FOOD INTAKE RESTRICTION APPARATUS WITH WIRELESS ENERGY TRANSMISSION

Abstract: A food intake restriction apparatus for an obese patient comprises an energy transmission means for wireless transmission of energy of a first form from outside the patient's body, an implantable operable restriction device for engaging the stomach or the esophagus of the patient to form an upper small pouch of the stomach and a restricted stoma opening in the stomach or esophagus. The restriction device is operable in response to energy of a second form different than the energy of the first form to vary the restricted stoma. An energy transforming means is implantable in the patient for transforming energy of the first form transmitted by the energy transmission means into energy of the second form.

Description: FOOD INTAKE RESTRICTION APPARATUS WITH WIRELESS ENERGY TRANSMISSION The present invention relates to a food intake restriction apparatus. More specifically, the invention relates to a food intake restriction apparatus for surgical application in the abdomen of a patient for forming a restricted stoma opening in the stomach or esophagus. The term "patient" includes an animal or a human being . Food intake restriction apparatus in the form of a gastric banding device, in which a band encircles a portion of a patient's stomach to restrict the food intake of the patient, have been used in surgery for morbid obesity to form a small gastric pouch above the band and a reduced stoma opening in the stomach. Although such a band is applied around the stomach to obtain an optimal stoma opening during surgery, some prior gastric banding devices are provided with an adjustment means enabling a minor post-operation adjustment of the size of the stoma opening. In all such prior art devices such as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,592,339, European Patent No. 0611561 and International Patent Application WO 94/27504, the adjustment means typically comprises an inflatable cavity in the band and an injection port in fluid connection with the inflatable cavity for adding fluid to or withdrawing fluid from the latter. In practice, the band is made of silicone rubber which is a material approved for implantation and the fluid is a liquid such as an isotonic salt solution. It has also been found that the volume of the gastric pouch above the band increases in size up to ten times after operation. Therefore the pouch volume during surgery needs to be very small, approximately 7 ml . To enable the patient to feed the stomach with sufficient nutrition immediately after an operation considering such a small gastric pouch, the stoma initially needs to be relatively large and later needs to be substantially reduced, as the pouch volume increases. To be able to achieve a significant range of adjustment of the band, the cavity in the band has to be relatively large and is defined by a thin flexible wall, normally made of silicone material. Furthermore, the size of the stoma opening has to be gradually reduced during the first year after surgery as the gastric pouch increases in size. As indicated above, the reduction of the stoma opening using the prior art devices is achieved by adding liquid to the cavity of the band via the injection port to expand the band radially inwardly. A great disadvantage of repeatedly injecting liquid via the injection port is the increased risk of the patient getting an infection in the body area surrounding the injection port. If such an infection occurs the injection port has to be surgically removed from the patient. Moreover, such an infection might be spread along the tube interconnecting the injection port and the band to the stomach, causing even more serious complications. Thus, the stomach might be infected where it is in contact with the band, which might result in the band migrating through the wall of the stomach. Also, it is uncomfortable for the patient when the necessary, often many, post-operation adjustments of the stoma opening are carried out using an injection needle penetrating the skin of the patient into the injection port. It may happen that the patient swallows pieces of food too large to pass through the restricted stoma opening. If that occurs the patient has to visit a doctor who can remove the food pieces, if the band design so permits, by withdrawing some liquid from the band to enlarge the stoma opening to allow the food pieces to pass the stoma. Then, the doctor has to add liquid to the band in order to regain the restricted stoma opening. Again, these measures require the use of an injection needle penetrating the skin of the patient, which is uncomfortable for the patient. The object of the present invention is to provide a new convenient food intake restriction apparatus for forming a stoma opening in the stomach or esophagus of a patient which is easy to adjust and does not require the use of an injection needle for accomplishing post-operation adjustments of the stoma opening . Accordingly, the present invention provides a food intake restriction apparatus comprising: An energy transmission means for wireless transmission of energy of a first form from outside a patient's body. An implantable operable restriction device for engaging the stomach or esophagus to form a restricted stoma opening in the stomach or esophagus, the device operable in response to energy of a second form different than the energy of the first form to vary the restricted stoma opening. And, an implantable energy transforming means for transforming energy of the first form transmitted by the energy transmission means into the energy of the second form. As a result, the advantage is achieved that the food intake restriction apparatus of the invention provides simple and effective energy transmission which ensures an extended and reliable functionality of the apparatus, possibly for the rest of the patient's natural life, and at least many years. Preferably, the energy transforming means comprises at least one element having a positive region and a negative region, and adapted to create an energy field between the positive and negative regions when exposed to the energy of the first form transmitted by the energy transmission means, so that the energy field produces the energy of the second form. Alternatively, at least one semiconductor circuitry, transistor circuitry or microchip may be substituted for the element having positive and negative regions . Such a semiconductor circuitry, transistor circuitry or microchip is adapted to create an energy field when exposed to the energy of the first form wirelessly transmitted by the energy transmission means, whereby the energy field provides the energy of the second form. The restriction device preferably controls the size of the stoma opening in the stomach or esophagus, which gives the advantage that the patient can be permitted to temporarily increase the size of the stoma opening in case pieces of food get stuck in the stoma opening. It would be very difficult for the patient to remove a stuck food piece if the patient were unable to enlarge the size of the stoma opening. Advantageously, the restriction device is directly operated with the energy of the second form, preferably in a non-magnetic and/or non-mechanical manner, as the energy transmission means transmits the energy of a first form. The restriction device may be directly operated with the energy of the second form without externally touching subcutaneously implanted components of the apparatus . The advantage of directly using energy as it is transmitted is that the apparatus can be of a very simple design and the few components involved makes the apparatus extremely reliable. The restriction device may be non-inflatable, i.e. with no hydraulic or pneumatic fluid involved for the adjustments of the restriction device. This eliminates problems with fluid leaking from the restriction device. In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, the element comprises an electrical junction element, and the electrical junction element is capable of inducing an electric field between the positive and negative regions when exposed to the energy of the first form transmitted by the energy transmission means, whereby the energy of the second form comprises electric energy. Consequently, the restriction device suitably is electrically operated, whereby the positive and negative regions of the