A DEVICE FOR COUPLING RADIO FREQUENCY ENERGY FROM VARIOUS TRANSMISSION LINES USING VARIABLE IMPEDANCE TRANSMISSION LINES

Abstract: A coupler for coupling a selected amount of energy from a transmission line (100) includes a contact (104) for contacting an inner conductor (102) of the transmission line (100) through an aperture through an outer conductor of the transmission line (100). A wire (106) of preselected configuration is coupled to the contact (104) and is spaced from a ground plane (108) to create a selected parasitic capacitance, the configuration of the wire (106) defining a center frequency of the coupler. The coupler also includes a connector (110) having an inner conductor (111) coupled to the wire (106).

Description: A DEVICE FOR COUPLING RADIO FREQUENCY ENERGY FROM VARIOUS TRANSMISSION LINES USING VARIABLE IMPEDANCE TRANSMISSION LINES TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates in general to radio frequency devices and in particular to methods and devices for coupling radio frequency energy from transmission lines. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Until this invention, coaxial taps and couplers were installed by cutting and connectorizing RF cable using coaxial jumpers. The primary disadvantage of this methodology is the resulting excessive loss to the host cable. Stein el al . U.S. Patent 5.729.184. subsequently taught that a tap can be used without connectorization: however, the Stein el al. invention still caused losses of over ldB to the host cable. Stein el al did mention the theoretical ability to devise taps with coupling losses up to 20dB but did not describe a method for the manufacture of such devices. What are needed are methods and devices embodying the ability to select the coupling loss and accompanying insertion loss in RF systems. In particular, such methods and devices should allow a wireless system not only to be tuned but also should also allow minimization of number of amplifiers required to RF illuminate a structure. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates generally to devices which couple electromagnetic energy from one electromagnetic transmission medium to one or more other transmission media and more specifically to devices which couple radio frequency energy from a coaxial cable to other coaxial cables, antennae or other radiating devices. Further, the present invention relates to devices which couple radio frequency energy from a transmission medium to another transmission or radiating medium, with variable energy and inverse loss to the host cable. The present invention also generally relates to a device packaging or enclosure method which protects the electrical components, allows for sealing against water or other contaminant intrusions, generally allows for connecting the device to a host cable while preventing rotation, and provides a means of electrically connecting the ground of one device to the ground of another device. The present invention further relates to a device which can be attached to a host cable without the need to cut and connectorize the cable. The principles of this invention provide not only the ability to build couplers with coupling losses from below l OdB to over 30dB but for the manufacture of such devices. The construction of these devices provides extremely low insertion losses at all values of RF coupling losses. For example, a coupling device of the present invention with a coupling loss of 15dB will have an insertion loss of less than 0.3dB. A 20dB loss device will have an insertion loss of less than 0.1 dB. Therefore, it is an object of the invention to provide means of presenting a large impedance to the through line cable while extracting RF energy efficiently. It is a further object of the invention to provide a technique to connect a device to a through line such that RF energy may be extracted at several frequencies . Another object of the invention is to provide a method of extracting RF energy from a through line at several frequencies while minimizing the loss in the through line. It is a further object of the invention to provide a technique to extract RF energy from a through line at varying levels depending upon need. Another object of the invention is to extract energy at varying levels while causing an inverse loss to the through line. That is the higher the coupling loss from the through line to the output of the object of the invention, the lower the insertion loss to the through line. Yet another object of the invention is to provide a technique that allows an output impedance of the device to match, as close as possible, the input/output impedance of an RF amplifier, an antenna or another transmission line. A further object of the invention is to provide a means of extracting RF energy from a through line while creating minimum intermodulation products. It is a further object of the invention to provide a technique to extract RF energy from a through line while providing a minimum of loss in the through line at other frequencies. Another object of the invention is to provide a technique to attach the device to a through line and transferring the energy to the output of the device with the maximum efficiency, that is the minimum heating loss. -?. Yet another object of the invention is to provide a means of transferring energy from the through line to the output of the device such that the ratio of RF energy flow will be little affected by temperature, humidity and/or vibration. A further object of the invention is to provide a means of inexpensively and efficiently assembling the device. Another object of the invention is to provide a technique to manufacture or assemble a coupling device to respond to different frequencies, bandwidths. coupling losses and through line losses using preformed