IMMUNOMODULATORY STEROIDS, IN PARTICULAR THE HEMIHYDRATE OF 16.ALPHA.-BROMOEPIANDROSTERONE

Abstract: The invention provides compositions comprising formula 1 steroids, e.g., 16alpha-bromo-3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-17-one hemihydrate and one or more excipients, typically wherein the composition comprises less than about 3% water. The compositions are useful to make improved pharmaceutical formulations. The invention also provides methods of intermittent dosing of steroid compounds such as analogs of 16alpha-bromo-3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-17-one and compositions useful in such dosing regimens. The invention further provides compositions and methods to inhibit pathogen (viral) replication, ameliorate symptoms associated with immune dysregulation and to modulate immune responses in a subject using certain steroids and steroid analogs. The invention also provides methods to make and use these immunomodulatory compositions and formulations.

Description: IMMUNOMODULATORY STEROIDS, IN PARTICULAR THE HEMIHYDRATE OF 16.AL- PHA.-BROMOEPIANDROSTERONE BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to methods to make and use steroids, such as 16α-bromo- 3β-hydroxy-5α-androstane-17-one (16α-bromoepιandrosterone or hereafter "BrEA") and new analogs thereof The steroids are useful for a number of therapeutic and non- therapeutic applications, including their use as immune modulators The present invention also relates to methods to make the compounds, compositions and formulations. BrEA and its preparation from the steroid compound 3β-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17- one (dehydroepiandrosterone or "DHEA") have been described (see, e g , J. Org Chem. 1962 27 2937-2938) Methods to prepare DHEA and other steroids and their biological properties have been described, see, e g , U S patent numbers 2833793, 2911418, 3148198, 3471480, 3976691 , 4268441 4427649, 4542129, 4666898, 4956355, 5001119, 5043165, 5077284, 5028631 , 51 10810, 5157031 , 5162198, 5175154, 5277907, 5292730, 5296481 , 5372996, 5387583, 5407684, 5424463, 5461042, 5478566, 5506223, 5518725, 5527788, 5527789, 5532230, 5559107, 5562910, 5583126, 5585371 , 5587369, 5591736, 5593981 , 5610150, 5635496, 5641766, 5641768, 5656621 , 5660835, 5686438, 5696106, 5700793, 5707983, 5709878, 5710143, 5714481 , 5728688, 5736537, 5744462, 5753237, 5756482, 5776921 , 5776923, 5780460, 5795880, 5798347, 5798348, 5804576, 5807848, 5807849, 5811418, 5824313, 5824668, 5824671 , 5827841 , 5837269, 5837700, 5843932, 5846963, 5859000, 5872114 and 5872147, German patent numbers 2035738 and 2705917, PCT publication numbers WO 95/21617, WO 97/48367, WO 98/05338, WO 98/50040, WO 98/50041 , WO 98/58650, European publication number 0020029, Ben- David, et al , Proc Soc Expt Biol Med 1967 125 1136-1 140, Coleman et al , Diabetes 1982 31 830, Oertel, et al , J Steroid Biochem 1972 3 493-496, Pashko, et al , Carcinogenesis 1981 2 717-721 , Schwartz et al , Nutr Cancer 1981 3 46-53, Dyner et al , J Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 1993 6 459-465, A A Afanasn and Y A Titov, Total Steroid Synthesis, Plenum Press, New York, 1970, see, e g , p 1-304 The use DHEA and other steroids in various applications, e g , modulating immune responses have been described, e g , U S patent numbers 5869090, 5863910, 5856340, 5824668, 5804576, 5753237, 5714481 , 5709878, 5407684, 5206008, 5077284, 4978532, 4898694, 4542129, 371 1606 and 3710795 U S patent 4956355 and PCT publication number WO 97/48367, have described the use of BrEA and certain steroid compounds to treat certain virus or bacterial infections, such as human immunodeficiency virus ("HIV") infection Various biological effects and/or metabolic conversions of steroid compounds have been described e g Batta et al J Biol Chem 1986 25 127-133 Belli et al , Liver 1991 1 1 162-169 Bhattacharjee et al Anal Biochem 1992 201 233-236 Blake et al , /nt J Peptide Protein Res 1982 20 97-101 , 1986 25 127-133, Bonaventura, Am J Obstet Gynecol 1978 131 403-409, Bucala et al , J Steroid Biochem 1986 25 127-133, Carey et al , Biochem 1981 20 3637-3648, Chen et al , Carcinogenesis 1999 20 249-254, Chen et al , Carcinogenesis 1998 19 2187-2193, Chow et al , Antisense Res Dev 1994 4 81-86, Citro et al , Dis Colon Rectum 1994 37(2 Suppl) S127-S132, Cleary, Proc Soc Exp. Biol. Med 1991 196 8-16, Cleary, Int J Biochem 1990 22 205-210, Crawford et al , Lab. Invest 1994 71 42-51 , Danenberg et al , Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992 36 2275- 2279, Dotzlaw et al , Cancer Res 1999 59 529-532 Falany et al , J Steroid Biochem. Mol Biol 1994 48 369-375, Faredin et al , J Investigative Dermatol 1969 52 357-361, Galigniana et al , Mol Pharmacol 1999 55 317-323, Goto et al N Chromatogr 1983 276 289-300, Grenot Biochem 1992 31 7609-7621 Hofbauer et al , Life Sci 1999 64 671- 679, Huijghebaert et al , J Lipid Res 1986 27 742-752, Hurd et al , Oncogene 1999 18 1067-1072, lida et al , J Lipid Res 1995 36 628-638, Jellinck et al , Steroids 1967 10 329-346, Jonsson et al N Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1995 20 394-402, Kahmi et al, Mol Cell Biochem 1994 131 99-108, Kramer et al , J Biol Chem 1994 269 10621- 10627, LaRochelle et al , Steroids 1984 43 209-217, Liao et al , Carcinogenesis 1998 19 2173-2180, ϋllienau et al N Clin Invest 1992 89 420-431 , Loπa, Psychoneuroendocnnology 1997 22 S103-S108, Luscher et al Mol Immunol 1983 20 1099-1105, Manna et al N Biol Chem 1999 274 5909-5918, Marschall et al N Biol Chem 1989 264 12989-12993, Medh et al , Cancer Res 1998 15 3684-3693, Mohan et al , Steroids 1992 57 244-247, Munoz de Toro et al , J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1998 67 333-339, Padgett et al N Neuroimmunol 1998 84 61 , Padgett et al , Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995 774 323, Padgett et al N Immunol 1994 153 1544-1552, Pashko et al , Carcinogenesis 1984 5 463-466, Pashko et al , Carcinogenesis 1981 2 717 Petryiak et al J Clin Oncology 1999 17 958-967 Podesta et al , Steroids 1996 61 622-626, Regelson et al , Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994 719 564, Schmassmann et al , Gastroenterology 1993 104 1171-1181 , Schmassmann et al , Hepatology 1990 11 989- 996, Schreiber et al , Lancet 353 459-461 , Schreiber, Neth J Med 1998 53 S24-31 , Schwartz et al , Cancer Res 1988 48 4817, Shahidi et al , Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999 254 559-565, Steer et al , Ann Rheum Dis 1998 57 732-737, Suzuki et al , Steroids 1998 63 672-677, Suzuki et al , Steroids 1996 61 296-301 , Swaan et al , Bioconjugate Chem 1997 8 520-525 Tang et al Anticancer Drug Res 1998 13 815-824, Thomas et al N Steroid Biochem 1986 25 103-108, Utsumi et al Cancer Res 1999 59 377-381 Vanden Heuvel J Nutr 1999 129(2S Suppl ) 575S-580S, Wang et al , Endocrinology 1998 139 3903-3912, Wong et al J Biol Chem 1999 274 5443-5453, Xie et al , Endocrinology 1999 140 219-227 Yen et a I Lipids 1977 12 409-413 Zackheim et al , Arch Dermatology 1998 134 949-954, Zhang et al , Biochim Biophys Acta 1991 1096 179-186, Zhu et al , Carcinogenesis 1988 19 2101 -2106 Compositions containing BrEA that were used to deliver the compound to cells or cell extracts usually included a significant amount of water Such compositions contained solvents such as dioxane or dimethylsulfoxide ("DMSO"), which contained water, or an aqueous cyclodextnn solutions to facilitate compound delivery to cells, see, e g , J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1998, 285 876-83, Cancer Res 1986 46 3389-95, Carcinogenesis 1985 6 333-35, Carcinogenesis 1981 2 717-721 , Carcinogenesis 1981 2 683-86 Such compositions are typically delivered to animals by injection or to cells in tissue culture by addition to cell culture medium European publication number EP 429 187 describes formulations that contain DHEA or BrEA and polyvinylpyrrohdone and crosslinked polyvinylpyrrohdone Some of these compositions may have undesired or suboptimal properties For example, solvents such as dioxane, DMSO or chloroform are generally not preferred or suitable parenteral excipients, particularly for human use Formulations that contain BrEA or related steroids and that have improved properties, e g , lower toxicity, improved chemical stability or desirable characteristics for large-scale synthesis are needed Mammalian immune responses to infections or other conditions are often characterized by responses mediated by different effector cell populations In some situations, helper T cells designated Th1 in the murine system, facilitate immune effector functions that are typically dominated by cell-mediated responses In other cases, helper T cells designated Th2 cells facilitate immune effector functions that are typically dominated by humoral responses A vigorous Th1 response is usually needed to clear infections or to slow the progression of an infection When a subject's immune response is biased to, or dominated by, a Th2-type response, the cytokines associated with the Th2 response tend to suppress the immune system's capacity to mount a vigorous Th1 response at the same time The converse is also generally true When mammalian immune responses begin to result in an increasing Th2 response the Th1 response to the same condition tends to weaken Weak Th1 responses may be associated with progression of some infections or other conditions, see, e g , M Cleπci and G M Shearer, Immunol Today 14 107-1 1 1 , 1993, M Clenci and G M Shearer, Immunol Today 15 575-581 , 1994 The invention provides compounds and compositions useful to enhance Th1 immune responses OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION The invention compositions formulations or methods accomplish one or more of the following objects One object of the invention is to provide new steroid compounds or analogs that are suitable for therapeutic and other applications such as immune modulators Invention objects further include providing BrEA hemihydrate (BrEA 2 Η 2 0) compositions that comprise BrEA hemihydrate and methods to make and use it Another object of the invention is to provide liquid compositions and formulations that comprise a formula 1 compound(s), and that comprise about 3% (v/v) or less of water Another object is to provide compositions one can use as intermediates to prepare human pharmaceutical and veterinary formulations containing a formula 1 compound(s) Another object is to provide intermittent dosing methods to deliver a formula 1 compound to a subject to enhance Th1 immune responses Further objects are to provide methods to modulate innate immunity or to enhance Th1 immune responses in a subject by administering to the subject a formula 1 compound(s) such as BrEA Other objects are to provide methods to inhibit pathogen, e g , viral, replication in a subject by administering to the subject a formula 1 compound(s) such as BrEA Invention objects include providing formula 1 compounds or formulations useful to ameliorate one or more symptoms of a pathological condition associated with immune suppression or with deficient Th1 immune responses Other objects are to provide methods to make and use compositions and formulations comprising a formula 1 compound(s) BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES Figure 1 is an FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectrum obtained by USP method <197> of BrEA hemihydrate that was prepared by precipitation of BrEA from ethanol and water Figure 2 is a FTIR spectrum obtained by USP method <197> of anhydrous BrEA that was prepared by precipitation of BrEA from anhydrous methanol Figure 3 shows a DSC endotherm of BrEA hemihydrate that was prepared by precipitation of BrEA from ethanol and water Figure 4 shows a DSC endotherm of anhydrous BrEA that was prepared by precipitation of BrEA from anhydrous methanol Figure 5 is an XRD (powder X-ray diffraction) spectrum of BrEA hemihydrate that was prepared by precipitation of BrEA from ethanol and water Figure 6 is a FTIR spectrum obtained by USP method <197> of BrEA hemihydrate that was prepared by precipitation of BrEA from acetone and water SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In accordance with the objects, the invention provides BrEA hemihydrate which is optionally characterized by reference to one or more physical properties such as its melting point, infrared absorption spectrum or its powder X-ray diffraction spectrum. Related embodiments include BrEA hemihydrate and one or more excipients suitable for human pharmaceutical use or for veterinary use Another related embodiment is a method to make BrEA hemihydrate comprising precipitating BrEA from a solution comprising ethanol and water Invention embodiments include a composition comprising a compound of formula 1 and one or more nonaqueous liquid excipients, wherein the composition comprises less than about 3% v/v water and wherein, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 10 independently are -H, -OR PR , -SR PR , -N(R PR ) 2 , -O-Si- (R 3 ) 3 , -CN, -N0 2 , an ester, a thioester, a phosphoester, a phosphothioester, a phosphonoester, a phosphiniester, a sulfite ester, a sulfate ester, an amide, an ammo acid, a peptide, an ether, a thioether, an acyl group, a thioacyl group, a carbonate, a carbamate, a thioacetal, a halogen, an optionally substituted alkyl group, an optionally substituted alkenyl group, an optionally substituted alkynyl group, an optionally substituted aryl moiety, an optionally substituted heteroaryl moiety, an optionally substituted monosacchaπde, an optionally substituted oligosacchaπde, a nucleoside, a nucleotide, an oligonucleotide, a polymer, or, one more of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 10 , R 5 , R 17 and R 18 are =0 or =S and the hydrogen atom that is bonded to the same carbon atom is absent, or, R 3 and both R 4 together comprise a structure of formula 2 R' is -CHRN -CHR 1U -CHR . 10 -CHR 10 -CHR 10 -CHR 10 CHR 10 -O-CHR 10 - -CHR 10 -S-CHR 10 -, -CHR 10 -NR PR -CHR 10 O-, -O-CHR 10 -, -S-, -S-CHR 10 NR - or -NR PR CHR 10 R 8 and R 9 independently are -CHR 10 -, -CHR 10 -CHR 10 -, -0-, -O-CHR 10 -, -S-, -S- CHR 10 -, -NR PR - or -NR PR -CHR 10 -, or R 8 or R 9 independently is absent, leaving a 5- membered ring, R 13 independently is Cι. 6 alkyl, R 16 independently are -CH 2 -, -0-, -S- or -NH-, D is a heterocycle or a 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring that comprises saturated carbon atoms, wherein 1 , 2 or 3 ring carbon atoms of the 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring are optionally independently substituted with -0-, -S- or -NR PR - or where 1 , 2 or 3 hydrogen atoms of the heterocycle or where 1 or 2 hydrogen atoms of the 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring are substituted with -OR PR , -SR PR , -N(R PR ) 2 , -0-Sι-(R 13 ) 3 , -CN, -N0 2 , an ester, a thioester, a phosphoester, a phosphothioester, a phosphonoester, a phosphiniester, a sulfite ester, a sulfate ester, an amide, an ammo acid, a peptide, an ether, a thioether, an acyl group, a thioacyl group, a carbonate, a carbamate, a thioacetal, a halogen, an optionally substituted alkyl group, an optionally substituted alkenyl group, an optionally substituted alkynyl group, an optionally substituted aryl moiety, an optionally substituted heteroaryl moiety, an optionally substituted monosacchaπde, an optionally substituted oligosacchaπde, a nucleoside, a nucleotide, an oligonucleotide or a polymer, or, one more of the ring carbons are substituted with =0 or =S, or D comprises two 5- or 6-membered rings, wherein the rings are fused or are linked by 1 or 2 bonds In other embodiments, the invention provides a compound of formula 1 , wherein two or three of R 7 , R 8 and R 9 independently are not -CHR 10 -, wherein the compound is optionally present in a composition that comprises one or more excipients suitable for human pharmaceutical use or for veterinary use Invention embodiments also include a compound of formula 1 wherein R 1 R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 R 6 and R 0 independently are -H, -OR PR -SR PR -N(R PR ) 2 , -O-Si (R ) 3 , -CN, -N0 2 , an ester a thioester a phosphoester, a phosphothioester, a phosphonoester, a phosphiniester a sulfite ester a sulfate ester an amide an am o acid, a peptide, an ether a thioether an acyl group a thioacyl group a carbonate a carbamate, a thioacetal, a halogen, an optionally substituted alkyl group, an optionally substituted alkenyl group, an optionally substituted alkynyl group, an optionally substituted aryl moiety, an optionally substituted heteroaryl moiety, an optionally substituted monosacchaπde, an optionally substituted oligosacchaπde, a nucleoside, a nucleotide, an oligonucleotide, a polymer, or, one, two or more of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 10 independently are =0 or =S and the hydrogen atom that is bonded to the same carbon atom is absent, or, R 3 and R 4 together comprise a structure of formula 2 R 7 is -CHR 10 -, -CHR 10 -CHR 10 -, -CHR 0 -CHR 10 -CHR 10 -, -CHR 10 -O-CHR 10 -, -CHR 10 -S-CHR 10 -, -CHR 10 -NR PR -CHR 10 -, -0-, -O-CHR 10 -, -S-, -S-CHR 10 -, -NR PR - or -NR PR - CHR 10 -, R 8 and R 9 independently are -CHR 10 -, -CHR 10 -CHR 10 -, -0-, -O-CHR 10 -, -S-, -S- CHR 10 -, -NR PR - or -NR PR -CHR 10 -, or R 8 or R 9 independently is absent, leaving a 5- membered ring, R 13 independently is d 6 alkyl, D is a heterocycle or a 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring that comprises saturated carbon atoms, wherein 1 , 2 or 3 ring carbon atoms of the 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring are optionally independently substituted with -O- -S- or -NR PR - or where 1 , 2 or 3 hydrogen atoms of the heterocycle or where 1 or 2 hydrogen atoms of the 4- 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring are substituted with -OR PR , -SR PR , -N(R PR ) 2 , -0-Sι-(R 13 ) 3 , -CN, -N0 2 , an ester, a thioester, a phosphoester, a phosphothioester, a phosphonoester, a phosphiniester, a sulfite ester, a sulfate ester, an amide, an ammo acid, a peptide, an ether, a thioether, an acyl group, a thioacyl group, a carbonate, a carbamate, a thioacetal, a halogen, an optionally substituted alkyl group, an optionally substituted alkenyl group an optionally substituted alkynyl group, an optionally substituted aryl moiety, an optionally substituted heteroaryl moiety, an optionally substituted monosacchaπde, an optionally substituted oligosacchaπde, a nucleoside, a nucleotide an oligonucleotide or a polymer, or, one or more of the ring carbons are substituted with =0 or =S, or D comprises two 5- or 6-membered rings, wherein the rings are fused or are linked by 1 or 2 bonds, wherein one two or three of R 7 , R 8 and R 9 are not -CHR 10 - Other embodiments include a method to enhance the expression of one or more cytokines or interleukms that facilitate Th1 immune responses in a subject or to reduce the expression of one or more cytokines or interleukms that facilitate Th2 immune response in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the composition of claim 32, whereby the subject's Th1 immune response is enhanced ot the subject's undesired Th2 immune response is reduced Embodiments include liquid formulations that comprise a formula 1 compound, one or more excipients and less than about 3% water, wherein the formulation is optionally disposed in containers that exclude water Another embodiment is a method comprising intermittent administration of a formula 1 compound, to a subject having a pathological condition, such as a viral or parasite infection A further embodiment is a method to modulate a subject's innate immunity, Th1 immune responses or Th2 immune responses comprising administering a formula 1 compound to a subject Other embodiments are as described in the specification including the appended numbered embodiments and the claims DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Definitions. As used herein and unless otherwise stated or implied by context, the following terms have the meanings defined here An "invention formulation" or "formulation" means an invention composition that one can administer parenterally to a human or animal without further manipulations that change the ingredients or the ingredient proportions that are present Formulations are suitable for human or veterinary applications An "invention composition" is a composition that is an intermediate one can use to make the invention formulations, i e , a change(s) in an ιngredιent(s) or its amount(s) is needed to make a formulation Thus, invention compositions include compositions where further processing is required before it is a formulation, e g , mixing or addition of a desired amount of an ingredient An "excipient" means a component or an ingredient that is acceptable in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of invention compositions or formulations and not overly deleterious to the patient or animal to which the formulation is to be administered As used here, excipients" include liquids such as benzyl benzoate, cottonseed oil N,N-dιmethylacetamιde, a C 2 12 alcohol (e g , ethanol), glycerol, peanut oil, a polyethylene glycol ("PEG") vitamin E, poppyseed oil propylene glycol, safflower oil, sesame oil, soybean oil and vegetable oil Excipients as used herein will optionally exclude chloroform dioxane vegetable oil DMSO or any combination of these Excipients comprise one or more components typically used in the pharmaceutical formulation arts, e g , fillers, binders, disintegrants and lubricants A "subject" means a human or animal Usually the animal is a vertebrate such as a primate rodent, domestic animal or game animal Primates include chimpanzees, cynomologous monkeys, spider monkeys, and macaques, e g , Rhesus Rodents include mice, rats, woodchucks, ferrets, rabbits and hamsters Domestic and game animals include cows, horses, pigs, deer, bison, buffalo, felines, e g , domestic cat, canines, e.g., dog, avians, e g , chicken, emu, ostrich, and fish, e g , trout, catfish and salmon. Subject includes any subset of the foregoing, e g , all of the above, but excluding one or more groups or species such as humans, primates or rodents Expressions that refer to "a formula 1 compound(s)" or "a formula 1 compound" mean invention compositions or formulations where one or more than one formula 1 compound is present, typically 1 , 2, 3 or 4, usually 1 "Alkyl" as used here means linked normal, secondary, tertiary or cyclic carbon atoms, i e , linear, branched or cyclic The number of carbon atoms in an alkyl group or moiety is 1 to about 20, unless otherwise specified, e g , C, 8 alkyl means an alkyl moiety containing 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 carbon atoms Examples include methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl (n-propyl), 2-propyl (/-propyl, -CH(CH 3 ) 2 ), 1 -butyl (n-butyl), 2-methyl-1-propyl (/-butyl, - CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 ), 2-butyl (s-butyl, -CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 ), 2-methyl-2-propyl (f-butyl, -C(CH 3 ) 3 ), 1-pentyl (n-pentyl), 2-pentyl (-CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 ), 3-pentyl (-CH(CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 ), 2-methyl-2- butyl (-C(CH 3 ) 2 CH 2 CH 3 ), 3-methyl-2-butyl (-CH(CH 3 )CH(CH 3 ) 2 ), 3-methyl-1 -butyl (- CH 2 CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 ), 2-methyl-1 -butyl (-CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH3), 1-hexyl, 2-hexyl (- CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 ), 3-hexyi (-CH(CH 2 CH 3 )(CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 )), 2-methyl-2-pentyl (- C(CH 3 ) 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 ), 3-methyl-2-pentyl (-CH(CH 3 )CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 ), 4-methyl-2-pentyl (- CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 ), 3-methyl-3-pentyl (-C(CH 3 )(CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 ), 2-methyl -3-pentyl (- CH(CH 2 CH 3 )CH(CH 3 ) 2 ), 2,3-dιmethyl-2-butyl (-C(CH 3 ) 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 ), 3,3-dιmethyl-2-butyl (- CH(CH 3 )C(CH 3 ) 3 ), cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl 'Alkenyl" means linked normal, secondary, tertiary or cyclic carbon atoms where one or more double bonds (e g -CH=CH-) are present, typically 1 , 2 or 3 usually 1 or 2 The number of carbon atoms in an alkenyl group or moiety is 2 to about 20 unless otherwise specified, e g , C, 8 alkenyl means an alkenyl moiety containing 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 carbon atoms Alkynyl" means linked normal, secondary, tertiary or cyclic carbon atoms where one or more triple bonds (-C≡C-) are present typically 1 , 2 or 3 usually 1 The number of carbon atoms in an alkynyl group or moiety is 2 to about 20, unless otherwise specified, e g , Ci 8 alkynyl means an alkynyl moiety containing 1 , 2, 3 4, 5, 6 7 or 8 carbon atoms Aryl" means phenyl or naphthyl "Substituted alkyl", "substituted alkenyl" and "substituted alkynyl" mean an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group that has a substιtuent(s) linked to a carbon atom or substιtuent(s) that interrupt a carbon atom chain Substituents include ethers (-0-), ketones (-C(O)-), - OR PR , -C(0)OR PR , -C(0)0-, -C(S)OR PR , -C(S)0-, -0C(0)-, -C(0)H, -OCH2-, - OCH2CH2-, -OCH2O-, -OCH2CH2O-, -NR PR -, -N(R PR )2, -NHR PR , -NHC(O)-, -CH2- NR PR -, -CH2-NHR PR , -CH2-NHC(0)-, -C(0)NH-, -C(0)NHR PR , -OC(0)NR PR -, - OC(0)NHR PR , -NR PR C(0)NR PR -, -NR PR C(0)NHR PR , -NR PR CH2-, -NR PR CH2CH2-, - S-, -SR PR , -S(O)-, -S(0)(0)-, -S(0)OR PR , -S(0)H, -CN, -NO2, halogen, and combinations of these moieties where R PR independently is hydrogen, a protecting group or both R PR together are a protecting group Substituents are independently chosen when more than one is present Alkenyl and alkynyl groups that comprise a substιtuent(s), are typically substituted at a carbon that is one or more methylene moiety removed from the double bond, e g , separated at least by one, two or more -CH2- moieties Heterocycle "Heterocycle" or "heterocyclic" includes by way of example and not limitation the heterocycles described in Paquette, Leo A , "Principles of Modern Heterocyclic Chemistry" (W A Benjamin, New York, 1968), particularly Chapters 1 , 3, 4, 6, 7, and 9, "The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, A series of Monographs" (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1950 to present), in particular Volumes 13, 14, 16, 19, and 28, and J Am Chem Soc 1960, 82.5566 Examples of heterocycles include by way of example and not limitation pyπdyl, thiazolyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, sulfur oxidized tetrahydrothiophenyl, pyπmidinyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, tetrazolyl, benzofuranyl, thianaphthalenyl, mdolyl, indolenyl, quinolmyl, isoquinolinyl, benzimidazolyl, pipeπdinyl, 4-pιpeπdonyl, pyrrolidmyl, 2- pyrrolidonyl, pyrrolmyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydroquino nyl, tetrahydroisoquinolmyl, decahydroqumolmyl, octahydroisoquinolmyl, azocinyl, tπazinyl, 6H-1 ,2,5-thιadιazιnyl, 2H,6H-1 ,5,2dιthιazιnyl, thienyl, thianthrenyl, pyranyl, isobenzofuranyl, chromenyl, xanthenyl, phenoxathnnyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazoiyl, pyrazinyl, pyπdazinyl, mdolizinyl, isoindolyl, 3H-ιndolyl, 1 H-ιndazoly, puπnyl, 4H-quιnolιzιnyl, phthalazinyl, naphthyπdinyl, quinoxalmyl, quinazolmyl, cinnolmyl pteπdinyl, 4aH-carbazolyl, carbazolyl, β-carbo nyl, phenanthπdinyl, acπdinyl, pyπmidinyl phenanthrol yl, phenazmyl, phenothiazmyl, furazanyl, phenoxazinyl, isochromanyl, chromanyl, imidazolidmyl, imidazo nyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, piperazmyl indolmyl, isoindolmyl, quinuclidmyl, morpholinyl, oxazolidmyl, benzotπazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, oxmdolyl, benzoxazolmyl, and isatmoyl By way of example and not limitation carbon bonded heterocycles are bonded at position 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 of a pyπdine, position 3, 4, 5, or 6 of a pyπdazine, position 2, 4, 5, or 6 of a pyπmidine, position 2, 3, 5, or 6 of a pyraz e, position 2, 3, 4, or 5 of a furan, tetrahydrofuran, thiofuran, thiophene, pyrrole or tetrahydropyrrole, position 2, 4, or 5 of an oxazole, imidazole or thiazole, position 3, 4, or 5 of an isoxazole, pyrazole, or isothiazole, position 2 or 3 of an aziπdine, position 2, 3, or 4 of an azetidme, position 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 of a quinolme or position 1 , 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 of an isoqumoline Still more typically, carbon bonded heterocycles include 2-pyπdyl, 3-pyπdyl, 4-pyπdyl, 5-pyπdyl, 6-pyrιdyl, 3- pyπdazinyl, 4-pyrιdazιnyl, 5-pyrιdazιnyl, 6-pyrιdazιnyl, 2-pyπmιdιnyl, 4-pyπmιdιnyl, 5- pyπmidinyl, 6-pyrιmιdιnyl, 2-pyrazιnyl, 3-pyrazιnyl, 5-pyrazιnyl, 6-pyrazιnyl, 2-thιazolyl, 4- thiazolyl, or 5-thιazolyl By way of example and not limitation, nitrogen bonded heterocycles are bonded at position 1 of an aziπdine, azetidme, pyrrole, pyrrolidme, 2-pyrrolιne, 3-pyrrolιne, imidazole, imidazolidine, 2-ιmιdazolιne, 3-ιmιdazolιne, pyrazole, pyrazolme, 2-pyrazolιne, 3- pyrazolme, pipeπdine, piperazme, indole, indolme 1 H-ιndazole, position 2 of a isomdole, or isomdoline, position 4 of a morpholine, and position 9 of a carbazole, or β-carbo ne Typically, nitrogen bonded heterocycles include 1-azιπdyl, 1-azetedyl, 1-pyrrolyl, 1- imidazoiyl, 1-pyrazolyl, and 1-pιpeπdιnyl "Heteroaryl" means an aromatic ring or two or more fused rings that contain one or more aromatic rings where the ring or fused rings comprise 1 , 2, 3 or more heteroatoms, usually oxygen (-0-), nitrogen (-NX-) or sulfur (-S-) where X is -H, a protecting group or C,. 6 alkyl, usually -H Examples are as described for heterocycle "Alcohol" as used herein, usually in the context of excipients, means an alcohol that comprises a C 2 12 alkyl moiety substituted at a hydrogen atom with one hydroxyl group Alcohols include ethanol, n-propanol /-propanol, n-butanol, /-butanol, s-butanol, t- butanol, n-pentanol, /-pentanol, n-hexanol, cyclohexanol, n-heptanol, n-octanol, n-nonanol and n-decanol The carbon atoms in alcohols can be straight, branched or cyclic Alcohol includes any subset of the foregoing, e g , C 2 4 alcohols (alcohols having 2, 3 or 4 carbon atoms) "Halogen" means fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine "Protecting group" means a moiety that prevents the atom to which it is linked from participating in unwanted reactions For example for -OR PR , R PR may be hydrogen or a protecting group for the oxygen atom found in a hydroxyl, while for -C(0)-OR PR , R PR may be hydrogen or a carboxyl protecting group, for -SR PR , R PR may be hydrogen or a protecting group for sulfur in thiols for instance and for -NHR PR or -N(R PR ) 2 - R PR may be hydrogen or a nitrogen atom protecting group for primary or secondary amines Hydroxyl, amme and other reactive groups are found in formula 1 compounds at, e g , R or R 2 These groups may require protection against reactions taking place elsewhere in the molecule The protecting groups for oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen atoms are usually used to prevent unwanted reactions with electrophilic compounds, such as acylating used, e g., in steroid chemistry "Ester" means a moiety that comprises a -C(0)-0- structure Typically, esters as used here comprise an organic moiety containing about 1-50 carbon atoms (e.g., about 2-20 carbon atoms) and 0 to about 10 independently selected heteroatoms (e g , O, S, N, P, Si), where the organic moiety is bonded to a formula 1 steroid nucleus at, e g , R 1 or R 2 through the -C(0)-0- structure, e g , organic moιety-C(0)-0- steroid or organic moιety-0-C(0)-steroιd The organic moiety usually comprises one or more of any of the organic groups described above, e g , Ci 20 alkyl moieties, C 2 20 alkenyl moieties, C 2 20 alkynyl moieties, aryl moieties, C 2 9 heterocycles or substituted derivatives of any of these, e g , comprising 1 , 2, 3 4 or more substituents, where each substituent is independently chosen Typical substitutions for hydrogen or carbon atoms in these organic groups include 1 , 2 3, 4 or more, usually 1 , 2, or 3 -0-, -S-, -NR PR - (including -NH-), -C(O)-, =0, =S, -N(R PR ) 2 (including -NH 2 ), -C(0)OR PR (including -C(O)OH), -OC(0)R PR (including -O-C(O)-H), -OR PR (including -OH), -SR PR (including -SH), -N0 2 , -CN -NHC(O)-, -C(0)NH-, -OC(O)-, -C(0)0-, -0-A8, -S-A8, - C(0)-A8, -OC(0)-A8, -C(0)0-A8, =N-, -N= =N-OH -OP0 3 (R PR ) 2 , -OS0 3 H 2 or halogen moieties or atoms, where each R PR is -H, an independently selected protecting group or both R PR together comprise a protecting group, and A8 is Ci 8 alkyl, C 2 8 alkenyl, C 2 8 alkynyl, C, 4 alkyl-aryl (e g , benzyl), aryl (e g phenyl) or C 04 alkyl-C 2 9 heterocycle Substitutions are independently chosen The organic moiety includes compounds defined by the R 4 variable The organic moieties exclude obviously unstable moieties, e g , -0-0-, except where such unstable moieties are transient species that one can use to make a compound with sufficient chemical stability for one or more of the uses described herein The substitutions listed above are typically substituents that one can use to replace one or more carbon atoms, e g , -O- or -C(O)-, or one or more hydrogen atom, e g halogen, -NH 2 or -OH "Thioester' means a moiety that comprises a -C(S)-0- structure Typically, thioesters as used here comprise an organic moiety containing about 1 -50 carbon atoms (e g , about 2-20 carbon atoms) and 0 to about 10 heteroatoms (e g , O, S, N, P, Si), where the organic moiety is bonded to a formula 1 steroid nucleus at R 2 through the -C(S)- O- structure, e g , organic moιety-C(S)-0-steroιd or organic moιety-0-C(S)-steroιd The organic moiety is as described above for esters "Thioacetal means a moiety that comprises a -C(0)-S- structure Typically, thioacetals as used here comprise an organic moiety containing about 1 -50 carbon atoms (e g , about 2-20 carbon atoms) and 0 to about 10 heteroatoms (e g , O, S N, P, Si), where the organic moiety is bonded to a formula 1 steroid nucleus at R 2 through the -C(O)- S- structure, e g , organic moιety-C(0)-S-steroιd or organic moιety-S-C(0)-steroιd. The organic moiety is as described above for esters "Phosphoester" or "phosphate ester" means a moiety that comprises a -0-P(OR PR )(0)-0- structure where R PR is hydrogen (-H), a protecting group or an organic moiety as described for esters Typically, phosphoesters as used here comprise a hydrogen atom, a protecting group or an organic moiety containing about 1-50 carbon atoms and 0 to about 10 heteroatoms (e g , O, S, N, P, Si) linked to a formula 1 steroid nucleus at R 1 -R 6 , R 10 , R 15 , R 17 or R 18 through the -0-P(0)(0)-0- structure, e g , organic moιety-0-P(0)(OH)-0-steroιd The organic moiety is as described above for esters "Phosphothioester" means a moiety that comprises a -0-P(SR pp )(0)-0- structure where R PR is -H, a protecting group or an organic moiety as described for esters Typically, phosphothioesters as used here comprise a hydrogen atom, a protecting group or an organic moiety containing about 1 -50 carbon atoms and 0 to about 10 heteroatoms (e g , O, S, N, P, Si) linked to a formula 1 steroid nucleus at R 1 -R 6 , R 0 , R 15 , R 7 or R 18 through the -0-P(0)(0)-0- structure, e g , organic moιety-0-P(0)(SH)-0-steroιd. The organic moiety is as described above for esters "Phosphonoester" means a moiety that comprises a -P(OR PR )(0)-0- structure where R PR is -H, a protecting group or an organic moiety as described for esters Typically, phosphonoesters as used here comprise a hydrogen atom, a protecting group or an organic moiety containing about 1-50 carbon atoms and 0 to about 10 heteroatoms (e g , O, S, N, P, Si) linked to a formula 1 steroid nucleus at R 1 -R 6 , R 0 , R 15 , R 17 or R 18 through the -P(OR PR )(0)-0- structure, i e , organic moιety-P(OR PR )(0)-0-steroιd or steroid- P(OR PR )(0)-0-organιc moiety The organic moiety is as described above for esters "Phosphiniester" means a moiety that comprises a -P(OR PR )-0- structure where R PR is -H, a protecting group or an organic moiety as described for esters Typically, phosphiniesters as used here comprise a hydrogen atom, a protecting group or an organic moiety containing about 1-50 carbon atoms and 0 to about 10 heteroatoms (e g , O, S, N, P, Si) linked to a formula 1 steroid nucleus at R 1 -R 6 , R 10 , R 15 , R 17 or R 18 through the - P(OR PR )-0- structure, i e , organic moιety-P(OR PR )-0-steroιd or steroιd-P(OR PR )-0-organιc moiety The organic moiety is as described above for esters "Sulfate ester' means a moiety that comprises a -0-S(0)(0)-0- structure Typically sulfate esters as used here comprise a hydrogen atom, a protecting group or an organic moiety containing about 1-50 carbon atoms and 0 to about 10 heteroatoms (e g , O S, N P, Si) linked to a formula 1 steroid nucleus at R 1 -R 6 , R 10 , R 15 R ^ or R 18 through the -0-S(0)(0)-0- structure, e g , organic moιety-0-S(0)(0)-0-steroιd The organic moiety is as described above for esters "Sulfite ester" means a moiety that comprises a -0-S(0)-0- structure Typically, sulfite esters as used here comprise an organic moiety containing about 1-50 carbon atoms and 0 to about 10 heteroatoms (e g , O, S, N, P, Si) linked to a formula 1 steroid nucleus at R 1 -R 6 , R 0 , R 15 , R 17 or R 18 through the -0-S(0)-0- structure, e g , organic moιety-0-S(0)-0-steroιd The organic moiety is as described above for esters "Thioacetal" means a moiety that comprises a -S-C(O)- structure Typically, thioacetal groups as used here comprise an organic moiety containing about 1-50 carbon atoms and 0 to about 10 heteroatoms (e g , O, S, N, P, Si) linked to a formula 1 steroid nucleus at R 1 -R 6 , R 10 , R 5 , R 17 or R 18 through the -S-C(O)- structure, e g , organic moiety- S-C(0)-steroιd or steroιd-S-C(0)-organιc moiety The organic moiety is as described above for esters "Amide" means an organic moiety as described for ester that comprises 1 , 2, 3, 4 or more -C(0)-NR PR - moieties, usually 1 or 2, where R PR is -H or a protecting group, R PR is usually H In some embodiments, the -C(0)NR PR - group is linked to the steroid nucleus at R 1 -R 6 , R 10 , R 15 , R 17 or R 18 , i e , organic moιety-C(0)NR PR -steroιd or steroιd-C(0)NR PR - organic moiety "Ether" means an organic moiety as described for ester that comprises 1 , 2, 3, 4 or more -O- moieties, usually 1 or 2 In some embodiments, the -O- group is linked to the steroid nucleus at R 1 -R 6 , R 10 , R 15 , R 17 or R 18 , e g , organic moιety-0-steroιd "Thioether" means an organic moiety as described for ester that comprises 1 , 2, 3, 4 or more -S- moieties, usually 1 or 2 In some embodiments, the -S- group is linked to the steroid nucleus at R 1 -R 6 R 0 , R 5 , R 7 or R 18 , e g , organic moiety-S-steroid "Acyl group" means an organic moiety as described for ester that comprises 1 , 2, 3, 4 or more -C(O)- groups in some embodiments the -C(O)- group is linked to the steroid nucleus at R 1 -R 6 , R 10 , R 15 , R 7 or R 18 e g , organic moιety-C(0)-steroιd "Thioacyl" means an organic moiety as described for ester that comprises 1 , 2, 3, 4 or more -C(S)- groups In some embodiments, the -C(S)- group is linked to the steroid nucleus at R 1 -R 6 , R 10 , R 15 , R 17 or R 8 , e g , organic moιety-C(S)-steroιd "Carbonate" means an organic moiety as described for ester that comprises 1 , 2, 3, 4 or more -0-C(0)-0- structures Typically, carbonate groups as used here comprise an organic moiety containing about 1 -50 carbon atoms and O to about 10 heteroatoms (e g , O, S, N, P, Si) linked to a formula 1 steroid nucleus at R 1 -R 6 R 10 R 15 R 17 or R 18 through the -0-C(0)-0- structure e g , organic moιety-0-C(0)-0-steroιd "Carbamate" means an organic moiety as described for ester that comprises 1 , 2, 3 4 or more -0-C(0)NR PR - structures where R PR is -H, a protecting group or an organic moiety as described for ester Typically, carbamate groups as used here comprise an organic moiety containing about 1 -50 carbon atoms and 0 to about 10 heteroatoms (e g , O, S, N, P, Si) linked to a formula 1 steroid nucleus at R 1 -R 6 , R 10 , R 15 , R 17 or R 18 through the -0-C(0)-NR PR - structure, e g , organic moιety-0-C(0)-NR PR -steroιd or steroιd-O-C(O)- NR PR -organιc moiety As used herein, "monosacchaπde" means a polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone having the empirical formula (CH2θ) n where n is 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 Monosacchaπde includes open chain and closed chain forms, but will usually be closed chain forms Monosacchaπde includes hexofuranose and pentofuranose sugars such as 2'- deoxyπbose, πbose, arabmose, xylose, their 2'-deoxy and 3'-deoxy derivatives and their 2',3'-dιdeoxy derivatives Monosacchaπde also includes the 2', 3' dideoxydidehydro derivative of πbose Monosacchaπdes include the D-, L- and DL-isomers of glucose, fructose, mannose, idose, galactose, allose, gulose, altrose, talose, fucose, erythrose, threose, lyxose, erythrulose, πbulose, xylulose, πbose, arabmose, xylose, psicose, sorbose, tagatose, glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone and their monodeoxy derivatives such as rhamnose Monosacchaπdes are optionally protected or partially protected Optionally substituted alkyl group, optionally substituted alkenyl group, optionally substituted alkynyl group, optionally substituted aryl moiety and optionally substituted heterocycle mean substitutions that include d 20 alkyl moieties, C 2 20 alkenyl moieties, C 2 . 20 alkynyl moieties, aryl moieties, C 2 9 heterocycles or substituted derivatives of any of these Typical substitutions for these organic groups include 1 , 2, 3, 4 or more, usually 1 or 2, -0-, -S-, -NR PR -, -C(O)-, -N(R PR ) 2l -C(0)OR PR , -OC(0)R PR , -OR PR , -SR PR , -N0 2 , -CN, - NHC(O)-, -C(0)NH-, -OC(O)-, -C(0)0-, -0-A8, -S-A8, -C(0)-A8 -OC(0)-A8, -C(0)0-A8, =N-, -N=, -OP0 2 R PR , -OS0 3 H or halogen moieties or atoms, where R PR independently is - H, a protecting group or both R PR together are a protecting group and A8 is d 8 alkyl, Ci 8 alkenyl, Ci 8 alkynyl, d 4 alkyl-aryl (e g , benzyl), aryl (e g phenyl) or d 4 alkyl-d 5 heterocycle Substitutions are independently chosen The organic moieties as described here, and for other any other moieties described herein, exclude obviously unstable moieties, e g , -O-O-, except where such unstable moieties are transient species that one can use to make a compound with sufficient chemical stability for the one or more of the uses described herein Optionally substituted "monosacchaπde' comprise any C3-C7 sugar, D-, L- or DL- configurations, e g , erythrose, glycerol πbose deoxyπbose, arabmose, glucose, mannose, galactose, fucose, mannose, glucosamine, N-acetylneuraminic acid, N- acetylglucosamine N-acetylgalactosamine that is optionally substituted at one or more hydroxyl groups Suitable substitutions include hydrogen, protected hydroxyl, carboxyl, azido, cyano -O-d 6 alkyl, -S-d e alkyl, -0-C 2 6 alkenyl, -S-C 2 6 alkenyl, optionally protected amme, optionally protected carboxyl halogen, thiol or protected thiol The linkage between the monosacchaπde the steroid is α or β Optionally substituted "oligosacchaπde" comprises two, three, four or more of any C3-C7 sugars that are covalently linked to each other The linked sugars may have D-, L- or DL-configurations Suitable sugars and substitutions are as described for monosacchaπdes The linkage between the oligosacchaπde and the steroid is α or β, as are the linkages between the monosacchaπdes that comprise the oligosacchande. Nucleoside includes 3TC, AZT, D4T, ddl, ddC, G, A, U, C, T, dG, dA, dT and dC. Polymer includes biocompatible organic polymers, e g , PEGs and polyhydroxyalkyl polymers PEG means an ethylene glycol polymer that contains about 20 to about 2000000 linked monomers, typically about 50-1000 linked monomers, usually about 100-300 Polyethylene glycols include PEGs containing various numbers of linked monomers, e g., PEG20, PEG30, PEG40, PEG60, PEG80, PEG100, PEG1 15, PEG 200, PEG 300, PEG400, PEG500, PEG600, PEG 1000, PEG1500, PEG2000, PEG 3350, PEG4000, PEG4600, PEG5000, PEG6000, PEG8000, PEG1 1000, PEG12000, PEG2000000 and any mixtures thereof Am o acid "Ammo acid" means an ammo acid moiety that comprises any naturally-occurring or synthetic ammo acid residue, i e , any moiety comprising at least one carboxyl and at least one ammo residue directly linked by one, two three or more carbon atoms, typically one (α) carbon atom The nature and identity of the intervening structure located between the carboxyl and ammo groups can have a variety of structures including those described herein Typically, ammo acids linked to the steroid through the amine group have sufficient conformation and length to be capable of autocatalytic hydrolysis of the ammo acid-steroid bond and release of the steroid This can occur when the free carboxyl is generated in vivo by deesteπfication, deamidation or peptidolytic cleavage of the precursor containing a linkage between the ammo acid's amine group and the steroid Hydrolysis of the bond between an ammo acid's carboxyl or ammo group and the steroid can also occur by chemical or enzymatic activity, e g , esterase cleavage or non-enzymatic hydrolysis In general, the ammo acids corresponding to the residues employed in the invention compounds are naturally occurring and have no significant pharmacological activity per se However, optimal pharmacokinetic activity, (substantially complete hydrolysis upon hydrolysis of the distal amide or ester bond) may be achieved by using non-naturally occurring am o acid residues The intervening structure may be as simple as methylene when the ammo acid residue is glycyl, or substituted methylene for other α am o acids The structure ordinarily contains up to about 5 carbon or heteroatoms in the direct linkage between the ammo acid's carboxyl carbon and the amine nitrogen Thus, ammo acids can comprise intervening ethylene propylene butylene or pentylene groups or their substituted analogs, such as for example, oxyesters or ethers in which oxygen replaces carbon and, as appropriate, hydrogen An example of such an intervening structure would be -CH-0-C(R 22 )(R 23 )-, where R 22 and R 23 are independently selected hydrogen or organic moieties as described above for esters In some embodiments one of R 22 and R 23 is hydrogen and the other is a C2-20 organic moiety Typically the organic moieties contain about 1 -20 carbon atoms and ON , 2, 3, 4 or 5 independently selected heteroatoms, which are typically selected from oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus. In general, fewer intervening atoms are used when more rapid hydrolysis is desired, although larger structures are suitable if, e g , they possess sufficient flexibility or have conformations to allow positioning of the carboxyl group in proximity to the ammo acid- steroid bond Ordinarily, R 22 is -H, methyl or hydroxymethyl, usually -H, and R 23 is a side chain or group of a naturally occurring ammo acid Ammo acid side chains include analogs where the side chain is a Ci 15 homolog of the corresponding natural compound, e g , methylene, ethylene, propylene, butylene or a substituted derivative thereof, e.g , an alkyl, ether or alkoxy (e g , methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy) substituted derivative In general, for carboxyl-containmg side chains, if the C atom of the side chain carboxyl is linked by 5 or less atoms to the Ν then the carboxyl optionally will be blocked, e g by esteπfication or amidation wherein the ester or amide bonds are hydrolyzable in vivo R 22 also is taken together with R 30 to form a proline residue (-CH2-)3 Thus, R 23 is generally a side group such as -H, -CH 3 , -CH(CH 3 ) 2 , -CH 2 -CH(CH 3 )2, -CHCH 3 -CH2-CH 3 l -CH 2 -C 6 H 5 , -CH 2 CH 2 - S-CH 3 , -CH 2 OH, -CH(OH)-CH 3 , -CH 2 -SH, -CH 2 -C 6 H 4 OH, -CH2-CO-ΝH 2 , -CH 2 -CH 2 -CO- NH , -CH2-COOH, -CH 2 -CH 2 -COOH, -(CH 2 ) 4 -NH 2 and -(CH 2 ) 3 -NH-C(NH 2 )-NH2 R 23 also includes 1 -guanιdιnoprop-3-yl, benzyl, 4-hydroxybenzyl, ιmιdazol-4-yl, ιndol-3-yl, methoxyphenyl and ethoxyphenyl The optimal R 30 group is readily selected using routine assays In general, the ammo acid residue has the structure shown in the formulas below Ordinarily, n is 1 or 2, R 22 is -H and R 23 is a moiety containing one or more of the following groups ammo, carboxyl, amide, carboxyl ester, hydroxyl, C6-C aryl, ether (-0-), thioether (-S-), n- s- or t-alkyl (C | - C(,), guanidinyl, imidazolyl, indolyl, sulfhydryl, sulfoxide, and phosphoryl The R 22 and R 23 substituents can have a wide variety of structures including those disclosed herein, e g , esters, ethers or carbonates When the ammo acid residues contain one or more chiral centers any of the D, L, meso, threo or erythro (as appropriate) racemates or mixtures thereof fall within the scope of this invention In general, if it is desired to rely on non-enzymatic means of hydrolysis, D isomers should be used On the other hand, L isomers may be more versatile since they can be susceptible to both non-enzymatic as well as potential targeted enzymatic hydrolysis, and are more efficiently transported by amino acid or dipeptidyl transport systems in the gastrointestinal tract Examples of suitable am o acid residues include the following. Glycyl, aminopolycarboxyhc acids, e g , aspartic acid, β-hydroxyaspartic acid, glutamic acid, β- hydroxyglutamic acid, β-methylaspartic acid, β-methylglutamic acid, β,β-dιmethylaspartιc acid, γ-hydroxyglutamic acid, β,γ-dιhydroxyglutamιc acid, β-phenylglutamic acid, γ- methyleneglutamic acid, 3-amιnoadιpιc acid, 2-amιnopιmelιc acid, 2-amιnosuberιc acid and 2-amιnosebacιc acid residues, ammo acid amides such as glutaminyl and asparagmyl, polyammo- or polybasic-monocarboxylic acids such as arginme, lysine, β- aminoalanine, γ-aminobutyπne, omithine, citrulme, homoarginme, homocitrul ne, 5- hydroxy-2,6-dιamιnohexanoιc acid (commonly, hydroxylysme, including allohydroxylysine) and diaminobutyπc acid residues, other basic ammo acid residues such as histidinyl, diaminodicarboxyhc acids such as α,α'-dιamιnosuccιnιc acid, α,α'-dιamιnoglutarιc acid, α.α'-diaminoadipic acid, α,α'-dιamιnopιmelιc acid, α,α'-dιamιno-β-hydroxypιmelιc acid, α,α'-dιamιnosuberιc acid, α,α'-dιamιnoazelaιc acid, and α,α'-dιamιnosebacιc acid residues, imino acids such as proline, 4- or 3-hydroxy-2-pyrrolιdιnecarboxylιc acιd (commonly, hydroxyprolme, including allohydroxyprolme), γ-methylprolme, pipecolic acid, 5-hydroxypιpecolιc acid, -N([CH2]nCOOR PR ) 2 , wherein n is 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 and R PR is -H or a protecting group, and azetιdιne-2-carboxylιc acid residues, a mono- or di-alkyl (typically C i - C% branched or normal) ammo acid such as alanme, valme, leucine, allylglycme, butyπne, norvalme, norleucine, heptylme, α-methylseπne, α-amino-α-methyl-γ- hydroxyvaleπc acid, α-amino-α-methyl-δ-hydroxyvaleπc acid, α-amino-α-methyl-ε- hydroxycaproic acid, isovalme, α-methylglutamic acid, α-ammoisobutyπc acid, α- aminodiethylacetic acid, α-aminodnsopropylacetic acid, α-ammodi-n-propylacetic acid, α- am odiisobutylacetic acid, α-aminodi-n-butylacetic acid, α-aminoethy sopropylacetic acid, α-ammo-n-propylacetic acid, α-ammodiisoamyacetic acid, α-methylaspartic acid, α- methylglutamic acid, 1-amιnocyclopropane-1 -carboxylιc acιd, isoleucme, alloisoleucme, tert-leucine, β-methyltryptophan and α-amino-β-ethyl-β-phenylpropionic acid residues, β- phenylseπnyl, aliphatic α-amino-β-hydroxy acids such as serine, β-hydroxyleucme, β- hydroxynorleucme, β-hydroxynorva ne, and α-amino-β-hydroxysteaπc acid residues, α- Ammo, α-, γ-, δ- or ε-hydroxy acids such as homoseπne, γ-hydroxynorvalme, δ- hydroxynorvalme and epsilon-hydroxynorleucine residues canavinyl and canalmyl, γ- hydroxyornithmyl, 2-Hexosamιnιc acids such as D-glucosaminic acid or D-galactosammic acid residues α-amino-β-thiols such as penicillamine, β-thiolnorva ne or β-thiolbutyπne residues, other sulfur containing ammo acid residues including cysteine, homocystine; β- phenylmethionme, methionine, S-allyl-L-cysteme sulfoxide, 2-thιolhιstιdιne, cystathionine; and thiol ethers of cysteine or homocysteme, phenylalanme, tryptophan and ring- substituted α ammo acids such as the phenyl- or cyclohexylamino acids α- ammophenylacetic acid, α-aminocyclohexylacetic acid and α-amino-β-cyclohexylpropionic acid, phenylalanme analogues and derivatives comprising aryl, lower alkyl, hydroxy, guanidino, oxyalkylether, nitro, sulfur or halo-substituted phenyl (e g , tyrosine, methyltyrosme and o-chloro-, p-chloro-, 3,4-dιcloro, o-, m- or p-methyl-, 2,4,6-tπmethyl-, 2- ethoxy-5-nιtro, 2-hydroxy-5-nιtro and p-nitro-phenylalanme), furyl-, thienyl-, pyπdyl-, pyπmidinyl-, puπne or naphthylalanines, and tryptophan analogues and deπvatives including kynurenme, 3-hydroxykynurenιne, 2-hydroxytryptophan and 4-carboxytryptophan residues, α-ammo substituted ammo acid residues including sarcos e (N-methylglycine), N-benzylglycme, N-methylalanine, N-benzylalanme, N-methylphenylalanme, N- benzylphenylalanme, N-methylvalme and N-benzylvalme, and α-Hydroxy and substituted α-hydroxy ammo acid residues including serine, threonme, allothreonine, phosphoseπne and phosphothreonme residues Any one of the foregoing or other known ammo acids are suitably employed in this invention Typically ammo acids are capable of autocatalytically hydrolyzmg the ammo acid-steroid bond Thus, they typically contain, or upon being hydrolyzed in vivo, contain a free carboxyl group or amine group Also of interest are hydrophobic ammo acids such as mono-or di-alkyl or aryl am o acids, cycloalkylamino acids and the like These residues, together with R 29 - R 34 (R 31 -R 34 are defined below) can contribute to cell permeability by modulating the lipophilicity of a formula 1 or formula 2 compound Typically, the residue does not contain a sulfhydryl or guanidino substituent Peptide One, 2, 3 or more of R 1 -R 4 can comprise a 'peptide", i e , two or more am o acids as defined above Typically the ammo acids are linked through normal peptide bonds, i e , -CO-NH- between adjacent am o acid residues Peptides comprise dipeptides (dimers), tπpeptides (tπmers), short peptides of 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 or 15 residues, and longer peptides or proteins having about 100 or more residues Invention compounds that comprise a peptide can be used as immunogens, prodrugs or as synthetic precursors for other steroid derivatives In one embodiment the peptide will contain a peptidolytic enzyme cleavage site at the peptide bond linking the first residue and the next residue distal to the steroid residue Such cleavage sites are optionally flanked by enzymatic recognition structures, e g particular residues recognized by a hydrolytic enzyme, e g , a peptidase located in the serum or in cells Peptidolytic enzymes are well known, and in particular include carboxypeptidases. Carboxypeptidases digest polypeptides by removing C-termmal residues, and are specific in many instances for particular C-termmal sequences Such enzymes and their substrate requirements in general are well known For example, a dipeptide having a given pair of residues and a free carboxyl terminus is covalently bonded through its α-amino group to the steroid nucleus It is expected that the peptide will be cleaved by the appropriate dipeptidase, protease or by chemical hydrolysis, leaving the carboxyl of the proximal ammo acid residue to autocatalytically cleave the amidate bond Examples of suitable dipeptidyl groups (designated by their single letter symbols) are shown in the table below SYMBOL 1-Letter 3-Letter AMINO ACID Y Tyr tyrosine G Gly glycine F Phe phenylalanme M Met methionme A Ala alanme S Ser serine I lie isoleucme L Leu leucine T Thr threonme V Val valine P Pro proline K Lys lysine H His histidine Q Gin glutamine E Glu glutamic acid W Trp tryptophan R Arg arginme D Asp aspartic acid N Asn asparagme C Cvs cvsteine Dipeptides AA, AR, AN, AD, AC, AE, AQ, AG, AH, Al, AL, AK AM, AF, AP, AS, AT, AW, AY, AV, RA, RR, RN, RD, RC, RE, RQ, RG, RH, Rl, RL, RK, RM, RF, RP, RS, RT, RW, RY, RV, NA, NR, NN, ND, NC, NE, NQ, NG, NH, NI, NL, NK, NM NF, NP, NS, NT, NW, NY, NV, DA, DR, DN, DD, DC, DE, DQ, DG, DH, Dl, DL, DK, DM, DF, DP, DS, DT, DW, DY, DV, CA, CR, CN, CD, CC, CE, CQ, CG, CH, Cl, CL, CK, CM CF, CP, CS, CT, CW, CY, CV, EA, ER, EN, ED, EC EE, EQ, EG, EH El, EL, EK, EM EF, EP, ES, ET, EW, EY, EV, QA, QR, QN, QD QC, QE, QQ, QG, QH, QI, QL, QK, QM, OF, QP, QS, QT, QW, QY, QV, GA, GR, GN, GD, GC, GE, GQ, GG, GH, Gl, GL, GK, GM, GF, GP, GS, GT, GW, GY, GV, HA, HR, HN, HD, HC, HE HQ, HG, HH, HI, HL, HK, HM, HF HP, HS, HT HW, HY, HV, IA, IR, IN, ID, IC, IE, IQ, IG, IH, II, IL, IK, IM, IF IP, IS, IT, IW IY, IV, LA, LR, LN, LD, LC, LE, LQ, LG, LH, LI, LL, LK, LM, LF, LP, LS, LT, LW, LY, LV, KA KR, KN, KD, KC, KE, KQ, KG, KH, Kl, KL, KK, KM, KF, KP, KS, KT, KW, KY, KV, MA, MR MN, MD, MC, ME, MQ, MG, MH Ml, ML, MK MM, MF MP, MS, MT, MW MY, MV, FA FR, FN, FD FC FE, FQ, FG, FH, FI, FL, FK FM FF, FP FS, FT, FW, FY FV, PA PR PN, PD, PC PE, PQ, PG, PH, PI, PL, PK, PM, PF, PP, PS, PT, PW, PY, PV, SA, SR, SN, SD, SC, SE, SQ, SG, SH, SI, SL, SK, SM, SF, SP, SS, ST, SW, SY, SV, TA, TR, TN, TD, TC, TE, TQ, TG, TH, Tl, TL, TK, TM, TF, TP, TS, TT, TW, TY, TV, WA, WR, WN, WD, WC, WE, WQ, WG, WH, Wl, WL, WK, WM, WF, WP, WS, WT, WW, WY, WV, YA, YR, YN, YD, YC, YE, YQ, YG, YH, Yl, YL, YK, YM, YF, YP, YS, YT, YW, YY, YV, VA, VR, VN, VD, VC. VE. VQ, VG, VH. VI, VL, VK. VM. VF, VP, VS. VT. VW, VY. W Such dipeptides include species where both ammo acids are in the L configuration, the D configuration or mixtures of configurations Tπpeptides, i.e , 3 linked ammo acid residues, are also useful embodiments. Tπpeptides include those where A, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W or Y is linked by a standard peptide bond to the ammo or the carboxyl terminus of any of the dipeptides listed above The sequence -X1-pro-X2- (where X1 is any ammo acid and X2 is hydrogen, any ammo acid residue or a carboxyl ester of proline) will be cleaved by luminai carboxypeptidase to yield X1 with a free carboxyl, which in turn autocatalytically cleaves the amidate bond X2 usually will be a benzyl ester of the carboxy group of X2 Other embodiments include tetrapeptides such as ones where any two of the dipeptides listed above, which may be the same or different dipeptides (e g , AA and AA linked together or, e g , AA and Gl linked together), are linked to each other by a peptide bond through the ammo terminus or carboxyl terminus One, 2 or more tetrapeptides may bonded to the formula 1 or formula 2 compound through the tetrapeptide's ammo or carboxyl terminus. In some embodiments, the formula 1 or formula 2 compound comprises one or more ammo acids or peptides having the structure (A), (B) or (C) (A) R 32 -NH-{[C(R 29 )(R 30 )] b -C(O)-N(R 31 )} r [C(R 29 )(R 30 )] a -C(O)-O-steroιd, (B) R 33 -0-{C(0)-[C(R 9 )(R 30 )] d -N(R 31 )} g -C(0)-[C(R 29 )(R 30 )] c -N(R 31 )-0-steroid, or (C) R 33 -O-{C(O)-[C(R 29 )(R 30 )] d -N(R 31 )} -C(O)-[C(R 29 )(R 30 )] c -N(R 31 )-C(O)-O-steroιd, wherein (A), (B) or (C) are independently selected and they are bonded to 1 , 2, 3 or more of R 1 through R 4 , where each R 29 -R 31 is independently selected, R 29 independently are -H or a C1 -20 organic moiety (e g , d 6 alkyl, e g -CH 3 or -C 2 H 5 ), R 30 independently are the side chain of an amino acid, including the side chain of naturally occurring ammo acids as described above, e g , -H, -CH 3 , -CH 2 C 6 H 5 , R 31 is -H or a protecting group, R 32 and R 33 independently comprise -H, a protecting group, an ester or an amide where each atom or group is independently chosen, a, b, c and d independently are 1 , 2, 3, 4 or 5, usually 1 , e, f and g independently are an integer from 0 to about 1000, typically they independently are 0 1 , 2, 3 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8, a, b, c and d independently are 1 or 2, e, f and g independently are O, 1 2, 3, 4 or 5 If the am o acιd(s) or