TNF-ALPHA ANTAGONIST AND LFA-1 ANTAGONIST FOR TREATING LFA-1 OR TNF-ALPHA MEDIATED DISORDER

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for the treating of an LFA-1 mediated disorder or a TNF- alpha mediated disorder by administering effective amounts of an LFA-1 antagonist and a TNF- alpha antagonist.

Description: TNF-ALPHA ANTAGONIST AND LFA-1 ANTAGONIST FOR TREATING LFA-1 OR TNF-ALPHA MEDIATED DISORDER Field of the Invention 5 The present invention relates generally to a method for the treating a lymphocyte function associated (LFA)-l mediated disorder or a tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α mediated disorder b\ administering effective amounts of an LFA- 1 antagonist and a TNF-α antagonist The invention also relates to treatment of arthritis and psoriasis with an LFA- 1 antagonist and a TNF-α antagonist 10 Background of the Invention TNF is a naturall occurring cytokine that is involved in normal inflammatory and immune responses It plays an important role in the inflammatory processes of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), polyarticular-course juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), and the resulting joint patholog\ Elevated levels of TNF are found in the s\novιal fluid of RA patients Two distinct receptors for TNF (TNFRs), a 55 kilodalton protein (p55) and a 75 kilodalton 15 protein (p75). exist naturally as monomenc molecules on cell surfaces and in soluble forms Biological activin of TNF is dependent upon binding to either cell surface TNFR The p55 receptor (also termed TNF-R55 TNF- RI, or TNFR beta) is a 55 kd glycoprotem shown to transduce signals resulting in cytotoxic. anti- viral and proliferative activities of TNF-α The p75 receptor (also termed TNF-R75, TNF-RII, or TNFR-α) is a 75 kDa glycoprotem that has also been shown to transduce cytotoxic and proliferative signals as well as signals resulting 20 in the secretion of GM-CSF Monocytes and macrophages secrete cytokmes known as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and tumor necrosis factor-beta (TNF-β, lymphotoxin) in response to endotoxtn or other stimuli TNF-α is a soluble homotrimer of 17 kD protein subunits (Smith, et al., J. Biol. Chem 262:6951-6954 (1987)). A membrane-bound 26 kD precursor form of TNF also exists (Kriegler, et al., Cell 53 45-53 (1988)) For reviews of TNF, see 25 Beutler, et al , Nature 320:584 (1986), Old, Science 230.630 (1986), and Le, et al.. Lab. Invest. 56 234 Cells other than monocytes or macrophages also make TNF-α For example, human non-monocytic tumor cell lines produce TNF (Rubin, et al . J Exp Med 164 1350 (1986), Spπggs. et al , Proc Natl Acad Sci USΛ 84 6563 (1987)) CD4 ~ and CD8 peripheral blood T lymphocytes and some cultured T and B cell lines (Cutuπ et al . J Exp Med 165 1581 (1987). Sung, et al . J Exp Med 168 1539 ( 1988)) also produce TNF-α 30 TNF causes pro-inflammatory actions which result in tissue injury, such as inducing procoagulant activity on vascular endothehal cells (Pober. et al . J Immunol 136 1680 ( 1986)). increasing the adherence of neutrophtls and lymphocytes (Pober. et al . J Immunol 138 331 (1987)). and stimulating the release of platelet activating factor from macrophages. neutrophils and vascular endothehal cells (Camussi. et al , J Exp Med 166 1390 (1987)) TNF is also associated w ith infections (Cerami. et al . Immunol Today 9 28 (1988 )) immune 35 disorders, neoplastic pathologies (Oliff, et al . Cell 50 555 ( 1987)). autoimmune pathologies and gran-versus host pathologies (Piguet. et al . J Exp Med 166 1280 (1987)) TNF also plays a central role in gram-negative sepsis and endotoxic shock (Michie, et al . Br J Surg 76:670-671 (1989). Debets, et al . Second Vienna Shock Forum, p 463-466 (1989), Simpson, et al . Cπt Care Clin. 5.27-47 (1989) Waage. et al.. Lancet 1 355-357 (1987). Hammerle. et al . Second Vienna Shock Forum p 715-718 ( 1989); Debets. et al.. Crit. Care Med. 17:489-497 (1989): Calandra. et al., J. Infect. Dis. 161 :982-987 (1990); Revhaug. et al., Arch. Surg. 123: 162-170 (1988)), including fever, malaise, anorexia, and cachexia. Polyclonal murine antibodies to TNF are disclosed by Cerami et al. (EPO Patent Publication 0212489. Mar. 4, 1987). Such antibodies were said to be useful in diagnostic immunoassays and in therapy of shock in bacterial infections. Rubin et al. (EPO Patent Publication 0218868. Apr. 22, 1987) discloses murine monoclonal antibodies to human TNF, the hybridomas secreting such antibodies, methods of producing such murine antibodies, and the use of such murine antibodies in immunoassay of TNF. Yone et al. (EPO Patent Publication 0288088, Oct. 26. 1988) disclose anti-TNF murine antibodies, including mAbs, and their utility in immunoassay diagnosis of pathologies, in particular Kawasaki's pathology and bacterial infection. The body fluids of patients with Kawasaki's pathology (infantile acute febrile mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome; Kawasaki, Allergy 16: 178 (1967); Kawasaki. Shonica (Pediatrics) 26:935 (1985)) were said to contain elevated TNF levels which were related to progress of the pathology (Yone et al.. infra). Other investigators have described rodent or murine mAbs specific for recombinant human TNF which had neutralizing activity in vitro (Liang, et al., (Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 137:847-854 (1986); Meager, et al.. Hybrido a 6:305-31 1 (1987): Fendly et al.. Hybridoma 6:359-369 (1987): Bringman. et al.. Hybridoma 6:489-507 (1987); Hirai, et al., J. Immunol. Meth. 96:57-62 (1987); Moller. et al„ (Cytokine 2: 162- 169 ( 1990)). Some of these mAbs were used to map epitopes of human TNF and develop enzyme immunoassays (Fendly et al.. infra; Hirai et al., infra; Moller et al., infra) and to assist in the purification of recombinant TNF (Bringman et al., infra). However, these studies do not provide a basis for producing TNF neutralizing antibodies that can be used for in vivo diagnostic or therapeutic uses in humans, due to immunogenicity, lack of specificity and/or pharmaceutical suitability. Neutralizing antisera or mAbs to TNF have been shown in mammals other than man to abrogate adverse physiological changes and prevent death after lethal challenge in experimental endotoxemia and bacteremia. This effect has been demonstrated, e.g., in rodent lethality assays and in primate pathology model systems (Mathison. et al.. J. Clin. Invest. 81 :1925-1937 (1988); Beutler. et al.. Science 229:869-871 (1985); Tracey. et al.. Nature 330:662-664 (1987); Shimamoto. et al., Immunol. Lett. 17:31 1-318 (1988); Suva, et al. J. Infect. Dis. 162:421 - 427 (1990); Opal, et al., J. Infect. Dis. 161 : 1 148-1 152 (1990); Hinshaw. et al. Circ. Shock 30:279-292 ( 1990) ). Putative receptor binding loci of hTNF has been disclosed by Eck and Sprang (J. Biol. Chem. 264(29). 17595-17605 (1989), who identified the receptor binding loci of TNF-α as consisting of amino acids 1 1 - 13. 37- 42, 49-57 and 155-157. PCT publication W091/02078 (1991) discloses TNF ligands which can bind to monoclonal antibodies having certain epitopes. To date, experience with anti-TNF murine mAb therapy in humans has been limited. In a phase 1 stud\ . fourteen patients with severe septic shock were administered a murine anti-TNF mAb in a single dose from 0.4- 10 mg/kg (Exley, A. R. et al, Lancet 335:1275-1277 (1990)). However, seven of the fourteen patients developed a human anti-murine antibody response to the treatment, which treatment suffers from the known problems due to immunogenicity from the use of murine heavy and light chain portions of the antibody. Such immunogenicity causes decreased effectiveness of continued administration and can render treatment ineffective, in patients undergoing diagnostic or therapeutic administration of murine anti-TNF antibodies. Administration of murine TNF mAb to patients suffering from severe graft versus host pathologv has also been reported (Herve. et al , Lymphoma Res 9 591 (1990)) ENBREL (etanercept) is a dimeπc fusion protein consisting of the extracellular gand-bmding portion of the human 75 kilodalton (p75) tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) linked to the Fc portion of human IgG 1 The Fc component of etanercept contains the CH2 domain the CH3 domain and hinge region, but not the CHI domain of IgG 1 Etanercept bmds specifically to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and blocks its interaction with cell surface TNF receptors It inhibits the activity of TNF and has been shown to affect several animal models of inflammation, including murine collagen-induced arthritis The main treatment for RA has been with methotrexate Etanercept is currently being used in the treatment of arthritis, the therapy is described m e g , Moreland et al , 1999, Ann Intern Med 130 478-486 Aderka, et al . Isrl J Med Sci 28 126-130 (1992) discloses soluble forms of TNF receptors (sTNF-Rs) which specifically bind TNF and thus can compete with cell surface TNF receptors to bind TNF (Seckinger. et al J Exp Med 167 151 1-1516 ( 1988), Engelmann. et al J Biol Chem 264 1 1974- 1 1980 (1989)) The cloning and expression of human 55 kd TNF receptor and soluble forms of the receptor have been described (Loetscher. et al , Apr 20, 1990. Cell 61 351-359, Schall et al , Apr 20, 1990, Cell 61 361-370 Nophar et al EMBO J 9(10) 3269-3278 (1990) Engelmann. et al , J Biol Chem 265(3) 1531 -1536 ( 1990) discloses TNF- bmding proteins EP 0 433 900 Al discloses TNF binding protein I (TBP-I), derivatives and analogs thereof expression of a DNA encoding the entire human type I TNF receptor, or a soluble domain thereof WO 92/13095 discloses methods for treating tumor necrosis factor mediated diseases by administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a TNF inhibitor selected from a 30 kDa TNF inhibitor and a 40 kDa TNF innibitor EP 0 526 905 discloses multimers of the soluble forms of TNF receptors, which include portions of the hp55 TNF-receptor, produced by either chemical or recombinant methods which are useful for protecting mammals from the deleterious effects of TNF WO 92/07076 discloses modified human TNF-α receptor which consists of the first three cysteine-πch subdomains but lacks the fourth Cysteine-πch subdomain of the extracellular binding domain of the 55 kDa or 75 kDa TNF receptor for human TNF-α. or an a mo acid sequence having a homology of 90% or more with the TNF receptor sequences EP 0 412 486 A 1 discloses antibodies to TNF binding protein I (TBP-1), and fragments thereof, which can be used as diagnostic assavs or pharmaceutical agents, either inhibiting or mimicking the effects of TNF on cells EP 0 398 327 Al discloses TNF binding protein (TBP) isolated and purified having inhibitory activity on the cytotoxic effect of TNF, as well as TNF binding protein II and monoclonal antibodies thereto EP 0 308 378 A2 discloses TNF inhibitory protein and functional derivatives used to antagonize the deleterious effects of TNF LFA-1 (consisting of CDl l a and CD18 subumts) interaction with 1CAM is necessary for T-cell killing T-helper and B-cell responses, natural killing, and antibody-dependent cytotoxicitλ In addition. LFA- l 'ICAM interactions are involved in adherence of leukocytes to endothehal cells, fibroblasts and epithelial cells facilitating the migration of leukocytes from the vasculature to the sites of inflammation (Collins T 1995 Science and Medicine, 28-37. Dustm, ML et al , 1991, Annual Rev Immunology, 9 27-66) Using antibodies that interfere with LFA-1/ICAM interactions decreases or inhibits the inflammatory process by blocking the activation of T-cells and/or the extravasation of leukocytes In vitro, monoclonal antibodies against LFA-1 or its gands have inhibited T-cell activation (Kuypers, T and Roos, D . 1989 Research in Immunology. 140 461-86, Springer, TA. 1987. Annual Rev Immunology, 5 223-52) T-cell dependent B-cell proliferation (Fischer, A et al , 1986. J Immunol, 136 3198-203), target cell lvsis (Krensky . A et al , 1983, J Immunol, 131 6711-6), and adhesion of T-cells to vascular endothe um (Dusttn, ML et al , 1988 Journal of Cell Biology, 107 321-31) The use of an anti-CDl la antibody to treat psoriasis has been described in WO 0056363 In mice. anti-CDl la antibodies have induced tolerance to protein antigens (Benjamin. R et al 1988, European Journal of Immunology, 18 1079-88, Tanaka Y et al , 1995, European Journal of Immunology 25 1555-8). delayed the onset and reduced the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomye tis (Gordon EJ et al , 1995. Journal of Neuroimmunology, 62 153-60), inhibited lupus-associated autoantibody production and prolonged survival of several types of tissue grafts (Cavazzana-Calco MS, Sarnacki S. Haddad E, et al Transplantation 1995,59(1 1) 1576-82, Nakakura EK. McCabe SM. Zheng B. Shorthouse RA. et al Transplantation 1993,55(2) 412-7, Connolly MK, Kitchens EA. Chan B, et al, Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology 1994,72(2) 198-203, He Y, Mellon J, Apte R, Niederkorn J , Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 1994.35(8) 3218-25, lsobe M, Yagita H. Okumura K Ihara A . Science 1992,255 1 125-7 Kato Y, Yamataka A, Yagita H, et al , Ann Surg 1996,223(1) 94-100, Nishihara M, Gotoh M Fukuzaki T et al Transplantation Proceedings 1995,27(1) 372 Talento A, Nguyen M, Blake T, et al Transplantation 1993,55(2) 418-22, van Dijken PJ, Ghayur T, Mauch P et al Transplantation 1990,49(5) 882-6) In human clinical studies, murine anti-CDl la monoclonal antibodies have been shown to help prevent graft failure following bone marrow transplantation (Cavazzana-Calco MS, Bordigoni P, Michel G. et al . British Journal of Haematology 1996,93 131-8, Fischer A, Fπedrich W, Fasth A , Blood 1991 ,77(2) 249-56, Stoppa AM, Maranmchi D, Blaise D, Viens P. et al , Transplant International 1991 ,4 3-7) and renal transplantation (Hourmant M, Le Mauf B, Le Meur Y, et al , Transplantation 1994,58(3) 377-80, Hourmant M, Bedrossian J, Durand D, et al , Transplantation 1996,62(1 1) 1565-70, Le Mauff B, Hourmant M, Rougier JP, et al , Transplantation 1991 ,52(2)291-6) In rheumatoid arthritis, the main presenting symptoms are pain, stiffness, swelling and loss of function (Bennett J C The etiology of rheumatoid arthritis In Textbook of Rheumatology (Kelley W N. Harris E D, Ruddy S, Sledge C B, eds ) W B Saunders, Philadelphia pp 879-886, 1985) The multitude of drugs used m controlling such symptoms seems largely to reflect the fact that none is ideal None of the treatments clearK stop progression of joint destruction (Harris E D Rheumatoid Arthritis The clinical spectrum In Textbook of Rheumatology (Kelley, et al , eds ) W B Saunders, Philadelphia pp 915-990, 1985) TNF-α is of major importance in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis TNF-α is present in rheumatoid arthritis joint tissues and synovial fluid at the protein and mRNA level (Buchan G, et al . C n Exp Immunol 73 449-455, 1988), indicating local synthesis The normal functional capacity of the joint is diminished in OA or rheumatoid arthritis The suboptimal functional capacity of the joint cartilage in OA or RA thus predisposes the )omt to damage insult including the normal level of mechanical or physical insult applied to the joint during activity The loint cartilage in OA or RA is also less optimally able to undergo normal repair when damaged Damage to the joint in OA and RA is thus often progressive and damaged hyaline joint cartilage can be replaced by sub-optimal fibrocartilage Fibrocartilage has significant physical and biochemical differences than that of normal hyaline or articular cartilage a normal joint and does not optimally have the same functional capacity The degradation associated with osteoarthπtis usually initially appears as fraying and fibrillation of the surface Loss of proteoglycan from the matrix also occurs As the surface fibrillation progresses, the defects penetrate deeper into the cartilage and cartilage is lost The subchondral bone thickens, is slowly exposed, and may appear polished Bony nodules or osteophytes also often form at the periphery of the cartilage surface and occasionally grow over the adjacent eroded areas If the surface of these bony outgrowths is permeated vacular outgrowth may occur and cause the formation of tissue plugs containing fibrocartilage The use of peptide growth factors has also been examined to promote repair of damaged cartilage Peptide growth factors are very significant regulators