METHOD FOR OBTAINING PROTEINS HAVING IMPROVED FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS

Abstract: An improved protein comprising an amino acid sequence which has been modified from a precursor amino acid sequence by the substitution or deletion of an amino acid residue which differs from a corresponding amino acid residue in a less stable but homologous protein, wherein said improved protein has improved properties compared to a protein corresponding to the precursor amino acid sequence.

Description: METHOD FOR OBTAINING PROTEINS HAVING IMPROVED FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention is directed to improved proteins, and particularly enzymes, having altered stability characteristics through the recruitment of residues from a homoiog or related protein and to a powerful method which enables the development of such improved proteins with great accuracy. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Methods of improving functional characteristics of proteins have been practiced extensively for the purpose of increasing the usefulness of the proteins in various applications. Such techniques often involve the use of protein engineering and site-specific mutagenesis to isolate and select specific amino acid residues which appear, based on the specific amino acid properties and/or the structure of the protein, to be especially relevant or are shown to be relevant through experimental evidence. For example, Estell et al., U.S. Patent No. 4,760,025 suggest modification of oxidatively unstable enzymes to confer increased stability by altering residues which are particularly susceptible to oxidation, i.e., methionine, lysine, tryptophan and cysteine, among others. Koths et al., U.S. Patent No. 4,752,585, suggest a method of improving the oxidation stability of a therapeutic protein by making a conservative amino acid substitution for each methionyl residue susceptible to chloramine T oxidation. Barr et al., U.S. Patent No. 4,732,973, suggest substituting the active site methionine from human αrantitrypsin with an oxidatively stable amino acid. Additional techniques which have been suggested include homology modeling of proteins against evolutionarily close proteins to provide a basis for protein engineering. Siezen et al., Protein Engineering, vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 719-737 (1991 ) disclose a strategy for improving the properties of proteases used in industrial processes by incorporating or duplicating features from more stable enzymes into a target. Moreover, these techniques require that a attributes from a more desirable protein be imparted to a less desirable protein. In practice, however, the more desirable protein is the target for which it is desired to develop the improved characteristics. Thus, it is not feasible to align such a protein with a more desirable one. This leaves the researcher to look to non-knowledge based techniques for improvement. Non-knowledge based mutation strategies become necessary where there is a lack of information about the protein of interest or where knowledge based techniques fail. Typical non-knowledge based techniques comprise well known methods including random mutagenesis, error-prone PCR and PCR template switching techniques as well as more recent developments such as shuffling described in Stemmer et al., U.S. Patent No. 5,605,793. Random mutagenesis has been used for many years with various levels of success reported throughout the literature. However, random mutagenesis is a hit or miss strategy due to the immense numbers of potential mutants. For example, a 300 amino acid protein has a potential number of random mutants on the order of 300 20 . Preparing, expressing and screening such a great number of mutants, even using present day mass screening techniques, is impossible. Directed evolution techniques such as "gene shuffling" as described by Stemmer or other molecular breeding techniques are limited by the available pool of mutants. However, the pool of mutants must be produced either from nature or using random mutagenesis if knowledge regarding the protein is insufficient. This pool of variants, however, potentially fails to provide an optimally focused pool of diverse organisms necessary for a reasonable degree of success. There has been a considerable effort in the field of protein engineering to produce more stable enzymes. Nonetheless, given the immense information content present in many important proteins, improved methods for intelligently focusing a pool of mutant molecules toward a specific effect must be developed to fully exploit the range of biological diversity. As disclosed below, the present inventors have developed a novel knowledge based mutagenesis technique which provides for excellent probabilities in terms of producing novel proteins which have improved performance, i.e., functional characteristics. By practicing the present technique, it is possible for a researcher to develop a focused pool of mutants from which the selection of a desirable "winner" protein is facilitated. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION When faced with the problem of improving a protein's performance in regard to a specific functional property, researchers are often confronted with significant hurdles in terms of determining appropriate mutations to make in a protein. The lack of crystal structures for many proteins and the uncertainty involved with low-homology alignments with respect to a comparative protein for which the crystal structure is known are significant impediments to knowledge based mutation strategies. Moreover, random mutagenesis techniques or other non-knowledge based mutation strategies such as molecular breeding are often hit or miss propositions requiring the screening of massive numbers of mutants with no assurance that optimal mutagenesis is even occurring. However, often the researcher seeking to improve a protein in a certain characteristic has at hand a family of related primary structures, most of which are inferior in performance to the protein which is sought to be improved. This naturally flows from the fact that the best protein is often selected as the primary target. However, this "best protein" often has significant flaws, the improvement of which would have great commercial or industrial benefit. So the researcher is left with the problem of determining how to modify the protein in a manner which will not detract from the desirable properties of the target protein, but will improve other properties. In this context, the scientists herein determined that by using alignments with less desirable proteins, i.e., less stable or less active enzymes, it is possible to deduce amino acid modifications which will have a great probability of success in terms of being accepted by the "best protein" and not unduly disrupting the good properties thereof. In fact, as nature has often already determined that the selected modification will work in the process for which it is intended, the probability of success is greatly enhanced. It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for obtaining proteins which have improved functional characteristics, including, for example increased alkaline stability, pH stability, thermal stability, increased oxidative stability, increased catalytic activity and improved substrate or target binding. It is a further object of the present invention to provide for a protein, for example an enzyme, having increased alkaline stability, pH stability, thermal stability, increased oxidative stability, increased catalytic activity and improved substrate or target binding. According to the present invention, a method is provided of improving a desired property of a first protein comprising the steps of: (a) determining the primary amino acid sequence of a first protein and a second homologous protein and aligning said primary amino acid sequences to produce a primary amino acid sequence alignment, said second homologous protein having less desirable characteristics in terms of said desired property than said first protein; (b) identifying residues which differ at corresponding positions between said first protein and said second homologous protein in said primary amino acid sequence alignment; (c) preparing mutant proteins wherein a substitution, deletion or addition is made in said first protein which corresponds to at least one of said residues which differ selected in step (b); (d) screening said mutant proteins for improved performance with respect to said functional property; (e) selecting and determining the identity of said mutant proteins which have such improved performance, wherein said improved mutant protein differs in at least one residue from both said first protein and said second homologous protein and said improved first protein has improved function in terms of said desired property. Preferably, the alignment of the first protein is made with more than one second homologous proteins and the substitutions selected in step (c) are chosen from those residues which exist in a significant portion or all of the second homologous proteins at the specific position selected for mutation. Preferably, the improved protein has improved stability properties, either alkaline, pH, thermal or oxidative, compared to a protein corresponding to the precursor amino acid sequence. Also preferably, the protein is an enzyme, most preferably an α-amylase, lipase, cellulase or protease In another method embodiment of the present invention, a method for the production of a target protein having an improvement in a desired property compared to a first protein is provided comprising: (a) aligning the primary amino acid sequences of at least two comparative proteins, one of which comparative proteins has less desirable performance than the other in terms of said desired property; (b) identifying positions at which the residues differ between said two comparative enzymes and determining the residues which are present at such identified positions in the comparative protein which has less desirable performance in terms of said desired property; (c) selecting one or more of the residues determined in step (b); (d) modifying said first protein at a position corresponding to the position in said comparative protein at which residues are selected in step (c) and substituting, deleting or adding said selected residue in said first protein; wherein said improved target protein differs in at least one residue from both said first protein and said comparative proteins and said target protein has improved function in terms of said desired property. In a preferred embodiment, the comparison is made with more than one second homologous protein and a residue existing only in all or several of the less stable second homologous proteins is recruited into the first protein to make the improved protein. In a composition embodiment of the present invention, an improved protein is obtained wherein said protein comprises a modification according to a method of the invention. An advantage of the present invention is that it is possible to produce proteins having more desirable properties through a simple technique of analyzing the aligned sequences of two homologous proteins which differ in terms of said properties. Another advantage of the present invention is that it is possible to significantly reduce the pool of potential mutants to a more easily screened number of mutants as opposed to non-knowledge based methods of mutation. Yet another advantage of the present invention is that no information is necessary regarding the tertiary structure of the protein to be improved, merely a sequence alignment with homologous protein. Yet another advantage of the present invention is that it is possible to further improve a superior protein based on information obtained from less desirable proteins, thus increasing the pool of available information for developing such improved proteins. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 illustrates mutagenic oligonucleotides useful during directed mutagenesis of Asn188 from Bacillus licheniformis α-amylase. In this and following figures illustrating oligonucleotide constructs, bold letters indicate base changes introduced by the oligonucleotide and underlining indicates restriction endonuclease sites introduced by the oligonucleotide. Figure 2 illustrates PCR primers used for PCR processing of mutagenic oligonucleotide templates. Figure 3 illustrates the DNA sequence of the gene for α-amylase from Bacillus licheniformis (NCIB 8061 ) (SEQ ID NO:33) and deduced amino acid sequence of the translation product (SEQ ID NO:41 ) as described by Gray et al., J. Bacteriology, vol. 166, pp. 635-643 (1986). Figure 4 illustrates the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:34) of the mature α- amylase enzyme from Bacillus licheniformis. Figure 5 illustrates an alignment of the primary structures of three Bacillus α-amylases. The Bacillus licheniformis α-amylase (Am-Lich) (SEQ ID NO:35) is described by Gray et al., J. Bacteriology, vol. 166, pp. 635-643 (1986); the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens α-amylase (Am-Amylo) (SEQ ID NO:36) is described by Takkinen et al., J. Biol. Chem., vol. 258, pp. 1007-1013 (1983); and the Bacillus stearothermophilus α- amylase (Am-Stearo) (SEQ ID NO:37) is described by lhara et al., J. Biochem., vol. 98, pp. 95-103 (1985). Figure 6 illustrates plasmid pHP13 wherein Cm R refers to chloramphenicol resistance, Em R refers to erythromycin resistance and Rep pTA1060 refers to the origin of replication from plasmid pTA1060. Figure 7 illustrates the pBLapr plasmid wherein BL AA refers to Bacillus licheniformis α-amylase gene; aprE refers to the promoter and signal peptide encoding region of the aprE gene; AmpR refers to the ampicillin resistant gene from pBR322; and CAT refers to the chloramphenicol resistance gene from pC194. Figure 8 illustrates the pHP.BL plasmid carrying the gene for Bacillus licheniformis α- amylase. Figure 9 illustrates a schematic of the PCR method used to produce the mutant oligonucleotides corresponding to α-amylase derived from Bacillus licheniformis. Figure 10 illustrates the signal sequence-mature protein junctions in α-amylase derived from Bacillus licheniformis (SEQ ID NO:38), Bacillus subtilis aprE (SEQ ID NO: 39) and Bacillus licheniformis in pBLapr (SEQ ID NO:40). Figure 11 illustrates a sequence alignment of 8 homologous endoglucanase enzymes corresponding to certain cellulases obtained from Trichoerma reesei (EGIII)(SEQ. ID NO: 41 ), Hypocrea schweinitzii (SEQ. ID. NO: 42), Aspergillus aculeatus (SEQ. ID. NO: 43), Aspergillus kawachii (SEQ. ID. NO: 44 , Humicola grisea (SEQ ID NO:45), Gliocladium roseum (1) (SEQ. ID. NO:46), Gliocladium roesum (2) (SEQ. ID. NO: 47), Gliocladium roseum (3) (SEQ. ID. NO:48). Numbering provided is based on the numbering in EGIII. DETAILED DESCRIPTION "Expression vector" means a DNA construct comprising a DNA sequence which is operably linked to a suitable control sequence capable of effecting the expression of said DNA in a suitable host. Such control sequences may include a promoter to effect transcription, an optional operator sequence to control such transcription, a sequence encoding suitable mRNA ribosome-binding sites, and sequences which control termination of transcription and translation. Where expression is desired in a Bacillus host, a preferred promoter is the Bacillus subtilis aprE promoter. The vector may be a plasmid, a phage particle, or simply a potential genomic insert. Once transformed into a suitable host, the vector may replicate and function independently of the host genome, or may, in some instances, integrate into the genome itself. While plasmid and vector are sometimes used interchangeably as the plasmid is the most commonly used form of vector at present, the invention is intended to include such other forms of expression vectors which serve equivalent functions and which are, or become, known in the art. "Host strain" or "host cell" means a suitable host for an expression vector comprising DNA encoding a protein according to the present invention. Host cells useful in the present invention are generally procaryotic or eucaryotic hosts, including any transformable microorganism in which the expression of a given protein according to the present invention can be achieved. One of skill in the art will be familiar with the appropriate expression and secretion machinery, including the appropriate host cell, for use with a specific protein. For example, host strains of the same species or genus from which the particular protein is derived are suitable, for example with α-amylase derived from Bacillus, a suitable host cell would be a Bacillus strain. In this case, an α-amylase negative Bacillus strain (genes deleted) and/or an α-amylase and protease deleted Bacillus strain (AamyE, Aapr, Δnpή is preferably used. Host cells are transformed or transfected with vectors constructed using recombinant DNA techniques. Such transformed host cells are capable of either replicating vectors encoding the protein and its variants (mutants) or expressing the desired protein. "Recombinant protein" means a protein in which the DNA sequence encoding the naturally occurring or precursor protein is modified to produce a mutant DNA sequence which encodes the substitution, insertion or deletion