resιdue(s) has 2 or more amine groups, e g , a lysmyl or argmyl or omithinyl residue then R 29 is usually -H and R 30 may comprise - [C(R 34 ) ] n 2N(R PR )- where n2 is ON , 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, R PR is -H or a protecting group and each R 34 independently is -H, C1-C20 optionally substituted alkyl, C6-C20 optionally substituted aryl, C -C2o optionally substituted alkylaryl, C -C2o optionally substituted arylalkyl, C1-C20 optionally substituted alkoxy, C6-C20 optionally substituted aryloxy or hydroxyl Such compounds will contain a plurality of steroid moieties For example when both the epsilon (ε) or delta (δ) and alpha (α) ammo groups of lysine or omithme are substituted with steroid moieties the amidate is believed to be capable of releasing two molecules of active drug, each expected to emerge under different pharmacokinetics and therefore further sustaining the drug release Salt Invention embodiments include salts and complexes of invention compounds (formula 1 compounds), including pharmaceutically acceptable or salts that are relatively non-toxic Some of the invention compounds have one or more moieties that carry at least a partial positive or negative charge in aqueous solutions, typically at a pH of about 4-10, that can participate in forming a salt, a complex, a composition with partial salt and partial complex properties or other noncovalent interactions, all of which we refer to as a "salt(s)" Salts are usually biologically compatible or pharmaceutically acceptable or non-toxic, particularly for mammalian cells Salts that are biologically toxic are optionally used with synthetic intermediates of invention compounds When a water-soluble composition is desired, monovalent salts are usually used Metal salts typically are prepared by reacting the metal hydroxide with a compound of this invention Examples of metal salts that are optionally prepared in this way are salts containing Lι + , Νa + , and K + A less soluble metal salt can be precipitated from the solution of a more soluble salt by adding a suitable metal compound Invention salts may be formed from acid addition of certain organic acids, such as organic carboxyhc acids, and inorganic acids, such as alkylsulfonic acids or hydrogen halide acids, to acidic or basic centers on invention compounds, such as basic centers on the invention pyπmidine base analogs Metal salts include ones containing Na + , Lι + , K + < Ca ++ or Mg ++ Other metal salts may contain aluminum barium strontium, cadmium, bismuth arsenic or zinc ion Salt(s) of invention compounds may comprise a combination of appropriate cations such as alkali and alkaline earth metal ions or ammonium and quaternary ammonium ions with the acid anion moiety of the phosphoric acid or phosphonic acid group, which may be present in invention polymers or monomers Salts are produced by standard methods including dissolving free base in an aqueous aqueous-alcohol or aqueous-organic solution containing the selected acid, optionally followed by evaporating the solution The free base is reacted in an organic solution containing the acid, in which case the salt usually separates directly or one can concentrate the solution Suitable amine salts include amines having sufficient basicity to form a stable salt, usually amines of low toxicity including tπalkyl amines (tπpropylamine, tπethylamine, tπmethylamine), procaine, dibenzylamine, N-benzyl-betaphenethylamine, ephenamine, N,N'-dιbenzylethylenedιamιne, N-ethylpipeπdine, benzylamine and dicyclohexylamine. Salts include organic sulfonic acid or organic carboxy c acid salts, made for example by addition of the acids to basic centers, typically amines Exemplary sulfonic acids include C6-16 aryl sulfonic acids, Cβ-16 heteroaryl sulfonic acids and Ci-16 alkyl sulfonic acids such as phenyl sulfonic acid, a-naphthalene sulfonic acid, β-naphthalene sulfonic acid, (S)-camphorsulfonιc acid, methyl (CH3SO3H), ethyl (C2H5SO3H), n-propyl, /-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, /-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl and hexyl sulfonic acids Exemplary organic carboxylic acids include Ci -16 alkyl, C6-16 aryl carboxylic acids and C4-I 6 heteroaryl carboxylic acids such as acetic, glycolic, lactic, pyruvic, malonic, glutaπc, tartaπc, citric, fumaπc, succmic, malic, maleic, oxalic, hydroxymaleic, benzoic, hydroxybenzoic, phenylacetic, cinnamic, salicylic, nicotinic and 2-phenoxybenzoιc Invention salts include those made from inorganic acids, e g , HF, HCl, HBr, HI, H2SO-4, H3PO4, Na2Cθ3, K2CO3, CaCθ3, MgC03 and NaCI03 Suitable anions, which are optionally present with a cation such a Ca , Mg , Li , Na or K , include arsenate, arsenite formate, sorbate, chlorate, perchlorate, peπodate, dichromate, glycodeoxycholate, cholate, deoxycholate, desoxycholate, taurocholate, taurodeoxycholate, taurolithochoiate, tetraborate, nitrate, nitrite, sulfite, sulfamate, hyposulfite, bisulfite, metabisulfite, thiosulfate, thiocyanate, silicate, metasilicate, CN " , gluconate, gulcuronate, hippurate, picrate, hydrosulfite, hexafluorophosphate, hypochloπte, hypochlorate, borate, metaborate, tungstate and urate Salts also include the invention compound salts with one or more ammo acids Many ammo acids are suitable, especially the naturally-occurring ammo acids found as protein components, although the ammo acid typically is one bearing a side chain with a basic or acidic group, e g , lysine, arginme histidine or glutamic acid, or a neutral group such as glycine, serine, threonine alanme isoleucme, or leucme The invention compositions include compounds in their un-ionized, as well as zwitteπonic form, and combinations with stoiochimetπc amounts of water as in hydrates Stereoisomers The compounds of the invention (formula 1 compounds) include enriched or resolved optical isomers at any or all asymmetric atoms as are apparent from the depictions Both racemic and diasteromenc mixtures, as well as the individual optical isomers can be isolated or synthesized so as to be substantially free of their enantiomeπc or diastereomeπc partners, and these are all within the scope of the invention. Chiral centers may be found in invention compounds at, for example, R 1 , R2, R 3 and R 4 . One or more of the following methods are used to prepare the enantiomeπcally enriched or pure isomers herein The methods are listed in approximately their order of preference, i e , one ordinarily should employ stereospecific synthesis from chiral precursors before chromatographic resolution before spontaneous crystallization Stereospecific synthesis is described in the examples Methods of this type conveniently are used when the appropriate chiral starting material is available and reaction steps are chosen do not result in undesired racemization at chiral sites One advantage of stereospecific synthesis is that it does not produce undesired enantiomers that must be removed from the final product, thereby lowering overall synthetic yield in general, those skilled in the art would understand what starting materials and reaction conditions should be used to obtain the desired enantiomerically enriched or pure isomers by stereospecific synthesis If a suitable stereospecific synthesis cannot be empirically designed or determined with routine experimentation then those skilled in the art would turn to other methods One method of general utility is chromatographic resolution of enantiomers on chiral chromatography resins These resins are packed in columns, commonly called Pirkle columns, and are commercially available The columns contain a chiral stationary phase The racemate is placed in solution and loaded onto the column, and thereafter separated by HPLC See for example, Proceedings Chromatographic Society - International Symposium on Chiral Separations, Sept 3-4, 1987 Examples of chiral columns that could be used to screen for the optimal separation technique would include Diacel Chπacel OD, Regis Pirkle Covalent D-phenylglycme Regis Pirkle Type 1A, Astec Cyclobond II, Astec Cyclobond III, Serva Chiral D-DL=Daltosιl 100, Bakerbond DNBLeu, Sumipax OA- I 000, Merck Cellulose Triacetate column, Astec Cyclobond l-Beta, or Regis Pirkle Covalent D- Naphthylalanine Not all of these columns are likely to be effective with every racemic mixture However, those skilled in the art understand that a certain amount of routine screening may be required to identify the most effective stationary phase When using such columns it is desirable to employ embodiments of the compounds of this invention in which the charges are not neutralized e g , where acidic functionalities such as carboxyl are not esteπfied or amidated Another method entails converting the enantiomers in the mixture to diasteπomers with chiral auxiliaries and then separating the conjugates by ordinary column chromatography This is a very suitable method particularly when the embodiment contains free carboxyl, am o or hydroxyl that will form a salt or covalent bond to a chiral auxiliary Chirally pure ammo acids organic acids or organosulfonic acids are all worthwhile exploring as chiral auxiliaries, all of which are well known in the art. Salts with such auxiliaries can be formed, or they can be covalently (but reversibly) bonded to the functional group For example, pure D or L ammo acids can be used to amidate the carboxyl group of invention embodiments that comprise a carboxyl group and then separated by chromatography Enzymatic resolution is another method of potential value In such methods one prepares covalent derivatives of the enantiomers in the racemic mixture, generally lower alkyl esters (for example of carboxyl), and then exposes the derivative to enzymatic cleavage, generally hydrolysis For this method to be successful an enzyme must be chosen that is capable of stereospecific cleavage, so it is frequently necessary to routinely screen several enzymes If esters are to be cleaved, then one selects a group of esterases. phosphatases, and lipases and determines their activity on the derivative. Typical esterases are from liver, pancreas or other animal organs, and include porcine liver esterase If the enatiomeπc mixture separates from solution or a melt as a conglomerate, i.e., a mixture of enantiomeπcally pure crystals, then the crystals can be mechanically separated, thereby producing the enantiomencally enriched preparation This method, however, is not practical for large-scale preparations and is of limited value for true racemic compounds Asymmetric synthesis is another technique for achieving enantiomeπc enrichment. For example, a chiral protecting group is reacted with the group to be protected and the reaction mixture allowed to equilibrate If the reaction is enantiomencally specific then the product will be enriched in that enantiomer Further guidance in the separation of enantiomeπc mixtures can be found, by way of example and not limitation, in "Enantiomers, Racemates, and resolutions", Jean Jacques, Andre Collet, and Samuel H Wilen (Kπeger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL, 1991 , ISBN 0-89464-618-4) Part 2, Resolution of Enantiomer Mixture, pages 217-435; more particularly, section 4 Resolution by Direct Crystallization, pages 217-251 , section 5, Formation and Separation of Diastereomers, pages 251-369, section 6, Crystaliization- Induced Asymmetric Transformations, pages 369-378, and section 7, Experimental Aspects and Art of Resolutions, pages 378-435, still more particularly, section 5 1 4, Resolution of Alcohols, Transformation of Alcohols into Salt-Forming Derivatives, pages 263-266 section 5 2 3, Covalent Derivatives of Alcohols, Thiols, and Phenols, pages 332- 335, section 5 1 1 , Resolution of Acids, pages 257-259, section 5 1 2, Resolution of Bases, pages 259-260, section 5 1 3, Resolution of Am o Acids, page 261-263, section 5 2 1 , Covalent Derivatives of Acids, page 329, section 5 2 2, Covalent derivatives of Amines pages 330-331 section 5 2 4, Covalent Derivatives of Aldehydes, Ketones, and Sulfoxides, pages 335-339, and section 5.2 7, Chromatographic Behavior of Covalent Diastereomers, pages 348-354 Unless otherwise stated or implied by context, expressions of a percentage of a liquid ingredient, e g , an excipient, in an invention composition or formulation mean the ingredient's percent by volume (v/v) Thus, 20% propylene glycol means 20% v/v propylene glycol is present in an invention composition or formulation The amount of excipient indicated in invention compositions is not affected by the form used, e.g., NF or USP grade solvent or excipient Thus, an invention composition that comprises about 30% polyethylene glycol 300 NF can instead comprise a USP counterpart, provided that other limitations, such as the amount of water present, are not exceeded As used herein, "innate immunity" refers to one or more components typically associated with nonspecific immune defense mechanisms in a subject These components include the alternate complement pathway, e g , Factor B, Factor D and properdm, NK cells, phagocytes (monocytes, macrophages), neutrophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells, fibrocytes, anti-microbial chemicals, e g , defensms, physical barriers - skin, mucosal epithelium, and certain interleukms, chemokmes and cytokines Innate immunity plays a role in resistance to intracellular parasite infections, e g , white blood cell infection, a liver infection, and other infections, e g , lymph node infections Enhancement of innate immunity mechanism by formula 1 compounds or method described herein may enhance phagolysosome fusion or movement, which some pathogens, e g , intracellular bacteria such as mycobacteπa, or Listena inhibit As used herein, references to CD molecules, specific immune cell subsets, immune responses and the like, generally use nomenclature that applies to molecules, cells or the like that are found in humans Analogs or counterparts of such molecules, cells or the like in other species may have a differing nomenclature, but are included in this invention A description of the nomenclature and function of various CD molecules and immune cell subsets are as found in the scientific literature References to ThO, Th1 or Th2 cells and references to Th1 or Th2 immune responses in the context of human patients refers to the human counterparts of the murine ThO, Th1 or Th2 immune cells or responses For reviews see, e g , A K Abbas et al , editors, Cellular and Molecular Immunology, W B Saunders Company, third edition, 1997, ISBN 0-7216-4024-9, pages 4- 469, and I Kimber and M K Selgrade, editors, T Lymphocyte Subpopulations in Immunotoxicology, John Wiley & Sons Ltd , 1998 ISBN 0-471 -97194-4, pages 1-53 Immunosuppressive molecule ' means molecules such as cyclospoπn, cyclohexamide, mitomycm C, adπamycin, taxol and amphoteπcin B These molecules tend to have toxicities toward the immune system and are directly or indirectly immunosuppressive, i e , toxic to dividing cells or they can downregulate immunity "Steroid receptor" means a gene product, typically a protein monomer or dimer that can bind to a hgand, e g , a natural steroid or an analog thereof, such as formula 1 compounds Steroid receptors include orphan steroid receptors Orphan steroid receptors are proteins for which the natural gand or biological function is at least partially unknown As used here, steroid receptors include homodimers, e g , SXR and (CARβ) 2 , and heterodimers, e g , PXR-CARβ or RXR-CARβ Steroid receptors also include isoforms, e g , PXR 1 and PXR 2 for the PXR receptor, and homologs of the steroid receptors, e.g., the homolog of CARβ known as MB67 Isoforms are typically generated by different splicing pathways for a nuclear RNA from one gene, while homologs are typically a distinct copy of a steroid receptor gene, where the gene copy encodes only relatively small differences compared to the reference steroid receptor gene product Such differences are most often found in areas other than the dimeπzation region and the steroid binding region of the steroid receptor's structure Typically isoforms and homologs bind the same or similar ligands as the reference gene product or steroid receptor Steroid receptors may be of human or animal origin, e g , obtained from cells, tissues or cDNA expression libraries derived from cells or tissues of any primate, rodent (including murine), avian, ovine, bovine, equine, canine or feline species or any of the species or any species within any group (e g , Family or Genus) of species mentioned elsewhere herein or in any reference cited herein In the context of a combination of molecules that includes a steroid receptor and a formula 1 compound, "invention complexes" or "complexes" means a complex that comprises a steroid receptor and a formula 1 compound and optionally other molecules These other molecules include (i) a DNA recognition sequence ("DNARS" hereafter), i e , a sequence that the steroid receptor specifically recognizes and binds to and (n) a transcription factor that can bind to the steroid receptor-formula 1 compound complex As used herein, these complexes can arise in cells in vitro or in vivo, or in cell-free systems Complexes include, for example, steroid receptor heterodimer-formula 1 compound combinations, steroid receptor homodimer-formula 1 compound combinations, steroid receptor monomer-formula 1 compound combinations, steroid receptor heterodimer- formula 1 compound-DNA (or DNARS) combinations, steroid receptor homodimer-formula 1 compound-DNA (or DNARS) combinations steroid receptor heterodimer-formula 1 compound-transcription factor combinations steroid receptor homodimer-formula 1 compound-transcription factor combinations steroid receptor heterodimer-formula 1 compound-DNA (or DNARS)-transcπptιon factor combinations and steroid receptor homodimer-formula 1 compound-DNA (or DNARS)-transcπptιon factor combinations An "agonist" or an ' antagonist' is a compound or composition that respectively, either increases or decreases the activity of a receptor which can lead to increased or decreased transcription of a regulated gene Receptors (and transcription factors) can modulate transcription of their target gene(s) by enhancing transcription or decreasing it. General methods. Methods have been described, for example Karl Fischer (KF) and loss on drying (LOD), to determine the content of water or solvents in various compositions LOD measures all volatiles in a sample, while KF is typically used to measure all water When water is the only volatile present, LOD values are equal to or less than KF values for a given composition KF measures water in hydrates of a compound and LOD determines both water and the amount of other volatiles that may be present Invention compositions and formulations are conveniently assayed for water content by KF titration (e.g , using a Metrohm 684 KF Coulometer or equivalent) according to a published procedure (U S Pharmacopoeia, vol 23, 1995, chapter <921 >, U.S Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc , Rockville, MD) and manufacturer's Coulometer instructions The amount of material used in the assay, about 50-100 mg, is measured using a five place analytical balance (Sartoπus, Model RC210D. or a suitable equivalent) The amounts of water specified in invention compositions and formulations is the amount obtained by KF analysis Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods have been used to characterize various crystalline compounds (see, e g , U S Pharmacopoeia, volume 23, 1995, <941 >, p 1843- 1845, U S Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc , Rockville, MD, Stout et al , X-Ray Structure Determination, A Practical Guide, MacMillan Co , New York, N Y , 1986) The diffraction pattern, or portions thereof, obtained from a crystalline compound is usually diagnostic for a given crystal form, although weak or very weak diffraction peaks may not always appear in replicate diffraction patterns obtained from successive batches of crystals Also, the relative intensities of XRD bands, particularly at low angle X-ray incidence values (low Theta), may vary due to preferred orientation effects arising from differences in, e g , crystal habit, particle size or other measurement conditions Peaks on XRD spectra are typically defined at a given Theta value +/- about 0 1 to 0 2 XRD information from the 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5 or more mam intensity XRD peaks, optionally combined with one or more other diagnostic data (melting point, DSC, IR), is usually suitable to characterize or describe a crystalline material such as BrEA hemihydrate from other crystal forms that contain the same compound Other techniques that are used to identify or describe a crystalline material such as BrEA hemihydrate include melting point (MP), differential scanning caloπmetry (DSC) and infrared absorption spectroscopy (IR) data DSC measures thermal transition temperatures at which a crystal absorbs or releases heat when its crystal structure changes or it melts MP data and DSC thermal transition temperatures are typically reproducible within about 1 or 2°C on successive analyses IR measures absorption of infrared light that is associated with the presence of particular chemical bonds that are associated with groups, e g , hydroxyl, that vibrate in response to particular light wavelengths Invention Embodiments The invention provides BrEA hemihydrate, which is typically substantially free of other forms of BrEA, such as amorphous BrEA or anhydrous BrEA As used herein, BrEA hemihydrate or crystalline BrEA hemihydrate refers to solid BrEA and water having an ordered arrangement of substantially all of the constituent molecules in a defined three-dimensional spatial pattern or lattice Crystalline BrEA hemihydrate may comprise one or more crystal habits, e g , tablets, rods, plates or needles BrEA hemihydrate that is substantially free of other forms of BrEA means a dry or substantially dry (where a Iιquιd(s) comprises less than about 10% w/w of the total weight) solid preparation where more than about 55% w/w of the BrEA in the preparation is present as BrEA hemihydrate Such compositions typically comprise at least about 60% w/w, or at least about 70% w/w or at least about 80% w/w usually at least about 90% w/w or at least about 95% w/w, or at least about 98% w/w of BrEA hemihydrate, with the remaining BrEA being present as other forms of BrEA such as the amorphous or anhydrous BrEA Solid BrEA hemihydrate will typically comprise at least about 90% w/w, usually at least about 97% or about 98% w/w of the compound and less than about 10% w/w, usually less than about 3% or 2% w/w of by-products, which may include the 16β isomer of BrEA or one or more by-products of BrEA synthesis Often the amount of solid BrEA that is present in a solid or a liquid medium will not contain detectable amounts of other forms of BrEA (using standard analytical methods such as, e g , FTIR, DSC or XRD) and the hemihydrate will may thus comprise about 99-100% w/w of the total amount of BrEA that is present Other invention embodiments include compositions that comprise a substantial amount of BrEA hemihydrate that is present in compositions that comprise one or more other forms of BrEA, e g , amorphous BrEA or anhydrous BrEA, and optionally one or more additional components, such as any excipient described herein As used herein, the ' substantial amount' of BrEA hemihydrate in these compositions comprises at least about 15-20% w/w or at least about 20% w/w of BrEA hemihydrate of the total amount of BrEA that is present typically at least about 25% w/w more typically at least about 30% w/w, often at least about 35% w/w and usually at least about 45% w/w These compositions are generally solids e g , formulations or unit dosages but they also include suspensions, precipitates gels and colloids that contain solid BrEA Such suspensions or precipitates may arise from e g , precipitation of BrEA hemihydrate from a solution that contains water or from addition of solid BrEA to a liquid excιpιent(s) Obviously compositions that comprise a substantial amount of BrEA may be substantially free of other forms of solid BrEA as discussed above BrEA hemihydrate may conveniently be identified by reference to BrEA hemihydrate characterized by one or more of (1 ) its melting or decomposition point or range (optionally expressed as +/- 2°C), (2) one or more BrEA hemihydrate DSC transition temperatures or ranges (any of which may be optionally expressed as +/- 2°C), (3) one or more characteristic BrEA hemihydrate IR absorption bands, (4) 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or more of the highest intensity XRD peaks (any one or more of which are optionally expressed as +/- 0 1° Theta or +/- 0 2° Theta) obtained from an XRD spectrum of BrEA hemihydrate using Cu-Kα radiation (e g , obtained essentially according to the method described at U S Pharmacopoeia, volume 23, 1995, <941 >, p 1843-1845), (5) the presence of less than about 3% or less than about 2% w/w of other compounds, (6) a water content of dry BrEA hemihydrate of about 2 5% w/w (e g , 2 3-2 7% w/w), where dry BrEA hemihydrate means compound dried by filtration, optionally washed once with an anhydrous solvent such as hexane, filtered again and dried in vacuo at about 60°C until no further weight loss occurs over 24 hours at about 60°C (e g , where water content is determined essentially by the Karl Fisher or other method described at U S Pharmacopoeia, vol 23, 1995, p 1801-1802 or 1840-1843 methods <731 > or <921 >), (7) cell constants and the orientation matrix obtained from single crystal X-ray crystallography of BrEA hemihydrate (obtained, e g , essentially as described in WO 99/04774 at example 13), (8) a description of crystal shapes as observed at about 100X magnification to about 150X magnification by polarized light microscopy or (9) average BrEA hemihydrate crystal size and shape descriptions Thus, for example, BrEA hemihydrate may be characterized by or one or more of its IR absorption bands, e g , the carbonyl peaks at 1741 cm 1 and 1752 cm and either its melting or decomposition point or range and/or 1 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or more of the XRD peaks (usually the highest intensity peaks) at Theta (X-ray diffraction angle) values of 17 8, 23 8, 24 2, 26 9-27 2, 28 6, 30 1 and 32 2 BrEA hemihydrate is suitable to prepare compositions comprising an excιpιent(s) suitable for human pharmaceutical use or for veterinary use Such compositions are used to prepare formulations and unit dosages Unit dosages typically comprise tablets, capsules, lozenges or sterile solutions, including sterile solutions for parenteral administration Solid unit dosage forms typically comprise about 5-1000 mg of BrEA hemihydrate, typically about 20-400 mg, e g , about 25 mg, about 50 mg about 100 mg, about 150 mg or about 250 mg per unit dose The invention provides a method to make BrEA hemihydrate comprising contacting water, 16α-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one and a C1-C6 alcohol (e g methanol, ethanol propanol isopropanol butanol) and water Typically the only one C1 -C6 alcohol is present, e g , ethanol, which is anhydrous or which may comprise up to about 2% w/w water In some embodiments, the method utilizes a solution that comprises about 5-25% w/w water, about 30-45% w/w ethanol and about 30-45% w/w of a BrEA preparation Typical BrEA preparations are solid preparations that comprise at least about 80% w/w, usually at least about 90% w/w or at least about 95% w/w of BrEA The solutions may comprise about 18-22% w/w water, about 37-43% w/w ethanol and about 37-43% w/w of a BrEA preparation In conducting the precipitation or crystallization method, the solution will typically be at a temperature of about -20°C to about 45°C, usually at about 0°C to about 20°C The solution is maintained at this temperature range for about 30 minutes to about 12 hours and the solution is optionally agitated using slow to moderate agitation during crystallization A related embodiment comprises a method to prepare BrEA hemihydrate comprising precipitating BrEA from a solution comprising at least about 15-25% w/w water, about 35-45% w/w of a BrEA preparation and at least about 35-45% w/w of one or more water-miscible solvents, typically Ci s alcohols (methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol) The BrEA preparation may optionally comprise one or more by-products of BrEA synthesis Typical BrEA hemihydrate preparations or batches comprise less than about 5% w/w, usually less than about 3% or about 2% w/w of other compounds, such as byproducts of BrEA synthesis Aspects of this method include contacting water with an organic solution that comprises BrEA and an organic solvent such as a C1-C6 alcohol (e g , ethanol) or acetone Addition of water to such solutions leads to precipitation of BrEA hemihydrate Solutions that contain BrEA hemihydrate crystals or precipitate are invention embodiments that are used to prepare solid BrEA that is later dried and stored, typically at ambient temperatures Precipitation of BrEA hemihydrate from water-containing solutions is accomplished by known methods, e g , reducing the solution's temperature, using saturated or nearly saturated BrEA solutions, vacuum concentration of saturated or nearly saturated BrEA solutions (which is typically conducted at a relatively low temperature, usually about 15- 25°C), seeding with saturated or nearly saturated BrEA solutions with BrEA hemihydrate crystals (e g , about 10-100 mg per 1 -10 L of solution), by heating a saturated or nearly saturated BrEA solution (about 25-35°C for a few minutes followed by allowing the temperature to fall or by actively cooling the solution) and optionally seeαmg the solution with BrEA hemihydrate crystals or by addition of a liquid, e g additional water or ethanol, to a saturated or nearly saturated BrEA ethanol-water solution which causes the solution to become supersaturated BrEA may also be precipitated from other solvents or solvent systems, including acetone and acetone-ethanol Such solvents are typically water miscible Two-stage precipitation of BrEA may also be used to recover solid BrEA hemihydrate, e g , initial precipitation and recovery of the solid, followed by either cooling and seeding of the mother liquor or by allowing the mother liquor to stand, e g , for about one, two or more days at ambient temperature, to obtain a second crop of crystals Also, BrEA hemihydrate crystals may optionally be recrystalhzed, essentially as described herein, to further increase the purity of the final solid Methods for crystallizing organic compounds have been described, e g , A S Myerson, Handbook of lndustnal Crystallization, 1993, Butterworth-Heinemann, Stoneham, MA, p 1-101 Other related embodiments comprise a product produced by the process of contacting a solution comprising BrEA and an organic solvent with water Typically the solutions are as described above, e g , a solution comprising about 3-5% v/v water and at least about 40% v/v of one or more water-miscible solvents, typically polar solvents such as Ci 6 alcohols or ketones (e g , methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, typically ethanol or acetone) Such processes are accomplished by any one or more of the techniques described in the paragraph above, e g , cooling of a saturated or nearly saturated BrEA water-ethanol solution and optionally seeding the cooled solution with BrEA hemihydrate An embodiment related to this comprises solutions or solids that comprise wet BrEA hemihydrate crystals or wet filtered or centrifuged BrEA hemihydrate cakes which may be obtained after crystallization Examples of these embodiments include adding water to a BrEA-alcohol solution, e g , slow addition of about 0 5-1 5 volumes or about 0 8-1 2 volumes of water to about 6 volumes of a BrEA-ethanol solution to obtain BrEA hemihydrate Other examples of these embodiments include adding water to a BrEA-ketone solvent solution, e g , slow addition of about 0 5-1 5 volumes or about 0 8-1 2 volumes of water to about 10 volumes of a BrEA-acetone solution to obtain BrEA hemihydrate Another related embodiment is BrEA hemihydrate that is milled to an average particle size of about 0 01 -200 μM, or about 0 1 -10 μM or about 0 5-5 μM Average particle size or diameter for milled BrEA hemihydrate may thus be relatively small, e g , about 0 03-2 0 μM or about 0 1 -1 0 μM or somewhat larger, e g , about about 0 5-5 0 μM or about 1-5 0 μM Milled BrEA hemihydrate is suitable for preparing solid formulations and parenteral formulations for human or veterinary use The milled material facilitates dissolution of BrEA hemihydrate in solvents or excipients and facilitates mixing with solids or solid excipients While it is possible to administer BrEA hemihydrate as a pure compound to a subject it is usually presented as a solid formulation or used to prepare a liquid formulation Formulations will typically be used to prepare unit dosages e g tablets capsules or lozenges for oral buccal or sublmgual administration that comprise about 10- 1000 mg or typically about 25-400 mg of BrEA hemihydrate Alternatively embodiments include a product for parenteral (e g , subcutaneous, subdermal, intravenous, intramuscular, intrapeπtoneal) administration made by the process of contacting BrEA hemihydrate and a liquid excipient, e g , any one, two, three or more of PEG 100, PEG 200, PEG 300, PEG 400, propylene glycol, benzyl benzoate, benzyl alcohol or ethanol, and optionally sterilizing the solution and optionally dispensing the solution into vials or ampules (typically amber glass), which may be single-use or multi-use and optionally storing the formulation at reduced temperature (about 0-12°C, or about 2-10°C) Such products for parenteral administration typically comprise BrEA at a concentration of about 10-170 mg/mL, usually at about 20-110 mg/mL or about 30-100 mg/mL, and optionally one or more of a salt, buffer or bacteπostat or preservative (e g , NaCl, BHA, BHT or EDTA) Other embodiments include a product produced by the process of contacting BrEA hemihydrate, which may be substantially free of other forms of BrEA, with an excipient suitable for human pharmaceutical use or for veterinary use The product is useful to make formulations or unit dosage forms that contain the hemihydrate Formulations made from or containing BrEA hemihydrate will usually be stored under conditions that limit the amount of water that reaches the formulation, e g , silica gel in a sealed container that holds a formulation Water permeation characteristics of containers have been described, e g , Containers - Permeation, Chapter, USP 23, 1995, U S Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc Rockville, MD, p 1787 Embodiments include invention compositions that transiently occur when a method step or operation is performed For example, when a formula 1 compound such as BrEA, containing less than about 3% water is contacted with an excipient, e g , a PEG, an alcohol, propylene glycol or benzyl benzoate, the composition before addition of one ingredient with another is a non-homogenous mixture As the ingredients are contacted, the mixture's homogeneity increases and the proportion of ingredients relative to each other approaches a desired value Thus, invention compositions, which contain less than about 3% water can comprise about 0 0001-99% of a formula 1 compound such as BrEA and one or more excipients These transient compositions are intermediates that necessarily arise when one makes an invention composition or formulation and they are included in invention embodiments to the extent that they are patentable In general the formula 1 compound that is present in invention compositions and formulations is completely dissolved in the non-aqueous excipients However, in some embodiments, e g , transient compositions and some formulations the formula 1 compound is partially dissolved while the remaining portion is present as a solid, which can be a suspension or a colloid Invention compositions and formulations suitable for parenteral delivery of formula 1 compounds to humans or animals typically comprise two three or more excipients Exemplary embodiments include (1 ) any two, three or four of propylene glycol, PEG200, PEG300, ethanol and benzyl benzoate and (2) any two, three or four of propylene glycol, PEG100, PEG200, PEG300, PEG400 and benzyl benzoate Invention compositions and formulations generally comprise about 0.01-10% of BrEA, usually about 1 -5%, and about 0 01 -3% water, typically about 0 05-3%, usually about 0 1-1 % The invention formulations are usually presented as unit or multi-unit dosages suitable for parenteral administration once or twice per day or once per 2-3 days. Unit dosages comprise about 3-1000 mg of BrEA per unit dose, typically about 5-500 mg, usually about 10-200 mg For treating retroviruses such as HIV in humans, a unit dose usually comprises about 10-250 mg of BrEA, usually about 100-200 mg, in a volume of about 1-6 mL, usually about 2-4 mL Invention embodiments include the product made by a process of combining, mixing or otherwise contacting BrEA and one, two or more excipients Such products are produced by routine methods of contacting the ingredients Such products optionally also contain a diluent, a disintegrant and a binder, or other excipients described herein or in references cited herein BrEA in the presence of significant amounts of water was found to epimeπze at the bromine atom, leading to a mixture of the 16α- and 16β-BrEA isomers Invention compositions and formulations comprising BrEA or BrEA hemihydrate will usually have a water content of less than about 3%, typically less than about 0 3%, usually less than about 0 1 % These compositions and formulations were found to have a good stability when stored at ambient temperature (about 5-40°C as used herein) in closed containers compared to control compositions and formulations having more water Such liquids are also characterized by an unexpected reduction in precipitation of the compound, which water appears to induce Invention embodiments include compositions that comprise less than about 3% water, a formula 1 compound and a compound that is not generally considered suitable for human use but is useful to make an invention formulation for veterinary use Veterinary formulations are compositions useful for the purpose of administering invention compositions to primates, cats, dogs, horses cows, rabbits and other subjects and may contain excipients acceptable in the veterinary art and are compatible with formula 1 compounds such as BrEA These veterinary compositions may not always be suitable for human use because they contain an excipient that is not suitable for human use, e g , an alcohol other than ethanol such as methanol propanol or butanol Typically such excipients will be present at relatively low levels e g , about 1 -30%, usually about 1-5% Invention embodiments include compositions and formulations e g , unit dosage forms and sterile solutions, that comprise (1 ) about 1 -100 mg/mL of a formula 1 compound(s), about 57 5% propylene glycol, about 25% PEG300, about 12.5% ethanol and about 5% benzyl benzoate, (2) about 1-60 mg/mL of a formula 1 compound(s), about 70% propylene glycol, about 25% PEG300 and about 5% benzyl benzoate, (3) about 1-60 mg/mL of a formula 1 compound(s), about 25% PEG300, about 35% propylene glycol, about 35% mannitol and about 5% benzyl benzoate, (4) about 1-60 mg/mL of a formula 1 compound(s), about 57 5% propylene glycol, a mixture comprising about 25% PEG300 and PEG200 (e g , PEG300 PEG200 in a ratio of about 1 10 to about 10'1), about 12.5% ethanol and about 5% benzyl benzoate, (5) about 1-60 mg/mL of a formula 1 compound(s), about 75% propylene glycol, a mixture comprising about 25% PEG300 and PEG200 (e g , a PEG300 PEG200 in a ratio of about 1 10 to about 10 1) and about 5% benzyl benzoate, (6) about 1-60 mg/mL of a formula 1 compound(s), about 25% PEG300 and PEG200 (e g , PEG300 PEG200 in a ratio of about 1 10 to about 10 1), about 35% propylene glycol, about 35% mannitol and about 5% benzyl benzoate, (7) any of formulations (1) through (6) where the formula 1 compound(s) is about 40-55 mg/mL, (8) any of formulations (1) through (6) where the formula 1 compound(s) is about 30-100 mg/mL, (9) any of formulations (1 ) through (8) where 1 , 2, 3 or 4 formula 1 compounds are present, (10) any of formulations (1) through (8) where 1 or 2 formula 1 compounds are present, (11) any of formulations (1) through (8) where 1 formula 1 compound is present; (12) any of formulations (1 ) through (11 ) where the formula 1 compound comprises independently at 1 , 2 or 3 of any of R 1 -R 6 , R 0 , R 15 , R 17 or R 8 an independently selected ester, thioester, carbonate, carbamate, ammo acid or peptide of 1 or 2 independently selected formula 1 compounds, (13) any of formulations (1 ) through (12) where the formula 1 compound comprises or is BrEA or BrEA hemihydrate, (14) any of formulations (1 ) through (13) where the formula 1 compound comprises or is an ester, a sulfate ester or phosphoester of BrEA Other embodiments include the product obtained by storing invention compositions or formulations, e g , unit dosage forms, any of embodiments (1)-(14) above, or compositions used to make formulations, at about 10-40°C for at least about 3 days, e g , storage at ambient temperature for about 1-24 months Invention formulations will typically be stored in hermetically or induction sealed containers for these time periods Invention compositions will typically be held in closed containers The specification and claims disclose exemplary suitable formulations and unit dosage forms for these embodiments Other embodiments include compounds compositions and formulations where one or more of R 1 -R 6 , R 0 R 15 , R 7 and R 18 comprise an ammo acid or a peptide e g , R 1 , R 2 or R 4 comprises an am o acid or a peptide R 3 is a halogen and R 5 and R 6 are both -CH 3 The peptide at one or more of R 1 -R 6 can comprise a cell surface binding peptide such as the entire protein or a sequence from fibronectin or retronectm e g KQAGDV In the formula 1 compounds, each R 4 is independently selected. In some embodiments one R 4 is hydrogen and the other is another moiety In other embodiments, both R 4 are independently selected moieties other than hydrogen, e g , a C1 to C20 organic moiety R 1 -R 6 , R 10 , R 15 , R 17 and R 18 include moieties, e g , esters, thioesters, carbonates, ammo acids, peptides and/or carbamates, that are chemically and/or enzymatically hydrolyzable, often under physiological conditions Such moieties are independently chosen Typically these moieties will give rise to -OH, -SH or -NH 2 at the R 1 -R 6 positions of the steroid nucleus Embodiments of formula 1 compounds include ones where (1) one of R 1 , R 2 and R 4 is a hydrolyzable moiety (e g , ester, thioester, carbonate, am o acid, peptide or carbamate), the other two of R , R 2 and R 4 are -H, R 3 is not hydrogen and R 5 and R 6 are both -CH 3 , (2) two of R , R 2 and R 4 are hydrolyzable moieties (e g , independently chosen esters, thioesters, carbonates, ammo acids, peptides and/or carbamates), the other of R 1 , R 2 and R 4 is -H, R 3 is not hydrogen and R 5 and R 6 are both - CH 3 , (3) R 1 , R 2 and R 4 are hydrolyzable moieties, R 3 is not hydrogen and R 5 and R 6 are both -CH 3 In these embodiments, the R 3 group is typically in the β-configuration and the R 1 , R 2 and R 4 -R 6 groups are typically in the α-configuration In other embodiments, one or more of R -R 6 , R 10 , R 15 , R 17 and R 18 , usually one, comprises an ammo acid or a peptide, while the remaining groups are independently selected from the moieties defined herein In these embodiments, the peptides are typically dimers (dipeptides) or tπmers (tπpeptides) For example one of R 1 , R 2 or R 4 comprises an ammo acid, the remaining of R 1 , R 2 or R 4 independently comprise -OH, =0, an ester, a carbonate or a carbamate, while R 3 is a halogen, hydroxyl or an ester and R 5 and R 6 independently are -H, -(CH 2 ) n -CH 3 , -(CH 2 ) n -CH 2 OH, or -(CH 2 ) n -CH 2 F, -(CH 2 ) 2 4 -0- (CH 2 ) 2 4 -CH 3 , where n is 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 often 0, 1 , or 2, usually 0 Typically the ester, carbonate or carbamate are hydrolyzable under physiological conditions Hydrolyzable moieties typically comprise acyl groups, esters ethers, thioethers, amides, ammo acids, peptides, carbonates and/or carbamates In general, the structure of hydrolyzable moieties is not critical and can vary In some embodiments, these moieties contain a total of about 4 to about 10 carbon atoms These hydrolyzable moieties in other embodiments comprise an organic moiety as described above for ester, that contains 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 carbon atoms and 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 heteroatoms, e g , oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur These hydrolyzable moieties can comprise no groups that are charged in plasma, blood, intracellular cytoplasm or in the gut, or they can comprise 1 , 2, 3 or more positive, negative or positive and negative charges under one or more of these conditions The charges may be fractional depending on the group and the conditions it is under These hydrolyzable moieties may comprise 1 2 3, 4 or more substitutions at a hydrogen atom(s) and/or a carbon atom(s), e g , -OH, protected hydroxyl, -SH, protected thiol, carboxyl, protected carboxyl, amine, protected amine, -0-, -S-, -CO-, -CS-, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkenyloxy, aryl, -OP(0)(0)-0-, -OS(0)(0)-0- and/or heterocycle Such substitutions are independently selected Formula 1 compounds that comprise a hydrolyzable moιety(ιes) may include one or more independently chosen -0-CHR 24 C(0)OR 25 , -S-CHR 24 C(0)OR 25 , -NH- CHR 24 C(0)OR 25 , -0-CHR 2 C(S)OR 25 , -S-CHR 24 C(S)OR 25 , -NH-CHR 4 C(S)OR 25 , -0-CHR 24 OC(0)R 25 , -S-CHR 24 OC(0)R 25 , -NH-CHR 24 OC(0)R 25 , -O- CHR 2 C(0)N(R 25 ) 2 , -S-CHR 24 C(0)N(R 25 ) 2 , -NH-CHR 24 C(0)N(R 25 ) 2 , -0-CHR 24 OR 25 , -S- CHR 24 OR 25 , -NH-CHR 24 OR 25 , -0-CHR 24 C(R 25 ) 2 CH 2 OX, -S-CHR 24 C(R 25 ) 2 CH 2 OX, -NH- CHR 24 C(R 25 ) 2 CH 2 OX, -0-CHR 24 C(R 25 ) 2 OX, -S-CHR 24 C(R 25 ) 2 OX or -NH-CHR 24 C(R 25 ) 2 OX, groups that one or more of R 1 -R 6 , R 0 , R 15 , R 17 and R 18 comprise For these hydrolyzable moieties, R 24 independently is -H, -CH 2 -C 6 H 5 , -CH 2 CH 2 -C 6 H 5 , d 8 alkyl, C 2 . 8 alkenyl, aryl or heterocycle where each alkyl, alkenyl, aryl and heterocycle moiety is independently optionally substituted with 1 , 2, or 3, usually 1 , -O-, -S-, -NH-, halogen, aryl, -OX, -SX, - NHX, ketone (=0) or -CN moieties or the d- 8 alkyl is optionally substituted with 3, 4, 5 or 6 halogens, and X is -H or a protecting group Exemplary R 24 are -H, -CH 3 , -C 2 H 5 , -CH 2 -d-5 optionally substituted alkyl, -CH 2 CH 2 -d-- 4 optionally substituted alkyl and -CH 2 CH 2 -0-Ci , optionally substituted alkyl R 25 independently is -H, -CH 2 -C 6 H 5 , -CH 2 CH 2 -C 6 H5, d. 12 alkyl, C 2 -ι 2 alkenyl, aryl, heterocycle, -CH 2 -heterocycle or -CH 2 -aryl, where each alkyl alkenyl, aryl, heterocycle, -CH -heterocycle or -CH 2 -aryl moiety is independently optionally substituted with 1 or 2, usually 1 , -0-, -S-, -NH-, halogen, aryl, -OX, -SX, -NHX, ketone (=0), -C(0)OX or -CN moieties or the Ci 12 alkyl, C 2 12 alkenyl or aryl, are optionally independently substituted with 3, 4, 5 or 6 halogens, where X is -H or a protecting group, or the aryl, heterocycle, -CH 2 -heterocycle or -CH 2 -aryl moieties are optionally independently substituted with 1 , 2 or 3 d- 4 alkyl moieties or with 1 , 2 or 3 d. 4 alkoxy moieties at the aryl moiety or at the heterocycle, usually at a ring carbon Exemplary R 25 are -H, -CH 3 , -C 2 H 5 , -C 3 H / , -C Hg, -dH 13 , -dHs, -C 6 H OH, -C6H 4 OCH 3 , -C6H 4 F, -CH 2 -Cι 5 optionally substituted alkyl, -CH 2 CH 2 -C 1 4 optionally substituted alkyl and -CH 2 CH 2 -0-Cι 4 optionally substituted alkyl Embodiments of formula 1 compounds include or exclude any subset of compounds within the definition of formula 1 , provided that at least one compound remains For example, a subset of formula 1 compounds that are usually included, for example in the invention nonaqueous formulations and in the invention intermittent dosing protocols and immune modulation methods, are formula 1 compounds where R 2 is hydroxyl or a group that can hydrolyze to hydroxyl, in either configuration and R 5 and R 6 are methyl in the α-configuration A subset compounds that are optionally excluded from formula 1 compounds comprises one or all compounds that are disclosed in one or more prior art references or publications, e g , one or more compounds that are disclosed in one or more of the references cited herein, especially for those compounds that can render any claim or embodiment unpatentable for novelty, obviousness and/or inventive step reasons Exemplary embodiments of species and genera of formula 1 compounds are named as described below Group 1. Exemplary embodiments include the formula 1 compounds named according to the compound structure designations given in Tables A and B below Each compound named in Table B is depicted as a compound having formula B nilF B where R 5 and R 6 are both -CH 3 , there is no double bond at the 1-2-, 4-5- or 5-6-posιtιons, one R 4 is hyαrogen, R 7 , R 8 and R 9 are all -CH 2 - and R , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are the substituents designated in Table A The compounds named according to Tables A and B are referred to as "group 1" compounds Compounds named in Table B are named by numbers assigned to R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 according to the following compound naming convention, R 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 , based on the numbered chemical substituents depicted in Table A Each Table A number specifies a different structure for each of R 1 R 2 , R 3 and R 4 When R , R 2 , R 3 or R 4 is a divalent moiety, e g , =0, the hydrogen at the corresponding position is absent Thus, the group 1 compound named 1 2 1 1 is a formula B structure with a β-hydroxyl bonded to carbons at the 3- and 7-posιtιons (the variable groups R 1 and R 2 respectively) an α-bromme bonded to carbon 16 (the variable group R 3 ) and double bonded oxygen (=0) at carbon 17 (the variable group R 4 ), i e 1 2 1 1 has the structure shown below TABLE A R 1 R 2 1 -OH 1 -H 2 =0 2 -OH 3 -SH 3 =0 4 =S 4 -CH 3 5 -0-CH 3 5 -OCH3 6 -0-S(0)(0)-0-Na + 6 -OC 2 H 5 7 -0-S(0)(0)-OC 2 H 5 7 -OCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 8 -CH 3 8 -OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 9 -H 9 -Cl 10 -OC(0)C(CH 3 ) 3 10 -Br R 3 R 4 1 -Br 1 =0 2 -Cl 2 -OH 3 -I 3 -H 4 -F 4 -F 5 -H 5 -Cl 6 -OH 6 -Br 7 =0 7 -I 8 -0-C(0)-CH 3 8 -0-C(0)-CH 3 9 -0-C(0)-CH 2 CH 3 9 -0-C(0)-CH 2 CH 3 10 -0-C(0)-CH,CH 2 CH-, 10 -0-C(0)-CH,CH,- CH, TABLE B 1.1.1.1, 1.1.1.2, 1.1.1.3, 1.1.1.4, 1.1.1.5.1.1.1.6.1.1.1.7, 1.1.1.8, 1.1.1.9.1.1.1.10, 1.1.2.1.1.1.2.2, 1.1.2.3, 1.1.2.4, 1.1.2.5, 1.1.2.6, 1.1.2.7, 1.1.2.8.1.1.2.9, 1.1.2.10, 1.1.3.1, 1.1.3.2, 1.1.3.3.1.1.3.4, 1.1.3.5, 1.1.3.6, 1.1.3.7, 1.1.3.8, 1.1.3.9, 1.1.3.10, 1.1.4.1, 1.1.4.2, 1.1.4.3, 1.1.4.4, 1.1.4.5.1.1.4.6, 1.1.4.7.1.1.4.8, 1.1.4.9, 1.1.4.10, 1.1.5.1, 1.1.5.2.1.1.5.3.1.1.5.4, 1.1.5.5.1.1.5.6, 1.1.5.7, 1.1.5.8, 1.1.5.9, 1.1.5.10, 1.1.6.1, 1.1.6.2.1.1.6.3.1.1.6.4.1.1.6.5, 1.1.6.6, 1.1.6.7, 1.1.6.8, 1.1.6.9.1.1.6.10, 1.1.7.1.1.1.7.2, 1.1.7.3, 1.1.7.4, 1.1.7.5, 1.1.7.6.1.1.7.7, 1.1.7.8, 1.1.7.9.1.1.7.10.1.1.8.1.1.1.8.2. 1.1.8.3.1.1.8.4.1.1.8.5.1.1.8.6.1.1.8.7.1.1.8.8.1.1.8.9.1.1.8.10.1.1.9.1.1.1.9.2.1.1.9.3.1.1.9.4, 1.1.9.5.1.1.9.6.1.1.9.7.1.1.9.8, 1.1.9.9, 1.1.9.10.1.1.10.1.1.1.10.2.1.1.10.3, 1.1.10.4.1.1.10.5, 1.1.10.6, 1.1.10.7, 1.1.10.8.1.1.10.9, 1.1.10.10.1.2.1.1, 1.2.1.2, 1.2.1.3.1.2.1.4.1.2.1.5, 1.2.1.6, 1.2.1.7.1.2.1.8, 1.2.1.9, 1.2.1.10.1.2.2.1.1.2.2.2.1.2.2.3, 1.2.2.4, 1.2.2.5.1.2.2.6, 1.2.2.7.1.2.2.8, 1.2.2.9, 1.2.2.10, 1.2.3.1.1.2.3.2.1.2.3.3, 1.2.3.4, 1.2.3.5.1.2.3.6, 1.2.3.7, 1.2.3.8, 1.2.3.9.1.2.3.10, 1.2.4.1, 1.2.4.2.1.2.4.3.1.2.4.4.1.2.4.5, 1.2.4.6.1.2.4.7, 1.2.4.8, 1.2.4.9.1.2.4.10, 1.2.5.1.1.2.5.2, 1.2.5.3.1.2.5.4.1.2.5.5.1.2.5.6, 1.2.5.7, 1.2.5.8.1.2.5.9, 1.2.5.10, 1.2.6.1, 1.2.6.2, 1.2.6.3.1.2.6.4, 1.2.6.5, 1.2.6.6, 1.2.6.7.1.2.6.8.1.2.6.9.1.2.6.10.1.2.7.1, 1.2.7.2, 1.2.7.3.1.2.7.4, 1.2.7.5.1.2.7.6, 1.2.7.7, 1.2.7.8, 1.2.7.9.1.2.7.10, 1.2.8.1.1.2.8.2.1.2.8.3, 1.2.8.4, 1.2.8.5.1.2.8.6, 1.2.8.7.1.2.8.8, 1.2.8.9.1.2.8.10, 1.2.9.1.1.2.9.2.1.2.9.3.1.2.9.4.1.2.9.5.1.2.9.6.1.2.9.7.1.2.9.8, 1.2.9.9.1.2.9.10, 1.2.10.1.1.2.10.2.1.2.10.3, 1.2.10.4.1.2.10.5.1.2.10.6.1.2.10.7.1.2.10.8.1.2.10.9, 1.2.10.10. 1.3.1.1.1.3.1.2, 1.3.1.3.1.3.1.4, 1.3.1.5, 1.3.1.6.1.3.1.7.1.3.1.8.1.3.1.9.1.3.1.10.1.3.2.1.1.3.2.2, 1.3.2.3.1.3.2.4, 1.3.2.5.1.3.2.6.1.3.2.7, 1.3.2.8.1.3.2.9.1.3.2.10.1.3.3.1.1.3.3.2.1.3.3.3.1.3.3.4. 1.3.3.5.1.3.3.6.1.3.3.7.1.3.3.8.1.3.3.9, 1.3.3.10.1.3.4.1.1.3.4.2.1.3.4.3.1.3.4.4, 1.3.4.5.1.3.4.6. 1.3.4.7.1.3.4.8, 1.3.4.9.1.3.4.10.1.3.5.1.1.3.5.2.1.3.5.3.1.3.5.4.1.3.5.5.1.3.5.6.1.3.5.7.1.3.5.8, 1.3.5.9.1.3.5.10.1.3.6.1.1.3.6.2.1.3.6.3.1.3.6.4.1.3.6.5.1.3.6.6, 1.3.6.7, 1.3.6.8, 1.3.6.9.1.3.6.10. 1.3.7.1.1.3.7.2, 1.3.7.3.1.3.7.4.1.3.7.5.1.3.7.6.1.3.7.7.1.3.7.8.1.3.7.9.1.3.7.10.1.3.8.1.1.3.8.2. 1.3.8.3.1.3.8.4.1.3.8.5.1.3.8.6.1.3.8.7, 1.3.8.8.1.3.8.9.1.3.8.10.1.3.9.1.1.3.9.2.1.3.9.3.1.3.9.4. 1.3.9.5.1.3.9.6.1.3.9.7.1.3.9.8.1.3.9.9.1.3.9.10.1.3.10.1.1.3.10.2.1.3.10.3.1.3.10.4, 1.3.10.5, 1.3.10.6.1.3.10.7.1.3.10.8.1.3.10.9, 1.3.10.10.1.4.1.1.1.4.1.2.1.4.1.3.1.4.1.4.1.4.1.5.1.4.1.6, 1.4.1.7.1.4.1.8.1.4.1.9.1.4.1.10.1.4.2.1.1.4.2.2.1.4.2.3.1.4.2.4.1.4.2.5, 1.4.2.6.1.4.2.7.1.4.2.8. 1.4.2.9.1.4.2.10.1.4.3.1.1.4.3.2.1.4.3.3.1.4.3.4.1.4.3.5.1.4.3.6.1.4.3.7.1.4.3.8.1.4.3.9.1.4.3.10. 1.4.4.1, 1.4.4.2, 1.4.4.3, 1.4.4.4.1.4.4.5.1.4.4.6.1.4.4.7, 1.4.4.8.1.4.4.9, 1.4.4.10, 1.4.5.1, 1.4.5.2, 1.4.5.3.1.4.5.4, 1.4.5.5, 1.4.5.6, 1.4.5.7.1.4.5.8.1.4.5.9, 1.4.5.10, 1.4.6.1, 1.4.6.2, 1.4.6.3, 1.4.6.4, 1.4.6.5, 1.4.6.6.1.4.6.7, 1.4.6.8, 1.4.6.9.1.4.6.10.1.4.7.1, 1.4.7.2.1.4.7.3, 1.4.7.4, 1.4.7.5, 1.4.7.6, 1.4.7.7, 1.4.7.8, 1.4.7.9, 1.4.7.10, 1.4.8.1, 1.4.8.2.1.4.8.3.1.4.8.4.1.4.8.5, 1.4.8.6, 1.4.8.7, 1.4.8.8, 1.4.8.9.1.4.8.10.1.4.9.1.1.4.9.2, 1.4.9.3, 1.4.9.4.1.4.9.5, 1.4.9.6, 1.4.9.7.1.4.9.8, 1.4.9.9.1.4.9.10, 1.4.10.1, 1.4.10.2, 1.4.10.3.1.4.10.4, 1.4.10.5.1.4.10.6.1.4.10.7.1.4.10.8.1.4.10.9, 1.4.10.10, 1.5.1.1, 1.5.1.2.1.5.1.3.1.5.1.4, 1.5.1.5, 1.5.1.6, 1.5.1.7.1.5.1.8, 1.5.1.9, 1.5.1.10.1.5.2.1, 1.5.2.2, 1.5.2.3, 1.5.2.4, 1.5.2.5, 1.5.2.6, 1.5.2.7, 1.5.2.8.1.5.2.9.1.5.2.10.1.5.3.1.1.5.3.2, 1.5.3.3, 1.5.3.4. 1.5.3.5, 1.5.3.6.1.5.3.7.1.5.3.8.1.5.3.9.1.5.3.10.1.5.4.1.1.5.4.2.1.5.4.3, 1.5.4.4, 1.5.4.5, 1.5.4.6, 1.5.4.7, 1.5.4.8, 1.5.4.9.1.5.4.10, 1.5.5.1.1.5.5.2, 1.5.5.3.1.5.5.4.1.5.5.5, 1.5.5.6, 1.5.5.7, 1.5.5.8, 1.5.5.9, 1.5.5.10.1.5.6.1, 1.5.6.2, 1.5.6.3.1.5.6.4, 1.5.6.5, 1.5.6.6, 1.5.6.7.1.5.6.8, 1.5.6.9, 1.5.6.10, 1.5.7.1, 1.5.7.2, 1.5.7.3.1.5.7.4.1.5.7.5.1.5.7.6.1.5.7.7.1.5.7.8, 1.5.7.9.1.5.7.10, 1.5.8.1.1.5.8.2, 1.5.8.3, 1.5.8.4, 1.5.8.5, 1.5.8.6.1.5.8.7.1.5.8.8.1.5.8.9.1.5.8.10.1.5.9.1.1.5.9.2, 1.5.9.3, 1.5.9.4. 1.5.9.5, 1.5.9.6, 1.5.9.7.1.5.9.8, 1.5.9.9, 1.5.9.10, 1.5.10.1.1.5.10.2.1.5.10.3.1.5.10.4.1.5.10.5. 1.5.10.6.1.5.10.7.1.5.10.8.1.5.10.9, 1.5.10.10, 1.6.1.1.1.6.1.2, 1.6.1.3, 1.6.1.4, 1.6.1.5, 1.6.1.6, 1.6.1.7, 1.6.1.8, 1.6.1.9, 1.6.1.10.1.6.2.1.1.6.2.2.1.6.2.3.1.6.2.4, 1.6.2.5.1.6.2.6, 1.6.2.7, 1.6.2.8, 1.6.2.9, 1.6.2.10, 1.6.3.1.1.6.3.2, 1.6.3.3, 1.6.3.4, 1.6.3.5, 1.6.3.6, 1.6.3.7.1.6.3.8, 1.6.3.9, 1.6.3.10. 1.6.4.1, 1.6.4.2.1.6.4.3, 1.6.4.4.1.6.4.5.1.6.4.6, 1.6.4.7, 1.6.4.8.1.6.4.9.1.6.4.10, 1.6.5.1, 1.6.5.2, 1.6.5.3.1.6.5.4.1.6.5.5, 1.6.5.6.1.6.5.7.1.6.5.8.1.6.5.9.1.6.5.10.1.6.6.1.1.6.6.2.1.6.6.3, 1.6.6.4. 1.6.6.5.1.6.6.6.1.6.6.7, 1.6.6.8, 1.6.6.9, 1.6.6.10, 1.6.7.1, 1.6.7.2, 1.6.7.3.1.6.7.4, 1.6.7.5, 1.6.7.6. 1.6.7.7, 1.6.7.8.1.6.7.9.1.6.7.10, 1.6.8.1.1.6.8.2.1.6.8.3.1.6.8.4.1.6.8.5.1.6.8.6.1.6.8.7, 1.6.8.8, 1.6.8.9.1.6.8.10.1.6.9.1.1.6.9.2, 1.6.9.3, 1.6.9.4.1.6.9.5.1.6.9.6.1.6.9.7.1.6.9.8, 1.6.9.9.1.6.9.10, 1.6.10.1, 1.6.10.2.1.6.10.3, 1.6.10.4, 1.6.10.5.1.6.10.6, 1.6.10.7, 1.6.10.8.1.6.10.9, 1.6.10.10. 1.7.1.1, 1.7.1.2, 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4.7.9.10, 4.7.10.1, 4.7.10.2, 4.7.10.3, 4.7.10.4, 4.7.10.5, 4.7.10.6, 4.7.10.7, 4.7.10.8, 4.7.10.9, 4.7.10.10, 4.8.1.1, 4.8.1.2, 4.8.1.3, 4.8.1.4.4.8.1.5, 4.8.1.6, 4.8.1.7, 4.8.1.8.4.8.1.9, 4.8.1.10, 4.8.2.1, 4.8.2.2, 4.8.2.3, 4.8.2.4, 4.8.2.5, 4.8.2.6, 4.8.2.7, 4.8.2.8, 4.8.2.9, 4.8.2.10, 4.8.3.1, 4.8.3.2, 4.8.3.3.4.8.3.4, 4.8.3.5, 4.8.3.6, 4.8.3.7, 4.8.3.8, 4.8.3.9, 4.8.3.10, 4.8.4.1, 4.8.4.2, 4.8.4.3.4.8.4.4, 4.8.4.5, 4.8.4.6, 4.8.4.7, 4.8.4.8, 4.8.4.9, 4.8.4.10, 4.8.5.1,4.8.5.2, 4.8.5.3, 4.8.5.4, 4.8.5.5, 4.8.5.6, 4.8.5.7, 4.8.5.8.4.8.5.9, 4.8.5.10, 4.8.6.1, 4.8.6.2, 4.8.6.3, 4.8.6.4, 4.8.6.5, 4.8.6.6, 4.8.6.7, 4.8.6.8, 4.8.6.9, 4.8.6.10, 4.8.7.1, 4.8.7.2, 4.8.7.3, 4.8.7.4, 4.8.7.5, 4.8.7.6, 4.8.7.7, 4.8.7.8.4.8.7.9, 4.8.7.10, 4.8.8.1,4.8.8.2, 4.8.8.3, 4.8.8.4, 4.8.8.5, 4.8.8.6, 4.8.8.7, 4.8.8.8, 4.8.8.9, 4.8.8.10, 4.8.9.1, 4.8.9.2, 4.8.9.3, 4.8.9.4, 4.8.9.5, 4.8.9.6, 4.8.9.7, 4.8.9.8, 4.8.9.9, 4.8.9.10, 4.8.10.1, 4.8.10.2, 4.8.10.3, 4.8.10.4, 4.8.10.5, 4.8.10.6, 4.8.10.7, 4.8.10.8, 4.8.10.9,4.8.10.10,4.9.1.1,4.9.1.2,4.9.1.3,4.9.1.4,4.9.1.5,4.9.1.6,4.9.1.7,4.9.1.8,4.9.1.9, 4.9.1.10, 4.9.2.1, 4.9.2.2, 4.9.2.3, 4.9.2.4, 4.9.2.5, 4.9.2.6, 4.9.2.7.4.9.2.8, 4.9.2.9, 4.9.2.10.4.9.3.1, 4.9.3.2, 4.9.3.3, 4.9.3.4, 4.9.3.5, 4.9.3.6, 4.9.3.7, 4.9.3.8, 4.9.3.9, 4.9.3.10, 4.9.4.1,4.9.4.2, 4.9.4.3, 4.9.4.4, 4.9.4.5, 4.9.4.6, 4.9.4.7, 4.9.4.8, 4.9.4.9, 4.9.4.10, 4.9.5.1, 4.9.5.2, 4.9.5.3, 4.9.5.4, 4.9.5.5, 4.9.5.6, 4.9.5.7, 4.9.5.8, 4.9.5.9, 4.9.5.10, 4.9.6.1, 4.9.6.2, 4.9.6.3, 4.9.6.4, 4.9.6.5, 4.9.6.6, 4.9.6.7, 4.9.6.8, 4.9.6.9, 4.9.6.10, 4.9.7.1, 4.9.7.2, 4.9.7.3, 4.9.7.4, 4.9.7.5, 4.9.7.6, 4.9.7.7, 4.9.7.8, 4.9.7.9, 4.9.7.10, 4.9.8.1, 4.9.8.2, 4.9.8.3, 4.9.8.4, 4.9.8.5, 4.9.8.6, 4.9.8.7.4.9.8.8, 4.9.8.9, 4.9.8.10, 4.9.9.1, 4.9.9.2, 4.9.9.3, 4.9.9.4, 4.9.9.5, 4.9.9.6, 4.9.9.7, 4.9.9.8, 4.9.9.9, 4.9.9.10, 4.9.10.1,4.9.10.2, 4.9.10.3,4.9.10.4,4.9.10.5.4.9.10.6,4.9.10.7,4.9.10.8,4.9.10.9,4.9.10.10,4.10.1.1,4.10.1.2, 4.10.1.3.4.10.1.4,4.10.1.5,4.10.1.6,4.10.1.7,4.10.1.8,4.10.1.9,4.10.1.10,4.10.2.1,4.10.2.2, 4.10.2.3,4.10.2.4,4.10.2.5.4.10.2.6.4.10.2.7,4.10.2.8,4.10.2.9,4.10.2.10,4.10.3.1,4.10.3.2, 4.10.3.3.4.10.3.4,4.10.3.5.4.10.3.6.4.10.3.7,4.10.3.8,4.10.3.9.4.10.3.10,4.10.4.1,4.10.4.2, 4.10.4.3.4.10.4.4,4.10.4.5,4.10.4.6,4.10.4.7,4.10.4.8,4.10.4.9,4.10.4.10,4.10.5.1,4.10.5.2, 4.10.5.3.4.10.5.4, 4.10.5.5, 4.10.5.6, 4.10.5.7, 4.10.5.8.4.10.5.9, 4.10.5.10.4.10.6.1, 4.10.6.2, 4.10.6.3,4.10.6.4,4.10.6.5,4.10.6.6,4.10.6.7,4.10.6.8,4.10.6.9,4.10.6.10,4.10.7.1,4.10.7.2, 4.10.7.3,4.10.7.4,4.10.7.5,4.10.7.6,4.10.7.7,4.10.7.8,4.10.7.9,4.10.7.10.4.10.8.1,4.10.8.2, 4.10.8.3, 4.10.8.4, 4.10.8.5.4.10.8.6, 4.10.8.7, 4.10.8.8, 4.10.8.9, 4.10.8.10.4.10.9.1, 4.10.9.2, 4.10.9.3,4.10.9.4,4.10.9.5.4.10.9.6,4.10.9.7,4.10.9.8.4.10.9.9.4.10.9.10,4.10.10.1,4.10.10.2, 4.10.10.3.4.10.10.4.4.10.10.5.4.10.10.6,4.10.10.7,4.10.10.8,4.10.10.9,4.10.10.10.5.1.1.1, 5.1.1.2,5.1.1.3,5.1.1.4.5.1.1.5,5.1.1.6,5.1.1.7,5.1.1.8,5.1.1.9,5.1.1.10,5.1.2.1,5.1.2.2,5.1.2.3. 5.1.2.4.5.1.2.5, 5.1.2.6, 5.1.2.7.5.1.2.8, 5.1.2.9, 5.1.2.10, 5.1.3.1.5.1.3.2.5.1.3.3.5.1.3.4, 5.1.3.5, 5.1.3.6.5.1.3.7, 5.1.3.8, 5.1.3.9.5.1.3.10.5.1.4.1.5.1.4.2.5.1.4.3.5.1.4.4.5.1.4.5.5.1.4.6, 5.1.4.7. 5.1.4.8,5.1.4.9,5.1.4.10,5.1.5.1.5.1.5.2,5.1.5.3.5.1.5.4,5.1.5.5.5.1.5.6.5.1.5.7,5.1.5.8,5.1.5.9. 5.1.5.10.5.1.6.1, 5.1.6.2, 5.1.6.3, 5.1.6.4.5.1.6.5.5.1.6.6.5.1.6.7, 5.1.6.8.5.1.6.9.5.1.6.10, 5.1.7.1, 5.1.7.2.5.1.7.3.5.1.7.4.5.1.7.5.5.1.7.6.5.1.7.7.5.1.7.8.5.1.7.9.5.1.7.10.5.1.8.1,5.1.8.2.5.1.8.3, 5.1.8.4.5.1.8.5.5.1.8.6.5.1.8.7.5.1.8.8,5.1.8.9.5.1.8.10.5.1.9.1.5.1.9.2.5.1.9.3.5.1.9.4,5.1.9.5, 5.1.9.6.5.1.9.7.5.1.9.8,5.1.9.9.5.1.9.10.5.1.10.1.5.1.10.2,5.1.10.3.5.1.10.4.5.1.10.5.5.1.10.6. 5.1.10.7,5.1.10.8.5.1.10.9.5.1.10.10.5.2.1.1.5.2.1.2.5.2.1.3.5.2.1.4.5.2.1.5.5.2.1.6,5.2.1.7. 5.2.1.8.5.2.1.9.5.2.1.10.5.2.2.1.5.2.2.2.5.2.2.3.5.2.2.4.5.2.2.5.5.2.2.6.5.2.2.7, 5.2.2.8.5.2.2.9. 