of cartilage growth and cell behavior (/ e . differentiation migration, division, or matrix synthesis or breakdown) [F S Chen et al Am J Orthop 26 396-406 (1997)] Growth factors that have been previously proposed to stimulate cartilage repair include insulin-like growth factor (IGF- 1), [Osborn, Orthop Res 7 35-42 (1989), Floπni & Roberts. J Gerontol 35 23-30 (1980)], basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), [Tooten et al J Biomec Mat Res 41 244-50 ( 1998), Sah et al Arch Biochem 308 137-47 (1994)]. bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) [Sato & Uπst, Clin Orthop Relat Res JI 83 180-87 ( 1984), Chin et al Arthritis Rheum 34 314-24 (1991 ) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) [Hill &. Logan. Prog Growth Fac Res 4 45-68 (1992) Guerne ef α/ J Cell Phvstol 158 476-84 (1994), Van der Kraan et al Ann Rheum Dis 5 _ 643-47 ( 1992)] Insulin has further been proposed to increase cartilage synthesis, insofar as cultured osteoarthπtic cartilage explants treated with insulin and tπtiated thymidme and [ 35 S]-sulfate showed incorporation of the latter in a general synthetic response J Posever et al J Orthopaedic Res ]_3 832-827 (1995) Other methods of stimulating cartilage repair include the antagonisation of molecules which are associated with or aggravate cartilage destruction and use. for example, IL-lα and nitric oxide The great majority of people with RA have a genetic susceptibility associated with increased activation of class II major histocompatibi ty complex molecules on monocytes and macrophages The genetic predisposition to RA is further supported by the prevalence of the highly conserved leukocyte antigen DR subtype Dw4, Dwl4 and Dwl5 in human patients with very severe disease The activated monocytes and macrophages, in interacting with the appropπate T cells stimulate a cascade or immune events which results in further activation of more monocytes and macrophages T cells B cells and endothehal cells This activation increases the synthesis of adhesion molecules, resulting in attracting even more mononuclear cells and polymorphonuclear cells to the inflamed joint This influx further results in the secretion of additional chemotactic cytokmes. causing the invasion of even more inflammatoπ. cells to the synovium and synovia! fluid surrounding the joint It is generally believed, that many different arthπogenic stimuli activate the immune response in tne immunogenetically susceptible host in RA Both exogenous infectious agents (Ebstein-Barr Virus. Rubella virus Cytomegalovirus. Herpes Virus, Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus My coplasma. and others) and endogenous proteins (collagen, proteoglycans, altered lmmunogiobuhns) have been implicated as the causative agent which triggers an inappropriate host immune response The end result is the production of an excessive inappropriate immune response directed against the host tissues (e g , antibodies directed against Type II collagen, antibodies directed against the Fc position of autologous IgG (called "Rheumatoid Factor")) This further amplifies the immune response cartilage destruction are responsible for the progression of rheumatoid arthritis In rheumatoid arthritis, the mam presenting symptoms are pain, stiffness, swelling, and loss of function (Bennett J C The etiology of rheumatoid arthritis. In Textbook of Rheumatology (Kelley W N, Harris E D, Ruddy S, Sledge C B eds ) W B Saunders, Philadelphia pp 879-886. 1985) The cytokmes IL-lα, IL-l β, IL-4, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, PDGF, FGF, GM-CSF, IFN-γ. TGF-β, IL-2 and IL-6 enhances the activity of fibroblast- ke cells in the synovium. chondrocytes and macrophages. thereby releasing increased amounts of proteoglycans. neutral protetnases such as collagenases. transin and stromelysin These factors cause the recruitment of osteoclast precursors, ultimately culminating in the destruction of bone and cartilage by the invading proliferative synovium The destructive cascade is characterized physically b\ increased thinning of the cartilage layer, decreased proteoglycan synthesis, and diminished load-bearing capacin, Several combination therapies have been described for treating RA The combination of etanercept (TNFR Fc fusion protein) and methotrexate (MTX) was used to treat persistently active RA and found to provide greater clinical benefit than methotrexate alone (Weinblatt et al , Jan 28 1999, NEJM 340 (4) 253-259) In another clinical trial, the anti-TNF-α chimeπc mouse-human antibody, cA2 (lnfltximab, Remicade ) was given in combination with low-dose methotrexate to RA patients (Mam et al 1998 Arthritis & Rheumatism 41(9) 1552- 1563) Antι-CD4 mAb was found to prevent collagen-induced arthritis if administered before the onset of clinical disease in the CIA mouse model but was ineffective in treating established disease Co-administration of antι-CD4 antibody with anti-TNF α/β antibody caused significantly greater reduction in paw swelling and |oint erosion than that observed by optimal anti-TNF alone (Williams et al 1994, PN AS 91 2762-2766) For other references on combination therapies see Kremer (1998). Arthritis & Rheumatism 41 1548-1551 and Williams (1998), Springer Semm Immunopathol 20 165-180 Administration of many therapeutic agents rapidly induces adverse side effects, or events, including but not limited to fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, breathing difficulties and changes in blood pressure These adverse events limit the amount of a drug or therapeutic compound that can be given, which m turn limits the therapeutic effectiveness that could be achieved with higher doses of the drug Adverse events have also been associated with the initial administration of monoclonal antibodies directed to other cell surface molecules A humanized antι-CD4 monoclonal antibody induced fever, chills, hypotension and chest tightness when given intravenously to psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis patients (Isaacs, et al , 1997 Clin Exp Immunol J _0 158- 166) This treatment down-modulated expression of CD4 and caused a reduction in the number of circulating CD4-posιtιve T cells In view of the above discussion, there exists a strong need for an effective therapy for the treatment and repair of cartilage, including cartilage damaged as a result of injury and/or disease There is also a continuing need to develop treatment methods that achieve therapeutic efficacy while minimizing toxicity and adverse events (AE) The present invention fulfills these needs and provides additional advantages that will be apparent from the detailed description below Summary of the Invention The invention relates to the treatment of a TNF-α mediated disorder and/or an LFA-1 mediated disorder by administering to a mammal m need thereof effective amounts of an LFA- 1 antagonist and a TNF-α antagonist In one embodiment of the above method, TNF-α mediated disorder and/or an LFA- 1 mediated disorder is a joint disorder In particular embodiments of the above treatment methods, the LFA-1 mediated disorder or TNF-α mediated disorder is rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile chronic arthritis/early RA, psoriasis, graft rejection (HvGD) graft versus host disease (GvHD). or multiple sclerosis The present invention also concerns methods for the treatment, repair and protection of cartilage including cartilage damage as a result of degenerative cartilagenous disorders and/or injury More specificalK the invention concerns method for the treatment, repair and protection of articular cartilage comprising administering effective amounts of an LFA-1 antagonist and a TNF-α antagonist In a further embodiment the present invention concerns a method for the treatment of cartilage damaged as a result of a degenerative cartilagenous disorder comprising contacting said cartilage with an effective amount of an LFA-1 antagonist and a TNF-α antagonist Optionally, the cartilage is articular cartilage, and is contained within a mammal and the effective amount administered to the patient in need thereof is a therapeutically effective amount Optionally the degenerative cartilagenous disorder is osteoarthntis or rheumatoid arthritis In a further embodiment, the present invention concerns a method for the treatment of cartilage damaged by injury compπsing contacting said cartilage with an effective amount of an LFA-1 antagonist and a TNF-α antagonist More specifically, the injury treated is a microdamage or blunt trauma, a chondral fracture or an osteochondral fracture More specifically, the cartilage is contained within a mammal, including humans and the amount administered is a therapeutically effective amount In a further embodiment, the present invention concerns a method for the treatment of damaged cartilage or for preventing initial or continued damage of cartilage as a result of a degenerative cartilagenous disorder and/or injury compπsing contactmg said cartilage with an effective amount of a composition comprising an LFA- 1 antagonist and a TNF-α antagonist The composition may further comprise a carrier, excipient or stabilizer Alternatively, the cartilage is present in a mammal and the amount administered is a therapeutically effective amount The composition may be administered via injection or infusion by intravenous intraarterial, intraperitoneal intramuscular, intralesional mtraarticular or topical administration to a mammal and the amount administered is a therapeutically effective amount Alternatively the composition is miected directly into the afflicted cartilagenous region or joint In a further embodiment, the present invention concerns a method for the treatment of cartilage damage or preventing initial or continued damage of cartilage as a result of a degenerative cartilagenous disorder and/or injury comprising administrating a therapeutically effective amount of an extended-release composition containing an LFA-1 antagonist and a TNF-α antagonist Preferably, the cartilage is present in a mammal and the amount administered is a therapeutically effective amount More specifically, the extended-release composition contain an LFA- 1 antagonist and a TNF-α antagonist formulated in a microencapsulation a semi- permeable membrane of solid hydrophobic polvmers a biodegradable polvmer(s), or a dispersion (e g suspension or emulsion) More specifically, the semi-permeable membrane of solid hydrophobhc polymer is poly-lactic-co-glyco c acid (PLGA), and the btogradable polymer is cross-linked hyaluronic acid (HA) Alternatively, the extended-release composition further comprises a water-soluble polyvalent metal salt More specifically, the polyvalent metal salt includes the salt formed from an alkaline earth metal and an inorganic or organic acid n a ur er em o imen , e inven ion concerns a met o or rea ing ca i age amage or preven ing initial or continued damage as a result of injury or a degenerative cartilagenous disorder comprising contacting the cartilage with effective amounts of an LFA-1 antagonist and a TNF-α antagonist in combination with an effective amount of cartilage growth factor Optionally, the cartilage is present inside a mammal and the amount administered is a therapeutically effective amount More specifically, the cartilage growth factor may be msulin- ke growth factors (e . IGF-1, IGF-2), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs). disruptors or down regulators of c-mvc or Bcl-2 expression, antisense RNA or DNA or disruption of associated promoter regions Optionally the cartilage growth factor may be an agent which enhances the reparative response of intrinsic cartilage, such as through increasing the actual or potential proliferation of chondrocytes (e , basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)). or through the forced progression of cell differentiation cell cycle progression factors such as IGF's, TGF-β and epidermal growth factors (EGF) Optionally, the cartilage growth factor may be an agent which antagonizes the catabo sm of cartilage (e g . IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL- lra) NO inhibitors) In a further embodiment, the present invention concerns a method of treating cartilage damaged or preventing initial or continued damage of cartilage comprising contacting said cartilage with an effective amount of an LFA- 1 antagonist and a TNF-α antagonist in combination with an effective amount of a cartilage catabohsm antagonist Optionally, the cartilage is articular cartilage, and is contained within a mammal and the amount administered of each agent is a therapeutically effective amount In a further embodiment the present invention concerns a method for the treatment of cartilage damaged by injury compπsing contacting said cartilage with an effective amount of an LFA-1 antagonist and a TNF-α antagonist in combination with a cartilage catabohsm antagonist More specifically, the injury treated is a microdamage or blunt trauma, a chondral fracture, or an osteochondral fracture More specifically, the cartilage is contained within a mammal, including humans, and the amount administered of each agent is a therapeutically effective amount Yet another embodiment of the invention is a method of preventing the development or delaying the onset of rheumatoid arthritis in subjects genetically disposed or susceptible to developing rheumatoid arthritis administering to the subject, an effective amount of an LFA- 1 antagonist and a TNF-α antagonist In a specific embodiment, the RA is juvenile RA and the subject is ajuvenile (under age 16) LFA-1 antagonism may allow the use of lower doses of drugs for TNF-α antagonism to attain the same or better efficacy but with reduced clinical adverse events Thus a further aspect of the invention is a method of reducing adverse events associated with the administration of an LFA-1 antagonist by reducing the dose of the LFA-1 antagonist to a subopttmal or subtherapeutic dose (I e lower that the recommended therapeutically effective dose) but administering a TNF-α antagonist in combination This method may be advantageous in the treatment of pediatπc patients Thus the method of reducing adverse events associated w ith the administration of an LFA-1 antagonist involves the administration of a TNF-α antagonist and an LFA- 1 antagonist at a subtherapeutic dose This method can also be applied to reducing adverse events associated with the administration of a TNF-α antagonist by administering the TNF-α antagonist with an LFA-1 antagonist wherein the TNF-α antagonist is administered at a subtherapeutic dose In a specific embodiment, the LFA-1 antagonist is anti-CDl la antibody and the TNF-α antagonist is etanercept The therapeutic/optimal doses for anti-CDl la antibody hul 124 and for etanercept are available from the drug product literature Yet another aspect is a method of treating rheumatoid arthritis is by administering to a patient in need thereof effective amounts of an LFA-1 antagonist, a TNF-α antagonist and methotrexate In a preferred embodiment of all the treatment methods of the invention, the LFA-1 antagonist is an anti-CDl la antibody It is further preferred that the anti-CDl la antibody be a non-lymphocyte depleting, in particular, non- T cell depleting antibody The anti-CDl la antibody, hul 124, is non-T cell depleting In more specific embodiments, anti-CDl la antibody is a human or humanized antibody or antibody fragment thereof, most preferably, the humanized antibody hul 124 disclosed and claimed in U S patent 6.037.454 In a preferred embodiment of all the treatment methods of the invention the TNF-α antagonist is an lmmunoadhesin preferably a fusion of at least a portion of a TNF-α binding protein and a portion of an immunoglobulin. more preferably a TNF-α receptor - IgG Fc fusion protein such as etanercept In a specific embodiment of all the above methods of the invention, the joint or cartilage disorder is rheumatoid arthritis In another embodiment, the present invention concerns a therapeutic kit. comprising an LFA- 1 antagonist and a TNF-α antagonist and a carrier, exctpient and/or stabilizer (e g a buffer) in suitable packaging The kit preferably contains instructions for using an LFA-1 antagonist and a TNF-α antagonist to treat an LFA-1 or a TNF-α mediated disorder Alternatively, the kit may contain instructions for using an LFA- 1 antagonist and a TNF-α antagonist to treat a degenerative cartilagenous disorder, such as rheumatoid arthritis In a further embodiment, the invention