internal wiring. Still another object of the invention is to accomplish the energy transfer using a variable impedance transmission line. Yet another object of the invention is to provide a technique that couples energy from a through line to the output of the device using a single, bare conductive wire as the variable impedance transmission line. Another object of the invention is to provide a means of controlling the energy coupled from a host cable to the output of the device by adjusting the distance and configuration of the wire from the connection to the host cable. Yet another object of the invention is to provide a mechanical package to contain the electrical components. Still another object of the invention is to provide a mechanical package that can be sealed to prevent water or other contaminants from degrading the electrical performance of the device. Another object of the invention is to provide a device which can be connected to a host cable by drilling only one hole and placing the device on the cable and tightening 2 captive screws. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS For a more complete understanding of the present invention, and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: FIGURE 1 A is a schematic of a coupling device according to the principles of the invention; FIGURE IB is a schematic diagram of a second coupling device according to the principles of the invention; FIGURE 1C is a schematic diagram of a third coupling device according to the principles of the invention; FIGURE ID is a schematic diagram of a fourth coupling device according to the principles of the invention; FIGURE 2 shows an assembly and section view of the coupling device according to the principles of the invention; FIGURE 3 A shows an electronic assembly of an ultra low insertion loss, high coupling loss a coupling device such as that shown schematically in FIGURE IB; FIGURE 3B shows an electronic assembly of a low insertion loss, medium coupling loss coupling device such as that shown schematically in FIGURE I B; FIGURE 3C shows an electronic assembly of a low insertion loss, low coupling loss coupling device such as that shown schematically in FIGURE 10; and FIGURE 3D shows an electronic assembly of a low insertion loss, high frequency coupling device such as that shown schematically in FIGURE 1 A. DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The principles of the present invention and their advantages are best understood by referring to the illustrated embodiment depicted in FIGURES 1 -3 of the drawings, in which like numbers designate like parts. FIGURES 1A and 3D respectively show a schematic and layout of a coupling device for coupling RF energy from a coaxial cable to a second coaxial cable. RF radiator or RF amplifier. Although a coaxial cable is represented, it is understood that any transmission line can be substituted and tapped. A hole is drilled into the host transmission line outer conductor 100 and a contact 104 (shown in FIGURE 3D at 300) is inserted to make contact with the host transmission line center conductor 102. The contact might be spring loaded, but it is understood that any means of contacting the center conductor will suffice. It is preferable that the center conductor contact 104 (300) be insulated, but it is not necessary to meet the principles of the invention. Insulation on the shaft of the contact 104 (300) is provided to prevent inadvertent contact with the outer conductor 100. The coupler internal transmission line 106 (shown in FIGURE 3D at 326) is a low loss wire. The length and diameter of the wire determine the frequency response and to some degree, the coupling loss and insertion loss of the device. The transmission line wire may be insulated to allow longer length for lower frequencies and still meet the intent of the invention. . One principle of the invention is the use of highly surface conductive wire. This prevents dielectric loss through insulation. The wire is connected to the center conductor pin 1 1 1 (310) of an output connector represented by outer conductor 1 10 and center conductor 1 1 1 (310). It is understood that the output may be a hard-wired cable, a directly connected antenna, amplifier or a dummy load. Any of these will meet the principles of the invention. Loss element 1 12 (314) is connected between the center pin 1 1 1 (3 10) of the output connector and the outer shield 1 10 to provide a closer impedance match to the device connected to the output connector. The loss element adds to the performance of the invention, but is not required to meet the principles of the invention. The configuration of FIGURES 1 A and 3D is used for coupling devices with coupling values from near -15B to -6dB. The loss element of the internal transmission line 106 (306) is a low loss, wire. The length and diameter of the wire determine the frequency response and to some degree, the coupling loss and insertion loss of the device. The transmission line wire may be insulated to allow longer length for lower frequencies and still meet the intent of the invention. FIGURES 1 B, 3 A and 3B are respectively schematic and layout diagrams of an alternate coupling device for coupling a minimum amount of RF energy from a host cable to an output connector while minimizing the insertion loss in the host cable in accordance with the principles of the invention. A hole is drilled into the host transmission line outer conductor 100 and a contact 104 (300) is inserted to make contact with the host transmission line center conductor 102. The contact might be spring loaded, but it is understood that any means of contacting the center conductor will suffice. It is preferable that the center conductor contact 102 be insulated, but it is not necessary to meet the principles of the invention. The