5.2.2.10.5.2.3.1.5.2.3.2.5.2.3.3.5.2.3.4.5.2.3.5.5.2.3.6.5.2.3.7.5.2.3.8.5.2.3.9.5.2.3.10.5.2.4.1, 5.2.4.2, 5.2.4.3, 5.2.4.4, 5.2.4.5, 5.2.4.6, 5.2.4.7, 5.2.4.8, 5.2.4.9, 5.2.4.10, 5.2.5.1, 5.2.5.2, 5.2.5.3, 5.2.5.4, 5.2.5.5, 5.2.5.6, 5.2.5.7, 5.2.5.8, 5.2.5.9, 5.2.5.10, 5.2.6.1, 5.2.6.2, 5.2.6.3, 5.2.6.4, 5.2.6.5, 5.2.6.6, 5.2.6.7, 5.2.6.8, 5.2.6.9, 5.2.6.10, 5.2.7.1 , 5.2.7.2, 5.2.7.3, 5.2.7.4, 5.2.7.5, 5.2.7.6, 5.2.7.7, 5.2.7.8, 5.2.7.9, 5.2.7.10, 5.2.8.1 , 5.2.8.2, 5.2.8.3, 5.2.8.4, 5.2.8.5, 5.2.8.6, 5.2.8.7, 5.2.8.8, 5.2.8.9, 5.2.8.10, 5.2.9.1, 5.2.9.2, 5.2.9.3, 5.2.9.4, 5.2.9.5. 5.2.9.6, 5.2.9.7, 5.2.9.8, 5.2.9.9, 5.2.9.10, 5.2.10.1, 5.2.10.2, 5.2.10.3, 5.2.10.4, 5.2.10.5, 5.2.10.6, 5.2.10.7, 5.2.10.8, 5.2.10.9, 5.2.10.10, 5.3.1.1, 5.3.1.2, 5.3.1.3, 5.3.1.4, 5.3.1.5, 5.3.1.6, 5.3.1.7, 5.3.1.8, 5.3.1.9, 5.3.1.10, 5.3.2.1, 5.3.2.2, 5.3.2.3, 5.3.2.4, 5.3.2.5, 5.3.2.6, 5.3.2.7, 5.3.2.8, 5.3.2.9, 5.3.2.10, 5.3.3.1, 5.3.3.2, 5.3.3.3, 5.3.3.4, 5.3.3.5, 5.3.3.6, 5.3.3.7, 5.3.3.8, 5.3.3.9, 5.3.3.10, 5.3.4.1, 5.3.4.2, 5.3.4.3, 5.3.4.4, 5.3.4.5, 5.3.4.6, 5.3.4.7, 5.3.4.8. 5.3.4.9, 5.3.4.10, 5.3.5.1, 5.3.5.2, 5.3.5.3, 5.3.5.4, 5.3.5.5, 5.3.5.6, 5.3.5.7, 5.3.5.8, 5.3.5.9, 5.3.5.10, 5.3.6.1, 5.3.6.2, 5.3.6.3, 5.3.6.4, 5.3.6.5, 5.3.6.6, 5.3.6.7, 5.3.6.8, 5.3.6.9, 5.3.6.10, 5.3.7.1, 5.3.7.2, 5.3.7.3, 5.3.7.4, 5.3.7.5, 5.3.7.6. 5.3.7.7, 5.3.7.8, 5.3.7.9, 5.3.7.10, 5.3.8.1, 5.3.8.2, 5.3.8.3, 5.3.8.4, 5.3.8.5, 5.3.8.6, 5.3.8.7, 5.3.8.8, 5.3.8.9, 5.3.8.10, 5.3.9.1, 5.3.9.2, 5.3.9.3, 5.3.9.4, 5.3.9.5, 5.3.9.6, 5.3.9.7, 5.3.9.8, 5.3.9.9, 5.3.9.10, 5.3.10.1, 5.3.10.2, 5.3.10.3, 5.3.10.4, 5.3.10.5, 5.3.10.6, 5.3.10.7, 5.3.10.8. 5.3.10.9, 5.3.10.10, 5.4.1.1 , 5.4.1.2, 5.4.1.3, 5.4.1.4. 5.4.1.5, 5.4.1.6, 5.4.1.7, 5.4.1.8, 5.4.1.9, 5.4.1.10, 5.4.2.1 , 5.4.2.2. 5.4.2.3, 5.4.2.4, 5.4.2.5, 5.4.2.6, 5.4.2.7, 5.4.2.8, 5.4.2.9, 5.4.2.10, 5.4.3.1, 5.4.3.2, 5.4.3.3, 5.4.3.4. 5.4.3.5. 5.4.3.6, 5.4.3.7, 5.4.3.8, 5.4.3.9, 5.4.3.10, 5.4.4.1, 5.4.4.2. 5.4.4.3, 5.4.4.4, 5.4.4.5, 5.4.4.6, 5.4.4.7, 5.4.4.8, 5.4.4.9. 5.4.4.10, 5.4.5.1, 5.4.5.2, 5.4.5.3, 5.4.5.4, 5.4.5.5, 5.4.5.6, 5.4.5.7, 5.4.5.8. 5.4.5.9, 5.4.5.10, 5.4.6.1 , 5.4.6.2. 5.4.6.3, 5.4.6.4, 5.4.6.5, 5.4.6.6. 5.4.6.7, 5.4.6.8, 5.4.6.9, 5.4.6.10, 5.4.7.1 , 5.4.7.2, 5.4.7.3, 5.4.7.4, 5.4.7.5, 5.4.7.6, 5.4.7.7, 5.4.7.8. 5.4.7.9, 5.4.7.10, 5.4.8.1, 5.4.8.2, 5.4.8.3, 5.4.8.4, 5.4.8.5. 5.4.8.6, 5.4.8.7. 5.4.8.8, 5.4.8.9, 5.4.8.10, 5.4.9.1 , 5.4.9.2, 5.4.9.3, 5.4.9.4, 5.4.9.5, 5.4.9.6, 5.4.9.7, 5.4.9.8, 5.4.9.9, 5.4.9.10, 5.4.10.1, 5.4.10.2, 5.4.10.3, 5.4.10.4, 5.4.10.5, 5.4.10.6, 5.4.10.7, 5.4.10.8, 5.4.10.9, 5.4.10.10, 5.5.1.1, 5.5.1.2, 5.5.1.3, 5.5.1.4, 5.5.1.5, 5.5.1.6, 5.5.1.7, 5.5.1.8, 5.5.1.9, 5.5.1.10, 5.5.2.1, 5.5.2.2, 5.5.2.3, 5.5.2.4, 5.5.2.5, 5.5.2.6, 5.5.2.7, 5.5.2.8, 5.5.2.9, 5.5.2.10, 5.5.3.1, 5.5.3.2, 5.5.3.3, 5.5.3.4, 5.5.3.5, 5.5.3.6, 5.5.3.7, 5.5.3.8, 5.5.3.9, 5.5.3.10, 5.5.4.1 , 5.5.4.2, 5.5.4.3, 5.5.4.4, 5.5.4.5, 5.5.4.6, 5.5.4.7, 5.5.4.8, 5.5.4.9, 5.5.4.10, 5.5.5.1, 5.5.5.2, 5.5.5.3, 5.5.5.4, 5.5.5.5, 5.5.5.6. 5.5.5.7, 5.5.5.8, 5.5.5.9, 5.5.5.10, 5.5.6.1, 5.5.6.2, 5.5.6.3, 5.5.6.4, 5.5.6.5, 5.5.6.6, 5.5.6.7, 5.5.6.8, 5.5.6.9, 5.5.6.10, 5.5.7.1, 5.5.7.2, 5.5.7.3, 5.5.7.4, 5.5.7.5, 5.5.7.6, 5.5.7.7, 5.5.7.8, 5.5.7.9, 5.5.7.10, 5.5.8.1, 5.5.8.2, 5.5.8.3, 5.5.8.4, 5.5.8.5, 5.5.8.6, 5.5.8.7, 5.5.8.8, 5.5.8.9, 5.5.8.10, 5.5.9.1, 5.5.9.2, 5.5.9.3, 5.5.9.4, 5.5.9.5, 5.5.9.6, 5.5.9.7, 5.5.9.8, 5.5.9.9, 5.5.9.10, 5.5.10.1, 5.5.10.2, 5.5.10.3. 5.5.10.4. 5.5.10.5, 5.5.10.6, 5.5.10.7, 5.5.10.8, 5.5.10.9, 5.5.10.10, 5.6.1.1, 5.6.1.2, 5.6.1.3, 5.6.1.4, 5.6.1.5, 5.6.1.6, 5.6.1.7, 5.6.1.8, 5.6.1.9, 5.6.1.10, 5.6.2.1, 5.6.2.2, 5.6.2.3, 5.6.2.4, 5.6.2.5, 5.6.2.6, 5.6.2.7, 5.6.2.8, 5.6.2.9, 5.6.2.10. 5.6.3.1 , 5.6.3.2, 5.6.3.3, 5.6.3.4, 5.6.3.5. 5.6.3.6, 5.6.3.7, 5.6.3.8, 5.6.3.9, 5.6.3.10, 5.6.4.1, 5.6.4.2. 5.6.4.3. 5.6.4.4, 5.6.4.5, 5.6.4.6. 5.6.4.7. 5.6.4.8, 5.6.4.9. 5.6.4.10, 5.6.5.1. 5.6.5.2, 5.6.5.3, 5.6.5.4. 5.6.5.5, 5.6.5.6, 5.6.5.7, 5.6.5.8. 5.6.5.9, 5.6.5.10, 5.6.6.1 , 5.6.6.2, 5.6.6.3, 5.6.6.4, 5.6.6.5, 5.6.6.6. 5.6.6.7, 5.6.6.8, 5.6.6.9, 5.6.6.10. 5.6.7.1 , 5.6.7.2, 5.6.7.3, 5.6.7.4, 5.6.7.5. 5.6.7.6, 5.6.7.7, 5.6.7.8. 5.6.7.9, 5.6.7.10, 5.6.8.1 , 5.6.8.2. 5.6.8.3, 5.6.8.4, 5.6.8.5, 5.6.8.6, 5.6.8.7, 5.6.8.8, 5.6.8.9, 5.6.8.10, 5.6.9.1. 5.6.9.2. 5.6.9.3, 5.6.9.4. 5.6.9.5, 5.6.9.6, 5.6.9.7, 5.6.9.8, 5.6.9.9, 5.6.9.10, 5.6.10.1, 5.6.10.2. 5.6.10.3. 5.6.10.4, 5.6.10.5. 5.6.10.6, 5.6.10.7, 5.6.10.8, 5.6.10.9, 5.6.10.10, 5.7.1.1, 5.7.1.2. 5.7.1.3, 5.7.1.4, 5.7.1.5, 5.7.1.6. 5.7.1.7, 5.7.1.8, 5.7.1.9, 5.7.1.10, 5.7.2.1, 5.7.2.2, 5.7.2.3. 5.7.2.4. 5.7.2.5, 5.7.2.6, 5.7.2.7, 5.7.2.8, 5.7.2.9. 5.7.2.10, 5.7.3.1 , 5.7.3.2, 5.7.3.3, 5.7.3.4, 5.7.3.5, 5.7.3.6. 5.7.3.7, 5.7.3.8, 5.7.3.9, 5.7.3.10, 5.7.4.1 , 5.7.4.2, 5.7.4.3. 5.7.4.4, 5.7.4.5. 5.7.4.6. 5.7.4.7, 5.7.4.8. 5.7.4.9, 5.7.4.10. 5.7.5.1 , 5.7.5.2. 5.7.5.3, 5.7.5.4, 5.7.5.5, 5.7.5.6. 5.7.5.7. 5.7.5.8, 5.7.5.9, 5.7.5.10, 5.7.6.1, 5.7.6.2, 5.7.6.3, 5.7.6.4. 5.7.6.5, 5.7.6.6, 5.7.6.7, 5.7.6.8, 5.7.6.9. 5.7.6.10, 5.7.7.1 , 5.7.7.2. 5.7.7.3. 5.7.7.4, 5.7.7.5. 5.7.7.6. 5.7.7.7. 5.7.7.8, 5.7.7.9, 5.7.7.10, 5.7.8.1. 5.7.8.2, 5.7.8.3, 5.7.8.4. 5.7.8.5, 5.7.8.6, 5.7.8.7, 5.7.8.8. 5.7.8.9. 5.7.8.10. 5.7.9.1. 5.7.9.2. 5.7.9.3, 5.7.9.4, 5.7.9.5, 5.7.9.6. 5.7.9.7, 5.7.9.8. 5.7.9.9, 5.7.9.10. 5.7.10.1 , 5.7.10.2. 5.7.10.3. 5.7.10.4. 5.7.10.5, 5.7.10.6. 5.7.10.7, 5.7.10.8. 5.7.10.9. 5.7.10.10. 5.8.1.1. 5.8.1.2. 5.8.1.3. 5.8.1 .4. 5.8.1.5. 5.8.1.6. 5.8.1.7, 5.8.1.8. 5.8.1.9. 5.8.1.10. 5.8.2.1. 5.8.2.2. 5.8.2.3. 5.8.2.4. 5.8.2.5, 5.8.2.6, 5.8.2.7. 5.8.2.8, 5.8.2.9. 5.8.2.10. 5.8.3.1. 5.8.3.2. 5.8.3.3, 5.8.3.4. 5.8.3.5. 5.8.3.6. 5.8.3.7. 5.8.3.8. 5.8.3.9. 5.8.3.10, 5.8.4.1 , 5.8.4.2. 5.8.4.3. 5.8.4.4. 5.8.4.5. 5.8.4.6. 5.8.4.7. 5.8.4.8. 5.8.4.9. 5.8.4.10. 5.8.5.1. 5.8.5.2, 5.8.5.3. 5.8.5.4. 5.8.5.5. 5.8.5.6, 5.8.5.7, 5.8.5.8. 5.8.5.9. 5.8.5.10. 5.8.6.1. 5-8.6.2. 5.8.6.3. 5.8.6.4, 5.8.6.5. 5.8.6.6. 5.8.6.7. 5.8.6.8. 5.8.6.9. 5.8.6.10. 5.8.7.1. 5.8.7.2. 5.8.7.3. 5.8.7.4. 5.8.7.5. 5.8.7.6, 5.8.7.7. 5.8.7.8. 5.8.7.9. 5.8.7.10. 5.8.8.1. 5.8.8.2. 5.8.8.3. 5.8.8.4. 5.8.8.5. 5.8.8.6. 5.8.8.7. 5.8.8.8. 5.8.8.9, 5.8.8.10, 5.8.9.1, 5.8.9.2, 5.8.9.3, 5.8.9.4, 5.8.9.5, 5.8.9.6, 5.8.9.7, 5.8.9.8, 5.8.9.9, 5.8.9.10, 5.8.10.1.5.8.10.2, 5.8.10.3, 5.8.10.4, 5.8.10.5, 5.8.10.6, 5.8.10.7, 5.8.10.8, 5.8.10.9, 5.8.10.10, 5.9.1.1, 5.9.1.2, 5.9.1.3, 5.9.1.4, 5.9.1.5, 5.9.1.6, 5.9.1.7, 5.9.1.8, 5.9.1.9, 5.9.1.10, 5.9.2.1, 5.9.2.2, 5.9.2.3, 5.9.2.4, 5.9.2.5, 5.9.2.6, 5.9.2.7, 5.9.2.8, 5.9.2.9, 5.9.2.10, 5.9.3.1, 5.9.3.2, 5.9.3.3, 5.9.3.4, 5.9.3.5, 5.9.3.6, 5.9.3.7, 5.9.3.8, 5.9.3.9, 5.9.3.10, 5.9.4.1, 5.9.4.2, 5.9.4.3, 5.9.4.4, 5.9.4.5, 5.9.4.6, 5.9.4.7, 5.9.4.8, 5.9.4.9, 5.9.4.10, 5.9.5.1, 5.9.5.2, 5.9.5.3, 5.9.5.4, 5.9.5.5, 5.9.5.6, 5.9.5.7.5.9.5.8, 5.9.5.9, 5.9.5.10, 5.9.6.1, 5.9.6.2, 5.9.6.3, 5.9.6.4, 5.9.6.5, 5.9.6.6, 5.9.6.7, 5.9.6.8, 5.9.6.9, 5.9.6.10, 5.9.7.1, 5.9.7.2, 5.9.7.3, 5.9.7.4, 5.9.7.5, 5.9.7.6, 5.9.7.7, 5.9.7.8, 5.9.7.9, 5.9.7.10, 5.9.8.1, 5.9.8.2, 5.9.8.3, 5.9.8.4, 5.9.8.5, 5.9.8.6, 5.9.8.7, 5.9.8.8, 5.9.8.9, 5.9.8.10, 5.9.9.1, 5.9.9.2, 5.9.9.3, 5.9.9.4, 5.9.9.5, 5.9.9.6, 5.9.9.7, 5.9.9.8, 5.9.9.9, 5.9.9.10, 5.9.10.1, 5.9.10.2, 5.9.10.3, 5.9.10.4, 5.9.10.5, 5.9.10.6, 5.9.10.7, 5.9.10.8, 5.9.10.9, 5.9.10.10, 5.10.1.1, 5.10.1.2, 5.10.1.3, 5.10.1.4, 5.10.1.5, 5.10.1.6, 5.10.1.7, 5.10.1.8, 5.10.1.9, 5.10.1.10, 5.10.2.1, 5.10.2.2, 5.10.2.3, 5.10.2.4, 5.10.2.5, 5.10.2.6, 5.10.2.7, 5.10.2.8, 5.10.2.9, 5.10.2.10.5.10.3.1, 5.10.3.2, 5.10.3.3, 5.10.3.4, 5.10.3.5, 5.10.3.6, 5.10.3.7, 5.10.3.8, 5.10.3.9, 5.10.3.10, 5.10.4.1, 5.10.4.2, 5.10.4.3, 5.10.4.4.5.10.4.5, 5.10.4.6, 5.10.4.7, 5.10.4.8, 5.10.4.9, 5.10.4.10, 5.10.5.1, 5.10.5.2, 5.10.5.3, 5.10.5.4, 5.10.5.5, 5.10.5.6, 5.10.5.7, 5.10.5.8, 5.10.5.9, 5.10.5.10, 5.10.6.1, 5.10.6.2.5.10.6.3, 5.10.6.4.5.10.6.5, 5.10.6.6.5.10.6.7, 5.10.6.8, 5.10.6.9, 5.10.6.10, 5.10.7.1, 5.10.7.2, 5.10.7.3, 5.10.7.4, 5.10.7.5, 5.10.7.6, 5.10.7.7, 5.10.7.8, 5.10.7.9, 5.10.7.10, 5.10.8.1.5.10.8.2, 5.10.8.3, 5.10.8.4.5.10.8.5, 5.10.8.6, 5.10.8.7, 5.10.8.8, 5.10.8.9, 5.10.8.10, 5.10.9.1, 5.10.9.2, 5.10.9.3, 5.10.9.4, 5.10.9.5, 5.10.9.6.5.10.9.7, 5.10.9.8.5.10.9.9, 5.10.9.10, 5.10.10.1.5.10.10.2, 5.10.10.3, 5.10.10.4, 5.10.10.5.5.10.10.6,5.10.10.7.5.10.10.8,5.10.10.9.5.10.10.10,6.1.1.1,6.1.1.2,6.1.1.3,6.1.1.4, 6.1.1.5, 6.1.1.6, 6.1.1.7, 6.1.1.8, 6.1.1.9, 6.1.1.10, 6.1.2.1, 6.1.2.2, 6.1.2.3, 6.1.2.4, 6.1.2.5, 6.1.2.6, 6.1.2.7, 6.1.2.8, 6.1.2.9, 6.1.2.10, 6.1.3.1, 6.1.3.2, 6.1.3.3, 6.1.3.4, 6.1.3.5, 6.1.3.6, 6.1.3.7, 6.1.3.8, 6.1.3.9,6.1.3.10,6.1.4.1,6.1.4.2.6.1.4.3,6.1.4.4,6.1.4.5,6.1.4.6,6.1.4.7,6.1.4.8,6.1.4.9,6.1.4.10, 6.1.5.1,6.1.5.2,6.1.5.3,6.1.5.4,6.1.5.5,6.1.5.6,6.1.5.7,6.1.5.8,6.1.5.9.6.1.5.10,6.1.6.1,6.1.6.2, 6.1.6.3, 6.1.6.4, 6.1.6.5, 6.1.6.6, 6.1.6.7, 6.1.6.8, 6.1.6.9, 6.1.6.10, 6.1.7.1.6.1.7.2, 6.1.7.3, 6.1.7.4, 6.1.7.5,6.1.7.6,6.1.7.7,6.1.7.8,6.1.7.9,6.1.7.10,6.1.8.1,6.1.8.2,6.1.8.3,6.1.8.4,6.1.8.5.6.1.8.6, 6.1.8.7, 6.1.8.8, 6.1.8.9, 6.1.8.10, 6.1.9.1, 6.1.9.2, 6.1.9.3, 6.1.9.4, 6.1.9.5, 6.1.9.6, 6.1.9.7, 6.1.9.8, 6.1.9.9, 6.1.9.10, 6.1.10.1, 6.1.10.2, 6.1.10.3, 6.1.10.4, 6.1.10.5, 6.1.10.6, 6.1.10.7, 6.1.10.8, 6.1.10.9, 6.1.10.10, 6.2.1.1, 6.2.1.2, 6.2.1.3, 6.2.1.4, 6.2.1.5, 6.2.1.6, 6.2.1.7, 6.2.1.8, 6.2.1.9, 6.2.1.10.6.2.2.1, 6.2.2.2, 6.2.2.3, 6.2.2.4, 6.2.2.5, 6.2.2.6, 6.2.2.7, 6.2.2.8.6.2.2.9, 6.2.2.10, 6.2.3.1, 6.2.3.2, 6.2.3.3, 6.2.3.4, 6.2.3.5, 6.2.3.6, 6.2.3.7, 6.2.3.8, 6.2.3.9, 6.2.3.10.6.2.4.1.6.2.4.2, 6.2.4.3, 6.2.4.4, 6.2.4.5, 6.2.4.6, 6.2.4.7.6.2.4.8, 6.2.4.9, 6.2.4.10, 6.2.5.1, 6.2.5.2, 6.2.5.3, 6.2.5.4, 6.2.5.5, 6.2.5.6, 6.2.5.7, 6.2.5.8.6.2.5.9.6.2.5.10, 6.2.6.1, 6.2.6.2, 6.2.6.3, 6.2.6.4.6.2.6.5, 6.2.6.6, 6.2.6.7, 6.2.6.8.6.2.6.9.6.2.6.10, 6.2.7.1.6.2.7.2.6.2.7.3.6.2.7.4, 6.2.7.5.6.2.7.6, 6.2.7.7, 6.2.7.8.6.2.7.9, 6.2.7.10.6.2.8.1, 6.2.8.2, 6.2.8.3.6.2.8.4.6.2.8.5.6.2.8.6, 6.2.8.7, 6.2.8.8.6.2.8.9, 6.2.8.10.6.2.9.1. 6.2.9.2, 6.2.9.3.6.2.9.4.6.2.9.5.6.2.9.6.6.2.9.7.6.2.9.8, 6.2.9.9, 6.2.9.10.6.2.10.1.6.2.10.2, 6.2.10.3.6.2.10.4, 6.2.10.5, 6.2.10.6, 6.2.10.7, 6.2.10.8.6.2.10.9, 6.2.10.10, 6.3.1.1, 6.3.1.2, 6.3.1.3, 6.3.1.4,6.3.1.5,6.3.1.6,6.3.1.7.6.3.1.8,6.3.1.9.6.3.1.10,6.3.2.1,6.3.2.2.6.3.2.3,6.3.2.4.6.3.2.5. 6.3.2.6, 6.3.2.7.6.3.2.8.6.3.2.9.6.3.2.10, 6.3.3.1, 6.3.3.2, 6.3.3.3, 6.3.3.4, 6.3.3.5, 6.3.3.6.6.3.3.7, 6.3.3.8, 6.3.3.9, 6.3.3.10, 6.3.4.1.6.3.4.2, 6.3.4.3.6.3.4.4, 6.3.4.5, 6.3.4.6, 6.3.4.7, 6.3.4.8.6.3.4.9, 6.3.4.10.6.3.5.1, 6.3.5.2.6.3.5.3.6.3.5.4, 6.3.5.5.6.3.5.6.6.3.5.7, 6.3.5.8.6.3.5.9, 6.3.5.10, 6.3.6.1, 6.3.6.2, 6.3.6.3.6.3.6.4.6.3.6.5.6.3.6.6, 6.3.6.7.6.3.6.8, 6.3.6.9, 6.3.6.10.6.3,7.1, 6.3.7.2.6.3.7.3, 6.3.7.4.6.3.7.5.6.3.7.6.6.3.7.7, 6.3.7.8, 6.3.7.9, 6.3.7.10.6.3.8.1, 6.3.8.2, 6.3.8.3, 6.3.8.4.6.3.8.5, 6.3.8.6.6.3.8.7.6.3.8.8, 6.3.8.9.6.3.8.10, 6.3.9.1.6.3.9.2.6.3.9.3.6.3.9.4.6.3.9.5.6.3.9.6.6.3.9.7, 6.3.9.8.6.3.9.9.6.3.9.10.6.3.10.1, 6.3.10.2.6.3.10.3.6.3.10.4.6.3.10.5, 6.3.10.6, 6.3.10.7.6.3.10.8, 6.3.10.9.6.3.10.10.6.4.1.1.6.4.1.2,6.4.1.3.6.4.1.4.6.4.1.5.6.4.1.6.6.4.1.7.6.4.1.8,6.4.1.9, 6.4.1.10.6.4.2.1, 6.4.2.2, 6.4.2.3.6.4.2.4.6.4.2.5.6.4.2.6, 6.4.2.7.6.4.2.8.6.4.2.9, 6.4.2.10.6.4.3.1, 6.4.3.2.6.4.3.3.6.4.3.4.6.4.3.5.6.4.3.6, 6.4.3.7.6.4.3.8.6.4.3.9.6.4.3.10, 6.4.4.1, 6.4.4.2.6.4.4.3. 6.4.4.4.6.4.4.5.6.4.4.6.6.4.4.7.6.4.4.8, 6.4.4.9, 6.4.4.10, 6.4.5.1.6.4.5.2.6.4.5.3.6.4.5.4.6.4.5.5. 6.4.5.6, 6.4.5.7.6.4.5.8, 6.4.5.9.6.4.5.10.6.4.6.1.6.4.6.2.6.4.6.3, 6.4.6.4.6.4.6.5, 6.4.6.6.6.4.6.7. 6.4.6.8.6.4.6.9.6.4.6.10.6.4.7.1.6.4.7.2, 6.4.7.3.6.4.7.4, 6.4.7.5.6.4.7.6.6.4.7.7, 6.4.7.8.6.4.7.9. 6.4.7.10.6.4.8.1.6.4.8.2.6.4.8.3.6.4.8.4.6.4.8.5.6.4.8.6.6.4.8.7, 6.4.8.8.6.4.8.9.6.4.8.10.6.4.9.1. 6.4.9.2.6.4.9.3.6.4.9.4.6.4.9.5.6.4.9.6.6.4.9.7.6.4.9.8.6.4.9.9.6.4.9.10.6.4.10.1.6.4.10.2. 6.4.10.3.6.4.10.4.6.4.10.5.6.4.10.6.6.4.10.7.6.4.10.8.6.4-10.9.6.4.10.10,6.5.1.1.6.5.1.2.6.5.1.3. 6.5.1.4, 6.5.1.5, 6.5.1.6, 6.5.1.7, 6.5.1.8, 6.5.1.9, 6.5.1.10, 6.5.2.1, 6.5.2.2, 6.5.2.3, 6.5.2.4, 6.5.2.5, 6.5.2.6, 6.5.2.7, 6.5.2.8, 6.5.2.9, 6.5.2.10, 6.5.3.1, 6.5.3.2, 6.5.3.3, 6.5.3.4, 6.5.3.5, 6.5.3.6, 6.5.3.7, 6.5.3.8, 6.5.3.9, 6.5.3.10, 6.5.4.1 , 6.5.4.2, 6.5.4.3, 6.5.4.4, 6.5.4.5, 6.5.4.6, 6.5.4.7, 6.5.4.8, 6.5.4.9, 6.5.4.10, 6.5.5.1, 6.5.5.2, 6.5.5.3, 6.5.5.4, 6.5.5.5, 6.5.5.6, 6.5.5.7, 6.5.5.8, 6.5.5.9, 6.5.5.10, 6.5.6.1, 6.5.6.2, 6.5.6.3, 6.5.6.4, 6.5.6.5, 6.5.6.6, 6.5.6.7, 6.5.6.8, 6.5.6.9, 6.5.6.10, 6.5.7.1, 6.5.7.2, 6.5.7.3, 6.5.7.4, 6.5.7.5, 6.5.7.6, 6.5.7.7, 6.5.7.8, 6.5.7.9. 6.5.7.10, 6.5.8.1, 6.5.8.2. 6.5.8.3, 6.5.8.4, 6.5.8.5, 6.5.8.6, 6.5.8.7, 6.5.8.8, 6.5.8.9, 6.5.8.10, 6.5.9.1, 6.5.9.2, 6.5.9.3, 6.5.9.4, 6.5.9.5, 6.5.9.6, 6.5.9.7, 6.5.9.8, 6.5.9.9, 6.5.9.10, 6.5.10.1, 6.5.10.2, 6.5.10.3, 6.5.10.4, 6.5.10.5, 6.5.10.6, 6.5.10.7, 6.5.10.8, 6.5.10.9, 6.5.10.10, 6.6.1.1, 6.6.1.2, 6.6.1.3, 6.6.1.4, 6.6.1.5, 6.6.1.6, 6.6.1.7, 6.6.1.8, 6.6.1.9, 6.6.1.10, 6.6.2.1, 6.6.2.2, 6.6.2.3, 6.6.2.4, 6.6.2.5, 6.6.2.6, 6.6.2.7, 6.6.2.8, 6.6.2.9, 6.6.2.10, 6.6.3.1, 6.6.3.2, 6.6.3.3, 6.6.3.4, 6.6.3.5, 6.6.3.6, 6.6.3.7, 6.6.3.8, 6.6.3.9, 6.6.3.10, 6.6.4.1, 6.6.4.2, 6.6.4.3, 6.6.4.4, 6.6.4.5, 6.6.4.6, 6.6.4.7, 6.6.4.8, 6.6.4.9, 6.6.4.10, 6.6.5.1, 6.6.5.2, 6.6.5.3, 6.6.5.4, 6.6.5.5, 6.6.5.6, 6.6.5.7, 6.6.5.8, 6.6.5.9, 6.6.5.10, 6.6.6.1, 6.6.6.2, 6.6.6.3, 6.6.6.4, 6.6.6.5, 6.6.6.6, 6.6.6.7, 6.6.6.8, 6.6.6.9, 6.6.6.10, 6.6.7.1. 6.6.7.2, 6.6.7.3, 6.6.7.4, 6.6.7.5, 6.6.7.6, 6.6.7.7, 6.6.7.8, 6.6.7.9, 6.6.7.10. 6.6.8.1, 6.6.8.2, 6.6.8.3. 6.6.8.4. 6.6.8.5, 6.6.8.6, 6.6.8.7, 6.6.8.8, 6.6.8.9, 6.6.8.10, 6.6.9.1, 6.6.9.2, 6.6.9.3, 6.6.9.4, 6.6.9.5, 6.6.9.6, 6.6.9.7, 6.6.9.8, 6.6.9.9, 6.6.9.10, 6.6.10.1, 6.6.10.2, 6.6.10.3, 6.6.10.4, 6.6.10.5, 6.6.10.6, 6.6.10.7, 6.6.10.8, 6.6.10.9, 6.6.10.10, 6.7.1.1, 6.7.1.2, 6.7.1.3. 6.7.1.4, 6.7.1.5, 6.7.1.6, 6.7.1.7, 6.7.1.8, 6.7.1.9, 6.7.1.10, 6.7.2.1, 6.7.2.2, 6.7.2.3, 6.7.2.4, 6.7.2.5, 6.7.2.6, 6.7.2.7, 6.7.2.8, 6.7.2.9, 6.7.2.10, 6.7.3.1 , 6.7.3.2, 6.7.3.3, 6.7.3.4, 6.7.3.5. 6.7.3.6, 6.7.3.7, 6.7.3.8. 6.7.3.9, 6.7.3.10, 6.7.4.1 , 6.7.4.2, 6.7.4.3. 6.7.4.4, 6.7.4.5, 6.7.4.6. 6.7.4.7, 6.7.4.8. 6.7.4.9, 6.7.4.10, 6.7.5.1, 6.7.5.2, 6.7.5.3, 6.7.5.4, 6.7.5.5, 6.7.5.6. 6.7.5.7, 6.7.5.8, 6.7.5.9, 6.7.5.10, 6.7.6.1, 6.7.6.2, 6.7.6.3, 6.7.6.4, 6.7.6.5, 6.7.6.6. 6.7.6.7, 6.7.6.8, 6.7.6.9, 6.7.6.10, 6.7.7.1, 6.7.7.2, 6.7.7.3. 6.7.7.4, 6.7.7.5, 6.7.7.6, 6.7.7.7, 6.7.7.8, 6.7.7.9. 6.7.7.10, 6.7.8.1 , 6.7.8.2, 6.7.8.3, 6.7.8.4, 6.7.8.5, 6.7.8.6, 6.7.8.7, 6.7.8.8, 6.7.8.9, 6.7.8.10, 6.7.9.1, 6.7.9.2. 6.7.9.3, 6.7.9.4, 6.7.9.5, 6.7.9.6, 6.7.9.7, 6.7.9.8, 6.7.9.9, 6.7.9.10, 6.7.10.1, 6.7.10.2, 6.7.10.3, 6.7.10.4, 6.7.10.5, 6.7.10.6, 6.7.10.7, 6.7.10.8, 6.7.10.9, 6.7.10.10, 6.8.1.1, 6.8.1.2, 6.8.1.3, 6.8.1.4, 6.8.1.5, 6.8.1.6, 6.8.1.7, 6.8.1.8, 6.8.1.9, 6.8.1.10, 6.8.2.1, 6.8.2.2, 6.8.2.3, 6.8.2.4, 6.8.2.5, 6.8.2.6, 6.8.2.7, 6.8.2.8, 6.8.2.9, 6.8.2.10, 6.8.3.1 , 6.8.3.2, 6.8.3.3, 6.8.3.4, 6.8.3.5. 6.8.3.6, 6.8.3.7, 6.8.3.8, 6.8.3.9, 6.8.3.10, 6.8.4.1, 6.8.4.2, 6.8.4.3, 6.8.4.4, 6.8.4.5, 6.8.4.6, 6.8.4.7, 6.8.4.8, 6.8.4.9, 6.8.4.10, 6.8.5.1, 6.8.5.2, 6.8.5.3, 6.8.5.4, 6.8.5.5, 6.8.5.6, 6.8.5.7, 6.8.5.8, 6.8.5.9, 6.8.5.10, 6.8.6.1 , 6.8.6.2, 6.8.6.3, 6.8.6.4, 6.8.6.5, 6.8.6.6, 6.8.6.7. 6.8.6.8, 6.8.6.9, 6.8.6.10, 6.8.7.1, 6.8.7.2, 6.8.7.3, 6.8.7.4, 6.8.7.5, 6.8.7.6, 6.8.7.7, 6.8.7.8, 6.8.7.9, 6.8.7.10, 6.8.8.1, 6.8.8.2, 6.8.8.3, 6.8.8.4, 6.8.8.5, 6.8.8.6, 6.8.8.7, 6.8.8.8. 6.8.8.9, 6.8.8.10, 6.8.9.1, 6.8.9.2, 6.8.9.3, 6.8.9.4, 6.8.9.5, 6.8.9.6, 6.8.9.7, 6.8.9.8. 6.8.9.9, 6.8.9.10, 6.8.10.1 , 6.8.10.2, 6.8.10.3. 6.8.10.4, 6.8.10.5, 6.8.10.6, 6.8.10.7, 6.8.10.8, 6.8.10.9, 6.8.10.10, 6.9.1.1, 6.9.1.2, 6.9.1.3, 6.9.1.4, 6.9.1.5, 6.9.1.6, 6.9.1.7, 6.9.1.8. 6.9.1.9. 6.9.1.10, 6.9.2.1 , 6.9.2.2. 6.9.2.3. 6.9.2.4, 6.9.2.5, 6.9.2.6. 6.9.2.7, 6.9.2.8. 6.9.2.9, 6.9.2.10, 6.9.3.1 , 6.9.3.2, 6.9.3.3, 6.9.3.4. 6.9.3.5, 6.9.3.6, 6.9.3.7. 6.9.3.8, 6.9.3.9, 6.9.3.10, 6.9.4.1. 6.9.4.2, 6.9.4.3, 6.9.4.4, 6.9.4.5, 6.9.4.6. 6.9.4.7. 6.9.4.8, 6.9.4.9. 6.9.4.10. 6.9.5.1, 6.9.5.2, 6.9.5.3, 6.9.5.4, 6.9.5.5, 6.9.5.6, 6.9.5.7, 6.9.5.8. 6.9.5.9, 6.9.5.10, 6.9.6.1, 6.9.6.2. 6.9.6.3, 6.9.6.4, 6.9.6.5, 6.9.6.6, 6.9.6.7, 6.9.6.8. 6.9.6.9. 6.9.6.10. 6.9.7.1 , 6.9.7.2, 6.9.7.3, 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10.3.7.3, 10.3.7.4.10.3.7.5, 10.3.7.6.10.3.7.7.10.3.7.8.10.3.7.9, 10.3.7.10, 10.3.8.1, 10.3.8.2.10.3.8.3, 10.3.8.4.10.3.8.5.10.3.8.6.10.3.8.7.10.3.8.8.10.3.8.9.10.3.8.10, 10.3.9.1, 10.3.9.2.10.3.9.3, 10.3.9.4.10.3.9.5.10.3-9.6, 10-3-9.7.10.3.9.8, 10-3.9-9, 10-3-9-10, 10.3.10.1, 10.3.10.2.10.3.10.3, 10.3.10.4, 10.3.10-5, 10-3.10.6, 10.3.10.7, 10.3.10.8, 10-3.10.9, 10.3.10.10, 10.4.1.1.10-4.1.2, 10.4.1.3, 10.4.1-4, 10-4-1.5, 10-4-1-6.10.4.1.7, 10.4.1.8.10.4-1-9, 10-4-1.10, 10.4.2.1, 10-4-2-2, 10-4-2.3, 10.4.2-4.10-4-2-5.10-4-2-6.10.4-2-7.10.4.2-8.10-4.2-9, 10-4.2.10, 10.4.3.1, 10.4.3.2.10.4.3.3.10.4.3.4.10.4.3.5, 10.4-3-6.10.4.3.7.10.4.3-8, 10.4.3.9, 10.4.3.10, 10.4.4.1, 10.4.4.2, 10.4.4.3, 10.4.4.4.10.4-4-5, 10.4-4-6.10.4.4.7, 10.4.4.8.10.4.4.9, 10-4-4-10, 10.4.5.1.10.4.5.2.10.4.5.3.10.4.5.4.10.4.5.5.10.4.5.6.10.4.5.7.10.4.5.8.10.4.5.9, 10.4.5.10, 10.4.6.1.10.4.6.2.10.4.6-3.10.4.6.4, 10.4-6.5.10.4.6.6- 10.4.6.7, 10.4.6.8, 10-4.6.9.10.4.6.10. 10.4-7.1.10.4.7.2, 10.4.7.3.10.4.7.4, 10.4.7.5, 10.4.7.6.10.4.7.7, 10.4.7.8.10.4.7.9, 10.4.7.10, 10.4.8.1.10.4.8.2.10.4.8-3, 10.4.8.4.10.4.8.5, 10.4.8.6.10.4.8.7.10.4.8.8.10.4.8.9.10.4.8.10. 10.4.9.1.10.4.9.2.10.4.9-3.10.4.9.4.10.4-9.5, 10.4-9-6- 10.4.9.7, 10.4.9.8, 10.4.9.9, 10.4.9.10, 10.4.10.1.10.4.10.2, 10.4.10.3, 10.4.10.4.10.4.10.5, 10.4-10.6.10.4.10-7.10.4-10.8, 10-4-10-9, 10.4.10.10, 10.5.1.1, 10.5.1.2.10-5.1.3, 10-5-1.4- 10.5.1.5.10-5-1.6.10.5.1-7, 10.5-1-8, 10-5.1.9, 10.5.1.10.10.5.2.1, 10.5-2.2, 10.5-2.3.10.5.2.4.10.5-2-5- 10-5.2-6.10.5.2.7, 10.5.2.8.10.5.2.9. 10.5.2.10.10.5.3.1.10.5-3.2.10.5.3.3.10.5.3.4, 10-5-3.5- 10.5.3.6, 10.5.3.7.10.5.3.8, 10.5.3.9, 10.5.3.10, 10.5.4.1, 10.5-4.2, 10.5.4.3, 10-5.4.4.10.5.4.5.10.5.4.6, 10.5.4.7.10-5.4.8, 10-5-4.9, 10.5-4.10.10-5-5-1, 10.5-5.2, 10-5-5.3, 10.5.5.4.10.5.5.5.10.5.5.6, 10.5.5-7, 10.5.5.8, 10.5.5.9, 10.5.5.10.10.5.6.1, 10.5.6.2.10.5.6.3.10.5.6.4, 10.5.6.5.10.5.6.6, 10.5.6.7, 10.5.6.8, 10.5.6.9, 10.5.6.10.10.5.7.1, 10.5.7.2, 10.5.7.3, 10.5.7.4.10.5.7.5.10.5.7.6, 10-5.7.7, 10.5.7.8, 10.5.7.9, 10.5.7-10, 10-5.8.1.10.5.8.2.10.5.8.3.10.5.8-4.10-5-8.5.10.5.8.6.10.5.8.7.10.5.8.8, 10.5.8.9, 10.5.8.10.10.5.9.1, 10.5.9.2.10.5.9.3.10.5.9.4, 10.5.9.5.10.5.9.6.10.5.9.7, 10.5.9.8.10.5-9-9. 10-5.9.10.10.5-10.1, 10.5.10.2.10.5.10.3.10.5-10.4, 10.5.10-5, 10.5.10.6, 10-5.10-7, 10-5-10-8. 10-5.10.9.10.5-10.10.10.6.1.1.10.6.1.2- 10.6-1.3- 10.6.1-4- 10.6.1.5.10.6-1.6, 10.6.1.7, 10.6.1.8, 10.6.1.9, 10.6.1.10.10.6.2.1.10.6.2.2.10.6.2.3, 10.6.2.4.10.6-2.5.10-6.2.6.10.6.2-7.10-6.2.8. 10-6.2.9.10.6.2.10.10.6.3.1, 10.6.3-2.10-6-3-3- 10.6.3.4- 10.6-3.5.10.6-3-6- 10-6.3.7.10.6-3.8- 10.6.3.9- 10-6.3.10, 10.6.4.1- 10.6.4.2.10.6.4.3- 10.6.4.4- 10.6-4.5- 10.6.4.6- 10.6.4.7, 10.6.4-8. 10-6.4.9.10.6.4-10, 10-6.5.1.10.6.5.2.10.6-5.3.10.6.5.4.10.6.5.5.10.6.5.6.10.6.5.7, 10.6.5.8, 10.6.5.9.10.6.5.10.10.6.6-1- 10.6.6.2.10.6.6-3.10-6-6.4- 10-6-6.5.10.6.6-6.10.6.6.7.10.6.6.8. 10.6.6.9.10.6.6-10, 10-6.7.1.10.6.7.2.10.6.7.3.10.6.7.4.10.6.7.5.10.6.7-6.10.6.1.1, 10.6.7.8, 10.6.7.9.10.6.7.10, 10.6.8.1.10.6.8.2.10.6.8.3.10.6.8.4.10.6.8.5.10.6.8.6, 10.6.8.7, 10.6.8.8. 10.6.8-9.10.6.8.10, 10-6.9.1, 10.6.9.2.10.6.9.3.10.6.9.4.10.6-9.5- 10.6.9.6- 10.6.9.7, 10-6-9.8. 10.6.9.9, 10.6.9.10, 10.6.10.1.10.6.10.2.10.6.10.3.10.6.10.4.10.6.10.5.10.6.10.6.10.6.10.7. 10.6.10.8- 10.6.10.9- 10.6.10.10.10.7.1-1.10-7.1.2.10.7.1.3, 10.7.1.4- 10.7.1.5.10.7.1-6.10.7.1.7. 10.7.1.8- 10.7.1.9- 10.7.1.10.10.7.2.1.10.7.2.2.10.7.2.3- 10.7.2.4.10.7.2.5.10.7-2.6- 10-7.2.7. 10.7.2.8.10.7.2.9- 10.7.2-10- 10.7.3.1- 10.7.3.2- 10.7.3.3- 10.7.3.4- 10.7.3.5- 10.7.3.6- 10.7.3.7- 10.7.3.8- 10.7.3.9, 10.7.3.10.10.7.4.1.10.7.4.2, 10.7.4.3.10.7.4.4.10.7.4.5.10.7.4.6.10.7.4.7. 10.7.4.8.10.7.4.9. iθ.7.4.10.10-7.5.1.10.7.5.2.10.7.5.3.10.7.5.4.10.7-5-5.10.7.5.6.10.7.5.7. 10.7.5.8- 10.7.5.9.10.7.5.10.10.7.6.1- 10-7.6-2- 10.7.6.3.10.7.6.4.10-76.5, 10.7.6.6.10.7.6.7- 10.7.6.8- 10.7.6.9- 10.7.6.10.10.7.7.1.10.7.7.2- 10.7.7.3- 10.7.7.4- 10.7.7.5- 10.7.7.6- 10-7-7.7- 10.7.7.8- 10.7.7.9- 10.7.7.10- 10.7.8.1- 10.7.8.2.10.7.8.3- 10.7.8.4.10.7.8.5.10.7.8.6- 10-7.8.7. 10.7.8.8- 10.7.8.9- 10.7.8.10.10.7.9.1- 10.7.9.2.10.7.9.3- 10.7.9.4.10.7.9.5- 10.7.9.6.10.7.9.7. 10.7.9.8- 10.7-9.9- 10.7.9.10.10.7.10.1- 10.7.10.2- 10.7.10.3.10.7.10.4.10.7.10.5.10.7.10.6- 10.7.10.7.10.7.10.8.10.7.10.9- 10.7.10.10.10.8.1.1.10.8.1.2.10.8.1.3- 10.8.1.4- 10.8.1.5.10.8.1.6. 10.8.1.7.10.8.1.8- 10.8.1.9- 10.8.1.10- 10.8.2.1- 10.8.2.2.10.8.2.3.10.8.2.4.10.8.2-5, 10-8.2.6- 10.8.2.7, 10.8.2.8. 10.8.2.9, 10.8- 2- 10. 0.8.3.1 , 10.8.3.2 10.8.3.3, 10.8.3.4, 10.8.3.5, 10.8.3.6, 10.8.3.7, 10.8.3.8. 10-8-3-9, 10-8 3.10, 0.8.4. 1. 10.8.4.2 10.8.4.3, 10.8.4.4, 10.8.4.5, 10.8.4.6, 10.8.4.7, 10.8.4.8, 10-8.4.9, 10.8. 4- 10, 10-8-5.1. 10-8.5.2. 10.8.5.3. 10.8.5.4. 10.8.5.5. 10.8.5.6, 10.8.5.7. 10.8.5.8. 10.8.5.9, 10.8. 5.10. 10-8.6.1. 10.8.6.2. 10.8.6.3, 10.8.6-4, 10-8-6-5. 10.8.6.6, 10.8.6.7. 10.8.6.8. 10.8.6.9, 10.8. 6.10. 10.8-7.1. 10.8.7.2. 10.8.7.3, 10-8-7-4, 10-8.7-5. 10.8.7.6, 10.8.7.7. 10.8.7.8, 10.8.7.9, 10-8. 7.10. 10-8.8.1. 10.8.8.2. 10.8.8.3, 10.8.8.4, 10.8.8.5, 10.8.8.6, 10.8.8.7, 10.8.8-8. 10.8.8.9. 10.8. 8.10, 10.8-9.1 10.8.9.2. 10.8.9.3, 10.8.9.4, 10.8.9.5, 10.8.9.6, 10-8-9-7. 10-8.9-8. 10.8.9.9, 10-8- 9.10. 10.8.10.1. 10.8. 10.2. 10.8.10.3. 10.8.10.4. 10.8.10.5, 10.8.10.6 . 10.8.10 7. 10.8.10.8, 10.8.10.9, 10.8.10.10. 10.9.1.1 , 10.9.1.2, 10.9.1.3, 10.9.1.4, 10.9.1.5. 10.9.1.6. 10.9.1 .7, 10-9.1.8. 10-9.1 -9, 10.9.1.1 0. 10.9.2.1 , 10-9.2-2, 10.9.2-3, 10.9.2.4, 10.9.2.5. 10.9.2.6. 10.9.2.7, 10.9. 2.8. 10-9 2-9, 10.9-2- 10. 0.9.3.1 , 10.9.3.2, 10.9.3.3. 10.9.3.4, 10.9.3.5. 10.9.3.6. 10.9.3.7, 10-9. 3.8, 10.9 3-9. 10.9.3.10. 0.9-4.1 , 10.9.4.2, 10.9.4.3, 10.9.4.4, 10.9.4.5, 10.9.4.6. 10.9.4-7, 10-9. 4.8. 10.9 4.9. 10.9.4.10. 0.9.5.1 , 10.9.5.2, 10.9.5.3, 10.9.5.4, 10.9.5.5, 10.9.5.6. 10-9-5.7, 10-9. 5.8, 10.9 5.9, 10.9.5.10. 10.9.6.1 10-9.6.2, 10.9.6.3, 10.9.6.4, 10.9.6.5. 10.9.6.6. 10.9.6.7, 10.9. 6.8, 10.9 6.9, 10.9.6.10. 10.9.7.1 10.9.7.2, 10.9.7.3. 10.9.7.4, 10.9.7-5, 10.9.7.6. 10.9.7.7, 10.9. 7.8, 10.9 7.9, 10.9.7.10. 10.9.8.1 10.9.8.2, 10.9.8.3, 10.9.8.4, 10.9.8-5, 10.9.8.6. 10.9.8.7, 10.9. 8.8, 10-9 8.9. 10.9.8.10. 10.9.9.1 10.9.9.2, 10.9.9.3, 10.9.9.4, 10.9.9-5, 10.9-9.6. 10.9.9.7, 10.9. 9.8. 10-9 9.9, 10-9.9.10. 10.9- 10 , 10.9- 10.2, 10.9.10.3, 10.9.10.4, 10.9- 10-5 . 10.9.10 6. 10.9.10.7, 1 0.9.10.8. 10.9.10.9. 10.9.10.10. 10.10.1.1 , 10.10- 1 -2, 10- 10.1 -3, 10.10.1 -4 . 10.10.1 .5. 10.10.1.6, 1 0.10.1.7, 10.10- 1 .8. 10.10- 1 .9. 0.10.1 .10, 10.10-2- 1 , 10- 10-2.2, 10.10.2.3 . 10.10-2 .4. 10.10.2.5, 1 0.10.2.6. 10.10.2.7, 10.10.2.8, 10.10.2.9, 10.10.2.10, 10.10.3.1, 10.10.3.2 - 10- 10.3 .3. 10- 10.3.4, 10.10-3-5. 10.10.3.6, 10.10.3.7, 10.10.3.8. 10.10.3.9. 10.10.3.10. 10.10.4.1 . 10.10-4 .2- 10- 10.4.3, 10.10-4-4, 10.10.4-5, 10.10.4.6. 10.10.4-7, 10- 10-4-8, 10.10.4.9, 10.10.4.10- 10.10. 5- 1. 10.10.5.2, 10.10.5.3, 10.10.5-4, 10.10.5.5, 10.10.5.6, 10.10-5.7, 10.10.5.8, 10.10.5.9 . 10.10-5 .10. 10.10.6.1 , 10.10.6.2. 10.10.6.3. 10.10.6-4, 10.10.6-5, 10- 10-6.6, 10- 10.6.7, 10.10.6.8 . 10.10.6 9. 10.10.6.10, 10.10.7.1 , 10.10.7.2. 10.10.7.3, 10.10.7-4, 10.10.7.5, 10.10.7.6, 10.10.7.7 . 10.10.7 .8. 10.10.7-9, 10.10.7.10, 10.10.8.1. 10. 10.8-2, 10- 10-8-3, 10- 10-8.4, 10.10.8.5, 10.10.8.6 - 10.10.8 .7. 10.10.8.8, 10.10.8.9, 10.10.8.10, 10.10.9- 1 , 10- 10.9.2, 10.10.9.3, 10.10.9.4, 10.10.9.5 . 10.10.9 .6. 10.10.9.7, 10.10.9.8. 10.10.9.9. 10.10.9.10, 10.10.10.1. 10.10.10.2, 10.10.10 3. 10.10. 10.4, 10.10.10, 5, 10.10.10.6, 10.10.10.7, 10.10.10.8, 10.10.10.9. 10.10.10.10 Additional exemplary formula B compound groups include the following compound groups disclosed below. Unless otherwise specified, the configurations of all hydrogen atoms and R groups for the following compound groups are as defined for the group 1 compounds of formula B above. Group 2. This group comprises compounds named in Table B having R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 substituents defined in Table A wherein the R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 substituents are bonded to the steroid nucleus described for group 1 compounds, except that a double bond at the 5-6 position is present. Thus, group 2 compound 1.3.1.1 has the structure Group 3. This group comprises compounds named in Table B having R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 substituents defined in Table A wherein the R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 substituents are bonded to the steroid nucleus as described for group 1 compounds, except that double bonds at the 1 -2- and 5-6 positions are present. Thus, group 3 compound 2.2.5.1 has the structure Group 4. This group comprises compounds named in Table B having R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 substituents defined in Table A wherein the R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 substituents are bonded to the steroid nucleus described for group 1 compounds, except that a double bond at the 1-2 position is present Thus, group 4 compound 5 2.7 8 has the structure Group 5. This group comprises compounds named in Table B having R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 substituents defined in Table A wherein the R , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 substituents are bonded to the steroid nucleus described for group 1 compounds, except that a double bond at the 4-5 position is present Thus, the group 5 compound named 3 5.2 9 has the structure Group 6. This group comprises compounds named in Table B having R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 substituents defined in Table A wherein the R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 substituents are bonded to the steroid nucleus described for group 1 compounds, except that double bonds at both the 1 -2 and 4-5 positions are present Thus, the group 6 compound named 10.2 7 8 has the structure Groups 7-1 through 7-6. These groups comprise the 6 compound groups described above, except that R 5 is hydrogen instead of methyl Thus, group 7-1 has the same steroid nucleus as group 1 above, i e , no double bond is present, but R 5 is -H Group 7-2 comprises the same steroid nucleus as group 2 above, i e , a double bond is present at the 5-6-posιtιon, but R 5 is -H Compound groups 7-3 through 7-6 are assigned a steroid nucleus in the same manner Thus, the group 7-1 through group 7-6 compounds named 1 2 1 9 have the structures 7-1 compound 1 2 1 9, 7-2 compound 1 2 1 9, 7-3 compound 1 2 1 9, group 7-4 compound 1219, group 7-5 compound 1219, and 7-6 compound 1219 Groups 8-1 through 8-6. These groups comprise each compound named in groups 1-6, except that R 5 of formula B is -CH 2 OH instead of methyl The groups 8-1 through group 8-6 compounds have structures that are named in the same manner as group 1-6 compounds, except that -CH 2 OH instead of methyl is present at R 5 These groups are named in the same manner as groups 7-1 through 7-6 Thus, group 8-1 and group 8-2 compounds named 1219 have the structures 8-1 compound 1219, and 8-2 compound 1219 Groups 9-1 through 9-6. These groups comprise each compound named in compound groups 1-6, except that R 6 of formula B is hydrogen instead of methyl- The groups 9-1 through group 9-6 compounds have structures that are named in the same manner as group 7-1 through 7-6 compounds, except that -H instead of methyl is present at R 6 . Thus, group 9-1 and group 9-2 compounds named 1.2.1.9 have the structures group 9-1 compound 1.2.1.9, and 9-2 compound 1.2.1.9. Groups 10-1 through 10-6. These groups comprise each compound named in compound groups 1 -6 where R 6 of formula 1 is -CH 2 OH instead of methyl. The groups 10- 1 through group 10-6 compounds have structures that are named in the same manner as group 7-1 through 7-6 compounds, except that -CH 2 OH instead of methyl is present at R 6 . Thus, group 10-1 and group 10-2 compounds named 1.2.1.9 have the structures 10-1 compound 1.2.1.9, and 10-2 compound 1 .2.1 .9 Groups 11 -1 through 11 -10-6. These groups comprise each compound named in compound groups 1 through 10-6 where R 1 substituents 1 -10 listed in Table A are replaced with the following substituents: 1 -0-C(0)-CH2CH 2 CH 2 CH3 (-0-C(0)-CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 replaces -OH, which is R 1 substituent 1 in Table A) 2 -0-C(0)-CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH3 3 -0-C(0)-CH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 3 4 -0-C(0)-CH 2 CH2θCH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH3 5 -0-C(0)-CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 3 6 -0-C(0)-CH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 7 -0-C 6 H 4 CI 9 -0-C 6 H 4 -0(CH 2 ) 2 -0-CH 2 CH 3 10 -0-C 6 H 4 -C(0)0(CH 2 )o. 9 CH 3 The group 11-1 through group 11-6 compounds have structures that are named in the same manner as group 7-1 through 7-6 compounds, except that substituents 1-10 of table A are replaced by the substituents 1-10 at R 1 listed above Thus group 11-1 and 11- 2 compounds named 1.2.19 have the structures group 11-1 compound 1.2.1.9 group 11-2 compound 1219 Group 11-7-1 and 11-7-2 compounds named 1219 have the structures group 11-7-1 compound 1219 group 11-7-2 compound 1219 Group 11-8-1 and 11-8-2 compounds named 1219 have the structures 1 1-8-1 compound 1 2 1 9 group 1 1 -8-2 compound 1 2 1 9 Groups 12-1 through 12-10-6. These groups comprise each compound named in groups 1 through 10-6 where R 1 substituents 1 -10 listed in Table A are replaced with the following groups 1 -0-P(0)(0)-OCH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 3 (-0-P(0)(0)-OCH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 3 replaces -OH, which is R 1 substituent 1 in Table A) 2 -0-P(0)(0)-OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 3 -0-P(0)(0)-OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 4 -0-P(0)(0)-OCH 2 CH 2 CH(CH 2 CH 2 )CH 3 5 -0-CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 6 -0-C 2 H 5 7 -0-CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 8 -0-CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 9 -0-CH(CH 3 )CHCH 3 10 -0-C(CH 3 ) 3 Groups 13-1 through 13-10-6. These groups comprise each compound named in groups 1 through 10-6 where R 1 substituents 1 -10 listed in Table A are replaced with the following groups 1 -0-(CH 2 ) 4 CH 3 (-0-(CH 2 ) 4 CH 3 replaces -OH, which is R 1 substituent 1 in Table A) 2 -0-C(0)-NH 2 3 -0-C(0)-NHCH 3 4 -0-C(0)-NHC 2 H 5 5 -0-C(0)-NHCH 2 CH 2 CH 3 6 -0-C(0)-NHCH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 3 7 -0-C(0)-CH 3 8 -0-C(0)-C 2 H 5 9 -0-C(0)-CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 10 -0-C(0)-CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 Groups 14-1 through 14-10-6. These groups comprise each compound named in groups 1 through 10-6 where R 1 substituents 1 -10 listed in Table A are replaced with the following groups 1 -0-CH 2 C 6 H 5 2 -0-CH 2 C 6 H 5 3 -0-CH 2 C 6 H 4 OCH 3 4 -0-CH 2 C 6 H 4 OCH 3 5 -0-CH 2 C 6 H 4 F 6 -0-CH 2 C 6 H 4 F Groups 15-1 through 15-10-6. These groups comprise each compound named in groups 1 through 10-6 where R 1 substituents 1-10 listed in Table A are replaced with the following groups 1 -0-C(0)-CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 (-0-C(0)-CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 replaces -OH, which is R 1 substituent 1 in Table A) 2 -0-C(0)-CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 3 -0-C(0)-CH 2 OH 4 -0-C(0)-CH 2 CH 2 OH 5 -0-C(0)-CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH 6 -0-C(0)-CH 2 SH 7 -0-C(0)-CH 2 CH 2 SH 8 -0-C(0)-CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 SH 9 -0-S(0)(0)-0-CH 2 -CH(0-C(0)-OH)-CH 2 -0-C(0)-C 2 H 5 10 -0-P(0)(0)-0-CH 2 -CH(0-C(0)-OH)-CH 2 -0-C(0)-C 2 H 5 Groups 16-1 through 16-10-6. These groups comprise each compound named in groups 1 through 10-6 where R substituents 1 -10 listed in Table A are replaced with the following groups 1 -0-C(0)-A4-NH 2 , where A4-NH 2 is a 4 carbon alkyl group substituted with -NH 2 (-0-C(0)-A4-NH 2 replaces -OH, which is R 1 substituent 1 in Table A) 2 -0-C(0)-A6-NH 2 , where A6-NH 2 is a 6 carbon alkyl group substituted with -NH 2 3 -0-C(0)-A8-NH 2 , where A8-NH 2 is a 8 carbon alkyl group substituted with -NH 2 4 -0-C(0)-A4-OH, where A4-OH is a 4 carbon alkyl group substituted with -OH or -O- 5 -0-C(0)-A6-OH, where A6-OH is a 6 carbon alkyl group substituted with -OH or -O- 6 -0-C(0)-A8-OH, where A8-OH is a 8 carbon alkyl group substituted with -OH or -O- 7 -0-S(0)(0)-0-CH 2 -CH(0-C(0)-OH)-CH 2 -0-C(0)-C 3 H 7 8 -0-P(0)(0)-0-CH 2 -CH(0-C(0)-OH)-CH 2 -0-C(0)-C 3 H 7 9 -0-S(0)(0)-0-CH 2 -CH(0-C(0)-OH)-CH 2 -0-C(0)-C 4 H 9 10 -0-P(0)(0)-0-CH 2 -CH(0-C(0)-OH)-CH 2 -0- C(0)-C 4 H 9 Groups 17-1 through 17-10-6. These groups comprise each compound named in compound groups 1 through 10-6 where R 1 substituents 1-10 listed in Table A are replaced with the following groups 1 -0-S(0)(0)-0-CH 2 -CH(0-C(0)-OH)-CH 2 -0-C(0)-C 6 H 13 2 -0-P(0)(0)-0-CH 2 -CH(0-C(0)-OH)-CH 2 -0-C(0)-C 6 H 13 3 -0-S(0)(0)-0-CH 2 -CH(0-C(0)-OH)-CH 2 -0-C(0)-C 8 H 17 4 -0-P(0)(0)-0-CH 2 -CH(0-C(0)-OH)-CH 2 -0-C(0)-C 8 H 17 5 -O-S(O)(O)-O-CH 2 -CH(O-C(O)-OH)-CH 2 -O-C(O)-CH 2 C 5 H 10 OH 6 -O-P(O)(O)-O-CH 2 -CH(O-C(O)-OH)-CH 2 -O-C(O)-CH 2 C 5 H 10 OH 7 -0-S(0)(0)-0-CH 2 -CH(0-C(0)-OH)-CH 2 -0-C(0)-CH 2 C 3 H 6 OH 8 -0-P(0)(0)-0-CH 2 -CH(0-C(0)-OH)-CH 2 -0-C(0)- CH 2 C 3 H 6 OH 9 -0-S(0)(0)-0-CH 2 -CH(0-C(0)-OH)-CH 2 -0-C(0)-CH 2 C 7 H 14 OH 10 -0-P(0)(0)-0-CH 2 -CH(0-C(0)-OH)-CH 2 -0-C(0)-CH 2 C 7 H 14 OH Groups 18-1 through 18-10-6. These groups comprise each compound named in groups 1 through 10-6 where R 4 substituents 1 -10 listed in Table A are replaced with the following groups 1 -0-C(0)CH 2 NH 2 2 -0-C(0)C(CH 3 )H-NH 2 3 -0-C(0)C(CH 2 C 6 H 5 )H-NH 2 4 -0-C(0)-0-NHC(CH 3 )H-C0 2 H 5 -0-C(0)-0-NHCH 2 -C0 2 H 6 -0-C(0)-0-NH(CH 2 C 6 H 5 )H-C0 2 H 7 -0-C(0)-CF 3 8 -0-C(0)-CH 2 CF 3 9 -0-C(0)-(CH 2 ) 3 CF 3 10 -0-C(0)-(CH 2 ) 5 CH 3 Groups 19-1 through 19-10-6. These groups comprise each compound named in compound groups 1 through 10-6 where R 4 substituents 1 -10 listed in Table A are replaced with the following groups 1 -0-C(0)-0-CH 3 2 -0-C(0)-0-CH 2 CH 3 3 -0-C(0)-0-C 3 H 7 4 -0-C(0)-0-C 4 H 9 5 -0-C(0)-0-C 6 H 13 6 -0-C(0)-0-C 6 H 5 7 -0-C(0)-0-C 6 H 4 OH 8 -0-C(0)-0-C 6 H 4 OCH 3 9 -0-C(0)-0-C 6 H 4 OCH 2 CH 3 10 -O-C(O)-O-C 6 H 4 F Groups 20-1 through 20-10-6. These groups comprise each compound named in groups 1 through 10-6 where R 4 substituents 1 -10 listed in Table A are replaced with the following groups 1 -0-C(0)-S-CH 3 2 -0-C(0)-S-CH 2 CH 3 3 -0-C(0)-S-C 3 H 7 4 -0-C(0)-S-C 4 H 9 5 -0-C(0)-S-C 6 H 13 6 -0-C(0)-S-C 6 H 5 7 -0-C(0)-S-C 6 H 4 OH 8 -0-C(0)-S-C 6 H 4 OCH 3 9 -0-C(0)-S-C 6 H 4 OCH 2 CH 3 10 -O-C(O)-S-C 6 H 4 F Groups 21 -1 through 21 -10-6. These groups comprise each compound named in compound groups 1 through 10-6 where R 4 substituents 1 -10 listed in Table A are replaced with the following groups 1 -0-C(S)-0-CH 3 2 -0-C(S)-0-CH 2 CH 3 3 -SH 4 =S 5 -0-C(S)-0-C 6 H 13 6 -0-C(0)-0-CH 2 C 6 H 5 7 -0-C(0)-0-CH 2 C 6 H 4 OH 8 -0-C(0)-0-CH 2 C 6 H 4 OCH 3 9 -0-C(0)-0-CH 2 C 6 H 4 OCH 2 CH 3 10 -O-C(O)-O-CH 2 C 6 H 4 F Groups 22-1 through 22-10-6. These groups comprise each compound named in compound groups 1 through 10-6 where R 2 substituents 1 -10 listed in Table A are replaced with the following groups: 1 -0-C(S)-0-CH 3 2 -0-C(S)-0-CH 2 CH 3 3 -0-C(S)-0-C 3 H 7 8 -0-C(0)-0-CH 2 C 6 H 4 OCH 3 9 -0-C(0)-0-CH 2 C 6 H 4 OCH 2 CH 3 10 -O-C(O)-O-CH 2 C 6 H 4 F Groups 23-1 through 23-10-6. These groups comprise each compound named in compound groups 1 through 10-6 where R 3 substituents 1-10 listed in Table A are replaced with the following groups: 1 -0-C(S)-0-CH 3 2 -0-C(S)-0-CH 2 CH 3 3 -0-C(S)-0-C 3 H 7 4 -0-C(S)-0-C 4 H 9 5 -0-C(S)-0-C 6 H 13 6 -0-C(0)-0-CH 2 C 6 H 5 7 -0-C(0)-0-CH 2 C 5 H 4 OH 8 -0-C(0)-0-CH 2 C 6 H 4 OCH 3 9 -0-C(0)-0-CH 2 C 6 H 4 OCH 2 CH 3 10 -O-C(O)-O-CH 2 C 6 H 4 F Groups 24-1 through 24-10-6. These groups comprise each compound named in compound groups 1 through 10-6 where R 2 substituents 1 -10 listed in Table A are replaced with the following groups' 1 -0-C(0)-0-C 6 H 5 2 -0-C(0)-0-C 6 H 4 OCH 3 3 -SH 4 =S 5 -0-CHR 24 -C(0)-OR 25 6 -0-CHR 2 -C(0)-R 25 7 -0-CHR 24 -C(0)-N(R 25 ) 2 8 -0-CHR 24 -C(0)-NHR 25 9 -0-CHR 24 -C(0)-NH 2 10 -O-CHR 24 -C(O)-OC 6 H 5 Groups 25-1 through 25-10-6. These groups comprise each compound named in compound groups 1 through 10-6 where R 3 substituents 1 -10 listed in Table A are replaced with the following groups: 1 -0-C(0)-0-C 6 H 5 2 -0-C(0)-0-C 6 H 4 OCH 3 3 -SH 4 =S 5 -0-CHR 24 -C(0)-OR 25 6 -0-CHR 24 -C(0)-R 25 7 -0-CHR 24 -C(0)-N(R 25 ) 2 8 -0-CHR 24 -C(0)-NHR 25 9 -0-CHR 24 -C(0)-NH 2 10 -O-CHR 24 -C(O)-OC 6 H 5 Groups 26-1 through 26-25-10-6. These groups comprise each compound named in compound groups 1 through 25-10-6 wherein R 7 in formula B is -0-, instead of -CH 2 - Thus the 26-1 and 26-2 compounds named 1 2 5 9 have the structures group 26-1 compound 1 2 5 9, and group 26-2 compound 1 2 5 9 The compound group 26-8-1 and compound group 26-8-2 compounds named 1 2 5 9 have the structures group 26-8-1 compound 1 2 5 9, and group 26-8-2 compound 1 2 5 9 The group 26-11-1 and 26-11-2 compounds named 1259 have the structures 26-11-1 compound 1259 26-11-2 compound 1259 Groups 27-1 through 27-25-10-6. These groups comprise each compound named in compound groups 1 through 25-10-6 wherein R 8 in formula B is -O-, instead of -CH 2 - Thus the 27-1 and 27-2 compounds named 1259 have the structures group 27-1 compound 1259 and group 27-2 compound 1259 The group 27-8-1 and group 27-8-2 compounds named 1259 have the structures 27-8-1 compound 1.2.5.9, and 27-8-2 compound 1.2.5.9. The group 27-1 1 -1 and 27-1 1 -2 compounds named 1.2 5 9 have the structures 27-1 1 -1 compound 1.2.5.9 group 27-1 1 -2 compound 1 2.5.9 Groups 28-1 through 28-25-10-6. These groups comprise each compound named in compound groups 1 through 25-10-6 wherein R 9 in formula B is -0-, instead of -CH 2 - and no double bond is present at the 1 -2 position Thus, there is, e g , no group 28-3, 28- 4, 28-6, 28-8-3, 28-8-4 or 28-8-6, since a 1 -2 double bond is present in these compounds and a ring oxygen at the 2 position would be charged The 28-1 , 28-2 and 28-5 compounds named 1.2 5 9 have the structures 28-1 compound 1.2.5.9, and 28-2 compound 1.2.5.9 28-5 compound 1.2.5.9. The group 28-8-1 and group 28-8-2 compounds named 1.2.5.9 have the structures group 28-8-1 compound 1 .2.5.9, and group 28-8-2 compound 1 2 5 9 The group 28-1 1 -1 and 28-1 1 -2 compounds named 1 2 5 9 have the structures 28-11-1 compound 1 2 5 9 group 28-11-2 compound 1 2 5 9 Groups 29-1 through 29-25-10-6. These groups comprise each compound named in compound groups 1 through 25-10-6 wherein R 7 is -NH-, instead of -CH 2 - The compounds are named as described for compound groups 26-1 through 26-25-10-6 Groups 30-1 through 30-25-10-6. These groups comprise each compound named in compound groups 1 through 25-10-6 wherein R 8 is -NH-, instead of -CH 2 - The compounds are named as described for compound groups 26-1 through 26-25-10-6 Groups 31-1 through 31-25-10-6. These groups comprise each compound named in compound groups 1 through 25-10-6 wherein R 9 is -NH-, instead of -CH 2 - and no double bond is present at the 1-2 position Thus, there is , e g , no group 31-3, 31-4, 31-6, 31-8-3, 31-8-4 or 31-8-6 The compounds are named as described for compound groups 26-1 through 26-25-10-6 Groups 32-1 through 32-25-10-6. These groups comprise each compound named in compound groups 1 through 25-10-6 wherein two of R 7 R 8 and R 9 independently are - NH-, -O- or -S- instead of -CH 2 - The compounds are named as described for compound groups 26-1 through 26-25-10-6 Groups 33-1 through 33-25-10-6. These groups comprise each compound named in compound groups 1 through 25-10-6 wherein each of R 7 R 8 and R 9 independently are - NH-, -O- or -S- instead of -CH 2 - The compounds are named as described for compound groups 26-1 through 26-25-10-6 Groups 34-1 through 34-25-10-6. These groups comprise each compound named in compound groups 1 through 25-10-6 wherein R 7 is -S-, instead of -CH 2 - The compounds are named as described for compound groups 26-1 through 26-25-10-6 Groups 35-1 through 35-25-10-6. These groups comprise each compound named in compound groups 1 through 25-10-6 wherein R 8 is -S-, instead of -CH 2 - The compounds are named as described for compound groups 26-1 through 26-25-10-6 Groups 36-1 through 36-25-10-6. These groups comprise each compound named in compound groups 1 through 25-10-6 wherein R 9 is -S-, instead of -CH 2 - and no double bond is present at the 1-2 position There is , e g , no group 36-3, 36-4, 36-6, 36-8-3, 36-8- 4 or 36-8-6 The compounds are named as described for compound groups 26-1 through 26-25-10-6 Groups 37-1 through 37-25-10-6. These groups comprise each compound named in all of the compound compound groups 1 through 36-25-10-6 described above wherein R 1 is not divalent, e g , is not =0, and it is in the α-configuration, instead of the β- configuration as shown in formula B Groups 38-1 through 38-25-10-6. These groups comprise each compound named in all of the compound groups 1 through 36-25-10-6 described above wherein R 2 is not divalent, e g , is not =0, and it is in the α-configuration, instead of the β-configuration as shown in formula B Groups 39-1 through 39-25-10-6. These groups comprise each compound named in all of the compound groups 1 through 36-25-10-6 described above wherein R 3 is not divalent, e g , is not =0, and it is in the β-configuration, instead of the α-configuration as shown in formula B Groups 40-1 through 40-25-10-6. These groups comprise each compound named in all of the compound groups 1 through 36-25-10-6 described above wherein R 4 is not divalent, e g , is not =0, and it is in the α-configuration, instead of the β-configuration as shown in formula B Groups 41 -1 through 41 -25-10-6. These groups comprise each compound named in all of the compound groups 1 through 36-25-10-6 described above wherein R 2 and R 4 is not divalent, e g , they is not =0, and they are both in the α-configuration, instead of the β- configuration as shown in formula B Groups 42-1 through 42-25-10-6. These groups comprise each compound named in all of the compound groups 1 through 36-25-10-6 described above wherein, when hydrogen is present at the 5-posιtιon, it is in the β-configuration, instead of the α- configuration as shown in formula B Any of the cpmpounds or general of compounds that are neamed in compound groups 1 through 42-25-10-6 are sutiable for use in the methods described herein In some embodiments one, or more of R 1 -R 5 , R 10 , R 15 , R 1" and R 18 independently have the structure(s) and/or independently comprise the named compounds, -H, -OH, =0, -SH, =S, -NH 2 , -CN, -N 3 , halogen, =CH 2 , =NOH, =NOC(0)CH 3 , -C(0)-CH 3 , -C(O)-(CH 2 )ι- 4 - CH 3 , -CCH, -CCCH 3 , -CH=CH 2 , -CH=CH 2 CH 3 , -0-C(0)-(CH 2 ) m -(CF 2 ) n -CH 3 , -0-C(0)-(CH 2 ) m -(CF 2 ) n -CF 3 , -0-C(0)-(CH 2 ) m - (CF 2 ) n -CH 2 F, -0-C(0)-0-(CH 2 ) m -(CF 2 ) n -CH 3 , -0-C(0)-0-(CH 2 ) m -(CF 2 ) n -CF 3 , -0-C(0)-0- (CH 2 ) m -(CF 2 ) n -CH 2 F, -0-C(0)-NH-(CH 2 ) m -(CF 2 ) n -CH 3 , -0-C(0)-NH-(CH 2 ) m -(CF 2 ) n -CF 3 , -O- C(0)-NH-(CH 2 ) m -(CF 2 ) n -CH 2 F (where m is 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10, n is ON , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10, usually n is 0), -CH(CH 3 )-(CH 2 ) 2 -C(0)ΝH-CH 2 COOH, -CH(CH 3 )-(CH 2 ) 2 - C(0)NH-CH 2 S0 3 H, -OSi(CH 3 ) 2 C(CH 3 ) 3 , -C(OH)=CHCH 3 , =CH(CH 2 ) 0 . 15 CH 3 , -(CH 2 ) 0 . ι 4 CH 2 F, -(CH 2 )o-ι CH 2 CI, -(CH 2 ) 0 -ι 4 CH 2 Br, -(CH 2 )o-ι 4 CH 2 l, -(CH 2 ) 2 . 10 -0-(CH 2 )o- 4 CH 3 , -(CH 2 ) 2 . 10 -S-(CH 2 )o. 4 CH 3 , -(CH 2 ) 2 . 10 -NH-(CH 2 ) 0 . 4 CH 3 , -O-(CH 2 ) 0 . 14 CH 2 F, -O-(CH 2 ) 0 -ι 4 CH 2 CI, -O- (CH 2 ) 0 -i 4 CH 2 Br, -0-(CH 2 )o-ι CH 2 l, -O-(CH 2 ) 2 . 10 -O-(CH 2 ) 0 -- CH 3 , -0-(CH 2 ) 2 - 10 -S-(CH 2 )o- CH 3 , - 0-(CH 2 ) 2 - 10 -NH-(CH 2 )o. 4 CH3, -O-C(O)-(CH 2 ) 0 . 14 CH 2 F, -O-C(O)-(CH 2 ) 0 . 14 CH 2 CI, -O-C(O)- (CH 2 ) 0 -ι 4 CH 2 Br, -O-C(O)-(CH 2 ) 0 -i 4 CH 2 l, -0-C(0)-(CH 2 ) 2 . 10 -0-(CH 2 )o 4 CH 3 , -0-C(0)-(CH 2 ) 2 _ 10 -S-(CH 2 )o 4 CH3, -0-C(0)-(CH 2 ) 2 . 10 -NH-(CH 2 )o. 4 CH 3 , -0-C(SHCH 2 )o-i 4 CH 2 F, -O-C(S)- (CH 2 ) 0 - 14 CH 2 CI, -O-C(S)-(CH 2 ) 0 .i 4 CH 2 Br, -O-C(S)-(CH 2 ) 0 - 14 CH 2 l, -O-C(S)-(CH 2 ) 2 . 10 -O- (CH 2 ) 0 . 4 CH 3 , -0-C(S)-(CH 2 ) 2 . 10 -S-(CH 2 )o. 4 CH 3 , -O-C(S)-(CH 2 ) 2 . 10 -NH-(CH 2 ) 0 . 4 CH 3 , -(CH 2 ) 0 . 16 NH 2 , -(CH 2 ) 0 - 15 CH 3 , -(CH 2 ) 0 . 15 CN, -(CH 2 ) 0 - 15 CH=CH 2 , -(CH 2 )o-ι 5 NHCH(0), -(CH 2 ) 0 . 16 NH- (CH 2 )o. 15 CH 3 , -(CH 2 )o. 15 CCH, -(CH 2 ) 0 . 15 OC(O)CH 3 , -(CH 2 ) 0 -ι 5 OCH(OH)CH 3 , -(CH 2 ) 0 . 15 C(0)OCH 3 , -(CH 2 ) 0 . 15 C(O)OCH 2 CH 3 , -(CH 2 ) 0 . 15 C(0)(CH 2 )o-i 5 CH 3 , -(CH 2 ) 0 .ι 5 C(0)(CH 2 )o. 15 CH 2 OH, -0(CH 2 N 16 NH 2 , -0(CH 2 N 15 CH 3 , -0(CH 2 ) 1 .ι 5 CN, -0(CH 2 N 15 CH=CH 2 , -OCH^- 15 NHCH(0), -0(CH 2 ) 1 - 16 NH-(CH 2 ) 1 . 15 CH 3 , -0(CH 2 ) 1 . 15 CCH, - 0(CH 2 ) 1 . 15 OCH(OH)CH 3 , -0(CH 2 ) 1 . 15 C(0)OCH 3 , -0(CH 2 N 15 C(0)OCH 2 CH 3 , -OCH^. 15 C(0)(CH 2 )o. 15 CH 3 , -0(CH 2 ) 1 . 15 C(0)(CH 2 )o. 15 CH 2 OH, -OC(0)(CH 2 ) 1 . 16 NH 2 , -00(0)^^)^ 15 CH 3 , -C(0)0(CH 2 ) 1 _ 15 CN, -C(0)0(CH 2 ) 1 . 15 CH=CH 2 , -OC(0)(CH 2 ) 1 . 15 NHCH(0), - OC(O)(CH 2 ) 1 . 16 NH-(CH 2 ) 115 CH 3 , -OC(O)(CH 2 ) 1 . 15 CCH, -OC(0)(CH 2 ) 1 . 15 OC(0)CH 3 , - OC(0)(CH 2 ) 1 . 15 OCH(OH)CH 3 , -OC(0)(CH 2 ) 1 . l5 C(0)OCH 3 , -OC(0)(CH 2 ) 1 . 15 C(0)OCH 2 CH 3 , -OC(0)(CH 2 ) 1 . 15 C(0)(CH 2 )o.i 5 CH 3 , -OC(O)(CH 2 ) 1 . 15 C(O)(CH 2 ) 0 15 CH 2 OH, phosphoenolpyruvate, D-glucosamme, glucho c acid, glucuronic acid, pantothenic acid, pyruvic acid, glucose, fructose, mannose, sucrose, lactose, 'fucose, rhamnose, galactose, πbose, 2'-deoxyπbose, 3'-deoxyrιbose, glycerol, 3-phosphoglycerate, a PEG (PEG 20, PEG 100, PEG 200, PEG 10000), a polyoxyalkylene polymer, glycine, alanme, phenylalanme, threonme, proline, 4-hydroxyprolιne or an oligonucleotide or analog that comprises about 4 to about 21 monomers When a substituent is an oligonucleotide or a polymer usually only a one of these is bonded to the formula 1 compound Typically, when R 1 -R 2 and R 4 -R 6 comprise one or more of these substituents (or others described herein), the substituent is present in the β- configuration, while R 3 typically comprises a substituent in the β-configuration. In some embodiments, R 2 is in the α-configuration In some embodiments, one or more of R 1 -R 6 , R 10 , R 15 , R 17 and R 18 independently comprise a nucleoside, a nucleotide, an oligonucleotide or an analog of any of these moieties Typically such moieties are linked to the steroid nucleus through a terminal hydroxyl, thiol, acyl moiety or amine at the 5', 3' or 2' positions, when a hydroxyl, thiol, acyl moiety or amine is present at that position For oligonucleotides and oligonucleotide analogs, the linkage to the steroid occasionally is through a sugar hydroxyl at an internal 2' position Analogs of phosphodiester linkages include phosphorothioate linkages and others as described in the cited references Oligonucleotide coupling groups means any moiety suitable for generating a phosphodiester linkage or phosphodiester analog linkage between adjacent nucleotides or their analogs Suitable oligonucleotide coupling groups include -OH, H-phosphonate, alkylphosphonamidites or phosphoramidites such as β- cyanoethyl-phosphoramidite, N, N-dnsopropylamino-β-cyanoethoxyphosphine and others as described in the cited references Suitable puπne and pyπmidine bases include adenine, guanme, cytosme, thymme, uracil and others as described in the cited references Suitable nucleosides, nucleotides, oligonucleotides and their analogs have been described, see e g , U S patents 4725677 4973679, 4997927, 4415732, 4458066, 5047524, 4959463, 5212295, 5386023, 5489677, 5594121 , 5614622, 5624621 , and PCT publication Nos WO 92/07864, WO 96/29337, WO 97/14706, WO 97/14709, WO 97/31009, WO 98/04585 and WO 98/04575 all of which are incorporated herein by reference The formula 1 compounds, e g , those named in any of the compound groups 1 through 42-25-10-6, are suitable for linkage to oligonucleotides modulate the lipophilicity of oligonucleotides or the transport or permeation of an oligonucleotide into cells Such linkages may be biologically labile to facilitate release of the steroid from the oligonucleotide once the conjugate has entered the ceil Table 2 shows these and other exemplary moieties that one or more of R 1 -R 6 , R 0 , R 15 , R 17 and R 18 independently can comprise Pr means a protecting group These moieties are often bonded to one or more of the R ' , R 2 and R 4 positions, usually to one or two of those positions For structures with more than one of a given variable, e g , X in structure A3 or A5, each is independently selected TABLE 2 n = 0, 1,2,3,4.5 n= 1,2,3,4.5 X = H, Pr X = -H. -C(O)CH 3 l. F, I n= 1.2.3.4,5,6 n= 1.2.3.4.5,6 V n = 0.1.2,3,4.5,6 X = CH 3 , Cl n = 0.1.2.3.4.5.6 n = 0, 1,2,3.4,5,6 X = F. Cl. Br. N0 2 . OCH 3 . OC 2 H 5 . CN X = H, F, Cl, Br. N0 2 . OCH 3 . OC 2 H 5 , CN 1.2.3.4,5,6 X = H. F, Cl, Br, N0 2 , OCH 3 , OC 2 H 5 , CN n = 0.1.2.3.4.5.6 X = H. F. Cl. Br, N0 2 . OCH,. OC 2 H 5 . CN X = H. Pr Typical containers for storage of the invention compositions and formulations will limit the amount of water that reaches the materials contained therein Typically, formulations are packaged in hermetically or induction sealed containers The containers are usually induction sealed Water permeation characteristics of containers have been described, e g , Containers-Permeation, chapter USP 23 <671>, United States Pharmacopeial Convention Inc 12601 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD 20852, pp 1787etseq (1995) The use of formula A compounds for treatment of certain diseases, e.g., infections such as malaria, HCV or Cry tospondium, has been described. Formula A compounds have the structure where Q, is -C(Rι) 2 - or -C(O)-, Q 2 is -C(R ) 2 -, -CfRiHY)- . -C(Y)- or -CH 2 -CH 2 -, Q 3 is -H or -C R s-, Q is -dR^-, -C(O)-, hydroxyvinylidme (-CH(CH=CHOH)-) or methyl methylene (-CH(CH) 3 -), Q 5 is or -C(O)-, X and Y independently are -OH, -H, lower alkyl (e g , d 6 alkyl), -0-C(0)-R 5 , -C(0)-OR 5 , halogen (i e , -F, -Cl, -Br or -I) or =0, each R T independently is -H, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -OH, d 6 alkoxy, or d 6 alkyl, R 2 is -H, -OH, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, d. 6 alkyl, d. 6 alkoxy, -OR 3 , an ester (e g , -0-C(0)-R 4 or -C(0)-0-R 4 ), a thioester (e g , -0-C(S)-R 4 or -C(S)-0-R 4 ), a thioacetal (e g , -S-C(0)-R 4 , or -C(0)-S-R 4 ), a sulfate ester (e g , -O- S(0)(0)-0-R 4 ), a sulfonate ester (e g , -0-S(0)-0-R 4 ) or a carbamate (e g , -O-C(O)- NH-R 4 or -NH-C(0)-0-R 4 ) or R 2 , together with the R, that is bonded to the same carbon atom is =0, R 3 is -S(0)(0)-OM, -S(0)(0)-0-CH 2 -CH(0-C(0)-R 6 )-CH 2 -0-C(0)- R 6 , -P(0)(0)-0-CH 2 -CH(0-C(0)-R 7 )-CH 2 -0-C(0)-R 7 , a glucuronide group of structure (B) or R 3 is d 18 alkyl, C 2 8 alkenyl, C 2 18 alkynyl, a d 18 ester or a d ι 8 thioester, where any of the foregoing d-is or C 2 18 moieties are optionally substituted at one or more hydrogen atoms with one or more independently selected -OR PR , (including -OH), - NHR κ , (including -NH 2 ) or -SR K , (including -SH) groups, or R 3 is a d 18 fatty acid, C 2 10 alkynyl, (J) n -phenyl-d 5-alkyl, (J) n -phenyl-C 2 5 -alkenyl, R 4 is -H a protecting group, optionally substituted Ci 18 alkyl, optionally substituted d 18 alkenyl, optionally substituted d 18 alkynyl, optionally substituted aryl optionally substituted aryl-d- 6 alkyl, optionally substituted aryl-C 2 6 alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl-C 2 6 alkynyl, optionally substituted heterocycle-d e alkyl, optionally substituted C 2 6 alkenyl- heterocycle, optionally substituted C 2 6 alkynyl-heterocycle or an optionally substituted heterocycle, where any of the foregoing moieties are optionally substituted at one, two, three, four, five or more carbon or hydrogen atoms with one or more independently selected -O- -S-, -NR PR - (including -NH-), -NH-C(O)-, -OR PR (including -OH), -NHR PR (including -NH 2 ), -SR PR (including -SH), =0, =S, =N-OH, -CN, -N0 2 , -F, -Cl, -Br or -I groups or atoms, each R 5 independently is straight or branched d u alkyl, each R 6 independently is straight or branched d ι alkyl, each R 7 independently is straight or branched d 14 alkyl or a giucuronide group of structure (B), each R PR independently is -H or an independently selected protecting group n is 0, 1 , 2 or 3, each J independently is -F -Cl, -Br -I C 1 4 alkyl Ci 4 alkenyl, d alkoxy, carboxy nitro, sulfate, sulfonyl, a C 1 6 carboxyl ester or a Ci 6 sulfate ester, M is hydrogen, sodium, -S(0)(0)-0-CH 2 -CH(0-C(0)-R 6 )-CH 2 -0-C(0)-R 6 , -P(0)(0)-0-CH 2 - CH(0-C(0)-R 7 )-CH 2 -0-C(0)-R 7 or a giucuronide group of structure (A), the dotted lines in formula 1 represent an optional double bond, provided that there are not double bonds at both the 4-5 and 5-6 positions and provided that when a double bond is present, zero or 1 R, group is bonded to carbon atoms at the 1 -, 2-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 17 positions so that these carbon atoms are tetravalent, and the salts, stereoisomers, positional isomers, metabolites, analogs or precursors The formula A compounds, particularly where both R T at the 1 1 -position are not hydroxyl, alkoxy or a moiey that can hydrolyze to a hydroxyl are generally suitable for use in the methods and compositions that are disclosed herein e g , their use to enhance a subject's Th1 immune responses Methods of administration and dosages are essentially as described herein Intermittent dosing methods. One can intermittently administer the formula 1 compound(s), e g , BrEA or a BrEA ester, to a subject without some of the undesired aspects normally associated with discontinuous dosing Such undesired aspects include development of resistance of a pathogen (virus such as HIV or a parasite such as a Plasmodium parasite) to the therapeutic agent or failure of the patient or subject to adhere to a dosing regimen Intermittent dosing protocols include administration of a formula 1 compound e g orally topically or parenterally as follows (1 ) dosing for about 3 to about 20 days (2) no dosing of the formula 1 compound for about 4 to about 20 days, (3) dosing for about 4 to about 20 days and (4) optionally repeating the dosing protocol 1 2, 3 4 5 6 10 15 20 30 or more times Often the dosing of steps (1 ) and (3) will be maintained for about 3-15 days, usually about 3-5 days In general, steps (1 )-(3) of the dosing protocol recited above, will be repeated at least one time, typically at least 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 times. For infections that tend to remain chronic, e g , HIV, HCV or other chronic virus or parasite infection, the intermittent dosing protocol is typically maintained over a relatively long time period, e g , for at least about 6 months to about 5 years In these intermittent dosing protocols, the formula 1 compound(s) can be administered by any suitable route, e g , intramuscular (i m or I M ), subcutaneous (s.c. or S C ), intravenous (i v or I V ), intradermal, other parenteral route, aerosol using about 0.1 to about 10 mg/kg/day, usually about 0 2-4 mg/kg/day Alternatively, one can administer the formula 1 compound(s) orally using about 4 to about 40 mg/kg/day, usually about 6-20 mg/kg/day In some embodiments, the intermittent dosing methods exclude dosing protocols that are commonly used to deliver contraceptive steroids to, e g , human females, such as daily dosing for 21 days, followed by no dosing for 7 days In general, the non-aqueous formulations described herein that contain formula 1 compound(s) are administered i m or s c , while aqueous formulations that contain formula 1 compound(s) is administered by i v , i m , s c or other parenteral routes The daily doses can be administered as a single dose, especially for doses given parenterally, or the dose can be subdivided into two, three or four subdoses, usually two, especially for doses given orally Exemplary embodiments are (a) administering a formula 1 compound(s), e g , BrEA or an ester or carbonate of BrEA, once every other day for 20 days, followed by (b) no dosing for 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60 or more days and then (c) administering the formula 1 compound(s) at least once more on one day, e g , administering the formula 1 compound(s) once every other day for 20 days and (d) optionally repeating (a), (b) and (c) 1 , 2, 3, 4 5 or 6 times or more A subset of these embodiments are (a) administering a formula 1 compound(s), e g , BrEA or an ester or carbonate of BrEA, once every other day for 20 days, followed by (b) no dosing for about 10-40 days and then (c) administering the formula 1 compound(s) at least once more on one day, e g , administering the formula 1 compound(s) once every other day for 20 days and (d) optionally repeating (a), (b) and (c) 1 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 times or more In any of these embodiments, one can administer the formula 1 compound(s) in 2 or 3 subdoses per day Other embodiments are (a) administering a formula 1 compound(s), e g , BrEA or an ester or carbonate of BrEA, once every day for about 8-12 days followed by (b) no dosing for 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1 ON 5, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 45, 50, 55 60 or more days and then (c) administering the formula 1 compound(s) at least once more on one day, e g , administering the formula 1 compound(s) once per day for about 8-12 days and (d) optionally repeating (a), (b) and (c) 1 , 2, 3, 4 5 or 6 times or more A subset of these embodiments are (a) administering a formula 1 compound(s), e g , BrEA or an ester or carbonate of BrEA, once every day for about 10 days, followed by (b) no dosing for about 10-40 days and then (c) administering the formula 1 compound(s) at least once more on one day, e g , administering the formula 1 compound(s) once per day for about 10 days and (d) optionally repeating (a), (b) and (c) 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 times or more In any of these embodiments, one can administer the formula 1 compound(s) in 2 or 3 subdoses per day. One aspect of invention intermittent dosing is monitoring the subject's response to dosing For example, while dosing a subject who has a viral infection (e.g., HCV, HIV, SIV, SHIV), one can measure the subject's or pathogen s response, e g , amelioration of one or more symptoms or a change in infectious particles or viral RNA in the serum Once a response is observed dosing can be continued for one, two or three additional days, followed by discontinuing the dosing for at least one day (at least 24 hours), usually for at least 2 or 3 days Once the subject's response shows signs of remission (e g , viral serum RNA begins to increase), dosing can be resumed for another course An aspect of the subject's response to formula 1 compound(s) is that the subject may show a measurable response within a short time, usually about 5-10 days, which allows straightforward tracking of the subject's response, e g , by monitoring viral titer in peripheral white blood cells ("PBMC") or by measuring viral nucleic acid levels in the blood One may monitor one or more immune cell subsets, e g , NK, LAK, dendritic cells or cells that mediate ADCC immune responses, during and after intermittent dosing to monitor the subject's response and to determine when further administration of the formula 1 compound is indicated. These cell subsets are monitored as described herein, e g , by flow cytometry For any of the treatments or methods described herein, prolonged beneficial effects or a sustained immune response by a subject may result from a single administration or a few daily administrations of the formula 1 compound for from intermittent treatment with the formula 1 compound A single administration means that a formula 1 compound is administered to the subject in one, two, three or more doses within a 24 hour period and no further administration of any formula 1 compound to the subject occurs for at least about 45 days to about 2 months, e g , for 3, 4, 5, 6 or more months Prolonged beneficial effects or immune responses may also persist after a short course of treatment has been completed (e g , daily dosing for 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 days) and the subject is no longer receiving any formula 1 compound, or, in some cases, any other therapeutic treatment to treat the primary cause of the subject s pathological condition Such beneficial effects can persist for more than about 5-30 days In some cases, beneficial effects from treatment have been observed for more than 3 months (4 or 5 or more months) after a short course of treatment of a subject with a formula 1 compound Thus, administration of a formula 1 compound provides a method to effectively protect a subject against progression of an infection or against adverse consequences of unwanted immune reactions (e g , inflammation) or against immunosuppression (from infection, chemotherapy, etc), without any dosing of the compound for at least 3 months after an initial dosing protocol, which could be an intermittent or a continuous dosing protocol over, e g , 1 day to about 4 months (1-15 days, about 1 month, about 2 months, etc) Synthesis methods. Reagents and reaction conditions that one can use to make the formula 1 compounds have been described, see e g , the citations above, U S patent numbers 5874598, 5874597, 5874594, 5840900, PCT publication number WO 9901579 General chemical synthetic methods to link a variety of organic moieties to various reactive groups have been described For example, in G T Hermanson, Bioconjugate Techniques, Academic Press, 1996, functional targets such as ammo acids, peptides and carbohydrates are described at pages 3-136 while the chemistries of reactive groups in the functional targets, e g , amine, thiol, carboxyl, hydroxyl, aldehyde, ketone and reactive hydrogen atoms (e g , -H linked to an electron-donating moiety such as a heteroaryl moiety) are described at pages 137-166 This reference also describes reagents useful to make the derivatives, e g , zero-length cross-linkers, heterobifunctional cross-linkers, homobifunctional cross-linkers, tags, probes and polymers are described at pages 169- 416 and 605-638 This reference also describes synthetic methods to modify oligonucleotides at pages 639-671 In one aspect, ammo acids or peptides are linked to the steroid through the amine group using a coupling reagent such as phosgene (CI-CO-CI) or CI-CS-CI and suitably protected am o acids or peptides and steroids, which are protected as needed Such linkage generates an intervening -CO-O- or a -CS-O- moiety between the ammo acid or peptide and the steroid nucleus Exemplary synthesis schemes. By way of exemplification and not limitation, the following methods are used to prepare the one or more of the compounds disclosed herein Starting materials and straightforward variations of the schemes are found, e g , in the following references, which are incorporated herein by reference A P Davis, et al , Tetrahedron Lett , 33 51 11-51 12, 1992, 1 Takashi, el al , Chem Pharm Bull , 34 1929- 1933, 1986, I Weisz, et al , Arch Pharm , 319 952-953, 1986, T Watabe, et al , J Med Chem 13 311-312, 1970, M Davis et al , J Chem Soc C , (1 1 ) 1045-1052, 1967, R C Cambie et al , J Chem Soc , Perkin Trans 1 , (20) 2250-2257, 1977, L Minale, et al , J Chem Soc , Perkin Trans 1 , (20) 2380-2384 1974, C K Lai, et al , Steroids, 42 707- 711 , 1983, S Iπe. et al , Synthesis, (9) 1 135-1 138 1996, E J Corey, J Am Chem Soc , 1 18 8765-8766, 1996, M E Annunziato, et al Bioconjugate Chem 4 212-218, 1993, N J Cussans, et al , J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 1 , (8) 1650-1653, 1980, D H R Barton, et al , J Chem Soc , Chem Commun , (9) 393-394 1978, H Loibner et al , Helv Chim Acta, 59 2100-2113, 1976, T R Kastuπ, et al , Proc Indian Acad Sci , [Ser ] Chem. Sci , 90 281-290, 1981 , T Back, J Org Chem , 46 1442-1446, 1981 , A Canovas, et al , Helv Chim Acta, 63 486-487, 1980, R J Chorvat, et al , J Org Chem , 43. 