concerns an article of manufacture, compπsing a container, an instruction on the container, and a composition comprising an active agent contained within the container, wherein the composition is effective for treating a degenerative cartilagenous disorder, the instruction on the container indicates that the composition can be used to treat an LFA- 1 or a TNF-α mediated disorder In a preferred aspect, the active agent is an LFA- 1 antagonist and a TNF-α antagonist Brief Description of the Drawing Figure 1 shows the effect of treatment with a combination of an LFA- 1 antagonist and a TNF antagonist in reducing the incidence of clinical arthritis in animals (see Example 1 ) Figure 2 shows the effect of treatment with either anti-muπne CD1 la antibody (M l 7) alone, or TNF antagonist (Enbrel) alone, on arthritis in DBA-lLacJ mice, as indicated by the mean clinical scores (see Example 2) Saline treatment served as a control Figure 3 shows the effect of treatment with anti-muπne CD1 la antibody (Ml 7) alone or saline (control), on arthritis in DBA-1J mice, as indicated by the mean clinical scores (see Example 2) Figure 4 shows the effectiveness of treatment with a combination of an LFA- 1 antagonist (antibody Ml 7) and a TNF antagonist (Enbrel), as compared to the individual antagonist alone, m reducing clinical arthritis in DBA-lLacJ mice (see Example 3) Figure 5 shows the effectiveness of treatment with a combination of an LFA-1 antagonist (antibody Ml 7) and a TNF antagonist (Enbrel), as compared to the individual antagonist alone, in reducing clinical arthritis in DBA-1J mice (see Example 3) Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments I Definitions Administration "in combination with" one or more further therapeutic agents includes simultaneous (concurrent) and consecutive administration in any order The term "antagonist" with respect to LFA- 1 or TNF-α means a compound which is capable of directK or indirectly, counteracting reducing or inhibiting the biological activity of LFA-1 or TNF-α or activation of receptors therefor "ENBREL" (etanercept) is a dimeπc fusion protein consisting of the extracellular gand-binding portion of the human 75 kilodalton (p75) tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) linked to the Fc portion of human IgGI The Fc component of etanercept contains the CH2 domain the CH3 domain and hinge region but not the CHI domain of IgG I Etanercept binds specifically to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and blocks its interaction with cell surface TNF receptors It inhibits the activitv of TNF "Biological" activity refers to a biological function (either inhibitory or stimulatory) caused by a native or naturally-occurring molecule such as LFA-1 or TNF-α, other than the ability to serve as an antigen in the production of an antibody against an antigenic epitope possessed bv a native or naturally-occurring polypeptide of the invention Similarly, an "immunological refers to the ability to serve as an antigen in the production of an antibody against an antigenic epitope possessed by the antigen Some of the biological activities of TNF-α and LFA- 1 are described m the background and throughout the specification "Carriers" as used herein include pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, exctpients, or stabilizers which are nontoxic to the cell or mammal being exposed thereto at the dosages and concentrations employed Often the physiologically acceptable carrier is an aqueous pH buffered solution Examples of physiologically acceptable earners include buffers such as phosphate, citrate, and other organic acids, antioxidants including ascorbic acid, low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues) polypeptide, proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins, hydrophi c polymers such as polyvinylpyrro done am o acids such as glycine, glutamine asparagme, arginme or lysine, monosacchaπdes, disacchaπdes, and other carbohydrates including glucose mannose, or dextnns, chelatmg agents such as EDTA sugar alcohols such as mannitol or sorbitol salt-forming counteπons such as sodium and/or nonionic surfactants such as TWEEN™, polvethvlene glvcol (PEG ) and PLURONICS™ "Cartilage growth factor" as used herem, refers to agent(s) other than an LFA-1 antagonist or a TNF antagonists which cause, induce or result in an improvement in the condition of or protection from initial or continued destruction of cartilage subject to damage bv either by injury or a degenerative cartilagenous disorder Such cartilage growth factors include insulin-like growth factors (e g . IGF-1 , IGF-2), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) disruptors or down regulators of c-m\c or Bcl-2 expression antisense RNA or DNA or disruption of associated promotor regions Optionally the cartilage gro th factor ma\ be an agent which enhances the reparative response of intrinsic cartilage, such as through increasing the actual oi potential proliferation of chondrocytes (e g , basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)), or through the forced progression of cell differentiation cell cycle progression factors such as IGF's. TGF-β and epidermal growth factors (EGF) A further subset of molecules which fall under the above definition of "cartilage growth factor" are agents which antagonize the catabohsm of cartilage or a cartilage catabohsm antagonist " Cartilage catabohsm antagonists may be defined as those agents which inhibit, attenuate or otherwise block the activity or effect of molecules that are associated with or aggravate cartilage destruction For example. IL- 1 α and nitric oxide (NO) are agents known to be associated with cartilage destruction Thus, inhibitors of IL-lα (e g , IL-lra) and NO production would be considered "cartilage catabohsm antagonists Moreover, antagonists of chondrocyte catabohsm (e g . sodium pentosan polysulfate) would also be considered cartilage catabohsm antagonists "Chronic" administration refers to administration of the agent(s) in a continuous mode as opposed to an acute mode so as to maintain the initial therapeutic effect (activity) for an extended period of time ' Intermittent" administration is treatment that is done not consecutively without interruption but rather is cyclic in nature A ' conditioning dose" is a dose which attenuates or reduces the frequency or the severity of first dose adverse side effects associated with administration of a therapeutic compound The conditioning dose may be a therapeutic dose, a sub-therapeutic dose, a symptomatic dose or a sub-symptomatic dose A therapeutic dose is a dose which exhibits a therapeutic effect on the patient and a sub-therapeutic dose is a dose which dose not exhibit a therapeutic effect on the patient treated A symptomatic dose is a dose which induces at least one adverse effect on administration and a sub-symptomatic dose is a dose which does not induce an adverse effect The term "an LFA- 1 and/or TNF-α mediated disorder' refers to pathological states caused b\ either LFA- 1 cell adherence interactions on lymphocytes or TNF-α binding interactions with a TNF receptor or both Some disorders may involve both LFA-1 cell adherence interactions and TNF-α binding interactions and therefore may be an LFA-1 mediated as well as a TNF-α mediated disorder Included within the scope of "articular cartilage disorder" is osteoarthntis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) OA defines not a smgle disorder, but the final common pathway of joint destruction resulting from multiple processes OA is characterized by localized assymetπc destruction of the cartilage commensurate with palpable bone enlargements at the joint margins OA typically affects the mterphalangeal joints of the hands, the first carpometacarpal joint, the hips, the knees, the spine, and some joints in the midfoot, while large joints, such as the ankles, elbows and shoulders tend to be spared OA is sometimes also associated with metabolic diseases such as hemochromatosis and alkaptonuπa, developmental abnormalities such as developmental dysplasia of the hips (congenital dislocation of the hips), hmb-length discrepancies, including trauma and lnflammatorx arthπtides such as gout, septic arthritis, and neuropathic arthritis The term "degenerative cartilagenous disorder" refers to a collection of diseases which are characterized, at least in part, by degeneration or metabolic derangement of the connective tissue structures of the body, especially the joints of related structures, including muscles, bursae (synovial membrane) tendons and fibrous tissue These diseases are further manifested by the symptoms of pain, stiffness and/ or limitation of motion of the affected body parts In one embodiment, the term includes "articular cartilage disorders" which are characterized by disruption of the smooth articular cartilage surface and degradation of the cartilage matrix Additional pathologies include nitric oxide production, and elevated proteoglycan breakdown Furthermore, the term "degenerative cartilagenous disorder" may include systemic lupus ervthematosus and gout, amyloidosis or Felty's syndrome Additionally the term covers the cartilage degradation and destruction associated with psoπatic arthritis, acute inflammation (e g , yers ia arthritis, pyrophosphate arthritis gout arthritis (arthπtis uπca), septic arthritis), arthritis associated with trauma, inflammatory bowel disease (e g ulcerative colitis. Crohn's disease, regional enteritis, distal lleitis, granulomatous enteritis, regional lleitis terminal lleitis). multiple sclerosis, diabetes (e g , insulin-dependent and non-insulin dependent), obesity, giant cell arthritis and Sjogren's syndrome Examples of other immune and inflammatory diseases which may be treated by the method of the invention include juvenile chronic arthritis and spondyloarthropathies Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic, chronic, autoimmune disorder characterized by symmetrical synovitis of the joint and typically affects small and large diarthroid joints alike As RA progresses, symptoms may include fever, weight loss, thinning of the skin, multiorgan involvement, scleπtis, corneal ulcers, the formation of subcutaneous or subpeπosteal nodules and even premature death The symptoms of RA often appear during youth and can include vascuhtis, atrophy of the skin and muscle, subcutaneous nodules lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, leukopaenia and chronic anaemia The term "effective amount" refers to the minimum concentrations of an LFA- 1 antagonist and a TNF antagonist which cause, mduce or result in either a detectable or measurable improvement or repair in damaged cartilage or a measurable protection from the continued or induced cartilage destruction in an isolated sample of cartilage matrix For example, the inhibition of release of ftee proteoglycan from the cartilage tissue A "therapeutically effective amount" refers to the minimum concentrations (amount) of an LFA- 1 antagonist and a TNF antagonist administered to a mammal that are effective in at least attenuating a pathological symptom (e g causing, inducing or resulting in a detectable / measurable improvement lessen the severity, extent or duration of symptoms) which occurs as a result of an LFA-1 and/or a TNF-α mediated disorder The symptoms will vary with the particular disorder however, the symptoms of a particular disorder and the means of detecting or measuring improvement in the symptoms will be familiar to the physician of skill in the art As examples, the symptoms of RA and psoriasis are described below For example, the therapeutically effective amount is effective m causing, inducing or resulting in either a detectable / measurable improvement or repair in damaged articular cartilage or causing, inducing or resulting in a measurable protection from the continued or initial cartilage destruction, improvement in range of motion, reduction in pain, etc ) which occurs as a result of injury or a degenerative cartilagenous disorder In treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in humans, the criteria for evaluating extent of or improvement in the disease may include for example, assessment of the number of tender and swollen joints, patient and physician global assessment (e g . at 3 and 6 months from initiation of treatment), morning stiffness pam increased functional status (e g , through a Health Assessment Questionnaire) disability , structural damage and acute phase reactant Preferably, the amounts of LFA- 1 antagonist and TNF antagonist are effective to achieve in the patient, at least a 20% improvement m at least one of the preceding criteria, more preferably at least 30% even more preferably, at least 40% or 50%. most preferably at least 75% improvement compared to the control or placebo treated patient Alternatively, an improvement in at least one grade in clinical scores e g in the Paulus criteria is considered effective treatment herein Disability and acute phase reactants are taught in Felson . DT et al. 1993, The American College of Rheumatology Preliminary Core Set of Disease Activity for Rheumatoid Arthritis Clinical Trials Arthritis and Rheumatism, 36 (6) 729-740. and Felson , DT et al, 1995. The American College of Rheumatology Preliminary Definition of Improvement in Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 38 (40) 1-9 Structural damage can be evaluated by radiography which can reveal slowing X-ray progression of the disease based on a validated radiographic index such as the Larsen or modified Sharp index One can also evaluate radiographically to determine if treatment prevents the formation of new joint erosions or slows the progression Other met o o ogies cou e emp oye suc as magne ic resonance imaging, u rasonagrap y, an e American College of Rheumatology (ACR) response criteria or alternatively, the Paulus criteria are well known criteria used m evaluating drug efficacy in treating rheumatoid arthritis ACR criteria is based on tender joint count and swollen joint count, (1) patient pain assessment, (2) patient global assessment, (3) physician global assessment, (4) patient self-assessed disability, and (5) acute-phase reactant (ESR or CRP) The Paulus Criteria relies on improvement in at least four of the following Tender joint score Swollen joint score, Morning stiffness, Patient assessment of disease severity (5 point scale) Physician assessment of disease severity (5 point scale), and ESR Psoriasis is another LFA-1 and TNF-α mediated disorder Efficacy of psoriasis treatment can be monitored by changes in clinical signs and symptoms of the disease, including Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) scores, physician's global assessment (PGA) of the patient compared with the baseline condition A decrease in PASI score indicates a therapeutic effect Psoπatic disease activity can also be determined based on Overall Lesion Severity (OLS) scale, percentage of total body surface area (BSA) affected by psoriasis, and psoriasis plaque thickness Skin biopsies are studied for the effects of the drug on lymphocytes within psoπatic lesions Histological analysis of skin biopsies can be performed to look for reduction in epidermal thickness and T-cell infiltration and reversal of pathological epidermal hyperplasia lmmunological activity can be monitored by testing for the effects of treatment on cell-mediated immunity reactions (delayed hypersensitivity), tetanus antibody responses, and lymphocyte subpopulations (flow cvtometry) For asthma, one indicator of therapeutic effect is a decrease in nonspecific airway hyperresponsiveness to methachohne challenges (basal and post-allergen), upon treatment by the method of the invention Airway hyperresponsiveness can be measured by FEVj (volume of air that can be forced from the lungs in 1 second) For transplant or graft survival and function, therapeutic effectiveness can be measured, e g , by the incidence of acute graft rejection, by graft function, and length of graft survival The term "extended-release" or "sustained-release" formulations m the broadest possible sense means a formulation of active an LFA-1 antagonist or a TNF antagonist polypeptide resulting in the release or activation of the active polypeptide for a sustained or extended period of time - or at least for a period of time which is longer than if the polypeptide was made available in vivo in the native or unformulated state Optionalh the extended-release formulation occurs at a constant