electrical junction element supply electric energy for the operation of the restriction device. The apparatus suitably comprises implanted electric conductors connected to the positive and negative regions of the electrical junction element, whereby the electrical junction element is capable of supplying an electric current, such as a direct current, a pulsating direct current, a combination of a direct and pulsating direct current, an alternating current or a combination of a direct and alternating current, via the conductors. Furthermore, the electrical junction element may be capable of supplying a frequency, amplitude, or frequency and amplitude modulated analog, digital, or a combination of analog and digital signal, which is used in connection with control of the restriction device. The element, preferably in the form of an electrical semiconductor junction element, suitably forms a flat and thin sheet and has a volume of less than 2000 cm 3 to be suited for subcutaneous implantation, so that the electrical junction element can be located just behind the skin of the patient. The electrical junction element should be designed to generate an output current exceeding 1 μA when exposed to the energy of the first form transmitted by the energy transmission means. Of course, all the components of the energy transforming means including the electrical junction element in contact with the patient's body should be of a biocompatible material. Alternatively, it would be possible to implant the energy transforming means in the thorax or cephal region of the patient, or in an orifice of the patient's body and under the mucosa or intraluminar outside the mucosa of the orifice. For in vi tro appliances, a particular type of an electrical semiconductor junction element has been commonly used, namely a so called p-n (positive/negative) junction element, typically in the form of solar cells. A solar cell transforms solar energy in the form of visible light into electric energy in the form of direct current. For example, a p-n junction element may comprise two layers of semiconductor, one p-type (positive) and the other n-type (negative) , sandwiched together to form a "p-n junction" . This p-n junction induces an electric field across the element when absorbing quanta of light (photons) . To be more precise, the quanta of light transform their energy to some of the semiconductor's electrons, which are then able to move about through the material . For each such negatively charged electron, a corresponding positive charge - a "hole" - is created. In an ordinary semiconductor, these electrons and holes recombine after a short time and their energy is wasted as heat. However, when the electrons and holes are swept across the p-n junction in opposite directions by the action of the electric field, the separation of charge induces a voltage across the p-n junction element. By connecting the p-n junction element to an external circuit, the electrons are able to flow thereby creating a current. Surprisingly, it has been proved that although both the skin and subcutis absorb energy from an external light beam directed against the skin portion behind which a properly designed p-n junction element is located, the light energy transmitted through the skin can induce a current from the p-n junction element strong enough (minimum 1 μA) to enable the operation of the electrically operated restriction device. Thus, such a p-n junction element is now for the first time used for in vivo applications. However, the apparatus of the present invention is not limited to the use of visible light for the wireless transmission of energy. Thus, in accordance with a broad aspect of the invention, the energy transmission means is adapted to transmit energy by at least one wireless signal, preferably containing radiant energy. The wireless signal may comprises a wave signal, for example an electromagnetic wave signal, such as an infrared light signal, a visible light signal, an ultra violet light signal, a laser signal, a micro wave signal, a radio wave signal, an x-ray radiation signal, and a gamma radiation signal. Where applicable, one or more of the above signals may be combined. Alternatively, the wave signal may comprise a sound wave signal, such as an ultrasonic signal. Generally, the wireless signal may comprise a digital, analog or a digital and analog signal. The energy of the first form transmitted by the energy transmission means may comprise an electric or magnetic field transmitted in pulses, for example digital pulses. Furthermore, the energy transforming means may transform the energy of the first form, which may comprise polarized energy, into a direct current, pulsating direct current, a combination of a direct and pulsating direct current, an alternating current or a combination of a direct and alternating current. Alternatively, the energy of the first form may comprise kinetic energy. The energy of the second form may comprise a frequency, amplitude or frequency and amplitude modulated analog, digital or combined analog and digital signal . The apparatus may further comprise an implantable pulse generator for generating electrical pulses from the energy of the second form produced by the energy field created by the element having positive and negative regions. In accordance with another embodiment of the invention, the apparatus comprises an implantable operation means for operating the restriction device and a control means for controlling the operation means, wherein the element powers the operation means with the energy of the second form. The operation means preferably comprises a motor, for example an electric linear motor or an electric rotary motor which is controlled by the control means to rotate a desired number of revolutions . The electric motor may have electrically conductive parts made of plastics. Alternatively, the motor may comprise a hydraulic or pneumatic fluid motor, wherein the control means controls the fluid flow through the fluid motor. Motors currently available on the market are getting smaller and smaller. Furthermore, there is a great variety of control methods and miniaturized control equipment available. For example, a number of revolutions of a rotary motor may be analyzed by a Hall-element just a few mm in size. In accordance with another embodiment of the invention, the restriction device comprises hydraulic means and the operation means comprises a pump for pumping a fluid in the hydraulic means, a motor for driving the pump, a valveless fluid conduit between the pump and the hydraulic means of the restriction device, and a reservoir for fluid, wherein the reservoir forms part of the conduit. All of the hydraulic components involved are preferably devoid of any non-return valve. This is of great advantage, because with valves involved there is always a risk of malfunction due to improperly working valves, especially when long time periods passes between valve operations . The reservoir may form a fluid chamber with a variable volume, and the pump may distribute fluid from the chamber to the hydraulic means of the restriction device by reduction of the volume of the chamber and withdraws fluid from the hydraulic means to the chamber by expansion of the volume of the chamber. The control means may reverse the operation means by shifting polarity of the energy of the second form. Where the operation means comprises an electric motor the energy of the second form suitably comprises electric energy. In accordance with yet another embodiment of the invention, the restriction device is operable to perform a reversible function, such as enlarging and restricting the restriction opening, and there is an implantable reversing device for reversing the function performed by the restriction device. Such a reversing function preferably involves enlarging and restricting the stoma opening by the restriction device, suitably in a stepless manner. In this connection, the control means suitably controls the reversing device, which may include a switch, to reverse the function performed by the restriction device. The reversing device may comprise hydraulic means including a valve for shifting the flow direction of a fluid in the hydraulic means. Alternatively, the reversing device may comprise a mechanical reversing device, such as a switch or a gear box. Where the reversing device comprises a switch the control