966-972, 1978, M. Gumulka, et al , Can J Chem , 63 766-772, 1985, H Sugmome, et al., J. Org. Chem , 55 2170-2176, 1990, C R Engel, et al , Can Heterocycles, 28 905-922, 1989, H Sugimone, et al , Bull, Chem Soc Jpn , 62 193-197, 1989, V S Salvi, et al., Can Steroids, 48 47-53, 1986, C R Engel, et al , Can Steroids, 47 381-399, 1986, H Sugmome, et al , Chem Lett , (5) 783-786, 1987, T Iwadare, et al , J. Chem Soc, Chem Commun , (1 1 ) 705-706, 1985, H Nagano, et al , J Chem Soc , Chem. Commun , (10)- ,656-657, 1985, V S Salvi, et al , Steroids, 27 717-725, 1976, C H Engel, et al, Steroids, 25 781-790, 1975, M Gobbmi, et al , Steroids, 61 572-582, 1996, A G Gonzalez, et al , Tetrahedron, 46 1923-1930, 1990 S C Bobzm, et al , J Org Chem , 54 3902-3907, 1989, B Solaja, et al , Croat Chem Acta, 59 1-17, 1986, Y Kashman, et al , Tetrahedron, 27 3437-3445, 1971 , K Yoshida et al , Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo), 15 1966-1978, 1967, P B Sollman, et al , Chem Commun (1 1 ) 552-554, 1967, H Sugmome, et al , J Org Chem , 55 2170-2176, 1990, H Sugmome, et al , Journal Chem Lett , (5) 783-786, 1987, G A Tolstikov, et al , Zh Org Khim , 22 121 -132, 1986, T Terasawa, et al , J Chem Soc , Perkin Trans 1 , (4) 990-1003, 1979, Z Zhuang, et al., Yougi Huaxue, (4) 281 -285, 1986, W T Smith, et al , Trans Ky Acad Sci , 45 76-77, 1984, A K Batta, et al , Steroids, 64 780-784, 1999, B Ruan, et al., Steroids, 65 29-39, 2000, L Garndo.et al , Steroids, 65 85-88, 2000, P Ramesh, et al , Steroids, 64 785-789, 1999, M Numazawa, et al , Steroids, 64 187-196 1999, P N Rao, et al , Steroids, 64 205-212, 1999, M Numazawa, et al , Steroids, 64 320-327, 1999, US patents 3281431 , 3301872, 3325535, 3325536, 3952018, 4602008 5571795, 5627270, 5681964, 5744453, international publication numbers WO 9408588, WO 9508558, WO 9508559, WO 9638466, WO 9809450, United Kingdom patent numbers GB 1 168227, GB 813529, GB 802618, French patent number 824529, Japan patent number JP 45010134, European patent applications EP 232788, EP 430078, and German patent number DE 19631 189 Scheme 1 For the structures shown in scheme 1 , R 5 -R 9 are as defined for formula 1 compounds Thus, when R 5 and R 6 are both -CH 3 in the β-configuration, R 7 , R 8 and R 9 are all -CH 2 - H at the 9 and 14 positions are in the α-configuration, acetate at the 3- position is in the β-configuration, and H at the 8 position is in the β-configuration, the first compound in scheme 1 is DHEA acetate The acetate groups at the 3, 7, 16, 17 or other positions in this scheme and in other schemes disclosed herein may independently be other ester moieties as described herein, e g , C 2 50 esters including -C(O)-(CH 2 ) 0 4 -(CF 2 ) 0 4 -CF 3 , including -C(0)-CF 3 , -C(0)-C 2 29 optionally substituted alkyl, -C(0)-CH 2 -C 2 28 optionally substituted alkenyl, -C(0)-CH 2 -C 2 28 optionally substituted alkynyl, -C(O)-(CH 2 ) 0 5 -optιonally substituted phenyl, or -C(0)-(CH 2 )o 6 -optιonally substituted heterocycle or other organic moieties as disclosed herein or in the cited references Typical substituents for these organic moieties are as described herein, including one, two, three or more independently selected -O- =0, optionally protected hydroxyl, -S-, optionally protected thiol, -NH-, optionally protected -NH 2 , optionally protected -C(0)0H, - C(0)-NH-, -C(0)-NH 2 , -NH 2 -C(0)-H -NH 2 -C(O)-C 0 ^H 1 . 9 , -NH 2 -C(O)-O-C 0 . 4 H 1 . 9 , -CN, -N0 2 , -N 3 or halogen Reactive groups are protected as needed, e.g , =0 would usually be protected in the LiCR reaction that is used to generate compound 1 in scheme 1 below. Scheme 1 Abbreviations LDA = lithium dnsopropyl amide, MCPBA = m-chloroperbenzoic acid, TMSCI = tπmethychlorosilane, DMAP = 4-dιmethylamιnopyrιdιne, Dibromantin = 1 ,3-dιbromo-4,4- dimethylhydantoin R = CR A , R A = -H or a C1 -C50 organic moiety as described herein, e g , -H, -Ci 20 optionally substituted alkyl -Ci 20 optionally substituted alkenyl, -d 20 optionally substituted alkynyl, -(CH 2 ) 0 . 6 -optιonally substituted phenyl or -(CH 2 )o 6 -optιonally substituted heterocycle Scheme 2 Compounds of formula 2 are prepared from structure A compounds shown in scheme 1 using the last two steps of Scheme 1 (1) dibromantin, (2) LiBr, (3) ϋ- C-R, where R is CR A and R A is -H or -d 12 optionally substituted alkyl When R 7 , R 8 and R 9 are all -CH 2 -, H at the 9 and 14 positions are in the α-configuration and H at the 8 position is in the β-configuration the first compound in scheme 1 is DHEA acetate Typical substituents for the R A alkyl moiety includes one, two or more independently selected -0-, optionally protected =0, optionally protected hydroxyl, -S-, optionally protected thiol, -NH-, optionally protected -NH 2 , optionally protected -C(0)OH, -C(0)-NH-, -C(0)-NH 2 , -NH 2 - C(0)-H, -NH 2 -C(O)-C 0 4 H 1 9 , -NH 2 -C(O)-O-C 0 4 H 1 9 , -CN, -N0 2 , -N 3 or halogen Scheme 2 Scheme 3 The allylic bromination at C-7 is done as in Scheme 1 R and R A are as defined in Schemes 1 and 2 Scheme 4 The addition of lithium reagent (lithium acetylide when R is -CH) to the 17-posιtιon >C=0 in the presence of the bromide at C-16 results in epoxide formation or in a pmacol rearrangement Alternatively, compounds without of structure 3 can be dehydrated by mild acid catalysis to form compounds of formula 4 by treatment of the alkene with Br 2 , H 2 0 R and R A are as defined in Schemes 1 and 2 • MiiBr Scheme 5 Sodium borohydπde gives a mixture of epimers at C-7, which may be separated by standard methods, e g , HPLC, TLC or column chromatography To obtain the pure 7α-OH compound, allylic brommation followed by hydrolysis is accomplished as described in Schemes 1 and 3 Scheme 6 Scheme 6 Formula 6 compounds are prepared by treatment of the acetate with lithium acetylide as in Schemes 1 , 2, 3 or 4 R and R A are as defined in Schemes 1 and 2 Scheme 7 Formula 7 compounds are prepared from the 3-acetate with reagents described in Schemes 1 and 4 R and R A are as defined in Schemes 1 and 2 Scheme 8. Formula 8 compounds are prepared from the formula A compounds by sodium borohydπde reduction at C-17 followed by acetylation. Scheme 9 The starting material is made using reactions described in Schemes 1 and 3. Scheme 10 Reduction and acetylation at C-3 and hydrolysis and oxidation at C-17 will allow formula 10a and 10b compounds to undergo functionalization as shown in Schemes 1-9 at C-3, C-16 and C-17 The 7-oxo acetate can be substituted for the formula A compound 3-acetate and functionalization at C-3, C-16 and C-17 is achieved similarly for 7-oxo compounds using the reactions shown in schemes 1-9 Treatment of 10a with LDA, followed by alkylation of the enolate allows introduction of side chains such as R 10 , whnch may be, e g , C1-C20 alkyl (methyl, ethyl), C1-C20 alkenyl (CH 2 =CH-(CH 2 ) 0 6 -), benzyl, -(CH 2 ) 1 ^-O-(CH 2 ) 0 4 -CH 3 Schemes 1-9 show the introduction of the hydroxyl function at the positions shown. Methods to convert hydroxyl to other functional groups are accomplished essentially as described, e g , in the references cited herein For example, esters, of formula 1 - 10c compounds, such as -0-C(0)-R B where R B is a d-so organic moiety, are prepared from the steroid alcohol by treatment with the appropriate acid anhydride or acid chloride (R B -C(0)- Cl) to form any desired ester Ethers, such as -0-R B , are prepared from alcohols by formation of the alkaline metal alkoxide (Na + or K + ) followed by treatment with a primary or secondary iodide (R B -I) Thionoesters, R B -C(S)-0-, are prepared by treating the R B -C(0)- O- ester with Lawesson's reagent Sulfates, NaO-S(0)(0)-0-, R B -0-S(0)(0)-0-, e g , CH 3 (CH 2 ) 0 18 -S(O)(O)-O-, are prepared by treatment of alcohols with chlorosulfonic acid followed by NaOH or alternatively by oxidation of sulfites using KMn0 4 If the alkyl (e g , methyl) ester is desired alkylchloro-sulfonate (methylchloro-sulfonate) can be used Sulfites HO-S(0)-0- and ammonium salts NH 4 0-S(0)-0, or R B 0-S(0)-0- esters (e g , CH 3 O-S(O)-O-) are prepared by standard methods The ammonium salts are prepared by treatment of alcohols with ammonia and sulfur dioxide The esters such as alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl esters (e g , methyl ester) are obtained when alcohols are treated with alkyichlorosulfite (e g , methycholorosulfite), alkenylchlorosulfite or alkynylchlorosulfite in the presence of a suitable base such as tπethylamine Phosphoesters, R B 0-P(OR PR )(0)-0- are prepared by treating the alcohol with diethylchlorophosphate in the presence of Na 2 C0 3 Alternatively, if the alcohol is treated with phosphoric acid diesters in the presence of tπphenylphospine (PPh 3 ) and diethylazodicaboxylate (DEAD) the corresponding tπesters are formed with inversion (Mitsunobu reaction) Phosphothioesters, R B 0-P(SR PR )(0)-0- are generated by treatment of alcohols with the monothio analog of diethylchlorophosphate as described for phosphoesters yielding the phosphothioesters Carbonates, R B 0-C(0)-0- are generated from the corresponding steroid alcohol using the chioroformate (R B -C(0)-CI), e g , d 20 alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl chloroformates (e g CH 3 (CH 2 ) 0 5 -C(0)CI) Carbamates, R B -NH-C(0)-0- are made from steroid alcohols by treatment with isocyanates (R B N=C=0) or NaOCN in the presence of trifluroroacetic acid Ammoacid esters, ZNX-CHY-C(0)-0- are generated by coupling the steroid alcohol with the acid chloride of the N-protected ammo acid Oxidation of hydroxyl groups that are linked to the steroid nucleus is used to obtain ketones and related functionalities For example, conversion of alcohols to ketones can be achieved using a variety of oxidizing agents such as Cr0 3 in AcOH, or pyπdinium cholorchromate, pyπdinium dichromate or oxalyl chloride with tπethylamine (Swern oxidation) Thioketones (=S) are prepared by treating ketones with Lawesson's reagent (2,4-bιs(4-methoxyphenyl)-1 ,3,2,4-dιthιadιphosphetane-2,4-dιsulfιde, commercially available from Aldnch) Thioacetals, -C(SR B )(SR B )- are prepared from ketones (-C(O)-) by treatment with R B -SH thiols under acid catalysis conditions (e g , HCl) Phosphonoesters, RO-P(OR PR )(0)-, are generated by addition of the phosphorus acid diester to ketones in the presence of KF to yield hydroxy phosphonoesters One may optionally remove the hydroxy group using a dehydration and hydrogenation sequence Substitution of hydroxyl groups is used to generate a number of functionalities For example, thiols -SH, are prepared from alcohols by conversion of the alcohol with inversion to the bromide using PBr 3 Treatment of the bromide with thiourea followed by NaOH gives the thiol Thioethers, R B -S-, are prepared from thiols by treatment with NaOH and the required halide, e g , alkyl halide Alternatively, alcohol derivatives like tosylates or mesylates can be displaced by thiolate anions, R B -S , to yield the thioether Thioesters R-C(0)-S-, are prepared by treating the tosylate (mesylate) of the alcohol with the sodium salt of the thioacid Substitution of hydroxyl groups can be used to generate both esters R B 0-C(0)- and amides, NHR B -C(0)-, linked to the steroid at carbon atoms For amides and amines R B is -H, a protecting group or a Ci 50 organic moiety These are synthesized from the steroid bromide with inversion by displacement with NaCN The cyanide group can be hydrolyzed to the amide or the acid The acid is esterified or treated by standard peptide coupling reactions with an O-protected ammo acid in the presence of a suitable carboxyl activating agents such as dicyclohexylcarbodnmide (DCC) to form steroid -C(0)-NH-CHY- C(0)-OR, where Y is the side chain of an ammo acid or a C1-C10 organic moiety and R is a protecting group (or hydrogen when deprotected) Amines and derivatives of amines, e g , R B NH-, R B -C(0)NH-, R B OC(0)-NH- or R B 0-C(0)-CHR B -NH- linked to steroid carbon atoms, are typically prepared by standard methods For example, amines (NH -steroιd) are generally prepared using the Hoffmann rearrangement (Br 2 , NaOH) from the amide (NH 2 -C(0)-steroιd) or the Curtius rearrangement (NaN 3 ) from the acid chloride of the steroid The R B substituent can subsequently be introduced by alkylation Steroid alcohols can be used as starting materials under standard Mitsunobu conditions (PPh 3 , DEAD) to yield N-Boc sulfonamides using N-(t-butoxycarbonyl)-p-toluenesulfonamιde One can selectively remove either protecting group Treatment with tπfluoroacetic acid affords the sulfonamide (R B -S(0)(0)- NH-steroid) Alternatively, sodium napthalenide deprotects to give the N-Boc compound. Amines (NH 2 -steroιd) can be converted to amides (R B NH-C(0)-steroιd) using acyl chlorides (R B -C(0)-CI) Treatment with ethyl chloroformate gives the N-carbamate (R B 0- C(O)-NH-steroιd) The amine (NH 2 -steroιd) can be alkylated with an α-bromoester (R B - C(0)-CHY-NH 2 ) to yield the amio acid substituted steroid (R B -0-C(0)-CHY-NH-steroιd) Where reactions such as substitutions give a product mixture, the desired intermediate is optionally separated from other products or at least partially enriched (e g., enriched at least about 10-fold, usually at least about 50-100-fold) from other products before subsequent reactions are conducted Substitution at steroid carbon atoms will generally proceed with greatest efficiency at the 3-posιtιon, which is relatively steπcally unhindered and C-17 is generally somewhat less accessible than the C-3 position The relative reactivities of the C-3, C-7, C-17 and C-16 positions allows one to use their reactivities to control the sequential introduction of different functional groups into the same steroid molecule Also, groups, such as hydroxyl at more reactive positions, C-3 or C-17, may be sequentially protected or deprotected to allow introduction of functional groups at other positions, such as C-7 or C-16 Polymers such as PEG are linked to the compounds essentially as described above For example, PEG200 or PEG300 is linked to the steroid at the 3, 7, 16, 17 or other positions by an ether linkage (PEG-O-steroid) using a PEG alkoxide (PEG-ONa), to displace the steroid bromide Alternatively, PEG-Br can be treated with the steroid alkoxide Polyethylene glycol esters such as those described in U S patent 5681964 can also be prepared using a suitable formula 1 compound and the methods described therein Monosacchaπdes or polysaccharides and oligonucleotides are linked to steroid hydroxyl groups using known methods, see e g , U S patent 5627270 Formula 1 steroid analogs that comprise one or more ring heteroatoms are synthesized according to the following methods Scheme 11 Formula 1 compounds that comprise two or three ring heteroatoms are prepared as shown in the schemes. In the scheme, X is -CH 2 -, -NH-, -O-, or -S-; R 40 is -H or -Br, R 41 is an organic moiety having about 12 carbon atoms or less, typically C1 - C8 optionally substituted alkyl (e.g., methyl, hydroxymethyl, ethyl, propyl) or C2 - C8 optionally substituted alkenyl having a single double bond (e.g , vinyl) with 1 , 2, 3 or more indepenently selected substituents (e.g., -OH, -COOH, -O-) and with any substituents that comprise a functional group generally being protected. Preparation of compound 20 from 19 is accomplished using a glycol such as HOC(CH 3 ) 2 C(CH 3 ) 2 OH in acid (H + ) (B.H. Lipshutz et al., Synth Commun. 12. 267, 1982). The use of a bulky protecting group facilitates generation of a double bond at the 5-6 position over the 4-5 position- Scheme 1 1 Schemes 12A-12D Compounds of structure 12 are generated as shown in the schemes below Most of the reactions are conducted essentially as described See e g , W D Langley, Org Syn I 122, 1932 (compound 30), R Ratcliffe et al N Org Chem 35 4000, 1970 (compound 32), A I Meyers et al , Org Chem 39 2787, 1974 (compound 33, 41), J L Isidor et al N Org Chem 38 544 1973 (compound 35), G Wittig et al , Chem Ber 87 1318, 1954 (compound 36), P M Pojer et al , Tet Lett 3067, 1976 (compound 38), A Maercker, Org React 14 270 1965 (compound 37), E J Corey et al , Tet Lett 3269 1975 (compound 37), R S Tipson J Org Chem 9 235, 1944 (compound 39), G W Kabalka, J Org Chem 51 2386, 1986 B B Carson et al , Org Synth 1 179, 1941 (compound 43), H J Bestman et al , Justus Liebigs Ann Chem 693 132 1966 (compound 39), M Miyano et al , J Org Chem 37 268 1972 (compound 51), W H Glaze et al , J Org Chem 33 1987, 1968 (compound 52) Scheme 12A Acetic anhydride AgCI R 40 = H 42 12 x = o Compounds of structure 12 where X is NH, S and CH 2 are prepared as shown in schemes 12B, 12C and 12D respectively- Scheme 12B tosyl chloride, pyridine potassium butoxide butanol Scheme 12C tosyl chloride pyridine Scheme 12D oxalyl chloride Zn, THF 53 12 X = CH 2 Scheme 13. The scheme and rections shown below are used to prepare the compound of structure 1_3 and related compounds that are used to introduce oxygen, carbon, nitrogen or sulfur into the R 7 and R 8 positions of formula 1 compounds. The reactant in the preparation of compound 63, 3-chloro-2-methyipropene (reg. No. 563-47- 3), is available commercially (e.g., Aldrich, Fluka) Scheme 13 Compound 59 and analogs of compound 59 where CH 2 , S or NH CH 2 replaces oxygen are preapred as shown in the following reactions Conditions suitable for conversion of compound 106 to 107 have been described (T. Hamada et al., Heterocycles 12: 647, 1979; T. Hamada et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 108: 140, 1986). 2) aldol condensation o ' β-methoxyethoxymethyl chloride (MEM-CI) -O. H + , H 2 0 H,C "O' O OH 5 96 -O. tosyi chloride H 3 C ^ O O OTos 6 97 .0, H 2 S (I) H,C "O "o " SH 7 98 -O. NH 3 (I) H,C " O' O ' NH, 7 99 -O -CH, ethanol H π , 3 C " O' "CT "S' S ' 98 100 (CH 3 CO) 2 0 O H 3 C CH 3 ZnBr ,S. ,S, ^ OH 100 -* ► H,C' 101 PBr 3 .S-. .Br 101 H,C' 102 tosyl chloride ✓Tos 99 MEM-0 ' N ' H 103 1)ZnBr, THF -Tos 103 HO ' N ' 2)H 2 0 H 104 PBr 3 .-Tos 104 Br' ' N H 105 1)PPh 3 , THF Tos 105 Ph. ,P^N- 106 2) t-butyllithium NaBH 4 , hv 106 Ph 3 P « ' t^, NH, 107 potassium t-butoxide 1,4 dioxane Conversion of the methyl ketone (-C(0)-CH 3 ) moiety in compounds having the structure (R-C(0)-CH 3 ) to other functionalities is accomplished as follows The methyl ketone is cleaved to yield a carboxyl moiety using, e g , Br 2 or l 2 in base, followed by treatment with acid (H 3 0 + ) essentially as described (S J Chakrabarty Oxidations in Organic Chemistry Part C, W Trahnnousy, editor, Academic Press, NY 1987, chapter 5, L.J. Smith et al., Org Synth III 302, 1953), to yield R-C(0)-OH The carboxylic acid is reduced to the alcohol using LιAIH 4 Conversion of the carboxylic acid to the bromide is accomplished using, e g , Br 2 in water, essentially as described (J S Meek et al , Org Synth V, 126, 1973, A Mckillop et al , J Org Chem 34 1 172, 1969) Compounds of structure JM are brommated using N-bromosuccinimide to obtain steroids and analogs with bromine at the 7-posιtιon The 11A compounds are deprotected to yield the aldehyde compounds 12 As shown in scheme 1 1 , the bromine atom is ultimately found at the 7-posιtιon The bromine may be converted to a hydroxyl by reaction of the steroid with base (e g , aqueous KOH), and the hydroxyl may in turn be protected using known methods, e g , using C 6 H 5 -CH 2 -Br and base (KOH) The alcohol is protected and deprotected essentially using described methods, see, e g , W H Hartung et al , Org React 7 263, 1953, E J Rerst et al , J Org. Chem 29 3725, 1968, A M Felix et al , J Org Chem 43 4194, 1978, D A Evans et al , J Am Chem Soc 101 6789, 1979, international publication number WO 98/02450 Similar reactions are used to convert a bromine at other positions to a hydroxyl Other substituents are linked to the steroids as described in schemes 1-10 Alternative routes to introduce a functional group into the 7-posιtιon are also suitable For example, formula 1 compounds that have a double bond at the 5-6 position and are unsubstituted at the 7-posιtιon are optionally protected, e g , hydroxyl groups are protected with acetate, and a ketone is introduced into the 7-posιtιon by oxidation with chromic acid essentially as described (U S patent 2170124) The carbonyl (=0) at 7 is reduced to a hydroxyl using mild conditions e g , AI(Oι-Pr) 3 , to avoid reducing the 5-6 double bond The use of stronger reducing conditions, e g , reduction with LιBH 4 in THF, leads to conversion of the 7-carbonyl to hydroxyl and to reduction of the 5-6 double bond and other double bonds that may be present in the molecule Selective hydrogenation of a double bond at the 16-17 position without reduction of a double bond at 5-6 is accomplished using H 2 and Pd In general ketones (=0) can be protected using a glycol, e g , reaction with ethylene glycol in p-toluenesulfonic acid and benzene, before subsequent oxidation or reduction reactions are conducted Various groups that may comprise the formula 1 compounds described herein, e.g , hydroxyl groups or ketones bonded to the steroid nucleus, or substituted alkyl groups, substituted heterocycles, ammo acids and peptides, can contain one or more reactive moieties such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, ammo or thiol intermediates used to make formula 1 compounds may be protected as is apparent in the art Noncyc c and cyclic protecting groups and corresponding cleavage reactions are described in "Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry", Theodora W Greene (John Wiley & Sons, Inc , New York, 1991 , ISBN 0-471-62301-6) (hereafter "Greene") and will not be detailed here In the context of the present invention, these protecting groups are groups that can be removed from the molecule of the invention without irreversibly changing the covalent bond structure or oxidation/reduction state of the remainder of the molecule For example, the protecting group, -R PR , that is bonded to an -O- or -NH- group can be removed to form -OH or -NH 2 , respectively, without affecting other covalent bonds in the molecule At times, when desired, more than one protecting group can be removed at a time, or they can be removed sequentially In compounds of the invention containing more than one protecting group, the protecting groups are the same or different Protecting groups are removed by known procedures, although it will be understood that the protected intermediates fall within the scope of this invention The removal of the protecting group may be arduous or straight-forward, depending upon the economics and nature of the conversions involved In general, one will use a protecting group with exocyclic amines or with carboxyl groups during synthesis of a formula 1 compound For most therapeutic applications amine groups should be deprotected Protecting groups commonly are employed to protect against covalent modification of a sensitive group in reactions such as alkylation or acylation Ordinarily, protecting groups are removed by, e g hydrolysis, elimination or aminolysis Thus, simple functional considerations will suffice to guide the selection of a reversible or an irreversible protecting group at a given locus on the invention compounds Suitable protecting groups and criteria for their selection are described in T W Greene and P G M Wuts, Eds "Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis" 2nd edition, Wiley Press at pps 10-142 143-174, 175-223, 224- 276, 277-308, 309-405 and 406-454 Determination of whether a group is a protecting group is made in the conventional manner e g , as illustrated by Kocienski, Philip J 'Protecting Groups" (Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart, New York 1994) (hereafter "Kocienski"), Section 1 1 page 2, and Greene Chapter 1 pages 1 -9 In particular, a group is a protecting group if when, based on mole ratio, 90% of that protecting group has been removed by a deprotection reaction, no more than 50%, typically 25%, more typically 10%, of the deprotected product molecules of the invention have undergone changes to their covalent bond structure or oxidation/reduction state other than those occasioned by the removal of the protecting group When multiple protecting groups of the same type are present in the molecule, the mole ratios are determined when all of the groups of that type are removed When multiple protecting groups of different types are present in the molecule, each type of protecting group is treated (and the mole ratios are determined) independently or together with others depending on whether the deprotection reaction conditions pertinent to one type are also pertinent to the other types present In one embodiment of the invention, a group is a protecting group if when, based on mole ratio determined by conventional techniques, 90% of that protecting group has been removed by a conventional deprotection reaction, no more than 50%, typically 25%, more typically 10%, of the deprotected product molecules of the invention have undergone irreversible changes to their covalent bond structure or oxidation/reduction state other than those occasioned by the removal of the protecting group Irreversible changes require chemical reactions (beyond those resulting from aqueous hydrolysis, acid/base neutralization or conventional separation, isolation or purification) to restore the covalent bond structure or oxidation/reduction state of the deprotected molecule of the invention Protecting groups are also described in detail together with general concepts and specific strategies for their use in Kocienski, Philip J , "Protecting Groups" (Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart, New York, 1994), which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein In particular Chapter 1 Protecting Groups An Overview, pages 1-20, Chapter 2 Hydroxyl Protecting Groups, pages 21 -94, Chapter 3, Diol Protecting Groups, pages 95-1 17, Chapter 4, Carboxyl Protecting Groups, pages 1 18-154, Chapter 5, Carbonyl Protecting Groups, pages 155-184, Chapter 6, Ammo Protecting Groups, pages 185-243, Chapter 7, Epilog, pages 244-252, and Index, pages 253- 260, are incorporated with specificity in the context of their contents More particularly, Sections 2 3 Silyl Ethers, 2 4 Alkyl Ethers, 2 5 Alkoxyalkyl Ethers (Acetals) 2 6 Reviews (hydroxy and thiol protecting groups), 3 2 Acetals 3 3 Silylene Derivatives, 3 4 1 , 1 ,3 3-Tetraιsopropyldιsιloxanylιdene Derivatives, 3 5 Reviews (diol protecting groups) 4 2 Esters, 4 3 2,6,7-Tπoxabιcyclo[2 2 2]octanes [OBO] and Other Ortho Esters 4 4 Oxazolmes, 4 5 Reviews (carboxyl protecting groups), 5 2 0 O-Acetals 5 3 S,S-Acetals, 5 4 0,S-Acetals, 5 5 Reviews (carbonyl protecting groups) 6 2 N- Acyl Derivatives, 6 3 N-Sulfonyl Derivatives 6 4 N-Sulfenyl Derivatives, 6 5 N-Alkyl Derivatives, 6 6 N-Silyl Derivatives 6 7 Imine Derivatives, and 6 8 Reviews (am o protecting groups) are each incorporated with specificity where protection/deprotection of the requisite functionalities is discussed Further still, the tables "Index to the Principal Protecting Groups" appearing on the inside front cover and facing page, "Abbreviations" at page xiv, and "reagents and Solvents" at page xv are each incorporated in their entirety herein at this location Typical hydroxy protecting groups are described in Greene at pages 14-118 and include Ethers (Methyl), Substituted Methyl Ethers (Methoxymethyl, Methylthiomethyl, t-Butylthiomethyl, (Phenyldιmethylsιlyl)methoxymethyl, Benzyloxymethyl, p-Methoxybenzyloxymethyi, (4-Methoxyphenoxy)methyl, Guaiacolmethyl, t-Butoxymethyl, 4-Pentenyloxymethyl, Siloxymethyl, 2- Methoxyethoxymethyl, 2.2,2-Trιchloroethoxymethyl, Bιs(2-chloroethoxy)methyl, 2- (Trιmethylsιlyl)ethoxymethyl, Tetrahydropyranyl, 3-Bromotetrahydropyranyl, Tetrahydropthiopyranyl, 1 -Methoxycyclohexyl, 4-methoxytetrahydropyranyl, 4- Methoxytetrahydrothiopyranyl, 4-Methoxytetrahydropthιopyranyl S,S-Dιoxιdo, 1-[(2- Chloro-4-methyl)phenyl]-4-methoxypιperιdιn-4-yl, 1 ,4-Dιoxan-2-yl, Tetrahydrofuranyl, Tetrahydrothiofuranyl, 2,3,3a,4,5,6,7,7a-Octahydro-7,8,8-trιmethyl-4,7- methanobenzofuran-2-yl), Substituted Ethyl Ethers (1-Ethoxyethyl, 1-(2- Chloroethoxy)ethyl, 1-Methyl-1-methoxyethyl 1 -Methyl-1-benzyloxyethyl, 1 -Methyl-1- benzyloxy-2-fluoroethyl, 2,2,2-Tπchloroethyl, 2-Trιmethylsιlylethyl, 2- (Phenylselenyl)ethyl, t-Butyl, Allyl, p-Chlorophenyl, p-Methoxyphenyl, 2,4- Dmitrophenyl, Benzyl), Substituted Benzyl Ethers -Methoxybenzyl, 3,4- Dimethoxybenzyl, o-Nitrobenzyl, p-Nitrobenzyl, p-Halobenzyl, 2,6-Dιchlorobenzyl, p- Cyanobenzyl, p-Phenylbenzyl, 2- and 4-Pιcolyl, 3-Methyl-2-pιcolyl N-Oxido, Diphenylmethyl, p, p'-Dmitrobenzhydryl, 5-Dιbenzosuberyl, Tπphenylmethyl, alpha- Naphthyldiphenylmethyl, p-methoxyphenyldiphenylmethyl, Dι(p- methoxyphenyl)phenylmethyl, Tπ(p-methoxyphenyl)methyl, 4-(4'- Bromophenacyloxy)phenyldιphenylmethyl, 4,4', 4"-Trιs(4,5- dιchlorophthalιmιdophenyl)methyl, 4,4', 4"-Tπs(levulιnoyloxyphenyl)methyl, 4,4', 4"- Trιs(benzoyloxyphenyl)methyl, 3-(lmιdazol-1 -ylmethyl)bιs(4', 4"- dιmethoxyphenyl)methyl, 1 1 -Bιs(4-methoxyphenyl)-1 '-pyrenylmethyl, 9-Anthryl, 9-(9- Phenyl)xanthenyl, 9-(9-Phenyl-10-oxo)anthryl, 1 ,3-Benzodιthιolan-2-yl, Benzisothiazolyl, S,S-Dιoxιdo), Silyl Ethers (Tπmethylsilyl, Tπethylsilyl, Tπisopropylsilyl, Dimethy sopropylsilyl, Diethylisopropylsily, Dimethylthexylsiiyl, t- Butyldimethylsilyl, t-Butyldiphenylsilyl, Tπbenzylsilyl, Tπ-p-xylylsilyl, Tπphenylsilyl, Diphenylmethylsilyl t-Butylmethoxyphenylsilyl), Esters (Formate, Benzoylformate, Acetate, Choroacetate, Dichloroacetate, Tπchloroacetate, Tπfluoroacetate, Methoxyacetate Tπphenyl-methoxyacetate Phenoxyacetate, p- Chlorophenoxyacetate, p-poly-Phenylacetate 3-Phenylpropιonate, 4-Oxopentanoate (Levulmate), 4,4-(Ethylenedιthιo)pentanoate, Pivaloate, Adamantoate, Crotonate, 4- Methoxycrotonate, Benzoate, p-Phenylbenzoate, 2,4,6-Trιmethylbenzoate (Mesitoate), Carbonates (Methyl, 9-Fluorenylmethyl, Ethyl, 2,2,2-Tπchloroethyl, 2- (Tπmethylsιlyl)ethyl, 2-(Phenylsulfonyl)ethyl, 2-(Trιphenylphosphonιo)ethyl, Isobutyl, Vinyl, Allyl, p-Nitrophenyl, Benzyl, p-Methoxybenzyl, 3,4-Dιmethoxybenzyl, o- Nitrobenzyl, p-Nitrobenzyl, S-Benzyl Thiocarbonate, 4-Ethoxy-1-naphthyl, Methyl Dithiocarbonate), Groups With Assisted Cleavage (2-lodobenzoate, 4-Azιdobutyrate, 4-Nιtro-4-methylpentanoate, o-(Dιbromomethyl)benzoate, 2-Formylbenzenesulfonate, 2-(Methylthιomethoxy)ethyl Carbonate, 4-(Methylthιomethoxy)butyrate, 2- (Methylthιomethoxymethyl)benzoate), Miscellaneous Esters (2,6-Dιchloro-4- methyiphenoxyacetate, 2,6-Dιchloro-4-(1 ,1 ,3,3-tetramethyl-butyl)phenoxyacetate, 2,4- Bιs(1 ,1-dιmethylpropyl)phenoxyacetate, Chorodiphenylacetate, Isobutyrate, Monosuccmoate, (E)-2-Methyl-2-butenoate (Tigioate), o-(Methoxycarbonyl)benzoate, p-poly-Benzoate, α-Naphthoate, Nitrate, Alkyl N,N,N', N'- Tetramethylphosphorodiamidate, N-Phenylcarbamate, Borate, Dimethylphosphinothioyl, 2,4-Dιnιtro-phenylsulfenate), and Sulfonates (Sulfate, Methanesulfonate (Mesylate), Benzylsulfonate, Tosylate (Tos)) More typically hydroxy protecting groups include subtituted methyl ethers, substituted benzyl ethers, silyl ethers, and esters including sulfonic acid esters, still more typically, tπaikylsilyl ethers, tosylates and acetates Typical 1 ,2- and 1 ,3-dιol protecting groups are described in Greene at pages 1 18-142 and include Cyclic Acetals and Ketals (Methylene, Ethylidene, 1-t- Butylethylidene, 1 -Phenylethylιdene, (4-Methoxyphenyl)ethylιdene, 2,2,2- Tπchloroethylidene, Acetonide (Isopropyhdene), Cyclopenty dene, Cyclohexylidene, Cycloheptylidene, Benzylidene, p-Methoxybenzylidene, 2,4-Dιmethoxybenzylιdene, 3,4-Dιmethoxybenzylιdene, 2-Nιtrobenzyiιdene), Cyclic Ortho Esters (Methoxymethylene, Ethoxymethylene, Dimethoxymethylene, 1 -Methoxyethylιdene, 1- Ethoxyethylidme, 1 ,2-Dιmethoxyethylιdene, alpha-Methoxybenzylidene, 1 -(N,N- Dιmethylamιno)ethylιdene Derivative, alpha-(N,N-Dιmethylamιπo)benzylιdene Derivative, 2-Oxacyclopentylιdene), and Silyl Derivatives (Di-t-butylsilylene Group, 1 ,3-(1 , 1 ,3,3-Tetraιso-propyldιsιloxanylιdene) Derivative, Tetra-t-butoxydιsιloxane-1 ,3- diylidene Derivative, Cyclic Carbonates, Cyclic Boronates, Ethyl Boronate, Phenyl Boronate) More typically, 1 ,2- and 1 ,3-dιol protecting groups include epoxides and acetonides Typical am o protecting groups are described in Greene at pages 315-385 and include Carbamates (Methyl and Ethyl, 9-Fluorenyimethyl, 9(2- Sulfo)fluoroenylmethyl, 9-(2,7-Dιbromo)fluorenylmethyl, 2,7-Dι-t-buthyl-[9-(10,10- dιoxo-10,10,10,10-tetrahydrothιoxanthyl)]-methyl, 4-Methoxy-phenacyl), Substituted Ethyl (2,2,2-Tπchoroethyl, 2-Tπmethylsιlylethyl, 2-Phenyiethyl, 1 -(1-Adamantyl)-1- methylethyl, 1 , 1 -Dιmethyl-2-haloethyl, 1 , 1 -Dιmethyl-2,2-dιbromoethyl, 1 ,1-Dιmethyl- 2,2,2-tπchloroethyl, 1 -Methyl-1 -(4-bιphenylyl)ethyl, 1 -(3 5-Dι-t-butylphenyl)-1- methyiethyl, 2-(2'- and 4'-Pyrιdyl)ethyl, 2-(N,N-Dιcyclohexylcarboxamιdo)ethyl, t-Butyl, 1-Adamantyl, Vinyl, Allyl, 1-lsopropylallyl, Cmnamyl, 4-Nιtrocιnnamyl, 8-Quιnolyl, N- Hydroxypipeπdinyl, Alkyldithio, Benzyl, p-Methoxybenzyl, p-Nitrobenzyl, p- Bromobenzyl, p-Chorobenzyl, 2,4-Dιchlorobenzyl, 4-Methylsulfιnylbenzyl, 9- Anthrylmethyl, Diphenylmethyl), Groups With Assisted Cleavage (2-Methylthιoethyl, 2- Methylsulfonylethyl, 2-(p-Toluenesulfonyl)ethyl, [2-(1 ,3-Dιthιanyl)]methyl, 4- Methylthiophenyl, 2,4-Dιmethylthιophenyl, 2-Phosphonιoethyl, 2- Tπphenylphosphonioisopropyl, 1 , 1 -Dιmethyl-2-cyanoethyl, m-Choro-p-acyloxybenzyl, p-(Dιhydroxyboryl)benzyl, 5-Benzιsoxazolylmethyl, 2-(Tπfluoromethyl)-6- chromonylmethyl), Groups Capable of Photolytic Cleavage (m-Nitrophenyl, 3,5- Dimethoxybenzyl, o-Nitrobenzyl, 3,4-Dιmethoxy-6-nιtrobenzyl, Phenyl(o- nιtrophenyl)methyl), Urea-Type Derivatives (Phenothιazιnyl-(I O)-carbonyl Derivative, N'-p-Toluenesuifonyiaminocarbonyl, N'-Phenylammothiocarbonyl), Miscellaneous Carbamates (t-Amyl, S-Benzyl Thiocarbamate, p-Cyanobenzyl, Cyclobutyl, Cyclohexyl, Cyclopentyl, Cyclopropylmethyl, p-Decyloxybenzyl, Diisopropyimethyl, 2,2-Dιmethoxycarbonylvιnyl, o-(N,N-Dιmethyl-carboxamιdo)benzyl, 1 , 1 -Dιmethyl-3- (NN-dιmethylcarboxamιdo)propyl, 1 , 1 -Dιmethylpropynyi, Dι(2-pyπdyl)methyl, 2- Furanylmethyl, 2-lodoethyl, Isobornyl, Isobutyl, Isonicotmyl, p-(p'- Methoxyphenylazo)benzyl, 1 -Methylcyclobutyl, 1 -Methylcyclohexyl, 1 -Methyl-1 - cyclopropylmethyl, 1 -Methyl-1 -(3, 5-dιmethoxyphenyl)ethyl, 1 -Methyl-1 -(p- phenylazophenyl)ethyl, 1 -Methyl-1 -phenylethyl, 1 -Methyl-1 -(4-pyrιdyl)ethyl, Phenyl, p- (Phenylazo)-benzyl, 2,4,6-Trι-t-butylphenyl, 4-(Tπmethylammonιum)benzyl, 2,4,6- Tπmethylbenzyl), Amides (N-Formyl, N-Acetyl, N-Choroacetyl, N-Tπchoroacetyl, N- Tπfluoroacetyl, N-Phenylacetyl, N-3-Phenylpropιonyl, N-Picolinoyl, N-3- Pyπdylcarboxamide, N-Benzoylphenylalanyl Derivative N-Benzoyi, N-p- Phenylbenzoyl), Amides With Assisted Cleavage (N-o-Nitrophenylacetyl, N-o- Nitrophenoxyacetyl, N-Acetoacetyl, (N'-Dιthιobenzyloxycarbonylamιno)acetyl, N-3-(p- Hydroxyphenyl)propιonyl, N-3-(o-Nιtrophenyl)propιonyl N-2-Methyl-2-(o- nιtrophenoxy)propιonyl, N-2-Methyl-2-(o-phenylazophenoxy)propιonyl, N-4- Chlorobutyryl, N-3-Methyl-3-nιtrobutyryl, N-o-Nitrocinnamoyl, N-Acetylmethionme Derivative N-o-Nitrobenzoyl, N-o-(Benzoyloxymethyl)benzoyl, 4,5-Dιphenyl-3- oxazolιn-2-one), Cyclic Imide Derivatives (N-Phthalimide, N-Dithiasuccinoyl N-2,3- Diphenylmaleoyl, N-2,5-Dιmethylpyrrolyl, N-1 , 1 ,4,4-Tetramethyl- disilylazacyclopentane Adduct, 5-Substιtuted 1 ,3-Dιmethyl-1 ,3,5-tπazacyclo-hexan-2- one, 5-Substιtuted 1 ,3-Dιbenzyl-1 ,3,5-tπazacyclohexan-2-one, 1 -Substituted 3,5- Dιnιtro-4-pyπdonyl), N-Alkyl and N-Aryl Amines (N-Methyl, N-Allyl, N-[2- (Trιmethylsιlyl)ethoxy]methyl, N-3-Acetoxypropyl, N-(1-lsopropyl-4-nιtro-2-oxo-3- pyrrolιn-3-yl), Quaternary Ammonium Salts, N-Benzyl, N-Dι(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl, N-5-Dιbenzosuberyl, N-Tπphenylmethyl, N-(4-Methoxyphenyl)dιphenylmethyl, N-9- Phenylfluorenyl, N-2,7-Dιchloro-9-fluorenylmethylene, N-Ferrocenylmethyl, N-2- Picolylamine N'-Oxide), Imme Derivatives (N-1 , 1 -Dιmethylthιomethylene, N- Benzylidene, N-p-methoxybenylidene, N-Diphenylmethyiene, N-[(2- Pyπdyl)mesιtyl]methylene, N,(N',N'-Dιmethylamιnomethylene, N,N'-lsopropylιdene, N- p-Nitrobenzylidene, N-Salicylidene, N-5-Chlorosalιcylιdene, N-(5-Chloro-2- hydroxyphenyi)phenylmethylene, N-Cyclohexy dene), Enamme Derivative (N-(5,5- Dιmethyl-3-oxo-1 -cyciohexenyl)), N-Metal Derivatives (N-Borane Derivatives, N- Diphenylboπnic Acid Derivative, N-[Phenyl(pentacarbonylchromιum- or - tungsten)]carbenyl, N-Copper or N-Zmc Chelate), N-N Derivatives (N-Nitro, N-Nitroso, N-Oxide), N-P Derivatives (N-Diphenylphosphmyl, N-Dimethylthiophosphinyl, N- Diphenylthiophosphmyl, N-Dialkyl Phosphoryi, N-Dibenzyl Phosphoryl, N-Diphenyl Phosphoryl), N-Si Derivatives, N-S Derivatives, N-Sulfenyl Derivatives (N- Benzenesulfenyl, N-o-Nιtrobenzenesulfenyl, N-2,4-Dιnιtrobenzenesulfenyl, N- Pentachlorobenzenesulfenyl, N-2-nιtro-4-methoxybenzenesulfenyl, N- Tπphenylmethylsulfenyl, N-3-Nιtropyπdιnesuifenyl), andN-Sulfonyl Derivatives (N-p- Toluenesulfonyl, N-Benzenesulfonyl N-2,3,6-Tπmethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl, N- 2,4,6-Tπmethoxybenzenesulfonyl, N-2,6-Dιmethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl, N- Pentamethylbenzenesulfonyl, N-2,3,5,6,-Tetramethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl, N-4- methoxybenzenesulfonyl N-2,4,6- Tπmethylbenzenesulfonyl, N-2,6-Dιmethoxy-4- methylbenzenesulfonyl, N-2,2,5,7,8-Pentamethylchroman-6-sulfonyl, N- Methanesulfonyl, N- beta -Tπmethylsilyethanesulfonyl, N-9-Anthracenesuifonyl, N-4- (4', 8'-Dιmethoxynaphthylmethyl)benzenesulfonyl N-Benzylsulfonyl, N- Tπfluoromethylsulfonyl, N-Phenacylsulfonyl) More typically, ammo protecting groups include carbamates and amides, still more typically N-acetyl groups Groups capable of biological cleavage typically include prodrugs A large number of such groups are described in "Design of Prodrugs", Hans Bundgaard (Elsevier, N Y , 1985 ISBN 0-444-80675-X) (Bundgaard) and will not be detailed here In particular Bundgaard at pages 1 -92 describes prodrugs and their biological cleavage reactions for a number of functional group types Prodrugs for carboxyl and hydroxyl groups are detailed in Bundgaard at pages 3 to 10, for amides, imides and other NH-acidic compounds at pages 10 to 27, amines at pages 27 to 43, and cyclic prodrugs at pages 62 to 70 These moieties are optionally bonded to the steroid at one two or more of R 1 -R 6 , R 10 , R 15 , R 7 and R 18 Metabolites. Also falling within the scope of this invention are the in vivo metabolites of the compounds described herein, to the extent such products are novel and unobvious over the prior art Such products may result for example from the oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, amidation, esteπfication and the like of the administered formula 1 compound, due to enzymatic or chemical processes Accordingly, the invention includes novel and unobvious compounds produced by a process comprising contacting a compound of this invention with a subject, e g , a human, rodent or a primate, for a period of time sufficient to yield a metabolic product thereof Such products typically are identified by preparing a radiolabeled (e g 14 C, 3 H, 131 1, 32 P, 35 S or "Tc) compound of the invention, administering it parenterally in a detectable dose (e g greater than about 0 5 mg/kg) to an animal such as rat, mouse, guinea pig, primate, or to a human, allowing sufficient time for metabolism to occur (typically about 30 seconds to 30 hours) and isolating its conversion products from the urine, blood or other biological samples These products are easily isolated since they are labeled (others are isolated by the use of antibodies capable of binding epitopes surviving in the metabolite) The metabolite structures are determined in conventional fashion, e g by MS, HPLC or NMR analysis In general, analysis of metabolites is done in the same way as conventional drug metabolism studies well-known to those skilled in the art The conversion products, so long as they are not otherwise found in vivo, are useful in diagnostic assays for therapeutic dosing of the compounds of the invention even if they possess no therapeutic activity of their own Formulations and compositions for preparing formulations. While it is possible for the active ιngredιent(s) to be administered alone it is usual to present them as pharmaceutical formulations The formulations, both for veterinary and for human use, of the invention comprise at least one active ingredient, i e , a formula 1 compound, together with one or more acceptable excipients therefor and optionally other therapeutic ingredients Another aspect of the invention relates to compositions comprising one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients or carriers One or more formula 1 compound(s) (also referred to as the ' active ιngredιent(s) ') are administered by any route appropriate to the condition to be treated Suitable routes for the non-aqueous liquid formulations and other formula 1 compound formulations include oral rectal, nasal, topical (including buccal and sublingual), vaginal and parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal, intrathecal and epidural) In general, the non-aqueous liquid formulations are delivered by a parenteral route In other embodiments, such as the invention intermittent dosing methods, the formula 1 compound(s) may be present as a non-aqueous liquid formulation, a dry solid formulation that is an oral, topical, parenteral formulation, or as an aqueous liquid formulation that is used parenterally, orally or topically It will be appreciated that the preferred route may vary with, for example, the subject's pathological condition or weight or the subject's response to therapy with a formula 1 compound or other therapy appropriate to the circumstances The formulations include those suitable for the foregoing administration routes. The formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy Techniques, excipients and formulations generally are found in, e g , Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co , Easton, PA 1985, 17 th edition Nema et al , PDA J Pharm Sci Tech. 1997 51 166-171 Methods to make invention formulations include the step of bringing into association an active ιngredιent(s) with the excιpιent(s) In general the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredient with liquid excipients or finely divided solid excipients or both, and then if appropriate, shaping the product Formulations of the invention suitable for oral administration are prepared as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient, as a powder or granules, as solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid or a non-aqueous liquid, or as an oil-m-water liquid emulsion or a water-m- oil liquid emulsion The active ιngredιent(s) may also be presented as a bolus, electuary or paste A tablet is made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ιngredιent(s) in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder, lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, surface active or dispersing agent Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered active ιngredιent(s) moistened with an inert liquid diluent The tablets may optionally be coated or scored and optionally are formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ιngredιent(s) therefrom For infections of the eye or other external tissues e g mouth and skin, the formulations are typically applied as a topical ointment or cream containing the active ιngredιent(s) in an amount of for example, 0 075 to 20% w/w (including active ιngredιent(s) in a range between 0 1 % and 20% in increments of 0 1 % w/w such as 0 6% w/w 0 7% w/w, etc ) often 0 2 to 15% w/w and most often 0 5 to 10% w/w When formulated in an ointment, the active ingredients may be employed with either a paraffinic or a water-miscible ointment base Alternatively, the active ingredients may be formulated in a cream with an oil-m-water cream base If desired, the aqueous phase of the cream base may include, for example, at least 30% w/w of a polyhydπc alcohol, i e an alcohol having two or more hydroxyl groups such as propylene glycol, butane 1 ,3-dιol, mannitol, sorbitol, glycerol and polyethylene glycol (including PEG 400) and mixtures thereof The topical formulations may desirably include a compound that enhances absorption or penetration of the active ιngredιent(s) through the skin or other affected areas Examples of such dermal penetration enhancers include dimethyl sulphoxide and related analogs The oily phase of the emulsions of this invention may be constituted from known excipients in a known manner While the phase may comprise merely an emulsifier (otherwise known as an emulgent), it desirably comprises a mixture of at least one emulsifier with a fat or an oil or with both a fat and an oil A hydrophihc emulsifier may be included together with a lipophiiic emulsifier, which acts as a stabilizer Some embodiments include both an oil and a fat Together, the emulsιfιer(s) with or without stabιlιzer(s) make up the so-called emulsifying wax and the wax together with the oil and fat make up the so-called emulsifying ointment base which forms the oily dispersed phase of the cream formulations Emulgents and emulsion stabilizers suitable for use in the formulation of the invention include Tween60™, SpanδO™, cetostearyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol, myπstyl alcohol, glyceryl mono-stearate and sodium lauryl sulfate The choice of suitable oils or fats for the formulation is based on achieving the desired cosmetic properties Creams are generally a non-greasy, non-staining and washable products with suitable consistency to avoid leakage from tubes or other containers Straight or branched chain, mono- or dibasic alkyl esters such as di-isoadipate, isocetyl stearate, propylene glycol diester of coconut fatty acids, isopropyl myπstate, decyl oleate, isopropyl palmitate, butyl stearate, 2-ethylhexyl palmitate or a blend of branched chain esters known as Crodamol CAP may be used These may be used alone or in combination depending on the properties required Alternatively, high melting point lipids such as white soft paraffin and/or liquid paraffin or other mineral oils are used Formulations suitable for topical administration to the eye also include eye drops wherein the active mgredιent(s) is dissolved or suspended in a suitable excιpιent(s), especially an aqueous solvent for active ιngredιent(s) that comprise one or more charges at pH values near neutrality, e g , about pH 6-8 The active ιngredιent(s) is typically present in such formulations in a concentration of about 0 5-20% w/w typically about 1- 10% w/w often about 2-5% w/w Formulations suitable for topical administration in the mouth include lozenges comprising the active ingredient in a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth, pastilles comprising the active ιngredιent(s) in an inert basis such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia, and mouthwashes comprising the active ingredient in a suitable liquid excιpιent(s) Formulations for rectal administration may be presented as a suppository with a suitable base comprising for example cocoa butter or a sahcylate Formulations suitable for intrapulmonary or nasal administration have a particle size for example in the range of 0 01 to 500 microns (including average particle sizes in a range between 0 01 and 500 microns in 0 1 micron or other increments, e g , 0 05, 0 1 , 0 5, 1 , 1 5, 2 0, 2 5, 3 0, 3 5, 4 0, 4 5, 5 0, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 25, 30, 35, 50, 75, 100, etc microns), which is administered by rapid inhalation through the nasal passage or by inhalation through the mouth so as to reach the alveolar sacs Suitable micronized formulations include aqueous or oily solutions or suspensions of the active ιngredιent(s) Formulations suitable for aerosol, dry powder or tablet administration may be prepared according to conventional methods and may be delivered with other therapeutic agents such as compounds heretofore used in the treatment or prophylaxis of viral or other infections as described herein Such formulation may be administered, e g , orally, parenterally (i v , i m , s c ), topically or by a buccal route Formulations suitable for vaginal administration may be presented as pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulations containing in addition to the active ιngredιent(s) such excipients as are known in the art to be appropriate Formulations suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous and non- aqueous sterile injection solutions which may contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bactenostats and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient, and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents The formulations are presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example sealed ampules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid excipient, for example water for injection immediately prior to use Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions are prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets of the kind previously described Unit dosage formulations are those containing a daily dose or unit daily sub-dose, as recited herein or an appropriate fraction thereof, of the active ιngredιent(s) It should be understood that in addition to the ingredients particularly mentioned above the formulations of this invention may include other agents or excipients conventional in the art having regard to the type of formulation in question, for example those suitable for oral administration may include flavoring agents The invention further provides veterinary compositions comprising at least one active ingredient as above defined together with a veterinary excιpιent(s) therefor Veterinary excipients are materials useful for the purpose of administering the composition and may be solid, liquid or gaseous materials that are otherwise inert or acceptable in the veterinary art and are compatible with the active ιngredιent(s) These veterinary compositions may be administered orally, parenterally or by any other desired route Invention formulations include controlled release pharmaceutical formulations containing an active ιngredιent(s) ("controlled release formulations") in which the release of the active ιngredιent(s) is controlled and regulated to allow less frequency dosing or to improve the pharmacokinetic or toxicity profile of a given active ιngredιent(s) An effective dose of active ιngredιent(s) depends at least on the nature of the condition being treated, toxicity, whether the compound(s) is being used prophylactically (lower doses) or against an active infection or condition, the method of delivery, and the pharmaceutical formulation, and will be determined by the clinician using conventional dose escalation studies It can be expected to be from about 0 05 to about 30 mg/kg body weight per day For example, for topical delivery the daily candidate dose for an adult human of approximately 70 kg body weight will range from about 1 mg to about 500 mg, generally between about 5 mg and about 40 mg, and may take the form of single or multiple doses or administration sites Embodiments include formulations that comprise a liposome or lipid complex that comprises a formula 1 compound(s), e g , BrEA or an ester, carbamate, carbonate, ammo acid or peptide thereof Such formulations are prepared according to known methods, e g , U S patents 4427649, 5043165, 5714163, 5744158, 578321 1 , 5795589, 5795987, 5798348, 581 1 1 18, 5820848, 5834016 and 5882678 The liposomes optionally contain an additional therapeutic agent(s), e g , amphoteπcin B, cis-platm, adπamycin a protease inhibitor, a nucleoside or a nucleotide analog, such as one of those mentioned herein Formulations that comprise liposomes can be delivered to a subject by any standard route, e g , oral, aerosol or parenteral (e g , s c , i v or i m ) Therapeutic applications. The formula 1 compounds, or the biologically active substances produced from these compounds by hydrolysis or metabolism in vivo, have a number of clinical and non-clinical applications The compounds are generally useful to enhance Th1 immune responses or to reduce Th2 immune responses As used herein, reference to Th1 or Th2 immune responses means such responses as observed in mammals generally and not as observed in the murine system from which the Th1 and Th2 terminology originated Thus in humans Th1 cells preferentially display chemokme receptors CXCR3 and CCR5, while Th2 cells preferentially express the CCR4 molecule and a smaller amount of the CCR3 molecule Aspects of the invention include compositions that comprise an amount of at least one formula 1 compound effective to enhance the relative proportion of a desired immune cell subset, e g , CD4 + T cells, NK cells or dendritic cells, or to modulate one or more functions of immune cell subsets and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier Typical immune modulation centers on modulating expression of gene(s) that enhance of Th1 immune responses or reduces of Th2 immune responses Functions that the formula 1 compounds affected include expression of CD molecules or alteration of the proportion of cell subsets, e g , CD4 + or CD8 + T cells, or their relative numbers in a subject's blood or tissues CD molecules participate in the function of various immune cell subsets and can be useful as markers for immune function in vivo In some aspects, the formula 1 compounds activate immune cells which generally alters (increases or decreases) expression of, or changes the numbers of cells that express combinations of, CD4, CD6, CD8, CD25, CD27, CD28, CD30, CD38, CD39, CD43, CD45RA, CD45RO, CD62L, CD69, CD71 , CD90 or HLA-DR molecules Often, the numbers of cells that express these molecules are increased, e g , CD25, CD16 or CD69 Typically such increases are observed as an increased proportion of circulating white blood cells that express one or more of these molecules In some cases the number of such molecules per cell is detectably altered Expression of one or more adhesion molecules CD2, CD5, CD8, CD1 1 a, CD11 b, CD1 1 c, CD18, CD29, CD31 , CD44, CD49a, CD49b, CD49c, CD49d, CD49e, CD49f, CD50, CD54, CD58, CD103 or CD104 are also detectably affected after administration of the formula 1 compounds to a subject Often the numbers of cells that express these molecules are increased, e g , CD5 or CD56 The adhesion molecules function in various aspects of immune responses, such as binding to class I MHC molecules, transducing signals between cells or binding to molecules in the extracellular matrix associated with endothelial or other cell types Administration of the formula 1 compounds to a subject also affects the numbers of certain immune cell subsets e g , NK cells (e g , CD8 " , CD56 + or CD8 + , CD56 + ) or lymphokme activated killer cells (LAK) Increased circulating NK or LAK cells are typically observed, which is reflected in increased numbers of cells that express one or more of CD16, CD38, CD56, CD57 or CD94 Also increased numbers of circulating dendritic cell precursors are observed as shown by increases in cells that express one or more of CD1 1 c, CD80 CD83 CD106 or CD123 Although one can observe an increased proportion of circulating white blood cells that express one or more of these molecules, in some instances the number of such molecules per cell is detectably altered Both the cell numbers and the density of CD molecule per cell can also be detectably modulated Modulation of immune cell subsets typically occurs on intermittent dosing of a formula 1 compound Expression of one or more homing receptors such as CD62L is may also be detectably affected after administration of the formula 1 compounds to a subject- Often, the numbers of cells that express these molecules are increased, e g , CD62L Other CD molecules that are modulated by the presence of the formula 1 compounds in a subject include cytokme receptor molecules such as CD115, CDW116, CD117, CD118, CDW119, CD120a, CD120b, CD121a, CD121b, CD122, CD123, CD124, CD125 CD126, CDW127, CDW128 or CDW130 Often, the numbers of receptor molecules per cell will be modulated For example receptors for cytokines that mediate Th1 immune responses (e g , IL-2, γlFN) will typically increase in or on cells that mediate Th1 immune responses Modulation of these molecules may be by direct interactions with a receptor(s) in the cell that expresses the cytok e receptor or indirectly by modulation of cytokme synthesis