FURANONE DERIVATIVES AS INHIBITORS OF CATHEPSIN S

Abstract: Cathepsin S is a highly active cysteine protease belonging to the papain superfamily. It is found mainly in lymph nodes, spleen, and macrophages and this limited occurrence suggests the potential involvement of this enzyme in the pathogenesis of degenerative disease. The invention relates to novel protease inhibitors, particularly inhibitors of the cysteine proteases of the papain superfamily and more particularly to Cathepsin S. The inhibitors are Furanone derivatives of Formula (II) which have a characteristic non-hydrogen substituent R5. They are selective over other members of the family and in particular show selectivity over other members of the Cathepsin family such as L and K.

Description: Furanone Derivatives as Inhibitors of Cathepsin S Field of the invention. Cathepsin S is a highly active cysteine protease belonging to the papain superfamily. Its primary structure is 57%, 41% and 45% homologous with that of the human cathepsin L and H and plant cysteine proteases papain respectively, although only 31 % homologous with Cathepsin B. It is found mainly in lymph nodes, spleen, and macrophages and this limited occurrence suggests the potential involvement of this enzyme in the pathogenesis of degenerative disease. Moreover, it has been found that destruction of Ii by proteolysis is required for MHC class II molecules to bind antigenic peptides, and for transport of the resulting complex to the cell surface. Furthermore, it has been found that Cathepsin S is essential in B cells for effective Ii proteolysis necessary to render class II molecules competent for binding peptides. Therefore, the inhibition of this enzyme may be useful in modulating class Il-restricting immune response (WO 97/40066). Selective inhibition of a single protease in a complex mixture of proteolytic enzymes and more especially over other members of the same enzyme class or family is imperative as incorrect regulation of proteolytic activity can lead to unwanted pathological conditions such as hypertension, blood clotting or worse. This has lead to the search for inhibitors that selectively inhibit only one member of a proteolytic family, a problem that is very relevant to the Cathepsin family, which have a high degree of homology. The invention relates to novel protease inhibitors, particularly inhibitors of the cysteine proteases of the papain superfamily and more particularly to Cathepsin S. The inhibitors of the invention are selective over other members of the family and in particular show selectivity over other members of the Cathepsin family such as L and K. Description of the related art. In WO 97/40066, the use of inhibitors against Cathepsin S is described. The inhibition of this enzyme is suggested to prevent or treat disease caused by protease activity. WO 98/50533 describes the use of compounds according to the formula (I). (I) It is suggested the compounds of this formula, known as the tetrahydrofuran-3-ones, are useful as inhibitors to proteases, in particular the papain superfamily; specifically those of the Cathepsin family; and particularly Cathepsin K. Summary of the invention The present invention provides compounds which inhibit the cysteine protease Cathepsin S but do not significantly inhibit other members of the papain superfamily. The compounds of the present invention are useful for the treatment of diseases caused by or enhanced by the presence or the activity of the protease enzyme. Accordingly, the first aspect of the invention provides a compound according to formula (II): (π) wherein: Rl = R' , R'C(O) , R' C(S), R' SO2 , R' OC(O), R' NHC(O) R' = X, = O, S, NH, W, Y, Z = CH, N; R" = single or multiple ring substitution combinations taken from: H, Cl-7-alkyl, C3-6-cycloalkyl, OH, SH, Amine, Halogen; R2, R4 = H, Cl-7-alkyl, C3-7-cycloalkyl; R3 = Cl-7-alkyl, C3-7-cycloalkyl, Ar- Cl-7-alkyl; R5 = Cl-7-alkyl, Halogen, Ar- Cl-7-alkyl, Cl-3-alkyl-CONR'", R" R ,v = where n = 1-3, m = 1-3; R V , R V, = H, Cl-7-alkyl; A = N, CH; B = N, O, S, CH; R™ = absent when B = O, S; or R v " = H, Cl-7-alkyl when B = N, CH; R v, " = O, Cl-7-alkyl; R6 = H, Cl-7-alkyl, Ar- Cl-7-alkyl, Cl-3-alkyl-SO2-R ,x , Cl-3-alkyl-C(O)-NHR" or CH : XAr, where X and Ar are as defined herein; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. 'Cl-7-alkyl' as applied herein is meant to include straight and branched chain aliphatic carbon chains such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, hexyl, heptyl and any simple isomers thereof. Additionally, any Cl- 7-alkyl may optionally be substituted by one or two halogens and/or a heteroatom S, O, NH. If the heteroatom is located at a chain terminus then it is appropriately substituted with one or 2 hydrogen atoms. 'Cl-3-alkyl' as applied herein includes methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, any of which may be optionally substituted as described in the paragraph above. 'Amine' includes NH2, NHCl-3-alkyl or N(Cl-3-alkyl)2. 'Halogen' as applied herein is meant to include F, Cl, Br, I, particularly chloro and preferably fluoro. 'C3-6-cycloalkyl' as applied herein is meant to include any variation of 'Cl -7-alkyl' which additionally contains a C3-6 carbocyclic ring such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl. Ar- Cl -7-alkyl' as applied herein is meant to include a phenyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazinolyl, isothiazmolyl, thiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, furanyl or thienyl aromatic ring (Ar) attached through a 'Cl -7-alkyl' (defined above) to the dihydro-(3H)-furanone ring system or in the case of R3 linked directly to the molecule backbone. Optionally, the aromatic ring Ar may be substituted with halogen, Cl-3-alkyl, OH, OCl-3-alkyl, SH, SCl-3-alkyl, amine and the like. 'Cl-3-alkyl-CONR'", R , " as applied herein is meant to include straight or branched carbon chain substituted with a 1°, 2° or 3° carboxamide wherein R'", R ,v includes H and Me. 'Cl-3-alkyl-SO 2 -R'\ as applied herein is meant to include straight or branched carbon chain substituted with a sulphone wherein R 1X includes 'Cl -7-alkyl', 'Ar- Cl -7-alkyl', 'C3-6-cycloalkyl'. 'Cl-3-alkyl-C(O)-NHR 1x , as applied herein is meant to include straight or branched carbon chain substituted with a secondary carboxamide wherein R 1X includes 'Cl-7- alkyl', 'Ar- Cl -7-alkyl', 'C3-6-cycloalkyl'. If a chiral centre is present, all isomeric forms are intended to be covered. Suitably compounds of the present invention have Rl = R'C(O) R2 and R4 = H; R3 = n-butyl, t-butyl, 3-(2,2-dimethylpropyl), 4-(2-methylbutyl), 4-(3,3- dimethylbutyl), 4-(3,3-dimethyl-2-methylbutyl), 4-(3-methyl-2-methylbutyl), 5 -(2-methyl-3 -methylpentyl); R5 = CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , CH 2 Ar, CH 2 CONH 2 , (CH 2 ) 2 CONH 2 , R6 = H, CH 2 -X-Ar, where X and Ar are as defined above or permutations thereof. Both (R) and (S) stereochemistries at the furan 5-position are encompassed by the invention with (S) being preferred in some cases, for instance when R5 = CH 3 ; A further aspect of the invention comprises a method employing the compounds of formula II for the treatment of diseases wherein cathepsin S is a factor, ie diseases or conditions alleviated or modified by inhbition of cathepsin S, preferably without substantial concomitant inhbition of other members of the papain superfamily. Examples of such diseases or conditions include those enumerated in WO 97/40066, such as autoimmune diseases, allergies, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and the like, the invention further provides the use of the compounds of formula II in therapy and in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of diseases or conditions alleviated or moderated by inhibition of cathepsin S. The compounds of the invention can form salts which form an additional aspect of the invention. Appropriate pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of Formula II include salts of organic acids, especially carboxylic acids, including but not limited to acetate, trifluoroacetate, lactate, gluconate, citrate, tartrate, maleate, malate, pantothenate, isethionate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, butyrate, digluconate, cyclopentanate, glucoheptanate, glycerophosphate, oxalate, heptanoate, hexanoate, fumarate, nicotinate, palmoate, pectinate, 3-phenylpropionate, picrate, pivalate, proprionate, tartrate, lactobionate, pivolate, camphorate, undecanoate and succinate, organic sulphonic acids such as methanesulphonate, ethanesulphonate, _2-hydroxyethane sulphonate, camphorsulphonate, 2-napthalenesulphonate, benzenesulphonate, p-chlorobenzenesulphonate and p-toluenesulphonate; and inorganic acids such as hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, sulphate, bisulphate, hemisulphate, thiocyanate, persulphate, phosphoric and sulphonic acids. The compounds of Formula II may in some cases be isolated as the hydrate. While it is possible for the active agent to be administered alone, it is preferable to present it as part of a pharmaceutical formulation. Such a formulation will comprise the above defined active agent together with one or more acceptable carriers/excipients and optionally other therapeutic ingredients. The carrier(s) must be acceptable in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the recipient. The formulations include those suitable for rectal, nasal, topical (including buccal and sublingual), vaginal or parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous and intradermal) administration, but preferably the formulation is an orally administered formulation. The formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form, e.g. tablets and sustained release capsules, and may be prepared by any methods well known in the art of pharmacy. Such methods include the step of bringing into association the above defined active agent with the carrier. In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active agent with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then if necessary shaping the product. The invention extends to methods for preparing a pharmaceutical composition comprising bringing a compound of Formula I or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt in conjunction or association with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or vehicle. If the manufacture of pharmaceutical formulations involves intimate mixing of pharmaceutical excipients and the active ingredient in salt form, then it is often preferred to use excipients which are non-basic in nature, i.e. either acidic or neutral. -Formulations for oral administration in the present invention may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active agent; as a powder or granules; as a solution or a suspension of the active agent in an aqueous liquid or a non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water liquid emulsion or a water in oil liquid emulsion and as a bolus etc. With regard to compositions for oral administration (e.g. tablets and capsules), the term suitable carrier includes vehicles such as common excipients e.g. binding agents, for example syrup, acacia, gelatin, sorbitol, tragacanth, polyvinylpyrrolidone (Povidone), methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, sucrose and starch; fillers and carriers, for example corn starch, gelatin, lactose, sucrose, microcrystalline cellulose, kaolin, mannitol, dicalcium phosphate, sodium chloride and alginic acid; and lubricants such as magnesium stearate, sodium stearate and other metallic stearates, glycerol stearate stearic acid, silicone fluid, talc waxes, oils and colloidal silica. Flavouring agents such as peppermint, oil of wintergreen, cherry flavouring or the like can also be used. It may be desirable to add a colouring agent to make the dosage form readily identifiable. Tablets may also be coated by methods well known in the art. A tablet may be made by compression or moulding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active agent in a free flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder, lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, surface-active or dispersing agent. Moulded tablets may be made by moulding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent. The tablets may be optionally be coated or scored and may be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active agent. Other formulations suitable for oral administration include lozenges comprising the active agent in a flavoured base, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth; pastilles comprising the active agent in an inert base such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and _acacia; and mouthwashes comprising the active agent in a suitable liquid carrier. The term "N-protecting group" or "N-protected" and the like as used herein refers to those groups intended to protect the N-terminus of an amino acid or peptide or to protect an amino group against undesirable reactions during synthetic procedures. Commonly used N-protecting groups are disclosed in Greene, "Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis" (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1981), which is hereby incorporated by reference. N-protecting groups include acyl groups such as forrnyl, acetyl, propionyl, pivaloyl, t-butylacetyl, 2-chloroacetyl, 2-bromoacetyl, trifluoracetyl, trichloroacetyl, phthalyl, o-nitrophenoxyacetyl, α-chlorobutyryl, benzoyl, 4- chlorobenzoyl, 4-bromobenzoyl, 4-nitrobenzoyl, and the like; sulfonyl groups such as benzenesulfonyl, p-toluenesulfonyl, and the like, carbamate forming groups such as benzyloxycarbonyl, p-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl, p-methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, p-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl, 2-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl, p-bromobenzyloxycarbonyl, 3 ,4-dimethoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, 4-methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, 2-nitro-4,5-dimethoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, 1 -(p-biphenylyl)- 1 -methyl ethoxycarbonyl, α,α-dimethyl-3 ,5- dimethoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, benzhydryloxycarbonyl, t-butoxycarbonyl, diisopropylmethoxycarbonyl, isopropyloxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, methoxycarbonyl, allyloxycarbonyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl, phenoxycarbonyl, 4-nitrophenoxycarbonyl, fluorenyl-9-methoxycarbonyl, cyclopentyloxycarbonyl, adamantyloxycarbonyl, cyclohexyloxycarbonyl, phenylthiocarbonyl, and the like; alkyl gropus such as benzyl, triphenylmethyl, benzyloxymethyl and the like; and silyl groups such as trimefhylsilyl and the like. Favoured N-protecting groups include formyl, acetyl, allyl, F-moc, benzoyl, pivaloyl, t-butylacetyl, phenylsulfonyl, benzyl, t-butoxycarbonyl (BOC) and benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz). Hydroxy and/or carboxy protecting groups are also extensively reviewed in Greene ibid and include ethers such as methyl, substituted methyl ethers such as methoxymethyl, methylthiomethyl, benzyloxymethyl, t-butoxymethyl, 2- methoxyethoxymethyl and the like, silyl ethers such as trimethylsilyl (TMS), t- butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) tribenzylsilyl, triphenylsilyl, t-butyldiphenylsilyl -triisopropyl silyl and the like, substituted ethyl ethers such as 1-ethoxymethyl, 1- methyl-1-methoxyethyl, t-butyl, allyl, benzyl, p-methoxybenzyl, dipehenylmethyl, triphenylmethyl and the like, aralkyl groups such as trityl, and pixyl (9-hydroxy-9- phenylxanthene derivatives, especially the chloride). Ester hydroxy protecting groups include esters such as formate, benzylformate, chloroacetate, methoxyacetate, phenoxyacetate, pivaloate, adamantoate, mesitoate, benzoate and the like. Carbonate hydroxy protecting groups include methyl vinyl, allyl, cinnamyl, benzyl and the like. Compounds are synthesised by a combination of chemistries, performed either in solution or on the solid phase. The general scheme for preparation of the furanone ring system is given in scheme 1 , commencing from either a commercially available chiral aminoacid derivative or a stereoselectively prepared aminoacid, for instance from Scheme 2. The stereoselective synthesis detailed in Scheme 2 was adapted from Blaskovich, M.A., Evinder, G., Rose, N. G. W., Wilkinson, S., Luo, Y. and Lajoie, G. A. J. Org. Chem, 63, 3631-3646, 1998. The addition of Grignard reagent to compound (10) yielding the (R) isomer of compound (11) is applicable to a huge range of alternative Grignard reagents. This allows ready access to analogues of compound (15) by standard Grignard chemistry to produce R5 analogues embraced by formula (II). The R5 substituent confers many beneficial qualities to molecules of general formula (II) including improvements in potency, selectivity and offers the potential to append inhibitor molecules with a basic functionality to improve solubility and pharmacokinetic properties. Additionally, molecules of formula (II) where R5 is alkyl and not simply hydrogen show good chiral stability at the furanone alpha carbon (ring position 4). Note particularly the presence of the substituent R5 in formula (II) in comparison with the absence of any substituent in the same position in formula (I) according to WO 98/50533. An alternative route towards chiral β-alkyl serine aminoacids is detailed in scheme 3, commencing from D-mannitol. The addition of organocuprate reagents to the advanced oxirane intermediate (44) is applicable to a wide selection of reagents, giving ready access to analogues of compound (15) ie analogues of R5 in formula (II). To access molecules containing potential binding elements in R6 formula (II), a number of synthetic chemistry routes are available. One example extends the basic concepts developed for the preparation of the furanone ring system depicted in schemes 1 and 8 (scheme 4). Intermediate (51), which can be prepared with alternative ring stereochemistries from alternative threonine isomers, provides access to the functionalities defined in R6 formula (II). An alternative route to access molecules containing potential binding elements in R6 from formula (II), is based upon transformation of a chiral sugar starting material (scheme 5). Intermediate (59), which can be prepared with alternative ring stereochemistries from alternative starting sugar isomers using conventional saccharide chemistry, provides access to many functionalities in R6 formula (II). Many active inhibitors contain commercially available amino acid residues such as L- leucine, L-norleucine etc (see table 1). Alternatively, active inhibitors contain new and novel hydrophobic amino acids, which are prepared following the chemistry detailed in scheme 6. The synthesis detailed in Scheme 6 was adapted from Dexter, C. S. and Jackson, R. F. W. Chem.Commun. X, 75-76, 1998, and allows ready access to analogues embraced by R3 in formula (II). The side chains of some of the novel, multiply branched alpha-amino acid building blocks exemplified herein can be thought of as hybrids of the properties of combinations of other amino acid side chains, such as those of norleucine and t-butylalanine and are thus referred to as "hybrids" in the tables. The furanone building blocks (synthesis exemplified in Scheme 1) are utilised in a _solid phase synthesis of inhibitor molecules (typically 5-25mg product) detailed in Scheme 7. Alternatively, for larger scale syntheses, full preparation of inhibitors by solution phase chemistry may be performed as detailed in Scheme 8. Compounds were previously named (for instance in the priority document GB 9911417.5) using amino acid nomenclature i.e. a sidechain of 2,2-dimethylpropyl was termed the aminoacid tert-butylalanine. The current specification contains novel aminoacids for which common names are not available. Therefore, all previously exemplified and new compounds are re-named following IUPAC guidelines. For example, the compound below was previously named :- Dihydro-(4-(S)-Amino-N-[(3-furanoyl)-tert-butyl-L-alanine])-5-(S)-methyl)-3(2H)- furanone Under the new naming regime, the compound will be termed as:- Furan-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)butyl]amide. Unless otherwise specified, where a chiral centre is present in a molecule but not assigned, both R and S isomers are intended. Further compounds of the present invention include, but are not limited to, the following examples; _Furan-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)butyl] amide, Furan-3-carboxylic acid [1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,3-dimethylbutyl]amide, Furan-3-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]-3,3-dimethylbutyl} amide, Furan-3-carboxylic acid [3 ,3-dimethyl- 1 S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin- 1 -ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)butyl] amide, Furan-3 -carboxy lie acid [4-methyl-lS-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl] amide, Furan-3-carboxylic acid [4-methyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, Furan-3 -carboxy lie acid [1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-4-methylpentyl]amide, Furan-3-carboxylic acid { lS-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]-4-methylpentyl} amide, Furan-3 -carboxylic acid [4-methyl-lS-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl-tetrahydrofuran- 3-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, Furan-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-lS-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, Furan-3 -carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, Furan-3 -carboxylic acid [1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,3-dimethylpentyl]amide, Furan-3 -carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydro furan-3 - ylcarbamoyl]-3,3-dimethylpentyl}amide, Furan-3 -carboxylic acid [3 ,3-dimethyl- 1 S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin- 1 -ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, Furan-3 -carboxylic acid [3,3,4-trimethyl-lS-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl] amide, Furan-3 -carboxylic acid [3,3,4-trimethyl -lS-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl] amide, _Furan-3-carboxylic acid [ 1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,3,4-trimethylpentyl]amide, Furan-3-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylammoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]- 3,3,4-trimethylpentyl} amide, Furan-3 -carboxylic acid [3,3,4-trimethyl-lS-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, Furan-3 -carboxylic acid [3,4-dimethyl-lS-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, Furan-3 -carboxylic acid [3,4-dimethyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, Furan-3 -carboxylic acid [1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,4-dimethylpentyl]amide, Furan-3 -carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]-3 ,4-dimethylpentyl} amide, Furan-3 -carboxylic acid [3 ,4-dimethyl- 1 S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin- 1 -ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, Furan-3-carboxylic acid [4,5-dimethyl-lS-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)hexyl] amide, Furan-3 -carboxylic acid [4,5-dimethyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)hexyl]amide, Furan-3 -carboxylic acid [1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-4,5-dimethylhexyl]amide, Furan-3 -carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarb amoyl] -4,5 -dimethy lhexyl } amide, Furan-3 -carboxylic acid [4,5-dimethyl-lS-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl- tetrahydro furan-3 -ylcarbamoyl)hexyl] amide, Furan-3 -carboxylic acid [3-methyl- 1 S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydro furan-3 S- ylcarbamoyl)-3-phenylbutyl]amide, Furan-3 -carboxylic acid [3-methyl- 1 S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)- 3-phenylbutyl]amide, _ Furan-3 -carboxylic acid [lS-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3-methyl-3-phenylbutyl]amide, Furan-3 -carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]-3-methyl-3-phenylbutyl}amide, Furan-3 -carboxylic acid [3-methyl- lS-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmemyl-tetrahydrofuran- 3-ylcarbamoyl)-3-phenylbutyl]amide, Furan-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-lS-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)-4-phenylbutyl]amide, Furan-3-carboxylic acid [3 ,3-dimethyl- 1 S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydro furan-3 - ylcarbamoyl)-4-phenylbutyl]amide, Furan-3-carboxylic acid [ 1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,3-dimethyl-4-phenylbutyl]amide, Furan-3 -carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]-3,3-dimethyl-4-phenylbutyl}amide, Furan-3 -carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-4-phenylbutyl]amide, Furan-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)-5-phenylpentyl]amide, Furan-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-5-phenylpentyl]amide, Furan-3-carboxylic acid [1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,3-dimethyl-5-phenylpentyl]amide, Furan-3 -carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]-3,3-dimethyl-5-phenylpentyl} amide, Furan-3 -carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-lS-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-5-phenylpentyl]amide, Thiophene-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-lS-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)butyl] amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-lS-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)butyl] amide, JThiophene-3-carboxylic acid [lS-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,3-dimethylbutyl]amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]-3,3-dimethylbutyl} amide, Thiophene-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-lS-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)butyl]amide, Thiophene-3-carboxylic acid [4-methyl-l S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl] amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid [4-methyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl] amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid [lS-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-4-methylpentyl]amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]-4-methylpentyl} amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid [4-methyl-l S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-lS-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl] amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)ρentyl]amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid [1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,3-dimethylpentyl]amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]-3 ,3-dimethylpentyl} amide, Thiophene-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-lS-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, Thiophene-3-carboxylic acid [3,3,4-trimethyl-lS-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran- 3S-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid [3,3,4-trimethyl -lS-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl] amide, _Thiophene-3-carboxylic acid [1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,3,4-trimethylpentyl]amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]- 3,3,4-trimethylpentyl} amide, Thiophene-3-carboxylic acid [3,3,4-trimethyl- lS-(4-oxo-2-pyrroli din- 1-ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid [3,4-dimethyl-lS-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl] amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid [3,4-dimethyl-lS-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid [1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydro furan-3 - ylcarbamoyl)-3,4-dimethylpentyl] amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]-3 ,4-dimethylpentyl} amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid [3,4-dimethyl-lS-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid [4,5-dimethyl- 1 S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)hexyl]amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid [4,5-dimethyl- 1 S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)hexyl] amide, Thiophene-3-carboxylic acid [ 1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-4,5-dimethylhexyl]amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]-4,5-dimethylhexyl}amide, Thiophene-3-carboxylic acid [4,5-dimethyl- 1 S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin- 1-ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)hexyl]amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid [3-methyl- 1 S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)-3-phenylbutyl]amide, Thiophene-3-carboxylic acid [3-methyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3 -phenylbutyl] amide, Thiophene-3-carboxylic acid [1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3 -methyl-3 -phenylbutyl] amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]-3-methyl-3-phenylbut l}amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid [3-methyl-l S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl- tetrahydro uran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-3-phenylbutyl]amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)-4-phenylbutyl] amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid [3, 3 -dimethyl- IS -(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydro furan-3 - ylcarbamoyl)-4-phenylbutyl]amide, Thiophene-3-carboxylic acid [ 1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,3-dimethyl-4-phenylbutyl]amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]-3,3-dimethyl-4-phenylbutyl}amide, Thiophene-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl- 1 S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin- 1 -ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-4-phenylbutyl]amide, Thiophene-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)-5-phenylpentyl]amide, Thiophene-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-5-phenylpentyl]amide, Thiophene-3-carboxylic acid [1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydro furan-3 - ylcarbamoyl)-3,3-dimethyl-5-phenylpentyl]amide, Thiophene-3-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydro furan-3 - ylcarbamoyl]-3,3-dimethyl-5-phenylpentyl} amide, Thiophene-3-carboxylic acid [3 ,3-dimethyl- 1 S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin- 1 -ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-5-phenylpentyl]amide, 2 -Methylfuran-3 -carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran- 3 S-ylcarbamoyl)butyl] amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)butyl] amide, -Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid [1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,3-dimethylbutyl]amide, 2 -Methylfuran-3 -carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl]-3,3-dimethylbutyl} amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)butyl]amide, 2 -Methylfuran-3 -carboxylic acid [4-methyl-l S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydro furan-3 S- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl] amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid [4-methyl- 1 S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, 2 -Methylfuran-3 -carboxylic acid [ 1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-4-methylpentyl]amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl]-4-methylpentyl} amide, 2 -Methylfuran-3 -carboxylic acid [4-methyl- 1 S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin- 1-ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, 2-Methylfuran-3 -carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran- 3 S-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl] amide, 2 -Methylfuran-3 -carboxylic acid [1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydro furan-3 - ylcarbamoyl)-3,3-dimethylpentyl]amide, 2 -Methylfuran-3 -carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl]-3,3-dimethylpentyl} amide, 2 -Methylfuran-3 -carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-lS-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl- tetr ahydro fur an-3 -ylcarbamoyl)pentyl] amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid [3,3,4-trimethyl-lS-(2S-methyl-4-oxo- tetr ahydro fur an-3 S-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl] amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid [3,3,4-trimethyl -lS-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran- 3 -ylcarbamoyl)pentyl] amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid [1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,3,4-trimethylpentyl]amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl]- 3 ,3 ,4-trimethylpentyl} amide, 2 -Methylfuran-3 -carboxylic acid [3,3,4-trimethyl- lS-(4-oxo-2-p yrrolidin-1 -ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, 2 -Methylfuran-3 -carboxylic acid [3,4-dimethyl-lS-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran- 3S-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, 2-Methylfuran-3 -carboxylic acid [3,4-dimethyl-lS-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, 2 -Methylfuran-3 -carboxylic acid [1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,4-dimethylpentyl] amide, 2-Methylfuran-3 -carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo- tetrahy dro furan-3 -ylcarbamoyl]-3 ,4-dimethylpentyl } amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid [3 ,4-dimethyl- 1 S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin- 1 -ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, 2 -Methylfuran-3 -carboxylic acid [4,5-dimethyl- 1 S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran- 3 S-ylcarbamoyl)hexy 1] amide, 2 -Methylfuran-3 -carboxylic acid [4,5-dimethyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)hexyl] amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid [ 1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-4,5-dimethylhexyl]amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl]-4,5-dimethylhexyl} amide, 2 -Methylfuran-3 -carboxylic acid [4,5-dimethyl- lS-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)hexyl]amide, 2 -Methylfuran-3 -carboxylic acid [3-methyl-l S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)-3-phenylbutyl]amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid [3-methyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3-phenylbutyl]amide, -Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid [ 1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3-methyl-3-phenylbutyl]amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo- tetr ahydro furan-3-ylcarbamoyl]-3-methyl-3-phenylbutyl} amide, 2 -Methylfuran-3 -carboxylic acid [3-methyl-l S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-3-phenylbutyl]amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-lS-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran- 3 S-ylcarbamoyl)-4-phenylbutyl] amide, 2-Methylfuran-3 -carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-4-phenylbutyl]amide, 2 -Methylfuran-3 -carboxylic acid [lS-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,3-dimethyl-4-phenylbutyl]amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl]-3,3-dimethyl-4-phenylbutyl} amide, 2-Methylfuran-3 -carboxylic acid [3 ,3 -dimethyl- 1 S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin- 1 -ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-4-phenylbutyl]amide, 2 -Methylfuran-3 -carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran- 3S-ylcarbamoyl)-5-phenylpentyl]amide, 2 -Methylfuran-3 -carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-lS-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-5-phenylpentyl]amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid [ 1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,3-dimethyl-5-phenylpentyl]amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl]-3,3-dimethyl-5-phenylpentyl}amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-lS-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-5-phenylpentyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)butyl] amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)butyl] amide, JH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [lS-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,3-dimethylbutyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]-3,3-dimethylbutyl} amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)butyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [4-methyl-l S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydro furan-3 S- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [4-methyl- 1 S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl] amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [ 1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-4-methylpentyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]-4-methylpentyl}amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [4-methyl- 1 S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin- 1-ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [lS-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,3-dimethylpentyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3 -carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]-3,3-dimethylpentyl} amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l -ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [3,3,4-trimethyl-l S-(2S-mefhyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran- 3 S-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [3,3,4-trimethyl -lS-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, J.H-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,3,4-trimethylpentyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]- 3,3,4-trimethylpentyl} amide, lH-Pyrrole-3 -carboxylic acid [3,3,4-trimethyl-lS-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [3, 4-dimethyl-lS-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydro furan-3 S- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [3,4-dimethyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [lS-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,4-dimethylpentyl] amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]-3,4-dimethylpentyl} amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [3,4-dimethyl-lS-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [4,5-dimethyl- 1 S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)hexyl] amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [4, 5 -dimethyl- 1 S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)hexyl] amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [ 1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-4,5-dimethylhexyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]-4,5-dimethylhexyl}amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [4,5-dimethyl- 1 S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin- 1 -ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)hexyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [3-methyl-l S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)-3 -phenylbutyl] amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [3-methyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3-phenylbutyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [ 1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3-methyl-3-phenylbutyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]-3-methyl-3-phenylbutyl} amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [3-methyl-l S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-3-phenylbutyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)-4-phenylbutyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-4-phenylbutyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3 -carboxylic acid [ 1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,3-dimethyl-4-phenylbutyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]-3,3-dimethyl-4-phenylbutyl} amide, lH-Pyrrole-3 -carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-4-phenylbutyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)-5 -phenylpentyl] amide, lH-Pyrrole-3 -carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofiιran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-5-phenylpentyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,3-dimethyl-5-phenylpentyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]-3,3-dimethyl-5-phenylpentyl} amide, lH-Pyrrole-3 -carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-5-phenylpentyl]amide, N-[3,3-dimethyl-lS-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)butyl]benzamide, N-[3,3-dimethyl-lS-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)butyi]benzamide, N-[lS-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-3,3- dimethylbutyl]benzamide, N- { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl]-3,3- dimethylbutyl}benzamide, N-[3,3-dimethyl-lS-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)butyl]benzamide, N-[4-methyl-lS-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]benzamide, N-[4-methyl-lS-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]benzamide, N-[lS-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-4- methylpentyl]benzamide, N- { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl]-4- methylpentyl } benzamide, N-[4-methyl-lS-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]benzamide, N-[3,3-dimethyl-lS-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]benzamide, N- [3 ,3 -dimethyl- 1 S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]benzamide, N-[lS-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-3,3- dimethylpentyl]benzamide, N- { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl]-3,3- dimethylpentyl}benzamide, N-[3,3-dimethyl- 1 S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin- 1 -ylmethyl-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]benzamide, N-[3,3,4-trimethyl-lS-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]benzamide, N-[3,3,4-trimethyl -lS-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]benzamide, N-[lS-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-3,3,4- trimethylpentyl]benzamide, N- { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl]- 3,3,4- trimethylpentyl } benzamide, N-[3 ,3,4-trimethyl- 1 S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin- 1 -ylmethyl-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]benzamide, N-[3 ,4-dimethyl- 1 S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydro furan-3 S- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]benzamide, N-[3,4-dimethyl-lS-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]benzamide, N-[lS-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-3,4- dimethylpentyl]benzamide, N- { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl]-3,4- dimethylpentyl} benzamide, N-[3,4-dimethyl-lS-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)penryl]benzamide, N-[4,5-dimethyl-lS-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)hexyl]benzamide, N-[4,5-dimethyl-lS-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)hexyl]benzamide, N-[lS-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-4,5- dimethylhexyl]benzamide, N- { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl]-4,5- dimethylhexyl}benzamide, N-[4,5-dimethyl-lS-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)hexyl]benzamide, N-[3-methyl-lS-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S-ylcarbamoyl)-3- phenylbutyl]benzamide, N-[3-methyl-lS-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-3- phenylbutyl]benzamide, N-[lS-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-3-methyl-3- phenylbutyl]benzamide, N- { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl]-3-methyl-3- phenylbutyl } benzamide, N-[3-methyl-lS-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-3- phenylbutyl]benzamide, N-[3,3-dimethyl-lS-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S-ylcarbamoyl)-4- phenylbutyl]benzamide, N-[3,3-dimethyl-lS-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-4- phenylbutyl]benzamide, N-[lS-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-3,3-dimethyl-4- phenylbutyl]benzamide, N- { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl]-3,3- dimethyl-4-phenylbutyl} benzamide, N-[3,3-dimethyl-lS-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-4- phenylbutyl]benzamide, N-[3,3-dimethyl-lS-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S-ylcarbamoyl)-5- phenylpentyl]benzamide, N-[3,3-dimethyl-lS-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-5- phenylpentyl]benzamide, N-[lS-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-3,3-dimethyl-5- phenylpentyl]benzamide, N- { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl]-3,3- dimethyl-5-phenylpentyl}benzamide, N-[3,3-dimethyl-lS-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-5- phenylpentyl]benzamide, Morpholine-4-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-lS-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)butyl]amide, Morpholine-4-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydro furan-3- ylcarbamoyl)buty 1] amide, Morpholine-4-carboxylic acid [1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,3-dimethylbutyl]amide, Mθφholine-4-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran- 3 -ylcarbamoyl]-3 ,3 -dimethylbutyl } amide, Morpholine-4-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l -ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)butyl]amide, Mθφholine-4-carboxylic acid [4-methyl-l S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, JVlorpholine-4-carboxylic acid [4-methyl- 1 S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, Mθφholine-4-carboxylic acid [lS-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-4-methylpentyl]amide, Mθφholine-4-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran- 3-ylcarbamoyl]-4-methylpentyl} amide, Mθφholine-4-carboxylic acid [4-methyl- lS-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, Mθφholine-4-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl] amide, Moφholine-4-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl] amide, Mθφholine-4-carboxylic acid [ 1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,3-dimethylpentyl]amide, Mθφholine-4-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran- 3-ylcarbamoyl]-3,3-dimethylpentyl} amide, Mθφholine-4-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, Mθφholine-4-carboxylic acid [3,3,4-trimethyl-lS-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran- 3S-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, Moφholine-4-carboxylic acid [3,3,4-trimethyl -lS-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl] amide, Moφholine-4-carboxylic acid [lS-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,3,4-trimethylpentyl]amide, Moφholine-4-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran- 3-ylcarbamoyl]- 3,3,4-trimethylpentyl} amide, Moφholine-4-carboxylic acid [3,3 ,4-trimethyl- 1 S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin- 1 -ylmethyl- tetrahydro fur an-3 -ylcarbamoyl)pentyl] amide, Mθφholine-4-carboxylic acid [3,4-dimethyl-lS-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, Mθφholine-4-carboxylic acid [3,4-dimethyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl] amide, Moφholine-4-carboxylic acid [ 1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,4-dimethylpentyl] amide, Moφholine-4-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran- 3-ylcarbamoyl]-3,4-dimethylpentyl} amide, Mθφholine-4-carboxylic acid [3,4-dimethyl-lS-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, Moφholine-4-carboxylic acid [4,5-dimethyl-l S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)hexyl]amide, Mθφholine-4-carboxylic acid [4,5-dimethyl- 1 S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)hexyl]amide, Mθφholine-4-carboxylic acid [lS-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-4,5-dimethylhexyl]amide, Moφholine-4-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran- 3-ylcarbamoyl]-4,5-dimethylhexyl}amide, Mθφholine-4-carboxylic acid [4,5-dimethyl- 1 S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin- 1-ylmethyl- tetrahydro furan-3 -ylcarbamoyl)hexyl] amide, Moφholine-4-carboxylic acid [3-methyl- 1 S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-terrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)-3-phenylbutyl]amide, Moφholine-4-carboxylic acid [3-methyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3-phenylbutyl]amide, Mθφholine-4-carboxylic acid [lS-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3-methyl-3-phenylbutyl]amide, Mθφholine-4-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran- 3-ylcarbamoyl]-3-methyl-3-phenylbutyl}amide, Moφholine-4-carboxylic acid [3-methyl- 1 S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin- 1 -ylmethyl- tetr ahydro fur an-3 -ylcarbamoyl)-3 -phenylbutyl] amide, Mθφholine-4-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl- 1 S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)-4-phenylbutyl] amide, Moφholine-4-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-4-phenylbutyl]amide, Moφholine-4-carboxylic acid [ 1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,3-dimethyl-4-phenylbutyl]amide, Mθφholine-4-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran- 3-ylcarbamoyl]-3,3-dimethyl-4-phenylbutyl} amide, Moφholine-4-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-4-phenylbutyl]amide, Moφholine-4-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)-5-phenylpentyl]amide, Mθφholine-4-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-5-phenylpentyl]amide, Mθφholine-4-carboxylic acid [1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,3-dimethyl-5-phenylpentyl]amide, Moφholine-4-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran- 3-ylcarbamoyl]-3,3-dimethyl-5-phenylpentyl} amide, Moφholine-4-carboxylic acid [3 ,3-dimethyl- 1 S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin- 1 -ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-5-phenylpentyl]amide, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Example molecules prepared using the general chemistries outlined above and by the methods detailed in the experimental are shown in Tables 1 and 2. Judicial combination of Rl, R3 and R5 substiments in general formula (II) yields potent and selective inhibitors of cathepsin S e.g. Furan-3 -carboxylic acid [3,3,4-trimethyl -1S- (2S-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide: Ki mammalian cath S (15nM), murine cath S (149nM) rat cath S (271nM), cathepsin L (> lOOμM), cathepsin K (5.5μM). Molecules may be chosen which show a range of activities for mammalian, murine and rat cathepsin S (see Table 2) which may exemplify many facets of an inhibitor development programme e.g. activities in murine or mammalian cell-based assays, dosing of species for disease-related animal models etc. Molecules of general formula (II) have the potential for good oral bioavailability e.g. Furan-3 -carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)butyl] amide dosed i.v. and orally at lOmg / kg to mice gave an oral bioavailability of % (F) 58. Experimental Section Solution Phase Chemistry Example 1. Furan-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl- 1 S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo- tetrahydrofuran-3S-ylcarbamoyl)butyl]amide (4) Following general chemistry scheme 8 (a) General method for the synthesis of N-Boc protected diazoketones, exemplified by (2S, 3S)-N-Boc-O-t-butyl-L-threonyldiazomethane (1) (2S, 3S)- N-Boc-O-t-butyl-L-threonine (1.2g, 4.2mmol) was dissolved in dry DCM (20mL) and N-methylmoφholine (lmL, 2.2eq) added. The reaction mixture was cooled to -15°C and stirred under an atmosphere of argon. Isobutyl chloro formate (0.56mL, 4.3mmol) was added and the mixture stirred for lOmins at -15°C. A solution of diazomethane in diethyl ether (45mL, approx 40mmol) was added and the reaction allowed to warm to room temperature over lhr, then acetic acid was added dropwise until effervescence had ceased. The reaction mixture was diluted with DCM (lOOmL) and washed successively with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (2 x 75mL), water (75mL) and brine (75mL) and dried over sodium sulphate. The solvent was removed in vacuo to give crude (2S, 3S)-N-Boc-O-t-butyl-L-threonyldiazomethane (1.2g, —100%) as a pale yellow oil. The above synthesis was repeated 9 times and the total crude product pooled (12g) and used without purification for the next stage. (b) General method for the synthesis of Boc-3(2H)-furanones, exemplified by dihydro- (4S-amino-[N-Boc])-5S-methyl-3(2H)-furanone (2) A solution of lithium chloride (13.6g, 320mmol) in 80% aqueous acetic acid (400mL) was cooled to 5°C and added to crude (2S, 3S)-N-Boc-O-t-butyl-L- threonyldiazomethane (1) (9.6g) with stirring. The oil dissolved over lOmins and stirring continued for a further lhr slowly warming to room temperature, with evolution of gas. The solvents were removed in vacuo and the residue taken into EtOAc (250mL) and washed successively with water (250mL), saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (2 x lOOmL) and brine (75mL), then dried over sodium sulphate. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the crude product purified by flash chromatography over silica gel (150g) eluting with EtOAc / heptane (1 :2, v/v). Two fractions were pooled and the quicker eluting fraction reduced in vacuo to approx 50mL heptane and left to crystallise to give dihydro-(4S-amino-[N-Boc])-5S-methyl- 3(2H)-furanone (2) as a white solid, yield 4.05g, 18.8mmol, 58%. Electrospray-MS m/z 216 (MH + ), 160 (MH + - 56), elemental analysis C, 0 H 17 O 4 N (req) %C 55.80, %H 7.96, %N 6.51, (fiid) %C 55.82, %H 7.86, %N 6.44. δ H (500 MHz; CDC1 3 ); 1.41 (9H, s, C(CH 3 ) 3 ), 1.49 (3H, d, J6, 5S-CH 3 ), 3.72 (1H, bm, furanone CHα), 3.90-4.02 (2H, 5S-H + 1 x furanone COCH 2 O), 4.22 (1H, d, J 17.4, 1 x furanone COCH 2 O), 4.85 (1H, bs, furanone, NH). δ c (125 MHz; CDC1 3 ); 19.34 (5S-£H 3 ), 28.45 (C(£H 3 ) 3 ), 62.79 (furanone £Hα), 71.06 (furanone COCH 2 O), 77.96 (5S-CHCH 3 ), 80.88 (C(CH 3 ) 3 ), 155.6 ( (CH 3 ) 3 CO-CO), 212.6 (furanone £O). (c) General method for N-terminal extension, exemplified by dihydro-(4S-amino-[N- Boc-L-tert-butylalanyl])-5S-methyl-3(2H)-furanone (3) Dihydro-(4S-amino-[N-Boc])-5S-methyl-3(2H)-furanone (2) (l.Og, 4.6mmol) was treated with a solution of 4.0M HCl in dioxan (25mL) at room temperature for lhr. The solvents were removed in vacuo and the residue azeotroped with 2 x toluene to give the hydrochloride salt as a white solid. Boc-L-tert-butylalanine pentafluorophenyl ester (2. Og, 1.05eq) and 1- hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate (0.735g, 1.05eq) were dissolved in DMF (20mL) and after 5mins added to the above salt. The clear solution was then treated with N- methylmoφholine (0.5 lg, 0.56mL, 1.1 eq) and left at room temperature for 2hrs. The solvents were removed in vacuo and the crude product purified by flash chromatography over silica gel (50g) eluting with EtOAc / heptane (1 :3, v/v), then EtOAc / heptane (1:2, v/v). Fractions were pooled and reduced in vacuo to give dihydro-(4S-amino-[N-Boc-L-tert-butylalanyl])-5S-methyl-3(2H)-furanone (3) as a white solid, yield 1.31g, 3.82mmol, 83%. Electrospray-MS m/z 343 (MH + ), 287 (MH + - 56). (d) General method for addition of capping group, exemplified by Furan-3 -carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-lS-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S-ylcarbamoyl)butyl]amide (4) Dihydro-(4S-amino-[N-Boc-L-tert-butylalanyl])-5S-methyl-3(2H)-furanone (3) (1.03 g, 3.0mmol) ) was treated with a solution of 4.0M HCl in dioxan (25mL) at room temperature for lhr. The solvents were removed in vacuo and the residue azeotroped with 2 x toluene to give the hydrochloride salt as a white solid. Furan-3-carboxypentafluorophenyl ester (0.88g, 1.05eq) and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate (0.48g, 1.05eq) were dissolved in DMF (15mL) and after 5mins added to the above salt. The clear solution was then treated with N-methylmoφholine (0.33g, 0.36mL, l.leq) and left at room temperature for 2hrs, producing a dark solution. The solvents were removed in vacuo and the crude product purified by flash chromatography over silica gel (50g) eluting with EtOAc / heptane (3:2, v/v). Fractions were pooled and reduced in vacuo to give Furan-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S- (2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S-ylcarbamoyl)butyl]amide (4) as a pale tan solid, yield 0.45g, 1.35mmol, 45%. Electrospray-MS m/z 337 (MH + ). Analytical HPLC Rt = 10.29mins (97.3%), HRMS C 17 H 24 O 5 N 2 Na requires M, 359.1583, found: MNa " , 359.1573. (δ - 2.85 ppm), elemental analysis C I7 H 24 O 5 N 2 (req) %C 60.70, %H 7.19, %N 8.32, (fhd) %C 60.08, %H 7.07, %N 8.17. δ H (500 MHz; CDC1 3 ); 0.93 (9H, s, C(CH 3 ) 3 ), 1.35 (3H, d, J6, 5S-CH 3 ), 1.68/1.85 (2H, m, CHCH 2 C(CH 3 ) 3 ), 3.80 (1H, t, J8.2, furanone CHα), 4.08 / 4.15 (2H, d, J 17.0, furanone COCH 2 O), 4.10 (1H, bm, 5S-H), 4.75 (1H, m, tert-BuAla CHα), 6.59 (1H, d, J 1.6, furan H4), 7.35 (1H, t, J 1.2, furan H5), 7.87 (1H, s, furan H2), 7.95 (1H, d, J 7.2, tert-BuAla, NH), 8.35 (1H, d, J7.4, furanone, NH). δ c (125 MHz; CDC1 3 ); 18.67 (5S-£H 3 ), 29.36 (C(£H 3 ) 3 ), 30.40 (£(CH 3 ) 3 ), 44.52 (CH£H 2 C(CH 3 ) 3 ), 50.93 (tert-BuAla £Hα), 61.11 (furanone £Hα), 70.92 (furanone CO£H 2 O), 75.76 (5S-£HCH 3 ), 108.4 (furan £4), 121.5 (furan £3), 143.2 (furan £2 or 5), 145.2 (furan £2 or 5), 162.5 (furan -3-£O), 174.2 (tert-BuAla CO), 210.9 (furanone CO). Example 2. 4,4-Dimethyl-2S-(furan-3-sulfonylamino)pentanoic acid (2S-methyl-4- oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S-yl)amide (5) (a) General method for addition of sulphonyl capping group, exemplified by 4,4- Dimethyl-2S-(furan-3-sulfonylamino)pentanoic acid (2S-methyl-4-oxo- tetrahy dro furan-3 S-yl)amide (5) Dihydro-(4S-amino-[N-Boc-L-tert-butylalanyl])-5S-methyl-3(2H)-furanone (3) (34mg, O.lmmol) was treated with a solution of 4.0M HCl in dioxan (5mL) at room temperature for lhr. The solvents were removed in vacuo and the residue azeotroped with 2 x toluene to give the hydrochloride salt as a white solid. Hydrochloride salt was dissolved in dry DCM (2mL) and furan-3 -sulphonylchloride (33mg, 0.2mmol) added followed by diisopropylethylamine (52μL, 3eq) and catalytic JSF,N-dimethylaminopyridine (2mg). After 2hr at room temperature, the solution was diluted with DCM (15mL) and washed successively with 0.1N HCl (25mL), water (2 x 25mL) and brine (25mL), then dried over sodium sulphate. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the crude product purified by flash chromatography over silica gel (15g) eluting with EtOAc / heptane (1 :1, v/v). Fractions were pooled and reduced in vacuo to give 4,4-Dimethyl-2S-(furan-3-sulfonylamino)pentanoic acid (2S-mefhyl-4-oxo- tetrahydrofuran-3S-yl)amide (5) as a white solid, lyophilised from 0.1 %aq TFA / acetonitrile, yield 14mg, 0.038mmol, 38%. Electrospray-MS m/z 373.2 (MH + ). Analytical HPLC Rt = 10.80mins (97.6%), HRMS C I6 H 24 O 6 N 2 SNa requires M, 395.1253, found: MNa + , 395.1251. (δ - 0.53 ppm), elemental analysis C ]6 H 24 O 6 N 2 S .1/3 TFA (req) %C 48.78, %H 5.98, %N 6.83, (fed) %C 48.47, %H 6.1 1, %N 6.75. δ H (500 MHz; CDC1 3 ); 0.87 (9H, s, C(CH 3 ) 3 ), 1.40 (3H, d, J6, 5S-CH 3 ), 1.45 (IH, q, CHCH 2 C(CH 3 ) 3 ), 1.75 (IH, q, J4.1, 10.4, CHCH 2 C(CH 3 ) 3 ), 3.78 (IH, m, furanone CHα), 3.82 (IH, dt, tert-BuAla CHα), 4.05 (2H, d, J 17.0, furanone COCH 2 O + 5S- CHCH 3 ), 4.20 (IH, d, J 17.0, furanone COCH 2 O), 5.62 (IH, d, J7.2, tert-BuAla, NH), 6.66 (IH, d, J 1.6, furan H4), 6.82 (IH, d, J7.2, furanone, NH), 7.48 (IH, t, J 1.2, furan H5), 8.05 (IH, m, furan H2). δ c (125 MHz; CDC1 3 ); 18.79 (5S-CH 3 ), 29.20 (C(£H 3 ) 3 ), 30.35 (£(CH 3 ) 3 ), 46.20 (CH£H 2 C(CH 3 ) 3 ), 54.48 (tert-BuAla £Hα), 61.35 (furanone £Hα), 70.71 (furanone CO£H 2 O), 75.00 (5S-£HCH 3 ), 108.2 (furan £4), 126.5 (furan £3), 144.7 (furan £2 or 5), 146.0 (furan £2 or 5), 172.95 (tert-BuAla £O), 211.03 (furanone £O). Example 3. 4,4-Dimethyl-2S-(thiophene-3-sulfonylamino)pentanoic acid (2S-methyl- 4-oxo-tetrahydro furan-3 S-yl)amide (6) Prepared as detailed above for compound (5), but using thiophene-3 -sulphonyl chloride, to give (6) as a pale pink solid , lyophilised from 0.1%>aq TFA / acetonitrile, yield 30mg, 0.077mmol, 77%. Electrospray-MS m/z 389.2 (MH + ). Analytical HPLC Rt = 11.64mins (96.8%), HRMS C 16 H 24 O 5 N 2 S 2 Na requires M, 411.1024, found: MNa + , 411.1026. (δ + 0.32 ppm), elemental analysis C 16 H 24 O 5 N 2 S 2 .1/4 TFA (req) %C 47.54, %H 5.86, %N 6.71, (fed) %C 47.62, %H 5.98, %N 6.80. δ H (500 MHz; CDC1 3 ); 0.79 (9H, s, C(CH 3 ) 3 ), 1.40 (3H, d, J6.1, 5S-CH 3 ), 1.45 (IH, q, CHCH 2 C(CH 3 ) 3 ), 1.75 (IH, q, J4.0, 14.3, CHCH 2 C(CH 3 ) 3 ), 3.78 (2H, m, furanone CHα + tert-BuAla CHα), 4.06 / 4.19 (2H, d, J 17.3, furanone COCH 2 O), 4.07 (IH, q, J6.0, 5S-CHCH 3 ), 5.51 (IH, d, J7.0, tert-BuAla, NH), 6.86 (IH, d, J7.2, furanone, NH), 7.36 (IH, dd, J 1.3, 5.1, thiophene H4), 7.44 (IH, dd, J5.1, 3.1, thiophene H5), 8.0 (IH, dd, J3.1, 1.3, thiophene H2). δ c (125 MHz; CDC1 3 ); 18.88 (5S-CH 3 ), 29.20 (C(£H 3 ) 3 ), 30.36 (£(CH 3 ) 3 ), 46.25 (CH£H 2 C(CH 3 ) 3 ), 54.56 (tert-BuAla £Hα), 61.40 (furanone £Hα), 70.50 (furanone CO£H 2 O), 75.80 (5S-£HCH 3 ), 125.41, 128.17, 131.18 (thiophene £2 or 4 or 5), 138.82 (thiophene £3), 172.90 (tert-BuAla £O), 211.04 (furanone £O). Example 4. 4,4-Dimethyl-2S-(thiophene-2-sulfonylamino)pentanoic acid (2S-methyl- 4-oxo-tetrahydro furan-3 S-yl)amide (7) Prepared as detailed above for compound (5), but using thiophene-2-sulphonyl chloride, to give (7) as a pale pink solid , lyophilised from 0.1%>aq TFA / acetonitrile, yield 14mg, 0.036mmol, 36%. Electrospray-MS m/z 389.2 (MH + ). Analytical HPLC Rt = 11.91mins (98.3%), HRMS C 16 H 24 O 5 N 2 S 2 Na requires M, 411.1024, found: MNa + , 411.1015. (δ - 2.35 ppm), elemental analysis C 16 H 24 O 5 N 2 S 2 .1/2 TFA (req) %C 45.84, %H 5.54, %N 6.29, (fed) %C 45.53, %H 5.61, %N 6.22. δ H (500 MHz; CDC1 3 ); 0.82 (9H, s, C(CH 3 ) 3 ), 1.41 (3H, d, J6.0, 5S-CH 3 ), 1.45 (IH, dd, J3.8, 14.7, CHCH 2 C(CH 3 ) 3 ), 1.75 (IH, q, J4.0, 14.3, CHCH 2 C(CH 3 ) 3 ), 3.78 (IH, m, furanone CHα), 3.84 (IH, m, tert-BuAla CHα), 4.06 / 4.22 (2H, d, J 17.0, furanone COCH 2 O), 4.07 (IH, m, 5S-CHCH 3 ), 5.42 (IH, d, J6.8, tert-BuAla, NH), 6.72 (IH, d, J7.0, furanone, NH), 7.10 (IH, q, J3.8, 5.0, thiophene H4), 7.62 (IH, q, J 1.3, 5.0, thiophene H3 or H5), 7.66 (IH, q, J 1.3, 3.8, thiophene H3 or H5). δ c (125 MHz; CDC1 3 ); 18.87 (5S-£H 3 ), 29.19 (C(£H 3 ) 3 ), 30.26 (£(CH 3 ) 3 ), 46.21 (CH£H 2 C(CH 3 ) 3 ), 54.82 (tert-BuAla £Hα), 61.43 (furanone £Hα), 70.71 (furanone CO£H 2 O), 75.06 (5S-£HCH 3 ), 127.54, 132.49, 132.89 (thiophene £3 or 4 or 5), 139.49 (thiophene £3), 172.83 (tert-BuAla £O), 210.88 (feranone £O). General Synthesis of Chiral β-alkyl serine aminoacids Adapted from Blaskovich, M.A., Evinder, G., Rose, N. G. W., Wilkinson, S., Luo, Y. -and Lajoie, G. A. J. Org. Chem, 63, 3631-3646, 1998. (Following scheme 2). Example 5. (2S, 3S)β-hydroxynorvaline (15) (a) N-Benzyloxycarbonyl-L-serine 3-methyl-3-(hydroxymethyl)oxetane ester (8) N-Cbz-L-serine (10 g, 41.8 mmol) was dissolved in DCM (450 mL) and DMF (14 mL) and added dropwise over 2.5 h to a stirred solution of WSC. HCl (12 g, 62.7 mmol), N'N-dimethylaminopyridine (260 mg, 2.1 mmol) and 3-methyl-3-oxetane methanol (84 mL, 0.84 mmol) cooled to 0 °C. The reaction was warmed to room temperature and allowed to stir overnight. The mixture was washed with 0.1M HCl (200 mL), water (200 mL), 10 % Na Oj (200 mL x 2) and water (200mL x 2), dried (Na;,SO 4 ) and the solvent evaporated in vacuo to afford a pale yellow oil. Purification by column chromatography (4:1, EtOAc: heptane) and subsequent recrystallisation (1 :1, EtOAc :heptane) yielded the target intermediate as a white crystalline solid, 8.07 g, 60 %; TLC (4:1, EtOAc:heptane), R/= 0.28, electrospray-MS m/z 324.1 (MH"). δ H (400 MHz; CDC1 3 ); 1.28 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 3.04 (IH, t, J6.2, CHNH), 3.90-3.91 (IH, br m, OH), 4.10-4.13 (2H, m, CH 2 OH), 4.41-4.55 (6H, m, 3 x CH 2 ), 5.13 (2H, s, OCH 2 ), 5.82 (IH, d, J7.7, NH), 7.35-7.36 (5H, m, I J. δ c (100 MHz; CDC1 3 ); 20.75 (£H 3 ), 39.67 (£H 2 OH), 56.39 (£HNH), 63.37 (£H 2 ), 67.19 (£H 2 ), 68.94 (£H 2 ), 79.50 (O£H 2 ), 128.16 (£ 6 H 5 ), 128.27 (£ 6 H 5 ), 128.58 (£ 6 H 5 ), 136.14 (£ 6 H 5 ), 156.25 (£O 2 NH), 170.74 (£O 2 ). (b) l-[N-Benzyloxycarbonyl-(lS)-l-amino-2-hydroxyethyl]-4-methyl-2,6,7- trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]oxetane (9). Compound (8) (10.23 g, 28.6 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous DCM (150 mL) and cooled to 0 °C under Ν 2 . A solution of boron trifluoride etherate (0.10 mL, 0.77 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (10 mL) was added and the mixture stirred for 30 minutes at 0 °C, then at room temperature overnight. Triethylamine (1.2 mL, 8.30 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture stirred for 30 minutes before being concentrated to a thick colourless oil. Purification by