means suitably controls the operation of the switch by shifting polarity of energy supplied to the switch. The switch may comprise an electric switch and the source of energy may supply electric energy for the operation of the switch. In accordance with an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the apparatus further comprises an implantable energy storage device for storing the energy of the second form and for supplying energy in connection with the operation of the restriction device. The energy storage device preferably comprises an electric source of energy, such as an accumulator, a rechargeable battery or a combination of an accumulator and rechargeable battery. The apparatus may further comprise an implantable switch for switching the operation of the restriction device and an implantable source of energy. This embodiment is particularly suited for applications where the energy transmission efficiency of the apparatus is insufficient, i . e . where the restriction device is to perform more advanced operations. Such a source of energy preferably is a battery. Alternatively, the source of energy is an accumulator which also may store the energy of the second form. In accordance with a first alternative, the switch is operated by the energy of the second form supplied by the energy storage device to switch from an off mode, in which the source of energy is not in use, to an on mode, in which the source of energy supplies energy for the operation of the restriction device. In this case, the source of energy may comprise a battery, preferably having a life-time of at least 10 years, or an accumulator. However, other kinds of sources are also conceivable, such as a nuclear source of energy or a chemical source of energy. In accordance with a second alternative, the apparatus further comprises a remote control for controlling the supply of energy of the source of energy, wherein the switch is operated by the energy of the second form supplied by the energy storage device to switch from an off mode, in which the remote control is prevented from controlling the source of energy and the source of energy is not in use, to a standby mode, in which the remote control is permitted to control the source of energy to supply energy for the operation of the restriction device. In accordance with a third alternative, the energy storage device is omitted, wherein the switch is operated by the energy of the second form supplied by the energy transforming means to switch from an off mode, in which the remote control is prevented from controlling the source of energy and the source of energy is not in use, to a standby mode, in which the remote control is permitted to control the source of energy to supply energy for the operation of the restriction device. In accordance with a fourth alternative, also the remote control is omitted, wherein the switch is operated by the energy of the second form supplied by the energy transforming means to switch from an off mode, in which the source of energy is not in use, to an on mode, in which the source of energy supplies energy for the operation of the restriction device. Where applicable, in the described embodiments the switch may switch when the energy transmission means is transmitting wireless energy, preferably while the transformed energy of the second form is stabilized by an implanted capacitor, which may temporarily (for a few seconds) store the energy of the second form. The switch mentioned above may comprise an electronic switch or, where applicable, a mechanical switch. The advantage of using a switch above all is increased control safety, i.e. interfering signals in the patient's surroundings cannot affect the implanted restriction device. Furthermore, the lifetime of the implanted source of energy will be significantly prolonged, since the energy consumption of the apparatus will be reduced to a minimum. During the above mentioned standby mode, the remote control uses energy from the implanted source of energy. By means of the energy transmission means energy may be transmitted to activate the switch to connect the implanted source of energy only when energy is required in connection with the operation of the restriction device . All of the above embodiments may be combined with at least one implantable sensor for sensing at least one physical parameter of the patient, wherein the control means may control the restriction device in response to signals from the sensor. For example, the sensor may comprise a pressure sensor for directly or indirectly sensing the pressure against the restriction device, human tissue or in the stomach or esophagus. The pressure sensor may be any suitable known or conventional pressure sensor such as shown in U.S. patents 5,540,731, 4,846,181, 4,738,267, 4,571,749, 4,407,296 or 3,939,823; or an NPC-102 Medical Angioplasty Sensor. The control means may comprise an implantable internal control unit for, preferably directly, controlling the restriction device in response to signals from the sensor. In response to signals from the sensor, for example pressure, the patient's position or any other important physical parameter, the internal control unit may send information thereon to outside the patient's body. The control unit may also automatically control the restriction device in response to signals from the sensor. For example, the control unit may control the restriction device to further restrict the stoma opening in the patient's stomach in response to the sensor sensing that the patient is lying, or enlarge the stoma opening in response to the sensor sensing an abnormally high pressure against the restriction device . Alternatively, the control means may comprise an external control unit outside the patient's body for, suitably directly, controlling the restriction device in response to signals from the sensor. The external control unit may store information on the physical parameter sensed by the sensor and may be manually operated to control the restriction device based on the stored information. In addition, there may be at least one implantable sender for sending information on the physical parameter sensed by the sensor. An external data communicator may be provided outside the patient ' s body and an internal data communicator may be implanted in the patient for communicating with the external communicator. When implanted, the internal data communicator may feed data related to the patient, or related to the implanted restriction device, back to the external data communicator. Alternatively or in combination, the external data communicator may feed data to the internal data communicator. The internal data communicator may suitably feed data related to at least one physical signal of the patient . The arrangement of external and internal data communicators gives the advantage, among other things, that a long term control of activities related to the implanted restriction device is achieved. The apparatus may further comprise an implantable programmable control unit for controlling the restriction device, preferably over time in accordance with an activity schedule program. This will advance the apparatus and make possible an adaptation of the apparatus to the individual patients . All of the above embodiments are preferably remote controlled. Thus, the apparatus advantageously comprises a wireless remote control transmitting at least one wireless control signal for controlling the restriction device. With such a remote control it will be possible for a doctor to readily adapt the function of the apparatus to the patient's need, which is beneficial with respect to the treatment of the patient in the long run. The wireless remote control may be capable of obtaining information on the condition of the implanted restriction device and of controlling the restriction device in response to the information. Also, The remote control may be capable of sending information related to the restriction device from inside the patient's body to the outside thereof. In a particular embodiment of the invention, the wireless remote control comprises at least one external signal transmitter or transceiver and at least one implantable signal receiver or transceiver. In another particular embodiment of the invention, the wireless remote control comprises at least one external signal receiver or transceiver and at least one implantable internal