of one or more amino acids in the protein sequence compared to a naturally occurring or precursor protein. As used herein, the term precursor protein (or enzyme) refers not to an immediate precursor in terms of a chemical reaction, but instead to a parent protein from which the modification is modeled. Accordingly, while it is the precursor which defines the modification, the actual alteration or modification will have its basis in an alteration within the DNA which encodes the precursor, which DNA is then transformed, expressed and the protein product secreted which incorporates the modification. The improved protein according to the present invention comprises an amino acid sequence which is derived from the amino acid sequence of a precursor protein (also referred to herein as the "first protein"), the specific modifications in the precursor protein being as provided herein. The precursor protein may be a naturally occurring protein or a recombinant protein. The amino acid sequence of the improved protein is derived from the precursor protein's amino acid sequence by the substitution, deletion or insertion of one or more amino acids of the precursor amino acid sequence. Such modification is generally of the precursor DNA sequence which encodes the amino acid sequence of the precursor proteins rather than manipulation of the precursor protein per se. Suitable methods for such manipulation of the precursor DNA sequence include methods disclosed herein and in commonly owned U.S. Patent Nos. 4,760,025 and 5,185,258, incorporated herein by reference. "Desired properties" means any property for which it is desired to improve a protein. Such desired properties may comprise functional properties such as thermal, pH, alkaline, oxidative or chemical stability, catalytic activity, substrate binding, receptor binding, allergenicity, antimicrobial activity or any other desirable feature associated with a protein. "Primary amino acid sequence alignment" means an alignment of the primary sequence of at least two proteins in terms to produce a significant degree of sequence identity. Different alignment algorithms exist in the form of commercially available software which are suitable and are routine in use to the person of ordinary skill in the art. These programs provide for the input of different algorithm parameters which may effect the results obtained. However, the present invention does not require a preference for any specific sequence alignment algorithm as the choice is generally one of optimizing the parameters. In general, alignments are considered approximate, and thus using different methods of optimizing the alignment should advantageously provide slightly different pools of mutants to select from. Nonetheless, because an advantage of the present invention is to produce a focused pool of mutant proteins from which to select improved proteins, the present invention should be equally applicable regardless of the program or parameters used to determine the alignment. According to one embodiment of the present invention, a protein is modified as follows to improve its performance in terms of a desired property. The primary amino acid sequence of the protein to be modified, called the "first protein", is aligned with the primary amino acid sequence of a comparative "second homologous protein" which has less desirable performance in terms of the desired property. From the alignment, positions at which residues differ are determined and the residues present in the second homologous protein sequence at those positions are identified. At least one of the selected residues from the previous step is then incorporated into the amino acid sequence of the first protein. As surprisingly determined by the inventors hereof, the modified protein produced in this manner has a significant probability of having improved performance in terms of the desired property. Accordingly, a pool of mutant proteins produced in this manner having various combinations of identified residues substituted, deleted or added will, in all likelihood, comprise a pool of improved proteins which can then be selected among for the "winner". In a variation, it is possible to produce alignments of more than two primary amino acid sequences. In this embodiment, the first protein is aligned with more than one second homologous protein primary amino acid sequence, each second homologous protein primary amino acid sequence corresponding to a different protein which has less beneficial activity than that of the first protein. From this alignment residues are selected which exist in one or more of the second homologous proteins at positions in which there is a difference between the first protein primary amino acid sequence and at least two of the second homologous protein primary amino acid sequences. In one alternative which expands the pool of mutants available, each of the variations between the first protein a second homologous protein can be used as the basis for producing a mutant. In another preferred alternative which limits the number of mutants available to those most likely to successfully impart improved functional characteristics on the mutant proteins selected, only those differences in which each of the second homologous protein sequences comprise an identical residue are selected. In one variation of the above method, the alignment is prepared with two or more homologous proteins which are not directly compared to the first protein. For example, two comparative homologous proteins, each of which are capable of being aligned with the first protein, are aligned to determine where residues differ. The resulting alignment is then analyzed to determine the residues which exist in the comparative protein or proteins having less desirable performance in terms of the desired