rate and/or results in sustained and/or continuous concentration of the active polypeptide Suitable extended release formulations may comprise microencapsulation. se i- permeable matrices of solid hydrophobic polymers, biogradable polymers, biodegradable hydrogels, suspensions or emulsions (e , oil-in-water or water-in-oil) Optionally, the extended-release formulation comprises poly- lactic-co-glyco c acid (PLGA) and can be prepared as described in Lewis. "Controlled Release of Bioactive Agents form Lactide/Glycolide polymer," in Biodegradable Polymers as Drug Delivery Systems, M Chasm SL R Langeer, Ed (Marcel Dekker, New York), pp 1-41 Optionally, the extended-release formulation is stable and the activity of the an LFA- 1 antagonist or a TNF antagonist does not appreciably diminish with storage over time More specifically, such stability can be enhanced through the presence of a stabilizing agent such as a water-soluble polyvalent metal salt The term "immunoadhesin" refers to a chimeπc molecule which is a fusion of a ligand binding moiety such as a receptor extracellular domain, with an immunoglobulin or a particular region of an immunoglobulin For a bivalent form of an immunoadhesin. such a fusion could be to the Fc region of an IgG molecule In a particularly preferred embodiment, the immunoglobulin fusion includes the hinge. CH2 and CH3. or the hinge CHI, CH2 and CH3 regions of an IgGI molecule For the production of immunoglobulin fusions see also US Patent No 5,428,130 As used herein, the term "immunoadhesin" designates antibody-like molecules which combine the binding specificity of a heterologous protein (an "adhesin") with the effector functions of immunoglobulin constant domains Structurally, the immunoadhesins comprise a fusion of an amino acid sequence with the desired binding specificity which is other than the antigen recognition and binding site of an antibody (/ e is "heterologous"). and an immunoglobulin constant domain sequence The adhesin part of an immunoadhesin molecule typically is a contiguous amino acid sequence comprising at least the binding sue of a receptor or a gand The immunoglobulin constant domain sequence m the immunoadhesin mav be obtained from any immunoglobulin, such as IgG-1 , IgG-2. lgG-3. or lgG-4 subtypes, IgA (including IgA-l and IgA-2) IgE, IgD or IgM A " posome" is a small vesicle composed of various types of hpids, phosphohpids and/or surfactant which is useful for delivery of a drug to a mammal The components of the hposome are commonly arranged m a bilayer formation, similar to the pid arrangement of biological membranes "Mammal" for purposes of treatment refers to any animal classified as a mammal, including humans domestic and farm animals, and zoo, sports, or pet animals, such as dogs, horses, cats, cattle, etc Preferabh tne mammal is human The "pathology" of a degenerative cartilagenous disorder includes all physiological phenomena that compromise the well-being of the patient This includes, without limitation, cartilage destruction, diminished cartilage repair, abnormal or uncontrollable cell growth, antibody production, auto-antibody production, complement production and activation, interference with the normal functioning of neighboring cells, release of cytokmes or other secretory products at abnormal levels, suppression or aggravation of any inflammatory or lmmunological response, infiltration of inflammatory cells (neutrophi c, eosmophihc, monocytic. lymphocytic) into tissue spaces, etc A "small molecule" is defined herein to have a molecular weight below about 600 daltons. and is generally an organic compound By "solid phase" is meant a non-aqueous matrix to which the compound of the present invention can adhere Examples of solid phases encompassed herein include those formed partially or entirely of glass (c g controlled pore glass), polysacchaπdes (e g , agarose), polyacrylamides. polystyrene, polyvinyl alcohol and silicones In certain embodiments, depending on the context, the solid phase can comprise the well of an assa\ plate, in others it is a purification column (e g , an affinity chromatography column) This term also includes a discontinuous solid phase of discrete particles, such as those described in U S Patent No 4,275,149 "Treatment" is an intervention performed with the intention of preventing the development or altering the pathology of a disorder Accordingly, "treatment" refers to both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative measures, wherein the object is to prevent, slow down or lessen the severity , extent or duration ot symptoms, or delay the onset of (e g , in subjects predisposed to develop RA due to genetic make-up or other risk factors) the targeted pathological condition or disorder "Treating " a disease, disorder, condition or cell population includes therapy and prophylactic treatment on an acute short term basis and on a chronic long-term basis Those in need of treatment include those already w ith the disorder as well as those in which the disorder is to be prevented Treatment is successful if it results in a detectable or measurable improvement in at least one symptom of the disorder the LFA- 1 and/or a TNF-α mediated disorder being treated (consistent with the definition of "therapeutically effective amount" above) In treatment of a degenerative cartilagenous disorder, a therapeutic agent may directly decrease or increase the magnitude of response of a pathological component of the disorder, or render the disease more susceptible to treatment by other therapeutic agents, e g antibiotics, antifungals, anti-inflammatory agents chemotherapeutics, etc II Modes for Carrying Out the Invention A Antagonists Suitable LFA- 1 antagonists include any compound which inhibits the interaction of LFA-1 and a receptor therefor, in particular. ICAM- 1 The LFA-1 antagonist may be a small molecule, peptide, protein immunoadhesin. an anti-LFA- 1 antibody, or a fragment thereof, for example These terms refer to antagonists directed against either CD 1 l a or CD 18 or both Anti-CDl l a antibodies include, e g . MHM24 [Hildreth et al Eur J Immunol . 3 202-208 (1983)], R3 1 (IgG I ) [R Rothlein, Boehπnger Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals. Inc Ridgefield CT], 25-3 (or 25 3), an IgG 1 available from lmmunotech. France [Olive et al in Feldmann ed Human T cell Clones A new Approach to Immune Regulation. Clifton NJ. Humana 1986 p 173]. KBA (IgG2a) [Nishimura et al , Cell Immunol , 107 32 (1987), Nishimura et al . ibid . 94 122 (1985)], M7'15 (IgG2b) [Springer et al . Immunol Rev , 68 171 ( 1982)] IOT16 [Vermot Desroches et al , Scand J Immunol 33 277-286 (1991)], SPVL7 [Vermot Desroches et al . supra], and M17 (IgG2a), available from ATCC. which are rat anti-muπne CD1 1 a antibodies Preferred anti-CDl 1 a antibodies are the humanized antibodies described in U S Patent 6,037,454 It is also generally preferred that the anti-CDl la antibodies are not T-cell depleting antibodies, that is, that the administration of the anti-CDl la antibody does not reduce the level of circulating T- cells Examples of antι-CD18 antibodies include MHM23 lΗildreth et al , supra]. M l 82 (lgG2a) [Sanches- Madrid et al , ] Exp Med , 158 586 (1983)], H52 [Fekete e/ α/ . J Chn Lab Immunol . 31 145-149 (1990)] Masl 91 c [Vermot Desroches et al , supra]. IOT18 [Vermot Desroches et al . supra]. 60 3 [Taylor et al Chn Exp Immunol . 7_1_ 324-328 ( 1988)]. and 60 1 [Campana et al . Eur J Immunol . \ 6 537-542 (1986)] See also US 5,997.867 Other examples of suitable LFA-1 binding molecules, including antibodies, are described in Hutchings e/ α/ , <?w/?/-α, WO 98/51343, WO 91/1801 1, WO 91/16928. WO 91/16927, Can Pat Appln 2.008,368, WO 90/15076, WO 90/10652. WO 90/13281 , WO 93/06864. WO 93/21953, EP 387.668, EP 379,904. EP 346.078 US 5.932.448, US 5.622 700, US 5.597,567, U S 5.071.964. U S 5.002.869, US 5.730.983. Australian Pat Appln 8815518. FR 2700471 A. EP 289,949. EP 362526. and EP 303 692 Preferred LFA- 1 binding antibodies for use in the invention are disclosed in U S Patent 6.037,454 Suitable TNF-α antagonists include any compound which inhibits the interaction of TNF-α and a receptor therefor, in particular, the p55 receptor and the p75 receptor The TNF-α antagonist may be a small molecule, peptide, protein, receptor extracellular domain immunoadhesin or an anti-TNF-α antιbod\ . for example The TNF-α antagonists include ENBREL. etanercept (Immunex/AHP), Remicade®. Infliximab which is an anti-TNF chimenc Mab (Centocor/Johnson&Johnson), anti-TNFa, D2E7 human Mab (Cambridge Antibody Technology), CDP-870 which is a PEGylated antibody fragment (Celltech). CDP 571, Humicade, which is a humanized Mab (Celltech), PEGylated soluble TNF-α Receptor 1 (Amgen). TBP-1 which is a TNF binding protein (Ares Serono); PASSTNF-alpha® which is an anti-TNF-α polyclonal antibody (Veπgen), AGT-1 (from Advanced Biotherapy Concepts) which is a mixture of 3 anti-cytokine antibodies, antibodies to IFN-α. IFN-γ and TNF, TENEFUSE. lenercept which is a TNFR-Ig fusion protein (Roche). CytoTAb® (Protheπcs) TACE which is a small molecule TNF-α converting enzyme inhibitor (Immunex). small molecule TNF mRNA synthesis inhibitor (Nereus) PEGylated p75 TNFR Fc mutein (Immunex) and TNF-α antisense inhibitor Molecular cloning has demonstrated the existence of two distinct types of TNF receptors (TNFR) with apparent molecular masses of 55kD (type 1 ) (Schall et al , ( 1990) Cell 61 361 ) and 75 kD (type 2) (Smith et al (1990) Science 248 1019) each of which naturally binds to both TNF-α and TNF-β (Loetscher et al , (1990) Cell, 61 351. Shall et al (1990) Cell. 61 361 , Kohno et al , 1990) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87 8331) The extracellular portions of both receptors are found naturally as soluble TNF binding proteins (Kohno et al supra) TNF antagonists have been created which block the deleterious effect of TNF in various immune and inflammatory events (Peppel et al , (l 991) J Exp Med . 174 1483-1489. U ch (1993) Am J Path 142 1335- 1338, Howard. O M Z ( 1993) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90 2335-2339. Wooley . P H . (1993) J Immunol 151 6602-6607) One such antagonist (Werner et al , (1991 ) J Cell Biochem Abstracts. 20th annual meeting p 1 15) combines the extracellular domain of human 55 kD type 1 TNFR with a portion of the hinge and Fc regions of human immunoglobulin Gl heavy chain Another such antagonist (Mohler et al , ( 1993) J Immunol 151 1548-1561) combines the extracellular domain of human 75 kD type 2 TNFR with a portion of the hinge and Fc regions of human immunoglobulin Gl heavy chain U S patents 5,482.130 and 5.514.582 describe these molecules Any of these molecules may be used as the TNF-α antagonist of the invention Other examples of TNF-α antagonists include the anti-TNF-α antibodies disclosed in US 5,795,967, WO 97/29131 (which discloses recombinant human antibodies and antibodies produced using phage display techniques), US 5,654,407 and US 5,994,510 (which disclose human anti-TNF-α antibodies), WO 92/1 1383 and WO 92/16553 (which disclose chimenc, mluding humanized antibodies), US 5.656.272. US 5.919.452 and US 5.698.195 (which disclose chimenc antibodies), and Fendlex et al. 1987 Hvbπdoma 6 359 and Bringman et al 1987, Hybridoma 6 489 (which disclose additional anti-TNF-α antibodies) Additional examples of suitable TNF-α antagonists include immunoadhesins containing at least a TNF- α binding portion of a TNF-α receptor Preferred immunoadhesins are disclosed in US 5.605.690 and 5 712 155 for example Other suitable TNF-α antagonists are described in US 5,482, 130. US 5.514.582. US 5.336.603 and US 5.565.335 Other suitable TNF-α antagonists include compounds which reduce the levels of TNF-α in tissues including the compounds disclosed in US 5.994,510, US 5.985.620. US 5.981.701, US 5.594.106. US 5.629.28^ and US 5.945.397 In another embodiment, the TNF-α antagonist is a TNF-α receptor - IgG Fc fusion protein such as ENBREL (Immunex) and the LFA-1 antagonist is an anti-CDl la antibody, preferably a non T-cell depleting anti-CDl l a antibody such as hul 124 (XOMA/Genentech) The LFA-1 antagonist and the TNF-α antagonist may be admmistered in amounts conventionally used for these compounds The compounds may be admmistered at a molar ratio of about 1 1000 to about 1000 1 , or about 100 1 to about 1 100. or about 1 10 to about 10 1, or in a ratio of about 1 5 to about 5 1. or even at a ratio of about 1 1 B Administration The combination of compounds of the present invention are administered to a mammal, preferably a human, in accord with known methods, such as intravenous administration as a bolus or by continuous infusion over a period of time by intramuscular, lntrapeπtoneal. intracerebrospinal subcutaneous intra-articular intrasynovial. intrathecal, oral, topical, mtralesional. intraarticular or inhalation (intranasal. intrapulmonaπ aerosolized) routes and by sustained release or extended-release means Optionally the active compound or formulation is injected directly into an afflicted cartilagenous region or articular joint Administration of an LFA-1 antagonist and a TNF antagonist, separately or together, may be in dosage amounts for each compound varying from about 10 ng/kg to up to 100 mg/kg of mammal body weight or more per day, preferably about 1 μg kg/day to 10 mg/kg/day, depending upon the route of administration Guidance as to particular dosages and methods of delivery is provided in the literature for each of the compounds For example. ENBREL is currently recommended at a dosage of 25 mg for adult humans, twice weekly as subcutaneous injection given at least 72-96 hours apart In one case up to 62 mg ENBREL has been administered to an adult subcutaneous ly (SC) twice weekly for 3 weeks without producing adverse effects (see PDR) The recommended dose of ENBREL for pediatπc patients ages 4 to 17 years with active polyarticular- course JRA is 0 4 mg/kg (up to a maximum of 25 mg per dose) given twice weekly as a subcutaneous injection 72-96 hours apart Methotrexate (see Wemblatt et al , Jan 28, 1999. Ma et al, 1998, supra), glucocorticoids sa cylates, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or analgesics may be continued during treatment with ENBREL An LFA-1 antagonist, humanized anti-CDl la antibody hul 124, can be administered at a dosage range of between 0 3 mg/kg to 6 mg/kg LFA- 1 antagonism may allow the use of lower doses of drugs for TNF antagonism, and vice versa, to attain the same or better efficacy but ith reduced clinical adverse events including but not limited to fever, chills, infection, sepsis and anemia Thus, in the treatment methods of the present invention, dosages of one or both of the antagonists can be reduced to minimize any toxicity or adverse events that can occur with administration of the normal or recommended dose for either antagonist alone For example, when used together in the present treatment methods, the aforementioned dosages for ENBREL and hul 124 can be reduced, especially m the treatment of juveniles (e g . for Juvenile RA) The appropriate dosages of the compounds of the invention will depend on the type of disease to be treated, as defined above, the seventy and course of the disease whether the agent is administered for preventive or therapeutic purposes, previous therapy, the patient s clinical historv and response to the compound, and the discretion of the attending physician The determination of the appropriate dosage or route of administration is well within the skill of an ordinary physician Animal experiments provide reliable guidance for the determination of effective doses for human therapy Interspecies scaling of effective doses can be performed following the principles laid down by Mordenti, J and Chappell \\ "The use of interspecies scaling in toxicok etics" in Toxicoktnetics and New Drug Development, Yacobi et al , Eds , Pergamon Press, York 1989, pp 42-96 The doses may be administered accordmg to any time schedule which is appropriate for treatment of the disease or condition For example, the dosages may be administered on a daily, weekly, biweekly or monthly basis in order to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and reduction in adverse effects The compound is suitably administered to the patient at one time or over a series of treatments The dosages can be administered before, during or after the development of the disorder For example, to prevent host versus graft or graft versus host rejection, the