column chromatography (4: 1, EtOAc :heptane) and subsequent recrystallisation (1 :1, EtOAc :heptane) yielded (9) as a white crystalline solid, 8.06 g, 80 %; TLC (4:1, EtOAc: heptane) R/= 0.27, electrospray-MS m z 324.1 (MH + ). δ H (400 MHz; CDC1 3 ); 0.78 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 2.67 (IH, m, CHNH), 3.64-3.69 (IH, m, CH 2 OH), 3.80-3.83 (IH, m, CH 2 OH), 3.88 (6H, s, CH 2 x 3), 5.09 (2H, dd, J 18.9, 12.3 , OCH 2 ), 5.38 (IH, d, J8.7, NH), 7.26-7.34 (5H, m, IL . δ c (100 MHz; CDC1 3 ); 14.11 (£H 3 ), 30.39 (£CH 3 ), 55.26 (£HNH), 61.75 (£H 2 OH), 66.76 (£H 2 O), 72.53 (£H 2 x 3), 108.29 (£O 3 ), 127.98 (£ 6 H 5 ), 128.32 (£ 6 H 5 ), 136.31 (£ 6 H 5 ), 156.31 (£O 2 NH). (c) 1 -[N-Benzyloxycarbonyl-(l S)-l -amino-2-oxoethyl]-4-methyl-2,6,7- trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]oxetane (10). Compound (9) (6.45 g, 20.0 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous DCM (55 mL) under Ν 2 and cooled to -78 °C in flask 1. Oxalyl chloride (2.8 mL, 31.9 mmol) was added to anhydrous DCM (85 mL) in a separate flask (flask 2) under N 2 and cooled to -78 °C. Anhydrous dimethylsulphoxide (4.7 mL, 65.8 mmol) was added to the oxalyl chloride solution and the mixture stirred at -78 °C for 15 minutes. The alcohol solution was transferred over 20 minutes by cannula to flask 2 and rinsed with anhydrous DCM (35 mL). The resulting cloudy, white mixture was stirred for 1.5 hours at -78 °C. Diisopropylethylamine (17.4 mL, 99.7 mmol) was added and the solution stirred for 30 minutes at -78 °C and 10 minutes at 0 °C. Ice-cold DCM (140 mL) was added and the solution washed with ice-cold NH 4 C1 (20 % saturated solution; 3 x 140 mL) and saturated NaCl (140 mL), dried (MgSO 4 ) and the solvent evaporated in vacuo to afford a yellow solid (10), 5.08 g, 79 %; TLC (3:1, EtOAc :heptane), R/= 0.56, electrospray-MS m/z 322.1 (40%) (MH + ), 340.2 (100%) (MH + +H 2 O). δ H (400 MHz; CDC1 3 ); 0.82 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 3.93 (6H, s, CH 2 x 3), 4.60 (IH, d, J8.8, CHNH), 5.12 (2H, dd, J 14.9, 12.4, OCH 2 ), 5.35 (IH, br d, J8.0, NH), 7.30-7.36 (5H, m, C s ), 9.68 (IH, s, HCO). δ c (100 MHz; CDC1 3 ); 14.25 (£H 3 ), 30.86 (£CH 3 ), 63.25 (£HNH), 67.22 (£H 2 O), 72.88 (£H 2 x 3), 107.16 (£O 3 ), 128.13 (£ 6 H 5 ), 128.46 (£ 6 H 5 ), 136.13 (£ 6 H 5 ), 156.17 (£O 2 NH), 195.66 (£HO). (d) l-[N-(Benzyloxycarbonyl)-(lS,2R)-l-amino-2-hydroxybutyl]-4-methyl-2,6,7- trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]oxetane (11). Compound (10) (2 g, 5.73 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous DCM:Et 2 O (1 :1) under Ν,. A solution of EtMgBr (3M solution in Et 2 0; 7.6 mL, 22.9 mmol) was added quickly at - 78 °C and stirred vigorously. After 30 minutes the reaction was quenched by pouring into 5 % ΝH 4 C1 (500 mL). DCM (500 mL) was added, the organic layer separated and washed with 3 % NH 4 C1 (500 mL) and brine (500 mL), dried (Na ^ SO and the solvent evaporated in vacuo to afford a yellow oil. Purification by column chromatography (1:10, EtOAc:DCM) and subsequent recrystallisation (EtOAc :heptane) yielded a white crystalline solid (11), 1.32 g, 60 %; TLC (1 :10, EtOAc:DCM) R = 0.25, electrospray-MS m z 352.2 (20%) (MH + ), 370.3 (100%) (MH + +H 2 O). δ H (400 MHz; CDC1 3 ); 0.82 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 0.94 (3H, t, J7.4, CH 2 CH 3 ), 1.36-1.53 (2H, m, CH 2 CH 3 ), 3.85 (IH, d, J 10.3, CH), 3.93 (6H, s, CH 2 x 3), 4.05 (IH, t, J6.8, CH), 5.13-5.14 (2H, dd, J 16.4, 12.7, OCH 2 ), 5.32 (IH, d, J 10.2, NH), 7.30-7.36 (5H, m, δ c (100 MHz; CDC1 3 ); 10.11 (CH 2 £H 3 ), 14.34 (£H 3 ), 25.98 (£H 2 CH 3 ), 30.65 (£CH 3 ), 56.05 (£HOH), 66.83 (£H 2 O), 70.81 (£HNH), 72.76 (£H 2 x 3), 108.93 (£O 3 ), 127.65 (£ 6 H 5 ), 128.45 (£ 6 H 5 ), 136.65 (£ 6 H 5 ), 156.83 (£O 2 NH). (e) l-[N-Benzyloxycarbonyl-(lS)-l-amino-2-oxobutyl]-4-methyl-2,6,7- trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]oxetane (12). Compound (11) (1.32 g, 3.8 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous DCM (10 mL) under Ν 2 and cooled to -78 °C in flask 1. Oxalyl chloride (2M solution in DCM; 3 mL, 6.0 mmol) was diluted with anhydrous DCM (10 mL) in a separate flask (flask 2) under N 2 and cooled to -78 °C. Anhydrous dimethylsulphoxide (0.88 mL, 12.4 mmol) was added to the oxalyl chloride solution and the mixture stirred at -78 °C for 15 minutes. The alcohol solution was transferred over 20 minutes by cannula to flask 2 and rinsed with anhydrous DCM (10 mL). The resulting cloudy, white mixture was stirred for 2 hr 15 min at -78 °C. DLPEA (3.3 mL, 18.8 mmol) was added and the solution stirred for 30 minutes at -78 °C and 10 minutes at 0 °C. Ice-cold DCM (25 mL) was added and the solution washed with ice-cold NH 4 C1 (5 % saturated solution; 3 x 25 mL) and saturated NaCl (25 mL), dried (Na ^ SO.,) and the solvent evaporated in vacuo to afford an orange oil. Purification by column chromatography (2:3, EtOAc: heptane) yielded a colourless oil (12), 556 mg, 45 %; TLC (2:3, EtOAc: heptane) R = 0.25, ,electrospray- MS m z 350.2 (60%) (MH~), 368.2 (100%) (MH + +H 2 O). δ H (400 MHz; CDC1 3 ); 0.80 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.06 (3H, t, J7.2, CH 2 CH 3 ), 2.48-2.56 (IH, m, CHCH 3 ), 2.80-2.88 (IH, m, CHCH 3 ), 3.90 (6H, s, CH 2 x 3), 4.60 (IH, d, J8.8, CHNH), 5.09 (2H, s, OCH 2 ), 5.66 (IH, d, J 8.5, NH), 7.30-7.35 (5H, m, C s)- δ c (100 MHz; CDC1 3 ); 7.53 (CH 2 £H 3 ), 14.25 (£H 3 ), 30.57 (£CH 3 ), 35.74 (£H 2 CH 3 ), 62.33 (£HNH), 67.05 (£H 2 0), 72.94 (£H 2 x 3), 106.98 (£O 3 ), 128.10 (£ 6 H 5 ), 128.46 (£ 6 H 5 ), 136.31 (£ 6 H 5 ), 155.99 (£O 2 NH). (f) l-[N-(Benzyloxycarbonyl)-(lS,2S)-l-amino-2-hydroxybutyl]-4-methyl-2,6,7- trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]oxetane (13). Compound (12) (2.77 g, 7.9 mmol) and LiBH 4 (1.73 g, 79 mmol) were cooled to -78 °C under Ν 2 . A solution of DCM:CH 3 OH (1.5:1; 332 mL cooled to -78 °C) was added and the solution stirred at -78 °C overnight. After being warmed to room temperature, the solution was poured into 5% NH 4 C1 solution (500 mL) and DCM (300 mL) added. The organic layer was separated, washed with 5 % NH 4 C1 solution (500 mL) and brine (400 mL), dried (Na,SO 4 ) and the solvent evaporated in vacuo to afford a white solid (13), 2.51 g, 90 %; TLC (1:1, EtOAc: heptane) R = 0.23, electrospray-MS m z 352.2 (40%) (MH + ), 370.3 (100%) (MH + +H 2 O). δ H (400 MHz; CDC1 3 ); 0.82 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 0.97 (3H, t, J7.4, CH 2 CH 3 ), 1.44-1.45 (IH, m, CHCH 3 ), 1.63-1.68 (IH, m, CHCH 3 ), 3.44 (IH, d, J4.0, CHOH), 3.66-3.69 (IH, m, CHNH), 3.92 (6H, s, CH 2 x 3), 5.04 (IH, d, J9.8, NH), 5.16 (2H, d, J6.1, OCH 2 ), 7.36 (5H, d, J4.3, C 6 H 5 ), δ c (100 MHz; CDC1 3 ); 9.79 (CH 2 CH 3 ), 14.27 (£H 3 ), 26.10 (£H 2 CH 3 ), 30.56 (£CH 3 ), 57.57 (£HOH), 66.94 (£H 2 O), 69.80 (£HNH), 72.66 (£H 2 x 3), 108.89 (£O 3 ), 128.06 (£ 6 H 5 ), 128.47 (£ 6 H 5 ), 136.51 (£ 6 H 5 ), 156.49 (£O 2 NH). (g) (lS,2S)-(l-amino-2-hydroxybutyl)-4-methyl-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]oxetane (14). Compound (13) (2.51g, 7.1mmol) was dissolved in ethanol (220 mL) and 10 % Pd/C (218 mg) added. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight in the presence of H 2 . The catalyst was removed by filtration through celite and the solvent evaporated in vacuo to afford a thick oil. Purification by column chromatography (20:1, DCM:MeOH) yielded a pale yellow oil (14), 1.24 g, 92 %, which crystallised on standing; TLC (5:1, DCM:MeOH) R/= 0.51, electrospray-MS m z 218.1 (MH + ). δ H (400 MHz; CDC1 3 ); 0.83 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 0.98 (3H, t, J7.4, CH 2 CH 3 ), 1.38-1.48 (IH, m, CHCH 3 ), 1.71-1.78 (IH, m, CHCH 3 ), 2.77 (IH, d, J7.1, CHNH 2 ), 3.62-3.66 (IH, m, CHOH), 3.93 (6H, s, CH 2 x 3). δ c (100 MHz; CDC1 3 ); 9.57 (CH 2 £H 3 ), 14.37 (£H 3 ), 26.01 (£H 2 CH 3 ), 30.52 (£CH 3 ), 58.52 (£HOH), 72.59 (£HNH 2 ), 72.67 (£H 2 x 3), 109.62 (£O 3 ). (h) (2S,3S)β-hydroxynorvaline (15) Compound (14) (1.24 g, 5.5 mmol) was dissolved in DCM (68 mL) and trifluoroacetic acid (1.58 mL) and H 2 O (1.13 mL) added. The resulting cloudy, white solution was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes and the solvent evaporated in vacuo. The colourless residue was dissolved in MeOH (66 mL) and H 2 O (17 mL) and 10 % Cs 2 CO 3 (9.2 g in 92 mL H 2 O) added. After stirring overnight at room temperature, the solution was acidified with 2 M HCl (-35 mL) to pH <3. The solution was loaded onto a cation exchange column (Bio-Rad AG 50W-X8 100-200 mesh, hydrogen form, 4.5 x 20 cm) washed with 0.01 M HCl (500 mL) and H 2 O (500 mL) and eluted with 2M NH 4 OH (2 L) then lyopholised to afford a pale yellow solid. The solid was washed with MeOH to yield an off-white solid (15), 227 mg, 30 %; TLC (4:1 :1, butan-2-ol : AcOH : H 2 O) R = 0.26, electrospray-MS m z 134.1 (MH + ), elemental analysis C 5 H π O 3 N (req) %C 45.10, %H 8.33, %N 10.52, (fed) %C 44.67, %H 8.03, %N 9.92. δ H (400 MHz; CDC1 3 ); 92:8 erythro (2S, 3S) : threo (2S, 3R), 1.00 (3H, t, J7.4, CH 3 ), 1.40-1.54 (2H, m, CH 2 ), 3.41 (0.08H, d, J4.2, CH), 3.61 (0.92H, d, J4.2, CH), 3.60- 3.65 (0.08H, m, CH), 3.66-3.69 (0.92H, m, CH). δ c (100 MHz; CDC1 3 ); 11.02 (CH 2 £H 3 ), 25.26 (£H 2 CH 3 ), 61.26 (£HOH), 72.09 (£HNH 2 ), 172.03 (£O 2 H). General method for the synthesis of Fmoc-3(2H)-furanones Exemplified by dihydro-(4S-amino-[N-Fmoc])-5S-ethyl-3(2H)-furanone (18), following the general chemistry detailed in scheme 1. (a) Preparation of Fmoc-(2S,3S)-β-ethylserine (16) (2S,3S)β-hydroxynorvaline (15) (277mg, 2.07mmol) and sodium carbonate (2.1eq, 460mg) were dissolved with stirring and ice-cooling in water (25mL) and THF (lOmL). 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (1.05eq, 560mg) in THF (15mL) was added over 45mins and the mixture stirred for a further lhr at room temperature. Chloroform (lOOmL) and water (50mL) were added and the mixture acidified to pH2 with 0.1N HCl. The organic layer was collected and the aqueous washed with a further 2 x lOOmL chloroform. The combined organics were backwashed with brine (1 x 300mL) and dried over magnesium sulphate. The chloroform was reduced in vacuo to yield a fine white solid. The solid was dissolved in tert-butyl methylether (25mL) with heating and heptane (75mL) added to give a cloudy solution. The mixture was cooled to -20°C and each 30mins further heptane (75mL) added for 4 cycles. The precipitate was filtered off and dried in vacuo to a fine white solid (16) 590mg, 80.6 %; TLC (CHC1 3 ; MeOH 3:1) R " = 0.40, electrospray-MS m z 356.2 (MH + ). (b) Preparation of (2S, 3S)-N-Fmoc-β-ethylserinydiazomethane (17) Following the general method detailed in example 1. (a) for compound (1), Fmoc-(2S, 3S)-β-ethylserine (16) (560mg) was converted to a yellow solid (600mg) (17) used without purification. (c) Preparation of dihydro-(4S-amino-[N-Fmoc])-5S-ethyl-3(2H)-furanone (18) A solution of lithium chloride (l.Og, 23.5mrnol) in 80% aqueous acetic acid (lOmL) was cooled to 5°C and added to crude (2S, 3S)-N-Fmoc-β-ethylserinydiazomethane _(17) (0.6g) with stirring. The oil dissolved over lOmins and stirring continued for a further lhr slowly warming to room temperature, with evolution of gas. The solvents were removed in vacuo and the residue taken into EtOAc (50mL) and washed successively with water (50mL), saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (2 x lOOmL) and brine (75mL), then dried over sodium sulphate. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the crude product purified by flash chromatography over silica gel (25g) eluting with EtOAc / heptane (1 :3, v/v). Desired fractions were pooled and reduced in vacuo to give dihydro-(4S-amino-[N-Fmoc])-5S-ethyl-3(2H)-furanone (18) as a white solid, yield 320mg, 0.91mmol, 58%. Electrospray-MS m/z 352 (MH + ), HRMS C 21 H 2I O 4 NNa requires M, 374.1368, found: MNa + , 374.1368. (δ - 1.49 ppm), analytical HPLC Rt = 13.61mins (98.4%), elemental analysis C 21 H 21 0 4 N (req) %C 71.78, %H 6.02, %N 3.99, (fed) %C 70.95, %H 6.22, %N 3.81. δ H (500 MHz; CDC1 3 ); 1.05 (3H, m, CH 2 CH 3 ), 1 -76, 1.94 (2H, bm, CH 2 CH 3 ), 3.83 (IH, bm, furanone CHβ), 3.88 (IH, bm, furanone CHα), 4.02 (IH, d, J 17.3, 1 x furanone COCH 2 O), 4.23 (2H, m, 1 x furanone COCH 2 O + Fmoc CHCH 2 O), 4.42 (2H, b, Fmoc CHCH 2 O), 5.05 (IH, b, furanone, NH), 7.35 (2H, t, J7.4, Fmoc aromatic), 7.42 (2H, t, J7.3, Fmoc aromatic), 7.58 (2H, t, J7.4, Fmoc aromatic), 7.77 (2H, t, J 7.4, Fmoc aromatic). δ c (125 MHz; CDC1 3 ); 8.90 (5S-CH 2 £H 3 ), 26.14 (5S-£H 2 CH 3 ), 46.90 (Fmoc £HCH 2 O), 60.50 (furanone CHα), 66.99 (Fmoc CH£H 2 O), 70.43 (furanone CO£H 2 O), 81.65 (furanone £Hβ), 119.76 (Fmoc aromatic), 124.72 (Fmoc aromatic), 126.85 (Fmoc aromatic), 127.53 (Fmoc aromatic), 141.09 (Fmoc aromatic), 143.37 (Fmoc aromatic), 155.76 (O£ONH), 211.72 (furanone £O). (d) Preparation of (2S, 3R)-N-Fmoc-O-t-butyl-L-threonyldiazomethane (19) Following the general method detailed in example 1. (a) for compound (1), Fmoc- (2S,3R)-O-t-butyl-L-threonine (1.99 g, 5 mmol) was converted to (2S, 3R)-N-Fmoc-O-t- butyl-L-threonyldiazomefhane (19) (2.1 lg, 100%) as a pale yellow immobile oil. This compound was carried through to the next stage without further purification. Electrospray-MS m/z 444 (MNa + , 20%), 394 (MH + - N 2 , 70%) and 338 (MH + -tbutyl - N 2 , 100%). (e) Preparation of (2R, 3S)-N-Fmoc-O-t-butyl-D-threonyldiazomethane (20) Following the general method detailed in example 1. (a) for compound (1), Fmoc- (2R,3S)-O-t-butyl-D-threonine (0.4 g, 1 mmol) was converted to (2S, 3R)-N-Fmoc-O-t- butyl-L-threonyldiazomethane (20) (0.48g, 111%) as a pale yellow immobile oil. This compound was carried through to the next stage without further purification. Electrospray-MS m/z 394 (MH + - N 2 , 60%) and 338 (MH + - tbutyl - N 2 , 100%). (f) Preparation of (2S, 3S)-N-Fmoc-O-t-butyl-L-α//o-threonyldiazomethane (21) Following the general method detailed in example 1. (a) for compound (1), Fmoc- (2S,3S)-O-t-butyl-L-α /o-threonine (0.4 g, 1 mmol) was converted to (2S, 3S)-N-Fmoc- O-t-butyl-L-(3//o-threonyldiazomethane (21) (0.53g, 123%) as a pale yellow immobile oil.. Electrospray-MS m z 394 (MH + - N 2 , 90%) and 338 (MH " - tbutyl - N 2 , 60%). (g) Preparation of (2S)-N-Fmoc-O-t-butyl-L-serinyldiazomethane (22) Following the general method detailed in example 1. (a) for compound (1), Fmoc-(2S)- O-t-butyl-L-serine (1.15 g, 3 mmol) was converted to (2S)-N-Fmoc-O-t-butyl-L- serinyldiazomethane (22) (1.67g, 136%) as a pale yellow immobile oil. This compound was carried through to the next stage without further purification. Electrospray-MS m/z 430 (MNa + , 5%), 380 (MH + - N 2 , 12%) and 324 (MIT - tbutyl - N 2 , 28%). (h) Preparation of (2R)-N-Fmoc-O-t-butyl-D-serinyldiazomethane (23) Following the general method detailed in example 1. (a) for compound (1), Fmoc-(2R)- O-t-butyl-L-serine (0.38 g, 1 mmol) was converted to (2R)-N-Fmoc-O-t-butyl-D- serinyldiazomethane (23) (1.67g, 136%) as a pale yellow immobile oil. This compound was carried through to the next stage without further purification. Electrospray-MS m/z 380 (MH + - N 2 , 55%) and 324 (MH + - tbutyl - N 2 , 52%). (i) Preparation of dihydro-(4S-amino-[N-Fmoc])-5R-methyl-3(2H)-furanone (24) Following the general method detailed for cyclisation of (17) to (18), diazoketone (19) cyclised to give dihydro-(4S-amino-[N-Fmoc])-5R-methyl-3(2H)-furanone (24) jsolated as a white solid, yield 69%, electrospray-MS m/z 338 (MH + , 100%), analytical HPLC Rt = 14.59 mins (97.7%). δ H (500 MHz; CDC1 3 ); 1.50 (3H, brd,CH 3 ), 3.80 (IH, bit, furanone CHα), 3.97 (IH, brm, furanone CHβ), 3.99 (IH, d, J 17.7, 1 x furanone COCH 2 O), 4.22 (IH, t, J6.7, Fmoc CHCH 2 O), 4.25 (IH, d, J 17.7, 1 x furanone COCH 2 O), 4.44 (2H, b, Fmoc CHCH 2 O), 5.11 (IH, b, NH), 7.32 (2H, t, J7.4, Fmoc aromatic), 7.41 (2H, t, J7.4, Fmoc aromatic), 7.58 (2H, t, J 7.4, Fmoc aromatic), 7.76 (2H, t, J7.4, Fmoc aromatic). δ c (125 MHz; CDC1 3 ); 19.1 (£H 3 ), 47.2 (Fmoc £HCH 2 O), 62.7 (furanone CHα), 67.3 (Fmoc CH£H 2 O), 70.8 (furanone CO£H 2 0), 77.4 (furanone £Hβ), 120.1 (Fmoc aromatic), 125.0 (Fmoc aromatic), 127.1 (Fmoc aromatic), 127.8 (Fmoc aromatic), 141.4 (Fmoc aromatic), 143.7 (Fmoc aromatic), 156.1 (O£ONH), 211.8 (furanone CO). (j) Preparation of dihydro-(4R-amino-[N-Fmoc])-5S-methyl-3(2H)-furanone (25) Following the general method detailed for cyclisation of (17) to (18), diazoketone (20) cyclised to give dihydro-(4R-amino-[N-Fmoc])-5S-methyl-3(2H)-furanone (25) isolated as a white solid, yield 70%, electrospray-MS m/z 338 (MH + , 75%), analytical HPLC Rt = 14.62 mins (98.9%). (k) Preparation of dihydro-(4S-amino-[N-Fmoc])-5S-methyl-3(2H)-furanone (26) Following the general method detailed for cyclisation of (17) to (18), diazoketone (21) cyclised to give dihydro-(4S-amino-[N-Fmoc])-5S-methyl-3(2H)-furanone (26) isolated as a white solid, yield 64%, electrospray-MS m/z 338 (MH + , 100%), analytical HPLC Rt = 14.68 mins (97.5%). (1) Preparation of dihydro-(4S-amino-rN-Fmoc])-3(2H)-furanone (27) Following the general method detailed for cyclisation of (17) to (18), diazoketone (22) cyclised to give dihydro-(4S-amino-[N-Fmoc])-3(2H)-furanone (27) isolated as a white solid, yield 74%, electrospray-MS m/z 324 (MET, 75%), analytical HPLC Rt = 13.97 mins (97.6%). δ H (500 MHz; CDC1 3 ); 3.78 (IH, t, J9.5, 1 x CHβ), 3.94 (IH, d, J 17.5, 1 x furanone - COCH 2 O), 4.22 (3H, m, , 1 x furanone COCH 2 O + furanone CHα + Fmoc CHCH 2 O), 4.43 (2H, d, J6.3, Fmoc CHCH 2 O), 4.69 (IH, t, J 8.4, 1 x CHβ), 5.20 (IH, b, NH), 7.32 (2H, t, J7.4, Fmoc aromatic), 7.41 (2H, t, J7.4, Fmoc aromatic), 7.58 (2H, t, J 7.4, Fmoc aromatic), 7.77 (2H, t, J7.4, Fmoc aromatic). δ c (125 MHz; CDC1 3 ); 47.1 (Fmoc £HCH 2 O), 56.1 (furanone £Hα), 67.4 (Fmoc CH£H 2 O), 70.0 (furanone CO£H 2 O), 70.7 (furanone £Hβ), 120.1 (Fmoc aromatic), 125.0 (Fmoc aromatic), 127.1 (Fmoc aromatic), 127.8 (Fmoc aromatic), 141.4 (Fmoc aromatic), 143.6 (Fmoc aromatic), 156.0 (0£ONH), 211.2 (furanone £O). (m) Preparation of dihydro-(4R-amino-[N-Fmoc])-3(2H)-furanone (28) Following the general method detailed for cyclisation of (17) to (18), diazoketone (23) cyclised to give dihydro-(4R-amino-[N-Fmoc])-3(2H)-furanone (28) isolated as a white solid, yield 78%, electrospray-MS m/z 324 (MH + , 100%), analytical HPLC Rt = 14.05 mins (98.2%). Preparation of Building Block-Linker Constructs General method for the synthesis of Dihydro-3(2H)-Furanone - Linker Constructs (29- 34), following scheme 7. Dihydro-3(2H)-feranone (18, 24-28), (l.Oeq) was dissolved in a mixture of ethanol / water (7:1 v/v, lOmL per mmole compound) containing sodium acetate trihydrate (1.5eq). 