property, and that residue is then substituted, deleted or added into the first protein at a corresponding position. In this embodiment, it is not necessary that the comparative proteins be better or worse than the first protein, only that the selected residue for modification in the target protein is derived from the homologous comparative protein which has less desirable performance in terms of the desired property. In addition, it is possible to align more than two second homologous protein primary amino acid sequences and to select from among them based on the performance of the various second homologous proteins in terms of the desired property. Applicants have surprisingly and unexpectedly found that a protein having an improved functional property may be obtained by preparing an alignment of two or more homologous or related proteins and referencing the residues which exist at various locations in the proteins having less desirable performance in terms of a desired property. For example, by comparing a first protein against a second homologous protein that has less desirable characteristics in terms of the functional property, identifying residues which differ, preparing a pool of mutants based on said differing mutations, and selecting the mutants which are improved in terms of the desired property in comparison with the first protein, advantageous improvements in desired properties may be obtained in a significant percentage of such modifications. Thus, one excellent use of the present invention is to produce a relatively small and manageable pool of mutants (in comparison with the pool of random mutants) from which it is possible to select a protein having significantly improved functional properties when compared to the first protein. Moreover, this result is possible without having intimate structure-function information. It is not necessary that the aligned proteins have comparable activity and function. In a preferred embodiment, however, the proteins have comparable activity, i.e., similar biological activity, function, catalytic activity or such other criteria as are commonly used to classify a specific protein. However, as the present invention is based on determining positions at which nature has determined a residue can exist in the context of a protein without significantly effecting its value to a host organism, it is not necessary that all features of the compared proteins be identical, merely that they have some homology. "Substantially homologous" means that the proteins have a significant level of conserved, i.e., identical, amino acids such that their sequences can be meaningfully aligned and major structural, functional or catalytic sites defined. Preferably, the first protein and the second homologous proteins have a sequence identity of at least 30%, preferably 50% sequence identity, more preferably 70% sequence identity and most preferably 85% sequence identity. In a preferred embodiment, the protein comprises an enzyme. The enzyme may comprise any enzyme in the five major enzyme classifications of hydrolase, oxidoreductase, transferase, lyase or ligase. Specific examples of enzymes which may benefit from the present invention include amylase, lipase, cellulase, protease, hemicellulase, glucoamylase, esterase, lactase, polygalacturonase, β-galactosidase, ligninase, oxidase, peroxidase, glucose isomerase or any enzyme for which closely related and less stable homologs exist. α-Amylase will be illustrated below as exemplary of the inventive methods and compositions. "α-Amylase" as used herein means an enzymatic activity which cleaves or hydrolyzes the α(1-4)glycosidic bond, e.g., that in starch, amylopectin or amylose polymers. α-Amylase includes naturally occurring α-amylases as well as recombinant α-amylases. Preferred α-amylases in the present invention are those derived from Bacillus sp., particularly those from Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens or Bacillus stearothermophilus, as well as fungal α-amylases such as those derived from Aspergillus (i.e., A. oryzae and A. niger). Accordingly, the α-amylases according to the present invention are derived from a precursor α-amylase. The precursor α-amyiase is produced by any source capable of producing α-amylase. Suitable sources of α-amylases are prokaryotic or eukaryotic organisms, including fungi, bacteria, plants or animals. Preferably, the precursor α-amylase is produced by a Bacillus; more preferably, by Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens or Bacillus stearothermophilus; most preferably, the precursor α-amylase is derived from Bacillus licheniformis. Homologies have been found between almost all endo-amylases sequenced to date, ranging from plants, mammals, and bacteria (Nakajima et al., Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., vol. 23, pp. 355-360 (1986); Rogers, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., vol. 128, pp. 470- 476 (1985); Janecek, Eur. J. Biochem., vol. 224, pp. 519-524 (1994)). There are four areas of particularly high homology in certain Bacillus amylases, as shown in Figure 5, wherein the underlined sections designate the areas of high homology. Sequence alignments have also been used to map the relationship between Bacillus endo-amylases (Feng et al., J. Molec. Evol., vol. 35, pp. 351-360 (1987)). The relative sequence homology between Bacillus stearothermophilus and Bacillus licheniformis amylase is about 66% and that between Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens amylases is about 81%, as determined by Holm et al., Protein Engineering, vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 181-191 (1990). In order to establish homology to primary structure, the amino acid sequence of a precursor α-amylase is directly compared to the Bacillus