internal transmission line 1 14 (306 and 320 in FIGURES 3 A and 3B) is a low loss, non-insulated wire but may be insulated for longer lengths to accommodate lower frequencies and still meet the principles of the invention. The transmission line wire is not to be in contact with any dielectric except where it is connected to the terminal points. The length and diameter of the wire determine the frequency response and to some degree, the coupling loss and insertion loss of the device. The parasitic capacitors 1 15 are formed by the diameter of the wire and the distance from a ground plane 108 (308) shown in FIGURE 3 A. The parasitic capacitance and the configuration of the wire determine the center frequency response of the device. One principle of the invention is the use of highly surface conductive wire. This prevents dielectric loss through insulation. Still another principle of the invention is to prevent the transmission line wire from contacting any dielectric surface except at the point of connection. The wire is connected to the center conductor pin 1 1 1 (310) of an output connector represented by outer conductor 1 10 and center conductor 1 1 1 (310). It is understood that the output may be a hard-wired cable, a directly connected antenna, amplifier or a dummy load. Any of these will meet the principles of the invention. One principle of the invention is the use of highly surface conductive wire. This prevents dielectric loss through insulation. A further principle of the invention is to not connect the transmission line to the center contact 102 (300). but using capacitive coupling, sample the field around pin 102 as shown in detail in FIGURES 3A and 3B at 302 and 318. The greater the sampling, the greater the coupling energy. In FIGURE I B, an open circuit 132 represents a complex impedance . dc blocked connection between the transmission line 1 14 and the pin 104 connecting the center conductor 102 of the host cable. This connection is further shown in FIGURES 3A and 3B. As seen in FIGURES 3 A, the connection can be small allowing a small amount of power to be coupled (from 20 to 30dB) or larger per FIGURE 3B allowing coupling values of from 15 to 20dB. The high coupling loss is causes insertion losses from 0.3 to 0.05dB. The configuration of FIGURES 1C and 3C allows a coupling device to pass several selected frequencies with accompanying low insertion loss at those frequencies. In FIGURE 1 C the internal transmission line is shown at 1 16 and in FIGURE 30 at 322. The lumped impedance 1 17 on FIGURE 1C and the coil 325 shown on FIGURE 3C allows the coupling device to be configured to emphasize selected frequencies while minimizing the insertion loss at selected frequencies. A further principal of this invention using the lumped impedance input, such as shown in FIGURES 1C and 30 and the selected coupling of FIGURES IB and 3 A and 3B allows the designer to not only select the coupling, insertion loss, but also allow him or her to select the required frequencies so that several frequencies can be sent and received on the same cable. FIGURE I D generally relates to this invention with a dc blocked, complex impedance 1 19 at the input of the coupled port. This allows the designer to configure the coupling device to customize the return loss and to some extent the frequency response. Here, the transmission line (internal) is shown at 1 18. FIGURE 3D generally relates to the invention for coupling devices used for single frequencies at frequencies around 2GHz. The principals requiring different wire sizes to select the coupling loss and insertion loss apply to this device as for the other devices described herein. It is understood that any combination of the principals of this invention are included as part of this invention. FIGURE 2 generally relates to the mechanical aspects of the invention. The package consists of 3 plastic parts, the bottom 210. the top 206 and the top seal 214. The coupled port connector 200 is shown as a type "N". but any applicable RF connector can be used The connection to the coupled port may also be a L 'clamp-on " or "hard-wired". The connection to the host cable is 208, but it is understood that any probe or other means of contacting the host center conductor will meet the principals of the invention. Captive screws 212 are used to connect the top and bottom of the device to the host cable. Captive screws are used to facilitate installation. Screws 216 are disposed on opposite corners of the connector flange extending through-holes 316 in PC board 312, and act as anti-rotation as well as providing a ground path from the host cable to the outer conductor of the coupled port. Although the anti-rotation is not require to allow the device to function, it adds to the overall strength. The ground is not require for operations above 400mHz, but does add to the overall electrical stability. The 216 screws will generally be partially installed at the time of manufacture and will be finally installed at the time of installation. Although the invention has been described with reference to a specific embodiments, these descriptions are not meant to be construed in a limiting sense. Various modifications of the disclosed embodiments, as well as alternative embodiments of the invention will become apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reference to the description of the invention. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the conception and the specific embodiment disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention. It should also be realized by those skilled in the art that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. It is therefore, contemplated that the claims will cover any such modifications or embodiments that fall within the true scope of the invention.