initial dose may be administered before, during or after transplantation has occuπed The specific time schedule can be readily determined by a physician having ordinary skill in administering the therapeutic compound by routine adjustments of the dosing schedule within the method of the present invention The dosing schedule may include a first conditioning dose of one or both antagonists followed by a second higher or therapeutic dose of the antagonists, to condition the mammal to tolerate increasing or higher doses of the therapeutic compounds This dosing schedule allows one to reduce the occurrence of adverse effects which arise from the initial administration and subsequent administrations of the therapeutic compound (see WO 0056363) Although some adverse effects such as fever, headache nausea, vomiting, breathing difficulties myalgia chills and changes in blood pressure may still be observed, the frequency and/or seventy of these adverse effects may be reduced relative to administration using conventional dosing schedules such as daily administration of equal doses of a therapeutic compound For example, depending on the type and seventy of the disease, about 1 μg/kg to 15 mg kg (e g 0 1 - 20mg/kg) of each of the compounds of the invention is an initial candidate dosage for administration to the patient whether, for example, by one or more separate administrations or by continuous infusion A typical daily dosage might range from about 1 μg/kg to 100 mg/kg or more, depending on the factors mentioned above A preferred dose of about 0 1 -30 mg/kg is particularly useful for antagonists that are antibodies or fragments thereof For repeated administrations over several days or longer, depending on the condition, the treatment is sustained until a desired suppression of disease symptoms occurs However, other dosage regimens may be useful The progress of this therapy is easily monitored by conventional techniques and assays The compounds may be administered concurrently or sequentially or a combination thereof For example, the TNF-α antagonist may be dosed initially and then followed by administration of the LFA-1 antagonist Alternatively the LFA- 1 antagonist may be dosed initially and then followed by administration of the TNF-α antagonist The antagonists may be dosed, for example daily or every other day for a period of a few (2-4) days or for several (2-6) week- duπng a single course of therapy As noted above, repeated courses of therapy may be administered until the desired suppression of disease or disorder are suppressed It is anticipated that different formulations will be effective for different treatments and different disorders, and that administration intended to treat a specific organ or tissue, may necessitate delivery in a manner different from that to another organ or tissue ENBREL is supplied as a sterile, white preservative-free lyophihzed powder for parenteral administration after reconstitution with 1 ml of the supplied Sterile Bacteπostatic Water for Injection. USP (containing 0 9% benzvl alcohol) In one embodiment, the administration of an LFA- 1 antagonist and a TNF-α antagonist provides an improved treatment of an LFA-1 mediated or a TNF-α mediated disorder relative to treatment wi'h either one of the individual compounds alone That is, treatment with both compounds provides a reduction in the incidence of disease or disorder symptoms relative to a control, for example which is lower than the reduction in disease or disorder incidence relative to a control, for administration of either compound alone Such improved efficacy is evidence of a svnergistic action of the compounds of the invention in treatmg an LFA-1 mediated or a TNF-σ mediated disorder The synergism is particularly surprising for LFA-1 antagonists, for example anti-CDl la antibodies, which do not deplete T-cells The LFA-1 antagonist and TNF-α antagonist can be administered concurrently with other therapy For example, a patient being treated for RA can be administered both these antagonists in conjunction with or in addition to conventional drugs used in RA such methotrexate, glucocorticoids. salicylates. nonsteroidal anti- lnflammatory drugs (NSAIDS). or analgesics C Compositions The compounds of the invention can be administered for the treatment of LFA-1 and TNF-α mediated disorders in the form of pharmaceutical compositions Additionally, hpofections or liposomes can also be used to deliver the an LFA-1 antagonist or a TNF antagonist into cells and the target area Therapeutic formulations of the active molecules employable with the invention are prepared for storage by mixing the active molecule having the desired degree of purity with optional pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients or stabilizers (Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences 16th edition, Osol. A Ed [1980]) Such therapeutic formulations can be in the form of lyophihzed formulations or aqueous solutions Acceptable carriers, excipients, or stabilizers are nontoxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed, and include buffers such as phosphate, citrate, and other organic acids, antioxidants including ascorbic acid and methiomne, preservatives (such as octadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride, hexamethonium chloride, benzalkomum chloride, benzethonium chloride; phenol, butyl or benzyl alcohol, alkyl parabens such as methyl or propyl paraben. catechol, resorcinol. cyclohexanol. 3-pentanol. and w-cresol), low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues) polypeptides; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins. hydrophihc polymers such as polyvinylpyrrohdone, ammo acids such as glyctne, glutamme, asparagine, histidine, arginine, or lysine, monosacchaπdes, disaccharides, and other carbohydrates including glucose, mannose. or dextπns, chelating agents such as EDTA, sugars such as sucrose, mannitol. trehalose or sorbitol. salt-forming counter-ions such as sodium, metal complexes (e g Zn-protein complexes), and/or non-ionic surfactants such as TWEEN 1 . PLURONICS ® or polyethylene glycol (PEG) In order for the formulations to be used m vivo administration, they must be sterile The formulation may be readily rendered sterile by filtration through sterile filtration membranes, prior to or following lyophihzation and reconstitution The therapeutic compositions herein generally are placed into a container having a sterile access port, for example, an intravenous solution bag or vial havmg a stopper pierceable by a hypodermic injection needle The formulations used herein may also contain more than one active compond as necessary for the particular indication being treated, preferably those with complementary activities that do not adversely affect each other Alternatively, or in addition, the composition may comprise a cytotoxic agent, cytokme or growth mhibitory agent Such molecules are present in combmations and amounts that are effective for the intended purpose The an LFA-1 antagonist or a TNF-A antagonist molecules by also be prepared by entrapping in microcapsules prepared, for example by coacervation techniques or by mterfacial polymerization, for example, hydroxymethylcellulose or gelatm-microcapsules and poly-(methylmethacrylate) microcapsules. respectively Such preparations can be administered in colloidal drug delivery systems (for example, liposomes. albumin microspheres. microemulsions. nano-particles and nanocapsules) or in macroemulsions Such techniques are disclosed in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 16th Edition (or newer) Osol A Ed (1980) Where sustained-release or extended-release administration of the an LFA-1 antagonist or a TNF- A antagonist is desired in a formulation with release characteristics suitable for the treatment of any disease or disorder requiring administration of such polypeptides. microencapsulation is contemplated Microencapsulation of recombinant proteins for sustained release has been successfully performed with human growth hormone (rhGH) interferon-α. -β -γ (rhIFN-α.-β,-γ). ιnterleukιn-2 and MN rgpl20 Johnson et al Nat Med 2 795-799 (1996) Yasuda Btomed Ther 27 1221 -1223 ( 1993), Hora et al Bio/Technology 8 755-758 ( 1990). Cleland "Design and Production of Single Immunization Vaccines Using Polylactide Polyglyco de Microsphere Systems" in Vaccine Design The Subuntt and Adjuvant Approach Powell and Newman eds , (Plenum Press New York. 1995), pp 439-462, WO 97/03692 WO 96/40072 WO 96/07399 and U S Pat No 5,654.010 Suitable examples of sustained-release preparations include semipermeable matrices of solid hydrophobic polymers containing the active molecule, which matrices are in the form of shaped articles e g films, or microcapsules Examples of sustained-release matrices include one or more polyanhydπdes (e g U S P 4,891,225, 4,767.628), polyesters such as polyglycohdes. polylactides and polylactide-co-glycohdes (e g U S P 3 773,919. U S P 4 767,628. U S P 4.530 840. Kulkarni et al Arch Surg 93 839 (1966)), polyamino acids such as polylysine, polymers and copolymers of polyethylene oxide, polyethylene oxide acrylates polyacrylates, ethylene-vinyl acetates, polyamides, polyurethanes, polyorthoesters, polyacetylnitnles, polyphosphazenes, and polyester hydrogels (for example, poly(2-hydroxyethyl-methacrvlate), or poly(vmylalcohol)), cellulose, acyl substituted cellulose acetates, non-degradable polyurethanes, polystyrenes polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl fluoride, poly(vιnylιmιdazole), chlorosulphonated polyolefins, polyethylene oxide copolymers of L-glutamic acid and γ-ethyl-L-glutamate, non-degradable ethylene-v yl acetate, degradable lactic acid-glyco c acid copolymers such as the LUPRON DEPOT™ (injectable microspheres composed of lactic acid- glyco c acid copolymer and leupro de acetate), and poly-D-(-)-3-hydroxybutyπc acid While polymers such as ethylene-vinyl acetate and lactic acid-glycohc acid enable release of molecules for over 100 days, certain hydrogels release proteins for shorter time periods Additional non-biodegradable polymers which may be employed are polyethylene polyvinyl pyrro done ethvlene vinvlacetate poiyethvlene glvcol. cellulose acetau butyrate and cellulose acetate propionate Alternatively, sustained release formulations may be composed of degradable biological materials Biodegradable polymers are attractive drug formulations because of their biocompatibihty, high responsibility for specific degradation, and ease of incorporating the active drug into the biological matrix For example hyaluronic acid (HA) may be cross nked and used as a swellable polymeric delivery vehicle for biological materials U S P 4,957.744 VaWs et al Polvm Mater Sci Eng 62 731-735 (1991) HA polymer grafted with polyethylene glycol has also been prepared as an improved delivery matrix which reduced both undesired drug leakage and the denaturing associated with long term storage at physiological conditions Kazuteru M J Controlled Release 59 77-86 ( 1999) Additional biodegradable polymers which may be used are poly(caprolactone), polyanhydπdes. poly ammo acids, polyorthoesters, polycyanoacrylates, poly(phosphazιnes) poly(phosphodιesters), polyesteramides. polydioxanones, polyacetals, polyketals, polycarbonates polyorthocarbonates, degradable and nontoxic polyurethanes, polyhydroxylbutyrates, polyhydroxyvalerates polyalkylene oxalates, polyalkylene succtnates, poly(mahc acid), chitin and chitosan Alternatively, biodegradable hydrogels may be used as controlled release delivery vehicles for biological materials and drugs Through the appropπate choice of macromers, membranes can be produced with a range of permeability, pore sizes and degradation rates suitable for a wide variety of biomolecules Alternatively, sustained-release delivery systems for biological mateπais and drugs can be composed of dispersions Dispersions may further be classified as either suspensions or emulsions In the context of delivery vehicles for biological materials, suspensions are a mixture of very small solid particles which are dispersed (more or less uniformly) in a liquid medium The solid particles of a suspension can range in size from a few nanometers to hundreds of microns, and mclude microspheres. microcapsules and nanospheres Emulsions, on the other hand, are a mixture of two or more immiscible liquids held in suspension by small quantities of emulsifiers Emulsifiers form an interfacial film between the immiscible liquids and are also known as surfactants or detergents Emulsion formulations can be both oil in water (o/w) wherein water is in a continuous phase while the oil or fat is dispersed, as well as water in oil (w/o). wherein the oil is in a continuous phase while the water is dispersed One example of a suitable sustained-release formulation is disclosed in WO 9725563 Additionaly, emulsions for use with biological materials include multiple emulsions, microemulsions, microdroplets and liposomes Microdroplets are umlamellar phospho pid vesicles that consist of a spherical pid layer with an oil phase inside £ g , U S P 4,622.219 and U S P 4.725 442 Liposomes are phosphohpid vesicles prepared by mixing water-insoluble polar lipids with an aqueous solution Alternatively, the sustained-release formulations of an LFA-1 antagonist or a TNF-A antagonist may be developed using poly-lactic-coglyco c acid (PLGA), a polymer exhibiting a strong degree of biocompatibihty and a wide range of biodegradable properties The degradation products of PLGA, lactic and glycohc acids, are cleared quickly from the human body Moreover, the degradability of this polymer can be adjusted from months to years depending on its molecular weight and composition For further information see Lewis, "Controlled Release of Bioactive Agents from Lactide/Glycohde polymer." in Biogradable Polymers as Drug Delivery Systems M Chasm and R Langeer, editors (Marcel Dekker New York, 1990), pp 1-41 When encapsulated polypeptides remain in the body for a long time, they may denature or aggregate as a result of exposure to moisture at 37°C, resulting in a loss of biological activity and possible changes in immunogenicity Rational strategies can be devised for stabilization depending on the mechanism involved Fo- example, if the aggregation mechanism is discovered to be mtermolecular S-S bond formation through thio- disulfide interchange, stabilization may be achieved by modifying sulfhydryl residues, lyophilizmg from acidic solutions, controlling moisture content, using appropriate additives, and developing specific polymer matrix compositions The encapsulated polypeptides or polypeptides in extended-release formulation may be imparted by formulating the polypeptide with a "water-soluble polyvalent metal salts" which are non-toxic at the release concentration and temperature Exemplary "polyvalent metals" include alkaline earth metals (e g . Ca 2 . Mg : Zn 2~ , Fe 2 \ Fe J . Cu 2~ . Sn 2 ~, Sn 4" , Al 2" and AY ' ) Exemplary antons which form water soluble salts with the above polyvalent metal cations include those formed by inorganic acids and or organic acids Such water- soluable salts have a solubility water (at 20°C) of at least about 20 mg ml, alternatively 100 mg/ml. alternatively 200 mg/ml Suitable inorganic acids that can be used to form the "water soluble polyvalent metal salts" include hydrochloric, sulfunc, nitric, thiocyanic and phosphoric acid Suitable organic acids that can be used include aliphatic carboxy c acid and aromatic acids Aliphatic acids within this definition may be defined as saturated or unsaturate 2 9 car oxy ic aci s e g , a ip atic mono-, i- an tπ-car oxy ic aci s or examp e, exemp ar, monocarboxy c acids within this definition include the saturated C 9 monocarboxy c acids acetic, propπonic butyric, valeric, caproic, enanthic, capryhc pelargonic and capryonic, and the unsaturated C 2 . 