4-[[(hydrazinocarbonyl)amino]methyl]cyclohexanecarboxylic acid trifluoro acetate (mw 329.3, l .Oeq) (see Muφhy, A. M., et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 114, 3156- 3157, 1992) was added and the mixture heated under reflux for 2hrs. The mixture was then cooled, poured into dichloromethane (lOOmL per mmole compound) and water (lOOmL) added. The organic layer was separated, backwashed with saturated brine (lOOmL). The organic layer was dried (Na ^ SO , filtered and evaporated in vacuo to yield a white solid. Yield 85 - 105% crude weight. Constructs (29-34) were used without further purification Alternative Route Towards Chiral β-Alkyl Serines -Following the chemistry detailed in scheme 3. Exemplified by the synthesis of (2S, 3S)-β-hydroxynorvaline (15) (also termed of (2S, 3S)-β-ethylserine) (a) Tri-acetone-D-mannitol D-Mannitol (49.5g, 0.27mol) was suspended in acetone (600mL, 99.9% purity). To the suspension H,SO 4 (4.95mL) was added and the mixture shaken at 21°C overnight. The solution was then filtered and the clear solution neutralised with a saturated solution of NaHCO 3 until pH=6. The solvent was concentrated in vacuo, affording tri-acetone-D- mannitol as a white solid, yield 78g, 96%. Electrospray-MS m/z 303 (MH + ). (b) 3,4-Isopropylidine-D-mannitol Tri-acetone-D-mannitol (78g, 0.26mol) was dissolved in the minimum amount of 70% acetic acid (400mL) and stirred in water bath at 42.7°C for 1.5hrs. The solvent was quickly evaporated in vacuo to give 3,4-Isopropylidine-D-mannitol as a colourless oil, yield 57.6g, 99.8%. Electrospray-MS m/z 223 (MET). (c) l,2,5,6-tetra-O-benzyl-3,4-O-isopropylidine-D-mannitol (35) 3,4-Isopropylidine-D-mannitol (57.64g, 0.26mol) was dissolved in benzylchloride (543mL). To the stirred solution powdered KOH (500g) was added and the solution heated in an oil bath at 133°C for 2hrs. The mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and poured into a 3000mL beaker. Ice and water (1400mL) were carefully added, the mixture extracted with DCM (800mL) and the aqueous phase further extracted with DCM (300mL). The organic extracts were dried over sodium sulphate and the filtered solution concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel eluting with EtO Ac/heptane (1 :15 to 1 :10, v/v) to afford compound (35) as a colourless oil, yield 77g, 51%. Electrospray-MS m/z 583 (MH + ). Analytical HPLC Rt = 29.16mins (91.8%). δ H (500 MHz, CDC1 3 ) 1.35 (6H, s, C(CH 3 ) 2 ), 3.62 (2H, dd, J6, 10, 2 x CHOC), 3.75 ( 4H, m, 2 x CH 2 OBn), 4.15-4.20 (IH, m, CHOBn), 4.46 (IH, dd , J 12.5, 14.5, CHOBn), 4.77 (4H, d, J 11.5, 4 x CH 2A C 6 H 5 ), 4.73 (4H, d, J 11.5, 4 x CH 2B H 5 ) and 7.25-7.34 (20H, m, 4 x Hj). (d) 1,2,5,6-Tetra-O-benzyl-D-mannitol (36) In a 2000mL flask fitted with a condenser compound (35) (41.1 lg, 0.071mol) was dissolved in 70% acetic acid (700mL) and the solution stirred at 100°C in an oil bath for 1.5hrs. After concentration in vacuo, the residue was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel eluting with EtO Ac/heptane (3:7, v/v) to afford compound (36) as a pale yellow oil, yield 21.8g, 57%. Electrospray-MS m/z 543 (MH + ). Analytical HPLC Rt = 25.8 (100%). δ H (500 MHz, CDC1 3 ) 3.01 (2H, d, J6.0, 2 x OH), 3.65 -3.70 (2H, m, 2 x CHOBn), 3.72-3.78 (4H, m, 2 x CH 2 OBn), 3.93-3.97 (2H, m, 2 x CHOH), 4.55 (4H, s, 2 x CH 2 C 6 H 5 ), 4.73 (2H, d, J 11.5, 2 x CH 2A C 6 H 5 ), 4.77 (2H, d, J 11.5, 2 x CH 2B C 6 H 5 ) and 7.25-7.34 (20H, m, 4 x C 6 H 5 ). (e) (2R)-2,3-Di-O-benzylglyceraldehyde (37) Compound (36) (10.78g, 0.02mol) was dissolved in anhydrous toluene (150mL). While vigorously stirring lead tetraacetate (9.83g, 0.023mol, l.leq) was added as a solid and the mixture stirred for 3hrs at room temperature. The mixture was then filtered and the filtered concentrated in vacuo to afford compound (37) as a colourless oil, yield 10.2g, 95%. δ H (500 MHz, CDC1 3 ) 3.75-3.83 (2H, m, CH 2 OBn), 3.97 (IH, t, J4, CHOBn), 4.55 (2H, d, J5.5, 2 x CH 2A C 6 H 5 ), 4.70 (2H, d, J 12, 2 x CH 2B C 6 H 5 ), 7.20-7.40 (10H, m, 2 x C s ) and 9.70 (IH, s, CHO). (f) (2S)-N-(2,3-Dibenzyloxypropylidene)benzylamine (38) Benzylamine (4.06mL, 0.037mol, leq) was dissolved in anhydrous diethyl ether (150mL) and the solution cooled to 0°C. To a solution of compound (37) (9.9g, 0.037mol, leq) in anhydrous diethyl ether (lOOmL) at 0°C, was added anhydrous magnesium sulphate (7.3g) and the solution transferred via cannula under argon to the solution of the amine. After stirring for 3 hrs the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo to give compound (38) as a crude colourless oil, yield 12.2g, 96%. δ H (500 MHz, CDC1 3 ) 3.75-3.83 (2H, m, CH 2 OBn), 4.17-4.25 (IH, m, CHOBn), 4.57 (2H, s, NCH 2 C 6 H 5 ), 4.62 (2H, m, 2 x CH 2A C 6 H 5 ), 4.70 (2H, m, CH 2B C 6 H 5 ), 7.20-7.40 (15H, m, 3 x CJEy and 7.70 (IH, m, CHN). (g) (lR,2S)-N-Benzyl-2,3-dibenzyloxy-l-phenyl-l-propylamine (39) Phenylmagnesium bromide (29.17mL, 0.087mol, 3.0M, 2.5eq) was dissolved in anhydrous diethyl ether (124mL) and the solution cooled to 0°C under argon. A solution of compound (38) (12.5g, 0.035mol) in anhydrous diethyl ether (140mL) was transferred via cannula to the solution of the phenylmagnesium bromide and the reaction mixture stirred at room temperature for 2hrs. The solution was poured into an aqueous solution of NH 4 C1 (200mL) and extracted with tert-butyl methyl ether (2 x lOOmL). The combined extracts, dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate, were concentrated in vacuo. The crude oil obtained was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel eluting with EtO Ac/heptane (1 :4, v/v) to afford compound (39) as a pale yellow oil, yield 8.5g, 56%. Electrospray-MS m/z 438 (MH + ). Analytical HPLC Rt = 24.0mins (98%). δ H (500 MHz, CDC1 3 ) 2.45 (IH, br s, NH), 3.32 (IH, dd, J 10, 4.5, CH 2A OBn), 3.43 (IH, d, J 13, C 6 H 5 CH 2A NH) 3.50-3.54 (IH, dd, J 10, 3, CH 2B OBn), 3.55-3.61 (IH, d, J 13, C 6 H 5 CH 2B NH), 3.65-3.78 (IH, m, CHOBn), 3.90 (IH, d, J7, C 6 H 5 CHNH), 4.40 (2H, s, OCH 2 C 6 H 5 ), 4.62 (IH, d, J 11, OCH 2A C 6 H 5 ), 4.70 (IH, d, J 11, OCH 2B C 6 H 5 ) and 7.18-7.40 (20H, m, 4 x C 6 H 5 ). (h) ( 1 R,2S)-N-Benzyl-tert-butoxycarbonyl-2,3-dibenzyloxy- 1 -phenyl- 1 -propylamine (40) OBn Bn BnO. R v S -6H5 Compound (39) (9.26g, 0.02mol) was dissolved in dioxane (66mL) and diisopropylamine (0.37mL, 0.002 lmol, 0.1 leq) was added. To the stirred solution di- tert-butyl dicarbonate (11.25g, 0.0516mol, 2.6eq) was added as a solid and the solution stirred at 50°C in an oil bath overnight. The mixture was treated with tert-butyl methyl ether (300mL), washed with 1.0M KHSO 4 aqueous solution (60mL) and the organic extracts were dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and concentrated in vacuo. The crude oil was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel eluting with EtO Ac/heptane (1:9, v/v) to afford compound (40) as a colourless oil, yield 7.7g, 71%. Electrospray-MS m/z 538 (MH + ). Analytical HPLC Rt = 30.0mins (95%). δ H (500 MHz, CDC1 3 ) 1.30 (9H, s, C(CH 3 ) 3 ), 3.44 (IH, dd, J 10, 4.5, CH 2A OBn), 3.61 (IH, dd, J 10, 2, CH 2B OBn), 4.30 (IH, m, CH 2A N) 4.37 (2H, d, J 12, OCH 2A C 6 H 5 ), 4.43 (2H, d, J 12, OCH 2B C 6 H 5 ), 4.50-4.63 (IH, m, CH 2B N), 4.85 (IH, m, CHOBn) 5.25 (IH, d, J9, C 6 H 5 CHN) and 7.00-7.45 (20H, m, 4 x C 6 H 5 ). (i) (lR,2S)-N-tert-Butoxycarbonyl-2,3-hydroxy-l -phenyl- 1 -propylamine (41) OH HO. AJ3.NHBOC s T C6H5 Compound (40) (7.67g, 0.014mol) was dissolved in anhydrous methanol (80mL). After having flushed the flask with argon, 20%Pd(OH) 2 /C (lO.OOg, Degussa type, El 01 NE/W, wet) was carefully added and the mixture stirred under H 2 for 48 hrs. The mixture was carefully filtered through a pad of Celite and the catalyst washed with a solution of aqueous methanol (10:100 H 2 O:CH 3 OH, v/v). The filtered solution was concentrated in vacuo and the residue purified by flash chromatography over silica gel eluting with EtO Ac/heptane (3:1, v/v) to afford compound (41) as a colourless oil, yield 2.7g, 72%. Electrospray-MS m/z 268 (MH + ). Analytical HPLC Rt = 15.3mins (100%). δ H (500 MHz, CDC1 3 ) 1.44 (9H, s, C(CH 3 ) 3 ), 2.6 (2H, br s, OH), 3.56 (2H, d, J5.5, CH 2 OH), 3.97 (IH, s, C 6 H 5 CHNH), 4.83 (IH, s, C 6 H 5 CHCHOH), 5.28 (IH, d, J8, NH) and 7.20-7.45 (5H, m, CeHs). (j) (lR,2S)-N-tert-Butoxycarbonyl-3-tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy-2-hydroxy-l-phenyl- 1- propylamine (42) Compound (41) (2.67g, O.Olmol) was dissolved in anhydrous DMF (60mL) and stirred under argon. Imidazole (1.5g, 0.022mol, 2.2eq) was added followed by the addition of TBDMSC1 (1.66g, 0.01 lmol, l.leq). The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. The mixture was diluted with ether (240mL), washed with saturated NH 4 C1 (120mL) and H 2 O (40mL) and the aqueous layer extracted with ether (4 x lOOmL). The combined extracts were dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Purification of the residue by flash chromatography over silica gel eluting with EtOAc/heptane (3:1, v/v) afforded compound (42) as a colourless oil, yield 3.3 lg, 87%. Electrospray-MS m/z 382 (MH + ). δ H (500 MHz, CDC1 3 ) 0.05 (3H, s, CH 3A SiCH 3 ), 0.06 (3H, s, CH 3 SiCH 3B ), 0.89 (9H, s, Si(CH 3 ) 3 ), 1.39 (9H, br s, C(CH 3 ) 3 ), 2.45 (IH, br s, OH), 3.51 (IH, dd, J 10, 7, TBDMSOCH 2A ), 3.65 (IH, dd, J 10, 4.5, TBDMSOCH 2B ), 3.85 (IH, m, CHOH), 4.66 (IH, m, C 6 H 5 CHNH), 5.45 (IH, br s, NH) and 7.23-7.35 (5H, m, Hj). (k) (lR,2S)-N-tert-butoxycarbonyl-3-tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy-2-mesyloxy-l-phenyl- 1 -propylamine (43) Compound (42) (1.30g, 3.40mmol, l.Oeq) was dissolved in anhydrous DCM (30mL). To the solution TEA (0.57mL, 4.09mmol, 1.2eq) was added and the mixture was cooled to 0°C in an ice-water bath. At this temperature and under argon, a solution of MsCl (0.32ml, 4.09mmol, 1.2eq) in anhydrous DCM (3mL) was added. The mixture was stirred for 1.5hrs. The reaction mixture was treated with water (20mL) and extracted with DCM (20mL). The aqueous phase was further extracted with DCM (4 x 60mL) and the combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel eluting with EtO Ac/heptane (1 :3, v/v) affording compound (43) as a colourless oil, yield 1.30g, 83%. Electrospray-MS m/z 460 (MH + ). Analytical HPLC Rt: 27.1mins (98%). δ H (500 MHz, CDC1 3 ) 0.06 (3H, s, CH 3A SiCH 3 ), 0.07 (3H, s, CH 3 SiCH 3B ), 0.91 (9H, s, Si(CH 3 ) 3 ). 1.42 (9H, br s, C(CH 3 ) 3 ), 2.54 (3H, s, SO 2 CH 3 ), 3.77 (2H, d, J6.0, TBDMSOCH 2 ), 4.7 (IH, m, CHOH), 5.1 (IH, m, C 6 H 5 CHNH), 5.4 (IH, br s, NH) and 7.26-7.38 (5H, m, C 6 H 5 ). (1) (lR,2R)-N-tert-Butoxycarbonyl-2,3-epoxy-l-propylamine (44) μ z -τ R,NHBoc έ 6 H 5 Compound (43) (3.79g, 8.26mmol, l .Oeq) was dissolved in THF anhydrous (78mL) and the solution cooled to 0°C in an ice water bath. TBAF (16.52mL, 1.0M sol in THF, 16.52mmol, 2eq) was added dropwise via syringe and once the addition was complete the ice bath was removed. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight and then treated with water (40mL), extracted with diethyl ether (40mL) and the aqueous phase further extracted with diethyl ether (3 x 75mL). The combined extracts were dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel eluting with TBME /heptane (1 :6 to 2:1, v/v) affording compound (44) a white solid, yield l.Og, 48%.Electrospray-MS m/z 250 (MH + ). δ H (500 MHz, CDC1 3 ) 1.42 (9H, s, C(CH 3 ) 3 ), 2.50 (IH, dd, J5, 2.2, CHCH 2A O), 2.76 (IH, dd, J5, 4, CHCH 2B O), 3.20-3.30 (IH, m, CHCH 2 O), 4.72 (IH, br s, C 6 H 5 CHCHO), 5.00 (IH, br s, NH) and 7.27-7.38 (5H, m, C 6 H 5 ). (m) ( lR,2S)-N-tert-butoxycarbonyl-2-hydroxy-l -phenyl- 1 -butylamine (45) OH H 3 C^^ΝHBoc C 6 H 5 Copper(I)iodide (0.574g, 3.01mmol, 5eq) was dispersed in anhydrous diethyl ether (17mL). After cooling the suspension to -35°C under argon, CH 3 Li in diethyl ether (3.76mL, 1.6M, 6.02mmol, lOeq) was added dropwise. After stirring at -35°C for 30 mins a solution of compound (44) (0.15g, 0.60mmol, l.Oeq) dissolved in diethyl ether (1.5mL) was added dropwise to the solution of the organocuprate and the reaction mixture was stirred at -35°C for 1.5 hrs. Ethyl acetate (12.5mL) was added followed by the careful addition of a saturated solution of NH 4 C1 (lOmL) and water (3mL). The mixture was allowed to warm up to room temperature and the organic phase extracted. The aqueous phase was further extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 15mL) and the combined extracts dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crude oil was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel eluting with TBME /heptane (2:3, v/v) affording compound (45) as a white solid, yield 0.14g, 88%. Electrospray-MS m/z 266 (MW). Analytical HPLC Rt = 17.6mins (100%). δ H (500 MHz, CDC1 3 ) 0.97 (3H, t, J 7.5, CH 3 CH 2 ), 1.10-1.25 (IH, m, CH 3 CH 2A ), 1.25- 1.50 (IH, m, CH 3 CH 2B ), 1.50 (9H, s, C(CH 3 ) 3 ), 3.78 (IH, br s, CHOH), 4.73 (IH, br s, C 6 H 5 CHNH), 5.28 (IH, br s, NH) and 7.25-7.38 (5H, m, C 6 H 5 ). (n) ( lR,2S)-N-tert-Butoxycarbonyl-2-tert-butoxy-l -phenyl- 1 -butylamine (46) In a sealed tube, compound (45) (0.114g, 0.43mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous DCM (1 lmL). Whilst stirring was maintained, the tube was immersed in a dry ice-acetone bath and cooled to -60°C. Isobutylene (1 lmL) was condensed into the tube and methyltriflate (55μL) was carefully added. The tube was capped tightly and the bath removed to allow the reaction to proceed at room temperature for 4 days. The tube was cooled to -60°C, the lid removed and then the bath removed to allow the excess of isobutylene to slowly evaporate whilst warming up to room temperature. At about 10°C, TEA (0.7mL) was added to neutralise the excess acid. The residue obtained after removal of the solvents in vacuo was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel eluting with EtOAc/heptane (2:8, v/v) affording compound (46) as a white solid, yield 0.02g, 14.% Electrospray-MS m z 322 (MH + ). Analytical HPLC Rt - 24.1mins (90%). δ H (500 MHz, CDC1 3 ) 0.84 (3H, t, J7.5, CH 3 CH 2 ), 1.15-1.30 (IH, m, CH 3 CH 2A ) 1.24 (9H, s, CHOC(CH 3 ) 3 ), 1.35-1.40 (IH, m, CH 3 CH 2B ), 1.41 (9H, s, CO 2 C(CH 3 ) 3 ), 3.72 (IH, m, CHO(CH 3 ) 3 ), 4.78 (IH, m, QH 5 CHNH), 5.15 (IH, br s, NH) and 7.22-7.38 (5H, m, C 6 H 5 ). (o) (2S,3S)-N-tert-Butoxycarbonyl-β-tert-butoxy-norvaline (47) Ot-Bu -Compound (46) (0.024g, 0.074mmol, leq), was dissolved in a mixture of CCl 4 /CH 3 CN/H 2 O (1 :1 :2, v/v/v, 2.4mL). To the stirred biphasic solution NaHCO 3 (0.104g, 1.25mmol, 16.9eq) was added as a solid, followed by the careful addition of NaIO 4 (0.284g, 1.33mmol, 18eq). After 10 minutes RuCl 3 .3H 2 O (1.5mg, 7.23μmol, O.leq) was added and the reaction mixture stirred for 48hrs. The solution was treated with EtOAc (15mL) and acidified to pH =3 by dropwise addition of citric acid (10%). The organic phase was further extracted with EtOAc (3 x 15mL) and the combined extracts were dried over anhydrous magnesium sulphate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel eluting with a gradient of MeOH /CH 3 C1 (0.1 : 10 to 1.0:10, v/v) to give compound (47) as a white solid, yield 0.009g, 42%. Electrospray-MS m/z 290 (MIT). (p) (2S,3S)-β-Hydroxy-norvaline (15) OH H 3 C. A ^NH 2 COOH Compound (47) (9mg, 0.03mmol) was dissolved in a solution HCl in dioxane (lmL, 4.0M). After stirring for 3hrs at room temperature, the solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was lyophilised using CH 3 CN/H,O (4:1, v/v) to yield (2S,3S)-β- hydroxynorvaline (15) as a white solid, 3.0 mg, 75%. Electrospray-MS m/z 134 (MH + ). δ H (500 MHz; CD 3 OD) 1.00 (3H, t, J7.5, CH 3 CH 2 ), 1.50-1.65 (2H, m, CH 3 CH 2 ), 3.88- 3.95 (IH, m, CHOH) and 3.98 (IH, d, J3, C 6 H 5 CHNH 2 ). Threonine Chemistry Towards 2.4.5-trisubstituted Dihydro-3f2ED-furanones Following the chemistry detailed in scheme 4. (a) N-benzyloxycarbonyl-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-L-threonine (48) A solution of tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride (65g, 0.43 lmol) in DCM (300ml) was added to a stirred solution of N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-threonine (30.3g, 0.12mol) and imidazole (19.57g, 0.287mol). A precipitate formed immediately and stirring was continued for 60hr. The solvent was removed in vacuo, the residue taken up in THF and water (3:1, 400ml), and vigorously stirred for 15min. The THF was removed in vacuo, the product extracted into EtOAc (3 x 100ml), the combined organic layers washed with brine(2 x 100ml) and dried over MgSO 4 . Purification by crystallisation from EtOAc and heptane gave compound (48) as a white solid, 39.15g (89%). Electrospray-MS m z 368.2 (MH + ). (b) N-Benzyloxycarbonyl-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-L-threonine N,O- dimethylhydroxyl amide (49) Isobutyl chloro formate (15.07ml, 0.116mol) was added dropwise to a stirred solution ofN-benzyloxycarbonyl-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-L-threonine (48) (38.65g, 0.105mol) and N-methylmoφholine (11.58ml, 0.106mmol) in THF (150ml). Another equivalent of N-methylmoφholine (11.58ml, 0.106mmol) was added and stirring continued for 30min before N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (12.32g, 0.126mol) was added. After stirring overnight the solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue partitioned between EtOAc (3 x 180ml) and water / saturated brine (1 :1, v/v, 180ml). The combined organic layers were washed with 0.1M HCl (2 x 180ml), 5% Na 2 CO 3 (2 x 180ml), saturated brine (180ml) and dried over Purification by flash silica chromatography eluting with EtOAc / heptane (3:7, v/v) yielded compound (49) as a colourless viscous oil, 32.29g (75%). Electrospray-MS m/z 411.2 (MH + ). δ H (500 MHz; CDC1 3 at 398K) -0.02 (3H, s, Si(CH 3 ) 2 ), 0.01 (3H, s, Si(CH 3 ) 2 ), 0.85 (9H, s, SiC(CH 3 ) 3 ), 1.21 (3H, d, J6.1, CHCH 3 ), 3.21 (3H, s, NCH 3 ), 3.76 (3H, s, OCH 3 ), 4.24 (IH, br m, CHCH 3 ), 4.56 (IH, br d, J9.5, CHCHCH 3 ), 5.09 (IH, d, J 12.2, benzylic HJ, 5.13 (IH, d, J 12.2, benzylic H b ), 5.60 (IH, d, J9.5, NH), 7.37 (5H, m, Ph). δ c (125 MHz; CDC1 3 at 398K) -5.10 (Si(CH 3 ) 2 ), -4.67 (Si(CH 3 ) 2 ), 17.95 (SiC(CH 3 ) 3 ), 21.24 (CHCH 3 ), 25.73 (SiC(CH 3 ) 3 ), 57.15 (NMe), 61.31 (CHCHCH 3 ), 66.92 (PhCH 2 ), 68.19 (OMe), 77.36 (CH£HCH 3 ), 128.09 (Ar), 128.50 (Ar), 136.43 (Ar 4°), 156.83 (NHCO), 170.47 (NMeCO). c) N-Benzyloxycarbonyl-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-L-threonine aldehyde (50) Lithium aluminium hydride (IM in Et 2 O, 17.1ml, 17.1mmol) was added to a stirred solution of compound (49) (7g, 17.1mmol) in tBME (350ml) at -30°C. The reaction mixture was removed from the cooling bath and allowed to warm to room temperature. After stirring for 30min, a white precipitate had formed, and the reaction mixture was quenched by the careful dropwise addition of 0.1M H,S0 4 until the effervescence stopped. The product was extracted into TBME (3 x 350ml) from ice cold 0.05M H 2 SO 4 (600ml), the combined organic layers washed with brine (300ml) and dried over Na 2 SO 4 . Purification by flash silica chromatography eluting with EtOAc / heptane (2:8, v/v) yielded aldehyde (50) as a colourless viscous oil, 1.47g (25%). Electrospray-MS m/z 352.2 (MH + ). (d) Ethyl trimethylsilyldiazoacetate (preparation obtained from Shuji Kanemasa, personal communication) Trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulphonate (9.7ml, 53.6mmol) was slowly added via a syringe to a stirred solution of ethyl diazoacetate (5.3ml, 50.4mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (8.7ml, 49.9mmol) in diethyl ether (300ml) at 0°C. After lhr the temperature was increased to room temperature and stirring continued for a further lhr. The precipitate formed was removed by filtration and the solid washed with diethyl ether (50ml). The filtrate and washing was combined, washed with brine (70ml) and dried over Na^SO^ The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue purified by vacuum distillation to yield ethyl trimethylsilyldiazoacetate as a yellow liquid, 2.48g (26%); bp 90-95°C at 25mmHg. υ max cm "1 2091.9, 1688.9. δ H (500 MHz; CDC1 3 at 398K) 0.25 (9H, s, Si(CH 3 ) 3 ), 1.25 (3H, t, J7.1, CH 2 CH 3 ), 4.12 (2H, q, J7.2, CH 2 CH 3 ). δ c (125 MHz; CDC1 3 at 398K) -1.51 (Si(CH 3 ) 3 ), 14.41 (CH 2 CH 3 ), 60.59 (CH 2 CH 3 ), 169.38 (CO 2 Et). (e) 4R-Benzyloxycarbonylamino-3S-hydroxy-5R-methyltetrahydrofuran-2R- carboxylic acid ethyl ester (51) -Tetrabutylammonium fluoride (IM in THF, 5.03ml, 5.03mmol) was added over 30min to a vigorously stirred solution of aldehyde (50) (1.47g, 4.19mmol) and ethyl trimethylsilyldiazoacetate (1.56g, 8.38mmol) in diethyl ether (45ml) at 0°C. After3hr the product was extracted into tBME (2 x 70ml and 1 x 40ml) from water (70ml), the combined organic layers washed with brine (2 x 70ml) and dried over Na ^ SO^ Purification by repeated flash silica chromatography eluting with EtOAc / heptane (6:4, v/v) yielded 4R-benzyloxycarbonylamino-3S-hydroxy-5R- methyltetrahydrofuran-2R-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (51) as a pale yellow viscous oil that solidified on standing, 0.524g (39%); mp 90-92°C. Electrospray-MS m/z 324.2 (MH + ). HRMS C 16 H 21 O 6 NNa requires M, 346.1267, found: MNa + 346.1272 (δ 1.48ppm). δ H (500 MHz; CDC1 3 at 398K) 1.17 (3H, d, J6.3, CHCH 3 ), 1.25 (3H, t, J7.1, CH 2 CH 3 ), 3.18 (IH, br s, OH), 3.73 (IH, br dd, J3.3, 9.2, furanone 4), 4.03 (IH, s br, furanone 2), 4.11 (IH, br m, furanone 5), 4.21 (2H, q, J7, CH 2 CH 3 ), 4.76 (IH, br s, furanone 3), 5.11 (IH, d, J 12.2, benzylic H a ), 5.13 (IH, d, J 12.2, benzylic H b ), 5.62 (IH, d, J9.6, NH), 7.34 (5H, m, Ph). δ c (125 MHz; CDC1 3 at 398K) 14.43 (CH 2 CH 3 ), 19.98 (CHCH 3 ), 58.99 (furanone 4), 61.29 (CH 2 CH 3 ), 67.32 (PhCH 2 ), 68.70 (furanone 3), 68.85 (furanone 5), 77.39 (furanone 2), 128.07 (Ar), 128.26 (Ar), 128.57 (Ar), 136.18 (Ar 4°), 157.74 (NHCO), 166.79 (ester CO). Sugar Chemistry Route Towards Furanone Analogues Following the chemistry detailed in scheme 5. (53) (a) Trifluoro-methanesulfonic acid 5(i?)-(2,2-dimethyl-[l,3]dioxolan-4(i?)-yl)-2,2- dimethyl-tetrahydro-furo[2(i?),3-J( ?)][l,3]dioxol-6(S)-yl ester (53). 1,2,5,6-Diisopropylidene-D-glucose (5.00g, 19.21mmol) (52) was dissolved in dry dichloromethane (lOOmL) and stirred at 0 °C under a nitrogen atmosphere. Anhydrous pyridine (1.67g, 1.71mL, 21.13mmol) was added, followed by the dropwise addition of trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (5.96g, 3.55mL, 21.13mmol) which resulted in the formation of a yellow solution. The solution was stirred at 0 °C for a further 1 h and then at room temperature overnight. Tic analysis indicated all the starting material had been consumed, therefore, the solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in dichloromethane (40mL) was washed with 2.0M HCl solution and brine, separated, dried (MgSO 4 ), and evaporated in vacuo. Column chromatography eluting with heptane / ethyl acetate (8:1, v/v) afforded (53) as an unstable white solid (6.48g, 86%). R f 0.51 heptane / ethyl acetate (8:1, v/v). Electrospray-MS m/z 392.3 (MW). δ H (500 MHz, CDCl 3 at 298 K) 1.31 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.33 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.42 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.51 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 3.96 (IH, dd, J3.7, 8.3, CH), 4.15 (IH, dd, J5.5, 8.3, CH'), 4.19 (2H, m, H-4 and H-6), 4.76 (IH, app.d, J3.6, H-3), 5.26 (IH, app.d, J 1.2, H-5), 5.98 (IH, d, J3.6, H-2). δ c (125 MHz, CDC1 3 at 298 K) 24.8, 26.2, 26.5 and 26.8 (2xC(CH 3 ) 2 ), 67.6 (CH 2 ), 79.9 and 71.7 (C-4 and C-6), 83.2 (C-3), 88.2 (C-5), 105.0 (C-2), 109.8 and 113.1 (2xC(CH 3 ) 2 ), 118.1 (q, CF 3 ). δ F (500 MHz, CDC1 3 at 298 K) -75.1 (CF 3 ). (b) 6(i?)-Azido-5(S)(2,2-dimethyl-[l,3]dioxolan-4( ?)