in the affected cells or in other cells, typically immune cells, that may interact with the cells whose receptor synthesis is being modulated Treatment of a subject with a formula 1 compound can result in a change of at least 25-50% above or below (e g , at least 30% or at least 40% above cr below) the control or basal level of some immune cell subsets For example, increases of more than about 30% in the total numbers of activated CD8 + T cells, e g , CD8 + , CD69 + , CD25 + T cells, CD8 + , CD69 + , CD25 " T cells or CD8 + , CD69 " CD25 + T cells, usually occurs by 7 days after a single dose of a formula 1 compound to a subject Such increases may be greater than 50%, 60% or 100% in the total numbers of activated CD8 + T cells or subsets of activated CD8 + T cells in individual subjects Typically such increases are about in the total numbers of activated CD8 + T cells or subsets of activated CD8 + T cells averages about 30-40%, with individual subjects experiencing increases over 100% in the numbers of activated CD8 + T cells per unit blood volume compared to the basal level Administration of the formula 1 compounds can affect other immune cell subsets For example, the concentration of circulating CD4", CD69 + , CD25 (Th1 helper cells) and CD8 4 , CD16 + , CD38 + LAK cells or CD8\ CD16 + , CD38 + LAK cells typically increases during or after the course of dosing a subject with a formula 1 compound Also, CD8 , CD16 + , CD38 + and CD8\ CD16 + , CD38 + (ADCC effector cells) and low side scatter Lin , DR + , CD123 + (dendritic precursors) or low side scatter Lin , DR + , CD11 c + (dendritic cells or precursors) may show modest to significant increases In subjects that are immunosuppressed, e g , from infection (e g , viral (HIV, HCV), bacterial infection or parasite infection) or from chemotherapy (e g , an antiviral therapy, a cancer chemotherapy or a radiation therapy), administration of the formula 1 compounds to the subject results in a favorable shift in the balance of Th1 or Th2 responses the subject can mount in the face of immunosuppression When Th1 responses are suboptimal or insufficient, treatment with a formula 1 compound results in enhancement of Th1 responses or a reduction in Th2 responses Conversely, when Th2 responses are suboptimal or insufficient, treatment with a formula 1 compound results in enhancement of Th2 responses or a reduction in Th1 responses The formula 1 compounds can thus be used to shift the nature of a subject's immune response to result in a more balanced immune response from immunosuppression Alternatively, the compounds can selectively suppress inappropriate or unwanted immune responses Enhanced Th1 responses appears to be at least partly due to one or more of (i) a reduction in biological restraints, e g , high levels of IL-4 or IL-10, on Th1 functions by preexisting primed Th1 effector cells, (n) enhanced differentiation of ThO cells to Th1 cells or enhanced responses mediated by Th1 cells, (in) enhanced function of accessory cell function, e g , antigen presentation by dendritic precursor cells or by macrophages, (iv) enhanced proliferation and differentiation of Th1 precursor or progenitor cells, (v) enhanced IL-12 expression in dendritic cells or their precursors, which results in enhanced differentiation of Th1 cells from ThO precursors, (vi) enhanced expression or activity of factors associated with Th1 functions, e g , IL-2, gamma interferon (γlFN) or lymphotoxin An aspect of the invention methods is an alteration in the expression of IL-4 or IL- 10 that occurs after administration of a formula 1 compound, e g , BrEA, to a subject A consistent observation is that extracellular IL-4 or IL-10 levels rapidly decrease to levels that are undetectable by ELISA Intracellular IL-10 levels are reduced to levels that are near or below the limits of detection by flow cytometry The administration of a formula 1 compound to a subject thus provides a means to inhibit either or both of these interleukms Such inhibition may be associated with enhancement of Th1 immune responses relative to Th2 or ThO responses, e g , in subjects where Th1 responses are suppressed (e g , from viral, bacterial or parasite infection (HIV, HCV, etc) or chemotherapy) or are otherwise suboptimal In many subjects, levels of either IL-4 or IL-10, usually IL-10, before dosing with a formula 1 compound is low or undetectable In these subjects, dosing with the formula 1 compound results in a rapid drop in the interleukm that is detectable, usually IL- 4 In some embodiments, the formula 1 compound(s) is administered to a subject who has a pathogen infection, such as a viral bacterial or parasite infection The formula 1 compounds can be considered for use in a broad scope of infections (see, e g , J B Peter, editor Use and Interpretation of Laboratory Tests in Infectious Disease, 5 th edition, Specialty Laboratories, Santa Monica CA 90404 1998, pages 1 -271 ), since the compounds generally enhance Th1 immune responses and/or reduce Th2 immune responses Difficulty in treating some infections, e g , progressive toxoplasmic encephalitis, malaria, tuberculosis, leishmaniasis and schistosomiasis, often appear to be associated with unwanted Th2 immune responses Typically unwanted Th2 immune responses are associated with, or caused by, increased expression of one or more cytokines or interleukms such as IL-4 and IL-10 Administration of a formula 1 compound, or other compounds disclosed herein, will generally reduce the expression of one or more of the Th2-assocιated cytokines or interleukms At the same time, the compounds enhance the expression of one or more cytokines or interleukms associated with Th1 immune responses Because of their capacity to modulate Th1 and Th2 immune responses, the compounds are useful for a variety of clinical conditions, e g , infection, immunosuppression or cancer, where an enhanced Th1 immune response is desired For example, in disseminated or diffuse tuberculosis, a reduced Th2 response would be desirable to allow a patient to slow progression of the disease or to clear infected cells more efficiently An aspect of the invention provides embodiments where a formula 1 compound and a glutathione reductase inhibitor such as buthathione sulfoximine [CH 3 -(CH 2 ) 3 - S(=0)(=NH)-(CH 2 ) 2 -CHNH 2 -C(0)-OH] are administered to a subject to treat infections, e g , a parasite infection such as malaria, Toxoplasma, Cryptospondium, or to treat a cancer or malignancy The decreased supply of reduced glutathione may enhance phagocytosis by macrophage, possibly due to enhanced oxidative damage in infected cells or in replicating malignant cells Alternatively, the use of a glutathione reductase inhibitor may result in improved recognition of infected or malignant cells by the immune system A formula 1 compound, such as BrEA, and buthathione sulfoximine are used, e g , to enhance clearance of ring stage malaria from infected cells or to enhance immune system recognition of malignant cells compared to the use of the formula 1 compound alone The infections and malignancies where these embodiments apply are as described herein Another aspect of the invention provides for the use of a formula 1 compound and a flavonoid, e g , a naragm flavonoid, to enhance the bioavailabihty of the formula 1 compound In these embodiments, the an effective amount of a flavonoid is administered to a subject who is receiving a formula 1 compound Typically about 1 -10 mg of flavonoid per kg of body weight is administered to the subject a flavonoid such as bavachinm A, didymm (ιsosakuranetιn-7-rutιnosιde or neoponαπn) flavanomarein (ιsookanιne-7- glucoside) flavanone azme flavanone diacetylhydrazone, flavanone hydrazone, silybin, silychπstin isosilybm or silandπn The flavonoid compound is typically administered with the formula 1 compound or a few hours, e g about 1 , 2 or 3 hours, before the formula 1 compound is administered to the subject Liposome formulations can be used to enhance delivery of the formula 1 compound(s) to certain cell types such as tumor cells (see e g , U S patent 5714163) or to cells of the reticuloendothelial system ("RES") The RES includes macrophages, mononuclear phagocytic cells, cells lining the sinusoids of the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow, and the fibroblastic reticular cells of hematopoietic tissues In general, RES cells are phagocytic and they are targets for targeted delivery of a formula 1 compound(s) in vitro or in vivo using liposomes, or other compositions or formulations Thus, one can deliver formula 1 compound to a neoplasm that is derived from reticuloendothelial tissue (reticuloendothehoma) The liposomes may also optionally comprise a peptide from an infectious agent such as a malaria parasite The peptides may facilitate the generation of a MHC class II and B cell response Vaccine adiuvants The compounds disclosed herein may also be used as vaccine adjuvants with immunogens or components of immunogenic compositions to prepare antibodies capable of binding specifically to the formula 1 compounds, their metabolic products which retain immunologically recognized epitopes (sites of antibody binding) or to standard antigens that are used for vaccination against, e g , infectious agents or malignant cells The immunogenic compositions therefore are useful as intermediates in the preparation of antibodies that bind to formula 1 compounds for use, e g , in diagnostic, quality control, or the like, methods or in assays for the compounds or their novel metabolic products In addition, the compounds are useful for raising antibodies against otherwise non-immunogemc polypeptides, in that the compounds may serve as haptenic sites stimulating an immune response The hydrolysis products of interest include products of the hydrolysis of the protected acidic and basic groups discussed above In some embodiments the acidic or basic amides comprising immunogenic polypeptides such as albumin, keyhole limpet hemocyamin and others described below generally are useful as immunogens The metabolic products described above may retain a substantial degree of immunological cross reactivity with the compounds of the invention Thus, the antibodies of this invention will be capable of binding to the unprotected compounds of the invention without binding to the protected compounds, alternatively the metabolic products, will be capable of binding to the protected compounds and/or the metabolic products without binding to the protected compounds of the invention, or will be capable of binding specifically to any one or all three The antibodies desirably will not substantially cross-react with naturally-occurring materials Substantial cross-reactivity is reactivity under specific assay conditions for specific analytes sufficient to interfere with the assay results The immunogens of this invention contain the compound of this invention presenting the desired epitope in association with an immunogenic substance. Within the context of the invention such association means covalent bonding to form an immunogenic conjugate (when applicable) or a mixture of non-covalently bonded materials, or a combination of the above Immunogenic substances include adjuvants such as Freund's adjuvant, immunogenic proteins such as viral, bacterial, yeast, plant and animal polypeptides, in particular keyhole limpet hemocyanm, serum albumin, bovine thyroglobulm or soybean trypsin inhibitor, and immunogenic polysaccharides. Typically, the compound having the structure of the desired epitope is covalently conjugated to an immunogenic polypeptide or polysaccharide by the use of a polyfunctional (ordinarily bifunctional) cross-linking agent Methods for the manufacture of hapten immunogens are conventional per se Any of the methods used heretofore for conjugating haptens to immunogenic polypeptides or the like are suitably used here, taking into account the functional groups on the precursors or hydrolytic products which are available for cross-linking and the likelihood of producing antibodies specific to the epitope in question as opposed to the immunogenic substance Typically the polypeptide is conjugated to a site on the compound of the invention distant from the epitope to be recognized The conjugates are prepared in conventional fashion For example, the cross- linking agents N-hydroxysuccinimide, succmic anhydride or C 2 8 alkyl-N=C=N-C 2 8 alkyl are useful in preparing the conjugates of this invention The conjugates comprise a compound of the invention attached by a bond or a linking group of 1 -100, typically, 1 - 25, more typically about 1 -10 carbon atoms to the immunogenic substance The conjugates are separated from starting materials and by products using chromatography or the like, and then are sterile filtered and vialed for storage Synthetic methods to prepare hapten-carπer immunogens have been described, see e g , G T Hermanson, Bioconjugate Techniques Academic Press, 1996, pages 419- 493 The compounds of this invention are cross-linked for example through any one or more of the following groups a hydroxyl group a carboxyl group, a carbon atom, or an amine group Included within such compounds are amides of polypeptides where the polypeptide serves as an above-described protecting group Animals are typically immunized against the immunogenic conjugates or derivatives and antisera or monoclonal antibodies prepared in conventional fashion In embodiments where the formula 1 compounds are used as adjuvants to enhance a subject's immune response to antigens such as proteins, peptides or virus or cell preparations, the formula 1 compound is administered at about the same time that the antigen is delivered to the subject, e g , within about 7 days of when the antigen is administered to the subject In some embodiments, the formula 1 compound is administered 1 , 2, 3 or 4 days before the antigen is administered to the subject In other embodiments, the formula 1 compound is administered on the same day that the antigen is administered to the subject In additional embodiments, the formula 1 compound is administered 1 , 2 or 3 days after the antigen is administered The formula 1 compound can be administered to the subject using any of the formulations or delivery methods described herein or in the references cited herein Aspects of the invention include compositions or formulations that comprise a formula 1 compound, one or more excipients and an antigen or antigen preparation such as disrupted cells or viruses or such as attenuated viruses or a DNA vaccine Related embodiments include a method comprising administering to a subject (e g , a mammal such as a human or a primate), or delivering to the subject's tissues, an effective amount of a formula 1 compound and a specific antigen These methods are useful to enhance the subject's immune response to the antigen Immune responses that are enhanced include a mucosal immune response to an antigen such as a protein, peptide, polysaccharide, microorganism, tumor cell extract or lethally radiated tumor or pathogen cells (e g , antigens or cells from melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, breast cancer, prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia, virus or bacteria, or other tumor or pathogen as disclosed herein) Aspects of these embodiments include enhancement of the subject's immune response when an antigen or immunogen is administered intranasally or orally In these aspects, the formula 1 compound is administered about simultaneously with the antigen or within about 3-72 hours of antigen administration The use of immune modulating agents to enhance immune responses to a vaccine has been described, e g , U S patent 5518725 Other uses for the formula 1 compound(s) include administering the compound(s) to a subject who suffers from a pathological condιtιon(s) The treatment may treat or ameliorate the source of the condιtιon(s) and/or symptoms associated with the pathological condιtιon(s) such as infection with a pathogen(s) (viruses bacteria, fungi), a malignancy, unwanted immune response, i e , an immune response that causes pathology and/or symptoms, e g , autoimmune conditions or allergy or conditions such as hypoproliferation conditions e g , normal or impaired tissue growth, or wound healing or burn healing, or in immunosuppression conditions e g , conditions characterized by an absence of a desired response and/or an inadequate degree of a desired response Many cancers or malignancies are associated with an unwanted Th2 immune response or a deficient Th1 response An insufficient Th1 immune response may play a role in the capacity of malignant cells to escape immune surveillance These conditions include non-small cell lung cancer, bronchogenic carcinoma, renal cell cancer or carcinoma, lymphoma, glioma, melanoma, pancreatic or gastric adenocarcmoma, human pappilomavirus associated cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, cervical carcinoma, hepatoma and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides, Sezary syndrome) In some of these embodiments, the subject's hyperpro feration or malignant condition may be associated with one or more pathogens For example hepatocellular carcinoma associated with HCV or HBV, Kaposi's sarcoma associated with HIV-1 or HIV- 2, T cell leukemia associated with HTLV I, Burkitt's lymphoma associated with Epstem- Barr virus or papillomas or carcinoma associated with papilloma viruses (HPV 6, HPV 11 , HPV 16, HPV 18, HPV 31 , HPV 45) or gastric adenocarcmoma or gastric MALT lymphoma associated with Helicobacter pylori infection In other embodiments, the formula 1 compound(s) is administered to a subject who has a hyperproliferation condition that appears to not be associated with a pathogen, e g , melanoma, or a cancer or precancer arising in the throat, esophagus, stomach, intestine, colon, ovary, lung, breast or central nervous system In an exemplary embodiment, human patients suffering from melanoma or melanoma precursor lesions are treated with a topical cream formulation containing 2-20% BrEA (w/w) The cream is applied to primary nevi (dysplastic nevi or common acquired nevi), primary cutaneous melanomas, secondary cutaneous melanomas and the skin surrounding the nevi or melanomas The areas to be treated are washed with soap or swabbed with an alcohol (e g , ethanol or isopropanol) prior to administering the cream, when this is practical About 0 1-0 4 g of cream, depending on the size of the treated area, is applied once or twice per day per treated region or lesion for about 10-20 days The cream is left undisturbed at the administration site for about 15-30 minutes before the patient resumes normal activity Progression of the nevi and melanomas is retarded in the majority of patients and significant regression is observed for some lesions Following initial treatment, the formulation is administered every other day for at least 1 to 4 months using the same dosing described for the initial round of treatment For these patients, standard therapy to treat precursor lesion or melanoma, e g , dimethyl tπazeno imidazole carboxamide or nitrosoureas (e g , BCNU, CCNU) is optionally started or continued according to the recommendations of the patient s doctor and with the patient's informed approval In cases where a tumor or precursor lesion is surgically removed and the site has sufficiently healed, the patient optionally continues using the topical formulation at the site and the adjacent surrounding area every other day for at least 1 to 4 months In some of these embodiments, a formula 1 compound(s) is administered daily continuously as an oral composition or formulation, e g , for a formula 1 compound(s) that is a new compound per se BrEA is optionally also administered systemicaily using, e g , a formulation described in the examples below to deliver 1 -5 mg/kg/day every other day for about 1 week to about to 4 months, e g , in the case of malignant melanoma Insufficient Th1 immune responses are ofter associated with viral infection Viral infections may arise from DNA or RNA viruses, e g , herpesviruses, hepadnaviruses, adenoviruses, retroviruses, togaviruses, alphaviruses, arboviruses, flaviviruses, rhmoviruses, papillomaviruses and/or pestiviruses Exemplary viruses have been described See, for example B N Fields, et al , editors, Fundamental Virology, 3 rd edition, 1996, Lippencott-Raven Publishers, see chapter 2 at pages 23-57, including table 4 at pages 26-27, table 5 at pages 28-29, chapter 17 at pages 523-539, chapters 26-27 at pages 763-916, chapter 32 at pages 1043-1 108 and chapter 35 at pages 1 199-1233 As used herein, retroviruses include human and animal viruses, e g , HIV-1 , HIV-2, LAV, human T-cell leukemia virus I ("HTLV I"), HTLV II, HTLV III, SIV, SHIV, FIV, FeLV Additional viruses, including their genogroups, clades, isolates, strains and so forth, that may establish a virus infection include human hepatitis C virus ("HCV"), human hepatitis B virus ("HBV"), human hepatitis A virus ("HAV"), duck hepatitis virus, woodchuck hepatitis virus, human ("HPV", e g , HPV 6, HPV 1 1 , HPV 16, HPV 18, HPV 31 , HPV 45) or animal papilloma viruses, Poliovirus, Herpes simplex virus 1 ("HSV-1 "), Herpes simplex virus 2 ("HSV-2"), human Herpesvirus 6 ("HHV-6"), human Herpesvirus 8 ("HHV-8"), Dengue virus (types 1 -4), Western Equine Encephalitis Virus, Japanese Encephalitis Virus, Yellow Fever Virus and Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Other conditions where an immune imbalance or an excessive Th2 immune response is involved include autoimmune diseases such as SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus) osteoporosis, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, Graves disease, mite-associated ulcerative dermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthπtis Excessive Th2 immune responses are also associated with an unwanted symptom or pathology, e g , fatigue, pain, fever or an increased incidence of infection, that is associated with aging, allergy and inflammation conditions such as allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in cystic fibrosis patients, atopic asthma, allergic respiratory disease, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, subepithelial fibrosis in airway hyperresponsiveness, chronic sinusitis, perennial allergic rhinitis, Crohn's disease (regional enteritis), ulcerative colitis, inflammatory bowel disease fibrosmg alveolitis (lung fibrosis) Other clinical indications that have an association with or have a symptom(s) that is consistent with an excessive Th2 immune response e g , fatigue, pain, fever or an increased incidence of infection are schizophrenia acute myelitis sarcoidosis, burns trauma (e g , bone fracture, hemorrhage, surgery) and immune responses to xenotransplantation This common underlying immune component in at least part of the pathology of all of these conditions allows a single agent to be effectively used to treat the condition or to treat one or more symptoms that are associated with insufficient Th1 responses or with excessive Th2 responses In all of the conditions where an insufficient Th1 response or an unwanted Th2 response is present, amelioration of one or more symptoms associated with the condition is accomplished by administering an effective amount of a formula 1 compound according to the methods described herein Thus, one may intermittently administer a formula 1 compound using a formulation and a route of administration as described herein In some applications, the formula 1 compound(s) may directly and/or indirectly interfere with replication, development or cell to cell transmission of a pathogen such as a virus or a parasite (malaria) Improvement in a subject's clinical condition may arise from a direct effect on an infectious agent or on a malignant cell Interference with cellular replication can arise from inhibition of one or more enzymes that a parasite or an infected cell uses for normal replication or metabolism, e g , glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, which affects cellular generation of NADPH (see, e g , Raineπ et al , Biochemistry 1970 9 2233-2243) This effect may contribute to cytostatic effects that some formula 1 compounds can have Modulation of cellular enzymes expression or activity may also interfere with replication or development of a pathogen, e g , HIV or malaria parasites or with replication or development of neoplastic cells, e g , inhibition of angiogenesis Clinical improvement will also generally result from an enhanced Th1 immune response In other applications, embodiments are a method comprising contacting a formula 1 compound(s) with a cell(s), whereby the formula 1 compound(s) forms a complex with a steroid hormone receptor or results in the modulation of a biological activity The steroid hormone receptor may be an orphan nuclear hormone receptor that displays a moderate or high binding affinity for the formula 1 compound(s) In some embodiments, the steroid receptor is a known steroid receptor Biological effects from interaction of a formula 1 compound and a receptor can lead to interference with the replication or development of a pathogen or the cell(s) itself For example, expression of HIV transcripts in HIV-infected cells may be altered The receptor-formula 1 compound complex may directly interfere with LTR-dependent transcription of HIV genes, leading to reduced viral replication Invention embodiments include compositions comprising a partially purified or a purified complex comprising a formula 1 compound and a steroid receptor Such a steroid receptor(s) may be an orphan steroid receptor or a characterized steroid receptor, where either type binds the formula 1 compound with a moderate or high binding affinity, e g , less than about 0 5-10 x 10 6 M usually less than about 1 x 10 7 M or for higher affinity interactions, less than about 0 01 -10 x 10 9 M The formula 1 compound(s) may also enhance immune responses such that both immune responses and altered intracellular conditions simultaneously exist to ameliorate one or more of the pathological conditions described herein The formula 1 compounds may be used to identify receptors that modulate biological responses, e g , receptors that participate in effecting enhanced Th1 cytokme synthesis Invention embodiments include a method, "Method 1", which permits the determination of one or more effects of a test compound on a steroid receptor in various biological systems Generally, the test compound is a formula 1 compound Such systems include cells containing a DNA construct that constitutively or mducibly expresses a steroid receptor(s) of interest, e g , SXR, CARβ, RXR, PXR, PPARα or mixtures or dimers thereof, e g , SXR/RXR In other biological systems, the steroid receptor can be under the transcriptional control of a regulatable promoter Alternatively, the expression another gene such as a steroid-mducible gene, e g , a steroid-inducibie cytochrome P-450 For this method a source of steroid receptors is generally combined with a means of monitoring them, e g , by measuring the transcription of a gene regulated by the receptor Cells that comprise the steroid receptor and optional monitoring means are sometimes referred to herein as the "biological system " Sources of steroid receptors include cell lines and cell populations that normally express the steroid receptor of interest and extracts obtained from such cells Another source for a useful biological system for purposes of this method is tissues from experimental animals that express the receptor In one aspect, method 1 allows one to determine one or more effects of a formula 1 compound on a steroid receptor using a method that comprises (a) providing a biological system e g , a cell extract, cells or tissue, comprising cells having a plurality of steroid receptors that comprise monomers, homodimers or heterodimers that comprise a steroid receptor e g , SXR, CAR-β, RXR, PPARα, PXR or dimers that comprise one or more of these, (b) activating or inhibiting the plurality of monomers, homodimers or heterodimers that comprise the steroid receptor by contacting the cells with a steroid receptor (e g , SXR, CAR-β RXR, PPARα or PXR) agonist or antagonist, (c) removing substantially all of the steroid receptor agonist or antagonist from the cells, (d) determining an activity of the plurality of monomers, homodimers or heterodimers that comprise the steroid receptor while in an activated state in the absence of agonist or antagonist, (e) exposing the cells to the test compound, (f) determining at least one effect of the test compound on the activity of the plurality of monomers homodimers or heterodimers that comprise one or more of the steroid receptors while they remain substantially free of agonist or antagonist and (g) optionally classifying the test compound as an agonist or an antagonist of the steroid receptor or a neutral compound having little or no detectable effect The effects that method 1 can measure includes determining or measuring an effect on a gene whose expression is affected by the steroid receptor The gene could be a gene associated with a pathological condition such as an infectious agent, an immune disorder or a hyperproliferation condition Thus, another aspect of method 1 , "method 1 A", is determining if a chemical not previously known to be a modulator of protein biosynthesis can transcπptionally modulating the expression of a gene that encodes a protein associated with the maintenance or treatment of one or more symptoms of a pathological condition This method comprises (a) contacting a sample which comprises eucaryotic cells with a formula 1 compound, wherein the eucaryotic cells comprise a plurality of steroid receptor proteins and a DNA construct containing in 5' to 3' order (i) a modulatable transcriptional regulatory sequence of the gene encoding the protein of interest, (n) a promoter of the gene encoding the protein of interest, and (in) a reporter gene which expresses a polypeptide capable of producing a detectable signal, coupled to, and under the control of, the promoter, under conditions such that the chemical, if capable of acting as a transcriptional modulator of the gene encoding the protein of interest, causes a measurable or detectable signal to be produced by the polypeptide expressed by the reporter gene, (b) quantitatively determining the amount of the signal so produced, and (c) optionally comparing the amount so determined with the amount of produced signal detected in the absence of any chemical being tested or upon contacting the sample with other chemicals so as to identify the chemical as one that causes a change in the detectable signal produced by the polypeptide, and determining whether the chemical specifically transcπptionally modulates expression of the gene associated with the maintenance or treatment of one or more symptoms of the pathological condition In conducting method 1A, one typically contacts a sample that contains a predefined number of identical or essentially identical eucaryotic cells with a predetermined concentration of a compound of formula 1 The eucaryotic ceils comprise a DNA construct that is made using conventional molecular biology methods and protocols Generally the DNA construct contains in 5' to 3' order (i) a transcriptional regulatory sequence that participates in modulating expression of the gene that is associated with maintaining or treating the pathological condition, (n) the gene s promoter, and (in) a reporter gene which expresses a polypeptide capable of producing a detectable signal, coupled to, and under the control of, the promoter The construct is maintained under conditions such that the formula 1 compound if capable of acting as a transcriptional modulator of the gene encoding the protein of interest, causes a measurable or detectable signal to be produced by the polypeptide expressed by the reporter gene Once sufficient time for generation of a detectable response or signal has passed, one can determine the amount of the signal produced Typically the response or signal is measured quantitatively, but a qualitative measurement can be useful for rapid screening purposes. For method 1A, one can also optionally compare the detectable signal with the amount of produced signal that (i) one detects in the absence of any formula 1 compound or (II) when contacting the sample with other chemicals, which identifies the formula 1 compound as a chemical that causes a change in the detectable signal the polypeptide produces One then typically determines whether the formula 1 compound specifically transcnptionally modulates expression of the gene associated with the maintenance or treatment of one or more symptoms of the pathological condition Other aspects of the method 1 and 1A include a screening method comprising separately contacting each of a plurality of identical essentially identical or different samples, each sample containing a predefined number of such cells with a with a predetermined concentration of each different formula 1 compound to be tested, e.g , wherein the plurality of samples comprises more than about 1x10 3 or more than about 1 x10 4 samples or about 0 5-5x10 5 samples In other aspects one determines the amount of RNA by quantitative polymerase chain reaction In any of methods 1 or 1A, a formula 1 compound such as any one of those described or named herein may be utilized Aspects of the invention include another method, "method 2", which centers on identifying a gene whose expression is modulated by a candidate binding partner for infectious disease therapeutic agents Typically the binding partner is a steroid receptor, e g , a monomer, homodimer or heterodimer that comprises SXR, CAR-β, PXR, PPARα or RXR or a homolog or isoform thereof The steroid receptor is typically present as a complex that comprises, e g , the formula 1 compound and the regulated gene's DNARS, which the steroid receptor or a complex that comprises the steroid receptor, recognizes and specifically binds to Such complexes can also comprise a transcription factor that binds to the steroid receptor or to nucleic acid sequences adjacent to or near the DNARS Exemplary transcription factors that may be present include one or more of ARA54, ARA55, ARA70, SRC-1 , NF-κB, NFAT, AP1 , Ets, p300, CBP, p300/CBP, p300/CPB- associated factor, SWI/SNF and human homologs of SWI/SNF, CBP, SF-1 RIP140, GRIP1 and Vpr In general, one provides a first and a second group of cells in vitro or in vivo and contacts the first group of cells with the infectious disease therapeutic agent, but does not contact the second group of cells in vitro or in vivo with the infectious disease therapeutic agent Recovering RNA from the cells or generating cDNA derived from the RNA, is accomplished by conventional protocols Analysis of the RNA, or cDNA derived from the RNA from the first and the second group of cells identifies differences between them, which one can use to identify a gene whose regulation is modulated by the candidate binding partner for the infectious disease therapeutic agent or any DNARS associated with that gene An aspect of method 2 is determining the capacity of a formula 1 compound to modulate, or participate in the modulation of, the transcription of a gene associated with the maintenance or treatment of one or more symptoms of a pathological condition It is expected that in general, the formula 1 compounds will cause an increase in the transcription of such genes The pathological condition is typically one associated with an infectious agent, e g , virus, parasite or bacterium, but can also include an immune condition, e g , an autoimmune condition or an immune deficiency The pathological condition may also be an insufficient immune response to an infection or an insufficient response to a hyperprohferation condition or malignancy Other pathological conditions that one can apply the method to are inflammation conditions In some aspects, the formula 1 compounds used in method 2 will be labeled Such compounds are prepared by conventional methods using standard labels, such as radiolabels, fluorescent labels or other labels as described herein and in the cited references An embodiment of method 2 involves analyzing the RNA, or cDNA derived from it, by subtraction hybridization In this embodiment, the RNA or cDNA obtained from the first and second groups of cells is hybridized and the resulting duplexes are removed This allows recovery of nucleic acids that encode genes whose transcription is modulated by the candidate binding partner, which is usually a steroid receptor One can use conventional methods to amplify and obtain nucleic acid and protein sequence information from the nucleic acids recovered by this method The nucleic acid sequences that are transcπptionally induced or repressed by the formula 1 compound are candidate binding partners A transcπptionally induced gene(s) will be enriched in the group 1 cells treated with the formula 1 compound, while any repressed gene(s) will be depleted or absent In these embodiments, the RNA recovered after removal of duplexes is typically amplified by standard RT-PCR or PCR protocols These protocols typically use specific sets of random primer pairs, followed by analysis of the amplified nucleic acids by gel electrophoresis Nucleic acids that are induced by the formula 1 compound will appear as a band(s), usually duplex DNA that is not present in the control or second set of cells Nucleic acids that are transcπptionally repressed by the formula 1 compound's binding partner will be depleted or absent in the first group of cells Once such gene candidates are identified, they can be cloned and expressed and the capacity of the DNARS associated with the gene to form a complex that comprises a candidate binding partner and an optionally labeled formula 1 compound is analyzed by conventional methods e g , equilibrium dialysis, affinity chromatography using, e g , the DNARS immobilized on a column, or coprecipitation of complexes that comprise an optionally labeled DNARS and candidate binding partner using anti-binding partner antibodies Nucleic acid sequence analysis is usually used to identify regions adjacent to the coding regions of the regulated gene to identify any DNARS associated with the gene The identity of a DNARS can be established by the binding to the DNARS of complexes that comprise a candidate binding partner, e g , a steroid receptor, and optionally also comprise a formula 1 compound The location and identity of the DNARS can be accomplished by DNA footpπnting or other methods for detecting binding interactions The DNARS, the receptor or the formula 1 compound can be labeled in these variations of method 2 In general, the second group of cells will be identical or essentially identical to the first group of cells In embodiments (for both methods 1 and 2) where the cells are "essentially identical", the first or the second group of cells may differ from each other by the presence or absence of a DNA construct(s) that expresses (i) a steroid receptor and/or (II) an easily detected protein, e g , a β-galactosidase, a peroxidase, a phosphatase, or a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, whose transcriptional regulation is usually modulated by a steroid receptor In these embodiments, the difference between the first and the second group of cells is used to facilitate the analysis of the biological effects of the formula 1 compound and the steroid receptor binding partner Groups of cells are considered "identical" if they do not display known or obvious morphological or genetic differences Usually, the second group of cells will serve as a control, and they will thus not be exposed to any formula 1 compound before obtaining the RNA or cDNA But, for some embodiments, one can expose the second group of cells to a known agonist or antagonist of the steroid receptor binding partner This allows one to compare the potency of the formula 1 compound with the potency of the agonist or antagonist In other embodiments, one can modify method 2 by providing a third group of cells, which is optionally used as an untreated control when the second group of cells is treated with a steroid receptor agonist or antagonist In these embodiments, one will typically compare the effect of the formula 1 compound and the agonist or the antagonist of the expression of a gene or DNA construct The DNA construct would comprise a promoter or other regulatory sequences that are subject to transcriptional modulation, usually increase transcription, by the formula 1 compound in concert with its binding partner Exemplary mammalian and other steroid receptors, including orphan steroid receptors their homologs, isoforms and co-factors (e g , co-repressors, transcription factors gene promoter regions or sequences) that these complexes can comprise are steroidogenic factor- 1 (SF-1 ) chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factor (COUP-TFI) and its mammalian homologs, silencing mediator for retinoid and thyroid hormone receptor (SMRT) and its mammalian homologs, NF-E3, COUP-TFII and its mammalian homologs, testicular orphan receptor TR2, thyroid hormone α1 (TR α1), retinoid X receptor α, TR α1/RXR α heterodimer, direct repeat-4 thyroid hormone response element (DR4-TRE), estrogen receptor (ER), estrogen receptor related α (ERRα), estrogen receptor related β (ERRβ), steroid xenobiotic receptor (SXR), hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (HNF-4), hepatocyte nuclear factor 3 (HNF-3), liver X receptors (LXRs), LXRα, estrogen receptor α (ERα), constitutive androstane receptor-β (CAR-β), RXR/CAR-β heterodimer, short heterodimer partner (SHP), SHP/ERα heterodimer, estrogen receptor β, SHP/ERβ heterodimer, testicular orphan receptor TR4, TR2/TR4 heterodimer, pregnane X receptor (PXR) and isoforms, cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase 3A4 gene promoter region and isoforms, HNF-4/cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase 3A4 gene promoter region and isoforms complex, HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR), HIV-2 LTR, TR2/HIV-1 LTR complex TR4/HIV-1 LTR complex, TR4/HIV-1 LTR complex, TR α1/TR4/HIV-1 LTR complex, TR2 isoforms (TR2-5, TR7, TR9, TR11), DAX-1 , DAX-1 /steroidogenic acute regulatory protein gene promoter region, RevErb, Rev- erbA α, Rev-erb β, steroid receptor coactivator amplified in breast cancer (AIB 1 ), p300/CREB binding protein-interacting protein (p/CIP), thyroid hormone receptor (TR, T3R), thyroid hormone response elements (T3REs), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), Xenopus xSRC-3 and mammalian (human) homologs, TAK1 , TAK1/peroxιsome prohferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) complex, PPARα/RXRα complex, TAK-1/RIP- 140 complex, retmoic acid receptor (RAR), RARβ, TR4/RXRE complex, SF-1/steroιd hydroxylase gene promoter region, SF-1/oxytocιn gene promoter region, SF-1/ACTH receptor gene promoter region, rat Ear-2 and mammalian homologs, human TR3 orphan receptor (TR3), RLD-1 , OR-1 , androgen receptor, glucocorticoid receptor, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, mineralcorticoid receptor, OR1 , OR1/RXRα complex, TIF-1 , CBP/P300 complex, TRIP1/SUG-1 complex RIP-140, SRC1α/P160 complex and TIF-2/GRIP-1 complex, RAR/N-CoR/RIP13 complex, RAR/SMRT/TRAC-2 complex, and the DNARS 5' AGGTCANAGGTCA 3' or 5' TGCACGTCA 3' One of these complexes can be included in invention methods when, e g , they are performed in cell-free assays Formation of these complexes in cells is facilitated by inserting into the cells a DNA construct(s) that expresses one or more of these proteins, e g mammalian or yeast cells containing a stable DNA construct or a construct used for transient transfection assays Methods to perform assays or to induce biological responses in vitro or in vivo using the formula 1 compounds as agonists antagonists or as reference standards are essentially as described, see e g , U S patents 5080139, 5696133 5932431 5932555 5935968, 5945279, 5945404, 5945410, 5945412, 5945448, 5952319, 5952371 , 5955632, 5958710, 5958892, 5962443, International Publication Numbers WO 96/19458, WO 99/41257, WO 99/45930 The complexes or assay systems, that comprise a formula 1 compound and that are employed in the practice of these methods are included as aspects of the invention The formula 1 compounds typically interact with one or more biological ligands to efect a biological response To facilitate the identification of candidate binding partners for the formula 1 compounds, one can use a radiolabeled formula 1 compound that is linked to a support, usually a solid support, as a means to recover the candidate binding partners The formula 1 compound can be linked to the support through, e g , the 3-, 7-, 16- or 17-posιtιon of the steroid nucleus Linking agents are known for such uses and include homobifunctional and heterobifunctional agents, many of which are commercially available The linker one uses will typically comprise about 2-20 linked atoms The linked atoms usually comprise mostly carbon, with one, two or three oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen atoms that replace one or more carbon atoms One can use a cDNA expression library that one has made from suitable cells or tissues as a source of candidate binding partners. The cells or tissues can be obtained from a mammalian or a vertebrate host, e g , human, mouse, bird, primate, or from other sources, e g , insects (e g , Drosophila), other invertebrates (e g , yeast, bacteria, Mycoplasma sp , Plasmodium sp , Tetrahymena sp , C elegans) or other organism groups or species listed herein or in the cited references Suitable tissues include skin, liver tissue or cells, including hepatocytes and Kupfer cells, fibrocytes, monocytes, dendritic cells, kidney cells and tissues, brain or other central nervous system cells or tissues, including neurons, astrocytes and glial cells, peripheral nervous system tissues, lung, intestine, placenta, breast, ovary, testes, muscle, including heart or myocyte tissue or cells, white blood cells, including T cells, B cells, bone marrow cells and tissues, lymph tissues or fluids and chondrocytes Typically a candidate binding partner that one isolates from a non-human source will have a human homolog that has similar binding properties for the formula 1 compound Non-human candidate binding partners can thus be used to facilitate recovery of the human homologs, e g , by preparing antiserum for precipitating the human homolog from a solution that comprises the human homolog or by comparing the sequence of the non-human candidate binding partner with known human gene sequences Once a source of the candidate binding partner is obtained, it can be contacted with labeled formula 1 compound, usually radiolabeled with e g , 14 C or 3 H and complexes that comprise the labeled formula 1 compound and the candidate binding partner is recovered using, e g , affinity chromatography or antibody precipitation methods The recovery of the complex provides a source of at least partially purified candidate binding partner i e the candidate binding partner is enriched, e g , at least 10-fold enriched, or at least 100-fold enriched, or at least 500-fold enriched, compared to its abundance in the original candidate binding partner source material Aspects of the invention include a composition comprising a partially purified (purified at least about 2-fold to about 10-fold relative to natural sources, e g , cells or a cell lysate) comples or a purified (purified at least about 20-fold to about 5000-fold relative to natural sources, e g , cells or a cell lysate) complex (where the partially purified or purified complex is optionally isolated) comprising a formula 1 compound and a steroid receptor, a serum steroid-binding protein (e g , human serum albumin, α1-acιd glycoprotein, sex hormone-binding globulin, testosterone-binding globulin, corticosteroid- bindmg globulin, androgen binding protein (rat)) or another binding partner, e g , transcription factor or DNARS An aspect of these compositions includes a product produced by the process of contacting the partially purified or the purified composition with one or more cells, one or more tissues, plasma or blood Other aspects include a method to determine a biological activity of a formula 1 compound comprising (a) contacting the formula 1 compound(s) with a cell or cell population, (b) measuring one or more of (i) a complex between a binding partner and the formula 1 compound, (n) proliferation of the cell or cell population, (in) differentiation of the cell or cell population (iv) an activity of a protein kinase C, (v) a level of phosphorylation of a protein kinase C substrate, (vi) transcription of one or more target genes, (vn) inhibition of the cellular response to steroids, e g , glucocorticoids, (vi ) inhibition of steroid-induced transcription, e g , glucocorticoids, sex steroids or (ix) inhibition of HIV LTR-dπven transcription, and (c) optionally comparing the result obtained in step (b) with an appropriate control Aspects of this embodiment include (i) the method wherein the binding partner is a steroid receptor, a transcription factor or a DNARS, (n) the method wherein the biological activity determined is a modulating activity of the formula 1 compound for replication or cytopathic effects associated with a retrovirus, a hepatitis virus or a protozoan parasite, (in) the method wherein the biological activity determined is a modulating activity of the formula 1 compound for replication, cytopathic effects associated with the retrovirus, the hepatitis virus or the protozoan parasite or the biological activity determined is metabolism (assay by 3 H-thymιdιne uptake or other assay as referenced or described herein) of a cell or cell population comprising NK cells, phagocytes monocytes macrophages basophils, eosmophils dendritic cells, synoviocytes, microglial cells, fibrocytes transformed (neoplastic) cells virus-infected cells, bacteria-infected cells or parasite-infected cells, and (iv) the method wherein the target gene is a virus gene, a bacterial gene a parasite gene a gene associated with cancer e g , wherein the virus gene is a DNA or an RNA polymerase gene a reverse transcriptase gene an envelope gene, a protease gene or a gene associated with viral nucleic acid replication or a viral structural gene An embodiment is a method comprising contacting a complex that comprises a steroid receptor and a formula 1 compound with a transactivator protein, whereby a complex comprising the steroid receptor protein, the formula 1 compound and the transactivator protein forms, wherein the transactivator protein is in (1 ) a cell or tissue extract (e g , nuclei, lysate containing nuclei or lysate without nuclei from a cell(s) or tιssue(s)), (2) a partially purified or purified cell or tissue extract, (3) a cell(s) in tissue culture or (4) a cell(s) in a subject, where any of (1 )-(4) optionally comprises a target gene (native gene or introduced by standard gene manipulation techniques) whose level of expression is optionally assayed after the complex forms In some of these embodiments, the transactivator protein is partially purified or purified and is in the cell or tissue extract or the partially purified or purified cell or tissue extract The transactivator protein may be TIF- 1. CBP/P300, TRIP1/SUG-1. RIP-140, SRC P160, or TIF-2/GRIP-1 In any of these embodiments the complex comprising the steroid receptor protein, the formula 1 compound and the transactivator protein may increase or decrease transcription of the target gene compared to a suitable control (e g , control under same conditions, but lacking any added compound that corresponds to the formula 1 compound, or where another compound (e g , a steroid that is known to bind to the steroid receptor) is used as a benchmark or reference standard against which altered target gene expression is measured) In these methods, the target gene may be a pathogen gene (e g , virus, bacterium, parasite, fungus, yeast) or a gene associated with a pathological condition (autoimmunity, inflammation, hyperproliferation) The formula 1 compounds are suitable for use in certain described methods that use steroids to modulate biological activities in cells or tissues For example, a formula 1 compound(s) can be used to selectively interact with specific steroid receptors or steroid orphan receptor, or their subtypes, that are associated with a pathological condιtιon(s) in a subject, essentially as described in U S patent 5668175 In these applications, the formula 1 compound may act as a hgand for the receptor to modulate abnormal expression of a gene product(s) that correlates with the pathological condition (a steroid hormone responsive disease state) Such genes are normally regulated by steroid hormones In other applications, one can use the formula 1 compounds to screen for ligands that bind to a steroid receptor or steroid orphan receptor and one or more transcription factors (or cofactors) such as AP-1 and/or with a DNA sequence(s), essentially as described in U S patent 5643720 Similarly, the formula 1 compounds can be used essentially as described in U S patents 5597693, 5639598, 5780220 5863733 and 5869337 In some of these embodiments, the formula 1 compound(s) is labeled to facilitate its use Suitable labels are known in the art and include radiolabels (e g , 3 H, 14 C, 32 P, 35 S, 131 l, "Tc and other halogen isotopes), fluorescent moieties (e g , fluorescem, resorufin, Texas Red, rhodamine, BODIPY, arylsulfonate cyanmes), chemilummescent moieties (e g , acndinium esters), metal chelators, biotm, avadm, peptide tags (e g , histidine hexamer, a peptide recognized by monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies), covalent crosslinkmg moieties One prepares the labeled compounds according to known methods Methods suitable to measure the biological effects of various compounds, e.g , activation, on immune system cells (e g , NK cells, phagocytes, monocytes, macrophage, neutrophils, eosmophils, dendritic cells, synoviocytes, microglial cells, fibrocytes) have been described, e g , Jakob et al , ----/ Immunol 1998 161 3042-3049, Pierson et al , Blood 1996 87 180-189, Cash et al , Clin Exp Immunol 1994 98 313-318, Monick et al , J Immunol 1999 162 3005-3012, Rosen et al , Infect Immun 1999 67 1180-1186, Grunfeld et al , Lipid Res 1999 40 245-252, Singh et al , Immunol Cell Biol 1998 76 513-519, Chesney et al , Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997 94 6307-6312, Verhasselt et al , J Immunol 1999 162 2569-2574, Avice et al , J Immunol 1999 162 2748-2753, Cella et al., J Exp Med 1999 189 821-829, Rutalt et al , Free Radical Biol Med 1999 26 232-238, Akbaπ et al , J Exp Med 1999 189 169-178, Hryhorenko et al , Immunopharmacology 1998 40 231-240, Fernvik et al , Inflamm Res 1999 48 28-35, Cooper et al , J Infect Dis 1999 179 738-742, Betsuyaku et al , J Clin Invest 1999 103 825-832, Brown et al , Toxicol Sci 1998 46 308-316, Sibelius et al , Infect Immunol 1999 67 1125-1130 The use of formula 1 compounds in such methods are aspects of the invention and they permit, e g , measurement of the biological effects of formula 1 compounds on genes whose expression is regulated by the formula 1 compound and the steroid receptor Embodiments include any of the methods described above, e g , method 1, wherein the cells or biological system comprises NK cells, phagocytes, monocytes, macrophage, neutrophils, eosmophils, dendritic cells, synoviocytes, microglial cells, glial cells, fibrocytes or hepatocytes, that optionally comprise a DNA construct that expresses one or two cloned steroid receptors The method optionally analyzes the effect of a formula 1 compound on the cells compared to controls Controls include the use of a known agonist or antagonist for the steroid receptor or the comparison of cells exposed to a formula 1 compound with control cells (usually the same cell type as the treated cells) that are not exposed to the formula 1 compound A response, e g , activation of the steroid receptor can be measured by known assays compared to controls The formula 1 compound will, in some cases modulate (increase or decrease) transcription of one or more genes in the cells In other cases the formula 1 compound will enhance lysosome movement in one or more of the subject's NK cells, phagocytes, monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, eosmophils dendritic cells synoviocytes, microglial cells or fibrocytes Such effects will typically be mediated directly or indirectly through steroid receptors that act to modulate gene transcription, e g , cause enhances protein kinase C (PKC) activity in the cells used in the assay, e g , PKCα, PKCβ, PKCγ or PKCζ Other related embodiments are a composition comprising a partially purified or a purified complex comprising a formula 1 compound and a steroid receptor, a serum steroid-binding protein (e g , human serum albumin, α1-acιd glycoprotein, sex hormone- binding globulin, testosterone-binding globulin, corticosteroid-bindmg globulin, androgen binding protein (rat)) or another binding partner, e g , transcription factor or DNARS An aspect of these compositions includes a product produced by the process of contacting the partially purified or the purified composition with one or more cells, one or more tissues, plasma or blood Another embodiment comproses a method to determine a biological activity of a formula 1 compound comprising (a) contacting the formula 1 compound(s) with a cell or cell population, (b) measuring one or more of (i) a complex between a binding partner and the formula 1 compound, (n) proliferation of the cell or cell population, (in) differentiation of the cell or cell population (iv) an activity of a protein kinase C, (v) a level of phosphorylation of a protein kinase C substrate, (vi) transcription of one or more target genes, (vn) inhibition of the cellular response to steroids, e g , glucocorticoids, (vni) inhibition of steroid-induced transcription, e g , glucocorticoids, sex steroids or (ix) inhibition of HIV LTR-dπven transcription, and (c) optionally comparing the result obtained in step (b) with an appropriate control Aspects of this embodiment include (i) the method wherein the binding partner is a steroid receptor, a transcription factor or a DNARS, (n) the method wherein the biological activity determined is a modulating activity of the formula 1 compound for replication or cytopathic effects associated with a retrovirus, a hepatitis virus or a protozoan parasite, (in) the method wherein the biological activity determined is a modulating activity of the formula 1 compound for replication, cytopathic effects associated with the retrovirus, the hepatitis virus or the protozoan parasite or the biological activity determined is metabolism (assay by 3 H-thymιdιne uptake or other assay as referenced or described herein) of a cell or cell population comprising NK cells, phagocytes, monocytes, macrophages, basophils, eosmophils, dendritic cells, synoviocytes, microglial cells, fibrocytes, transformed (neoplastic) cells, virus-infected cells, bacteria-infected cells or parasite-infected cells, and (iv) the method wherein the target gene is a virus gene, a bacterial gene a parasite gene a gene associated with cancer, e g , wherein the virus gene is a DNA or an RNA polymerase gene a reverse transcriptase gene, an envelope gene, a protease gene or a gene associated with viral nucleic acid replication or a viral structural gene Another embodiment is a method comprising contacting a complex that comprises a steroid receptor and a formula 1 compound with a transactivator protein, whereby a complex comprising the steroid receptor protein, the formula 1 compound and the transactivator protein forms, wherein the transactivator protein is in (1) a cell or tissue extract (e g , nuclei, lysate containing nuclei or lysate without nuclei from a cell(s) or tιssue(s)), (2) a partially purified or purified cell or tissue extract, (3) a cell(s) in tissue culture or (4) a cell(s) in a subject, where any of (1)-(4) optionally comprises a target gene (native gene or introduced by standard gene manipulation techniques) whose level of expression is optionally assayed after the complex forms In some of these