9 moncarboxy c acids acrylic, propπolic methacrylic. crotonic and isocrotonic acids Exemplary dicarboxy c acids include the saturated C 2 dicarboxyhc acids malonic. succinic, glutaπc. adipic and pime c while unsaturated C^ dicarboxyhc acids include maleic, fumaπc. citraconic and mesaco c acids Exemplary tricarboxyhc acids include the saturated C-> 9 tricarboxyhc acids tπcarballyhc and 1.2 3-butanetrιcarboxylιc acid Additionally, the carboxylic acids of this definition may also contain one or two hydroxyl groups to form hydroxv carboxylic acids Exemplary hydroxy carboxylic acids include glycohc lactic, glyceπc. tartronic. malic tartaπc and citric acid Aromatic acids within this definition include benzoic and salicylic acid Commonly employed water soluble polyvalent metal salts which may be used to help stabilize the encapsulated polypeptides of this invention include for example ( 1 ) the inorganic acid metal salts of ha des (e g . zinc chloride, calcium chloride), sulfates. nitrates, phosphates and thiocyanates (2) the aliphatic carboxx lie acid metal salts calcium acetate, zinc acetate, calcium propπonate. zinc glycolate. calcium lactate, zinc lactate and zinc tartrate. and (3) the aromatic carboxylic acid metal salts of benzoates (e . zinc benzoate) and sa cylates D Therapeutic Utility It is contemplated that the compounds of the invention may be used to treat various LFA- 1 and or TNF- α mediated diseases or disorders including degenerative cartilagenous disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis juvenile chronic arthritis (e g , Polyarticular-Course Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (JRA)) and spondyloarthropathies RA refractory to or intolerant of methotrexate can also be treated with the LFA-1 and TNF-α antagonists of the invention Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic autoimmune inflammatory disease that mainly involves the synovial membrane of multiple joints with resultant injury to the articular cartilage The pathogenesis is T lymphocyte dependent and is associated with the production of rheumatoid factors, auto-antibodies directed against self IgG with the resultant formation of immune complexes that attain high levels in toint fluid and blood These complexes m thejomt may induce the marked infiltrate of lymphocytes and monocytes into the synovium and subsequent marked synovial changes, the |oιnt space/fluid is infiltrated by similar cells ith the addition of numerous neutrophils Tissues affected are primarily the joints, often in symmetrical pattern However, extra-articular disease also occurs in two major forms One form is the development of extra-articular lesions with ongoing progressive joint disease and typical lesions of pulmonary fibrosis. vascuhtis, and cutaneous ulcers The second form of extra-articular disease is the so called Felty's syndrome which occurs late in the Rλ disease course, sometimes after joint disease has become quiescent, and involves the presence of neutropenia thrombocytopenia and splenomegaly This can be accompanied by vascuhtis m multiple organs with formation^ of mfarcts, skin ulcers and gangrene Patients often also develop rheumatoid nodules in the subcutis tissue overlying affected joints, the nodules late stage have necrotic centers surrounded by a mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate Other manifestations which can occur in RA include pericarditis, pleuπtis, coronary arteπtis intestinal pneumo tis with pulmonary fibrosis, keratoconiunctivitis sicca, and rheumatoid nodules uveni e c ronic art ritis is a c ronic l iopat ic in ammatory isease w ic egins o en at ess t an years of age Its phenotype has some similarities to RA, some patients which are rhematoid factor positive are classified as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis The disease is sub-classified into three major categories pauciarticular, polyarticular, and systemic The arthritis can be severe and is typically destructive and leads to joint ankylosis and retarded growth Other manifestations can include chronic anterior uveitis and systemic amyloidosis The degenerative cartilagenous disorder osteoarthπtis (OA) is a localized degenerative disease that affects the articular structure and results in pain and diminished function OA is characterized by pertubations in the cartilage surface followed by clefts and fibπlations and finally by loss of the entire thickness of the cartilage layer Additional symptoms of OA include the formation of calcified outgrowths of the periarticular bone and disfigurement coincident with assymetπc cartilage destruction OA may be be classified into two types primary and secondary Primary OA refers to the spectrum of degenerative joint diseases for which no underlying etiology has been determined Typically, the joint affected by primary OA are the interphalangeal joints of the hands, the first carpometacarpal pints, the hips, the knees, the spine, and some joints in the midfoot Interestingly . large joints, such as the ankles, elbows and shoulders tend to be spared in primary OA In contrast secondary OA occurs as a result of defined injury Secondary OA is often associated with metabolic diseases such as hemochromatosis and alkaptonuπa, developmental abnormalities such as developmental dysplasia of the hips (congenital dislocation of the hips) and limb-length descrepancies, including trauma, inflammatory arthπtides such as rheumatoid arthritis or gout, septic arthritis, and neuropathic arthritis Injuries to cartilage fall into three categories (1 ) microdamage or blunt trauma, (2) chondral fractures, and (3) osteochondral fractures Microdamage to chondrocytes and cartilage matrix may be caused by a single impact or through repetitive blunt trauma Chondral fractures are characterized as a disruption of the articular surface without violation of the subchondral plate Chondrocyte necrosis at the injury site occurs, followed by increased mitotic and metabolic activity of the surviving chondrocytes bordering the injury within a few days of injury This is followed by fibrous tissue forming a lining of clefts in the surface There is increased synthesis of extracellular matrix components and type II collagen for about two weeks after m|ury . after which the anabo sm returns to normal However, the transitory increase in mitotic and metabolic activity and the repair response resulting therefrom is suboptimal - resulting in the formation of fibrocartilage Osteochondral fractures, the most serious of the three type of injuries, are lesions crossmg the tidemark, or the underlying subchondral plate In this type of injury, the presence of subchondral vasculature elicits the three-phase response typically encountered in vascular tissues (1 ) necrosis, (2) inflammation, and (3) repair Initially the lesion fills with blood and clots The resulting fibrin clot activates an inflammatory response and becomes vasculaπzed repair tissue, and the various cellular components release growth factors and cytokmes including transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), bone morphogenic proteins, and insulin-like growth factors Buckwalter et al , J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2 191-201 (1994) Spondyloarthropathies are a group of disorders with some common clinical features and the common association with the expression of HLA-B27 gene product The disorders include, ankylosing spondy tis, Reiter's syndrome (reactive arthritis), arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease, spondyhtis associated with psoriasis, juvenile onset spondyloarthropathy and undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy Distinguishing features include sacroileitis with or without spondyhtis. inflammatory asymmetric arthritis, association with HLA-B27 (a serologically defined allele of the HLA-B locus of class I MHC). ocular inflammation, and absence of autoantibodtes associated with other rheumatoid disease The cell most implicated as key to induction of the disease is the CD8+ T lymphocyte, a cell which targets antigen presented by class I MHC molecules CD8+ T cells may react against the class I MHC allele HLA-B27 as if it were a foreign peptide expressed by MHC class I molecules It has been hypothesized that an epitope of HLA-B27 may mimic a bacterial or other microbial antigenic epitope and thus induce a CD8+ T cells response Other LFA-1 and/or TNF-α mediated diseases or disorders which mav be treated with the combination of the invention include (1) TNF-α mediated diseases or disorders such as (A) acute and chronic immune and autoimmune pathologies, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) rheumatoid arthritis thyroidosts, graft versus host disease, scleroderma diabetes mel tus. Graves' disease, and the like (B) infections, including but not limited to, sepsis syndrome, cachexia, circulatory collapse and shock resulting from acute or chronic bacterial infection acute and chronic parasitic and/or infectious diseases, bacterial, viral or fungal such as a HIV AIDS (including symptoms of cachexia. autoimmune disorders AIDS dementia complex and infections), (C) inflammatory diseases, such as chronic inflammatory pathologies and vascular inflammatory pathologies including chronic inflammatory pathologies such as sarcoidosis chronic inflammatorv bowel disease ulcera e colitis, and Crohn's pathology and vascular inflammatory pathologies such as but not limited to disseminated intravascular coagulation, atherosclerosis, and Kawasaki's pathology, (D) neurodegenerative diseases including but are not limited to, demye nating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and acute transverse myelitis extrapyramidal and cerebellar disorders' such as lesions of the corticospinal system, disorders of the basal ganglia or cerebellar disorders, hyperkinetic movement disorders such as Huntington's Chorea and senile chorea drug- induced movement disorders, such as those induced by drugs which block CNS dopamme receptors, hypokinetic movement disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, Progressive supranucleo palsy, Cerebellar and Spinocerebellar Disorders, such as astructural lesions of the cerebellum, spinocerebellar degenerations (spinal ataxia, Fπedretch's ataxia, cerebellar cortical degenerations, multiple systems degenerations (Mencel, Dejeπne-Thomas Shi-Drager and MachadoJoseph)), and systemic disorders (Refsum's disease, abetahpoprotemia. ataxia telangtectasia and mitochondπal multi system disorder), demyehnating core disorders, such as multiple sclerosis acute transverse myelitis, disorders of the motor unit, such as neurogenic muscular atrophies (anterior horn cell degeneration such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, infantile spinal muscular atrophy and juvenile spinal muscular atrophy ) Alzheimer's disease, Down's Syndrome in middle age. Diffuse Lewy body disease. Senile Dementia of Lews body type, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, chronic alcoholism, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Subacute sclerostng panencephahtis, Hallerrorden-Spatz disease, and Dementia pugi stica or any subset thereof and (2) LFA- 1 mediated diseases or disorders such as T cell inflammatory responses such as inflammatory skin diseases including psoriasis, responses associated with inflammatory bowel disease (such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis), adult respiratory distress syndrome, dermatitis meningitis, encephalitis uveitic allergic conditions such as eczema and asthma and other conditions involving infiltration of T cells and chronic inflammatory responses, skin hypersensittvity reactions (including poison ivy and poison oak) atherosclerosis leukocyte adhesion deficiency, autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), diabetes melhtus, multiple sclerosis, Reynaud's syndrome, autoimmune thyroiditis experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Sjorgen's syndrome, juvenile onset diabetes, and immune responses associated with delayed hypersensitivity mediated by cytokmes and T-lymphocytes typically found in tuberculosis sarcoidosis, polymyositis, granulomatosis and vascuhtis, pernicious anemia, diseases involving leukocvte diapedesis, CNS inflammatory disorder, multiple organ injury syndrome secondary to septicaemia or trauma autoimmune haemolytic anemia, myethemia gravis, antigen-antibody complex mediated diseases, all types of transplantations, including graft vs host or host vs graft disease, etc Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) has an unknown etiology A hallmark of the disease is induration of the skin, likely this is induced by an active inflammatory process Scleroderma can be localized or systemic vascular lesions are common and endothehal cell injury in the microvasculature is an early and important event in the development of systemic sclerosis, the vascular injury mav be immune mediated An lmmunologic basis is implied by the presence of mononuclear cell infiltrates in the cutaneous lesions and the presence of anti-nuclear antibodies in many patients ICAM- 1 is often upregulated on the cell surface of fibroblasts in skin lesions suggesting that T cell interaction with these cells may have a role m the pathogenesis of the disease Other organs involved include the gastrointestinal tract smooth muscle atrophy and fibrosis resulting in abnormal peπstalsis/motility, kidney concentric subendothe al intimal proliferation affecting small arcuate and interlobular arteries with resultant reduced renal cortical blood flow, results in proteinuπa, azotemia and hypertension, skeletal muscle atrophy, interstitial fibrosis, inflammation, lung interstitial pneumonitis and interstitial fibrosis, and heart contraction band necrosis, scarπng/fibrosis Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies including dermatomyositis polvmyositts and others are disorders of chronic muscle inflammation of unknown etiology resulting in muscle weakness Muscle injury/inflammation is often symmetric and progressive Autoantibodies are associated with most forms These myositis-specific autoantibodies are directed against and inhibit the function of components, proteins and RNAs, involved in protein synthesis Sjogren's syndrome is the result of immune-mediated inflammation and subsequent functional destruction of the tear glands and salivary glands The disease can be associated with or accompanied by inflammatory connective tissue diseases The disease is associated with autoantibody production against Ro and La antigens, both of which are small RNA-protem complexes Lesions result in keratoconjunctivitis sicca xerostomia, with other manifestations or associations including bilarv cirrhosis, peripheral or sensory neuropathy and palpable purpura Systemic vascuhtis are diseases in which the primary lesion is inflammation and subsequent damage to blood vessels which results in ischemia/necrosis/degeneration to tissues supplied by the affected vessels and eventual end-organ dysfunction in some cases Vasculitides can also occur as a secondary lesion or sequelae to other immune-inflammatory mediated diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis, etc, particularK in diseases also associated with the formation of immune complexes Diseases in the primary svstemic vascuhtι<= group include systemic necrotiztng vascuhtis polyarteπtis nodosa allergic angntis and granulomatosis polyangntis, Wegener's granulomatosis, lymphomatoid granulomatosis and giant cell arteπtis Miscellaneous vasculitides include mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MLNS or Kawasaki's disease) isolated CNS vascuhtis, Behet's disease, thromboangntis ob terans (Buerger's disease) and cutaneous necrotizmg venuhtis The pathogenic mechanism of most of the types of vascuhtis listed is believed to be primarily due to the deposition of immunoglobulin complexes m the vessel wall and subsequent induction of an inflammatory response either via ADCC, complement activation, or both Sarcoidosis is a condition of unknown etiology which is characterized by the presence of epithe oid granulomas in nearly any tissue the body, involvement of the lung is most common The pathogenesis involves the persistence of activated macrophages and lymphoid cells at sites of the disease with subsequent chronic sequelae resultant from the release of locally and svstemically active products released by these cell types Autoimmune hemolytic anemia including autoimmune hemolytic anemia, immune pancytopenia. and paroxysmal noctural hemoglobinuπa is a result of production of antibodies that react with antigens expressed on the surface of red blood cells (and in some cases other blood cells including platelets as well) and is a reflection of the removal of those antibody coated cells via complement mediated lvsis and/or ADCC/Fc-receptor-mediated mechanisms In autoimmune thrombocytopenia including thrombocytopenic purpura. and immune-mediated thrombocytopenia in other clinical settings, platelet destruction/removal occurs as a result of either antibody or complement attaching to platelets and subsequent removal by