licheniformis α-amylase primary sequence and particularly to a set of residues known to be invariant to all α-amylases for which sequences are known (see e.g., Figure 7). It is possible also to determine equivalent residues by tertiary structure analysis of the crystal structures reported for porcine pancreatic α-amylase (Buisson et al., EMBO Journal, vol. 6, pp. 3909-3916 (1987); Qian et al., Biochemistry, vol. 33, pp. 6284- 6294 (1994); Larson et al., J. Mol. Biol., vol. 235, pp. 1560-1584 (1994)); Taka-amylase A from Aspergillus oryzae (Matsuura et al., J. Biochem. (Tokyo), vol. 95, pp. 697-702 (1984)); and an acid α-amylase from A. niger (Boel et al.. Biochemistry, vol. 29, pp. 6244-6249 (1990)), with the former two structures being similar, and for barley α-amylase (Vallee et al., J. Mol. Biol., vol. 236, pp. 368-371 (1994); Kadziola, J. Mol. Biol., vol. 239, pp. 104-121 (1994)). Although there have been some preliminary studies published (Suzuki et al, J. Biochem., vol. 108, pp. 379-381 (1990); Lee et al., Arch. Biochem. Biophys, vol. 291 , pp. 255-257 (1991 ); Chang et al, J. Mol. Biol., vol. 229, pp. 235-238 (1993); Mizuno et al., J. Mol. Biol., vol. 234, pp. 1282-1283 (1993)), there is only a published structure for Bacillus licheniformis α-amylase (Machius et al., J. Mol. Biol. vol. 246, pp. 545-549 (1995)). However, several researchers have predicted common super-secondary structures between glucanases (MacGregor et al., Biochem. J., vol. 259, pp. 145-152 (1989)) and within α-amylases and other starch-metabolising enzymes (Jaspersen, J. Prot. Chem. vol. 12, pp. 791-805 (1993); MacGregor, Starke, vol. 45, pp. 232-237 (1993)); and sequence similarities between enzymes with similar super-secondary structures to α-amylases (Janecek, FEBS Letters, vol. 316, pp. 23-26 (1993); Janecek et al., J. Prot. Chem., vol. 12, pp. 509-514 (1993)). A structure for the Bacillus stearothermophilus enzyme has been modeled on that of Taka-amylase A (Holm et al., Protein Engineering, vol. 3, pp. 181-191 (1990)). The four highly conserved regions shown in Figure 7 contain many residues thought to be part of the active-site (Matsuura et al., J. Biochem. (Tokyo), vol. 95, pp. 697-702 (1984); Buisson et al., EMBO Journal, vol. 6, pp. 3909-3916 (1987); Vihinen et al., J. Biochem., vol. 107, pp. 267- 272 (1990)) including His +105; Arg +229; Asp +231 ; His +235; Glu +261 and Asp +328 under the Bacillus licheniformis numbering system. The crystal structure of a bacterial amylase hybrid enzyme has been published in PCT Publication No. WO 96/23874. As described above, the α-amylases from Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus subtilis all bear a significant degree of homology. However, it is known that under the conditions of industrial starch liquefaction, e.g., high temperature (excess of 90 °C), low pH (pH 4-6) and low calcium, α- amylase derived from Bacillus licheniformis provides the most acceptable performance. Nonetheless, even Bacillus licheniformis α-amylase is susceptible to undesirable instability under liquefaction conditions making a more stable alternative desirable. Accordingly, much work has been performed on the Bacillus licheniformis derived molecule for the purpose of introducing into this enzyme properties which are desirable in connection with its use in liquefaction processes. By aligning the sequence of α-amylase from Bacillus licheniformis against that of α-amylase from either Bacillus stearothermophilus or Bacillus amyloliquefaciens it is possible to identify residues which differ between the homologs. According to the present invention, then, the positions at which residues differ in α-amylase from S. stearothermophilus or B. amyloliquefaciens compared to α-amylase from B. licheniformis are selected for substitution in α-amylase from β. licheniformis. Preferably, the substituted residue is actually an identical residue as that which exists in α-amylase from either B. stearothermophilus or β. amyloliquefaciens. More preferably, the substituted residue corresponds to a position in which the same residue exists in both α-amylase from β. stearothermophilus and β. amyloliquefaciens. Residues specifically identified herein for replacement in Bacillus licheniformis are those which differ from residues in a corresponding position in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and/or Bacillus stearothermophilus, and particularly A33, A52, S85, N96, H133, S148, A209, A269, A379 and A435. Specific preferred replacements for these residues are selected from those present in both Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus stearothermophilus and correspond to A33S, A52S, N96Q, H133Y, S148N, A209V, A269K, A379S and/or A435S all appear to contribute to a stability benefit. It has also been discovered that the A85D mutation, which is recruited only from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens also provides a stability benefit. The above residues may be altered in combination with other modifications which provide a performance benefit. The improved proteins according to the present invention exhibit improved performance characteristics which make those proteins particularly useful in various applications for which the proteins are commonly used and for which improved stability is desired. For example, enzymes, including α-amylases, according to the present invention will exhibit improved thermostability, improved pH stability and/or improved oxidative stability. Enhanced thermostability will be useful in extending the shelf life of products which incorporate them and for applications at high temperatures. Enhanced oxidative stability or improved performance is particularly desirable in cleaning products, and for extending the shelf life of the enzyme in the presence of bleach, perborate, percarbonate