embodiments, the transactivator protein is partially purified or purified and is in the cell or tissue extract or the partially purified or purified cell or tissue extract The transactivator protein may be TIF- 1. CBP/P300, TRIP1/SUG-1. RIP-140, SRC P160, or TIF-2/GRIP-1 In any of these embodiments the complex comprising the steroid receptor protein, the formula 1 compound and the transactivator protein may increase or decrease transcription of the target gene compared to a suitable control (e g , control under same conditions, but lacking any added compound that corresponds to the formula 1 compound, or where another compound (e g , a steroid that is known to bind to the steroid receptor) is used as a benchmark against which altered target gene expression is measured) In these methods, the target gene may be a pathogen gene (e g , virus, bacterium, parasite, fungus, yeast) or a gene associated with a pathological condition (autoimmunity, inflammation, hyperproliferation) The biological effects observed while performing the methods described herein are expected to usually involve the formation of complexes that contain two or more components These components can include one or more transcription factors or co- regulators or co-repressors of transcription and their homologs and isoforms These factors and complexes containing them include members of the steroid receptor coactιvator-1 family (SRC-1 , SRC-1/serum response factor), NF-κB, NFAT, p300, CBP, p300/CBP, p300/CPB-assocιated factor, SWI/SNF and human and other homologs, BRG- 1 , OCT-1/OAF, AP1 , Ets, androgen receptor associated protein 54 (ARA54), androgen receptor associated protein 55 (ARA55), androgen receptor associated protein 70 (ARA70), RAC3/ACTR, CREB-bindmg protein (CPB), SRC-1α, receptor interacting proteιn-140 (RIP-140), transcription factor activator proteιn-1 , activation functιon-2, glucocorticoid receptor-interacting proteιn-1 (GRIP-1 ) receptor interacting proteιn-160 (RIP-160), suppressor of gal4D lesions (SUG-1 ), transcription intermediary factor- 1 (TIF- 1), transcription intermediary factor-2 (TIF-2), SMRT N-CoR, N-CoA-1 , p/CIP, stroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1), p65 (RelA), and Vpr encoded by the human immunodeficiency virus and its isoforms and homologs One or more of these factors can be present in complexes that comprise a formula 1 compound and a steroid receptor, such as SXR, PPARα, CAR-β, RXR and/or PXR In a related embodiment, a formula 1 compound is used to exert a cytostatic effect on mammalian cells in vitro Typically such cells are lymphoid cells, e g , T cell populations from, e g , blood or organs that are rich in lymphoid cells (e g , spleen, lymph tissue or nodes), or transformed T cell lines Such activity provides an estimate of the potency of formula 1 compounds to mediate immunological effects, such as enhancing Th1 immune responses or suppressing expression of one or more Th2-assocιated cytokines Thus, an invention method comprises (a) contacting a formula 1 compound and lymphoid cells in vitro, (b) determining the degree of cytostasis that the compound exerts to identify a cytostatic compound and (c) optionally administering the cytostatic compound to an immune suppressed subject to determine the effect of the compound on one or more of the subject's immune responses as described herein, e g , enhanced Th1 cytokme or cell response or decreased Th2-assocιated cytokme expression Typically, such methods are conducted using a range of formula 1 compound concentrations and suitable controls, such as a known cytostatic agent or a blank that contains solvent that lacks the formula 1 compound Inhibition of cell proliferation is measured by standard methods Methods to measure the cytoststic effects of the compounds includes measuring viable cell numbers in treated and untreated cultures or by measuring DNA synthesis using e g , 3 H-thymιdιne incorporation into DNA in treated and untreated cultures Typical ranges of formula 1 concentrations in the cell growth medium are about 0 1 μM to about 100 μM, using about 4-6 different concentrations of compounds with a fixed number of cells (e g , about 0 4 x 10 5 to about 5 x 10 5 ) The formula 1 compound is left in contact with the cells in tissue culture for a sufficient time to observe cytostasis, e g , about 16 hours to about 6 days, typically about 24-72 hours In these embodiments, one may optionally screen for modulation of a biological activity of a steroid receptor, e g , activation of PPARα, which may be associated with the cytostasis the compound induced In some applications, the formula 1 compound(s) appears to bring about an improvement of one or more of the symptoms associated with an infection or a condition For example, treatment of subjects who are immune suppressed, e g , from a retrovirus infection, cancer chemotherapy or other cause, generally show improvement of one or more associated symptoms, such as weight loss, fever, anemia, fatigue or reduced infection symptoms that are associated with a secondary ιnfectιon(s), e g , HSV-1 , HSV-2, papilloma human cytomegalovirus ( 'CMV"), Pneumocystis (e g , P carinii) or Candida (C albicans C krusei C tropicalis) infections The formula 1 compounds are also useful to facilitate immune system recovery in autologous bone marrow transplant or stem cell transplant situations In some embodiments the formula 1 compound(s) is administered as a nonaqueous liquid formulation as described herein or the formula 1 compound(s) is administered according to any of the intermittent dosing protocols described herein using a solid or liquid formulatιon(s) In the case of a subject who has a retroviral infection with symptoms that include one or more of, a relatively low CD4 count (e g , about 10-200, usually about 20-100), one or more additional pathogen infections (HSV-1 , HSV-2, HHV-6, HHV-8, CMV, HCV, a HPV, P carinii or Candida infection) and one or more of anemia, fatigue, Kaposi's sarcoma, fever or involuntary weight loss (at least about 5% of body weight), administration of about 0 1 to about 10 mg/kg/day (usually about 0 4 to about 5 mg/kg/day) of a formula 1 compound(s) to the subject typically results in noticeable improvement of one or more of the symptoms within about 1 -4 weeks In other embodiments, the formula 1 compound(s) is administered to a subject who has a condition that appears to be associated with a viral infection, e g , pneumonia or retmitis associated with CMV nasopharyngeal carcinoma or oral hairy leukoplakia associated with Epstem- Barr virus progressive pancephalitis or diabetes associated with Rubella virus or aplastic crisis in hemolytic anemia associated with Parvovirus 19 In an exemplary embodiment, human patients infected with HCV are dosed with an aqueous isotonic α-cyclodextπn or β-cyclodextπn formulation containing about 20 mg/mL BrEA The formulation is delivered intravenously in a single daily dose or two subdoses per day The patients are dosed with 1 to 10 mg/kg/day for 4 to 10 days, followed by no dosing for 5 to 30 days, followed by dosing again with the cyclodextnn formulation for 4 to 10 days The dosing regimen is repeated one, two or more times Clinical markers for HCV infection are followed during treatment, e g , viral nucleic acid in the blood or plasma, liver enzyme levels in the blood or plasma (e g , AST/SGOT, ALT/SGPT, alkaline phosphatase) For these patients, a standard anti-HCV treatment(s), e g , interferon and/or πbaviπn is optionally started or continued according to the recommendations of the patient's doctor and with the patient's informed approval In some of these embodiments, a formula 1 compound(s) is administered daily continuously as a component in an oral or parenteral composition or formulation, e g , for a formula 1 compound(s) that is a new compound per se BrEA is optionally also administered systemically using, e g , the formulation of example 1 to deliver 1-5 mg/kg/day every other day for about 1 to 4 months, or an oral formulation to deliver about 5-40 mg/kg/day every other day for about 1 to 4 months In any of the embodiments disclosed herein, one can optionally administer an additional therapeutic treatment in conjunction with i e , before during or after, administration of a formula 1 compound(s) to a subject(s) For example in subjects who have a viral or parasite infection and are in the course of administration of a formula 1 compound other treatments can also be administered to the subject, e g nucleoside analogs for viral infections or chloroquine for malaria Such additional treatments will typically include standard therapies for the subject's pathological condιtιon(s), but they can also include experimental or other treatments For example, one can coadmmister vitamins (multivitamms, individual vitamins), antioxidants or other agents (vitamin E, allopunnol), nutritional supplements (liquid protein or carbohydrate preparations) or other therapies as the patient's medical condition warrants and the patient's doctor recommends Any of these additional treatments can be coupled with the administration of any of the formula 1 compounds, e g , BrEA, an ester, carbamate, carbonate or amino acid or peptide conjugate thereof, in any of the embodiments described herein Such additional treatments are apparent to the skilled artisan Such treatments are selected based on the condιtιon(s) to be treated, cross-reactivities of ingredients and pharmaco-properties of the combination For example, when treating retroviral infections in a human or other subject, the formula 1 compounds are combined with one or more reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, antibiotics or analgesics Suitable formula 1 compounds include those described, e g , in compound groups 1 through 42-25- 20-6 and elsewhere herein Exemplary reverse transcriptase inhibitors are AZT, 3TC, D4T, ddl, ddC, adefovir dipivoxil, 9-[2-(R)-[[bιs[[(ιsopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]methoxy]- phosphιnoyl]methoxy]propyl]adenιne, (R)-9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]-adenιne and adefovir Exemplary protease inhibitors are mdinavir, nelfmavir, πtonavir, cπxivan and sequanavir Fusion inhibitors may also be used, e g , HIV fusion inhibitors When treating viral infections of the respiratory system or other systems, e g , hepatitis C virus ("HCV") or influenza virus infection (e g , influenza A or B), the compositions of the invention are optionally used in conjunction with antivirais (such as γ-mterferon, amantidine, πmantadine, πbaviπn or compounds disclosed in U S patents 5763483 (especially compounds recited in claims 1 and 2) and 5866601 ), mucolytics, expectorants, bronchodilators, antibiotics, antipyretics, or analgesics In some embodiments, formula 1 compound(s) are administered to subjects who have a parasite or bacterial infection, to slow the progression of infection, interfere with replication or development of the infectious agent or to ameliorate one or more of the associated symptoms, e g , weight loss, anemia or secondary infections Parasites are malaria parasites, sleeping sickness parasites and parasites associated with gastrointestinal infections Parasites and bacteria include species, groups, genotypes, strains or isolates of gastroentestmal helminths, microspoπdia, isospora, cryptospondia (Cryptosporidium parvum), Mycobacterium (M avium, M bovis, M leprae, M tuberculosis, M pneumoniae M penetrans), Mycoplasma (M fermentans, M penetrans, M pneumoniae), Trypanosoma (T brucei, T gambiense, T cruzi T evansi), Leishmania {L donovani L major, L braziliensis), Plasmodium (P falciparum P knowlesi, P vivax, P berghei), Ehrhchia (E cams, E chaff eensis, E phagocytophila, E equi, E sennetsu), Babesia microti, Haemophilus (H somnus, H influenzae), Brucella (B militensis, B. abortus), Bartonella (B henselae), Bordetella (B bronchiseptica, B pertussis), Eschenchia (E coli), Salmonella (S typhimuπum), Shigella (S flexneri), Pseudomonas (P aeruginosa), Neisseria (N gonorrhoeae, N meningitidis), Streptococcus, Staphylococcus (S aureus), Rickettsia (R nckettsii), Yersmia (Y enterocolitica), Legionella pneumonia and Listena (L monocytogenes) One or more of the invention intermittent dosing protocols or one or more of the liquid non-aqueous formulations described herein can be applied by routine experimentation to any of the uses or applications described herein For a formula 1 compound(s) that is a new compound per se, the compound(s) can be administered to a subject according to an invention intermittent dosing protocol(s) or by other protocols, e g , continuous daily dosing of a single dose or two or more subdoses per day In addition any of the formula 1 compounds, e g , one or more formula 1 compounds that are new per se, can be present in any solid or liquid formulation described herein These formulations and dosing protocols can be applied by routine experimentation to any of the uses or applications described herein Numbered embodiments Several aspects of the invention and related subject matter includes the following numbered embodiments In some aspects, the invention relates to non-aqueous liquid formulations that comprise a formula 1 compound Exemplary embodiments are as follows 1 A composition comprising one or more compounds of formula 1 or formula 2 and one or more nonaqueous liquid excipients, wherein the composition comprises less than about 3% v/v water 2 The composition of embodiment 1 wherein the one or more formula 1 compounds has the structure wherein R 7 and R 9 independently are -CHR 10 - -CH 2 - -CH= -O- -S- or -NH-, wherein R 10 is -OH -SH, Ci 10 optionally substituted alkyl d 0 optionally substituted alkoxy, C-, 10 optionally substituted alkenyl or d 10 optionally substituted alkynyl, and R 8 is -CH 2 -, -0-, - S- or -NH- wherein hydrogen atoms at the 5 (if present) 8 9 and 14 positions respectively are α α α α (i e , 5α, 8α, 9α, 14α), αααβ, ααβα, αβαα, βααα, ααββ, αβαβ, βααβ, βαβα, ββαα, αββα, αβββ, βαββ, ββαβ, βββαorββββ, typically ααβαorβαβα 3 The composition of embodiment 2 wherein the one or more formula 1 compounds has the structure wherein hydrogen atoms at the 5 (if present), 8, 9 and 14 positions respectively are αααα, αααβ, ααβα, αβαα, βααα, ααββ, αβαβ, βααβ, βαβα, ββαα, αββα, αβββ, βαββ, ββαβ, βββα or ββββ typically ααβα or βαβα 4 The composition of embodiments 1 2 or 3 wherein one, two, three or four formula 1 compounds are present 5 The composition of embodiments 1 2, 3 or 4 wherein the composition comprises less than about 03% v/v water 6 The composition of embodiments 1 2, 3, 4 or 5 wherein the one or more nonaqueous liquid excipients is one, two or more of an alcohol, a polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol or benzyl benzoate 7 The composition of any of embodiments 1 -6 (embodiment 1,2,3,4 5 or 6) wherein the formula 1 compound is 16α-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one, 16α- bromo-3β,7β-dιhydroxy-5-androstan-17-one 16α-bromo-3β,7β, 17β-trιhydroxy-5α- androstene 16α-bromo-3β,7α-dιhydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one, 16α-bromo-3β,7α, 17β- tπhydroxy-5-androstene 16α-bromo-3β,7β-dιhydroxy-5α-androstane 16α-bromo-3β,7β- dιhydroxy-5-androstene 16α-bromo-3β,7β, l " 'β-tπhydroxy-δα-androstane 16β-bromo- 3β, 17β-dιhydroxy-5α-androstane, 16β-bromo-3β, 1 " 7β-dιhydroxy-5-androstene, 16β-bromo- 3β,7β l7β-trιhydroxy-5α-androstane 16β-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one 16β- bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androsten-17-one, 16β-bromo-3β,7β,-dιhydroxy-5α-androstan-17- one, 16β-bromo-3β,7β,-dιhydroxy-5α-androsten-17-one, 3β,7α,-dιhydroxyepιandrosterone, 3β,7β,-dιhydroxyepιandrosterone, 3β,-hydroxy-7-oxoepιandrosterone 8 The composition of embodiment 7 wherein the formula 1 compound is 16α- bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one 9 The composition of any of embodiments 1-8 wherein the composition comprises two, three, four or five nonaqueous liquid excipients 10 The composition of embodiment 9 wherein the composition comprises three or more nonaqueous liquid excipients 1 1 The composition of any of embodiments 1-10 wherein the formula 1 compound comprises about 0 0001 -99% w/v of the composition 12 The composition of any of embodiments 1-1 1 wherein the composition comprises a unit dose 13 The composition of embodiment 12 wherein the unit dose comprises about 0 5-100 mg/mL of the formula 1 compound 14 The composition of embodiment 10 wherein the composition comprises about 1 0-60 mg/mL of the formula 1 compound 15 The composition of embodiment 14 wherein the formula 1 compound is 16α-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one, 16α-bromo-3β,7β-dιhydroxy-5α-androstan- 17-one, 16α-bromo-3β,7β,l 7β-tπhydroxy-5α-androstene, 16α-bromo-3β,7β-dιhydroxy-5α- androstane, 16α-bromo-3β,7β-dιhydroxy-5α-androstene, 16α-bromo-3β,7β, 17β-tπhydroxy- 5α-androstane, 16β-bromo-3β, 17β-dιhydroxy-5α-androstane, 16β-bromo-3β, 17β- dιhydroxy-5α-androstene, 16β-bromo-3β,7β, 17β-tπhydroxy-5α-androstane, 16β-bromo-3β- hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one, 16β-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androsten-17-one, 16β-bromo- 3β,7β,-dιhydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one or 16β-bromo-3β,7β,-dιhydroxy-5α-androsten-17- one 16 The composition of embodiment 1 wherein the one or more nonaqueous liquid excipients comprise a polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol and benzyl benzoate 17 The composition of embodiment 16 wherein the composition comprises less than about 0 3% v/v water 18 The composition of embodiment 17 wherein the formula 1 compound is 16α-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one 16α-bromo-3β,7β-dιhydroxy-5α-androstan- 17-one, 16α-bromo-3β,7β, l 7β-tπhydroxy-5α-androstene, 16α-bromo-3β,7β-dιhydroxy-5α- androstane, 16α-bromo-3β,7β-dιhydroxy-5α-androstene, 16α-bromo-3β,7β,l 7β-tπhydroxy- 5α-androstane, 16β-bromo-3β, l 7β-dιhydroxy-5α-androstane, 16β-bromo-3β,l 7β- dιhydroxy-5α-androstene 16β-bromo-3β,7β, 17β-tπhydroxy-5α-androstane, 16β-bromo-3β- hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one, 16β-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androsten-17-one, 16β-bromo- 3β,7β,-dιhydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one or 16β-bromo-3β,7β,-dιhydroxy-5α-androsten-17- one 19 The composition of embodiment 18 wherein the formula 1 compound is 16α-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one 20 The composition of embodiment 16 that further comprises an alcohol. 21 The composition of embodiment 20 wherein the formula 1 compound is 16α-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one, 16α-bromo-3β,7β-dιhydroxy-5α-androstan- 17-one, 16α-bromo-3β,7β, 17β-tπhydroxy-5α-androstene, 16α-bromo-3β,7β-dιhydroxy-5α- androstane, 16α-bromo-3β,7β-dιhydroxy-5α-androstene, 16α-bromo-3β,7β,l7β-trιhydroxy- 5α-androstane, 16β-bromo-3β, 17β-dιhydroxy-5α-androstane, 16β-bromo-3β, 17β- dιhydroxy-5α-androstene, 16β-bromo-3β,7β, 17β-tπhydroxy-5α-androstane, 16β-bromo-3β- hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one, 16β-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androsten-17-one, 16β-bromo- 3β,7β,-dιhydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one or 16β-bromo-3β,7β,-dιhydroxy-5α-androsten-17- one 22 The composition of embodiment 1 wherein the one or more nonaqueous liquid excipients comprise benzyl benzoate, a polyethylene glycol, an alcohol and optionally an additional nonaqueous liquid excipient 23 The composition of embodiment 22 wherein the composition comprises less than about 0 3% v/v water 24 The composition of embodiment 22 or 23 wherein the formula 1 compound is 16α-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one, 16α-bromo-3β,7β-dιhydroxy-5α- androstan-17-one, 16α-bromo-3β,7β, 17β-tπhydroxy-5α-androstene, 16α-bromo-3β,7β- dιhydroxy-5α-androstane, 16α-bromo-3β,7β-dιhydroxy-5α-androstene, 16α-bromo- 3β,7β,17β-tπhydroxy-5α-androstane, 16β-bromo-3β,l7β-dιhydroxy-5α-androstane, 16β- bromo-3β, 17β-dιhydroxy-5α-androstene, 16β-bromo-3β,7β, 17β-tπhydroxy-5α-androstane, 16β-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one, 16β-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androsten-17- one, 16β-bromo-3β,7β,-dιhydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one or 16β-bromo-3β,7β,-dιhydroxy- 5α-androsten-17-one 25 The composition of embodiment 24 wherein the formula 1 compound is 16α-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one 26 The composition of embodiment 22, 23, 24 or 25 wherein the polyethylene glycol is polyethylene glycol 300 and/or polyethylene glycol 200 27 The composition of embodiment 26 wherein the alcohol is polyethylene glycol is polyethylene glycol 300 28 The composition of embodiments 22 or 23 that comprises about 2.5-25% v/v ethanol, about 1-10% v/v benzyl benzoate, about 10-35% v/v polyethylene glycol 300, about 40-65% v/v propylene glycol and about 2-60 mg/mL 16α-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α- androstan-17-one 28A The composition of embodiments 22, 23, 24, 25 or 26 that comprises about 0 1-10% v/v benzyl benzoate, about 0 1-10% v/v benzyl alcohol, about 1-95% v/v polyethylene glycol 200, about 1-95% v/v propylene glycol and about 2-60 mg/mL 16α- bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one The embodiment 28A composition may comprise about 2% v/v benzyl benzoate, about 2% v/v benzyl alcohol, about 40% v/v polyethylene glycol 200, about 51% v/v propylene glycol (qs) and about 50 mg/mL 16α-bromo-3β- hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one 29 The composition of embodiment 28 that comprises about 12 5% v/v ethanol, about 5% v/v benzyl benzoate, about 25% v/v polyethylene glycol 300, about 57 5% v/v propylene glycol and about 50 mg/mL 16α-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17- one 30 The composition of any of embodiments 1-29 that further comprises a local anesthetic 31 The composition of embodiment 30 wherein the local anesthetic is procaine, benzocaine or docaine 32 The composition of any of embodiments 1-31 wherein the composition comprises a solvate, a suspension, a colloid, a gel or a combination of any of the foregoing 33 A product produced by the process of contacting a composition comprising one or more compounds of formula 1 and a first nonaqueous liquid excipient with a second nonaqueous liquid excipient wherein the product comprises less than about 3% water and the salts, analogs, configurational isomers and tautomers thereof 34 The product of embodiment 33 wherein the product comprises less than about 0 3% water 35 The product of embodiments 33 or 34 wherein the first nonaqueous liquid excipient is a polyethylene glycol (e g , PEG300 or PEG 200) or propylene glycol 36 The product of embodiments 33, 34 or 35 wherein the second nonaqueous liquid excipient is a polyethylene glycol (e g , PEG300 or PEG 200) or propylene glycol 38 A product produced by the process of contacting a composition comprising one or more compounds of formula 1 and two nonaqueous liquid excipients with a third nonaqueous liquid excipient wherein the product comprises less than about 3% water and the salts, analogs, configurational isomers and tautomers thereof 39 The product of embodiment 38 wherein the product comprises less than about 0 3% water 40 The product of embodiments 38 or 39 wherein the two nonaqueous liquid excipients are selected from a polyethylene glycol (e g , PEG300 or PEG 200), propylene glycol, benzyl benzoate and an alcohol (e g , ethanol) 41 The product of embodiments 38, 39 or 40 wherein the third nonaqueous liquid excipient is a polyethylene glycol (e g , PEG300 or PEG 200), propylene glycol, benzyl benzoate or an alcohol (e g , ethanol) 42 A product produced by the process of contacting a composition comprising one or more compounds of formula 1 and three nonaqueous liquid excipients with a fourth nonaqueous liquid excipient wherein the product comprises less than about 3% water and the salts, analogs, configurational isomers and tautomers thereof 43 The product of embodiment 42 wherein the product comprises less than about 0 3% water 44 The product of embodiments 42 or 43 wherein the three nonaqueous liquid excipients are selected from a polyethylene glycol (e g , PEG300 or PEG 200), propylene glycol, benzyl benzoate and an alcohol (e g , ethanol) 45 The product of embodiments 42, 43 or 44 wherein the fourth nonaqueous liquid excipient is a polyethylene glycol (e g , PEG300 or PEG 200), propylene glycol, benzyl benzoate or an alcohol (e g , ethanol) 46 The product of any of embodiments 33-45 wherein the product has been stored at reduced temperature (about 4°C to about 8°C) or at ambient temperature for about 30 minutes to about 2 years 47 The product of any of embodiments 33-46 wherein the one or more compounds of formula 1 comprise 1 , 2, 3 or 4 formula 1 compounds 48 The product of any of embodiments 33-46 wherein the one or more compounds of formula 1 comprises one formula 1 compound 49 The product of any of embodiments 33-48 wherein the one or more formula 1 compound is selected from 16α-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one, 16α-bromo- 3β,7β-dιhydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one, 16α-bromo-3β,7β, 17β-trιhydroxy-5α-androstene, 16α-bromo-3β,7β-dιhydroxy-5α-androstane, 16α-bromo-3β,7β-dιhydroxy-5α-androstene, 16α-bromo-3β,7β, 17β-tπhydroxy-5α-androstane, 16β-bromo-3β, 17β-dιhydroxy-5α- androstane, 16β-bromo-3β, 17β-dιhydroxy-5α-androstene 16β-bromo-3β,7β, 17β-tπhydroxy- 5α-androstane 16β-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one, 16β-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α- androsten-17-one, 16β-bromo-3β,7β,-dιhydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one and 16β-bromo- 3β,7β,-dιhydroxy-5α-androsten-17-one 50 The product of embodiment 49 wherein the formula 1 compound is 16α- bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one 51 The product of embodiment 49 that comprises about 2.5-25% v/v ethanol, about 1-10% v/v benzyl benzoate, about 10-35% v/v polyethylene glycol 300, about 40- 65% v/v propylene glycol and about 2-60 mg/mL 16α-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17- one. 52 The product of embodiment 51 that comprises about 12 5% v/v ethanol, about 5% v/v benzyl benzoate, about 25% v/v polyethylene glycol 300, about 57.5% v/v propylene glycol and about 50 mg/mL 16α-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one. 53 The product of any of embodiments 33-52 that further comprises a local anesthetic 54 The composition of 52 wherein the local anesthetic is procaine, benzocaine or lidocaine 55 A product produced by the process of contacting a composition comprising a compound of formula 1 with a nonaqueous liquid excipient wherein the product comprises less than about 3% v/v water and the salts, analogs, configurational isomers and tautomers thereof 56 The product of embodiment 55 wherein the product comprises less than about 0 3% v/v water 57 The product of embodiment 53 wherein the product has been stored at reduced termerature (about 4°C to about 8°C) or at ambient temperature for about 1 hour to about 2 years 58 The product of embodiment 53 wherein the first nonaqueous liquid excipient is a polyethylene glycol, an alcohol, propylene glycol or benzyl benzoate 59 The product of any of embodiments 33-58 wherein the formula 1 compound comprises about 0 01 % to about 99% w/v of the product 60 The product of any of embodiments 33-59 wherein the product is a unit dose 61 The unit dose of embodiment 60 comprising a solution containing about 0 5-70 mg/mL of the one or more formula 1 compound 62 The product of any of embodiments 55-61 wherein the one or more formula 1 compound is selected from 16α-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one, 16α-bromo- 3β,7β-dιhydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one, 16α-bromo-3β,7β,l 7β-trιhydroxy-5α-androstene, 16α-bromo-3β,7β-dιhydroxy-5α-androstane, 16α-bromo-3β,7β-dιhydroxy-5α-androstene, 16α-bromo-3β,7β, 17β-trιhydroxy-5α-androstane, 16β-bromo-3β, 17β-dιhydroxy-5α- androstane, 16β-bromo-3β, l 7β-dιhydroxy-5α-androstene, 16β-bromo-3β,7β,l 7β-tπhydroxy- 5α-androstane, 16β-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one, 16β-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α- androsten-17-one, 16β-bromo-3β,7β,-dιhydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one and 16β-bromo- 3β,7β,-dιhydroxy-5α-androsten-17-one 63 The product of embodiment 62 wherein the formula 1 compound is 16α- bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one 64 The product of any of embodiments 33-61 wherein the one or more formula 1 compound is selected from the compounds or one or more of the species of compounds within the genera named in compound groups 1 through 21-10-6 65 A method comprising administering the composition or product of any of embodiments 1-64 to a subject suffering from a pathogen infection or a malignancy or an immune suppression or disregulation condition, e g , a suppressed Th1 immune response or an unwanted Th2 immune response 66 The method of embodiment 65 wherein the pathogen infection is a DNA virus infection or an RNA virus infection 67 The method of embodiment 66 wherein the RNA virus infection is a retrovirus infection or a hepatitis virus infection 68 The method of embodiment 67 wherein the retrovirus infection or hepatitis virus infection is an HIV, FIV, SIV, SHIV or hepatitis C virus infection 69 The method of embodiment 65 wherein the pathogen infection is an intracellular parasite infection 70 The method of embodiment 69 wherein the intracellular parasite infection is a malaria infection 71 The method of embodiment 65 wherein the formula 1 compound has the structure wherein one, two or three of R 7 , R 8 and R 9 are -CH 2 - or -CH= and wherein the configuration of hydrogen atoms at the 5 (if present), 8, 9 and 14 positions respectively are αααα, αααβ, ααβα, αβαα, βααα, ααββ, αβαβ, βααβ, βαβα, ββαα, αββα, αβββ, βαββ, ββαβ, βββα or ββββ, typically ααβα or βαβα 72 The method of embodiment 71 wherein the formula 1 compound has the structure 73 The method of embodiment 72 wherein R 1 , R 2 and R 4 independently are - OH, aC2-C20 ester or C1-C20 alkoxy, R 3 is -H and two or three of R 7 , R 8 and R 9 are -CH 2 - 74 The method of embodiment 72 or 73 wherein the formula 1 compound has the structure 75 The method of any of embodiments 71-74 wherein the configuration of hydrogen atoms at the 5 (if present) 8 9 and 14 positions respectively are α α β α or βαβα In other embodiments, the fomula 1 compounds include new compounds, some of which are described in the following numbered embodiments 1A. A compound of formula 1 having the structure wherein R 7 , R 8 and R 9 are independently selected and wherein one, two or three of R 7 , R 8 and R 9 are not -CH 2 - or -CH= and wherein hydrogen atoms at the 5 (if present), 8, 9 and 14 positions respectively are in the α.α.α.α, α.α.α. β, α.α.β.α, α.β.α.α, β.α.α.α, α.α.β.β, α.β.α.β, β.α.α.β, β.α.β.α, β.β.α.α, α.β.β.α, α.β.β.β, β.α.β.β, β.β.α.β, β.β.β.α or β.β.β.β configurations, typically α.α.β.α or β.α.β.α. 2A. The compound of embodiment 1 A wherein R 8 is -CH 2 -, -O-, -S- or -NH-. 3A. The compound of embodiment 1A or 2A wherein R 7 is -CH 2 -CHR 10 -, -O- CHR 0 - or -O-C(O)-. 4A. The compound of embodiment 1 A, 2A or 3A wherein R 8 or R 9 is absent. 5A. The compound of embodiment 1 A or 2A wherein R 7 and R 9 independently are -CHR 10 -, -CH 2 -, -CH= -0-, -S- or -NH-, wherein R 0 is -OH, -SH, a d-ao organic moiety, a C1-30 ester, d- 1 0 optionally substituted alkyl, C 1 -- 1 0 optionally substituted alkoxy, d-10 optionally substituted alkenyl or d- 10 optionally substituted alkynyl. 6A. The compound of embodiment 1 A, 2A, 3A, 4A or 5A wherein the formula 1 compound has the structure wherein hydrogen atoms at the 5 (if present), 8, 9 and 14 positions respectively are in the α α.α α, α α α β, α α β.α, αβαα, βααα, ααββ, αβαβ, βααβ, βαβα, ββ α.α, αββα, αβββ, βαββ, ββαβ, βββα or ββββ configurations, typically α.α β α or βαβα 7A The compound of embodiment 6A wherein R 4 is -OH, =0, -SH, a Cι_ 30 ester or Ci 30 alkoxy, wherein the ester or alkoxy moiety is optionally substituted with one, two or more independently selected substituents, which are optionally selected from -F, -Cl, -Br, - I, -0-, =0, -S-, -NH-, -OR PR , -SR PR or-NHR PR 8A The compound of embodiment 6A or 7A wherein R 1 is -OH, =0, -SH, a d. 30 ester or d 30 alkoxy, wherein the ester or alkoxy moiety is optionally substituted with one, two or more independently selected substituents, which are optionally selected from -F, - Cl, -Br, -I, -0-, =0, -S-, -NH-, -OR PR , -SR PR or -NHR PR 9A The compound of embodiment 1 A, 2A or 3A wherein the formula 1 compound has the structure wherein hydrogen atoms at the 5 (if present), 8, 9 and 14 positions respectively are αααα, αααβ, ααβα, αβαα, βααα, ααββ, αβαβ, βααβ, βαβα, ββαα, αββα, αβββ, βαββ, ββαβ, βββα or ββββ, typically ααβα or βαβα 10A The compound of embodiment 9A wherein R 4 is -OH, =0, -SH, a d 30 ester or Cι-3o alkoxy, wherein the ester or alkoxy moiety is optionally substituted with one, two or more independently selected substituents, which are optionally selected from -F, -Cl, -Br, - I, -0-, =0, -S-, -NH-, -OR PR , -SR PR or-NHR PR 11A The compound of embodiment 9A or 10A wherein R 1 is -OH, =0, -SH, a d 30 ester or d 30 alkoxy, wherein the ester or alkoxy moiety is optionally substituted with one, two or more independently selected substituents, which are optionally selected from - F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -0-, =0, -S-, -NH-, -OR PR , -SR PR or -NHR PR 12A A composition comprising a compound of any of embodiments 1A-11A and an excipient suitable for human pharmaceutical use or for veterinary use, e g , an excipient disclosed herein or in the cited references 13A A product produced by the process of contacting a compound of any of embodiments 1A-11A and an excipient suitable for human pharmaceutical use or for veterinary use, e g , an excipient disclosed herein or in the cited references 14A The use of a compound, composition or product of any of embodiments embodiments 1 A-13A to prepare a medicament for use to prevent or to treat, or to ameliorate one or more symptoms associated, with an infection, an immunesuppression condition, a malignancy, a pre-mahgnant condition or to modulate a mammal's immune response, such as enhancing a Th1 response or decreasing a Th2 response, e g , an infection, malignancy or immune dysregulation as described herein or in the cited references 15A The use of embodiment 14A wherein the infection is a viral infection (e g , HIV, HCV, a Herpesvirus, a togavirus, a human papilloma virus infection or other virus described herein or in the cited references), a bacterial infection (e g , Borrelia s , Legionella sp or other bacterium described herein or in the cited references), a fungal or a yeast infection (e g , Candida sp , Aspergillus sp or other yeast described herein or in the cited references) or a parasite infection (e g , a malaria parasite, a gastrointestinal nematode, a helminth, Leishmania sp , Cryptospondium sp , Toxoplasma gondn, Pneumocystis carinii, Schistosoma sp , Strongyloides stercoralis or other parasite described herein or in the cited references) 16A The compound, composition, product or use of any of embodiments 1A- 15A, wherein the formula 1 compound is a compound named in any of compound groups 1 through 42-25-10-6, or the formula 1 compound is a species in any genus described in any of compound groups 1 through 42-25-10-6 In other aspects the invention provides dosing methods suitable to treat the conditions described herein The following embodiments describe some of these methods 1 B A method comprising intermittently administering one or more compounds of formula 1 (or a composition comprising a formula 1 compound) to a subject or delivering to the subject's tissues a formula 1 compound(s) (or a composition comprising a formula 1 compound) e g , any formula 1 compound named or described herein, including the compounds described in embodiments 1-64 and 1 A-11A above 2B The method of embodiment 1 B wherein the subject has an infection, a hyperpro feration disorder a hypoproliferation condition an immunosuppression condition, an unwanted immune response or wherein the subject has recently experienced or will shortly experience trauma, surgery or a therapeutic treatment wherein the therapeutic treatment is one other than the method of embodiment 1B 3B The method of embodiment 2B wherein the immunosuppression condition or the unwanted immune response is associated with a viral infection, an intracellular bacterial infection, an extracellular bacterial infection, a fungal infection, a yeast infection, an extracellular parasite infection, an intracellular parasite infection, a protozoan parasite, a multicellular parasite, an autoimmune disease, a cancer, a precancer, a chemotherapy, a radiation therapy, an immunosuppressive therapy, an anti-infective agent therapy, a wound, a burn, the presence of an immunosuppressive molecule, gastrointestinal irritation, or any combination of the foregoing 4B The method of embodiment 3B wherein the subject's immunosuppression condition is ameliorated or the unwanted immune response (e g , a Th2 response) is reduced or wherein the subject's Th1 immune response is enhanced 5B The method of embodiment 3B wherein the subject's innate immunity, specific immunity or both is enhanced 6B The method of embodiment 5B wherein the subject's innate immunity is enhanced 7B The method of embodiment 6B wherein the subject's specific immunity is enhanced, e g , wherein the subject's Th2 immune response is reduced or wherein the subject's Th1 immune reponse is enhanced 8B The method of embodiment 2B wherein the one or more compounds of formula 1 is or are administered according to the a dosing regimen comprising the steps, (a) administering the one or more compounds of formula 1 to the subject at least once per day for at least 2 days, (b) not administering the one or more formula 1 compounds to the subject for at least 1 day, (c) administering the one or more formula 1 compounds to the subject at least once per day for at least 2 days, and (d) optionally repeating steps (a), (b) and (c) at least once or variations of steps (a), (b) and (c) at least once 9B The method of embodiment 8B wherein step (c) comprises the same dosing regimen as step (a) 10B The method of embodiment 9B wherein step (a) of the dosing regimen comprises administering the one or more formula 1 compounds once per day, twice per day, three times per day or four times per day 11 B The method of embodiment 10B wherein step (a) of the dosing regimen comprises administering the one or more formula 1 compounds once per day or twice per day 12B The method of embodiment 10B wherein step (a) comprises administering the one or more formula 1 compounds for about 3 to about 24 days 13B The method of embodiment 12B wherein step (a) comprises administering the one or more formula 1 compounds for about 4 to about 12 days 14B The method of embodiment 13B wherein step (a) comprises administering the one or more formula 1 compounds for about 4 to about 8 days 15B The method of embodiment 14B wherein step (b) comprises not administering the one or more formula 1 compounds for about 3 to about 120 days 16B The method of embodiment 15B wherein step (b) comprises not administering the one or more formula 1 compounds for about 4 to about 60 days 17B The method of embodiment 16B wherein step (b) comprises not administering the one or more formula 1 compounds for about 5 to about 30 days 18B The method of embodiment 16B wherein step (b) comprises not administering the one or more formula 1 compounds for about 8 to about 60 days 19B The method of embodiment 15B wherein steps (a), (b), and (c) are repeated at least about 4 times 20B The method of embodiment 15B wherein steps (a), (b), and (c) are repeated about 5 times to about 25 times 21 B The method of embodiment 15B wherein steps (a), (b), and (c) and repetitions of steps (a), (b), and (c) occur over a time period of at least about 2 months 22B The method of embodiment 15B wherein steps (a) (b), and (c) and repetitions of steps (a), (b) and (c) occur over a time period of at least about 12 months 23B The method of embodiment 8B wherein step (b) comprises not administering the one or more formula 1 compounds for about 3 to about 120 days 24B The method of embodiment 23B wherein step (b) comprises not administering the one or more formula 1 compounds for about 4 to about 60 days 25B The method of embodiment 24B wherein step (b) comprises not administering the one or more formula 1 compounds for about 5 to about 30 days 26B The method of embodiment 23B wherein step (b) comprises not administering the one or more formula 1 compounds for about 8 to about 60 days 27B The method of embodiment 8B wherein step (d) comprises repeating steps (a), (b) and (c) at least once 28B The method of embodiment 27B wherein step (d) comprises repeating steps (a) (b) and (c) about 3 times to about 25 times 29B The method of embodiment 1 B wherein steps (a), (b), and (c) and repetitions of steps (a), (b), and (c) occur over a time period of at least about 2 months- 30B The method of embodiment 29B wherein steps (a), (b), and (c) and repetitions of steps (a), (b), and (c) occur over a time period of at least about 12 months. 31 B The method of any of embodiments 8B-30B wherein the immunosuppression condition or the unwanted immune response is associated with a viral infection, an intracellular bacterial infection, an extracellular bacterial infection, a fungal infection, a yeast infection, an extracellular parasite infection, an intracellular parasite infection, a protozoan parasite, a multicellular parasite, an autoimmune disease, a cancer, a precancer, a chemotherapy, a radiation therapy, an immunosuppressive therapy, an anti-infective agent therapy, a wound, a burn, the presence of an immunosuppressive molecule, gastrointestinal irritation or any combination of the foregoing 32B The method of embodiment 31 B wherein the subject's immunosuppression condition is ameliorated or the unwanted immune response is reduced 33B The method of embodiment 32B wherein the subject's innate immunity, specific immunity or both is enhanced 34B The method of embodiment 33B wherein the subject's innate immunity is enhanced 35B The method of embodiment 34B wherein the subject's specific immunity is enhanced 36B The method of embodiment 8B wherein step (c) comprises the a shorter dosing regimen than step (a) 37B The method of embodiment 36B wherein step (a) comprises administering the formula 1 compound for 7 to about 24 days 38B The method of embodiment 37B wherein step (c) comprises administering the formula 1 compound for 4 to about 12 days 39B The method of embodiment 38B wherein step (b) comprises not administering the formula 1 compound for about 3 to about 120 days 40B The method of embodiment 39B wherein step (b) comprises not administering the formula 1 compound for about 4 to about 60 days 41 B The method of embodiment 40B wherein step (b) comprises not administering the formula 1 compound for about 5 to about 30 days 42B The method of embodiment 36B wherein step (d) comprises repeating steps (a), (b) and (c) at least once 43B The method of embodiment 42B wherein step (d) comprises repeating steps (a) (b) and (c) about 3 times to about 25 times 44B The method of embodiment 36B wherein steps (a), (b), and (c) and repetitions of steps (a), (b), and (c) occur over a time period of at least about 2 months- 45B The method of embodiment 44B wherein steps (a), (b), and (c) and repetitions of steps (a), (b), and (c) occur over a time period of at least about 12 months. 46B The method of any of embodiments 36B-45B wherein the immunosuppression condition or the unwanted immune response is associated with a viral infection, an intracellular bacterial infection, an extracellular bacterial infection, a fungal infection, a yeast infection, an extracellular parasite infection, an intracellular parasite infection, a protozoan parasite, a multicellular parasite, an autoimmune disease, a cancer, a precancer, a chemotherapy, a radiation therapy, an immunosuppressive therapy, an anti-infective agent therapy, a wound, a burn, the presence of an immunosuppressive molecule, gastrointestinal irritation or any combination of the foregoing 47B The method of embodiment 46B wherein the subject's immunosuppression condition is ameliorated or the unwanted immune response is reduced 48B The method of embodiment 47B wherein the subject's innate immunity, specific immunity or both is enhanced 49B The method of embodiment 48B wherein the subject's innate immunity is enhanced 50B The method of embodiment 48B wherein the subject's specific immunity is enhanced 51 B The method of embodiment 8B wherein step (c) comprises a longer dosing period than step (a) 52B The method of embodiment 51 B wherein step (a) comprises administering the formula 1 compound for 7 to about 24 days 53B The method of embodiment 52B wherein step (c) comprises administering the formula 1 compound for 4 to about 12 days 54B The method of embodiment 53B wherein step (b) comprises not administering the formula 1 compound for about 3 to about 120 days 55B The method of embodiment 54B wherein step (b) comprises not administering the formula 1 compound for about 4 to about 60 days 56B The method of embodiment 55B wherein step (b) comprises not administering the formula 1 compound for about 5 to about 30 days 57B The method of embodiment 51 B wherein step (d) comprises repeating steps (a), (b), and (c) at least once 58B The method of embodiment 57B wherein step (d) comprises repeating steps (a), (b), and (c) about 3 times to about 25 times 59B The method of embodiment 51 B wherein steps (a), (b), and (c) and repetitions of steps (a), (b), and (c) occur over a time period of at least about 2 months. 60B The method of embodiment 59B wherein steps (a), (b), and (c) and repetitions of steps (a), (b), and (c) occur over a time period of at least about 12 months. 61 B The method of any of embodiments 51 B-60B wherein the immunosuppression condition or the unwanted immune response is associated with a viral infection, an intracellular bacterial infection, an extracellular bacterial infection, a fungal infection, a yeast infection, an extracellular parasite infection, an intracellular parasite infection, a protozoan parasite, a multicellular parasite, an autoimmune disease, a cancer, a precancer, a chemotherapy, a radiation therapy, an immunosuppressive therapy, an anti-infective agent therapy, a wound, a burn, the presence of an immunosuppressive molecule, gastrointestinal irritation or any combination of the foregoing 62B The method of embodiment 61 B wherein the subject's immunosuppression condition is ameliorated or the unwanted immune response is reduced 63B The method of embodiment 62B wherein the subject's innate immunity, specific immunity or both is enhanced or wherein the subject's Th1 immune reponse is enhanced or the subject's Th2 immune response is decreased 64B The method of embodiment 8B wherein the variations of steps (a), (b) and (c) comprise conducting a first dosing regimen of steps (a), (b) and (c) once, twice or three times, followed by one or more second dosing regimens of steps (a'), (b') and (c') wherein one or more of the (a'), (b') and (c') steps in the second dosing regimen is longer than the corresponding step in the first dosing regimen 65B The method of embodiment 8B wherein the variations of steps (a), (b) and (c) comprise conducting a first dosing regimen of steps (a), (b) and (c) once, twice or three times, followed by one or more second dosing regimens of steps (a'), (b') and (c') wherein one or more of the (a'), (b') and (c') steps in the second dosing regimen is shorter than the corresponding step in the first dosing regimen 66B The method of any of embodiments 1 B-67B wherein the one or more formula 1 compounds is or are administered orally intramuscularly, intravenously, subcutaneously, topically, vagmally, rectally, mtracranially, mtrathecally, mtradermally, as an aerosol or by a buccal route 67B The method of embodiment 66B wherein the one or more formula 1 compounds is or are present in a solid formulation predominantly as a solid or the one or more formula 1 compounds is or are present in a liquid formulation predominantly as a solvate, colloid or a suspension or the one or more formula 1 compounds is or are present in a gel cream or paste 68B The method of any of embodiments 2B-67B wherein the subject's viral infection, intracellular bacterial infection, extracellular bacterial infection, fungal infection, yeast infection, extracellular parasite infection, intracellular parasite infection, protozoan parasite, multicellular parasite, autoimmune disease, cancer, precancer, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunosuppressive therapy, anti-infective agent therapy, a wound, a burn, or the presence of an immunosuppressive molecule, gastrointestinal irritation or any combination of the foregoing is (a) a DNA virus infection or an RNA virus infection (HSV, CMV, HBV, HCV, HIV, SHIV, SIV), (b) a mycoplasma infection, a Listeπa infection or a Mycobacterium infection, (c) extracellular bacteria infection, (d) fungal infection, (e) a yeast infection (Candida, Cryptococcus), (d) protozoa (malaria, leishmania, cryptospondium, toxoplasmosis, pneumocystis), (e) a multicellular parasite, (f) autoimmune diseases (SLE, RA, diabetes), (g) cancers (solid cancers selected from, e g , ovarian, breast, prostate, giioma, disseminated cancers selected from lymphoma, leukemia, colon cancer, sarcoma), (h) precancers, (i) chemotherapies (adπamycin, cisplatm, mitomycm C), (j) radiation therapies, (k) immunosuppressive therapies, (I) anti-infective agent therapies, (m) wounds (surgical or otherwise), (n) 1 st degree, 2 nd degree or 3 rd degree burns; (o) immunosuppressive molecules, (p) gastrointestinal irritation (irritable bowel, Crohn's disease, chronic diarrhea), or (q) any combination of (a) through (p) 69B The method of embodiment 68B wherein the RNA virus infection is a retroviral infection or a hepatitis virus infection 70B The method of embodiment 68B or 69B wherein the one or more formula 1 compounds is one formula 1 compound 71 B The method of embodiment 70B wherein the one or more formula 1 compounds is or are in a composition that comprises, (a) one or more nonaqueous liquid excipients, wherein the composition comprises less than about 3% v/v water, (b) a solid that comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, or (c) one or more liquid excipients, wherein the composition comprises more than about 3% v/v water 72B The method of embodiment 68B or 71 B wherein the formula 1 compound is 16α-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one, 16α-bromo-3β,7β-dιhydroxy-5α-androstan- 17-one, 16α-bromo-3β,7β, l 7β-tπhydroxy-5α-androstene, 16α-bromo-3β,7β-dιhydroxy-5α- androstane, 16α-bromo-3β,7β-dιhydroxy-5α-androstene, 16α-bromo-3β,7β, 17β-tπhydroxy- 5α-androstane, 16β-bromo-3β, 17β-dιhydroxy-5α-androstane, 16β-bromo-3β, 17β- dιhydroxy-5α-androstene, 16β-bromo-3β,7β, 17β-tπhydroxy-5α-androstane, 16β-bromo-3β- hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one, 16β-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androsten-17-one, 16β-bromo- 3β,7β,-dιhydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one or 16β-bromo-3β,7β,-dιhydroxy-5α-androsten-17- one 73B The method of embodiment 72B wherein the formula 1 compound is 16α- bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one 74B The method of embodiments 1 B-73B wherein the formula 1 compound excludes one or more of any formula 1 compounds 75B A method to treat involuntary weight loss, oral lesions, skin lesions, opportunistic infections, diarrhea or fatigue in an subject comprising intermittently administering one or more compounds of formula 1 to the subject (e g , involuntary weight loss from viral infection, gastrointestinal infection, chemotherapy, anorexia) 76B The method of embodiment 75B wherein the subject has an immunosuppression condition 77B The method of embodiment 76B wherein the subject is a human 78B The method of embodiment 77B wherein the subject is a human 1 day to 18 years old (e g , 1 month to 6 years old) 79B The method of any of embodiments 75B-78B wherein the subject's specific immunity remains impaired compared to a typical comparable control subject who does not have the subject's pathological condition 80B The method of embodiment 79B wherein the subject's CD4 cell count does not increase significantly during one or more courses of dosing (e g , dosing for 1 week to about 2 weeks or more) 81 B The method of clam 80B wherein the subject's CD4 cell count is about 20 to about 100 CD4 + cells/mm 3 or about 20 to about 75 CD4 + cells/mm 3 82B The method of any of embodiments 1 B-81 B wherein the subject has a pathogen(s) infection or a malignancy and the pathogen(s) or malignancy does not become resistant to the formula 1 compound over a time normally associated with the development of measurable resistance in at least about 50% of subjects who are treated with a therapeutic treatment(s) other than a formula 1 compound(s) 83B The method of embodiment 82B wherein the pathogen infection is an HIV, SIV, SHIV or HCV infection 84B The method of embodiments 82B or 83B wherein the formula 1 compound is one or more of 16α-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one, 16α-bromo-3β,7β- dιhydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one, 16α-bromo-3β,7β, 17β-trιhydroxy-5α-androstene, 16α- bromo-3β,7β-dιhydroxy-5α-androstane, 16α-bromo-3β,7β-dιhydroxy-5α-androstene, 16α- bromo-3β,7β, 17β-tπhydroxy-5α-androstane 16β-bromo-3β, 17β-dιhydroxy-5α-androstane, 16β-bromo-3β, 17β-dιhydroxy-5α-androstene 16β-bromo-3β ^β, 17β-trιhydroxy-5α- androstane, 16β-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one, 16β-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α- androsten-17-one, 16β-bromo-3β,7β,-dιhydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one 16β-bromo-3β,7β,- dιhydroxy-5α-androsten-17-one or a physiologically acceptable ester, carbonate, carbamate, ammo acid conjugate or peptide conjugate thereof 85B The method of embodiment 84B wherein the formula 1 compound is 16α- bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one or a physiologically acceptable ester, carbonate, carbamate, ammo acid conjugate or peptide conjugate thereof 86B The method of any of embodiments 1 B-85B, wherein the formula 1 compound is a compound named in any of compound groups 1 through 42-25-10-6, or the formula 1 compound is a species in any genus described in any of compound groups 1 through 42-25-10-6 In other embodiments, the invention provides methods to modulate immune cells or immune responses in a subject The following numbered embodiments describe some of these methods 1 C A method to modulate a subject's innate immunity or to enhance a subject's Th1 immune response or to reduce a subject's Th2 immune responses comprising administering to the subject a compound(s) of formula 1 , including any formula 1 compound that is described or disclosed herein, including the compounds described in embodiments 1-64 and 1A-11A above 2C The method of embodiment 1 C wherein the subject's innate immunity is enhanced 3C The method of embodiment 1C or 2C wherein the subject suffers from an innate immunity suppression condition, a suppressed Th1 immune response or an unwanted Th2 immune response 4C The method of embodiment 3C wherein the innate immunity suppression condition, the suppressed Th1 immune response or the unwanted Th2 response is associated with a viral infection, an intracellular bacterial infection, an extracellular bacterial infection, a fungal infection, a yeast infection, an extracellular parasite infection, an intracellular parasite infection, a protozoan parasite, a multicellular parasite, an autoimmune disease, a cancer, a precancer, a chemotherapy, a radiation therapy, an immunosuppressive therapy, an anti-infective agent therapy, a wound, a burn, the presence of an immunosuppressive molecule or any combination of the foregoing 5C The method of any of embodiments 1 C-3C wherein the subject's Th1 immune response is enhanced 6C The method of embodiment 1 C wherein the subject's Th2 immune response is reduced 7C The method of embodiment 6C wherein the subject has a condition comprising an unwanted immune response (e g , autoimmune disease, SLE, diabetes) 9C The method of embodiment 6C or 7C wherein the subject is a vertebrate, a mammal, a primate or a human 10C The method of embodiment 9 wherein the vertebrate's, the mammal's the primate's or the human's specific immunity modulation is (i) an enhanced CTL or Thl response to a virus infection or to a malignant cell in vitro or in vivo, (n) enhanced antigen presentation or biological activity by dendritic ceils or dendritic cell precursors, or (in) enhanced killing of virus-infected or of malignant cells 11 C The method of 10C wherein the vertebrate is a human, the virus infection is an HIV infection and the CTL or Th1 response comprises an enhanced response to one or more of the HIV's gag protein or to the HIV's gp120 12C The method of embodiment 1 C, 4C, 10C or 1 1 C wherein the subject's Th1 cells, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL cells), NK ceils, peripheral blood lymphocytes, phagocytes, monocytes, macrophage, neutrophils, eosmophils, dendritic cells or fibrocytes are activated as measured by, e g , enhanced 3 H-thymιdιne uptake compared to untreated controls or by an increase in the number of the cell type in circulation or demonstrable movement of the cell type from one tissue or compartment (e g , skin) to another tissue or compartment (e g , blood, lymph node, spleen or thymus) 13C The method of embodiment 1 C, 4C, 10C, 1 1 C or 12C, wherein the formula 1 compound(s) modulates transcription of one or more genes in the subject's NK cells, phagocytes, monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, eosmophils, dendritic ceils or fibrocytes are activated (e g , as measured by increased protein kinase C activity or by modulation of a biological activity of a steroid receptor or an orphan nuclear hormone receptor) 14C The method of embodiment 1 C wherein the formula 1 compound(s) enhances lysosome movement in one or more of the subject s NK cells, phagocytes, monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, eosmophils, dendritic cells or fibrocytes 15C The method of embodiment 1 C wherein the formula 1 compound(s) enhances protein kinase C activity in one or more of the subject's NK cells, phagocytes, monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, eosmophils dendritic cells or fibrocytes (e g , PKCα, PKCβ, PKCγ and PKCζ) 16C A composition comprising a partially purified or a purified complex comprising a formula 1 compound and a steroid receptor, a serum steroid-binding protein (e g , human serum albumin, α1 -acιd glycoprotein sex hormone-binding globulin, testosterone-binding globulin corticosteroid-b ding globulin androgen binding protein (rat)) or a binding partner (e g , complexing agent, hposome, antibody) 17C A product produced by the process of contacting the partially purified or the purified composition of embodiment 16C with one or more sterile containers one or more syringes, one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients (e g , excipient as defined in draft spec above and including sugars, lactose, sucrose, fillers, lubricants, binders, or any excipient named in any reference cited herein), one or more cells, one or more tissues, plasma or blood 18C The method of any of embodiments 1 C-17C wherein the subject has an infection, a hyperproliferation disorder, a hypoproliferation condition, an immunosuppression condition, an unwanted immune response or wherein the subject has recently experienced or will shortly experience trauma, surgery or a therapeutic treatment wherein the therapeutic treatment is one other than the method of embodiment 1 C 19C The method of embodiment 18C wherein the immunosuppression condition or