-yl)-2,2-dimethyl-tetrahydro- furo[2(i?),3-J(i?)][l,3]dioxole (54) and 5-(2,2-Dimethyl-[l,3]dioxolan-4(Λ)-yl)- 2,2-dimethyl-3α,6α-dihydro-furo[2(i?),3-J(^)][l,3]dioxole (54b). Triflate (53) (2.59g, 6.61mmol) was dissolved in dry DMF (50mL) under a nitrogen atmosphere, while sodium azide (686mg, 10.55mmol) was carefully added. The solution was heated to 50 °C for 4 h and tic analysis revealed the consumption of the starting material. The solvent was then removed in vacuo. Ethyl acetate (50mL) was added and the solution was washed with brine, separated, dried (MgSO 4 ) and evaporated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by column chromatography using the eluent heptane / ethyl acetate (4:1, v/v) to afford (54) as a colourless oil (900mg, 48%), together with (54b) as a white solid (645mg, 40%). (54): R f 0.28 heptane / ethyl acetate (4: 1, v/v). HRMS C 12 H 19 O 5 N 3 Na requires M, 308.1217, found: MNa\ 308.1192. (δ - 2.49 ppm). δ H (500 MHz, CDC1 3 at 298 K) 1.34 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.36 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.47 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.56 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 3.50 (IH, dd, J4.8, 9.1, H-6), 3.97 (IH, dd, J5.5, 8.5, CH), 4.01 (IH, dd, J6.0, 9.1, H-5), 4.12 (IH, app.t, J8.5, CH'), 4.17 (IH, dd, J6.0, 12.0, H-4), 4.71 (IH, app.t, J4.2, H-3), 5.77 (IH, d, J3.6, H-2). δ c (125 MHz, CDC1 3 at 298 K) 25.1, 26.3, 26.4 and 26.5 (2xC(CH 3 ) 2 ), 62.6 (C-6), 66.8 (CH 2 ), 75.8 (C-4), 78.1 (C-5), 80.6 (C-3), 103.4 (C-2), 110.1 and 113.2 (2xC(CH 3 ) 2 ). (54b): R f 0.42 heptane / ethyl acetate (4:1, v/v). δ H (500 MHz, CDC1 3 at 298 K) 1.37 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.42 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.45 (6H, s, 2xCH 3 ), 3.95 (IH, dd, J6.1, 7.8, CH), 4.13 (IH, app.t, J 7.8, CH'), 4.57 (IH, app.t, J 6.1, H-4), 5.23 (IH, d, J0.8, C=CH), 5.28 (IH, app.d, J4.4, H-3), 6.03 (IH, d, J5.2, H-2). δ c (125 MHz, CDC1 3 at 298 K) 25.5, 26.2, 27.9 and 28.2 (2xC(£H 3 ) 2 ), 67.0 (CH 2 ), 71.3 (C-4), 83.4 (C-3), 99.0 (C-CH), 106.6 (C-2), 110.3 and 112.3 (2xC(CH 3 ) 2 ), 160.1 (C- 5). (55) (b) l-(6(i?)-Azido-2,2-dimethyl-tetrahydro-furo[2(i?),3-J(i?)][l,3]dioxol-5(S)-yl)- efhane-l(£),2-diol (55). Compound (54) (1.03g, 3.61mmol) was dissolved in AcOH:MeOH:H 2 O (40:50:60mL) and stirred at 50 °C for 17 h, then solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography using heptane / ethyl acetate (1 :1, v/v) as the eluent to afford (55) as a pale yellow solid (868mg, 98%). R f 0.12 heptane / ethyl acetate (1 :1, v/v). δ H (500 MHz, CD 3 OD at 298 K) 1.52 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1-98 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 3.50 (3H, m, CH 2 and H-6), 3.83 (IH, m, H-1), 4.13 (IH, dd, J4.1, 9.4, H-5), 4.78 (IH, app.t, J4.1, H-3), 5.78 (lH, d, J3.6, H-2). δ c (125 MHz, CD 3 OD at 298 K) 26.8 (C(CH 3 ) 2 ), 61.5 (C-6), 63.9 (CH 2 ), 72.8 (C-l), 79.1 (C-5), 82.3 (C-3), 105.6 (C-4), 114.0 (£(CH 3 ) 2 ). (56) (c) 4(i?)-Azido-5(S)-(2,2-dimethyl-[l,3]dioxolan-4(i?)-yl)-3( J r )-hydroxy-dihydro- furan-2-one (56). TFA (2mL) and water (40mL) were added to compound (54) (1.18g, 4.14mmol) and the solution was stirred at room temperature overnight. The solvent was then evaporated in vacuo to produce a colourless oil. The crude oil was then dissolved in water (34mL) and stirred at 0 °C, while barium carbonate (1.22g, 6.15mmol) was added, followed by the dropwise addition of bromine (727mg, 0.23mL, 4.55mmol). The yellow solution was stirred at 0 °C for 2 h and then for a further 2 h at room temperature. It was then filtered through celite and compressed air was bubbled through until the solution had been decolourised. The water was then removed in vacuo to afford a white solid. This white solid was pre-dried with acetone (2x50mL), before being suspended in acetone (lOOmL) and stirred at room temperature. 10- Camphorsulfonyl acid (192mg, 0.83mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred overnight. Tic analysis indicated no change therefore another 0.2 equivalents of 10- Camphorsulfonyl acid (192mg, 0.83mmol) were added and the mixture was stirred at 50 °C for 4 h. The solution was filtered and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by column chromatography using heptane / ethyl acetate (2:1, v/v) as the eluent to afford (56) as a white solid (680mg, 68%>). R f 0.34 heptane / ethyl acetate (2:1, v/v). HRMS C 9 H 13 O 5 N 3 Na requires M, 266.0742, found: MNa + , 266.0700. (δ - 4.21 ppm). δ H (500 MHz, DMSO at 298 K) 1.28 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.39 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 3.82 (IH, dd, J 5.5, 8.9, CH), 4.06 (IH, dd, J6.9, 8.9, CH'), 4.24 (IH, app.d, J5.1, H-4'), 4.29 (IH, dd, J5.5, 12.0, H-5), 4.46 (IH, app.d, J6.1, H-4), 4.82 (IH, app.t, J6.5, H-3), 6.65 (IH, d, J6.9, OH). δ c (125 MHz, DMSO at 298 K) 24.7 and 26.1 (C(CH 3 ) 2 ), 59.5 (C-4), 65.3 (£H 2 ), 68.5 (C-3), 73.6 (C-5), 81.2 (C-4'), 109.7 (C(CH 3 ) 2 ), 174.5 (C-2). (57) (d) Trifluoro-methanesulfonic acid 4(i?)-azido-5(S)-(2,2-dimethyl-[l,3]dioxolan- 4(i?)-yl)-2-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-3(i?)-yl ester (57). Compound (56) (500mg, 2.06mmol) was dissolved in dry dichloromethane (50mL) and stirred at 0 °C under a nitrogen atmosphere. Anhydrous pyridine (176mg, 0.18mL, 2.27mmol) was added, followed by the dropwise addition of trifluoromethane sulfonic anhydride (640mg, 0.38mL, 2.27mmol). The solution was stirred at room temperature overnight, during which time it turned dark yellow in colour. The solution was then washed with 2.0M HCl, brine, separated, dried (MgSO 4 ) and the solvent was evaporated in vacuo. The yellow oil was purified by column chromatography (2:1 heptane-ethyl acetate) to afford (57) (402 mg, 52%) which was immediately reacted on as it was found to be very unstable. (e) 4(i?)-Azido-5(S)-(2,2-dimethyl-[l,3]dioxolan-4(i?)-yl)-3(S)-hydroxy-dihydro- furan-2-one (58). Triflate (57) (143mg, 0.38mmol) was dissolved in dry DMF (2.2mL) and stirred at room temperature. The sodium salt of trifluoroacetic acid (156mg, 1.15mmol) was added and the solution was stirred at room temperature overnight. Tic analysis revealed no change therefore the solution was heated to 60 °C for 2 days. Then methanol (lmL) was added and the reaction was stirred overnight. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in dichloromethane (30mL), washed with water and brine, separated, dried (MgSO 4 ) and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography using heptane / ethyl acetate (2:1, v/v) as the eluent to afford (58) as a white solid (24mg, 26%). R f 0.24 heptane / ethyl acetate (2:1, v/v). δ„ (500 MHz, DMSO at 298 K) 1.29 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.39 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 3.84 (IH, dd, J 4.6, 8.9, CH), 4.11 (IH, dd, J6.9 and 8.9, CH'), 4.14 (2H, m, H-4' and H-5), 4.29 (IH, dd, J4.6, 9.9, H-4), 4.44 (IH, m, H-3), 6.52 (IH, d, J7.1, OH). " δ c (125 MHz, DMSO at 298 K) 24.8 and 25.9 (C(CH 3 ) 2 ), 64.6 (C-4), 65.3 (CH 2 ), 71.7 (C-3), 74.4 (C-5), 76.8 (C-4'), 109.3 (£(CH 3 ) 2 ), 172.7 (C-2). (f) 3(i?)-Azido-4(S)-hydroxy-5(i?)-hydroxymethyl-tetrahydro-furan-2(S)-carboxylic acid methyl ester (59). Acetyl chloride (46mg, 0.04mL, 0.59mmol) and dry methanol (4mL) were simultaneously added to the stirred triflate (57) (185mg, 0.49mmol) at room temperature under a nitrogen atmosphere. The resultant pale yellow solution was stirred for a further 20 h at room temperature and subsequent tic analysis revealed the consumption of the starting material (57). Sodium hydrogen carbonate (49mg, O.58mmol) was added and the solution was then pre-absorbed onto silica. Purification by column chromatography using ethyl acetate / heptane (2:1, v/v) as the eluent afforded (59) as a white solid (73mg, 68%). R f 0.13 ethyl acetate / heptane (2:1, v/v). δ H (500 MHz, CD 3 OD at 298 K) 3.59 (IH, dd, J3.6, 12.5, H-5'), 3.78 (3H, s, CO 2 CH 3 ), 3.82 (IH, dd, J 1.7, 12.5, H-5'), 3.90 (IH, app.dt, J3.0, 8.4, H-5), 4.35 (IH, app.t, J 4.8, H-3), 4.44 (IH, dd, J5.1, 8.4, H-4), 4.70 (IH, d, J4.6, H-2). δ c (125 MHz, CD 3 OD at 298 K) 52.6 (CO 2 CH 3 ), 61.8 (C-5'), 67.0 (C-3), 73.2 (C-4), 79.1 (C-5), 83.7 (C-2), 171.5 (C-2'). Chemistry Towards P2 Hybrid Aminoacids The general chemistry depicted in scheme 6 will shortly be published in full in the academic literature, by its inventors CS Dexter and RFW Jackson at the University of Newcastle, England. (a) General Procedure for the zinc coupling reactions (b) Zinc activation Zinc dust (150mg, 2.3mmol, 3.0eq, Aldrich) was weighed into a 25mL round bottom flask with a side arm and fitted with a three way tap. The zinc powder was heated with a heat gun under vacuum and the flask was flushed with nitrogen and evacuated and flushed a further three times. With the flask filled with nitrogen, dry DMF (lmL) was added. Trimethylsilylchloride (30μl, 0.23mmol, 0.3eq) was added and the zinc slurry was vigorously stirred for a further 30mins. (c) Zinc insertion; N-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)-3-iodozinc-L-alanine methyl ester (61) N-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)-3-iodo-L-alanine methyl ester (247mg, 0.75mmol, l.Oeq) dissolved in dry DMF (0.5mL) was added dropwise, via cannula, to the activated zinc slurry at 0°C prepared as described above. The reaction mixture was then allowed to warm up to room temperature and stirred for lhr to give the organozinc reagent. (d) CuBr.SMe 2 preparation Whilst the zinc insertion reaction was in progress, CuBr.SMe, (20mg, O.lmmol, 0.13eq) was weighed into a 25ml round bottom flask fitted with a three way tap and dried "gently" with a heat gun under vacuum until CuBr.SMe 2 changed appearance from a brown powder to give a light green powder. Dry DMF (0.5mL) was then added followed by addition of the electrophile (either l-bromo-2-methylbut-2-ene, toluene-4- sulfonic acid-(E)-2-methyl-but-2-enyl ester or l-bromo-2,3-dimethylbut-2-ene) (l.Ommol, 1.3eq). The reaction mixture was then cooled to -15°C. (e) Coupling Reaction Stirring of the organozinc reagent solution was stopped to allow the zinc powder to settle and the supernatant was carefully removed via cannula (care taken to avoid transferring too much zinc powder) and added dropwise to the solution of electrophile and copper catalyst. The cooling bath was removed and the solution was stirred at room temperature overnight. Ethyl acetate (20mL) was added and stirring was continued for a further 15mins. The reaction mixture was transferred to a separating funnel and a further aliquot of EtOAc (30mL) was added. The organic phase was washed successively with IM Na^O-, (20mL), water (2 x 20mL), brine (40mL), dried over sodium sulphate and filtered. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the crude product purified by flash chromatography on silica gel as described. (f) Hydrogenation of alkene The alkene (l.Ommol) was dissolved in ethanol (lOmL), 10% palladium on carbon (80mg) added and hydrogen introduced. Once the reaction had been deemed to have reached completion, the hydrogen was removed, the reaction filtered through Celite and the catalyst washed with ethanol (30mL). The combined organic filtrate was concentrated in vacuo and the alkane used directly in the subsequent reaction. (g) Saponification of methyl ester The methyl ester (l.Ommol) was dissolved in THF (6mL) and whilst stirring, a solution of LiOH (1.2mmol, 1.2eq) in water (6mL) was added dropwise. Once the reaction was deemed to have reached completion, the THF was removed in vacuo and diethyl ether (lOmL) added to the residue. The reaction mixture was then acidified with 1.0M HCl until pH =3. The organic phase was then removed and the aqueous layer extracted with diethyl ether (2 x lOmL). The combined organic extracts were dried over magnesium sulphate, filtered and the solvent removed in vacuo to give the carboxylic acid used directly in the subsequent reaction. (h) Removal of N-Boc protecting group The N-Boc protected material (l.Ommol) was dissolved in DCM (2mL) and cooled to 0°C. Trifluoroacetic acid (2mL) was added dropwise and when the reaction was deemed to have reached completion, the solvents were removed in vacuo to yield the amine used directly in the subsequent reaction. Alternatively, the N-Boc protected material (l.Ommol) was cooled to 0°C and 4M HCl in dioxane (5mL) added dropwise and when the reaction was deemed to have reached completion, the solvents were removed in vacuo to yield the amine used directly in the subsequent reaction. (i) Fmoc protection of amine The amine (l.Ommol) in 1,4-dioxane (2mL) was cooled to 0°C and 10% sodium carbonate (2.2mmol, 2.2eq, 2mL) added. The biphasic reaction mixture was stirred vigorously and Fmoc-Cl (1. lmmol, 1. leq) added. Once the reaction was deemed to have reached completion, diethyl ether (lOmL) added and the reaction mixture acidified to pH = 3 with IM HCl. The organic phase was removed and the aqueous layer extracted with diethyl ether (2 x lOmL). The combined organic extracts were dried over sodium sulphate, filtered, the solvent removed in vacuo and the residue purified by flash chromatography over silica gel. Example Synthesis 1 Preparation of 2S-2-(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonylamino)-4,4-dimethylhexanoic acid (68) The following scheme explains how optically pure (S)-2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino- 4,4-dimethyl-hex-5-enoic acid methyl ester (62) was prepared and isolated. / \ ^ NΗBoc , — Br IZn ^ + CuBr.S e 2 1 ^z NΗBoc > )= 7 " / \ NΗBoc + C0 2 e / DMF * \ C0 2 Me C0 2 Me (61) (62) mCPBA Y NΗBoc 2 Me C0 2 Me (β ^ (64) C0 2 Me (62) Separated by column chromatography (a) 2S-2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-4, 4-dimethyl-hex-5-enoic acid methyl ester (62), 2S-2-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-4-(2S-3,3-dimethyl-oxiranyl)-butyric acid methyl ester (63) and 2S-2-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-4-(2R-3,3-dimethyl-oxiranyl)- butyric acid methyl ester (64) Following the general procedure for zinc coupling reactions, l-bromo-3-methylbut-2- ene (115μL, l.Ommol) was coupled to compound (61) (247mg, 0.75mmol) in the presence of CuBr.SMe, (20mg, O.lmmol) to give a residue which was purified by flash column chromatography over silica gel eluting with EtOAc / 40:60 petroleum ether (1:9, v/v). Fractions were pooled and reduced in vacuo to give a mixture of regioisomers (2:1 formal SN2' vs SN2), inseparable by column chromatography, as a colourless oil, yield 190mg, 93%. To a mixture of regioisomers (190mg, 0.7mmol) in chloroform (3mL) was added dropwise over 5mins, 3-chloroperbenzoic acid (156mg, 85% pure, O.δmmol, l.leq) in chloroform (2mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for a further 2hr. The reaction mixture was then washed successively with IM Na ^ S ^ O s (5mL), saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (5mL) and brine (lOmL). The organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, the solvent removed in vacuo and the residue was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel eluting with EtOAc / 40:60 petroleum ether (2:8, v/v). Three products were obtained; compound (62) was eluted first and further elution afforded an inseparable mixture of compound (63) and compound (64). Fractions of the initial component were pooled and reduced in vacuo to give 2S-2-tert- butoxycarbonylamino-4,4-dimethyl-hex-5-enoic acid methyl ester (62) as a clear oil, yield 93mg, 49%. Electrospray-MS m z 272 (MH + ). Analytical HPLC Rt = 21.45mins (95%), HRMS C 10 H 17 O 4 N requires M, 215.1158, found: M + -C 4 H 3 215.1152 (δ - 2.8 ppm); IR (cap. film)/crn ' 3369 (s), 3084 (m), 2965 (s), 1748 (s), 1715 (s), 1517 (s), 1167 (s), 1007 (s), 914 (s) δ H (500 MHz; CDC1 3 ) 1.06 (6H, s, CH 2 =CHC(CH 3 ) 2 ), 1.42 (9H, s, C(CH 3 ) 3 ) 1.55 (IH, dd, J 14, 9, CH 2 =CHC(CH 3 ) 2 CH 2A ), 1-82 (IH, dd, J 14, 3, CH 2 =CHC(CH 3 ) 2 CH 2B ), 3.69 (3H, s, OCH 3 ), 4.30 (IH, m, NHCHCO 2 CH 3 ), 4.83 (IH, br d, J 7, NH), 4.97 (2H, m, CH 2 =CH) and 5.78 (IH, dd, J^ 17.5, J C1S 11, CH 2 =CH) δ c (125 MHz; CDC1 3 ) 26.93 (CH 2 =CHC(£H 3 ) 2 ), 28.34 (C(£H 3 ) 3 ), 36.33 (CH 2 =CHC(CH 3 ) 2 £H 2 ), 45.06 (CH 2 =CH£(CH 3 ) 2 ), 51.25 (NH£HCO 2 CH 3 ), 52.15 (OCH 3 ), 79.77 (£(CH 3 ) 3 ), 111.39 (£H 2 =CH), 146.87 (CH 2 =£H), 154.97 (NHO^Bu 1 ) and 174.04 (£O 2 CH 3 ). (b) 2S-2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-4,4-dimethyl-hexanoic acid methyl ester (65) Following the general procedure for alkene hydrogenation, compound (62) (93mg, - .3mmol) yielded compound (65) as a colourless oil, yield 90mg, 96% and used directly in the subsequent reaction. Electrospray-MS m/z 274 (MH + ). Analytical HPLC Rt = 22.55mins (100%). (c) 2S-2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-4,4-dimethyl-hexanoic acid (66) Following the general procedure for methyl ester saponification, compound (65) (90mg, 0.3mmol) gave compound (66) as crystals, yield 79mg, 92% and used directly in the subsequent reaction. Electrospray-MS m/z 260 (MH + ). Analytical HPLC Rt = 20.90mins (100%). (d) 2S-2-Amino-4,4-dimethyl-hexanoic acid trifluoroacetic acid salt (67) Following the general procedure of N-Boc removal using TFA, compound (66) (79mg, 0.3mmol) gave compound (67) as a solid, yield 80mg, 96% and used directly in the subsequent reaction. Electrospray-MS m/z 274 (MW). (e) 2S-2-(9H-Fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonylamino)-4,4-dimethyl-hexanoic acid (68) Following the general procedure for Fmoc protection of an amine, compound (67) (80mg, 0.3mmol) gave on purification by flash chromatography over silica gel eluting with CΗC1 3 / CH 3 OH (100:0 to 96:4, v/v) 2S-2-(9H-fluoren-9- ylmethoxycarbonylamino)-4,4-dimethyl-hexanoic acid (68) as a solid, yield 60mg, 54%. Electrospray-MS m/z 382(MΗ + ). Analytical HPLC Rt = 23.63mins (100%); [α ] D 17 -18.4 (c 0.25 in EtOH) δ H (500MHz, CDC1 3 ) 0.88 (3H, t, J7, CH 3 CH 2 ), 0.95 (6H, s, CH 3 CH 2 C(CH 3 ) 2 ), 1.31 (2H, m, CH 3 CH 2 ), 1.46 (IH, dd, J 14.5, 10, CH 3 CH 2 C(CH 3 ) 2 CH 2A ), 1.85 (IH, br d, J 14.5, CH 3 CH 2 C(CH 3 ) 2 CH 2B ), 4.21.(1H, t, J6.5, CH-Fmoc), 4.41 (3H, m, NHCHCO 2 H and CH 2 O), 5.02 (IH, br d, J8, NH-Fmoc), 7.29 (2H, m, H-2' and H-7'), 7.38 (2H, m, H-3' and H-6'), 7.58 (2H, m, H-1' and H-8') and 7.74 (2H, d, J7, H-4' and H-5'). Example Synthesis 2 Preparation of 2S,4RS-2-(9H-Fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonylamino)-4,5-dimethyl- hexanoic acid (74) Optically pure 2S,4S-2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-4,5-dimethyl-hex-5-enoic acid methyl ester (69) and 2S,4R-2-tert-Butoxy-carbonylamino-4,5-dimethyl-hex-5-enoic acid methyl ester (70) were obtained directly after zinc coupling reaction by flash chromatography. .- . .NHBoc OTs CuBr.SMe 2 IZrf ^ -\ ^ ^ , NHBoc + - -\ / - ^ „„NHBo C0 2 Me DMF * C0 2 Me C0 2 Me (61) (69) (70) (a) 2S,4S-2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-4,5-dimethyl-hex-5-enoic acid methyl ester (69) and 2S,4R-2-tert-butoxy-carbonylamino-4,5-dimethyl-hex-5-enoic acid methyl ester (70) Following the general procedure for zinc coupling reactions, toluene-4-sulfonic acid (E)-2-methyl-but-2-enyl ester (1.45mL, l.Ommol) was coupled to compound (61) (247mg, 0.75mmol) in the presence of CuBr.SMe 2 (20mg, O.lOmmol) to give a residue which was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel eluting with EtOAc / 40:60 petroleum ether (1:9, v/v) to give two diastereoisomers. Analytical HPLC Rt = 22.49mins (60%) and Rt = 22.52mins (40%). Fractions of the first eluted component were pooled to give one of the diastereoisomers obtained as a colourless oil, yield 36mg, 18%. Next a mixture of the diastereomers as a colourless oil, yield 75mg, 37% was obtained. Pure fractions containing the later eluted component were pooled to give the other diastereoisomer as a colourless oil, yield 19mg, 9%. (The stereochemistry at the 4 position was not investigated). Spectral data obtained for the fast running diastereomer: Electrospray-MS m/z 272 (MH ~ ); [α] D 20 +12.3 (c 1.06 in CHC1 3 ); IR (cap. filmycm '1 3382 (s), 3070 (m), 2966 (s), 1746 (s), 1716 (s), 1616 (w), 1507 (s), 886 (m) δ H (500 MHz, CDC1 3 ) 1.06 (3H, d, J7, CH 3 CH), 1.45 (9H, s, C(CH 3 ) 3 ), 1.58 (IH, m, CH 3 CH), 1.68 (3H, s, CH 3 C=CH 2 ), 1.85 (IH, m, CH 2A CH), 1.97 (IH, m, CH 2B CH), 3.73 (3H, s, OCH 3 ), 4.29 (IH, m, NHCHCO 2 CH 3 ), 4.72 (IH, s, CH 2A =CH), 4.95 (IH, d, J1.5, CH 2B =CH) and 5.04 (IH, d, J7, NH) δ c (125 MHz, CDC1 3 ) 18.61 (£H 3 C=CH 2 ), 21.64 (£H 3 CH), 28.32 (C(£H 3 ) 3 ), 30.79 (CH 3 £HCH 2 ), 38.06 (£H 2 CHNH), 52.00 (NH£HCO 2 CH 3 ), 52.22 (OCH 3 ), 79.53 (£(CH 3 ) 3 ), 110.19 (£H 2 =C(CH 3 )), 144.62 (CH 2 =£(CH 3 )), 155.18 (OCONH) and 173.30 (£O 2 CH 3 ). Spectral data obtained for the slow running diastereoismer: Electrospray-MS m/z 272 (MH + ); [α] D 20 +16.0 (c 0.60 in CHC1 3 ); IR (cap. filmycrn 1 3369 (s), 3073 (m), 2969 (s), 1747 (s), 1717 (s), 1617 (w), 1517 (s), 893 (m) δ H (500 MHz, CDC1 3 ) 1.04 (3H, d, J7, CH 3 CH), 1.44 (9H, s, C(CH 3 ) 3 ), 1.55 (IH, m, CH 3 CH), 1-67 (3H, s, CH 3 C=CH 2 ), 1.91 (IH, m, CH 2A CH), 2.37 (IH, m, CH 2B CH), 3.73 (3H, s, OCH 3 ), 4.26 (IH, m, NHCHCO 2 CH 3 ), 4.75 (IH, d, J1.5, CH 2A =CH), 4.79 (IH, d, J1.5, CH 2B =CH) and 5.46 (IH, d, J6.1, NH) δ c (125 MHz, CDC1 3 ) 18.51 (£H 3 C=CH 2 ), 20.14 (£H 3 CH), 28.31 (C(£H 3 ) 3 ), 30.55 (CH 3 CHCH 2 ), 37.64 (£H 2 CHNH), 52.17 (NH£HCO 2 CH 3 ), 52.22 (OCH 3 ), 79.74 (£(CH 3 ) 3 ), 111.27 (£H 2 -C(CH 3 )), 147.94 (CH 2 =£(CH 3 )), 155.36 (OCONH) and 173.83 (£O 2 CH 3 ). These diastereoisomers were not separated routinely and used as a mixuire in subsequent reactions. (b) 2S,4RS-2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-4,5-dimethyl-hexanoic acid methyl ester (71) Following the general procedure for alkene hydrogenation, compounds (69) and compound (70) (130mg, 0.48mmol) yielded a mixture of two diastereoisomers (71) which were not separated, obtained as a colourless oil, yield 128mg, 98%. Analytical HPLC Rt 22.49mins, electrospray-MS m z 274 (MH + ). (c) 2S,4RS-2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-4,5-dimethyl-hexanoic acid (72) Following the general procedure for methyl ester saponification, compounds (71) (128mg, 0.47mmol) gave a inseparable mixture of compounds (72) as a colourless oil, yield 106mg, 87%. Electrospray-MS m/z 260 (MH"). Analytical HPLC Rt = 20.65mins (100%). (d) 2S,4RS-2-Amino-4,5-dimethyl-hexanoic acid trifluoroacetic acid salt (73) Following the general procedure of N-Boc removal using TFA, compounds (72) (106mg, 0.41mmol) gave an inseparable mixture of compounds (73) as a solid, yield 