or peracids used in such cleaning products. An α-amylase of the present invention is especially useful in starch processing and particularly in starch liquefaction wherein oxidative and thermal stability are particularly important. Cellulases having improved stability benefits are also disclosed herein and are particularly useful in, for example, biomass reduction, cleaning products and textile treatment compositions. An additional embodiment of the present invention comprises DNA encoding a protein according to the present invention and expression vectors comprising such DNA. The DNA sequences may be expressed by operably linking them to an expression control sequence in an appropriate expression vector and employing that expression vector to transform an appropriate host according to well known techniques. A wide variety of host/expression vector combinations may be employed in expressing the DNA sequences of this invention. Useful expression vectors, for example, include segments of chromosomal, non-chromosomal and synthetic DNA sequences, such as the various known plasmids and phages useful for this purpose. In addition, any of a wide variety of expression control sequences are generally used in these vectors. For example, with α-amylase derived from Bacillus, Applicants have discovered that a preferred expression control sequence for Bacillus transformants is the aprE signal peptide derived from Bacillus subtilis. A wide variety of host cells are also useful in expressing the DNA sequences of this invention. These hosts may include well known eukaryotic and prokaryotic hosts, such as strains of £. coli, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Streptomyces, various fungi, yeast and animal cells. Preferably, the host expresses the protein of the present invention extracellularly to facilitate purification and downstream processing. Expression and purification of the improved protein of the invention may be effected through art-recognized means for carrying out such processes. The following is presented by way of example and is not to be construed as a limitation to the scope of the claims. Abbreviations used herein, particularly three letter or one letter notations for amino acids are described in Dale, J.W., Molecular Genetics of Bacteria, John Wiley & Sons, (1989) Appendix B. EXAMPLES EXAMPLE 1 Construction Of Plasmid pHP.BL The α-amylase gene shown in Figure 3 was cloned from Bacillus licheniformis NCIB8061 (Gray et al., J. Bacteriology, vol. 166, pp. 635-643 (1986)). The 1.72kb Pstl-Sstl fragment, encoding the last three residues of the signal sequence, the entire mature protein and the terminator region, was subcloned into M13mp18. A synthetic terminator was added between the Bell and Sstl sites using a synthetic oligonucleotide cassette of the form: Bell Sstl 5'-GATCAAAACATAAAAAACCGGCCTTGGCCCCGCCGG I I I I I I ATTA I I I I fGAGCT-3' (SEQ ID N0:1 ) 3' TTTTGTA I I I I I I GGCCGGAACCGGGGCGGCCAAAAAATAATAAAAAC 5' (SEQ ID N0:2) designed to contain the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subtilisin transcriptional terminator (Wells et al., Nucleic Acid Research, vol. 11 , pp. 7911-7925 (1983)). The pBLapr plasmid was constructed carrying the gene for the Bacillus licheniformis α-amylase. As illustrated in Figure 7, pBLapr comprises a 6.1 kb plasmid including the ampicillin resistance gene from pBR322 and the chloramphenicol resistance gene from pC194, the aprE promoter and the gene encoding for the Bacillus licheniformis α-amylase ("BL AA"). The aprE promoter was constructed from a 660bp Hindlll-Pstl fragment encoding for the promoter and signal sequence of the Bacillus subtilis alkaline protease. The Pstl site was removed, and an Sfil site added close to the aprE/BL AA junction. The BL AA gene comprises the 1720 bp Pstl-Sstl fragment described above. In the work described herein, pBLapr was constructed with an Sfil site adjacent to the 5' end of the start of the coding sequence for the mature amylase gene. Specifically, the 5' end of the pBLapr construction was subcloned on an EcoRI-Sstll fragment from pBLapr into M13BM20 (Boehringer Mannheim) to obtain a coding-strand template for the mutagenic oligonucleotide below: 5'- CCC ATT AAG ATT GGC CGC CTG GGC CGA CAT GTT GCT GG - 3' (SEQ ID NO:3) This primer introduced an Sfil site (indicated by underlining) which allowed correct forms to be screened for by the presence of this unique restriction site. Subcloning the EcoRI-Sstll fragment back into the pBLapr vector gave a version of the plasmid containing an Sfil site. Plasmid pHP13 (Haima et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., vol. 209, pp. 335-342 (1987)) (Figure 6) was digested with restriction enzymes EcoRI and Hindlll and the resulting vector purified on a polyacrymide gel and then eluted. Plasmid pBLapr was digested with Hindlll, Asp718 and in a separate incubation with Asp718, EcoRI and gel purified. Two bands, Hindlll-Asp718 (1203 bp) and Asp718-EcoRI (1253 bp)were gel purified, eluted from the gel and ligated into the vector by a 3-way ligation, to give plasmid pHP.BL, the plasmid used in expression of the α-amylase (Figure 8). EXAMPLE 2 Construction Of Plasmid Encoding α-Amylase Comprising Substitutions For Asparaqine 188 A series of mutagenic primers encoding for substitutions of Asn188 ("N188") with each of the naturally occurring amino acids were synthesized and are shown in Figure 1 (SEQ ID NOS:4-22). The α-amylase gene mutations encoding for these changes were made by PCR, according to the procedure summarized in Figure 9, using the PCR primers shown in Figure 2 (SEQ ID NOS:23-32). Step (1 ): The mutagenic primers were used as templates for the PCR primers PCR A+ and PCR B- resulting in a lengthened (61 bp) double stranded DNA. Each contained a different amino acid replacement