the unwanted immune response is associated with a viral infection, an intracellular bacterial infection, an extracellular bacterial infection, a fungal infection, a yeast infection, an extracellular parasite infection, an intracellular parasite infection, a protozoan parasite, a multicellular parasite, an autoimmune disease, a cancer, a precancer, a chemotherapy, a radiation therapy, an immunosuppressive therapy, an anti-infective agent therapy, a wound, a burn, the presence of an immunosuppressive molecule, gastrointestinal irritation, or any combination of the foregoing 20C The method of embodiment 19C wherein the subject's immunosuppression condition is ameliorated or the unwanted immune response is reduced 21 C The method of embodiment 19C wherein the subject's immunosuppression condition is associated with a viral infection 22C The method of embodiment 21 C wherein the viral infection comprises a DNA virus or an RNA virus infection 23C The method of embodiment 22C wherein the RNA virus infection comprises a retroviral infection or a hepatitis virus infection 24C The method of any of embodiments 18C-23C wherein the subject suffers from one or more of chronic diarrhea, involuntary weight loss (usually at least about 5% or more), cachexia (usually at least about 5% or more), muscle wasting, one or more oral lesions (usually at least about 1 cm 2 ), one or more genital lesions (usually at least about 1 cm 2 ), skin lesions (usually at least about 1 cm 2 ) or an opportunistic infection associated 25C A method (e g , to determine a biological activity of a formula 1 compound or to modulate transcription of a gene in a cell or cell-free transcription system) comprising (a) contacting the formula 1 compound(s) with a cell or cell population in vitro or in vivo (b) measuring one or more of (i) a complex between a binding partner and the formula 1 compound, (n) proliferation of the cell or cell population, (in) differentiation of the cell or cell population (iv) an activity of a protein kinase C, (v) a level of phosphorylation of a protein kinase C substrate, (vi) transcription of one or more target genes, (vn) enhancement or inhibition of the cellular response to steroids, e g , glucocorticoids, (vni) inhibition of steroid-induced transcription, e g , glucocorticoids, sex steroids, (ix) inhibition of retrovirus (e g , HIV, SIV, FIV or SHIV) LTR-dπven transcription or (x) modulation of the numbers of an immune cell population in circulation in vivo (e g , circulating peripheral blood lymphocytes in a mammal such as a primate or a human), and (c) optionally comparing the result obtained in step (b) with an appropriate control 26C The method of embodiment 25C wherein the binding partner is a steroid receptor, a transcription factor or a steroid hormone superfamily orphan receptor 27C The method of embodiment 25C wherein the biological activity determined is a modulating activity of the formula 1 compound for replication or cytopathic effects associated with a retrovirus, a hepatitis virus or a protozoan parasite 28C The method of embodiment 25C wherein the biological activity determined is a modulating activity of the formula 1 compound for replication, cytopathic effects associated with the retrovirus, the hepatitis virus or the protozoan parasite or the biological activity determined is metabolism (assay by 3 H-thymιdιne uptake) of a cell or cell population comprising NK cells, phagocytes, monocytes, macrophages, basophils, eosmophils, fibrocytes, transformed cells, virus-infected cells, bacteria-infected cells or parasite-infected cells 29C The method of embodiment 25C wherein the target gene is a virus gene, a bacterial gene, a parasite gene, a gene associated with cancer 30C The method of embodiment 29C wherein the virus gene is a polymerase gene, a reverse transcriptase gene, an envelope gene, a protease gene or a gene associated with viral nucleic acid replication or a viral structural gene 31 C The method of embodiment 30C wherein the polymerase gene encodes a DNA polymerase or encodes an RNA polymerase 32C The method of embodiment 30C wherein the reverse transcriptase gene encodes a human, primate, avian or feline retrovirus reverse transcriptase 33C A method comprising administering a compound(s) of formula 1 to a human or primate who has a retroviral infection and a CD4 count of 550 or less 34C The method of embodiment 33C wherein the human has a CD4 count of about 20 to about 100 or about 20 to about 80 35C The method of embodiment 33C wherein the human has a CD4 count of about 30 to about 150 36C The method of embodiment 33C wherein the human has a CD4 count of about 500 or less, about 450 or less about 400 or less about 350 or less about 300 or less, about 250 or less, about 200 or less, about 150 or less, about 100 or less, about 50 or less or about 25 or less or about 20 or less 37C The method of any of embodiments 33C-36C wherein the formula 1 compound(s) is present in a composition that comprises one or more nonaqueous liquid excipients and less than about 3% v/v water or any of the formulations as disclosed in the specification or any of the numbered embodiments above 38C The method of any of embodiments 33C-37C wherein the formula 1 compound(s) is administered according to an intermittent dosing protocol as disclosed in the specification or any of the numbered embodiments above 39C The method of any of embodiments 30C-45C wherein the human is comfected with hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, HSV-1 , HSV-2, a malaria parasite, a Pneumocystis parasite, or a Cryptospondium parasite 40C The method of embodiment 46C wherein level of the HCV is reduced in the human 41 C A method comprising administering a formula 1 compound(s) to a subject, or to a nervous system cell(s) in tissue culture whereby the formula 1 compound(s) binds to a receptor associated with a cell(s) in the nervous system and (1 ) elicits a biological response in the cell(s) in the nervous system or in the cell(s) in tissue culture and/or (2) elicits a neuronal response that is transmitted to a distant sιte(s) or cell(s) where the method optionally is used to screen a formula 1 compound(s) for its biological activity, to treat a pathological condition (e g , pathogen infection such as a virus (HIV), a malignancy or a neurological disorder, e g , AIDS associated dementia, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Multiple Sclerosis) in the subject or to determine the bioavailability or metabolism of the formula 1 compound(s) to the subject or the cell(s) in the nervous system or in tissue culture, wherein metabolism is optionally determined by comparing the biological effect of a formula 1 compound(s) with a control compound, which can be a different formula 1 compound 42C The method of embodiment 41 wherein the receptor associated with the cell in the nervous system is a neurotransmitter receptor(s) (e g , a γ-aminobutyπc acid receptor such as type A, a NMDA receptor) and/or a steroid receptor (e g , androgen receptor, estrogen receptor) 43C The method of embodiment 41 C or 42C wherein the cell(s) in the nervous system is a neuron(s), and astrocyte(s) and/or a glial cell(s) 44C The method of embodiment 41 C, 42C or 43C wherein the biological response in the cell(s) in the nervous system or in the cell(s) in tissue culture is increased or decreased transcription of a gene(s) (e g a neurotransmitter vasopressin, a heat shock protein), increased or decreased secretion of a proteιn(s) (e g vasopressin), reduced damage from oxidative stress, enhanced nitric oxide release and/or enhanced neuπte growth 45C The method of any of embodiments 1C-44C wherein the compound(s) of formula 1 is any one or more formula 1 compound selected from the compounds or one or more of the species of compounds within the genera named in compound groups 1 through 21-10-6 46C A method to (a) modulate the expression of at least one immune cell antigen by an immune cell in a subject, wherein the immune cell antigen is selected from CD3, CD11c, CD14, CD16, CD19, CD25, CD38, CD56, CD62L, CD69, CD45RA, CD45RO, CD123, HLA-DR, IL-1 , IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNFα, IGF ! and γlFN, or (b) activate CD8 + T cells or CD8 " T cells in a subject, wherein the activation comprises at least transiently enhanced expression of CD25 or CD69 by the T cells, or (c) increase the proportion of CD8 + or CD8 " lymphokme activated killer cells in a subject's CD16+ cells (e g , CD8 + , CD16 + , CD38 + or cells CD8 " , CD16 + , CD38 + ), or (d) increase the proportion of (i) CD8 , CD16 + natural killer cells, (n) CD8 + , CD16 + natural killer cells or (in) CD8 , CD16 + cells that mediate antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, or (iv) CD8 + , CD16 + cells that mediate antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, or (e) increase the proportion of dendritic cell precursors in a subject's circulating white blood cells (e g , Lin , HLA-DR + , CD123 + or Lin " HLA-DR + , CD11c + cells) or (f) increase the proportion of CD45RA + T cells or CD45 + , R0 + T ceils in a subject's circulating white blood cells, or (g) change (increase or decrease) the proportion or relative numbers of CD62L + T cells in a subject's circulating white blood cells, or (h) increase the proportion of CD8 + or CD4 + T cells that express CD62L in a subject's circulating CD8 + or CD4 + T cells, or (i) decrease the proportion of CD8 + or CD4 + T cells that express CD62L in a subject's circulating CD8 + or CD4 + T cells, or (j) increase the proportion of HLA-DR\ CD8 + , CD38 + cells in a subject's circulating white blood cells, or (k) decrease the level of IL-4 or IL-10 that is expressed by or present in a subject's white blood cells or in a subject's plasma (or that is expressed after the subject's white cells are stimulated in vitro), (I) at least transiently increase the number of dendritic cell precursors or dendritic cells that are present in a subject's white blood ceils or in a subject's plasma, or (m) enhance the capacity of CD4 + T cells to express IL-2, IL-12 or γlFN, the method comprising administering to the subject a formula 1 compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient 47C The method of embodiment 46C wherein formula 1 has the structure wherein R ) 1 is -OH or a group (e g , a C1-30 ester) that can hydrolytically convert under physiological conditions to -OH, either of which may be in the α- or β-configuration, R 2 is hydrogen in the α- or β-configuration, or R 2 is absent when there is a double bond at the 5- 6 position, R 3 is -H or -Br, either of which may be in the α- or β-configuration, R 4 is -OH or a group (e g , a C1-30 ester) that can hydrolytically convert under physiological conditions to -OH, either of which may be in the α- or β-configuration, or R 4 is =0 and the hydrogen atom bonded to the same carbon is absent, R 4A is R 4 , -C(0)-CH 3 or -C(O)- (CH 2 )ι 6 -CH 3 , R 5 is -H or -OH or a group (e g , a C1-30 ester) that can hydrolytically convert under physiological conditions to -OH, either of which may be in the α- or β- configuration, or R 5 is =0 and the hydrogen atom bonded to the same carbon is absent, and the dotted line at the 5-6 position is an optional double bond, or wherein the formula 1 compound has the structure shown in any formula 1 compound named or described herein, including the compounds described in embodiments 1-64 and 1A-11A above 48C The method of embodiment 46C or 47C wherein the formula 1 compound is administered to the subject daily over a period from one to about 15 days, e g , for 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 , 12, 13, 14, 15 or more days 49C The method of embodiment 48C wherein the expression of the immune cell antigen is detectably modulated for at least about 4-7 days after the last administration of the formula 1 compound to the subject, e g , for at least 4, 5, 6 7 or more days 50C The method of embodiment 48C or 49C wherein the expression of the immune cell antigen is detectable at least about 8-90 days after the last administration of the formula 1 compound, e g , for at least about 8, 10, 12, 15, 20, 25, 28, 30, 35, 40, 42, 45, 49, 50, 55, 56, 60, 63, 65, 70, 75, 77, 80, 84, 85, 90, 91 95, 98, 100 or more days- 51 C The method of any of embodiments 46C-51C wherein the subject has an immunosuppression condition, a pathogen infection or a conditions associated with a deficient Th1 immune reponse or an excessive Th2 immune response 52C The method of embodiment 51 C wherein the pathogen infection is a viral infection, a bacterial infection, a yeast infection, a fungal infection or a viroid infection, e.g., wherein the pathogen infection is a viral infection such as a DNA virus infection or an RNA virus infection (e g , an infection caused by a Hepadnavirus, a Parvovirus, a Papovavirus, an Adenovirus, a Herpesvirus, Retrovirus, a Flavivirus, a Togavirus, a Rhabdovirus, a Picomavirus, a Bunyavirus, a Reovirus, an Orthomyxovirus or a Paramyxovirus, such as a HIV1 , HIV2, SIV, SHIV or another virus described herein or in the cited references) 53C The method of embodiment 52C wherein the subject has an immunosuppression condition that is associated with or caused by a pathogen infection 54C The method of any of embodiments 46C-53C wherein the subject is a mammal, a human, a primate or a rodent 55C The method of any of embodiments 46C-54C wherein about 0 05 mg/kg/day to about 20 mg/kg/day is administered parenterally (e g , by intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intramedullary injection), topically, orally, sublmgually or bucally to the subject, e g , about 0 1 mg/kg/day, about 0 2 mg/kg/day, about 0 5 mg/kg/day, about 1 0 mg/kg/day, about 1 5 mg/kg/day, about 2 mg/kg/day, about 2 5 mg/kg/day, about 3 0 mg/kg/day, about 4 mg/kg/day or about 6 mg/kg/day, i e , about 0 1- 10 mg/kg/day, typically about 0 2-7 mg/kg/day 56C The method of embodiment 55C wherein the subject is concurrently taking one or more second therapeutic agents to treat a pathogen infection, e g , a viral infection, such as a HIV-1 infection, a HIV-2 infection, a HAV infection, a HBV infection, a HCV infection, an Epstein Barr virus infection, a HSV-1 infection, a HSV-2 infection, human herpesvirus 6 infection, human herpesvirus 7 infection, human herpesvirus 8 infection, or a bacterial infection or a parasite infection, such as a malaria infection, leishmaniasis, cryptospondiosis, toxoplasmosis, a mycoplasma infection, a Trichomonas infection, a Chlamidya infection a Pneumocystis infection, a Salmonella infection a Listena infection, an Eschenchia coli infection, a Yersinia infection, a Vibrio infection, a Pseudomonas infection a Mycobacterium infection, a Haemophilus infection, a Neisseria infection, a Staphylococcus infection or a Streptococcus infection 57C The method of embodiment 56C wherein the one or more second therapeutic agents is a protease inhibitor a reverse transcriptase inhibitor a viral, bacterial or parasite DNA or RNA polymerase inhibitor an antibacterial antibiotic or an antifungal agent, such as AZT, ddl, ddC, D4T, 3TC, a viral (e g , HIV) fusion inhibitor, hydroxyurea, nelfinavir, saqumavir, ntonavir, indmavir, chloroqume, a chloroqume analog, amphoteπcin B, fluconazole, clotnmazole, isoniazid, dapsone, rifampin, cycloserine, erythromycin, a tetracycline antibiotic, vancomycm, ethambutol, pyrazmamide, a flurorqumolone (e g , ciprofloxacm, norfloxacin), a cephalosporm antibiotic, a β-lactam antibiotic or an aminoglycoside antoibiotic (e g , streptomycin, kanamycm, tobramycin) 58C The method of any of embodiments 46C-57C wherein the subject is a human, a primate, a canine, a feline or a rodent 59C A composition comprising an effective amount of an immune cell subset modulatory compound of formula 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier 60C The composition of embodiment 59C wherein the immune cell subset is (1 ) CD8 + T cells, (2) CD4 + T cells, (3) CD8 + lymphokme activated killer cells, (4) CD8 ' lymphokme activated killer cells, (5) CD8 , CD16 + natural killer cells, (6) CD8 + , CD16 + natural killer cells, (7) CD8 , CD16 + cells that mediate antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, (8) CD8 + , CD16 + cells that mediate antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, (9) dendritic cells or dendritic cell precursors, (10) CD45RA * T cells, (11) CD45RO + T cells, (12) CD45RA + , CD45RO + T ceils, (13) CD8 + , CD62L T cells, (11) CD4 + , CD62L + T cells or (14) HLA-DR + , CD8 + , CD38 + T cells 61 C A method to detect a biological response associated with the administration of a compound of formula 1 to a subject comprising (1 ) obtaining a sample from the subject, (2) administering the compound of formula 1 to the subject to obtain a treated subject (3) obtaining a second sample from the treated subject, (4) within 24 hours of obtaining the sample, analyzing the sample to obtain control information for detecting the biological response, (5) within 24 hours of obtaining the second sample, analyzing the second sample for the presence or absence of a biological response to obtain experimental information and (6) optionally comparing the control information with the experimental information to detect the presence, absence, relative magnitude or absolute magnitude of the biological response 62C The method of embodiment 61 C wherein the compound of formula 1 further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier 63C The method of embodiment 61 C or 62C wherein the biological response associated with the administration of the compound of formula 1 to the subject is modulation of the expression of a cell surface antigen, an increased absolute or relative number of cells in an immune cell subset, a decreased absolute or relative number of ceils in an immune cell subset or an unchanged absolute or relative number of cells in an immune cell subset 64C The method of embodiment 63C wherein the immune cell subset is CD8 + T cells, CD4 + T cells, CD8 + lymphokme activated killer cells, CD8 , CD16 + natural killer cells, circulating dendritic cell precursors, circulating dendritic cells, tissue dendritic cell precursors, tissue dendritic cells, CD8 + lymphokme activated killer cells, CD8 " lymphokme activated killer cells, CD8 , CD16 + natural killer cells, CD8 + , CD16 + natural killer cells, CD8 " , CD16 + cells that mediate antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, CD8 + , CD16 + cells that mediate antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, CD45RA + T cells, CD45RA + , CD45RO + T cells, CD45RO + T cells, CD8 + , CD62L T cells, CD4 + , CD62L * T cells or HLA-DR * , CD8 + , CD38 + T cells, monocytes or macrophages 65C The method of embodiment 64C wherein the biological response is at least transient modulation of an immune cell antigen or an immune accessory cell antigen (e g , an adhesion molecule at the surface of endothehal cells or a cytokme receptor at the surface of T cells or B cells) 66C The method of embodiment 65C wherein the immune cell antigen is a protein, glycoprotein or cell surface antigen usually or only expressed by lymphoid cells (lymphocytes or white blood cells or their precursors, e g , T cells, B cells, monocytes, macrophage, LAK cells, NK cells, dendritic cells) 67C The method of embodiment 65C wherein the immune cell antigen is a CD molecule, an interleukm or a cytokme, optionally selected from CD16, CD25, CD38, CD62L, CD69, CD45RA, CD45RO, IL-1 , IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNFα, IGF, and γlFN 68C The method of any of embodiments 61 C-67C wherein the subject is a human, a primate, a canine, a feline or a rodent 69C A method to alter the Th1-Th2 balance in a subject comprising administering an effective amount a compound of formula 1 to a subject whereby the subject's expression or secretion of IL-4 or IL-10 is detectably modulated 70C The method of embodiment 30 wherein the subject's expression or secretion of IL-4 or IL-10 is decreased and the Th1-Th2 balance in the subject's Th1 immune responses to an infection or immunosuppression condition is detectably enhanced 71 C The method of any of embodiments 1 C-70C, wherein the formula 1 compound is a compound named in any of compound groups 1 through 42-25-10-6, or the formula 1 compound is a species in any genus decsπbed in any of compound groups 1 through 42-25-10-6 Variations and modifications of these embodiments the claims and the remaining portions of this disclosure will be apparent to the skilled artisan after a reading thereof Such variations and modifications are within the scope and spirit of this invention All citations herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety All citations herein are incorporated herein by reference with specificity Examples The following examples further illustrate the invention and they are not intended to limit it in any way Example 1. BrEA formulation. Two lots of a non-aqueous BrEA formulation were made at a BrEA concentration of 50 mg/mL in 25% polyethylene glycol 300, 12 5% dehydrated ethyl alcohol, 5% benzyl benzoate, and 57 5% propylene glycol as follows BrEA was obtained from Procyte, Inc The remaining excipients are shown below Excipient Specification Supplier Final Product Lot No. Concentration Propylene glycol USP Arco Chemical 57 5% (v v) HOC-61220-01104 Polyethylene glycol NF Union Carbide 25% (v v) 300 695752 Dehydrated alcohol USP McCormick Distilling 12 5% (v v) 97K10 Benzyl benzoate USP Spectrum 5% (v v) Pharmaceuticals MG025 The formulation was prepared by suspending BrEA in polyethylene glycol 300, and sequentially adding propylene glycol, benzyl benzoate, and dehydrated ethyl alcohol to form a solution, which was diluted to the final desired volume with additional propylene glycol The procedure is described below The calculated amount of polyethylene glycol 300 was added to a compounding vessel Then , while mixing, the calculated amount of BrEA was added to the vessel, and mixed for at least 5 minutes to form a smooth, creamy liquid propylene glycol was added to the vessel, and mixed for a minimum of 5 minutes to form a uniform suspension The calculated amount of benzyl benzoate is added to the vessel, and mixed for approximately 5 minutes to form a translucent liquid suspension Dehydrated alcohol was added to the vessel, and mixed for approximately 5 minutes to form a clear, colorless solution Propylene glycol was then added to achieve the desired final formulation, and mixed for approximately 5 minutes The drug solution was transferred to a volume dispensing device set to deliver 1 2 mL per vial Under nitrogen pressure, the solution was filtered through two 0 2 μm polyvmylidene fluoride filters in series into 2 cc amber glass vials The vials were capped with Teflon-coated, butyl-rubber stoppers and crimp sealed Materials used in the product vials are listed below Material Source Product Code Description Vial Wheaton 2702-B51 BA Tubing vial, 2 mL/13 mm, glass, type 1 amber Stopper Omniflex V9239 FM257/2 13 mm, Teflon coated, butyl rubber stopper Seal West 4107 Flip seal, 13 mm, mist gray bridge Product specifications were examined by one or more of the following assays. * NLT - no less than * * NMT - no more than Lot Analysis Example 2. BrEA drug substance and BrEA formulation stability. An accelerated stability study of 6 months duration is conducted using BrEA and the formulations from example 1 Samples are taken at 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 month time points and compared with the specifications listed in example 1 Real time stability (25° C, 60% relative humidity) is conducted using BrEA formulation Lots 1 and 2, with sampling time points at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, and 36 months After 3 months of storage at 40° C and 75% relative humidity, the assay potency of BrEA is at least 95% of the label value The results from the stability testing indicate that BrEA is stable for at least 3 months at elevated temperature and humidity in the Lot 1 and 2 formulations Example 3. Primate intermittent dosing protocol. Pig-tail Macaque monkeys infected with the SHIV 229 retrovirus were treated with a BrEA formulation as described in example 1 SHIV 229 is a recombinant retrovirus containing HIV and SIV sequences J Thompson et al , abstract #75, 16 th Annual Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS, October 7-10, 1998, Atlanta, GA, M Agy et al , abstract #67, 16 th Annual Symposium on Nonhuman Primate Models for AIDS, October 7-10, 1998, Atlanta, GA In monkeys, it establishes an aggressive infection that leads to severe symptoms of end- stage disease in infected untreated animals at about 180-210 days after infection Four pig-tail macaques (2/group) received subcutaneous injections of the formulation at 1 or 2 mg/kg body weight for 10 consecutive days (Protocol 1) On week 8, 3 of the 4 monkeys were retreated and 2 treatment naive monkeys were treated with 5 mg/kg of the formulation on an every other day basis for a period of 20 days (Protocol 2) On week 19, all primates receiving treatment began a 3 course treatment regimen with 3 mg/kg the BrEA formulation once daily for 10 consecutive days, repeated every four weeks for a total of 3 treatment courses (Protocol 3) The animals were infected with 1-100 TCID 50 units administered intravenously or mtrarectally Viral titers in the first group of animals ranged from 10 6 to 10 8 before dosing began All animals demonstrated an initial rise in plasma viral SHIV RNA After a period of 2 to 3 weeks, titers began to decline and 3 of the 4 animals showed a response to therapy with average viral titers of 0 76 log below baseline at weeks 4 to 5 after initiation of treatment By week 8, titers in all animals had returned to baseline values Blood glucose levels dropped significantly, alkaline phosphatase levels were elevated and SGOT/GGT values trended towards the high end of normal No other significant changes were observed in any of the parameters monitored The CD4 levels in all monkeys remained less than 100 cells/mm 3 at the end of the first protocol Three of the five monkeys on the second regimen (Protocol 2) responded to the BrEA therapy with a greater depth and duration of response than observed at the lower dose levels In the responding animals the average decline below baseline was 1 47 log The non-responding animal from Protocol 1 responded when administered the BrEA formulation in Protocol 2 Two animals did not respond one each from the treatment experienced and treatment naive groups The third regimen (Protocol 3) is ongoing and animals are being monitored The monkeys on this study were salvaged from an mfectivity study and the first cohort of four monkeys on study (Protocol 1) were expected to live only a few weeks past the initiation of these experiments as they were beginning to deteriorate due to disease related causes One animal died at day 356 from a toxic reaction to the anesthetic used during acquisition of a blood sample for analysis At the time of this application, the remaining monkeys are receiving multiple rounds of therapy appear to be in good clinical health Their survival was greater than 380 days from the time of infection Treatment by intermittent dosing of the BrEA formulation was used Three control monkeys were infected with 1-10,000 SHIV 22 g TCID 50 units and did not receive treatment These animals are considered the no treatment arm of a survival study The mean time to death for pig- tailed macaques infected with SHIV 229 was 193 days Monkeys receiving therapy remained in good clinical health for over 350 days with CD4 levels less than 20 cells/mm 3 and without opportunistic infections or disease-related symptoms, other than a mild anemia in one animal These results show completely unexpected therapeutic responses by the primates infected with the SHIV retrovirus, which is quite virulent The results show that the majority of subjects in these treatment protocols not only had significantly prolonged survival compared to untreated controls, but also the clinical symptoms associated with retroviral infection improved dramatically, despite the fact that CD4 counts remained low, i e , less than about 100 CD4 cells/mm 3 initially and less than about 20 CD4 cells/mm 3 later in the treatment protocols To date, results such as this i e , (1) good clinical health in a majority of subjects having low CD4 levels (less than about 150 cells/mm 3 especially less than about 75 cells/mm 3 ) and (2) no clinical sign of viral resistance to treatment despite intermittent dosing over a prolonged time period, are unprecedented in primates, humans or any other animal The SHIV 229 model is extremely pathogenic in pig-tailed macaques Events that occur in this model over several weeks would typically take several years in humans infected with HIV Treatment of monkeys infected with this virus and treated with commonly used antiretrovirals, e g , AZT, 3TC or a protease inhibitor, are not expected to significantly affect the course of disease progression The clinical condition of the animals continues to improve, e g , weight gam is about 8-15% per animal These results show that the treatment using the intermittent dosing protocol is highly effective despite the apparent impairment of the subject's specific immunity, as shown by the low CD4 counts Increased CD4 counts may be attained using immune stimulators such as IL2 or they may increase spontaneously in some subjects such as humans depending on the treatment protocol, the duration of dosing or the subject s initial medical condition The antiviral effects shown here appear to function at least in part by enhancing the subject's immune responses, e g , enhanced immune response by phagocytic cells (NK cells, monocytes and/or macrophages), and/or enhancing any residual specific immune responses, if any, that the subject may be able to muster Example 4. Human treatment protocol. A dose escalation clinical trial is performed using a nonaqueous formulation containing BrEA or another formula 1 compound(s) that is prepared essentially as described in example 1 The patients are treatment naive or treatment experienced and about 3-10 patients are examined at each dose level The initial dose is 25 mg of BrEA or another formula 1 compound(s) that is administered parenterally , e g , s c or i m The dose is administered once or once or twice per day for 1-12 days, followed by no dosing for at least 7 days (e g , 7 to 90 days) Subsequent doses are administered once or once per day for 1-12 days, followed by no dosing for at least 7 days (e g , 7 to 90 days) Other dose levels tested are 20 mg, 50 mg, 75 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg, 200 mg, 250 mg and 300 mg with each dose administered once per day as a single dose or as two, three or more subdivided doses An efficacy dosing trial is performed using the same dosing protocol as the dose escalation trial or it may alternatively comprise dosing once or twice every other day for 3-17 days, followed by no dosing for 7-90 days and then repeating the dosing once or twice every other day for 3-17 days This protocol is repeated indefinitely (e g , at least about 3-18 months) using the optimal dose(s) obtained from the dose escalation trial, e g , about 10-200 mg/day of a formula 1 compound Example 5. Animal pharmacological studies. Nonclmical studies were conducted using an oral and a subcutaneous formulation of BrEA Rats were orally administered 1 C BrEA solubihzed in different excipients to determine the levels of drug in blood and various tissues The results of these preliminary pharmacokmetics studies indicated that the absorption of BrEA by oral administration is about 0 1 to 15%, with at least about 80% excreted in the feces The nonaqueous BrEA formulation of example 1 was administered as a single subcutaneous dose to rabbits More than 90% of the drug left the injection site within 24 hours of administration, and reached a maximum concentration in the plasma of about 1 2 % of the injected dose at eight to twelve hours post administration The circulating half-life of the drug in the plasma was about twelve hours The drug did not accumulate to a significant extent in any major organ and was primarily excreted in the urine BrEA was administered subcutaneously to rats using the formulation of example 1 Approximately 90% of the drug left the injection site within 24 hours of administration and reached a maximum concentration in the plasma of about 0 2 % of the injected dose at one hour post administration Elimination from the plasma was biphasic with half-lives of about 12 and 72 hours respectively BrEA did not accumulate to a significant extent in any major organ, and was excreted primarily in the feces A study is also performed in Rhesus Monkeys with the example 1 formulation to determine plasma pharmacokmetics A pharmacokmetic analysis of 14 C BrEA in plasma was conducted in two female Rhesus Monkeys Trace labeled compound (16α-bromo-3-beta-hydroxy-5α-[4- 14 C]- androstan-17-one [50 mCi/mmole]) was used at a dose of 1 mg/kg as a subcutaneous injection in the scapular region using an injection volume of 1 mL/kg The BrEA was formulated in 25% polyethylene glycol 300, 12 5% absolute ethanol, 5% benzyl benzoate, and qs with propylene glycol 40 μCi were injected per animal Blood samples were taken at 0, 0 5, 1 , 2, 4, 8, and 24 hours for determination of 14 C activity The radioactivity in the plasma rose to near peak concentration in 8 hours and remained at approximately the same level through the end of the study at 24 hours A pharmacokmetic analysis of 14 C BrEA was conducted in New Zealand White rabbits Twenty μCi of 14 C 16α-bromo-3-beta-hydroxy-5α-[4- 14 C]-androstan-17-one (50 mCi/mmole) plus 1 mg/kg unlabeled BrEA was administered to each of three New Zealand White rabbits as a subcutaneous injection in the scapular region using an injection volume of 1 mL/kg The drug was formulated in 25% polyethylene glycol 300, 12 5% absolute ethanol, 5% benzyl benzoate, and qs with propylene glycol Blood samples were taken at 0 5, 1 , 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 hours for all three animals, and at 48 hours for two of the animals Twenty-four and 48 hours after administration, one and two animals respectively, were sacrificed, and the following organs/tissues were collected brain, heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, skeletal muscle, spleen, and injection site muscle and skin In addition to the organs and tissues, urine and feces were collected as well as the cage wash BrEA did not accumulate to a significant degree in any of the organs listed above Of the organs, the greatest mass of drug was observed in the liver, containing approximately 0 8% and 0 12% of the injected dose at 24 and 48 hours, respectively (average 0 13%) Percentage of Drug in Organs (Rabbits) The average percentages of the administered dose in whole blood was calculated by multiplying the concentration of drug in whole blood by the assumed volume of blood in the animals, 200 mL The amount of drug in the blood reaches a maximum at around 8 hours, and a small amount was still evident at 48 hours The amount of BrEA in whole blood was consistently lower than in plasma, suggesting the drug is not taken up to an appreciable extent by red blood cells In vivo experiments were conducted to determine the bioavailabihty of BrEA via oral administration using different formulations BrEA was (1 ) solubilized in soya oil, vitamin E oil, a mixture of vitamin E and cremophore or (2) BrEA was micronized and combined with or without a surfactant These formulations are described below The formulations were administered orally to rats and BrEA levels were determined in the blood, liver, spleen, kidney, and the lymph nodes In the studies using micronized BrEA, the brain was evaluated for drug uptake Twenty-four hour urine and feces were collected when BrEA was solubilized in vitamin E and soya oils and vitamin E mixed with Cremophore The data from these studies indicate that BrEA enters into the lymphatics but is eliminated rapidly from the other tissues The amount of 14 C radioactivity recovered in the feces 24 hours after administration was 78 to 83% A brief summary of each experiment is provided below and the results are provided in Table 6 BrEA (5 mg in 1 0 mL of soya oil or vitamin E oil) supplemented with 1 C-labelled BrEA was administered intragastπcally to rats Solubilization of BrEA in the vitamin E or soya oil was facilitated with 50 μL ethanol Animals (3/tιme point) were assayed at 1 5, 3, 5 5, and 24 hours after administration and the C-radιoactιvιty was measured in the blood, liver, spleen, kidney, lymph nodes and 24 hour feces and urine The results indicate that, on the basis of 14 C-radιoactιvιty, some of the BrEA is taken into the lymphatic system The uptake is greater with soya oil than vitamin E oil in the blood, liver, and lymph nodes BrEA (5 mg in 1 0 mL of a vitamin E and cremophore) supplemented with R elabelled BrEA was administered intragastπcally to rats Solubilization of BrEA in the vitamin E-cremophore mixture was facilitated by the adding 60 μL ethanol Animals (4/tιme point) were sacrificed at 2, 3, 5 5, and 24 hours and 14 C-radιoactιvιty was measured in the blood, liver, spleen, kidney, lymph nodes and 24 hour feces and urine The results indicate that a small portion of the drug is taken up by the lymphatic system Judging from the values in plasma, liver and lymph nodes, it appears that drug uptake is slower compared with soy oil or vitamin E and its presence in the tissues is more persistent Rats, in groups of three males, were orally administered 1 0 mL of 0 9% NaCl containing 10 or 32 mg BrEA micronized with a surfactant, Synperonic PE/F 127 (2 5% wt/wt) Rats were examined at 1 5, 5 and 24 hours after administration Blood, liver, spleen, kidney, lymph nodes, and brain were assayed for 1 C radioactivity The levels of BrEA in the blood, in comparison to the experiments with BrEA in Vitamin E oil and soya, were higher, 0.3% at 1 5 hours, and increased after 5 hours to 0 8% and 0 9% of the 10 and 32 mg dose, respectively Additionally, the values in the lymph nodes were similar to those measured at 1 5 hours and the levels were sustained at 5 hours (5.3 and 5 0%) and 24 hours (3 7 and 3 1 %) for the 10 and 32 mg dose, respectively (refer to Table 6) In a repeated dose experiment, rats were intragastπcally administered 1 0 mL 0 9% NaCl containing 2 mg BrEA micronized with Synperonic PE/F 127 (2.5% wt/wt) every 6 to 16 hours Rats (3/tιme point) were sacrificed at 40, 72, 84, 90 and 96 hours after the first administration Blood, liver, spleen, kidney and lymph nodes were assayed for 14 C radioactivity Higher levels in the blood, liver, kidneys and lymph nodes were noted in this experiment over previous studies Rats, in groups of three males, were orally administered 1 0 mL of 0 9% NaCl containing 2, 4 or 10 mg BrEA micronized without a surfactant Rats were sacrificed at 1.5, 5 and 24 hours after administration and blood, liver, spleen, kidney, lymph nodes and brain were assayed for 1 C radioactivity The concentration of BrEA micronized without a surfactant in the observed tissues was lower than BrEA plus a surfactant Example 6. Inhibition of parasites in vitro. For in vitro antimalaπal testing, micro-titer plates were used The concentration of drugs were prepared as pMol/well according to WHO standard procedures (WHO, 1990) The test compound was dissolved in 15% DMSO in sterile RPMI-1640 Both chloroqume sensitive (e g , WS/97) and resistant (e g , MN/97) isolates of Plasmodium species are used A schizont inhibition assay was performed as follows The micro-titer plates were predosed with various concentrations of the test compound 50 μL of parasitised erythrocyte suspension in RPMI-1640 (0 2 mL erythrocyte + 0 3 mL serum + 4-5 ml RPMI-1640) were dispensed in microtiter wells that contained various concentrations of drug Triplicate readings were made for each concentration A 3 H-hypoxanthιne incorporation assay was performed as follows The testing was carried out according to the procedure of Desjardms et al 1979 After 30 hr culture at 37 degrees C, the same microtiter plates from schizont inhibition assays with another triplicate wells were pulsed with 3 H-hypoxanthιne for overnight The cell suspensions were washed twice on millipore glass fiber filter with Mil pore filter apparatus The filter discs were counted for DPM by a Beckman LS6000 β-scintillation counter The activity of the drug was measured by plotting DPM against concentration of drug Activity of compounds against Chloroqume sensitive T996/86 P falciparum in vitro % inhibition The activity of 16α-chloroepιandrosterone and 16α-bromodehydro- epiandrosterone against chloroqume sensitive T996 86 and chloroqume resistant KI P falciparum in vitro is shown below T996 86 Kl 16-chloroepιandrosterone IC 50 -9 25 pg/mL ~9 25 μg/mL DHEA-Br IC 50 -25 0 pg/mL -25.0 μg/mL Other formula 1 compounds, e g , any compound in compound group 1 through 25-6 are used in a similar manner to inhibit Plasmodium parasites Example 7. Four-day in vivo protocol for inhibition of Plasmodium berghei. The 4-day suppressive test has been widely used and it can be performed within a 1 week period The test consists of the inoculation of parasitised erythrocytes on the first day of the experiment (D 0 ), followed by an injection of the test compound, which is also administered on the 2 nd , 3 rd and 4 th days of the protocol On the 5 th day, blood films are taken and antimalaπal activity is assessed either by calculating parasitemia, or by scoring parasite numbers on a predetermined scale (i e , 1-5) Peters (Ann Trop Med Parasitol 64 25-40, 1970) described a basic procedure using this 4-day test The protocol is summarized as follows Five female TO mice were used per test group P berghei HP15 ANKA parasites were collected by cardiac puncture using a hepaπnised syringe from a donor mouse having a 30+% parasitaemia The blood was diluted with diluting agent (50% HIFCS+50% sterile PBS) to a final concentration of 1 % parasitaemia or 1X10 7 infected erythrocytes per 0 2 mL of the infecting suspension Each mouse was inoculated intravenously, which produced a more uniform infection rate than intrapeπtoneal administration of 0 2 mL of the infecting suspension Test compounds were prepared at doses of 100 mg/kg in (16 7% DMSO + 83 3% Celacol) The steroid formulations were administered mtraperitoneally 2 hours after parasite inoculation The compounds were administered once a day starting on D 0 , and continued on the following three days Blood films were made from tail blood on the day after the last dosing of compound and the blood was fixed with 100% methanol and stained with 10% Giemsa Parasitaemias were scored on a scale of 0-5, where 5 is equal to the control An inoculum of 1 % parasitaemia 1x10 7 erythrocytes/mL, 0 2 mL per mouse (female strain TO mice), was delivered by intravenous injection Drug administration commenced 2 hours after inoculation on Day 1 and continued for 3 days The results are shown below from blood films from all 20 mice on Day 5 when parasitaemias were assessed Compound Treatment Parasitaemia Score (0 - 5) BrEA 10Omg/kg x 4 days i p * 1 Etienic Acid 100mg/kg x 4 days i p 2 DHEA 100mg/kg x 4 days i p 1 Chloroqume 3 mg/kg x 4 days i p 1 control N/A 5 * i p = intrapeπtoneal injection In a similar protocol, mice are inoculated with a solution containing 1 x 10 7 erythrocytes/mL by I V injection Two hours later give drug is delivered by I V injection BrEA or another formula 1 compound is given (0 2 mL I V or S C ) once a day for 4 days Tail snips are used to obtain blood after the study Mice infected with P berghei were used to obtain infected cells Parasites are harvested from cardiac mouse blood, and uninfected mice are infected using 0 2 ml of blood with 14% parasitaemia per mouse I V Two hours later, the first dose of BrEA (100 mg/kg I V. or S C ) is delivered to the infected animals The BrEA formulation was a sterile solution containing 15 mg/mL of BrEA in 45% hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextπn and 0 9% saline At 1 , 2, 3 and 4 days after the infection of the animals, BrEA (100 mg/kg I V or S C ) is delivered to the infected animals No deaths occurred in the group receiving I V BrEA at day 30, but all control animals were dead by day 10 All animals treated with BrEA by S C delivery were dead by Day 11 Example 8. Rat in vitro and in vivo study. In the in vitro protocol the parasite (Plasmodium falciparum, chloroqume sensitive strain WT and chloroqume resistant strain Dd2) level is adjusted to 1 % and the hemocπt is adjusted to 7% with medium Using a 96 well plate, 50 μL of parasite and 100 μL of drug mixed with media are added to each well and the procedure is done in triplicate The plate is placed in a chamber containing a physiological gas mixture and incubated at 37°C The media/drug mixture is changed at 24, 48 and 72 hours On day 5 (96 hours) slides of each well are made, stained with Gemsia and 500 red blood cells are counted for each slide The triplicates are averaged and data are reported in percent inhibition In the in vivo protocol, Lewis rats weighing 80-85 grams were given a standardized IP injection of parasite (Plasmodium berghei) Rats were then intravenously injected 2 hours later with one of the treatments described in the table below, returned to their housing, fed standard lab chow and allowed free access to water Animals were weighed and treated again 24, 48, and 72 hours after the first treatment and again returned to their housing and they were allowed free access to food and water The animals were weighed again and then bled using a 26-gauge needle on day 5 11 and 28 post inoculation Hemocπts were measured and blood smears are prepared for each rat The blood smears were then stained using Gemsia and the level of parasitemia (defined as the percent of red cells with parasites) were determined Animals were again returned to their housing and observed twice daily for evidence of progressive disease, defined as stlessness and or adverse drug reaction which is defined as a loss of 20% of original body weight, for a total of 28 days If either progressive disease or drug reaction is noted, the animals are euthanized The BrEA formulation was a sterile solution containing 15 mg/mL of BrEA in 45% hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextπn and 0 9% saline The intravenous injections were given on days 0, 1 , 2 and 3 and the results are shown below The results showed that treatment in vivo with a formulation comprising BrEA reduced parasitemia to a level comparable to that seen with the chloroqume ("Clq") control The results are summarized below % RBC parasitemia Day 4 saline control 16% chloroqume control 10% low dose BrEA 9% high dose BrEA 7% % % RRIBC parasitemia Day 11 saline control 36% chloroqume control 16% low dose BrEA 12% high dose BrEA 11 % Example 9. Human clinical study - parasite infection. Response to drug treatment was graded as per World Health Organization criteria (WHO 1973) in infected patients Evaluation of therapeutic response was determined using the parasitic and fever clearance times Parasite clearance was expressed as three indices, the time for the parasite count to fall by 50% of the pre-treatment (baseline) value (PC 50 ), (n) the time for the parasite count to fall by 90 % of the baseline value (PC 90 ) and (in) the time for the parasite count to fall below the level of microscopic detection (parasite clearance time PCT) (N J White and S Krishna Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 83 767-777, 1989, White et al , J Infect Dis 165 599-600, 1992, White et al , Infect Dis 166 1 195-1 196, 1992) The fever clearance time was defined as the time from drug administration till the oral or rectal temperature fell to or below 37 2° C and remained so for at least 48 h Venous blood (5mL) was obtained from two patients before treatment and at 4 6, 8, 12, 18, 20 24 30 and 36 h after treatment or at 4 or 6-hourly intervals after treatment until there was complete clearance of peripheral parasitemia Blood was collected aseptically and transferred to 10 mL syringes containing 2 mL of acid citrate dextrose (ACD) for in vitro culture Prior to incubation, the plasma was separated from the red blood cells and the red blood cells were washed twice Parasites were cultured by modification of standard in vitro culture techniques (W Trager and J.B Jensen, Science 193 673-675, 1976, A M Oduola et al , J Protozool 39 605-608, 1992) Samples were dispensed into sterile centrifuge cubes within 10 mm of collection and spun down The supernatant plasma was stored while the packed cells were washed twice with culture medium (washing medium, RPMI-1640 medium, containing 25 mM HEPES buffer and 25 mmol/L NaOH) The buffy coat was removed by vacuum aspiration A 1 10 fold dilution was done for each blood sample with complete washing medium [CMP (washing medium supplemented with 10 % human plasma)] One milliliter each of the sample was transferred into 2 wells of a 24 well micro culture plate Cultures were incubated at 37 degrees C in an atmosphere of 5% C0 2 , 5% 0 2 and 90% N 2 premixed gas The culture medium was changed daily and thin blood smears were prepared for microscopy at 24 and 48 h after the culture has been set up The culture samples were diluted with unparasitized washed type A Rh-positive red blood cells if the proportion of parasitized red blood cells was more than 2% Microscopy During the in vivo study, thin and thick blood films were fixed with dehydrated methanol (100%) and heat, respectively, were stained with 10% Giemsa for 20 mm Parasitemia was quantified in thin films by counting 2000 red blood cells in clear contiguous fields and finding the proportion that was parasitized In thick films, parasitemia was quantified by counting parasites against leukocytes A film was declared negative if no parasites were found after examination of 200 microscope fields of a thick smear During in vitro and ex vivo study, pretreatment thin and thick smears were, graded for ring stages by the method of Jiang as modified by Li et al (J B Jiang et al, Lancet 2(8293) 285-288, 1982, K Silamut and N J White Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 87 436-443, 1993, X L Li et al, Chi J Parasitol Dis 12 296, 1994) Approximately 5000 erythrocytes were counted in clear contiguous fields 24 and 48 h after incubation of blood obtained at each time point and graded for maturity into tiny rings, small rings, large rings, pigmented trophozoites and schizonts Functional viability was estimated as the percentage of asexual ring forms capable of maturing to pigmented trophozoites or schizonts after 24-48 h of in vitro culture (W M Watkms et al , Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 87 75-78, 1993) Calculation of parameters The patients presented with acute symptomatic severe non-cerebral pure P falciparum malaria They had oral fluid intolerance, body temperatures greater than 39°C, greater than 5000 parasites per micro liter of blood, asexual parasitemia and they had a negative urine test for antimalaπal drugs They were administered 25 mL intravenously every four hours with BrEA suspended in sterile 45% β-cyclodextπn in saline at a concentration of 25 mg/mL This regimen was continued for four days Parasitemia quantification and clinical examination were done once every 6 hours for the first 72 hours, followed by daily assessment of the parameters up to day 7 (168 hrs) and thereafter on day 14 Blood films were Giemsa-stained and parasitemia quantification was done in thick films by counting 2000 parasites against leukocytes, and the thin films by finding the proportion of infected red blood cells Response to drug treatment was graded according to WHO criteria Evaluation of therapeutic response was done using the parasitic and fever clearance times Parasite clearance was expressed as three indices The time for the parasite count to fall by 50% of the pre-treatment (baseline) value (PC 60 ), to fall by 90% of the baseline value (PC 90 ), and to fall below the level of microscopic detection (parasite clearance time) PCT The fever clearance time was defined as the time from drug administration until the oral/rectal temperature fell to below 37 2 degrees C and remained so for greater than 48 hours The parasite clearance rate at day 14 was 100% The clinical response thus included an effect on parasitemia in both patients and amelioration of one or more symptoms of infection Intravenous BrEA Malaria Patient Trial Patient A Patient B Fever clearance time 12 hrs 18 hrs Parasite clearance times Time to 50% clearance 18 hrs 24 hrs Time to 90% clearance 24 hrs 48 hrs Time to 100% clearance 48 hrs 64 hrs Example 10. Cellular studies in vitro. The effect of BrEA on pentosephosphate shunt (PPS) activity in normal human RBC was examined using whole cells Since glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase ("G6PD") is the limiting enzyme of the PPS, PPS flux measurement is considered to better reflect G6PD activity in the whole cell compared to G6PD activity measurement in a cell lysate G6PD activity measured in a cell lysate is typically about 1 100-fold higher than the PPS flux in whole resting unstimulated RBC (G6PD activity in cell lysate 165, PPS flux 0 142 micromoles/hour/ml RBC) PPS flux and G6PD activity in the whole RBC depends on a number of factors (the concentration of NADPH, NAD, and ATP, and intracellular pH), which are kept constant if the measurement is performed in the lysate and may vary in the whole RBC Levels of G6PD activity in cells is considerably above normal basal needs and inhibition of overall G6PD activity might have no or minor consequence on PPS flux in the whole cell For example, RBC with the Mediterranean G6PD mutant with about 1-3 percent residual activity compared with normal individuals have no impairment in basal PPS flux, but show impaired flux when flux through PPS is stimulated by methylene blue addition A series of experiments were perfromed using varying amounts of BrEA and PPS flux was measured in unstimulated basal RBC and in methylene-blue (MB)-stιmulated RBC The data below shows PPS flux (micromoles/hour/ml RBC) in basal unstimulated, and MB-stimulated normal RBC Different concentrations of BrEA (0 3, 3.5 and 7 micromolar, final) were supplemented to suspensions of washed RBC suspended in RPMI, pH 7 4 at 10% hematocπt, whereby PPS flux was immediately measured without further incubation and without further washings A minor inhibition of MB-stimulated PPS flux was observed with BrEA at 7 μM PPS flux control, unstimulated RBC 230 DMSO control, unstimulated RBC 270 DMSO control, MB stimulated RBC 5090 0 3 μM BrEA, unstimulated 250 0 3 μM BrEA, MB stimulated 5000 3 5 μM BrEA, unstimulated 270 3 5 μM BrEA, MB stimulated 4950 7 μM BrEA, unstimulated 295 7 u-M BrEA, MB stimulated 4660 The data below shows average values of 3 experiments, where basal, unstimulated, and MB-stimulated PPS flux (micromoles/hour/ml RBC) was measured in normal RBC In these experiments, different concentrations of BrEA -0 8, 8 and 80 micromolar, final) were supplemented to suspensions of washed RBC suspended in RPMI, pH 7 4 at 10% hematocπt After a 90-mιn incubation at 37° C with and without BrEA, PPS flux was measured The results showed a dose-dependent inhibition of MB-stimulated PPS flux Inhibition was 10% at 8 micromolar (p=0 006 vs control+DMSO) and 25% at 80 micromolar (p=0 002 vs control+DMSO) PPS flux control, unstimulated RBC 430 control MB stimulated RBC 5410 DMSO control, unstimulated RBC 480 DMSO control MB stimulated RBC 4890 0 8 μM BrEA, unstimulated 410 0 8 μM BrEA, MB stimulated 4930 8 μM BrEA, unstimulated 450 8 μM BrEA, MB stimulated 4430 80 μM BrEA, unstimulated 450 80 uM BrEA. MB stimulated 3660 Example 11. Inhibition of parasite growth. The effect of Epi (16α-bromo- epiandrosterone) on parasite (Plasmodium falciparum) growth was shown EPI was active at a concentration of 1 μM Parasitemia after treatment Time 0 24hrs 48hrs 72hrs control + DMSO 5% 5 40% 3 10% 5 20% Epi 1 μM 5% 5 70% 5,50% 1 ,60% Epi 10 μM 5% 5,60% 0 90% 0 Epi 100 μM 5% 0 0 0 Epi 500 μM 5% 0 0 0 control + DMSO 2% 8 80% 1 1 % 8% Epi 50 nM 2% 9 90% 9 20% 8 30% Epi 1 μM 2% 5 80% 6 10% 2 10% Epi 2 5 μM 2% 7 30% 5 80% 3 20% Epi 5 μM 2% 5 40% 6% 1 80% Epi 10 μM 2% 4 20% 3% 0 Epi 50 μM 2% 0 0 0 Parasitemias were determined by standard methods (microscopic inspection of at least 500 cells, stained with Diff-Quick™ (Baxter) Parasites were cultured under standard conditions in RPMI-1640 supplemented with Hepes/Glucose (10 mM), glutamine (0 3 g/hter) and 10% human plasma The hematocnt was 1% Example 12. Stimulation of phagocytosis. The capacity of BrEA to influence phagocytosis of Plasmodium parasite-infected RBC is examined using adherent human monocytes The parasitemia level is about 8-10% and human monocytes are obtained from buffy coats from blood as follows Peripheral blood mononuclear cells are separated from freshly collected platelet-poor buffy coats discarded from blood samples of heafthy adult donors of both sexes Separated ceils are washed once with luke-warm PBS supplemented with 10 mM glucose (PBS-G) and resuspended at 5 x 10 6 cells/mL in ice-cold RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 23 mM NaHC0 3 and 25 mM Hepes, pH 7 4 (RMBH) Dynabeads M450 Pan B and Pan T (Dynal) are added to cells in a 4 1 ratio for 20 mm at 4°C B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes are removed as specified by the manufacturer The remaining monocytes are washed 2 times in RMBH, resuspended in AIM V cell culture medium (Gibco) at 1 x 10 6 cell/mL The monocyte layer is collected, washed with PBS-G at 37°C and resuspended in AIM V medium at 1 x 10 s cells/mL Purified cells are >90% monocytes as assessed by CD14 expression Phagocytosis of opsonized parasitized RBC (PE) is determined as follows Phagocytosis of fresh-serum opsonized PE is initiated by mixing 10 PE/monocyte Suspensions are briefly centrifuged (150 x g for 5 sec at room temperature) to improve contact between PE and monocytes To avoid attachement of monocytes after centπfugation and during the whole incubation period, cells are kept in suspension at 5 x 10 6 cells/5 mL AIM V medium in 6 cm diameter teflon bottom dishes (Heraeus) in a humidified incubator (95% air, 5% C0 2 ) at 37°C On average, at least 90% of the monocytes phagocytose PE, as assessed by microscopic inspection Control cells are kept under similar conditions without phagocytosis Quantitative assessment of phagocytosis is performed by a previously described bioluminescence method (E. Schwarzer, et al., Br J Haematol 1994 88 740-745) Erythrocyte treatments and parasite cultures are as follows Fresh blood (Rh+) is used to isolate erythrocytes (RBC) Washed RBC are infected with schizont/trophozoite parasite stages (Palo Alto strain, mycoplasma-free) Stage specific parasites are isolated by the Percoll-mannitol method Briefly, normal schizont-stage parasitized RBC (SPE) separated on Percoll-mannitol gradient (parasitemia > 95% SPE) are mixed with RBC suspended in growth medium (RPMI 1640 medium containing 25 mmol/L Hepes, 20 mmol/L glucose, 2 mmol/L glutamme, 24 mmoi/L NaHC0 3 , 32 mg/L gentamicin and 10% AB or A human serum, pH 7 30) to start synchronous cultures at selected hematocπt values The inoculum parasitemia is adjusted to 20% normal SPE for isolation of ring parasitized RBC (RPE) and to 5% normal SPE for isolation of trophozoite-stage parasitized RBC (TPE) At 14-18 hours after inoculum parasites are at ring-stage in the first cycle, at 34-33 hours, parasites are at trophozoite-stage in the first cycle, and at 40-44 hours after inoculum parasites are at schizont-stage in the first cycle RPE, TPE and SPE are separated on Percoll-mannitol gradients The parasitemia is usually 8-10% RPE, and >95% TPE Nonparasitized and parasitized RBC are counted electronically To assess total parasitemia and relative contribution of RPE, TPE and SPE, slides are prepared from cultures at indicated times, stained with Diff-Quik™ parasite stain and about 400-1000 cells are examined microscopically The effect of a formula 1 compound such as BrEA in parasitized RBC is examined using various concentrations of