Claims: WHAT IS CLAIMED: 1. A coupler for coupling a selected amount of energy from a transmission line comprising: a contact for contacting an inner conductor of said transmission line through an aperture through an outer conductor of said transmission line; a wire of a preselected configuration coupled to said contact and spaced from a ground plane to create a selected parasitic capacitance, said configuration of said wire defining a center frequency of said coupler: and a connector having an inner conductor coupled to said wire. 2. The coupler of Claim 1 wherein said contact is capacitively coupled to said wire. 3. The coupler of Claim 1 wherein said contact is physically connected to said wire. 4. The coupler of Claim 1 wherein said wire comprises a highly surface conductive wire. 5. The coupler of Claim 1 wherein at least a portion of said wire is spaced from said ground plane at least in part by an air gap. 6. The coupler of Claim 1 and further comprising a complex impedance disposed between said contact and said wire. 7. The coupler of Claim 6 wherein said impedance comprises a complex impedance creating a dc blocked connection between said contact and said wire. 8. The coupler of Claim 6 wherein said impedance comprises a lumped impedance selected to create corresponding coupling and insertion losses. 9. The coupler of Claim 1 and further comprising a lossy element coupling said inner conductor of said connector and an outer shield of said connector. 10. A radio frequency coupler comprising: a contact for contacting a conductor of an associated transmission line; a wire spaced at least in part from a supporting structure and a ground plane by an air gap. a configuration of said wire and said spacing from said ground plane defining a frequency response of said coupler; a connector having a conductor coupled to said wire and a flange; and a package coupled to said flange of said connector and enclosing said wire and said support structure, said package further forming a cavity for receiving said transmission line, said contact extending into said cavity to contact said conductor of said transmission line. 1 1. The radio frequency coupler of Claim 10 wherein said package comprises first and second separable portions defining said cavity, each of said first and second portions including recepticals for receiving fastener means for holding said transmission line in engagement with said coupler. 12. The radio frequency coupler of Claim 10 said fastener means comprise captive screws. 13. The radio frequency coupler of Claim 10 wherein at least a portion of said package is formed of plastic. 14. The radio frequency coupler of Claim 10 wherein and further comprising conductive fastener means coupling said flange of said connector and said ground plane. 15. A method of coupling energy from a transmission line having spaced apart inner and outer conductors comprising the steps of: forming an aperture through the outer conductor of the transmission line to expose a portion of the inner conductor; inserting a contact through the aperture to contact the inner conductor; disposing a wire of a preselected configuration spaced from a ground plane to create a parasitic capacitance defining a center frequency of the energy being coupled from the transmission line; and electrically coupling the contact and the wire. 16. The method of Claim 15 where said step of electrically coupling comprises the step of capacitively coupling the wire and the contact. 17. The method of Claim 15 and further comprising the step of disposing a lumped impedance between the contact and the wire. 18. The method of Claim 15 wherein said step of forming a wire of a preselected configuration comprises the step of disposing a wire of a preselected length and diameter spaced from the ground plane. 19. The method of Claim 15 wherein said step of disposing comprises the step of disposing a wire spaced at least in part from the ground plane by an air gap. 20. The method of Claim 15 wherein said step of disposing comprises the step of disposing a wire spaced from a first side of a support structure by an air gap, the ground plane disposed on an opposing second side of the support structure.

Inventors: STEIN RICHARD P, STEIN, RICHARD, P.
Applicants: TRON TECHNOLOGIES INC E, E-TRON TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
Application year: 2000
Main classification: H01R4
IPC codes: H01P5, H01R13