a spine attached to each of said binder rings and disposed within a conduit of said cover, said conduit intersects each of said slots, said binder rings rotatable relative to said conduit. 36. The binder of claim 34 wherein said cover has a fold which intersects each of said slots, each of said slots is folded upon itself as said cover is folded along said fold. 37. The binder of claim 34 wherein said cover enwraps and hides most of the perimeter of each of said binder rings when said cover is closed such that each of 270 rays emanating from the center of a first ring of said binder rings and spaced at consecutive 1-degree angular increments and intersecting the perimeter of said first ring subsequently intersects said cover when said cover is closed. 38. The binder of claim 34 wherein said cover includes a front cover and a middle cover, said back cover has first and second edges substantially parallel to each other, said first edge coincides with said near- ring edge, said back cover divided by said fixed axis into a narrow side and a wide side, said first edge located on said narrow side and said second edge located on said wide side, said middle cover joining said back cover on said wide side. 39. The binder of claim 34 wherein said cover o includes a front cover, each of said binder rings has a first variable segment positioned above said back cover and a second variable segment positioned below said back cover when said cover is laid open 360 degrees, said portion of each of said binder rings rotatable through an angle of at least 45 degrees about said near-ring edge at the same time said front cover is flatly positioned on the exterior side of said back cover such that said front cover is substantially parallel to said back cover, whereby the sizes of said first and second variable segments of said binder rings vary as needed depending upon the number of loose-leaves positioned flatly above said back cover versus the number of loose- leaves positioned flatly below said back cover when said cover is laid open 360 degrees. 40. A binder for releasably binding a plurality of loose-leaves comprising: a plurality of binder rings which are each openable and closable, a cover comprising a front cover having an interior surface and a back cover having an interior surface, wherein said binder rings are securely disposed at distinct locations of said cover, said cover enwraps and hides most of the perimeter of each of said binder rings when said cover is closed such that each of 270 rays emanating from the center of a first ring of said binder rings and spaced at consecutive 1-degree angular increments and intersecting the perimeter of said first ring subsequently intersects said cover when said cover is closed, o said back cover and said front cover stack flatly when said cover is open 360 degrees such that said front cover is flatly positioned on the exterior side of said back cover, whereby loose-leaves stacked flatly and bound by said binder rings above said back cover are substantially parallel to loose-leaves stacked flatly and bound by said binder rings below said back cover. 41. The binder of claim 40 wherein said cover has a fold and a ring-hole cover and defines at least one pair of cover holes, a ring one of said binder rings being looped through said pair of cover holes, said fold positioned between first and second cover holes of said pair of cover holes and is separate from said ring-hole cover, said first cover hole slides along said ring one toward said second cover hole as said cover is folded along said fold, said ring-hole cover hides said pair of cover holes when said cover is closed. 42. The binder of claim 41 further comprising a spine which attaches to each of said binder rings. 43. The binder of claim 40 wherein said cover has a slot cover and at least one slot, said slot cover hides said slot when said cover is closed, a ring one of said binder rings is at least partially disposed in said slot; said cover having a fold which intersects said slot, said slot is folded upon itself as said cover is folded along said fold whereby a portion of said ring one is rotatable about a near-ring edge formed when said cover is folded along said fold. 44. The binder of claim 43 further comprising o a spine which attaches to each of said binder rings. 45. The binder of claim 40 wherein: said cover having a near-ring edge adjacent said binder rings when said cover is open 360 degrees, a portion of each of said binder rings rotatable about said near-ring edge, at least one binder ring of said binder rings has a ring perimeter including a straight perimeter segment, said straight perimeter segment substantially parallel to said back cover when said cover is closed, said one binder ring and said back cover rotatable in opposite directions about an axis coincident to a fixed point on said ring perimeter. 46. The binder of claim 40 wherein said cover includes a middle cover, at least a portion of said middle cover foldable flatly between said back cover and said front cover when said cover is laid open 360 degrees . 47. The binder of claim 40 further comprising: a spine which attaches to each of said binder rings, wherein said cover has a middle cover, said back cover defining at least one cover hole proximate to a first edge of said back cover, at least one of said binder rings being looped through said cover hole to releasably bind said cover to said binder ring; said back cover also defining a second edge substantially parallel to said first edge; said middle cover connected to said back cover between said cover hole and said second edge.

Inventors: CHIZMAR JAMES S, CHIZMAR, JAMES, S.
Applicants: CHIZMAR JAMES S, CHIZMAR, JAMES, S.
Application year: 2000
Main classification: B42F13
IPC codes: B42D1, B42D3, B42F13