the compound, e g , BrEA, e g , 0 5 μM, 1 μM, 10 μM, 25 μM and 50 μM Trophozoite-parasitized RBC, schizont-parasitized RBC or ring-parasitized RBC are examined as described Example 13. Human malaria clinical trial. The clinical trial protocol that incorporates about 15-20 patients is established For a phase I, l/ll or II trial, the patients are mildly infected with one or more Plasmodium parasites and they are mildly symptomatic (less than about 8-10% parasitemia of RBC) Before treatment, the patients are optionally tested for infection with HIV, HCV, TB, and Cryptosporidium Patients with one or more co-infections are given standard care for the coinfection The patients are hospitalized for treatment for one week Two or more dose groups, e g , 25, 50 or 100 mg/day of BrEA administered parenterally, e g , by intramuscular, subcutaneous or intravenous injection, on 3, 4 or 5 days of the week when patients are dosed Dosing is on consecutive days or on an intermittent schedule, e g , 2, 3 or 4 doses with one dose administrered every other day The formulation containing BrEA is as described herein, e g , the formulation of example 1 or a formulation that comprises 100 mg/mL BrEA, PEG300 -30% v/v, propylene glycol 30% v/v, benzyl benzoate 30% v/v and benzyl alcohol 2% v/v At day 5-7, if less than about 50% reduction in parasitemia is observed, the patients are given standard care for malaria (mefloquine) During the week of treatment and for 1 , 2 3, or more weeks there after, blood samples are taken periodically for evaluation of parasitemia, pharmacokmetics, plasma cytokines (e g , IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IGF1 , γlFN, GM-CSF), and intracellular cytokines (e g , IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IGF1 vlFN, GM-CSF) The patients are optionally treated again at about 2 to 12 weeks after the initial dosing, using the same or a similar protocol as that used in the initial dosing protocol An exemplary open-label study of a BrEA formulation administered intramuscularly to semi-immune patients with uncomplicated malaria is conducted The formulation comprises 100 mg/mL BrEA, PEG300 -30% v/v propylene glycol 30% v/v, benzyl benzoate 30% v/v and benzyl alcohol 2% Patients will remain at the hospital as in- patients for the first 7 days of the study Patients will receive one daily intramuscular administration of 50 mg or 100 mg of BrEA for 5 consecutive days Daily evaluation for the first 7 days, and up to study day 14 may include parasitemia evaluation (twice daily), chemistry, hematology and drug levels (pharmacokmetic evaluation) If, after study day 7, the parasitemia levels decrease from the screening value and the patient is clinically stable, the patient may be followed on a daily basis for parasitemia (twice daily) for up to an additional 7 days as hospital in-patients If a patient becomes clinically unstable at any time during the study, the patient will be discontinued and may be offered the standard treatment for malaria Patients deficient in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme may be excluded, since BrEA inhibits the enzyme Other considerations that may lead to exclusion of patients from the trial include patients diagnosed with any of the following severe anemia (hematocπt < 21% or hemoglobin < 7 g/dL), renal or liver failure by history and/or laboratory results respiratory distress as evidenced by dyspnea or respiratory rate > 30 per minute hypotension (systolic blood pressure < 90 mm Hg), tachycardia (heart rate > 130 beats/minute), pregnant or breast-feeding women significant active co-morbid illness (acute medical diagnosis requiring specific therapy, patients with parasitemia >10% on peripheral smear Blood samples may be collected from each patient for future clinical evaluation such as the determination of activation markers or immunological analyses (e g , assay for intracellular or extracellular interleukms IL-1 β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12, γlFN and TNFα) Example 14. Liposome formulation. Liposomes suitable for parenteral administration are prepared as follows 400 mg of phosphatidyl choline and 80 mg of BrEA are dissolved in chloroform and methanol (2 1 v/v) and the solution is dried by rotary evaporation under reduced presure The resulting film is rehydrated by adding 8 0 mL of a 0 9% w/v NaCl solution and agitating the solution The sizes of the liposomes are optionally measured, e g , by photon correlation spectroscopy (Malvern Zetasizer 3000 or equivalent) The liposomes are optionally sized by, e.g , sonication to reduce the average size below 400 mn, or by filtration using suitable filters Similar procedures are used to prepare liposome preparations that contain a formula 1 compound at about 15-100 mg/mL The formulation is used to deliver the compound orally or parenterally (I M , S C , I V ) Example 15. Cyclodextnn formulation. A cyclodextnn formulation containing BrEA is prepared as follows 45 g of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextπn is added to 1 L of sterile physiological saline and the mixture is stirred for about 4-24 hours, until a clear solution is obtained Non-micronized BrEA is added to give a concentration of 20 mg/mL and the mixture is stirred until a clear solution is obtained The solution is sterilized by filtration using a 0 2 μm pore size filter and dispensed into sterile containers Similar procedures are used to prepare cyclodextnn formulations that contain a formula 1 compound at about 15-100 mg/mL The formulation is used to deliver the compound orally, parenterally (I M , S C , I V ) or by a buccal or sublmgual route Example 16. Suppository formulation. A suppository formulation containing a formula 1 compound such as BrEA is prepared as follows Sufficient non-micronized Bi EA is measured to obtain a desired number of units that comprise 500 mg each of BrEA The BrEA is blended with with a suppository base, e g , tπglyceπde from edible vegetable oil, to provide desired characteristics, e g , a free fatty acid content of about 0 1 % w/w a saponification value of about 242, an iodine value of about 3, moisture at about 0 1 % w/w and a closed capillary melting point of about 35°C Example 17. Human HCV clinical trial. A female patient infected with HIV and HCV was dosed I V with BrEA for 3 consecutive days using a formulation that contained 20 mg/mL BrEA in 45% w/v hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextπn and saline Four mL of the formulation (80 mg BrEA) was administered to the patient every 4 hours during the 3 day treatment period The patient's predosmg HCV level was 6 5 Logio as measured by PCR and the HCV level was 6 2 Log 10 on the first day of dosing, 5 5 Log 10 on the 3 rd day of dosing and 4 9 Log 10 three days after the last dose was administered HIV RNA levels as measured by PCR was 5 2 Log 10 (predosmg), 5 8 Logio (first day), 5 9 Logio (third day) and 5 4 Logio (day 6) The NK cell counts (cells/mm 3 ) were 28, 41 and 38 at predosmg, day 0 and day 3 Example 18. Formulation. A formulation comprising 100 mg/mL BrEA, -30% v/v PEG300, 30% v/v propylene glycol, 30% v/v benzyl benzoate and 2% v/v benzyl alcohol was prepared by suspending BrEA in polyethylene glycol 300, and sequentially adding propylene glycol and benzyl benzoate, to form a solution, which was diluted to the final desired volume with additional propylene glycol The procedure is described below The calculated amount of polyethylene glycol 300 was added to a compounding vessel Then, while mixing, the calculated amount of BrEA was added to the vessel, and mixed for at least 5 minutes to form a smooth, creamy liquid propylene glycol was added to the vessel, and mixed for a minimum of 5 minutes to form a uniform suspension The calculated amount of benzyl benzoate is added to the vessel, and mixed for approximately 5 minutes to form a translucent liquid suspension Propylene glycol was then added to achieve the desired final formulation, and mixed for approximately 5 minutes The drug solution was transferred to a volume dispensing device set to deliver 1 2 mL per vial Under nitrogen pressure, the solution was filtered through two 0 2 μm polyvmylidene fluoride filters in series into 2 cc amber glass vials The vials were capped with Teflon- coated, butyl-rubber stoppers and crimp sealed Example 19. Opportunistic infection clinical protocol. A double blind, randomized, placebo controlled study of 100 mg of BrEA administered intramuscularly to late stage HIV-infected patients at risk for opportunistic infections (Ols) HIV-1 seropositive patients with a CD4 cell count <100 cells/mm 3 HIV RNA at 1x10 6 copies/mL and a Kamofsky score of at least 60 are identified for potential inclusion into the protocol Patients in all clinical protocols must understand and sign a written informed consent form prior to screening evaluations BrEA in the formulation of example 16 is used Administration of drug or vehicle will be for 3 to 5 consecutive days followed by about 35-90days of observation, e g , 37 days of observation An exemplary treatment regimen comprises 5 days of treatment followed by 37 days of observation which is repeated for a total of 7 courses over 42 weeks The incidence rate of Ols as well as the time to resolution or control of the Ols will be monitored and compared to a placebo control group The patients may be monitored monthly for 2 or 3 months after completion of the study for follow-up The incidence of Ols or conditions associated with AIDS are monitored, e g as tuberculosis (TB), candadiasis, Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) diarrhea, or Kaposi's sarcoma may be evaluated as protocol endpomts If a patient is diagnosed with one or more of the protocol specified opportunistic infections the protocol regimen a treatment for the Ol will be initiated, e g , Fluconazole for Candidiasis or for PCP, tπmethopπm and sulfamethoxazole or Dapsoπe. A similar protocol is used with other formula 1 compounds Example 20. Human HIV clinical protocol. Patients infected with HIV are dosed with an i m injection of 25-200 mg of BrEA using a formulation containing 100 mg/mL BrEA, PEG300 -30% v/v, propylene glycol 30% v/v, benzyl benzoate 30% v/v and benzyl alcohol 2% v/v The pateints are dosed once per day for 5 consecutive days followed by a period of about 28 days or longer with no BrEA treatment The patients were them provided with one more course of 5 consecutive days of dosing with BrEA, followed by a non-dosing period of at least about 28 days Up to 5 rounds of 5-day treatments, followed by at least 28 days of no dosing were provided Immunological responses were then assayed using blood or plasma samples from the patients by flow cytometry and other known analytical methods Immune cell subsets or other measured markers were assayed within 24 hours of obtaining the sample from each patient Labeled antibodies, e g , anti- CD antigen antibodies conjugated with fluorescent dyes (FITC, phycoerythπn, allophycocyan or PerCP), were prepared and used essentially according to standard protocols using commercially available reagents, see, e g , PharMmgen, 1998 Research Products Catalog, technical protocols at pages 732-774, human cell surface molecules at pages 182-295 and mouse, rat and hamster cell surface molecules at pages 2-173 and cytokme and chemokme reagents at pages 344-489 The clinical protocol is a phase l/ll, open-label, randomized study of 3 dose levels of BrEA administered intramuscularly to HIV-infected patients who are treatment naive There will be 3 treatment groups and each group will consist of 2 parts (Parts A and B) Patients will receive the same dosage of BrEA throughout Parts A and B of the study If a patient experiences an antiviral response (an HIV RNA titer at least 0 5 log below the average of the screening and baseline values) or benefits (any decrease in HIV RNA titers below the average of the screening and baseline values) from the treatment received during Parts A and B of the study, the patient may continue receiving 5-day treatment courses of the BrEA formulation of example 2 at the dose initially received This treatment course may be repeated up to six times All patients may be monitored for levels of HIV RNA (Chiron Quantiplex™ branched chain DNA assay), T-cell subsets [CD4/CD8], proviral HIV DNA (PBMC), interleukms [IL-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12] (serum), γlFN (serum), insulin-like growth factor [IGF- 1] (serum) and tumor necrosis factor [TNF] (serum) throughout the study PBMC quantitative co-culture (cells) may be conducted on a subset of patient samples Assays for additional activation markers may be conducted Analysis of chemistry and hematology panels and uπnalysis is planned Additionally, patients co-infected with hepatitis B and/or C viruses, malaria or tuberculosis may be monitored regularly for viral titers or microbiological cultures Serial blood and urine samples will be collected from a subset of patients for pharmacokmetic determination after the first dose on Part A and the last dose on Part B Treatment may consist of more than one intramuscular injection Intramuscular injections may be administered in different locations (i e , left or right upper arms or thighs or buttocks) and a single 100 mg or 200 mg dose of BrEA may be delivered to patients in two or more subdoses of less than 100 mg (e g , 50 mg) There are two segments of this study, Segment 1 and 2 Both segments consist of two parts, Part A and Part B The first 12 patients enrolled on the study will be assigned to the design described in Segment 1 The remaining 24 patients will be assigned to Segment 2 of the study The design of each segment is provided below Part A will consist of a single intramuscular injection of a BrEA formulation The day the patient receives the injection will be study day 1 Patients participating in the pharmacokmetic subgroup will have serial blood and urine samples collected, beginning on study day 1 Part B of the study begins on study day 8 (Segment 1 ) or study day 15 (Segment 2) Segment 1 Part B consists of 5 consecutive daily intramuscular injections of the formulation of example 1 at the same dose as received in Part A of the study The day the patient receives the first dose will be on about study day 8-12 The 5-day treatment course is followed by an approximate 28-day observation period (or approximately 32 days from a first dose on day 8 to the initiation of a second treatment course on day 40) During the observation period, patients will be asked to return to the clinic on a weekly basis for various tests Patients participating in the pharmacokmetic subgroup will have serial blood and urine samples collected, beginning approximately on study day 12-17 Segment 2 Part B consists of 5 consecutive daily intramuscular injections of the formulation of example 2 at the same dose the patient received during Part A of the study The day the patient receives the first dose will be about at study day 15 The 5-day treatment course is followed by an approximate 45 day observation period (or approximately 49 days from the first dose on study day 15 to the initiation of the next treatment course on study day 64) During the observation period, patients will be asked to return to the clinic on a weekly basis for various tests Patients participating in the pharmacokmetic subgroup will have serial blood and urine samples collected, beginning approximately on study day 19 Randomization in this dose escalation study is as follows When 4 of the 12 patients per treatment group have completed 5 days of daily dosing on Part B and have not experienced a serious drug-related adverse event enrollment into the next higher dose level will occur, after consultation between the sponsor and investigators The first four patients enrolled will be assigned to the 50 mg dose group If no serious drug-related adverse events are experienced, the next 8 subjects will be randomized to either the 50 mg or 100 mg dose level in a 1 1 fashion If no serious drug- related adverse events occur in patients receiving 100 mg, then the next 24 patients will be randomized to either the 50, 100, or 200 mg dose group in a 1 2 3 fashion If 4 of the 12 patients in a dose group experiences a serious drug-related event (Grade III or IV), 2 additional patients will be enrolled at the same dose level Additionally, patient enrollment on to the next dose level, if enrolling, will be temporarily on hold until safety is assessed If one of the 2 additional patients experiences a serious drug-related event, dosing in this dose level will discontinue Upon consultation with the sponsor and investigators, additional patients may be enrolled at a dose between the dose-limiting group and the next lower dose group to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) Enrollment of additional patients at a specific dose level will be determined in a protocol amendment The results indicated that a single 50 mg or 100 mg dose of BrEA increased the numbers of activated CD8 + and CD4 + T cells (e g CD8 + , CD69 + , CD25 cells) that were circulating in the patient's blood Also, the circulating numbers of dendritic precursor cells, NK cells, LAK cells and cells that mediate ADCC (antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity mediated by the CD8 + , CD16 immune cell subset) functions were increased Further increases were usually observed on dosing for 5 consecutive days Some of the results are summarized below Course 1 , 2 and 3 refer to each 5 consecutive day treatment regimen of one daily injection with BrEA (50 or 100 mg BrEA per injection) In the diagrams below, HE2000 refers to the formulation containing 100 mg/mL BrEA PEG300 -30% v/v propylene glycol 30% v/v, benzyl benzoate 30% v/v and benzyl alcohol 2% v/v The data shown below was obtained from patient blood samples at baseline (on the day dosing was initiated) and at various times after the patients received at least one dose of BrEA The results showed significant increases in immune cell populations and cytokme expression profiles associated with Th1 responses The patients in this protocol initially had CD4 counts of at least 200 per mm 3 and a serum HIV RNA load of 5,000 to 1 x 10 6 RNA copies/mL After dosing with one course of BrEA (5 consecutive daily i m injections), all patients showed increases in levels of immune cells including activated CD8 T cells (e g , CD8 + , CD69 + CD25 ) LAK cells (e g , CD8 + CD16 + , CD38N NK cells (e g , CD8 , CD16N ADCC cells (e g , CD8 , CD16 + ) and dendritic cells (Lin , HLA-DR + CD1 1 c + or ϋn , HLA-DR + , CD123 + ) Average CD4 IL-10 production dropped from a median of 66% to 4% of the cells, while CD4 IFNγ went from a median of 8% to 63% leading to a Th2 to a Th1 shift in cytokme production In the diagrams below baseline data is indicated by "BL" or by "pre" Increased immunophenotvpes after BrEA therapy Phenotype Baseline 3 Course 1 Course 2 Course 3 CD8+CD69+CD25- 18 54 56 75 n= (13) (13) 0) (4) b P= <0.001 <0.001 0.04 CD8+CD16+CD38+ 8 27 28 25 n= (10) (10) (4) (4) P= <0.001 0.047 0.02 CD8-CD16+ 53 253 288 249 n= (12) (12) (4) (2) P= <0.001 0.02 0.04 Lin- HLA-DR+ CD11C+/CD123+ 3.2 17.7 11.4 ° 14 7° n= (10) (10) (5) (4) P= <0.001 0.02 0.04 IL2+CD4 d 3.14 e 29.25 31.42 13.59 n= 13 13 3 4 P= O.001 0.09 0.04 lL10+CD4 d 66 20.9 8.9 15.3 n= 13 13 5 3 P= 0.005 0.005 0.03 Th1 Response d 17 66 64 53 n= (13) (13) (5) (5) P= 0.001 0.033 0.025 a Medιan values of celis/μL paιred value t test c Test not available at baseline for patients receiving second and third courses, baseline value from initiation of 2 nd course = 6 4 d % of CD4 e Baselιne values from day 8 (preceding the first five-day treatment) median activated T cells vs. baseline by course n=4 median LAK response vs. baseline, responders, by course median NK, ADCC responders, vs. baseline, by course median dendritic cell response by course n=10 2 Course HE2000 Normalizes IL10+ CD4 Cells in HIV normals HIV HIV + HE2000 HE2000 Increases Th1 Cell Percentage Normals HIV HIV + HE2000 median Th1 (IFNg+ dominance) Response vs Baseline Example 21. Treatment of symptoms of HIV infection. Two HIV infected patients with chronic diarrhea were dosed with BrEA as follows A BrEA formulation (40 mg/mL BrEA in 25% v/v PEG 300, 12 5% v/v ethanol, 5% v/v benzyl benzoate, ~57 5% v/v propylene glycol) was delivered subcutaneously The patients received 60 mg of BrEA in 1 5 mL daily for 10 days During the period of dosing, the diarrhea ceased After the 10-day dosing period ended, diarrhea resumed In other patients receivemg oral BrEA, diarrhea also went into remission Example 22. Subcutaneous formulation. A BrEA formulation was prepared essentially as described herein The formulation contained 50 mg/mL BrEA, 40% v/v PEG 200, 2% v/v benzyl alcohol, 2% v/v benzyl benzoate and ~ 66% v/v propylene glycol (qs) The formulation is particularly suitable for subcutaneous administration of the compound Example 23. Preparation of BrEA hemihydrate - procedure 1. Crude BrEA was prepared by brommation of epiandrosterone, followed by crystallization from methanol The hemihydrate was prepared by dissolving 25 g of crude BrEA in 75 mL of refluxing ethanol with moderate agitation To the BrEA solution 12 5 mL of water was slowly added while maintaining the solution at reflux with agitation Agitation of the solution was maintained and the solution was then allowed to cool to about 20-25°C and kept at about 20-25°C for about 15 minutes to obtain a suspension of BrEA hemihydrate crystals The crystals were recovered by filtration, washed with a solution of 25 mL of water ethanol (5 1 v/v) at about 20-25°C and then vacuum dried for about 13 hours at 50-60°C until the product weight was constant The crystals were primarily rod and needle shaped, with smaller amounts of other shapes such as tablets The procedure gave 22 5 g of BrEA hemihydrate (yield 90%) with a water content of 2 6% w/w by KF analysis, a purity of 100% by HPLC area analysis, an FTIR spectrum with carbonyl peaks at 1741 cm 1 and 1752 cm 1 The FTIR scan of anhydrous BrEA shows a single carbonyl peak at 1749 cm The DSC scan showed three endotherms One had a broad shallow peak with an onset at about 109-110°C and ending at about 150°C This broad DSC peak is consistent with the loss of water from the hemihydrate crystals as the temperature of the sample increased The second endotherm at about 83-100°C is consistent with the loss of the small amount of residual ethanol from the sample A DSC scan of anhydrous BrEA does not have the broad endotherm that is observed with the hemihydrate Also consistent with the loss of water from the hemihydrate over the 100-150°C range is a sharp third endotherm peak in the hemihydrate DSC scan at about 163-164°C, which is the melting point of anhydrous BrEA The FTIR was obtained using USP method <197>, where the BrEA hemihydrate sample was prepared in KBr The DSC thermogram was obtained by scanning from 25°C to 250°C with a heating rate of 10°C/mιnute Example 24. Preparation of BrEA hemihydrate - procedure 2. The hemihydrate was prepared by dissolving 10 g of crude BrEA in 40 mL of refluxmg acetone with moderate agitation To the BrEA solution 4 0 mL of water was slowly added while maintaining the solution at reflux with agitation Agitation of the solution was maintained and the solution was then allowed to cool to about 20-25°C and kept at about 20-25°C for about 15 minutes to obtain a suspension of BrEA hemihydrate crystals The crystals were recovered by filtration, washed with a solution of 6 0 mL of water acetone (10 1 v/v) at about 20-25°C and then vacuum dried overnight (about 13- 15 hours) at 50-60°C until the product weight was constant The procedure gave 7 0 g of BrEA hemihydrate (yield 70%) with a water content of 2 6% w/w by KF analysis and an FTIR spectrum with carbonyl peaks at 1741 cm 1 and 1752 cm Example 25. Analysis of BrEA hemihydrate particle size. BrEA hemihydrate crystals were prepared essentially as described herein and sized using a particle sizing apparatus (Malvern instruments) The analysis model used was for a polydisperse sample and a volume distribution type The analysis showed a range of crystal diameter sizes from about 0 5 μm to about 880 μm About 90% of the crystals had a diameter of about 20 μm to about 220 μm and the majority of the crystals had a diameter of about 30-200 μm The mean crystal diameter was about 93 μm. The specific surface area of the crystals was about 0.25 m 2 /g. To the extent not already indicated, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that any of the various specific embodiments, compounds or compositions described herein may be further modified to incorporate other appropriate features, e.g., as shown in any other of the specific embodiments disclosed herein or in the cited references.

Claims: CLAIMS What is claimed is 1 16α-Bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one hemihydrate substantially free of other forms of 16α-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one 2. The 16α-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one hemihydrate substantially free of other forms of 16α-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one of claim 1 wherein 16α-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one hemihydrate comprises at least about 55% w/w of the 16α-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one that is present. 3 The 16α-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one hemihydrate substantially free of other forms of 16α-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one of claim 1 wherein 16α-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one hemihydrate comprises at least about 98% w/w of the 16α-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one that is present. 4 The 16α-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one hemihydrate of claim 3, characterized by one or more of (1 ) an absorption endotherm onset as measured by differential scanning caloπmerty analysis of about 100°C, (2) two carbonyl absorption bands at about 1741 cm 1 and 1750 cm "1 as measured by Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy and (3) a water content of about 2.4% w/w to about 2.6% w/w as measured by Karl Fisher titration 5 The 16α-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one of claim 1 , 2 or 3 in a compostion comprising an excipient suitable for human pharmaceutical use or for veterinary use 6 A method to make 16α-brorno-3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one hemihydrate comprising contacting water, 16α-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one and a C1 -C6 alcohol 7 The method of claim 6 wherein the C1 -C6 alcohol is ethanol 8 The method of claim 6 wherein the solution comprises about 5-25% w/w water, about 30-45% w/w ethanol and about 30-45% w/w of a 16α-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α- androstan-17-one preparation 9 The method of claim 6 wherein the solution comprises about 18-22% w/w water about 37-43% w/w ethanol and about 37-43% w/w of a 16α-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5 - androstan-17-one preparation 10 The method of claim 9 wherein the solution is at a temperature of about - 20°C to about 45°C 1 1 The 16α-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one hemihydrate of claim 1 substantially free of anhydrous 16α-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one or substantially free of amorphous 16α-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one 12 A product produced by the process of contacting a solution comprising water, 16α-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one and a C1-C6 alcohol 13 The product of claim 12 that is 16α-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17- one hemihydrate 14 The product of claim 12 or 13 wherein the solution comprises about 5-25% w/w water about 30-45% w/w ethanol and about 30-45% w/w of a 16α-bromo-3β-hydroxy- 5α-androstan-17-one preparation 15 A composition comprising a compound of formula 1 and one or more nonaqueous liquid excipients wherein the composition comprises less than about 3% v/v water and wherein R 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 R 5 R 6 and R 10 independently are -H -OR PR -SR PR -N(R PR ) 2 -O-Si- (R 13 ) 3 -CN -N0 2 an ester a thioester a phosphoester a phosphothioester a phosphonoester, a phosphiniester, a sulfite ester, a sulfate ester, an amide, an amino acid, a peptide, an ether, a thioether, an acyl group, a thioacyl group, a carbonate, a carbamate, a thioacetal, a halogen, an optionally substituted alkyl group, an optionally substituted alkenyl group, an optionally substituted alkynyl group, an optionally substituted aryl moiety, an optionally substituted heteroaryl moiety, an optionally substituted monosacchaπde, an optionally substituted oligosacchaπde, a nucleoside, a nucleotide, an oligonucleotide, a polymer, or, one, two or more of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 10 independently are =0 or =S and the hydrogen atom that is bonded to the same carbon atom is absent, or, R 3 and both R 4 together comprise a structure of formula 2 R 7 is -CHR 10 -, -CHR 10 -CHR 10 -, -CHR 10 -CHR 10 -CHR 10 -, -CHR 10 -O-CHR 10 -, -CHR 0 -S-CHR 10 -, -CHR 10 -NR PR -CHR 10 -, -O- -O-CHR 10 -, -S-, -S-CHR 10 - -NR PR - or -NR PR - CHR 10 -, R 8 and R 9 independently are -CHR 10 -, -CHR 10 -CHR 10 -, -0-, -O-CHR 10 -, -S-, -S- CHR 10 -, -NR PR - or -NR PR -CHR 10 -, or R 8 or R 9 independently is absent, leaving a 5- membered ring, R 13 independently is Cι- 6 alkyl; D is a heterocycle or a 4- 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring that comprises saturated carbon atoms, wherein 1 , 2 or 3 ring carbon atoms of the 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring are optionally independently substituted with -O- -S- or -NR PR - or where 1 2 or 3 hydrogen atoms of the heterocycle or where 1 or 2 hydrogen atoms of the 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring are substituted with -OR PR , -SR PR , -N(R PR ) 2 , -0-Sι-(R 13 ) 3 , -CN, -N0 2 , an ester, a thioester, a phosphoester, a phosphothioester, a phosphonoester, a phosphiniester, a sulfite ester, a sulfate ester, an amide an ammo acid, a peptide, an ether, a thioether, an acyl group, a thioacyl group, a carbonate, a carbamate, a thioacetal a halogen, an optionally substituted alkyl group an optionally substituted alkenyl group, an optionally substituted alkynyl group an optionally substituted aryl moiety, an optionally substituted heteroaryl moiety, an optionally substituted monosacchaπde an optionally substituted oiigosacchaπde, a nucleoside, a nucleotide an oligonucleotide or a polymer or, one or more of the ring carbons are substituted with =0 or =S or D comprises two 5- or 6-membered rings, wherein the rings are fused or are linked by 1 or 2 bonds 16 The composition of claim 15 wherein formula 2 has the structure R 1b independently are -CH 2 -, -0-, -S- or -NH-; R 15 , R 17 and R 18 independently are -H, -OR PR , -SR PR , -N(R PR ) 2 , -0-Si-(R 13 ) 3 , -CN, - N0 2 , an ester, a thioester, a phosphoester, a phosphothioester, a phosphonoester, a phosphiniester, a sulfite ester, a sulfate ester an amide, an am o acid, a peptide, an ether, a thioether an acyl group, a thioacyl group a carbonate, a carbamate, a thioacetal, a halogen, an optionally substituted alkyl group, an optionally substituted alkenyl group, an optionally substituted alkynyl group, an optionally substituted aryl moiety, an optionally substituted heteroaryl moiety, an optionally substituted monosacchaπde, an optionally substituted oligosacchaπde, a nucleoside, a nucleotide, an oligonucleotide, a polymer, or, one or more of R 15 , R 17 and R 8 independently are =0 or =S and the hydrogen atom that is bonded to the same carbon atom is absent, or, R 19 is nitrogen or CH 17 The composition of claim 16 wherein one, two or three of R 7 , R 8 and R 9 are independently -0-, -S-, or -NH- or wherein one or both of R 5 and R 6 independently are -H, -CH 3 , -CH 2 OR PR , -CH 2 SR PR , -CH 2 O-C(O)-C 1 . 10 alkyl, -CH 2 S-C(O)-C 1 . 10 alkyl, -CH 2 0-C(0)- d-ιo alkenyl, -CH 2 S-C(0)-d 10 alkenyl, -CH 2 O-C(O)-C 0 alkyl-heterocycle, -CH 2 S-C(O)-C 0 - 4 alkyl-heterocycle, -CH 2 O-C(O)-C 0 4 alkyl-phenyl, -CH 2 S-C(O)-C 0 4 alkyl-phenyl, wherein any C 1 - 10 alkyl, heterocycle or phenyl moiety is optionally substituted with one or more substituents 18 The composition of claim 17 wherein the one or more substituents are one, two, three or more independently selected -0-, =0, -OR PR , -S-, =S, -SR PR , -NH-, -N(R PR ) 2 or -C(0)-NH-, wherein each R PR independently is -H or a protecting group 19 The composition of claim 15 wherein R 1 and R 4 independently are is -OH, - O-alkyl, -0-C(0)-alkyl, =O, -SH, -S-alkyl, -S-C(0)-alkyl or =S, and R 2 and R 3 independently are -H, -OH, -O-alkyl, -0-C(0)-alkyl =0, -SH, -S-alkyl, -S-C(0)-alkyl or =S 20 The composition of claim 15 wherein the formula 1 compound is a compound named in compound groups 1 through 42-25-10-6 21 A compound of formula 1 wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 10 independently are -H, -OR PR , -SR PR , -N(R PR ) 2 , -O-Si- (R 13 ) 3 , -CN, -N0 2 , an ester, a thioester, a phosphoester, a phosphothioester, a phosphonoester, a phosphiniester, a sulfite ester, a sulfate ester, an amide, an ammo acid, a peptide, an ether, a thioether, an acyl group, a thioacyl group, a carbonate, a carbamate, a thioacetal, a halogen, an optionally substituted alkyl group, an optionally substituted alkenyl group, an optionally substituted alkynyl group, an optionally substituted aryl moiety, an optionally substituted heteroaryl moiety, an optionally substituted monosaccharide, an optionally substituted o gosaccharide, a nucleoside, a nucleotide, an oligonucleotide, a polymer, or, one, two or more of R , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 10 independently are =0 or =S and the hydrogen atom that is bonded to the same carbon atom is absent, or, R 3 and R 4 together comprise a structure of formula 2 R 7 is -CHR 10 -, -CHR 10 -CHR 10 -, -CHR 10 -CHR 10 -CHR 10 -, -CHR 10 -O-CHR 10 - -CHR 10 -S-CHR 10 - -CHR 10 -NR PR -CHR 10 -, -0-, -O-CHR 10 -, -S-, -S-CHR 10 NR PK - or -NR P p R κ - CHR 10 -; R 8 and R 9 independently are -CHR 10 -, -CHR 10 -CHR 10 -, -0-, -O-CHR 10 -, -S-, -S- CHR 10 -, -NR PR - or -NR PR -CHR 10 -, or R 8 or R 9 independently is absent, leaving a 5- membered πng; R 13 independently is Ci 6 alkyl, D is a heterocycle or a 4- 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring that comprises saturated carbon atoms, wherein 1 , 2 or 3 ring carbon atoms of the 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring are optionally independently substituted with -O- -S- or -NR PR - or where 1 , 2 or 3 hydrogen atoms of the heterocycle or where 1 or 2 hydrogen atoms of the 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring are substituted with -OR PR , -SR PR , -N(R PR ) 2 , -0-Si-(R 13 ) 3 , -CN, -N0 2 , an ester, a thioester, a phosphoester, a phosphothioester a phosphonoester, a phosphiniester, a sulfite ester, a sulfate ester, an amide, an am o acid, a peptide, an ether, a thioether, an acyl group, a thioacyl group a carbonate, a carbamate, a thioacetal, a halogen, an optionally substituted alkyl group, an optionally substituted alkenyl group an optionally substituted alkynyl group, an optionally substituted aryl moiety, an optionally substituted heteroaryl moiety, an optionally substituted monosaccharide, an optionally substituted ohgosaccharide, a nucleoside, a nucleotide, an oligonucleotide or a polymer, or, one or more of the ring carbons are substituted with =0 or =S, or D comprises two 5- or 6-membered rings, wherein the rings are fused or are linked by 1 or 2 bonds, wherein one, two or three of R 7 , R 8 and R 9 are not -CHR 10 -. 22 The compound of claim 21 wherein formula 2 has the structure wherein R 15 , R 17 and R 8 independently are -H -OR PR -SR PR , -N(R PR ) 2 , -0-Sι-(R 13 ) 3 , -CN, - N0 2 , an ester, a thioester, a phosphoester, a phosphothioester, a phosphonoester, a phosphiniester, a sulfite ester, a sulfate ester an amide, an am o acid, a peptide, an ether, a thioether, an acyl group, a thioacyl group, a carbonate, a carbamate, a thioacetal, a halogen an optionally substituted alkyl group, an optionally substituted alkenyl group, an optionally substituted alkynyl group, an optionally substituted aryl moiety, an optionally substituted heteroaryl moiety, an optionally substituted monosaccharide, an optionally substituted ohgosaccharide, a nucleoside, a nucleotide, an oligonucleotide, a polymer, or, one or more of R 15 , R 17 and R 18 independently are =0 or =S and the hydrogen atom that is bonded to the same carbon atom is absent, or, R 16 independently are -CH 2 -, -O- -S- or -NH-, and R 19 is nitrogen or CH 23 The compound of claim 21 wherein no double bonds are present, or wherein one double bond is present 24 The compound of claim 21 wherein one, two or three of R' R 8 and R 9 are independently -O-, -S-, or -NH- or wherein one or both of R 5 and R s independently are -H, -CH 3 , -CH 2 OR PR , -CH 2 SR PR , -CH 2 O-C(O)-C 1 10 alkyl, -CH 2 S-C(0)-C 1 10 alkyl, -CH 2 0-C(0)- d-10 alkenyl, -CH 2 S-C(0)-d 10 alkenyl -CH 2 O-C(O)-C 0 4 alkyl-heterocycle, -CH 2 S-C(O)-C 0 4 alkyl-heterocycle, -CH 2 O-C(O)-C 0 4 alkyl-phenyl, -CH 2 S-C(O)-C 0 4 alkyl-phenyl, wherein any i 10 alkyl, d 10 alkenyl, heterocycle or phenyl moiety is optionally substituted with one or more independently selected substituents 25 The compound of claim 24 wherein the one or more independently selected substituents are one two three or more independently selected -O- =0 -OR -S- =S SR ,PR -NH- -N(R PR ) 2 or -C(0)-NH- wherein each R j PR κ independently is -H or a protecting group 26 The compound of claim 25 wherein R 1 and R 4 independently are -OH, -O- alkyl, -0-C(0)-alkyl, =0, -SH, -S-alkyl, -S-C(0)-alkyl or =S, and R 2 and R 3 independently are -H, -OH, -O-alkyl, -0-C(0)-alkyl, =0, -SH, -S-alkyl, -S-, -C(0)-alkyl or =S 27 The compound of claim 26 wherein the formula 1 compound is a compound named in compound groups 1 through 42-25-10-6 28 The compound of claim 21 or 22 wherein one or two of R 7 , R 8 and R 9 independently is -0-, -S- or -NH- 29 The compound of claim 21 wherein one or two of R 7 , R 8 and R 9 independently is -0-, -S- or -NH- and R 1 , R 2 and R 4 independently are -OH, -SH or group that can hydrolyze to -OH or -SH 30 The compound of claim 29 wherein R 1 is in the α-configuration and R 5 and R 6 are both in the α-configuration and R 5 and R 6 independently are -CH 3 or -CH 2 OH or a group that can hydrolyze to -CH 2 OH 31 The compound of claim 30 wherein R 2 is in the α-configuration and any hydrogen at the 5-posιtιon is in the α-configuration 32 The compound of claim 21 wherein the formula 1 compound is an analog of 16α-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one 16α-bromo-3β,7β-dιhydroxy-5α-androstan- 17-one, 16α-bromo-3β,7β, l 7β-tπhydroxy-5α-androstane, 16α-bromo-3β,7α-dιhydroxy-5α- androstan-17-one, 16α-bromo-3β,7α,l 7β-trιhydroxy-5α-androstane, 16α-bromo-3α,7β- dιhydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one, 16α-bromo-3β,7β. l 7α-tπhydroxy-5α-androstane, 16α- bromo-3α,7α-dιhydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one, 16α-bromo-3β,7α, 17α-tπhydroxy-5α- androstane, 16α-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-7 17-dιone, 16α-bromo-3α-hydroxy-5α- androstan-7, 17-dιone, 16α-bromo-7β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-3 1 -dιone 16α-bromo-7α- hydroxy-5α-androstan-3, 17-dιone, 3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one, 3β,7β-dιhydroxy-5α- androstan-17-one, 3β,7β, 17β-tπhydroxy-5α-androstane, 3β,7α-dιhydroxy-5α-androstan-17- one, 3β,7α, 17β-tπhydroxy-5α-androstane, 3α.7β-dιhydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one, 3β,7β, 17α-tπhydroxy-5α-androstane 3 .7α-dιhydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one, 3β,7α.17α- tπhydroxy-5α-androstane 3β-hydroxy-5 -androstan-7 17-dιone 3α-hydroxy-5α- androstan-7 17-dιone 7β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-3 17-dιone 7u-hydroxy-5α-androstan- 3, 17-dιone, 16α-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5-androstene-17-one, 16α-bromo-3β,7β-dιhydroxy-5- androstene-17-one, 16α-bromo-3β,7β, 17β-tπhydroxy-5-androstene, 16α-bromo-3β,7α- dιhydroxy-5-androstene-17-one, 16α-bromo-3β,7α, 17β-tπhydroxy-5-androstenee, 16α- bromo-3α,7β-dιhydroxy-5-androstene-17-one, 16α-bromo-3β,7β, 17α-trιhydroxy-5- androstenee, 16α-bromo-3α,7α-dιhydroxy-5-androstene-17-one, 16α-bromo-3β,7α,l7α- tπhydroxy-5-androstenee, 16α-bromo-3β-hydroxy-5-androstene-7, 17-dιone, 16α-bromo- 3α-hydroxy-5-androstene-7, 17-dιone, 16α-bromo-7β-hydroxy-5-androstene-3, 17-dιone, 16α-bromo-7α-hydroxy-5-androstene-3, 17-dιone, 3β-hydroxy-5-androstene-17-one, 3β,7β- dιhydroxy-5-androstene-17-one, 3β,7β,17β-tπhydroxy-5-androstene, 3β,7α-dιhydroxy-5- androstene-17-one, 3β,7α, 17β-tπhydroxy-5-androstene, 3α,7β-dιhydroxy-5-androstene-17- one, 3βJβ, 17α-tπhydroxy-5-androstene, 3α, " α-dιhydroxy-5-androstene-17-one, 3β,7α,17α- trιhydroxy-5-androstene, 3β-hydroxy-5-androstene-7, 17-dιone, 3α-hydroxy-5-androstene- 7, 17-dιone, 7β-hydroxy-5-androstene-3, 17-dιone, 7α-hydroxy-5-androstene-3, 17-dιone, 16α-bromo-3β-hydroxy-4-androstene-17-one, 16α-bromo-3β,7β-dιhydroxy-4-androstene- 17-one, 16α-bromo-3β,7β,l7β-trιhydroxy-4-androstene, 16α-bromo-3β,7α-dιhydroxy-4- androstene-17-one, 16α-bromo-3β,7α, 17β-trιhydroxy-4-androstenee, 16α-bromo-3α,7β- dιhydroxy-4-androstene-17-one, 16α-bromo-3β.7β,l 7α-tπhydroxy-4-androstenee, 16α- bromo-3α,7α-dιhydroxy-4-androstene-17-one 16α-bromo-3β,7α, 1 ^α-tπhydroxy-4- androstenee, 16α-bromo-3β-hydroxy-4-androstene-7 17-dιone, 16α-bromo-3α-hydroxy-4- androstene-7, 17-dιone, 16α-bromo-7β-hydroxy-4-androstene-3, 17-dιone, 16α-bromo-7α- hydroxy-4-androstene-3, 17-dιone, 3β-hydroxy-4-androstene-17-one, 3β,7β-dιhydroxy-4- androstene-17-one, 3β,7β, 17β-tπhydroxy-4-androstene, 3β,7α-dιhydroxy-4-androstene-17- one, 3β,7α, l 7β-trιhydroxy-4-androstene, 3α. " β-dihydroxy-4-androstene-17-one, 3β,7β,17α- tπhydroxy-4-androstene, 3α,7α-dιhydroxy-4-androstene-17-one, 3β,7α.17α-tπhydroxy-4- androstene, 3β-hydroxy-4-androstene-7 17-dιone 3α-hydroxy-4-androstene-7, 17-dιone, 7β-hydroxy-4-androstene-3, 17-dιone, 7α-hydroxy-4-androstene-3, 17-dιone, 16α-bromo- 3β-hydroxy-1 -androstene-17-one, 16α-bromo-3β,7β-dιhydroxy-1 -androstene-17-one, 16α- bromo-3β,7β, 17β-tπhydroxy-1 -androstene, 16α-bromo-3β,7α-dιhydroxy-1 -androstene-17- one, 16α-bromo-3β,7α, 17β-tπhydroxy-1 -androstenee 16α-bromo-3α,7β-dιhydroxy-1- androstene-17-one 16α-bromo-3β 7β, l 7α-tπhydroxy-1 -androstenee 16u-bromo-3α,7α- dιhydroxy-1-androstene-17-one 16α-bromo-3β η u l 7α-tπhydroxy-1 -androstenee, 16α- bromo-3β-hydroxy-1 -androstene-7, 17-dιone 16α-bromo-3u-hydroxy-1 -androstene-7, 17- dione 16α-bromo-7β-hydroxy-1 -androstene-3 17-dιone 16α-bromo-7u-hydroxy-1 - androstene-3, 17-dιone, 3β-hydroxy-1 -androstene-17-one, 3β,7β-dιhydroxy-1 -androstene- 17-one, 3β,7β, l 7β-tπhydroxy-1 -androstene 3β,7α-dιhydroxy-1 -androstene-17-one, 3β,7α,l7β-trιhydroxy-1 -androstene, 3α,7β-dιhydroxy-1 -androstene-17-one, 3β,7β,17α- tπhydroxy-1 -androstene, 3α,7α-dιhydroxy-1 -androstene-17-one, 3β,7α,l7α-trιhydroxy-1- androstene, 3β-hydroxy-1 -androstene-7 17-dιone, 3α-hydroxy-1 -androstene-7, 17-dιone, 7β-hydroxy-1-androstene-3, 17-dιone or 7α-hydroxy-1-androstene-3, 17-dιone, wherein one, two or three independently selected moieties hydrolyzable to a hydroxyl group are optionally bonded to one, two or three hydroxyl groups, and wherein one or two of R 7 , R 8 and R 9 are not -CHR 10 - 33 A composition comprising a compound of claim 21 , and one or more excipients suitable for human pharmaceutical use or for veterinary use 34 The composition of claim 33 wherein the one or excipients is a solid excipient a nonaqueous liquid excipient or water 35 The product of claim 34, wherein the product is a unit dosage formulation that comprises about 5 to about 1000 mg of one formula 1 compound 36 A product produced by the process of contacting the compound of claim 21 , and one or more excipients suitable for human pharmaceutical use or for veterinary use 37 The product of claim 36 wherein the excipient is a solid excipient, a nonaqueous liquid excipient or water 38 The product of claim 37 wherein the product is a unit dosage formulation that comprises about 3 5 mg to about 1000 mg of one formula 1 compound 39 A method comprising administering to a subject or delivering to the subject's tissues an effective amount of a composition of claim 15 wherein the subject has or is susceptible to a pathogen infection or a malignancy, whereby the pathogen infection or the malignancy is prevented or delayed or whereby one or more symptoms of the pathogen infection or the malignancy is ameliorated or whereby the replication of a pathogen primarily responsible for the pathogen infection is inhibited or whereby replication of the malignant cells is inhibited or whereby at least a portion of an extracellular pathogen primarily responsible for the pathogen infection or cells infected by the pathogen or the malignant cells are killed or whereby the malignant cell population is reduced or whereby the degree of pathogen replication is reduced 40 The method of claim 39 further comprising intermittently administering to the subject or delivering to the subject's tissues an effective amount of the composition of claim 15 41 The method of claim 40 wherein (a) the composition of claim 15 is administered to the subject or delivered to the subject's tissues (i) one two or three times per day for 1 , 2, 3 4 or 5 consecutive days or (n) one two or three times per day every other day over a period of 3, 5, 7 or 9 days, (b) not administering the composition of claim 15 for at least about 28 days to at least about 8 months from the last day of dosing in step (a), (c) administering to the subject or delivering to the subject's tissues the composition of claim 15 (i) one, two or three times per day for 1 , 2, 3 4 or 5 consecutive days or (n) one, two or three times per day every other day over a period of 3, 5 7 or 9 days, and (d) optionally repeating steps (a), (b) and (c) 1 , 2 3 4 5 or more times 42 The method of claim 40 wherein (a) the composition of claim 15 is administered to the subject or delivered to the subject's tissues once per day every other day over a period of 5 days, (b) not administering the composition of claim 15 for 2 days, (c) and then repeating step (a), and (d) optionally repeating steps (a), (b) and (c) 1 , 2, 3 or more times 43 The method of claim 42 wherein about 0 05 mg/kg to about 25 mg/kg of the formula 1 compound that is present in the composition of claim 15 is administered to the subject or delivered to the subject's tissues 44 A method comprising administering to a subject or delivering to the subject's tissues an effective amount of a composition of claim 33 wherein the subject has or is susceptible to a pathogen infection or a malignancy whereby the pathogen infection or the malignancy is prevented or delayed or whereby one or more symptoms of the pathogen infection or the malignancy is ameliorated or whereby the replication of a pathogen primarily responsible for the pathogen infection is inhibited or whereby replication of the malignant cells is inhibited or whereby at least a portion of an extracellular pathogen primarily responsible for the pathogen infection or cells infected by the pathogen or the malignant ceils are killed or whereby the malignant cell population is reduced or whereby the degree of pathogen replication is reduced 45 The method of claim 44 further comprising intermittently administering to the subject or delivering to the subject's tissues an effective amount of the composition of claim 33 46 The method of claim 45 wherein (a) the composition of claim 33 is administered to the subject or delivered to the subject's tissues (i) one, two or three times per day for 1 , 2, 3, 4 or 5 consecutive days or (n) one, two or three times per day every other day over a period of 3, 5, 7 or 9 days, (b) not administering the composition of claim 33 for at least about 28 days to at least about 8 months from the last day of dosing in step (a), (c) administering to the subject or delivering to the subject's tissues the composition of claim 33 (i) one, two or three times per day for 1 , 2, 3, 4 or 5 consecutive days or (n) one, two or three times per day every other day over a period of 3, 5, 7 or 9 days, and (d) optionally repeating steps (a), (b) and (c) 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5 or more times 47 The method of claim 45 wherein (a) the composition of claim 33 is administered to the subject or delivered to the subject's tissues once per day every other day over a period of 5 days, (b) not administering the composition of claim 33 for 2 days, (c) and then repeating step (a), and (d) optionally repeating steps (a), (b) and (c) 1 , 2, 3 or more times 48 The method of claim 47 wherein about 0 05 mg/kg to about 25 mg/kg of the formula 1 compound that is present in the composition of claim 33 is administered to the subject or delivered to the subject's tissues 49 A method to enhance a Th1 immune response in a subject or to reduce an undesired Th2 immune response in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the composition of claim 15, whereby the subject's Th1 immune response is enhanced ot the subject's undesired Th2 immune response is reduced 50 The method of claim 49 wherein the the subject has an immunosuppression condition (a suboptimal Th1 immune response) or an unwanted immune response (excess Th2 immune response), either or both of which are associated with (1 ) a pathogen infection selected from a viral infection, an intracellular bacterial infection, an extracellular bacterial infection, a fungal infection, a yeast infection, an extracellular parasite infection, an intracellular parasite infection a protozoan parasite infection and a multicellular parasite infection (2) an autoimmune disease (3) a malignancy or a precancer, (4) a chemotherapy, a radiation therapy an immunosuppressive therapy an anti-infective agent therapy, a wound, a burn, the presence of an immunosuppressive molecule, or gastrointestinal irritation or inflammation or (5) any combination of the foregoing 51 The method of claim 50 wherein the subject's immunosuppression condition is ameliorated or the unwanted immune response is reduced 52 The method of claim 51 wherein the subject's innate immunity, specific immunity or both is enhanced 53 The method of claim 52 wherein the subject's viral infection, intracellular bacterial infection, extracellular bacterial infection, fungal infection, yeast infection, extracellular parasite infection, intracellular parasite infection, protozoan parasite, multicellular parasite, autoimmune disease, cancer, precancer, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunosuppressive therapy, anti-infective agent therapy, a wound, a burn, or the presence of an immunosuppressive molecule, gastrointestinal irritation, inflammation or any combination of the foregoing is selected from (a) a DNA virus infection or an RNA virus infection, (b) a mycoplasma infection, a Listena infection or a Mycobacterium infection, (c) a Streptococcus infection, a Staphylococcus infection, a Vibrio infection, a Salmonella infection, a Shigella infection, an enterotoxigenic, enteropathogenic, enteromvasive or enterohemorrhagic E coli infection, a Yersinia infection, a Campylobacter infection, a Pseudomonas infection, a Borrelia infection, a Legionella infection and a Haemophilus infection, (d) pulmonary Aspergillosis, mucosal or oropharyngealcandidiasis and juvenile paracoccidiomycosis, (e) a Candida infection and a Cryptococcus infection, (f) systemic lupus erythematosis arthritis and diabetes, (g) a solid or a disseminated cancer selected from ovarian cancer cervical cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, liver cancer or carcinoma, a ghoma a lymphoma, a leukemia and a colon cancer, (h) benign prostatic hyperplasia and recurrent condylomata acummata, (i) adπamycin treatment, cisplatm treatment, mitomycm C treatment, amphoteπcin B treatment, (j) a γ-radiation therapy, (k) nucleoside analog treatment for viral infection or or cancer, (I) surgical wounds and accidental wounds (m) cyclosponn treatment and corticosteroid treatment, (n) irritable bowel disease Crohn's disease, chronic diarrhea, or (o) any combination of (a) through (n) 54 The method of claim 53 wherein the subject is a mammal 55 The method of claim 53 wherein the DNA virus infection or the RNA virus infection is selected from a HSV CMV HBV HCV HIV SHIV SIV FIV EBV, HSV-1 HSV-2, HSV-6, HHV-6, HHV-8, adeno-associated virus, measles virus, poxvirus, Poliovirus, human rhmovirus, human papilloma virus and animal papilloma virus infection 56 The method of claim 55 wherein the subject is a human having an HIV-1 or HIV-2 infection, wherein the subject's CD4 cell count is about 25 to about 100 CD4 + cells/mm 3 57 The method of claim 56 wherein the subject is suffering from one or more complications or co-infections associated with AIDS 58 The method of claim 53 wherein the subject has a pathogen infection or a malignancy and the pathogen or the malignancy does not become resistant to the formula 1 compound over a time normally associated with the development of measurable resistance to any traditional pathogen or malignancy chemotherapy or radiation therapy in at least about 30% of the subjects who are treated with a chemotherapy or a radiation therapy for the pathogen infection or the malignancy other than a formula 1 compound 59 A method to enhance a Th1 immune response in a subject or to reduce an undesired Th2 immune response in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the composition of claim 33, whereby the subject's Th1 immune response is enhanced ot the subject's undesired Th2 immune response is reduced 60 The method of claim 59 wherein the the subject has an immunosuppression condition (a suboptimal Th1 immune response) or an unwanted immune response (excess Th2 immune response), either or both of which are associated with (1 ) a pathogen infection selected from a viral infection an intracellular bacterial infection an extracellular bacterial infection a fungal infection, a yeast infection, an extracellular parasite infection, an intracellular parasite infection a protozoan parasite infection and a multicellular parasite infection, (2) an autoimmune disease (3) a malignancy or a precancer, (4) a chemotherapy a radiation therapy, an immunosuppressive therapy, an anti-mfective agent therapy, a wound a burn, the presence of an immunosuppressive molecule, or gastrointestinal irritation or inflammation (5) a helminth infection or (6) any combination of the foregoing 61 The method of claim 60 wherein the subject s immunosuppression condition is ameliorated or the unwanted immune response is reduced 62 The method of claim 61 wherein the subject's innate immunity, specific immunity or both is enhanced 63 The method of claim 62 wherein the subject's viral infection, intracellular bacterial infection, extracellular bacterial infection, fungal infection, yeast infection, extracellular parasite infection, intracellular parasite infection, protozoan parasite, multicellular parasite, autoimmune disease, cancer, precancer, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunosuppressive therapy, anti-infective agent therapy, a wound, a burn, or the presence of an immunosuppressive molecule, gastrointestinal irritation, inflammation or any combination of the foregoing is selected from (a) a DNA virus infection or an RNA virus infection, (b) a mycoplasma infection, a Listena infection or a Mycobacterium infection (c) a Streptococcus infection a Staphylococcus infection, a Vibrio infection, a Salmonella infection, a Shigella infection an enterotoxigenic, enteropathogenic, enteromvasive or enterohemorrhagic E coli infection a Yersinia infection, a Campylobacter infection, a Pseudomonas infection a Borrelia infection a Legionella infection and a Haemophilus infection, (d) pulmonary Aspergillosis, mucosal or oropharyngealcandidiasis and juvenile paracoccidiomycosis, (e) a Candida infection and a Cryptococcus infection, (f) systemic lupus erythematosis, arthritis and diabetes, (g) a solid or a disseminated cancer selected from ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, liver cancer or carcinoma, a ghoma, a lymphoma, a leukemia and a colon cancer, (h) benign prostatic hyperplasia and recurrent condylomata acummata, (i) adπamycin treatment, cisplatm treatment, mitomycm C treatment amphotericin B treatment, (j) a γ-radiation therapy, (k) nucleoside analog treatment for viral infection or or cancer, (I) surgical wounds and accidental wounds (m) cyclosponn treatment and corticosteroid treatment, (n) irritable bowel disease, Crohn's disease, chronic diarrhea, or (o) any combination of (a) through (n) 64 The method of claim 63 wherein the subject is a mammal 65 The method of claim 63 wherein the DNA virus infection or the RNA virus infection is selected from a HSV CMV HBV HCV HIV SHIV SIV FIV, EBV HSV-1 HSV-2, HSV-6 HHV-6 HHV-8 adeno-associated virus measles virus, poxvirus, Poliovirus human rhmovirus human papilloma virus and animal papilloma virus infection 66 The method of claim 65 wherein the subject is a human having an HIV-1 or HIV-2 infection wherein the subject s CD4 cell count is about 25 to about 100 CD4 + cells/mm 3 67 The method of claim 66 wherein the subject is suffering from one or more complications or co-infections associated with AIDS 68 The method of claim 63 wherein the subject has a pathogen infection or a malignancy and the pathogen or the malignancy does not become resistant to the formula 1 compound over a time normally associated with the development of measurable resistance to any traditional pathogen or malignancy chemotherapy or radiation therapy in at least about 30% of the subjects who are treated with a chemotherapy or a radiation therapy for the pathogen infection or the malignancy other than a formula 1 compound 69 A method to enhance the expression of one or more cytokines or interleukms that facilitate Th1 immune responses in a subject or to reduce the expression of one or more cytokines or interleukms that facilitate Th2 immune response in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the composition of claim 15, whereby the subject's Th1 immune response is enhanced ot the subject's undesired Th2 immune response is reduced 70 The method of claim 69 wherein the one or more cytokines or interleukms that facilitate Th1 immune responses in a subject is IL-2, IL-12 or γlFN 71 The method of claim 68 wherein the one or more cytokines or interleukms that facilitate Th2 immune response in a subject is IL-4 or IL-10 72 A method to enhance the expression of one or more cytokines or interleukms that facilitate Th1 immune responses in a subject or to reduce the expression of one or more cytokines or interleukms that facilitate Th2 immune response in a subject comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the composition of claim 32, whereby the subject's Th1 immune response is enhanced ot the subject's undesired Th2 immune response is reduced 73 The method of claim 72 wherein the one or more cytokines or interleukms that facilitate Th1 immune responses in a subject is IL-2 IL-12 or γlFN 74 The method of claim 72 wherein the one or more cytokines or interleukms that facilitate Th2 immune response in a subject is IL-4 or IL-10

Inventors: AHLEM CLARENCE NATHANIEL, DE CARVALHO LUIS DANIEL DOS AN, FRINCKE JAMES MARTIN, HEGGIE WILLIAM, PRENDERGAST PATRICK T, READING CHRISTOPHER L, THADIKONDA KRUPAKAR PAUL, VERNON RUSSELL NEIL, AHLEM, CLARENCE, NATHANIEL, DE CARVALHO, LUIS, DANIEL, DOS ANJOS, FRINCKE, JAMES, MARTIN, HEGGIE, WILLIAM, PRENDERGAST, PATRICK, T., READING, CHRISTOPHER, L., THADIKONDA, KRUPAKAR, PAUL, VERNON, RUSSELL, NEIL
Applicants: HOLLIS EDEN PHARMACEUTICALS, HOLLIS-EDEN PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
Application year: 2000
Main classification: C07J1
IPC codes: A61K31, A61P31, A61P33, A61P35, A61P37, C07J1, C07J3, C07J9, C07J17, C07J53, C07J73