signal transmitter or transceiver. The wireless remote control may transmit a carrier signal for carrying the control signal, wherein the carrier signal is frequency, amplitude or frequency and amplitude modulated and is digital, analog or digital and analog. Also the control signal used with the carrier signal may be frequency, amplitude or frequency and amplitude modulated. The control signal may comprise a wave signal, for example, a sound wave signal, such as an ultrasound wave signal, an electromagnetic wave signal, such as an infrared light signal, a visible light signal, an ultra violet light signal, a laser signal, a micro wave signal, a radio wave signal, an x-ray radiation signal, or a gamma radiation signal. Where applicable, two or more of the above signals may be combined. The control signal may be digital or analog, and may comprise an electric or magnetic field. Suitably, the wireless remote control may transmit an electromagnetic carrier wave signal for carrying the digital or analog control signal . For example, use of an analog carrier wave signal carrying a digital control signal would give safe communication. The control signal may be transmitted in pulses by the wireless remote control . The energy transforming means of the apparatus may be implanted, for example subcutaneously, in the abdomen, thorax or cephal region, or other locations in the patient's body. The present invention also provides an implanting method, comprising the steps of providing a food intake restriction apparatus as described above, cutting an opening in a patient's mucosa in an orifice of the patient's body, and implanting the energy transforming means in the patient ' s body through the opening. Alternatively, the cutting step may comprise cutting an opening in the patient ' s skin and the implanting step may comprise implanting the energy transforming means in the patient's body through the opening. In Furthermore, the present invention provides a laparoscopic surgical method of implanting a food intake restriction apparatus, comprising the steps of: a) Placing at least two laparoscopic trocars within the patient's body, c) Using at least one disseting tool inserted through the laparoscopic trocars, dissecting the region of the esophagus or stomach, d) Introducing the restriction device through the trocars, e) Placing a restriction device of the apparatus in the dissected area in engagement with the esophapus or stomach to create a restricted stoma. And f) implanting an energy transforming means of the apparatus for transforming wireless energy into energy of a form suited for operating the restriction device. The method as recited in (a) - (f) may further comprise postoperatively adjusting the restricted stoma in a non-invasive procedure. The present invention is described in more detail in the following with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which FIGURES 1 to 12 are schematic block diagrams illustrating twelve embodiments, respectively, of the food intake restriction apparatus of the invention, in which wireless energy is transmitted from outside a patient ' s body to energy consuming components of the apparatus implanted in the patient; FIGURE 13 is a schematic block diagram illustrating conceivable combinations of implanted components for achieving various communication options; FIGURE 14 illustrates an electrical junction element for use in the apparatus of the present invention; and FIGURE 15 illustrates the apparatus in accordance with the invention implanted in a patient . Referring to the drawing figures, like reference numerals designate identical or corresponding elements throughout the several figures. FIGURE 1 schematically shows a very simple embodiment of the food intake restriction apparatus of the invention having some parts implanted in a patient and other parts located outside the patient's body. Thus, in FIGURE 1 all parts placed to the right of the patient ' s skin 2 are implanted and all parts placed to the left of the skin 2 are located outside the patient's body. The apparatus of FIGURE 1 comprises an implanted operable restriction device 4, which engages the patient's stomach (or esophagus) to form an upper pouch of the stomach and a restricted stoma opening in the stomach. The restriction device 4 is capable of performing a reversible function, i.e. to enlarge and reduce the stoma opening . An implanted energy transforming means 6 is adapted to supply energy consuming components of the restriction device 4 with energy via a power supply line 12. An external energy transmission means 10 includes a wireless remote control transmitting a wireless signal which is received by a signal receiver incorporated in the implanted energy transforming means 6. The implanted energy transforming means 6 transforms energy from the signal into electric energy which is supplied via the power supply line 12 to the restriction device 4, which energy causes portions of the device 4 to move and thus adjust the stoma opening. FIGURE 2 shows an embodiment of the invention identical to that of FIGURE 1, except that a reversing device in the form of an electric switch 14 also is implanted in the patient for reversing the restriction device 4. The wireless remote control of the external energy transmission means 10 transmits a wireless signal that carries energy and the implanted energy transforming means 6 transforms the wireless energy into a current for operating the switch 14. When the polarity of the current is shifted by the energy transforming means 6 the switch 14 reverses the function performed by the restriction device 4. FIGURE 3 shows an embodiment of the invention identical to that of FIGURE 1, except that an operation means in the form of a motor 15 for operating the restriction device 4 also is implanted in the patient. The motor 15 is powered with energy from the energy transforming means 6, as the remote control of the external energy transmission means 10 transmits a wireless signal to the receiver of the energy transforming means 6. FIGURE 4 shows an embodiment of the invention identical to that of FIGURE 1, except that an assembly 16 including a motor/pump unit 18 and a fluid reservoir 20 also is implanted in the patient . In this case the restriction device 4 is hydraulically operated, i.e. hydraulic fluid is pumped by the motor/pump unit 18 from the reservoir 20 through a conduit 22 to the restriction device 4 to reduce the size of the stoma opening, and hydraulic fluid is pumped by the motor/pump unit 18 back from the restriction device 4 to the reservoir 20 to enlarge the size of the stoma opening. The implanted energy transforming means unit 6 transforms wireless energy into a current for powering the motor/pump unit 18 via an electric power supply line 24. FIGURE 5 shows an embodiment of the invention comprising the external energy transmission means 10 with its wireless remote control, the restriction device 4, in this case hydraulically operated, and the implanted energy transforming means 6, and further comprising an implanted hydraulic fluid reservoir 30, an implanted motor/pump unit 32 and an implanted reversing device in the form of a hydraulic valve shifting device 34. The motor of the motor/pump unit 32 is an electric motor. In response to a control signal from the wireless remote control of the external energy transmission means 10, the implanted energy transforming means 6 powers the motor/pump unit 32 with energy from the energy carried by the control signal, whereby the motor/pump unit 32 distributes hydraulic fluid between the reservoir 30 and the restriction device 4. The remote control of the energy transmission means 10 controls the shifting device 34 to shift the hydraulic fluid flow direction between one direction in which the fluid is pumped by the motor/pump unit 32 from the reservoir 30 to the restriction device 4 to reduce the size of the stoma opening, and another opposite direction in which the fluid is pumped by the motor/pump unit 32 back from the restriction device 4 to the reservoir 30 to enlarge the size of the stoma opening. FIGURE 6 shows an embodiment of the invention identical to that of FIGURE 1, except that a control unit 36 controlled by the wireless remote control of the external energy transmission means 10, an accumulator 38 and a capacitor 40 also are implanted in the patient. The control unit 36 stores electric energy received from the