107mg, 96%) and used directly in the subsequent reaction. Electrospray-MS m/z 160 (MH + ). (e) 2S,4RS-2-(9H-Fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonylamino)-4,5-dimethyl-hexanoic acid (74) Following the general procedure for Fmoc protection of an amine, compounds (73) (107mg, 0.39mmol) gave on purification by flash chromatography over silica gel eluting with CHC1 3 / CH 3 OH (100:0 to 95:5, v/v) 2S,4RS-2-(9H-fluoren-9- ylmethoxycarbonylamino)-4,5-dimethyl-hexanoic acid (74) as a solid, yield 60mg, 40% as a mixture of two diastereoisomers. Analytical HPLC Rt = 23.83mins (40%) and Rt = 24.06mins (60%). First eluted diastereomer: Electrospray-MS m/z 382 (MH + ). Later eluted diastereomer: Electrospray-MS m/z 382 (MH + ). Example Synthesis 3 Preparation of 2S,5RS-2-(9H-Fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonylamino)-5,6-dimethyl- heptanoic acid (80) and 2S-2-(9H-Fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonylamino)-4,4,5- trimethyl-hexanoic acid (84) (S)-2-tert-butyloxycarbonylamino-5,6-dimethyl-hept-5-enoic methyl ester (75) and _(S)-2-tert-butyloxycarbonylammo-4,4,5-trimethyl-hex-5-enoic methyl ester (76) were obtained directly after zinc coupling reaction by flash chromatography. NHBoc . r - Br CuBr.SMe 2 NHRnr IZπ + \=_ / —^ - ^ NHBoc + \ NHBoc C0 2 Me ' DMF " C0 2 Me C ° 2Me (61) (75) (76) (a) 2S-2-tert-Butyloxycarbonylamino-5,6-dimethyl-hept-5-enoic methyl ester (75) and 2S-2-tert-butyloxycarbonylamino-4,4,5-trimethyl-hex-5-enoic methyl ester (76) Following the general procedure for zinc coupling reactions, l-bromo-2,3-dimethylbut- 2-ene (163mg, l.Ommol) was coupled to compound (61) (247mg, 0.75mmol) in presence of CuBr.SMe 2 (20mg, O.lOmmol) to give a residue which on purification by flash chromatography over silica gel eluting with EtOAc/ 40:60 petroleum ether (1 :9) gave two regioisomers. The first eluted component compound (75) as a colourless oil, yield 60mg, 28% and the second eluted component was compound (76) as a colourless oil, yield 51 mg, 24%. Spectral data obtained for compound (75); Electrospray-MS m/z 285 (MH + ). Analytical HPLC Rt = 22.85mins (100%); HRMS C 15 H 27 NO 4 requires M, 285.1940, found: M + 285.1954 (δ - 4.9 ppm); [α] D 22 +26.1 (c 1.01 in CH 2 C1 2 ); elemental analysis C 15 H 27 NO 4 (req) %C 63.1, %H 9.5, %N 4.9, (fiid) %C 62.4, %H 9.6, %N 5.3; IR (cap. filmycm- 1 3366 (s), 3154 (m), 2978 (s), 1744 (s), 1718 (s), 1506 (s), 1366 (s), 1164 (s) δ H (500 MHz, CDC1 3 ) 1.45 (9H, s, C(CH 3 ) 3 ), 1.62 (9H, m, (CH 3 ) 2 =C(CH 3 )), 1.87 (IH, m, CH 2A CH 2 CH), 2.03 (IH, m, CH 2B CH 2 CH), 2.09 (IH, dd, J6, 10.5, CH 2 CH 2A CH), 2.12 (IH, dd, J6.5, 10.5, CH 2 CH 2B CH), 3.74 (3H, s, OCH 3 ), 4.29 (IH, m, NHCHCO 2 CH 3 ) and 5.02 (IH, d, J7, NH) δ c (125 MHz, CDC1 3 ) 18.19 ((CH 3 ) 2 C=C(£H 3 )), 20.00 ((£H 3 ) 2cis C=C(CH 3 )), 20.61 ((£H 3 ) 2trans C=C(CH 3 )), 28.33 (C(£H 3 ) 3 ), 30.07 (CH 2 £H 2 CH), 30.92 (£H 2 CH 2 CH), -52.20 (NH£HCO 2 CH 3 ), 53.47 (OCH 3 ), 80.00 (£(CH 3 ) 3 ), 95.90 ((CH 3 ) 2 £=C(CH 3 )), 96.49 ((CH 3 ) 2 C=£(CH 3 ), 155.33 (OCONH) and 173.42 (CO 2 CH 3 ). Spectral data obtained for compound (76); Electrospray-MS m/z 285 (MH + ). Analytical HPLC Rt = 22.91mins (100%); HRMS C„H 19 NO 4 requires M 229.1314, found: M + -C 4 H 8 229.1309 (δ - 2.2 ppm); [α] D 23 +4.8 (c 1.01 in CH 2 C1 2 ); elemental analysis C, 5 H 27 NO 4 (req) %C 63.1, %H 9.5, %N 4.9, (fnd) %C 62.5, %H 9.5, %N; IR (cap. film)/cm-' 3368 (s), 3091 (m), 2934 (s), 1748 (s), 1717 (s), 1516 (s) δ H (500 MHz, CDC1 3 ) 1.10 (3H, s, (CH 3 ) 2A C), 1.12 (3H, s, (CH 3 ) 2B C), 1.43 (9H, s, C(CH 3 ) 3 ), 1.60 (IH, m, CH 2A CH), 1.74 (3H, s, CH 3 C=CH 2 ), 1.92 (IH, dd, J 14.5, 4, CH 2B CH), 3.70 (3H, s, OCH 3 ), 4.24 (IH, m, NHCHCO 2 CH 3 ), 4.79 (IH, s, CH 2A =C(CH 3 )), 4.82 (IH, s, CH 2B =C(CH 3 )) and 4.83 (IH, br d, Jl 1, NH) δ c (125 MHz, CDC1 3 ) 19.38 (CH 3 ), 27.19 (CH 3 ), 27.61 (CH 3 ), 28.34 (C(£H 3 ) 3 ), 38.50 (£H 2 CH), 38.95 ((CH 3 ) 2 £), 51.34 (NH£HCO 2 CH 3 ), 52.13 (OCH 3 ), 79.71 (£(CH 3 ) 3 ), 110.95 (£H 2 =C(CH 3 )), 150.62 (CH 2 =£(CH 3 )), 155.00 (OCONH) and 174.24 (£O 2 CH 3 ). (b) 2S,5RS-2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-5,6-dimethyl-heptanoic acid methyl ester (77) Following the general procedure for alkene hydrogenation, 2S-2-tert- butyloxycarbonylamino-5,6-dimethyl-hept-5-enoic methyl ester (75) (60mg, 0.21mmol) yielded compound (77) as a colourless oil, yield 54mg, 89%>. Electrospray- MS m/z 288 (MH + ). Analytical HPLC Rt = 24.06mins (100%). (c) 2S,5RS-2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-5,6-dimethyl-heptanoic acid (78) Following the general procedure for methyl ester saponification, compounds (77) (54mg, 0.19mmol) gave compounds (78) as a colourless oil, yield 54mg, 100%>. Electrospray-MS m z 274 (MH + ). Analytical HPLC Rt = 21.44mins (100%). (d) 2S,5RS-2-Amino-5,6-dimethyl-heptanoic acid hydrochloride salt (79) Following the general procedure of N-Boc removal using 4M HCl in dioxane, compounds (78) (54mg, 0.20mmol) gave compounds (79) as a solid, yield 40mg, 97%. Electrospray-MS m/z 174 (MH + ). (e) 2S,5RS-2-(9H-Fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonylamino)-5,6-dimethyl-heptanoic acid (80) Following the general procedure for Fmoc protection of an amine, compounds (79) (40mg, 0.19mmol) gave on purification by flash chromatography over silica gel eluting with CHC1 3 / CH 3 OH (100:0 to 95:5, v/v) 2S,5RS-2-(9H-fluoren-9- ylmethoxycarbonylamino)-5,6-dimethyl-heptanoic acid (80) as a solid, yield 27mg, 36%. Electrospray-MS m/z 395 (MH + ). Analytical HPLC Rt = 24.52mins (100%), HRMS C 24 H 29 O 4 NNa requires M 418.1994, found: MNa ^ , 418.1993. (δ - 0.38 ppm) δ H (500 MHz; CDC1 3 ) 0.73 (6H, m, (CH 3 ) 2 CH), 0.82 (3H, d, J6.5, (CH 3 ) 2 CHCH(CH 3 )), 1.23 (IH, m, (CH 3 ) 2 CHCH(CH 3 )CH 2A ), 1.39 (IH, m, (CH 3 ) 2 CHCH(CH 3 )CH 2B ), 1.55 (2H, m, (CH 3 ) 2 CHCH(CH 3 ) and (CH 3 ) 2 CHCH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2A ), 1.63 (IH, m, (CH 3 ) 2 CHCH(CH 3 )), 1.90 (IH, m, (CH 3 ) 2 CHCH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2B ), 4.18 (IH, t, J6.5, CH-Fmoc), 4.40 (3H, m, NHCHCO 2 H and CH 2 O), 5.30 (IH, br d, J8, NH-Fmoc), 7.27 (2H, m, H-2' and H-7'), 7.37 (2H, m, H-3' and H-6'), 7.56(2H, m, H-1 ' and H-8') and 7.75 (2H, d, J 7, H-4' and H-5') δ c (125 MHz; CDC1 3 ) 14.91 (CH 3 ) 2 CHCH(£H 3 )), 17.49 and 17.73 ((£H 3 ) 2A CH), 19.93 and 20.05 ((£H 3 ) 2B CH), 28.08 ((CH 3 ) 2 £H), 29.26 and 29.44 ((CH 3 ) 2 CHCH(CH 3 )CH 2 £H 2 ), 30.04 and 30.17 ((CH 3 ) 2 CHCH(CH 3 )£H 2 CH 2 ), 31.38 and 31.68 ((CH 3 ) 2 CH£H(CH 3 )), 37.89 and 38.07 (NH£HCO 2 H), 46.88 (CH-1 '), 66.84 (CH 2 O), 119.72 (CH-5' and CH-10'), 124.80 (CH-4' and CH-11'), 126.81 (CH-6' and CH-9'), 127.46 (CH-3' and CH-12'), 141.05 ( C-7' and C-8'), 143.47 (C-2' and C-13') and 155.89 (OCONH). The quaternary signal for the carboxylic acid was not observed. (ϊ) 2S-2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-4,4,5-trimethyl-hexanoic acid methyl ester (81) Following the general procedure for alkene hydrogenation, 2S-2-tert- butyloxycarbonylamino-4,4,5-trimethyl-hex-5-enoic methyl ester (76) (51mg, 0.18mmol) yielded compound (81) as a colourless oil, yield 46mg, 90%. Electrospray- MS m/z 288 (MH + ). Analytical HPLC Rt = 22.91mins (100%). (g) 2S-2-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-4,4,5-trimethyl-hexanoic acid (82) Following the general procedure for methyl ester saponification, compound (81) (46mg, O.lόmmol) gave compound (82) as a colourless oil, yield 44mg, 100%. Electrospray-MS m z 274 (MH + ). (h) 2S-2-Amino-4,4,5-trimethyl-hexanoic acid hydrochloride salt (83) Following the general procedure of N-Boc removal using 4M HCl in dioxane, compound (82) (44mg, O.lόmmol) gave compound (83) as a solid, yield 33mg, 99%. Electrospray-MS m/z 174 (MH + ). (i) 2S-2-(9H-Fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonylamino)-4,4,5-trimethyl-hexanoic acid (84) Following the general procedure for Fmoc protection of an amine, compound (83) (33mg, O.lόmmol) gave on purification by flash chromatography over silica gel eluting with CHC1 3 / CH 3 OH (100:0 to 95:5, v/v) 2S-2-(9H-fluoren-9- ylmethoxycarbonylamino)-4,4,5-trimethyl-hexanoic acid (84) as a solid, yield 20mg, 32%. Electrospray-MS m/z 396 (MH + ). Analytical HPLC Rt = 24.28mins (100%), HRMS C 24 H 29 O 4 NNa requires M 418.1994, found: MNa ^ , 418.1993. (δ - 0.38 ppm) δ H (500 MHz; CDC1 3 ) 0.93 (9H, m, (CH 3 ) 2 CHC(CH 3 ) 2A ), 0.98 (3H, s, (CH 3 ) 2 CHC(CH 3 ) 2B ), 1.48 (IH, dd, J 14, 10, (CH 3 ) 2 CHC(CH 3 ) 2 CH 2A ), 1.57 (IH, m, (CH 3 ) 2 CH), 1.91 (IH, d, J 14, (CH 3 ) 2 CHC(CH 3 ) 2 CH 2B ), 4.21 (IH, t, J6.5, CH-Fmoc), 4.40 (3H, m, NHCHCO 2 H and CH 2 O), 5.10 (IH, br d, J7.5, NH-Fmoc), 7.27 (2H, m, H-2' and H-7'), 7.36 (2H, m, H-3' and H-6'), 7.57 (2H, m, H-1 ' and H-8') and 7.74 - (2H, d, J 7, H-4' and H-5') δ c (125 MHz; CDC1 3 ) 17.01 ((£H 3 ) 2A CH), 17.16 ((£H 3 ) 2B CH), 23.69 ((CH 3 ) 2 CHC(£H 3 ) 2A ), 24.27 ((CH 3 ) 2 CHC(CH 3 ) 2B ), 35.27 ((CH 3 ) 2 CH£(CH 3 ) 2 ), 35.73 ((CH 3 ) 2 £H), 41.88 ((CH 3 ) 2 CHC(CH 3 ) 2 £H 2 ), 46.93 (CH-1 '), 54.20 (NH£HCO 2 H), 66.79 (CH-O), 119.70 (CH-5' and CH-10'), 124.78 (CH-4' and CH-11 '), 126.79 (CH- 6' and CH-9'), 127.44 (CH-3' and CH-12'), 141.05 ( C-7' and C-8'), 143.61 (C-2' and C-13') and 155.68 (OCONH). The quaternary signal for the carboxylic acid was not observed. General Solid Phase procedures Molecules were assembled using the furanone building blocks and novel protected aminoacids described earlier, by solid phase procedures on Chiron multipins following the protocols detailed below. Preparation of Crown Assembly The compounds were synthesised in parallel fashion using the appropriately loaded Fmoc-Building block-linker-DA/MDA derivatised macrocrowns (see above) loaded at approximately 3.5 - 9.1 μmoles per crown. Prior to synthesis each crown was connected to its respective stem and slotted into the 8 x 12 stem holder. Coupling of the amino acids employed standard Fmoc amino acid chemistry as described in "Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis', E. Atherton and R.C. Sheppard, IRL Press Ltd, Oxford, UK, 1989. Removal of Nα-Fmoc Protection A 250 mL solvent resistant bath is charged with 200 mL of a 20% piperidine/DMF solution. The multipin assembly is added and deprotection allowed to proceed for 30 minutes. The assembly is then removed and excess solvent removed by brief shaking. The assembly is then washed consecutively with (200 mL each), DMF (5 minutes) and MeOH (5 minutes, 2 minutes, 2 minutes) and left to air dry for 15 minutes. Quantitative UV Measurement of Fmoc Chromophore Release A lcm path length UV cell is charged with 1.2 mL of a 20% piperidine/DMF solution and used to zero the absorbance of the UV spectrometer at a wavelength of 290nm. A UV standard is then prepared consisting of 5.0 mg Fmoc-Asp(OBut)-Pepsyn KA (0.08 mmol/g) in 3.2 mL of a 20% piperidine/DMF solution. This standard gives Abs 290 = 0.55-0.65 (at room temperature). An aliquot of the multipin deprotection solution is then diluted as appropriate to give a theoretical Abs 290 = 0.6, and this value compared with the actual experimentally measured absorbance showing the efficiency of previous coupling reaction. Standard Coupling Of Amino Acid Residues Coupling reactions are performed by charging the appropriate wells of a polypropylene 96 well plate with the pattern of activated solutions required during a particular round of coupling. Macrocrown standard couplings were performed in DMF (500 μl). Coupling of an Amino-acid Residue To Appropriate Well Whilst the multipin assembly is drying, the appropriate N α -Fmoc amino acid pfp esters (10 equivalents calculated from the loading of each crown) and HOBt (10 equivalents) required for the particular round of coupling are accurately weighed into suitable containers. Alternatively, the appropriate N α -Fmoc amino acids (10 equivalents calculated from the loading of each crown), desired coupling agent e.g. HBTU (9.9 equivalents calculated from the loading of each crown) and activation e.g. HOBt (9.9 equivalents calculated from the loading of each crown), NMM (19.9 equivalents calculated from the loading of each crown) are accurately weighed into suitable containers. The protected and activated Fmoc amino acid derivatives are then dissolved in DMF (500 μl for each macrocrown e.g. for 20 macrocrowns, 20 x 10 eq. x 7 μmoles of derivative would be dissolved in 10 mL DMF). The appropriate derivatives are then dispensed to the appropriate wells ready for commencement of the 'coupling cycle'. As a standard, coupling reactions are allowed to proceed for 6 hours. The coupled assembly was then washed as detailed below. ashing Following Coupling If a 20% piperidine/DMF deprotection is to immediately follow the coupling cycle, then the multipin assembly is briefly shaken to remove excess solvent washed consecutively with (200 mL each), MeOH (5 minutes) and DMF (5 minutes) and de- protected. If the multipin assembly is to be stored or reacted further, then a full washing cycle consisting brief shaking then consecutive washes with (200 mL each), DMF (5 minutes) and MeOH (5 minutes, 2 mmutes, 2 minutes) is performed. Addition of Capping Group Whilst the multipin assembly is drying, the appropriate acid capping group (10 equivalents calculated from the loading of each crown), desired coupling agent e.g. HBTU (9.9 equivalents calculated from the loading of each crown) and activation e.g. HOBt (9.9 equivalents calculated from the loading of each crown), NMM (19.9 equivalents calculated from the loading of each crown) are accurately weighed into suitable containers. The acid derivatives / coupling agents are then dissolved in DMF (500 μl for each macrocrown e.g. for 20 macrocrowns, 20 x 10 eq. of derivative would be dissolved in 10 mL DMF) and left to activate for 5 minutes. The appropriate derivatives are then dispensed to the appropriate wells ready for commencement of the 'capping cycle'. As a standard, capping reactions are allowed to proceed for 18 hours overnight. The capped assembly was then washed as detailed above. Acidolytic Mediated Cleavage of Molecule-Pin Assembly Acid mediated cleavage protocols are strictly performed in a fume hood. A polystyrene 96 well plate (1 mL/well) is labelled and weighed to the nearest mg. Appropriate wells are then charged with a trifluoroacetic acid/water (95:5, v/v, 600 μl) cleavage solution, in a pattern corresponding to that of the multipin assembly to be cleaved. The multipin assembly is added, the entire construct covered in tin foil and left for 2 hours. The multipin assembly in then added to another polystyrene 96 well plate (1 mL/well) containing trifluoroacetic acid/water (95:5, v/v, 600 μl) (as above) for 5 minutes. Work up of Cleaved Molecules The primary polystyrene cleavage plate (2 hour cleavage) and the secondary polystyrene plate (5 minute wash) are then placed in the GeneVac evaporator and the solvents removed (minimum drying rate) for 90 minutes. The contents of the secondary polystyrene plate are transferred to their corresponding wells on the primary plate using an acetonitrile/water (50: 50 v/v/v) solution (3 x 150 μl) and the spent secondary plate discarded. Aliqouts (5-20μL) are taken for analysis. The plate was covered in tin foil, pin-pricked over wells containing compounds, placed into the freezer for lhr, then lyophilised. Analysis and Purification of Molecules The (5-20μL) aliquots are analysed by analytical HPLC and electrospray-MS. In virtually all cases, crude purities are >90% by HPLC with the desired m/z. Sample were purified by semi-preparative reverse phase HPLC, using Vydac C 4 .Appropriate fractions are combined and lyophilised in tared lOmL glass vials, then re-weighed. Molecules were prepared on a 15-90μmole scale, yielding 2.0-26.0mg of purified products. The purity of each product was confirmed by analytical HPLC at >95% (215nm UV detection) and gave the appropriate [MH] ~ by electrospray mass spectrometry analysis. Loading of Macrocrowns With Constructs General method for the loading of multipins with Dihydro-3(2H)-Furanone - Linker Constructs (29-34) Amino functionalised DA/MDA macrocrowns (ex Chiron Mimotopes, Australia, 9.1μmole loading) or amino functionalised HEMA gears (ex Chiron Mimotopes, Australia, 1.3μmole loading) were used for all loadings and subsequent solid phase syntheses. Dihydro-3(2H)-Furanone - Linker Construct (29-34) (3eq compared to total surface functionalisation of crowns / gears) was carboxyl activated with 2-(lH-benzotriazole-l- -yl)-l,l,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (3eq), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (3eq) and N-methylmorpholine (6eq) in dimethylformamide (5mL) for 5mins. This mixture was added to the crowns / gears, additional DMF added to cover the reaction surface and the mixture left overnight. Standard washing and Fmoc deprotection readings (see procedures above) indicated virtually quantitative loading. Exemplar molecules prepared by the methods detailed above are shown in Tables 1 and 2, together with a Ki (μM) measurement of inhibition verses mammalian, murine and rat cathepsins S and mammalian L and K. The moieties shown in the following Tables 1 and 2 use the terms "CAP", "PI" and "P2" which can be cross referenced to the generic formula (II) as follows: R1=CAP; R2=H; R3=the side chain of the aminoacid indicated as P2; R4=H, R5=is the 5-substituent of the depicted furanone where the two right-most columns are comparative examples; and R6=H. 32 - 35 - Table 1. Ki competitive inhibition measurements (μM) vs Mammalian Cathepsin S L K CAP 10 11 Tyr hLeu tBu-Ala Hybrid 1 Hybrid 3 P2 Aminoacid Residues Table 2. Ki competitive inhibition measurements (μM) vs Mammalian Cathepsin S Murine Cathepsin S Rat Cathepsin S K, determinations for cathepsins S. L. and K Cathepsin S (Mammalian, murine and rat) General Assays were performed in 100 mM sodium phosphate, 100 mM NaCl, pH 6.5 (buffer) in white 384 well plates (Corning Costar). Eight inhibitors were assayed per plate. Inhibitor dilutions Inhibitor dilutions were performed on a 96 well V-bottomed polypropylene plate (Corning Costar). 100 μl of buffer was placed in wells 2-5 and 7-12 of rows A, B, C and D. Sufficient of each inhibitor at 10 mM in DMSO was placed into wells Al-Dl and A6-D6 to give the desired final concentration when the volume in the well was made up to 200 μl with buffer. Column 1 was made up to 200 μl with buffer, mixed by aspirating and dispensing 100 μl in the well, and 100 μl transferred to column 2. The pipette tips were changed and the mixing and transferral repeated to column 5. This process was repeated for columns 6-10. Substrate dilutions Substrate dilutions were performed on a 96 deep well polypropylene plate (Beckman Coulter). 280 μl of buffer was placed in wells B-H of columns 1 and 2. 70 μl of 10 mM boc-Val-Leu-Lys-AMC was placed in Al and A2. 2 x 250 μl of buffer was added to wells Al and A2, mixed by aspirating and dispensing 280 μl in the well, and 280 μl transferred to row B. The pipette tips were changed and the process repeated down the plate to row H. Assay Column 1 of the substrate dilution plate was distributed at 10 μl per well into alternate rows beginning at row A. Column 2 was distributed to alternate rows beginning at row B. Row A of the inhibitor dilution plate was distributed at 10 μl per well to alternate rows and columns starting at Al. Row B was distributed to alternate rows and columns starting at A2. Row C was distributed to alternate rows and columns starting at Bl and row D was distributed to alternate rows and columns starting at B2. The assay was started by the addition of 30 μl per well of 20 nM cathepsin S in buffer containing 10 mM 2-mercaptoethanol. Data were saved as text files and imported into Excel. The initial rates were determined by linear regression and then fitted to the competitive inhibition equation using SigmaPlot. Cathepsins L and K Assays were performed essentially as above. For cathepsin L, the buffer used was 100 mM sodium acetate, 1 mM EDTA, pH 5.5 and the substrate was .D-Val-Leu-Lys-AMC with a highest concentration of 100 μM. For cathepsin K, the buffer used was 100 mM MES/Tris, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.0 and the substrate was £>-Ala-Leu-Lys-AMC with a highest concentration of 250 μM. 39 - , -15°C (18, 24-28) Where R= H or Bu and R' = R5 in general formula (II). Scheme 1. Preparation of dihydro-2(3H)-5-alkyl furanone ring system. (13) (14) (15) Scheme 2. Preparation of chiral β-alkylseπne aminoacids, exemplified by (2S, 3S)-β- ethylserine (15) (36) Boc 1 diastereoisomer TBD S-CI OH s-CI/TEA O S TBAF TBDMSO .NHBoc TBDMSO .NHBoc .NHBoc Imidazole C«H 5 C 6 H 5 . C 6 H f i (42) (44) (43) oc OH HCl / dioxan H 3 C ^ .NH; COOH (15) Scheme 3. Sugar route for the preparation of chiral β-alkylserine aminoacids, exemplified by (2S, 3S)-β-ethylserine (15) (48) (49) 1AIH 4 30% Scheme 4. 'Threonine type' chemistry route towards compounds of formula (II) containing R6 binding elements. Tf-,0, Pvπαine, DCM Diacetone-D-glucose (52) NaN 3 , DMF ) Acetyl Chloride / MeOH STEPS (59) (60) Scheme 5. Sugar chemistry route towards compounds of formula (II) containing R6 binding elements. *l Scheme 6. Novel P2 hybrids by the CuCN catalysed cross coupling of Zn activated β- iodoalanine with allyl bromides (with permission from Dexter & Jackson ibid) Υ ~ ! Typical scale 5-25mg 0 P 2 Scheme 7. Solid phase synthesis of dihydro-2(3H)-5 -alkyl furanone inhibitors of cathepsin S. B (=)(4S 5S) (6) (4S, 5S) (7) (4S, 5S) R' =CH, R' =CH 3 R' =CH, R" = C(CH,), R" = C(CH,)ι R" = C(CH,)ι R™ = furan-3-SO R" = throphene-3-SO, R" = thιophenc-2-SO, Scheme 8. Solution phase preparation of 3 (2H) -furanone inhibitors of cathepsin S.