complement lysis, ADCC or FC-receptor mediated mechanisms Thyroiditis including Grave's disease. Hashimoto s thyroiditis juvenile lymphocytic thyroiditis. and atrophic thyroiditis. are the result of an autoimmune response against thyroid antigens with production of antibodies that react with proteins present in and often specific for the thvroid gland Experimental models exist including spontaneous models rats (BUF and BB rats) and chickens (obese chicken strain), inducible models immunization of animals with either thyroglobuhn, thyroid microsomal antigen (thyroid peroxidase) Type I diabetes melhtus or insulin-dependent diabetes is the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic islet β cells, this destruction is mediated by auto-antibodies and auto-reactive T cells Antibodies to insulin or the insulin receptor can also produce the phenotype of msu n-non-responsiveness Immune mediated renal diseases, including glomerulonephπtis and tubulointerstitiai nephritis, are the result of antibody or T lymphocyte mediated injury to renal tissue either directly as a result of the production of autoreactive antibodies or T cells against renal antigens or indirectly as a result of the deposition of antibodies and/or immune complexes in the kidney that are reactive against other, non-renal antigens Thus other lmmune- mediated diseases that result in the formation of immune-complexes can also induce immune mediated renal disease as an indirect sequelae Both direct and indirect immune mechanisms result in lnflammatorv response that produces/induces lesion development in renal tissues w ith resultant organ function impairment and m some cases progression to renal failure Both humoral and cellular immune mechanisms can be involved in the pathogenesis of lesions Demyehnating diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems, including multiple sclerosis ldiopathic demyehnating polyneuropathy or Guillain-Barre syndrome, and Chronic Inflammatory Demyehnating Polyneuropathy are believed to have an autoimmune basis and result in nerve demyehnation as a result of damage caused to ohgodendrocytes or to myehn directh In MS there is evidence to suggest that disease induction and progression is dependent on T lymphocytes Multiple Sclerosis is a demyehnating disease that is T lymphocyte-dependent and has either a relapsing-remitting course or a chronic progressive course The etιolog\ is unknown, however, viral infections, genetic predisposition, environment, and autoimmu ty all contribute Lesions contain infiltrates of predominantly T lymphocyte mediated, microg al cells and infiltrating macrophages, CD4+T lymphocytes are the predominant cell type at lesions The mechanism of o godendrocue cell death and subsequent demyehnation is not known but is likely T lymphocyte driven Inflammatory and Fibrotic Lung Disease, including Eosinophihc Pneumonias. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Hypersensittvity Pneumonitis may involve a deregulated immune-inflammatory response Inhibition of that response would be of therapeutic benefit Autoimmune or Immune-mediated Skin Disease including Bullous Skin Diseases. Erythema Multiforme, and Contact Dermatitis are mediated by auto-antibodies the genesis of which is T lymphocyte- dependent Psoriasis is a T lymphocyte-mediated inflammatory disease characterized by h\perprohferatιon of keratinocytes and accumulation of activated T cells in the epidermis and dermis of psoπatic lesions Lesions contain infiltrates of T lymphocytes, macrophages and antigen processing cells, and some neutrophils Transplantation associated diseases, including graft rejection and Graft- Versus-Host-Disease (GVHD) are T lymphocyte-dependent, inhibition of T lymphocyte function is ameliorative Other diseases in which intervention of the immune and/or inflammatory response have benefit are infectious disease including but not limited to viral infection (including but not limited to AIDS, hepatitis A, B C D. E and herpes) bacterial infection, fungal infections, and protozoal and parasitic infections (molecules (or derivatives/agonists) which stimulate the MLR can be utilized therapeutically to enhance the immune response to infectious agents), diseases of immunodeficiency (molecules/deπvatives/agonists) which stimulate the MLR can be utilized therapeutically to enhance the immune response for conditions of inherited, acquired infectious induced (as in HIV infection), or tatrogenic (/ e as from chemotherapy) immunodeficiency, and neoplasia Additionally, inhibition of molecules with pro inflammatory properties may have therapeutic benefit in reperfusion injury, stroke; myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, acute lung injury , hemorrhagic shock, burn sepsis/septic shock, acute tubular necrosis, endometπosis. degenerative joint disease and pancreatis E_ Articles of Manufacture In another embodiment of the invention, an article of manufacture containing materials useful for the treatment of the disorders described above is provided The article of manufacture comprises a container and an instruction Suitable containers include, for example, bottles, vials, syringes, and test tubes The containers may be formed from a variety of materials such as glass or plastic The container holds a composition which is. for example effective for treating an LFA- 1 and or TNF-α mediated disorder for example a degenerative cartilagenous disorder, and may have a sterile access port (for example the container ma\ be an intravenous solution bag or a vial having a stopper pierceable by a hypodermic lniection needle) The active agent in the composition will be an LFA-1 antagonist and/or a TNF-A antagonist The composition can comprise any or multiple ingredients disclosed herein The instruction on. or associated with, the container indicates that the composition is used for treating the condition of choice For example, the instruction could tndiate that the composition is effective for the treatment of osteoarthπtis arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis any other degenerate e cartilagenous disorder, or any other LFA- 1 and/or TNF-α mediated disorder The article of manufacture ma\ further comprise a second container compπsing a pharmaceutically-acceptable buffer such as phosphate- buffered saline. Ringer's solution and dextrose solution Alternatively, the composition mav contain anv of the carriers, excipients and/or stabilizers mentioned herein under section E Pharmaceutical Compositions and Dosages It may further include other materials desirable from a commercial and user standpoint, including other buffers, diluents, filters, needles, syringes, and package inserts with instructions for use F Assays/models Assays and animal models are useful to evaluate the activity of the combination of compounds used m the methods of the invention Some assays and models useful in assessing the effectiveness of the compounds in the treatment of joint disease, the repair of cartilage and the treatment of degenerative cartilagenous disorders are described below Collagen induced arthritis assay/model Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an immune disorder which appears to involve production of autoantibodies Antibodies to a protein expressed exclusively in cartilage, namely type II collagen, are present in the synovial fluid of some RA patients Trentham O E et al . Arthrtt Rheum 24 1363-9 (1981) However these antibodies are not necessarily the cause of the disease, but rather may be secondary to the inflammation Injection of type II collagen into animals creates a specific immune reaction within synovial joints The collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model is considered a suitable model for studying potential drugs or biologies active in human arthritis because of the many immunological and pathological similarities to human RA the involvement of localized major histocompatibihty. complete class-II-restπcted T helper lvmphocyte activation, and the similarity of histological lesions Features of this CIA model which are similar to that found in RA patients include erosion of cartilage and bone at joint margins (as can be seen in radiographs) proliferative synovitis, symmetrical involvement of small and medium-sized peripheral joints in the appendicular, but not the axial, skeleton Jamieson, T W et al , Invest Radiol 20 324-9 (1985) Furthermore, IL-1 and TN-α appear to be involved CIA as in RA Joosten et al , J Immunol 163 5049-5055, (1999) TNF neutralizing antibodies and separately, TNFR Fc reduced the symptoms of RA in this model (see Williams et al , PNAS Oct 1992, 89 9784-9788; Wooley et al , 1993, J Immunol 151 6602-6607) Further evidence of the CIA model being predictive of the human condition and response to treatment in RA can be seen, e g , from the clinical results with ENBREL The model is described in greater detail in the examples In this model for rheumatoid arthritis, type II collagen is purified from bovine articular cartilage (Miller 1972, Biochemistry 1 1 4903) and used to immunized mice (Williams et al, 1994, Natl Acad Sci USA 91 2762) Symptoms of arthritis include erythema and/or swelling of the limbs as well as erosions or defects in cartilage and bone as determined by histology This widely used model is also described for example by Holmdahl et al 1989, APMIS 97 575 Articular cartilage explant assay In this assay, the synthetic and prophylactic potential of the test compounds on the cartilage matrix is described To this end, proteoglycan (PG) synthesis and breakdown are measured, as well as the release of nitric oxide Proteoglycans are the second largest component of the organic material in articular cartilage (Kuettner K E et al Articular Cartilage Biochemistry. Raven Press New York, USA (1986), p 456. Muir H Biochem Soc Tran U 613-622 (1983). Hardingham, T E , Biochem Soc Trans 9 489-497 (1981 ) Since proteoglycans help determine the physical and chemical properties of cartilage, the decrease in cartilage PGs which occurs during joint degeneration leads to loss of compressive stiffness and elasticity, an increase in hydraulic permeability, increased water content (swelling), and changes in the organization of other extracellular components such as collagens Thus, PG loss is an early step in the progression of degenerative cartilaginous disorders, one which further perturbs the biomechanical and biochemical stability of the lotnt PGs in articular cartilage have been extensively studied because of their kelv role in skeletal growth and disease Mow V C <&. Ratchffe, A Biomaterials L3 67-97 (1992) Proteoglycan breakdown which is increased in diseased joints, is measured in the assays described herein by quantitating PGs in the media of explants using the coloπmetπc DMMB assay Farndale and Buttle, Biochem Biophxs Ada 883 173-177 (1985) Incorporation of Y-sulfate into proteglycans is used as an indication of proteoglycan synthesis The evidence linking IL-l and degenerative cartilagenous diseases is substantial For example high levels of interleukin-l (IL-l α)(Pelletιer JP et al "Cytokmes and inflammation in cartilage degradation" in Osteoarthntic Edition of Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America Eds RW Moskowitz Philadelphia W D Saunders Company, 1993, p 545-568) and IL-1 receptors (Martel-Pelletier et αl Arthritis Rheum 35 530-540 ( 1992) have been found in diseased joints, and IL-lα induces cartilage matrix breakdown and inhibits synthesis of new matrix molecules Baragi et αl , J Chn Invest 96 2454-60 (1995). Baragi et αl Osteoαrthrttis Cartilage ^ 275-82 (1997), Evans et al J Leukoc Biol 64 55-61 (1998) Evans et al J Rheumatol 24 2061 - 63 (1997), Kang e/ α/ Biochem Soc Trans 25 533-37 (1997), Kang et al Osteoarthrttis Cartilage 5 139-43 (1997) Because of the association of IL- lα and IL-1 receptors with diseased tissue, also assayed are the effects of the test compound in the presence of IL-lα The ability of the test compound to not only have positive effects on cartilage, but also to counteract the catabohc effects of IL-l α is strong evidence of the protective effect exhibited by the test compound In addition, such an activity suggests that the test compound could inhibit the degradation which occurs in arthritic conditions, since antagonism of IL-lα function has been shown to reduce the progression of osteoarthπtis Arend, W P et al , Ann Rev Immunol |6 27-55 (1998) The production of nitric oxide (NO) can be induced in cartilage by catabohc cytokmes such as IL-1 Palmer, RMJ et al , Biochem Biophys Res Commun 193 398-405 (1993) NO has also been implicated in the joint destruction which occurs in arthritic conditions Ashok et al , Curr Optn Rheum 10 263-268 (1998) Unlike normal (undiseased or uninjured) cartilage, cartilage obtained from osteoarthπtic joints produces significant amounts of nitric oxide ex vivo, even in the absence of added stimuli such as ιnterleukιn-1 oi lipopolysacchaπde In vitro, nitric oxide exerts detrimental effects on chondrocyte function including inhibition of collagen and proteoglycan svnthesis, enhanced apoptosis and inhibition of adhesion to the extracellular matrix Nitrite concentrations have been shown to be higher in synovial fluid from osteoarthπtic patients than in fluid from rheumatoid arthritic patients Renoux et al Osteoarthrttis Cartilage A 175-179 (1996) Furthermore animal models suggest that inhibition of nitric oxide production reduces progression of arthritis Pelletier JP et al Arthritis Rheum 7 1275-86 ( 1998), van de Loo et al Arthritis Rheum \ 634-46 ( 1998), Stichtenoth DO &. Fro ch J C Br J Rheumatol 37 246-57 (1998) Since NO also has effects on other cells the presence of NO within the articular joint could increase vasodilation and permeability, potentiate cytokmes release by leukocytes and stimulate angioge c activity by monocyte-macrophages Thus production of NO by cartilage correlates with a diseased state, and since NO appears to play a role in both the erosive and the inflammatory components of joint diseases, a factor which decreases nitric oxide production would likely be beneficial for the treatment of degenerative cartilaginous disorders The assay described herein is based on the principle that 2 3-dιamιnonapthalene (DAN) reacts with nitrite under acidic conditions to form 1 -(H)-naphthotnazole a fluorescent product which can be quantified As NO is quickly metabolized mto nitrite (N0 2 " ') and nitrate (N0 3 '). detection of nitrite is one means of detecting (albeit undercountmg) the actual NO produced in cartilagenous tissue Mouse Patellae assay This experiment examines the effects of the test compound on proteoglycan synthesis in the patellae (knee caps) of mice This assay uses intact cartilage (including the underlying bone) and thus tests factors under conditions which approximate the in vivo environment of cartilage Compounds are either added to patellae in vitro or are ιn|ected mto knee joints in vivo prior to analvsis of proteoglvcan synthesis in patellae ex \ n o As has been shown previously , in vivo treated patellae show distinct changes in PG synthesis er t n o (Van den Berg et al . Rheum Int _ 165-9 (1982) Vershure. P J et al Ann Rheum Dis 53 455-460 (1994) and Van de Loo et al , Arthrit Rheum 38 164-172 (1995) In this model the contralateral joint of each animal can be used as a control The procedure is described in greater detail in the examples Guinea pig model This assay measures the effects of the test compound on both the stimulation of ex vn σ PG synthesis and inhibition of ex vivo PG release in an model from the cartilage matrix of the Dunktn Hartley (DH) Guinea Pig. an accepted animal model for osteoarthπtis Young et al "Osteoarthnts". Spontaneous animal modeh ot human disease vol 2, pp 257-261, Acad Press. New York (1979) Bendele e α/ Arthritis Rheum 34 1 180- 1 184, Bendele et a! . Arthritis Rheum 3 \_ 561-565 (1988) Jimenez et al , Laboratory' Animal Sciences vol 47 (6) 598-601 (1997) The DH guinea pigs develop arthritic lesions resembling those of human osteoarthπtis (OA) of the knee and other joints At 2 months of age, these animals develop mild OA that is detectable by the presence of minimal histologic changes For example, proteoglycan synthesis is increased, as evidenced by higher levels of PG in the cartilage tissue itself, as well as in the synovial fluid The disease progresses, and by 16-18 months of age, moderate to severe cartilage degeneration on the medial tibial plateau is observed and at 22 months, the animals are severely impaired with marginal osteophytes of the tibia and femur, sclerosis of the subchondral bone of the tibial plateau, femoral condyle cysts and calcification of the collateral ligaments Jimenez et al supra The following examples are offered for illustrative purposes only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention in any way All patent and literature references cited in the present specification are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety EXAMPLES Examples 1-3 describe the treatment of arthritis with an LFA-1 antagonist (anti-muπne CD1 l a antibody. Ml 7) or TNF antagonist (ENBREL. Etanercept) alone or in combination, in the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model The CIA model is discussed abov e under Assays/models Examples 1 and 3 describe treatment of arthritis in two strains of mice, with a combination of anti-muπne CD1 la antibody (M l 7) and ENBREL Example 2 describes treatment with either M 17 or ENBREL alone The prechnical studies for ENBREL used the same animal model EXAMPLE 1 - Treatment with an LFA- 1 antagonist and a TNF antagonist DBA- 1J mice were immunized with 100 ug bovine collagen type II in 100 ul complete Freund s adjuvant (CFA) followed by a second injection of the same collagen in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IF A) 21 days later The collagen type II in CFA or IFA was injected intradermally at the base of the tail Animals were evaluated every other day At the onset of arthritis in any of the animals, as noted by swelling of anv of the paws, treatment was initiated in all animals placed randomly into the following treatment groups with 12 mice per group Group 1 Control Treatment with saline. 