energy transforming means 6 in the accumulator 38, which supplies energy to the restriction device 4. In response to a control signal from the wireless remote control of the energy transmission means 10, the control unit 6 either releases electric energy from the accumulator 38 and transforms the released energy via power lines 42 and 44, or directly transforms electric energy from the energy transforming means 6 via a power line 46, the capacitor 40, which stabilizes the electric current, a power line 48 and the power line 44, for the operation of the restriction device 4. In accordance with one alternative, the capacitor 40 in the embodiment of FIGURE 6 may be omitted. In accordance with another alternative, the accumulator 38 in this embodiment may be omitted. FIGURE 7 shows an embodiment of the invention identical to that of FIGURE 1, except that a battery 50 for supplying energy for the operation of the restriction device 4 and an electric switch 52 for switching the operation of the restriction device 4 also are implanted in the patient. The switch 52 is operated by the energy supplied by the energy transforming means 6 to switch from an off mode, in which the battery 50 is not in use, to an on mode, in which the battery 50 supplies energy for the operation of the restriction device 4. FIGURE 8 shows an embodiment of the invention identical to that of FIGURE 7, except that a control unit 36 controllable by the wireless remote control of the external energy transmission means 10 also is implanted in the patient. In this case, the switch 52 is operated by the energy supplied by the energy transforming means 6 to switch from an off mode, in which the wireless remote control is prevented from controlling the control unit 36 and the battery is not in use, to a standby mode, in which the remote control is permitted to control the control unit 36 to release electric energy from the battery 50 for the operation of the restriction device 4. FIGURE 9 shows an embodiment of the invention identical to that of FIGURE 8, except that an accumulator 38 is substituted for the battery 50 and the implanted components are interconnected differently. In this case, the accumulator 38 stores energy from the energy transforming means 6. In response to a control signal from the wireless remote control of the external energy transmission means 10, the implanted control unit 36 controls the switch 52 to switch from an off mode, in which the accumulator 38 is not in use, to an on mode, in which the accumulator 38 supplies energy for the operation of the restriction device 4. FIGURE 10 shows an embodiment of the invention identical to that of FIGURE 9, except that a battery 50 also is implanted in the patient and the implanted components are interconnected differently. In response to a control signal from the wireless remote control of the external energy transmission means 10, the implanted control unit 36 controls the accumulator 38 to deliver energy for operating the switch 52 to switch from an off mode, in which the battery 50 is not in use, to an on mode, in which the battery 50 supplies electric energy for the operation of the restriction device 4. Alternatively, the switch 52 may be operated by energy supplied by the accumulator 38 to switch from an off mode, in which the wireless remote control is prevented from controlling the battery 50 to supply electric energy and is not in use, to a standby mode, in which the wireless remote control is permitted to control the battery 50 to supply electric energy for the operation of the restriction device 4. FIGURE 11 shows an embodiment of the invention identical to that of FIGURE 7, except that a motor 15, a mechanical reversing device in the form of a gear box 54 and a control unit 36 for controlling the gear box 54 also are implanted in the patient. The implanted control unit 36 controls the gear box 54 to reverse the function performed by the restriction device 4 (mechanically operated) . FIGURE 12 shows an embodiment of the invention identical to that of FIGURE 10 except that the implanted components are interconnected differently. Thus, in this case the control unit 36 is powered with the battery 50 when the accumulator 38, suitably a capacitor, activates the switch 52 to switch to an on mode. When the switch 52 is in its on mode the control unit 36 is permitted to control the battery 50 to supply, or not supply, energy for the operation of the restriction device 4. FIGURE 13 schematically shows conceivable combinations of implanted components of the apparatus for achieving various communication options. Basically, there are the implanted restriction device 4, control unit 36 and motor/pump unit 18, and the external energy transmission means 10 including the external wireless remote control. As already described above the wireless remote control transmits a control signal which is received by the implanted control unit 36, which in turn controls the various implanted components of the apparatus . A sensor 56 may be implanted in the patient for sensing a physical parameter of the patient, such as the pressure in the stomach. The implanted control unit 36, or alternatively the external wireless remote control of the energy transmission means 10, may control the restriction device 4 in response to signals from the sensor 56. A tranceiver may be combined with the sensor 56 for sending information on the sensed physical parameter to the external wireless remote control. The wireless remote control may comprise a signal transmitter or transceiver and the implanted control unit 36 may comprise a signal receiver or transceiver. Alternatively, the wireless remote control may comprise a signal receiver or transceiver and the implanted τι control unit 36 may comprise a signal transmitter or transceiver. The above transceivers, transmitters and receivers may be used for sending information or data related to the restriction device 4 from inside the patient's body to the outside thereof. Where the motor/pump unit 18 and battery 50 for powering the motor/pump unit 18 are implanted, the battery 50 may be equipped with a tranceiver for sending information on the condition of the battery 50. Those skilled in the art will realize that the above various embodiments according to FIGURES 1-13 could be combined in many different ways. For example, the energy operated switch 14 could be incorporated in any of the embodiments of FIGURES 3,6-12, the hydraulic shifting device 34 could be incorporated in the embodiment of FIGURE 4 , and the gear box 54 could be incorporated in the embodiment of FIGURE 3. FIGURE 14 shows an energy transforming means in the form of an electrical junction element 58 for use in any of the above embodiments according to FIGURES 1-13. The element 58 is a flat p-n junction element comprising a p-type semiconductor layer 60 and an n-type semiconductor layer 62 sandwiched together. A light bulb 64 is electrically connected to opposite sides of the element 58 to illustrate how the generated current is obtained. The output of current from such a p-n junction element 58 is correlated to the temperature. See the formula below. I = 10 (exp(qV/kT) -1) where I is the external current flow, 10 is the reverse saturation current, q is the fundamental electronic charge of 1.602 x 10-19 coulombs, V is the applied voltage, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the absolute temperature . Under large negative applied voltage (reverse bias) , the exponential term becomes negligible compared to 1.0, and I is approximately -10. 10 is strongly dependent on the temperature of the junction and hence on the intrinsic-carrier concentration. 