Claims: Claims 1. A compound according to formula (II): (π) wherein: wherein: Rl = R' , R'C(O) , R' C(S), R' SO2 , R' OC(O), R' NHC(O) R' = X, = O, S, NH, W, Y, Z = CH, N; R" = single or multiple ring substitution combinations taken from: H, Cl -7-alkyl, C3-6-cycloalkyl, OH, SH, amine, halogen; R2, R4 = H, Cl -7-alkyl, C3-7-cycloalkyl; R3 - Cl -7-alkyl, C3-7-cycloalkyl, Ar- Cl -7-alkyl; R5 = Cl -7-alkyl, halogen, Ar- Cl -7-alkyl, Cl-3-alkyl-CONR"'or R ιv ; R ,v = where n = 1-3, m = 1-3; R V , R V, = H, Cl -7-alkyl; A = N, CH; B = N, O, S, CH; R 1 = absent when B = O, S; or R™ = H, Cl -7-alkyl when B = N, CH; R™' = 0, Cl -7-alkyl; R6 = H, Cl -7-alkyl, Ar- Cl -7-alkyl, Cl-3-alkyl-SO2-R'\ Cl-3-alkyl-C(O)-NHR ,x or CH 2 XAr; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. 2. A compound according to claim 1, wherein R2 and/or R4 are hydrogen. 3. A compound according to claim 1, wherein Rl is R'C(O), Where R' 4. A compound according to claim 3, wherein R' is fur-3-yl or thien-3-yl 5. A compound according to claim 1, wherein R3 is n-butyl, t-butyl, 3-(2,2- dimethylpropyl), 4-(2-methylbutyl), 4-(3,3-dimethylbutyl), 4-(3,3-dimethyl-2- methylbutyl), 4-(3-methyl-2-methylbutyl) or 5-(2-methyl-3- methylpentyl). 6. A compound according to claim 5, wherein R3 is t-butyl, 3-(2,2- dimethylpropyl) or 4-(3,3-dimethyl-2-methylbutyl). 7. A compound according to claim 1, wherein R5 is CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , CH,Ar, CH 2 CONH 2 , (CH 2 ) 2 CONH 2 , 8. A compound according to claim 7, wherein R5 is CH3 or CH2CH3. 9. A compound according to claim 1, wherein R5 has (S) stereochemistry. 10. A compound according to claim 1, wherein R6 is H or CH 2 XAr. 11. A compound according to claim 1, wherein Rl = R'C(O) Where R' R2 and R4 - H; R3 = n-butyl, t-butyl, 3-(2,2-dimethylpropyl), 4-(2-methylbutyl), 4-(3,3- dimethylbutyl), 4-(3,3-dimethyl-2-methylbutyl), 4-(3-methyl-2-methylbutyl), 5-(2-methyl-3- methylpentyl); R5 = CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , CH 2 Ar, CH 2 CONH 2 , (CH 2 ) 2 CONH 2 , R6 = H, CH 2 -X-Ar or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof 12. A compound which is selected from the group consisting of: Furan-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)butyl]amide, Furan-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)butyl] amide, Furan-3 -carboxylic acid [ 1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,3-dimethylbutyl]amide, Furan-3-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]-3 ,3-dimethylbutyl} amide, Furan-3 -carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-lS-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)butyl]amide, Furan-3 -carboxylic acid [4-methyl- 1 S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydro furan-3 S- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl] amide, Furan-3 -carboxylic acid [4-methyl- lS-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, Furan-3-carboxylic acid [ 1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-4-methylpentyl]amide, Furan-3-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]-4-methylpentyl} amide, Furan-3-carboxylic acid [4-methyl- lS-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl-tetrahydrofuran- 3-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, Furan-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl- lS-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, Furan-3 -carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, Furan-3-carboxylic acid [lS-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,3-dimethylpentyl]amide, Furan-3 -carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]-3,3-dimethylpentyl} amide, Furan-3-carboxylic acid [3 ,3-dimethyl- 1 S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin- 1 -ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, Furan-3 -carboxylic acid [3,3,4-trimethyl- 1 S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, Furan-3-carboxylic acid [3,3,4-trimethyl -lS-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, Furan-3 -carboxylic acid [lS-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,3,4-trimethylpentyl]amide, Furan-3 -carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]- 3,3,4-trimethylpentyl} amide, Furan-3-carboxylic acid [3 ,3,4-trimethyl- 1 S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin- 1 -ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, Furan-3 -carboxylic acid [3,4-dimethyl-l S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydromran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, Furan-3-carboxylic acid [3,4-dimethyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl] amide, Furan-3-carboxylic acid [ 1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,4-dimethylpentyl]amide, Furan-3 -carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]-3,4-dimethylpentyl} amide, Furan-3-carboxylic acid [3,4-dimethyl-l S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl- tetrahy dro furan-3 -ylcarbamoyl)pentyl] amide, Furan-3 -carboxylic acid [4,5-dimethyl- 1 S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydro uran-3 S- ylcarbamoyl)hexyl] amide, Furan-3 -carboxylic acid [4,5-dimethyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)hexyl] amide, Furan-3 -carboxylic acid [1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-4,5-dimethylhexyl]amide, Furan-3 -carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]-4,5-dimethylhexyl}amide, Furan-3 -carboxylic acid [4,5-dimethyl-l S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl- tetr ahydro fur an-3 -ylcarbamoyl)hexyl] amide, Furan-3 -carboxylic acid [3-methyl-l S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)-3-phenylbutyl]amide, Furan-3 -carboxylic acid [3-methyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)- 3 -phenylbut l] amide, Furan-3-carboxylic acid [lS-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3-methyl-3-phenylbutyl]amide, Furan-3 -carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]-3-methyl-3-phenylbutyl} amide, Euran-3 -carboxylic acid [3-methyl- 1 S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin- 1 -ylmethyl-tetrahydrofuran- 3 -ylcarbamoyl)-3 -phenylbutyl] amide, Furan-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)-4-phenylbutyl]amide, Furan-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-4-phenylbutyl]amide, Furan-3 -carboxylic acid [lS-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,3-dimethyl-4-phenylbutyl]amide, Furan-3 -carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]-3,3-dimethyl-4-phenylbutyl} amide, Furan-3 -carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l -ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-4-phenylbutyl]amide, Furan-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)-5-phenylpentyl] amide, Furan-3 -carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl- lS-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-5-phenylpentyl]amide, Furan-3-carboxylic acid [1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,3-dimethyl-5-phenylpentyl]amide, Furan-3-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]-3,3-dimethyl-5-phenylpentyl} amide, Furan-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-lS-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl- tetr ahydro fur an-3-ylcarbamoyl)-5-phenylpentyl]amide, Thiophene-3-carboxylic acid [3, 3-dimethyl-lS-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydro furan-3 S- ylcarbamoyl)butyl] amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)butyl]amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid [ 1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,3-dimethylbutyl]amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]-3,3-dimethylbutyl} amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)butyl]amide, Thiophene-3-carboxylic acid [4-methyl- lS-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydro furan-3 S- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid [4-methyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl] amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid [1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-4-methylpentyl]amide, Thiophene-3-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]-4-methylpentyl} amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid [4-methyl- lS-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmefhyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, Thiophene-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, Thiophene-3-carboxylic acid [ 1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,3-dimethylpentyl]amide, Thiophene-3-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]-3,3-dimethylpentyl} amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-lS-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl- tetrahydromran-3-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, Thiophene-3-carboxylic acid [3,3,4-trimethyl-lS-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran- 3S-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, Thiophene-3-carboxylic acid [3,3,4-trimethyl -lS-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydro uran-3 - ylcarbamoyl)pentyl] amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid [1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,3,4-trimethylpentyl]amide, Thiophene-3-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]- 3,3,4-trimethylpenryl} amide, ' Thiophene-3-carboxylic acid [3,3,4-trimethyl- lS-(4-oxo-2-p yrrolidin-1 -ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, Thiophene-3-carboxylic acid [3,4-dimethyl-l S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydro furan-3 S- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid [3,4-dimethyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid [lS-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydro furan-3 - ylcarbamoyl)-3,4-dimethylpentyl]amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]-3,4-dimethylpentyl} amide, Thiophene-3-carboxylic acid [3,4-dimethyl- 1 S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin- 1 -ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, Thiophene-3-carboxylic acid [4,5-dimethyl- 1 S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahy dro furan-3 S- ylcarbamoyl)hexyl] amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid [4,5-dimethyl- 1 S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)hexyl] amide, Thiophene-3-carboxylic acid [lS-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-4,5-dimethylhexyl]amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]-4,5-dimethylhexyl} amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid [4,5-dimethyl-l S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin- 1-ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)hexyl]amide, Thiophene-3-carboxylic acid [3-methyl-l S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)-3 -phenylbutyl] amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid [3-methyl- lS-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3 -phenylbutyl] amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid [1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3-mefhyl-3 -phenylbutyl] amide, Thiophene-3-carboxylic acid { lS-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]-3-methyl-3-phenylbutyl} amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid [3-methyl- 1 S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin- 1 -ylmethyl- tetrahydro fur an-3 -ylcarbamoyl)-3 -phenylbutyl] amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-lS-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)-4-phenylbutyl]amide, Thiophene-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-4-phenylbutyl]amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid [lS-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,3-dimethyl-4-phenylbutyl]amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]-3.3 -dimethyl-4-phenylbutyl } amide, Thiophene-3-carboxylic acid [3 ,3-dimethyl- 1 S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin- 1 -ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-4-phenylbutyl]amide, Thiophene-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydromran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)-5-phenylpentyl]amide, Thiophene-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-5-phenylpentyl]amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid [ 1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,3-dimethyl-5-phenylpentyl]amide, Thiophene-3-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]-3,3-dimethyl-5-phenylpentyl} amide, Thiophene-3 -carboxylic acid [3 ,3 -dimethyl- 1 S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin- 1 -ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-5-phenylpentyl]amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran- 3S-ylcarbamoyl)butyl]amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)butyl] amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid [1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,3-dimethylbutyl]amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid { lS-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl]-3,3-dimethylbutyl}amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl- lS-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)butyl]amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid [4-methyl- 1 S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydro furan-3 S- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl] amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid [4-methyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)penryl]amide, 2 -Methylfuran-3 -carboxylic acid [lS-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-4-methylpentyl]amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl]-4-methylpenryl} amide. 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid [4-methyl- 1 S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin- 1 -ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, 2 -Methylfuran-3 -carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran- 3S-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl] amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid [1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,3-dimethylpentyl]amide, 2 -Methylfuran-3 -carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl]-3,3-dimethylpentyl}amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid [3 ,3-dimethyl- 1 S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin- 1 -ylmethyl- tetrahydro fur an-3 -ylcarbamoyl)pentyl] amide, 2 -Methylfuran-3 -carboxylic acid [3,3,4-trimethyl-lS-(2S-methyl-4-oxo- tetrahydrofuran-3S-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid [3,3,4-trimethyl -lS-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran- 3-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid [ 1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,3,4-trimethylpentyl]amide, 2-Methylfuran-3 -carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo- tetrahydromran-3-ylcarbamoyl]- 3,3,4-trimethylpentyl} amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid [3,3,4-trimethyl- 1 S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid [3,4-dimethyl-lS-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran- 3S-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid [3,4-dimethyl-lS-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid [lS-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,4-dimethylpentyl]amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl]-3,4-dimethylpentyl} amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid [3,4-dimethyl-l S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid [4,5-dimethyl- 1 S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran- 3S-ylcarbamoyl)hexyl]amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid [4,5-dimethyl- 1 S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)hexyl]amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid [ 1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-4,5-dimethylhexyl]amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl]-4,5-dimethylhexyl}amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid [4,5-dimethyl- 1 S-(4-oxo-2-pyrro lidin-1-ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)hexyl]amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid [3-methyl- lS-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydro furan-3 S- ylcarbamoyl)-3-phenylbutyl]amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid [3-methyl- 1 S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3-phenylbutyl]amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid [1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3-methyl-3-phenylbutyl]amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl]-3-methyl-3-phenylbutyl} amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid [3-methyl- 1 S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin- 1-ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-3-phenylbutyl]amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl- lS-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydromran- 3S-ylcarbamoyl)-4-phenylbutyl]amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-4-phenylbutyl]amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid [ 1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydromran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,3-dimethyl-4-phenylbutyl]amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl]-3,3-dimethyl-4-phenylbutyl} amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid [3, 3 -dimethyl- 1 S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin- 1-ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-4-phenylbutyl]amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl- lS-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran- 3S-ylcarbamoyl)-5-phenylpentyl]amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-5-phenylpentyl]amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid [1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,3-dimethyl-5-phenylpentyl]amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl]-3,3-dimethyl-5-phenylpentyl}amide, 2-Methylfuran-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl- 1 S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin- 1-ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-5-phenylpentyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3 -carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)butyl] amide, lH-Pyrrole-3 -carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl- 1 S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)butyl] amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [lS-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,3-dimethylbutyl]amide, lH-Pyrroie-3-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydro furan-3 - ylcarbamoyl]-3,3-dimethylbutyl}amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)butyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [4-methyl- lS-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydro furan-3 S- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [4-methyl- lS-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-4-methylpentyl] amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid { lS-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]-4-methylpentyl} amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [4-methyl- 1 S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin- 1 -ylmethyl- tetr ahydro furan-3 -ylcarbamoyl)pentyl] amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-lS-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl] amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [ 1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,3-dimethylρentyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]-3,3-dimethylpentyl}amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl- tetrahydro furan-3 -ylcarbamoyl)pentyl] amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [3,3,4-trimethyl- 1 S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran- 3S-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [3,3,4-trimethyl -lS-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl] amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,3,4-trimethylpentyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]- 3,3,4-trimethylpentyl} amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [3,3,4-trimethyl- lS-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [3,4-dimethyl-l S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl] amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [3,4-dimethyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,4-dimethylpentyl]amide, - Ill - lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]-3 ,4-dimethylpentyl} amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [3,4-dimethyl-l S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin- 1-ylmethy 1- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [4,5-dimethyl-l S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)hexyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [4,5-dimethyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydro furan-3- ylcarbamoyl)hexyl] amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [lS-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-4,5-dimethylhexyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]-4,5-dimethylhexyl} amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [4,5-dimethyl- lS-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)hexyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3 -carboxylic acid [3-methyl-l S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)-3 -phenylbutyl] amide, lH-Pyrrole-3 -carboxylic acid [3-methyl- lS-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3 -phenylbutyl] amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [lS-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3-methyl-3-phenylbutyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid { lS-[2-(2-dim ethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydro furan-3 - ylcarbamoyl]-3-methyl-3-phenylbutyl} amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [3-methyl- 1 S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin- 1-ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-3-phenylbutyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)-4-phenylbutyl] amide, lH-Pyrrole-3 -carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl- lS-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-4-phenylbutyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [ 1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,3-dimethyl-4-phenylbutyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3 -carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]-3,3-dimethyl-4-phenylburyl} amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl- 1 S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin- 1-ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-4-phenylbutyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3 -carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl- 1 S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)-5-phenylpentyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-lS-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydromran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-5-phenylpentyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,3-dimethyl-5-phenylpentyl]amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl]-3,3-dimethyl-5-phenylpentyl} amide, lH-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-5-phenylpentyl]amide, N-[3,3-dimethyl- 1 S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)butyl]benzamide, N-[3,3-dimethyl-lS-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)butyl]benzamide, N-[l S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydro furan-3 -ylcarbamoyl)-3, 3- dimethylbutyl]benzamide, N- { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydromran-3-ylcarbamoyl]-3,3- dimethylbutyl} benzamide, N-[3 ,3-dimethyl- 1 S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin- 1 -ylmethyl-tetrahydro furan-3 - ylcarbamoyl)butyl]benzamide, N-[4-methyl-lS-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]benzamide, N-[4-methyl-lS-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]benzamide, N-[ 1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-4- methylpentyl]benzamide, N- { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl]-4- methylpent l } benzamide, N-[4-methyl-l S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin- 1 -ylm ethyl-tetrahydro furan-3 - ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]benzamide, iV- [3, 3 -dimethyl- 1 S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]benzamide, N-[3,3-dimethyl-lS-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]benzamide, N-[lS-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-3,3- dimethylpentyl]benzamide, N- { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl]-3,3- dimethylpentyl}benzamide, N-[3,3-dimethyl-lS-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]benzamide,N-[3,3,4-trimethyl-lS-(2S-methyl-4-oxo- tetrahydrofuran-3S-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]benzamide, N-[3,3,4-trimethyl -1 S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydromran-3- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]benzamide, N-[lS-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-3,3,4- trimethylpentyl]benzamide, Λ^-{lS-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl]- 3,3,4- trimethylpentyl } benzamide, N-[3,3,4-trimethyl-lS-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]benzamide, N-[3,4-dimethyl-lS-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]benzamide, N-[3,4-dimethyl-lS-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]benzamide, N-[lS-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-3,4- dimethylpentyl]benzamide, N- { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl]-3,4- dimethylpentyljbenzamide, N-[3,4-dimethyl-lS-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]benzamide, N-[4,5-dimethyl- 1 S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3 S- ylcarbamoyl)hexyl]benzamide, N-[4,5-dimethyl-lS-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)hexyl]benzamide, N-[lS-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-4,5- dimethylhexyl]benzamide, N- { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl]-4,5- dimethylhexyl} benzamide, N-[4,5-dimethyl- 1 S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin- 1 -ylmethyl-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)hexyl]benzamide, N-[3-methyl-lS-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S-ylcarbamoyl)-3- phenylbutyl]benzamide, N-[3-methyl- 1 S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-3- phenylbutyl]benzamide, N-[lS-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-3-methyl-3- phenylbutyl]benzamide, N- { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl]-3-methyl-3- phenylbutyljbenzamide, N-[3-methyl-lS-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-3- phenylbutyl]benzamide, N-[3,3-dimethyl-lS-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S-ylcarbamoyl)-4- phenylbutyl]benzamide, N-[3,3-dimethyl-lS-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-4- phenylbutyl]benzamide, N-[lS-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-3,3-dimethyl-4- phenylbutyl]benzamide, N- { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl]-3,3- dimethyl-4-phenylbuty 1 } benzamide, N-[3,3-dimethyl-lS-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-4- phenylbutyl]benzamide, N-[3,3-dimethyl-lS-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S-ylcarbamoyl)-5- phenylpentyl]benzamide, N-[3,3-dimethyl-lS-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-5- phenylpentyl]benzamide, N-[lS-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-3,3-dimethyl-5- phenylpentyl]benzamide, N- { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl]-3,3- dimethyl-5-phenylpentyl}benzamide, N-[3,3-dimethyl-lS-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl-tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-5- phenylpentyl]benzamide, Morpholine-4-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)butyl]amide, Morpholine-4-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl- 1 S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)butyl] amide, Morpholine -4-carboxylic acid [ 1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,3-dimethylbutyl]amide, Morpholine-4-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran- 3-ylcarbamoyl]-3,3-dimethylbutyl} amide, Morpholine-4-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl- 1 S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin- 1-ylmethyl- tetrahydromran-3-ylcarbamoyl)butyl]amide, Morpholine-4-carboxylic acid [4-methyl-l S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydro furan-3 S- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl] amide, Morpholine-4-carboxylic acid [4-methyl- 1 S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl] amide, Morpholine-4-carboxylic acid [ 1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-4-methylpentyl] amide, Morpholine-4-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran- 3-ylcarbamoyl]-4-methylpentyl} amide, Morpholine-4-carboxylic acid [4-methyl- 1 S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin- 1 -ylmethyl- tetrahy dro fur an-3 -ylcarbamoyl)pentyl] amide, Morpholine-4-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, Morpholine-4-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl] amide, Moφholine-4-carboxylic acid [ 1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,3-dimethylpentyl]amide, Moφholine-4-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran- 3-ylcarbamoyl]-3,3-dimethylpentyl} amide, Mθφholine-4-carboxylic acid [3 ,3-dimethyl- 1 S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin- 1 -ylmethyl- tetr ahydro furan-3 -ylcarbamoyl)pentyl] amide, Moφholine-4-carboxylic acid [3,3,4-trimethyl- 1 S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran- 3S-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, Moφholine-4-carboxylic acid [3,3,4-trimethyl -lS-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydromran-3- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl] amide, Mθφholine-4-carboxylic acid [ 1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,3,4-trimethylpentyl]amide, Moφholine-4-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran- 3-ylcarbamoyl]- 3,3,4-trimethylpentyl} amide, Moφholine-4-carboxylic acid [3,3 ,4-trimethyl- 1 S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin- 1 -ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, Mθφholine-4-carboxylic acid [3, 4-dimethyl-lS-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydro furan-3 S- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl] amide, Mθφholine-4-carboxylic acid [3,4-dimethyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, Mθφholine-4-carboxylic acid [1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,4-dimethylpentyl]amide, Mθφholine-4-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran- 3-ylcarbamoyl]-3,4-dimethylpentyl} amide, Moφholine-4-carboxylic acid [3,4-dimethyl-l S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin-l-ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)pentyl]amide, Mθφholine-4-carboxylic acid [4,5-dimethyl-l S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)hexyl]amide, Mθφholine-4-carboxylic acid [4,5-dimethyl- lS-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)hexyl]amide, Mθφholine-4-carboxylic acid [1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-4,5-dimethylhexyl]amide, Mθφholine-4-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran- 3-ylcarbamoyl]-4,5-dimethylhexyl}amide, Moφholine-4-carboxylic acid [4,5-dimethyl- 1 S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin- 1 -ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)hexyl]amide, Mθφholine-4-carboxylic acid [3-methyl-l S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)-3 -phenylbutyl] amide, Moφholine-4-carboxylic acid [3-methyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3 -phenylbutyl] amide, Moφholine-4-carboxylic acid [1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3-methyl-3-phenylbutyl]amide, Moφholine-4-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran- 3-ylcarbamoyl]-3-mefhyl-3-phenylbutyl} amide, Moφholine-4-carboxylic acid [3-methyl- 1 S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin- 1 -ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-3-phenylbutyl]amide, Mθφholine-4-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)-4-phenylbutyl] amide, Moφholine-4-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl- lS-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydromran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-4-phenylbutyl]amide, Moφholine-4-carboxylic acid [ 1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,3-dimethyl-4-phenylbutyl]amide, Moφholine-4-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran- 3-ylcarbamoyl]-3,3-dimethyl-4-phenylbutyl} amide, Mθφholine-4-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl- 1 S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin- 1 -ylmethyl- tetrahydrofuran-3-ylcarbamoyl)-4-phenylbutyl]amide, Mθφholine-4-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2S-methyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3S- ylcarbamoyl)-5-phenylpentyl]amide, Mθφholine-4-carboxylic acid [3,3-dimethyl-l S-(2-ethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydromran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-5-phenylpentyl]amide, Mθφholine-4-carboxylic acid [ 1 S-(2-carbamoylmethyl-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3- ylcarbamoyl)-3,3-dimethyl-5-phenylpentyl]amide, Mθφholine-4-carboxylic acid { 1 S-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-tetrahydrofuran- 3-ylcarbamoyl]-3,3-dimethyl-5-phenylpentyl} amide, Moφholine-4-carboxylic acid [3 ,3 -dimethyl- 1 S-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolidin- 1 -ylmethyl- tetr ahydro fur an-3-ylcarbamoyl)-5-phenylpentyl]amide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 13. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to any preceding claim and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 14. A method of inhibiting the cysteine protease Cathepsin S which comprises administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound according to any of claims 1 to 12. 15. A method of inhibiting the cysteine protease Cathepsin S which comprises administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a composition according to claim 13. 16. Use of a compound according to any of claims 1 to 12 in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disease alleviated or moderated by inhibition of Cathepsin S cysteine protease activity.

Inventors: QUIBELL MARTIN, TAYLOR STEVEN, QUIBELL, MARTIN, TAYLOR, STEVEN
Applicants: MEDIVIR UK LTD, PEPTIMMUNE INC, QUIBELL MARTIN, TAYLOR STEVEN, MEDIVIR UK LIMITED, PEPTIMMUNE, INC., QUIBELL, MARTIN, TAYLOR, STEVEN
Application year: 2000
Main classification: C07D409
IPC codes: A61K31, A61P7, A61P9, A61P37, A61P43, C07D307, C07D309, C07D405, C07D409