100 ul, intraperitoneal route, every day for 14 days, then 3 times per week every other day (Monday. Wednesday and Friday) Group 2 Anti-muπne CDl l a monoclonal antibody Ml 7. 150 ug (approx 8 mg/kg) via intraperitoneal route given at onset of disease followed by 3 times per week every other day (Monday. Wednesday and Friday ) until the end of the studv Group 3 ENBREL (human TNF-Fc. 50 ug) intraperitoneal route, given daily at onset of disease for 14 day s Group 4 Combination of ENBREL and Anti-CDl l a Anti-muπne CDl la mab Ml 7. 150 ug (approximately 8 mg/kg) via intraperitoneal route given at onset of disease followed by 3 times per week every other day (Monday. Wednesday and Friday) until the end of the experiment ENBREL. intraperitoneal route, given daily at onset of disease for 14 days After the onset of treatment, the mice were evaluated every other day 3 times a week and the seventy of paw swelling was subjectively graded for each paw on a scale of 0-4 with 0 = normal, 1 = minimal. 2 = mild, 3 = moderate, and 4 = severe A cumulative score was recorded for each animal (potential range 0- 16) The animals were terminated 38 days after the initiation of treatment Radiographs were take on of all four limbs to evaluate for joint lesions and the paws were collected for histopathology The seventy of disease as determined by clinical score for each group (mean -<- - standard deviation) was graphed and compared between groups The clinical scores taken on the last day were corroborated by histological and radiologic analysis of all four paws done at the terminus of the study The use of either ENBREL or anti-CDl l a antibody reduced the clinical scores compared to the control group (p<0 05) and the combination of anti-CDl la antibody and ENBREL improved the clinical scores compared to ENBREL alone (p<0 05) See Figure 1 EXAMPLE 2- Treatment of arthritis with an LFA-1 antagonist or a TNF antagonist In this example, arthritis was induced in DBA- lLacJ mice (Figure 2) or DBA- 1 J mice (Figure 3 ) which were then treated with anti-muπne CDl la antibody (Ml 7). ENBREL, or saline as a control These experiments were performed as described in Example 1 and the inset in Figure 2 and Figure 3 Treatment was initiated on day 48 or day 22 post immunization, the day of onset of arthritis m the experiments of Figure 2 and Figure 3 respectively The results presented in Figure 2 and Figure 3 show that anti-CDl l a antibody or ENBREL alone is effective in treating arthritis as evidenced by the reduction in clinical scores EXAMPLE 3- Treatment of arthritis with an LFA-1 antagonist and a TNF antagonist In this example, arthritis was induced in DBA-l LacJ mice (Figure 4) or DBA-1J mice (Figure 5) which were then treated with anti-muπne CDl l a antibody (Ml 7) alone. ENBREL alone, saline as a control, or a combination of Ml 7 and ENBREL These experiments were performed as described in Example 1 and in the inset in Figures 4 and 5 In Figure 4 treatment was initiated on day 40 post immunization M 17 was given at 160 ug. three times per week for the duration of the study For the combination therapy the mice received 50 ug Enbrel daily up to a total of 14 doses in one experiment, and for the duration of the study in another experiment In Figure 5. treatment was initiated on day 24 post immunization, the day of onset of arthritis Enbrel was administered everyday (qd) for 14 days, then every other day (qod). (Monday, Wednesday. Friday) until the end of the experiment As is evident from the results shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5, combination therapy with an LFA-1 antagonist and a TNF antagonist had a svnergistic effect over treatment w ith either antagonist alone, resulting in greater reduction in mean clinical scores to almost normal in this animal model In Examples 4-6 below, a test compound refers to an LFA-1 antagonist (e g . anti-CDl la antibody) or a TNF antagonist (e.g., ENBREL) The volumes, concentrations and time points are exemplary and can be varied as will be familiar to one of skill in the art EXAMPLE 4 - Articular cartilage explant assay This assay, discussed above under Assays/Models, examines both the synthetic and prophylactic potential of a test compound on the cartilage matrix This potential is determined both by stimulation of matrix synthesis and inhibition of matrix breakdown, as determined by (1 ) PG synthesis in the articular matrix, (2) Inhibition of PG release. (3) Inhibition of IL-l α induced breakdown, and (4) Inhibition of nitric oxide Articular cartilage explants The metacarpophalangeal joint of 4-6 month old female pigs is aseptically opened, and articular cartilage is dissected free of the underlying bone The cartilage is minced washed and cultured in bulk for at least 24 hours in a humidified atmosphere of 95% air and 5% C0 2 in serum free low glucose 50 50 DMEM F12 media with 0 1% BSA. l OOU/ml penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco). 2mM L-glutamine. lx GHT. 0 ImM MEM Sodium Pyruvate (Gibco). 20 μg/ml Gentamicin (Gibco). 1.25m L Amphotencin B (Sigma). 5μg/mL Vitamin E and lOμg/mL transferπn Approximately 50mg of articular cartilage is a quoted into Micronics tubes and incubated for at least 24 hours in above media before being changed into media without Vitamin E and transferπn Test proteins are then added Media is harvested and changed at various time points (e g.. 0. 24 48 72h) Measurement of proteoglycans DMMB is a dye that undergoes metachromasia (a change in color, in this case from blue to purple) upon binding to sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAG) the side-chains of proteoglycans The addition of sulfated proteoglycans to DMMB causes a decrease in the peak values at 590 and 660 nm with an increase in absorbance at 530 nm The amount of proteoglycans in media is determined by adding DMMB dye in a 96 well plate format, and the change in color is quantitated using a spectrophotometer (Spectramax 250) The DMMB assay is a well-accepted method to measure the amount of proteoglycans in cartilage cultures For this assay, a standard curve is prepared using chondroitin sulfate ranging from 0 0 to 5 0 μg The procedure has been adapted from the coloπmetπc assay described in Farndale and Buttle. Biochem Biopins /left? 883 173-177 (1986) Measurement of proteoglycan synthesis in articular cartilage explants After the media change at 48 hr Y-sulfate (to a final concentration of 10 μCi/ml) is added to the cartilage explants After an overnight incubation at 37°C. media is saved for measurements of nitric oxide or proteoglvcan content Cartilage pieces are washed two times using explant media 900 ul digestion buffer containing 10 mM EDTA, 0 1 M Sodium phosphate and 1 mg/ml protemase K (Gibco BRL) is added to each tube and incubated overnight in a 50°C water bath 600 μL of the digest is mixed with 600 μL of 10% w v cetylpvndmium chloride (Sigma) Samples aie spun at 1000 x g for 15 mm The supernatant is removed and 500 μL formic acid (Sigma) is added to the samples to dissolve the precipitate Solubilized pellets are transferred to scintillation vials containmg 10 ml scintillation fluid (ICN), and samples are read in a scintillation counter Measurement of nitric oxide (NO) 10 μL of 0 05 mg/ml 2,3-dιamιnonapthalene (DAN) m 0 62M HC1 is added to 100 μL media from cartilage explants Samples are mixed and incubated at room temperature for 10-20 minutes The reaction is terminated with 5 μL of 2 8 M NaOH The fluorescent product, 2,3-dιammonaphthotπazole, is measured using a Cytoflor fluorescent plate reader with excitation at 360 nm and emission read at 450 nm EXAMPLE 5 -Mouse Patellae Assay This assay determines the in vivo effect of an LFA-1 antagonist and a TNF antagonist (e g . anti-CDl l a antibody and ENBREL) on proteoglycan synthesis in the patellae of mice The patella is a verv useful model because it permits the evaluation of the effects of a test compound on cartilage which has not been removed from the underlying bone Moreover, the evaluation of localized ambular in injections offers virtually ideal experimental controls, since each animal has two patellae in separate and distinct regions of their body The procedure herein is adapted from the one outlined in Van den Berg et al Rheum Int \ 165-9 (1982) V ershure P J et al Ann Rheum Dis 53 455-460 (1994). and Van de Loo et al Arthit Rheum 38 164-172 ( 1995) This assay is discussed above under Assays/Models In the ex vivo treatment group, the patellae of mice are carefullv removed and incubated overnight in media with one of the following no additional factors (e g saline control) IL-1 e g , at 100 ng/ml ) anti- CDl la antibody or ENBREL IL-1 and anti-CDl la antibody or IL- 1 and ENBREL anti-CDl l a antibodv and ENBREL in combination, to look for the ability of the test compound(s) to inhibit the effects of IL-1 During the last 3 hours of the incubation, 30 _ Ci/ l 35 S-sulfur is added for 3 hours in a tissue culture incubator followed by three washings with PBS Samples are then fixed overnight in 10% formalin followed by decahng in 5% formic acid for at least 5 hours The cartilage is dissected away from the underlymg bone and placed in 500 1 of solvent and incubated at 60°C for 1 5 hours 10 ml of HIONIC-fluor is added to each tube and mixed thoroughly The solution is transferred into scintillation vials and Y uptake as a measure of PG synthesis is then determined on a scintillation counter In the in vivo treatment group, animals are separated into two subgroups and injected (e g , into knee joints) with the test compounds individually or in combination (e g , anti-CDl la antibody and ENBREL) into one knee The dosage and dosing regimen is varied to define the optimum conditions for treatment The patellae are then harvested and assayed as described above EXAMPLE 6 -Guinea pig model This guinea pig model is an accepted animal model for osteoarthπtis and is useful for measuring the effects of a test compound on both the stimulation of proteoglycan (PG) synthesis and inhibition of PG release from the cartilage matrix of the Dunkm Hartley (DH) Guinea Pig Male Dunkin Hartley guinea pigs are obtained from Charles River Laboratories (Wilmington. MA) and group-housed The animals are separated into treatment groups for sacrifice at 1 -2, 6 and 1 1 months of age The animals are treated with an the aforementioned antagonists alone or in combination, e g . as described in Example 1 Appropriate controls (e g , saline injection alone) are included At sacrifice, the metacarporphalangeal joints are aseptically dissected, and the articular cartilage is removed by free-hand slicing taking care so as to avoid the underlying bone The cartilage is minced, washed and cultured in bulk for at least 24 hours in a humidified amosphere of 95% air and 5% C0 2 in serum free (SF) LG DMEM/F12 media with 0 1% BSA, 100 U/ml penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco), 2 mM L-Glutamine, lx GHT, 0 1 mM MEM sodium pyruvate (Gibco), 20 μg/ml Genamicm (Gibco) and 1 25 mg/L Amphotercin B Articular cartilage is a quoted into Micronics tubes (approximately 55 mg per tube) and incubated for at least 24 hours in the above media The media is harvested and changed at vanous time points (0, 24, 48 and 72 hours) Proteoglycan release Media harvested at various time points is assayed for proteoglycan content using the 1.9- dimethylmethylene blue (DMB) coloπmetπc assay of Farndale and Buttle Biochem Bhιoph\s Ada 883 17"- 177 (1985) A standard curve is prepared of chondrottin sulfate ranging from 0 0 to 5 0 mg Measurement of proteoglycan synthesis After the media change at 48 hours, a final concentration of 10 mCi/ml 35 S is added to the cartilage explant culture After an additional 17 hours of incubation at 37°C. media is saved for subsequent PG and NO analysis Cartilage pieces are washed two times using explant media 900 μl digestion buffer containing 10 M EDTA, 0 1 M Sodium phosphate and 1 mg/ml protemase K (Gibco BRL) is added to each tube and incubated overnight in a 50°C water bath 600 μL of the digest is mixed with 600 μL of 10% w/v cetylpyndimum chloride (Sigma) Samples are spun at 1000 x g for 15 mm The supernatant is removed, and 500 μL formic acid (Sigma) is added to the samples to dissolve the precipitate Solubilized pellets are transferred to scintillation vials containing 10 ml scintillation fluid (ICN), and samples are read in a scintillation counter

Claims: Claims: I A method of treatmg an LFA-1 or a TNF-α mediated disorder, comprismg administering to a mammal in need thereof effective amounts of an LFA-1 antagonist and a TNF-α antagonist 2 A method of treating cartilage damage from injury or preventing initial or continued damage by a degenerative cartilagenous disorder or injury, compπsing contacting the cartilage with effective amounts of an LFA- 1 antagonist and a TNF-α antagonist 3 The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the disorder is a degenerative cartilagenous disorder 4 The method of claim 3 wherein the degenerative cartilagenous disorder is selected from the group consisting of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthπtis 5 The method of one of claims 1 -4, wherem the LFA-1 antagonist is an antι-LFA- 1 antibody , preferably an anti-CDl la antibody 6 The method of one of claims 1 -5, wherein the LFA-1 antagonist is a non T-cell depleting anti-CDl la antibody 7 The method of one of claims 1-6, wherem the TNF-α antagonist is an immunoadhesin 8 The method of one of claim 7 wherein the immunoadhesin is a fusion of at least a portion of a TNF- α binding protein and a portion of an immunoglobulin 9 The method of one of claim 8, wherein the TNF-α binding protein is a TNF-α receptor - IgG Fc fusion protein 10 A composition, comprising an LFA-1 antagonist and a TNF-α antagonist I I The composition of claim 10, wherein the LFA-1 antagonist is an antι-LFA-1 antibody 12 The composition of claim 1 1 , wherem the anti-LFA- 1 antibody is an anti-CDl 1 a antibody 13 The composition of claim 12, wherem the an anti-CDl la antibody is a non T-cell depleting antibody 14 The composition of claim 10, wherem the TNF-α antagonist is an immunoadhesin 15 The composition of claim 14, wherein the immunoadhesin is a fusion of at least a portion of a TNF- α binding protein and a portion of an immunoglobulin 16 The composition of claim 15, wherein the TNF-α binding protein is a TNF-α receptor - IgG Fc fusion protein

Inventors: LEE WYNE PUN, TUMAS DANIEL B, LEE, WYNE, PUN, TUMAS, DANIEL, B.
Applicants: GENENTECH INC, LEE WYNE PUN, TUMAS DANIEL B, GENENTECH, INC., LEE, WYNE, PUN, TUMAS, DANIEL, B.
Application year: 2000
Main classification: A61K39
IPC codes: A61K38, A61K39, A61K45, A61P1, A61P3, A61P5, A61P7, A61P9, A61P11, A61P13, A61P17, A61P19, A61P21, A61P25, A61P27, A61P29, A61P31, A61P37, C07K16