10 is larger for materials with smaller bandgaps than for those with larger bandgaps. The rectifier action of the diode -- that is, its restriction of current flow to only one direction -- is in this particular embodiment the key to the operation of the p-n junction element 58. An alternative way to design a p-n junction element is to deposit a thin layer of semiconductor onto a supporting material which does not absorb the kind of energy utilized in the respective embodiments. For use with wirelessly transmitted energy in terms of light waves, glass could be a suitable material . Various materials may be used in the semiconductor layers such as but not limited to cadmium telluride, copper- indium-diselenide and silicon. It is also possible to use a multilayer structure with several layers of p and n-type materials to improve efficiency. The electric energy generated by the p-n junction element 58 could be of the same type as generated by solar cells, in which the negative and positive fields create a direct current. Alternatively, the negative and positive semiconductor layers may change polarity following the transmitted waves, thereby generating an alternating current . The p-n junction element 58 is designed to make it suited for implantation. Thus, all the external surfaces of the element 58 in contact with the human body are made of a biocompatible material. The p-n junction semiconductors are designed to operate optimally at a body temperature of 37°C because the current output, which should be more than 1 μA, is significantly depending on temperature as shown above . Since both the skin and subcutis absorb energy, the relation between the sensitivity or working area of the element 58 and the intensity or strength of the wireless energy transmission is considered. The p-n junction element 58 preferably is designed flat and small. Alternatively, if the element 58 is made in larger sizes it should be flexible, in order to adapt to the patient ' s body movements . The volume of the element 58 should be kept less than 2000 cm 3 . FIGURE 15 generally illustrates how any of the above- described embodiments of the food intake restriction apparatus of the invention may be implanted in a patient. Thus, a restriction device 4 implanted in a patient engages the stomach 66 to form a a small upper pouch 67 of the stomach and a restricted stoma opening in the stomach. An implanted operation means 68, which may also be referred to as an adjustment device, such as an electric motor or a motor/pump assembly, operates the restriction device 4 through a transmission member 70, such as a mechanical transmission cord or a fluid tube. An energy transforming means in the form of an element 6 having a positive region and a negative region, as described above in more detail, is placed underneath the skin of the patient . Wireless energy carried by a signal transmitted by a wireless remote control of an external energy transmission means 10 at least partly penetrates the patient's skin and hits the element 6. The energy thus hitting the element 6 is transformed into energy of a different form that is suited for powering the operation means 68. For example, where the operation means 68 is an electric motor the element 6 comprises an electric p-n junction element that transforms the wireless energy into an electric current for powering the electric motor. Where the operation means 68 comprises a pump, the element 6 may transform the wireless energy into kinetic energy for powering the pump. The transformred energy may be utilized for directly operating the restriction device 4 or, where the restriction device 4 is electrically operated, for storage in a capacitor and/or an accumulator for later or parallel use. Preferably (but not necessarily) the element 6 is controlled by a microprocessor. The wireless remote control of the external energy transmission means 10 is used to control the utilization of the transmitted energy and any function or command to/from the implanted restriction device 4.

Claims: CLAIMS 1. A food intake restriction apparatus for an obese patient, comprising an energy transmission means for wireless transmission of energy of a first form from outside the patient's body, an implantable operable restriction device for engaging the stomach or the esophagus to form an upper small pouch of the stomach and a restricted stoma opening in the stomach or esophagus, the device operable in response to energy of a second form different than the energy of the first form to vary the restricted stoma opening, and ' an implantable energy transforming means for transforming energy of the first form wirelessly transmitted by the energy transmission means into energy of the second form. 2. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the energy transforming means comprises at least one element having a positive region and a negative region, and creating an energy field between the positive and negative regions when exposed to the energy of the first form transmitted by the energy transmission means, so that the energy field produces the energy of the second form. 3. An apparatus according to claim 2 , wherein the element comprises an electrical junction element, and the electrical junction element is capable of inducing an electric field between the positive and negative regions when exposed to the energy of the first form transmitted by the energy transmission means, whereby the energy of the second form comprises electric energy. 4. An apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the restriction device is electrically operated, and the positive and negative regions of the electrical junction element supply electric energy for the operation of the restriction device. 5. An apparatus according to claim 4, further comprising electric conductors connected to the positive and negative regions of the electrical junction element, whereby the electrical junction element is capable of supplying an electric current via the conductors . 6. An apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the electrical junction element is capable of supplying a direct current or pulsating direct current via the conductors. 7. An apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the electrical junction element is capable of supplying an alternating current or a combination of a direct and alternating current via the conductors . 8. An apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the electrical junction element is capable of supplying a frequency or amplitude modulated signal . 9. An apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the electrical junction element is capable of supplying an analog or digital signal . 10. An apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising an implantable operation means for operating the restriction device, wherein the energy transforming means powers the operation means with the energy of the second form. 11. An apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the operation means comprise a motor. 12. An apparatus according to claim 11, further comprising a control means, wherein the motor comprises a rotary motor, and the control means controls the rotary motor to rotate a desired number of revolutions . 13. An apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the motor comprises a linear motor. 14. An apparatus according to claim 11, further comprising a control means, wherein the motor comprises a hydraulic or pneumatic fluid motor, and the control means controls the fluid motor. 15. An apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the motor comprises an electric motor having electrically conductive parts made of plastics. 16. An apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the restriction device comprises hydraulic means and the operation means comprises a pump for pumping a fluid in the hydraulic means. 17. An apparatus according to claim 16, wherein the operation means comprises a motor for driving the pump . 18. An apparatus according to claim 16, wherein the operation means comprises a fluid conduit between the pump and the hydraulic means of the restriction device, and a reservoir for fluid, the reservoir forming part of the conduit. 19. An apparatus according to claim 18, wherein the hydraulic means, pump and conduit are devoid of any non-return valve. 20. An apparatus according to claim 19, wherein the reservoir forms a fluid chamber with a variable volume, and the pump distributes fluid from the chamber to the hydraulic means of the restriction device by reduction of the volume of the chamber and withdraws fluid from the hydraulic means to the chamber by expansion of the volume of the chamber. 21. An apparatus according to claim 10, further comprising a control means for controlling the operation means. 22. An apparatus according to claim 21, wherein the control means shifts polarity of the energy of the second form to reverse the operation means . 23. An apparatus according to claim 22, wherein the operation means comprises an electric motor and the energy of the second form comprises electric energy. 24. An apparatus according to claim 21, wherein the restriction device is operable to perform a reversible function. 25. An apparatus according to claim 24, further comprising an implantable reversing device for reversing the function performed by the restriction device. 26. An apparatus according to claim 25, wherein the control means is adapted to control the reversing device to reverse the function performed by the restriction device. 27. An apparatus according to claim 25, wherein the reversing device comprises hydraulic means including a valve for shifting the flow direction of a fluid flow in the hydraulic means. 28. An apparatus according to claim 25, wherein the reversing device comprises a mechanical reversing device. 29. An apparatus according to claim 28, wherein the reversing device comprises a gear box. 30. An apparatus according to claim 25, wherein the reversing device comprises a switch. 31. An apparatus according to claim 30, wherein the switch is operable by the energy of the second form. 32. An apparatus according to claim 31, wherein the control means controls the operation of the switch by shifting polarity of the energy of the second form. 33. An apparatus according to claim 31, wherein the switch comprises an electric switch and the energy of the second form comprises electric energy. 34. An apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the element forms a flat and thin sheet, and has a volume of less than 2000 cm 3 . 35. An apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the electrical junction element comprises at least one semiconductor. 36. An apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the electrical junction element generates an output current exceeding 1 μA when exposed to the energy of the first form transmitted by the energy transmission means. 37. An apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising an implantable energy storage device for storing the energy of the second form and for supplying energy in connection with the operation of the restriction device. 38. An apparatus according to claim 37, wherein the energy storage device comprises an accumulator. 39. An apparatus according to claim 38, wherein the energy of the second form comprises electric energy and the energy storage device comprises an electric accumulator. 40. An apparatus according to claim 39, wherein the electric accumulator comprises at least one capacitor or at least one rechargeable battery, or a combination of at least one capacitor and at least one rechargeable battery. 41. An apparatus according to claim 37, further comprising a an implantable switch for directly or indirectly switching the operation of the restriction device. 42. An apparatus according to claim 41, further comprising an implantable source of energy, wherein the switch is operated by the energy of the second form supplied by the energy storage device to switch from an off mode, in which the source of energy is not in use, to an on mode, in which the source of energy supplies energy for the operation of the restriction device. 43. An apparatus according to claim 41, further comprising an implantable source of energy, and a remote control for controlling the supply of energy of the source of energy, wherein the switch is operated by the energy of the second form supplied by the energy storage device to switch from an off mode, in which the remote control is prevented from controlling the source of energy and the source of energy is not in use, to a standby mode, in which the remote control is permitted to control the source of energy to supply energy for the operation of the restriction device. 44. An apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising an implantable switch for switching the operation of the restriction device. 45. An apparatus according to claim 44, further comprising an implantable source of energy for supplying energy for the operation of the restriction device, wherein the switch is operated by the energy of the second form supplied by the energy transforming means to switch from an off mode, in which the source of energy is not in use, to an on mode, in which the source of energy supplies energy for the operation of the restriction device. 46. An apparatus according to claim 44, further comprising an implantable source of energy for supplying energy for the operation of the restriction device, and a remote control for controlling the supply of energy of the source of energy, wherein the switch is operated by the energy of the second form supplied by the energy transforming means to switch from an off mode, in which the remote control is prevented from controlling the source of energy and the source of energy is not in use, to a standby mode, in which the remote control is permitted to control the source of energy to supply energy for the operation of the restriction device. 47. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the energy transmission means is adapted to transmit the energy of the first form by at least one wireless signal . 48. An apparatus according to claim 47, wherein the signal comprises a wave signal . 49. An apparatus according to claim 47, wherein the signal contains radiant energy. 50. An apparatus according to claim 48, wherein the wave signal comprises an electromagnetic wave signal including one of an infrared light signal, a visible light signal, an ultra violet light signal, a laser signal, a micro wave signal, a radio wave signal, an x-ray radiation signal, and a gamma radiation signal. 51. An apparatus according to claim 48, wherein the wave signal comprises a sound wave signal . 52. An apparatus according to claim 47, wherein the signal comprises a digital or analog signal, or a combination of a digital and analog signal . 53. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the energy of the first form transmitted by the energy transmission means comprises an electric field. 54. An apparatus according to claim 53, wherein the electric field is transmitted in pulses or digital pulses by the energy transmission means . 55. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the energy of the first form transmitted by the energy transmission means comprises a magnetic field. 56. An apparatus according to claim 55, wherein the magnetic field is transmitted in pulses or digital pulses by the energy transmission means. 57. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the energy of the first form comprises polarized energy. 58. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the energy transforming means is adapted to transform the energy of the first form into a direct current or pulsating direct current, or a combination of a direct current and a pulsating direct current . 59. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the energy transforming means is adapted to transform the energy of the first form into an alternating current or a combination of a direct and alternating current. 60. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the energy of the second form comprises a frequency or amplitude modulated signal, or a combination of a frequency and amplitude modulated signal. 61. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the energy of the second form comprises an analog or a digital signal, or a JO combination of an analog and digital signal. 62. An apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising an implantable pulse generator for generating electrical pulses from the energy of the second form. 63. An apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising at least one implantable sensor for sensing at least one physical parameter of the patient. 64. An apparatus according to claim 63, wherein the sensor comprises a pressure sensor for directly or indirectly sensing the pressure against the stomach, esophagus or restriction device . 65. An apparatus according to claim 63, further comprising a control means for controlling the restriction device in response to signals from the sensor. 66. An apparatus according to claim 65, wherein the control means comprises an implantable internal control unit for controlling the restriction device in response to signals from the sensor. 67. An apparatus according to claim 65, wherein the internal control unit is adapted to directly control the restriction device in response to signals from the sensor. 68. An apparatus according to claim 65, wherein the control means comprises an external control unit outside the patient ' s body for controlling the restriction device in response to signals from the sensor. 69. An apparatus according to claim 68, wherein the external control unit stores information on the physical parameter sensed by the sensor and is manually operated to control the restriction device based on the stored information. 70. An apparatus according to claim 63, further comprising at least one implantable sender for sending information on the physical parameter sensed by the sensor. 71. An apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the operation means comprises hydraulic means and at least one valve for controlling a fluid flow in the hydraulic means. 72. An apparatus according to claim 71, further comprising a wireless remote control for controlling the valve. 73. An apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a wireless remote control adapted to transmit at least one wireless control signal for controlling the restriction device. 74. An apparatus according to claim 73, wherein the remote control is capable of obtaining information on the condition of the restriction device, when the restriction device is implanted, and to control the restriction device in response to the information. 75. An apparatus according to claim 73, wherein the remote control comprises an implantable control unit for controlling the restriction device. 76. An apparatus according to claim 75, wherein the control unit comprises a microprocessor. 77. An apparatus according to claim 73, wherein the wireless remote control comprises at least one external signal transmitter or tranceiver and at least one implantable internal signal receiver or transciever. 78. An apparatus according to claim 73, wherein the wireless remote control comprises at least one external signal reciever or transceiver and at least one implantable internal signal transmitter or transceiver. 79. An apparatus according to claim 73, wherein the remote control is capable of sending information related to the restriction device from inside the patient ' s body to the outside thereof . 80. An apparatus according to claim 79, wherein the remote control is adapted to control the restriction device in response to the information. 81. An apparatus according to claim 73, wherein the remote control comprises a control signal transmitter for transmitting the control signal, and the energy transmission means comprises the control signal transmitter, whereby the energy of the first form is transmitted by the control signal . 82. An apparatus according to claim 73, wherein the energy transmission means transmits the energy of the first form by at least one signal separate from the control signal . 83. An apparatus according to claim 73, wherein the remote control is adapted to transmit a carrier signal for carrying the control signal. 84. An apparatus according to claim 73 , wherein the energy transmission means is adapted to transmit the energy of the first form by at least one signal, which is used as a carrier signal for the control signal transmitted by the remote control. 85. An apparatus according to claim 84, wherein the carrier signal is frequency or amplitude modulated, or frequency and amplitude modulated. 86. An apparatus according to claim 84, wherein the carrier signal comprises digital or analog waves, or a combination of digital and analog waves. 87. An apparatus according to claim 84, wherein the control signal used with the carrier signal is frequency or amplitude modulated, or frequency and amplitude modulated. 88. An apparatus according to claim 84, wherein the control signal used with the carrier signal is digital or analog, or digital and analog. 89. An apparatus according to claim 73, wherein the control signal comprises a wave signal comprising one of a sound wave signal including an ultrasound wave signal, an electromagnetic wave signal including an infrared light signal, a visible light signal, an ultra violet light signal and a laser light signal, a micro wave signal, a radio wave signal, an x-ray radiation signal, and a gamma radiation signal. 90. An apparatus according to claim 73, wherein the control signal comprises an electric or magnetic field, or an electric and magnetic field. 91. An apparatus according to claim 73, wherein the control signal comprises a digital or analog control signal, or a digital and analog control signal . 92. An apparatus according to claim 91, wherein the remote control is adapted totransmit an electromagnetic carrier wave signal for carrying the digital or analog control signal . 93. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the energy of the second form used for operating the restriction device is wirelessly transmitted by the energy transforming means. 94. An apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising an implantable control unit for controlling the restriction device. 95. An apparatus according to claim 94, wherein the control unit is programmable for controlling the restriction device in accordance with a program. 96. An apparatus according to claim 95, wherein the control unit controls the restriction device over time in accordance with an activity schedule program 97. An apparatus according to claim 95, further comprising an external wireless remote control for programming the control unit when the latter is implanted. 98. An apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising an external data communicator and an implantable data communicator communicating with the external communicator, wherein the data communicator is adapted to feed data related to the restriction device back to the external communicator or the external communicator is adapted to feed data to the data communicator. 99. An apparatus according to claim 98, wherein the data communicator is adapted to feed data related to at least one physical signal of the patient. 100. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the restriction device is adapted to control the size of the stoma opening. 101. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the restriction device is non-inflatable . 102. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the restriction device is directly operated with the energy of the second form, as the energy transmission means transmits the energy of the first form. 103. An apparatus according to claim 102, wherein the restriction device is directly operated with the energy of the second form in a non-magnetic manner. 104. An apparatus according to claim 102, wherein the restriction device is directly operated with the energy of the second form without externally touching subcutaneously implanted components of the apparatus . 105. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the energy of the first form comprises kinetic energy. 106. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the energy transforming means is adapted to be implanted subcutaneously or in the abdomen of the patient . 107. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the energy transforming means is adapted to be implanted in the thorax or in the cephalic region of the patient. 108. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the energy transforming means is adapted to be implanted in an orifice of the patient's body and under the mucosa or intraluminar outside the mucosa of the orifice. 109. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the energy transforming means comprises at least one semiconductor circuitry creating an energy field when exposed to the energy of the first form transmitted by the energy transmission means, and the energy field provides the energy of the second form. 110. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the energy transforming means comprises at least one transistor circuitry creating an energy field when exposed to the energy of the first form transmitted by the energy transmission means, and the energy field provides the energy of the second form. 111. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the energy transforming means comprises at least one microchip creating an energy field when exposed to the energy of the first form transmitted by the energy transmission means, and the energy field provides the energy of the second form.

Inventors: FORSELL PETER, FORSELL, PETER
Applicants: BLOMBERG AXEL, FORSELL PETER, BLOMBERG, AXEL, FORSELL, PETER
Application year: 2000
Main classification: A61B17
IPC codes: A61F2, A61F5, A61N1