at position 188, and all except N188M contained a different restriction site. Initially the PCR primers were annealed at 35° C for five minutes followed by a one minute DNA extension with taq polymerase at 75° C. The double stranded DNA was then melted at 95° C for one minute, followed by the annealing and extension steps. Melting, annealing and extension continued for a total of 30 cycles. Step (2): DNA upstream and downstream of position 188 were made in separate PCR reactions. The template was pBLapr, and the PCR primers were LAAfsδ (SEQ ID NO:27) and PCR A- (SEQ ID NO:24) for upstream; and PCR B+ (SEQ ID NO:25) and PCR Cla-Sall (SEQ ID NO:28) for downstream DNA. The DNA was melted at 95° C for one minute, annealed at 45° C for three minutes and elongated at 68° C for 3 minutes. The upstream portion is 290 bp and downstream is 498 bp. This procedure was repeated for 18 cycles using pfu polymerase. The same PCR procedure was used in steps (3) and (4). Step (3): The upstream portion of DNA described in step (2) was attached to the double stranded mutagenic primers described in step (1 ). Primers LAAfsδ (SEQ ID NO:27) and PCR B- (SEQ ID NO:26) were used. As the result of primer design there is a 24 bp overlap between these templates allowing for the attachment of the two pieces of DNA. Step (4): The downstream portions of DNA described in Step (2) and the product of Step (3) were attached to give the final product. A 24 bp overlap between the two PCR products allows for the attachment. Primers used were LAAfsδ (SEQ ID NO:27) and PCR Clal-Sall (SEQ ID NO:28). Step (5): Unique restriction sites, Asp718 and BssHII, are located upstream and downstream, respectively, of the 188 site. The final PCR product is digested with Asp718 and BssHII, the 333 bp fragment isolated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and subcloned into the pHP.BL vector to obtain pHP.N188X. Mutations were confirmed by dideoxy sequencing (Sanger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., vol. 74, pp. 5463-5467 (1977)). With reference to the DNA sequence and numbering system used in Figure 3, the codon encoding for the +188 amino acid position is at base pairs 812-814. PCR primers A+ and A- correspond to base pairs 784-807. PCR primers B+ and B- correspond to base pairs 821-844. The 5' end of PCR primer LAAfsδ corresponds to base pair 518. The 5' end of PCR primer PCR Clal-Sall corresponds to base pair 1317. The Asp718 site corresponds to base pair 724. The BssHII site corresponds to base pair 1053. EXAMPLE 3 Construction Of Plasmid Encoding Mutations At M15 And N188 A pBLapr plasmid having threonine substituted for methionine at amino acid 15 was constructed according to U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 08/194,664 (PCT Publication No. WO 94/18314). This plasmid (pBLaprM15T) was digested with Sfil and Asp718, and the 477 base pair fragment subcloned into pHP.BL to create pHP.M15T. In a manner analogous to that described above, Example 1 , pHP.M15T was digested with Asp718 and BssHII, gel purified and eluted from the gel. The 333 base pair fragment comprising Asp718 to BssHII and the fragment from pHP.N188S were then subcloned into pHP.M15T to give plasmid pHP.M15T/N188S. In an analogous manner, starting with plasmids pBL aprM15L and pHP.NI88Y, the plasmid pHP.M15L/N188Y was constructed. EXAMPLE 4 Transformation Of Plasmids Into Bacillus subtilis, Expression And Purification of Mutant α-Amylase α-Amylase was expressed in Bacillus subtilis after transformation with the plasmids described in Examples 1-3. pHP13 is a plasmid able to replicate in E. coli and in Bacillus subtilis. Plasmids containing different variants were constructed using E. coli strain MM294, the plasmids isolated and then transformed into Bacillus subtilis as described in Anagnostopoulos et al., J. Bacter., vol. 81 , pp. 741-746 (1961 ). The Bacillus strain had been deleted for two proteases (Δapr, Δnpr) (see e.g., Ferrari et al., U.S. Patent No. 5,264,366) and for amylase (AamyE) (see e.g., Stahl et al., J. Bacter., vol. 158, pp. 411-418 (1984)). The bacillus strain expressing M15L/N188Y was found to form larger zones of clearing than the strain expressing M15L on agar plates containing 1 % insoluble starch indicating increased amylolytic activity. After transformation, the sacU(Hy) mutation (Henner et al., J. Bacter., vol., 170, pp. 296-300 (1988)) was introduced by PBS-1 mediated transduction (Hoch, J. Bact., vol. 154, pp. 1513-1515 (1983)). Secreted amylases were routinely recovered from Bacillus subtilis cultures as follows: The culture supernatant was adjusted to 20% saturated ammonium sulfate and stirred for one hr. at 4°C. After centrifugation, the resultant supernatant was adjusted to 70% saturated ammonium sulfate and stirred for one hr. at 4°C. After centrifugation of the supernatant, the resultant pellet was re-dissolved in 50mM sodium acetate, pH 6.0, 5mM calcium chloride, and sterile filtered. EXAMPLE 5 Assay For Determining α-Amylase Activity Soluble Substrate Assay: A rate assay was developed based on an end-point assay kit supplied by Megazyme (Aust.) Pty. Ltd. A vial of substrate (p-nitrophenyl maltoheptaoside, BPNPG7) was dissolved in 10ml of sterile water followed by a 1 :4 dilution in assay buffer (50mM maleate buffer, pH 6.7, 5mM calcium chloride, 0.002% Tween20). Assays were performed by adding 10μl of amylase to 790μl of the substrate in a cuvette at 25°C. Rates of hydrolysis were measured as the rate of change of absorbance at 410nm, after a delay of 75 seconds. The assay was linear up to rates of 0.2 absorption units/min. α-Amylase protein concentration was measured using the standard Bio-Rad Assay (Bio-Rad Laboratories) based on the method of Bradford, Anal. Biochem., vol. 72, p. 248 (1976) using bovine serum albumin standards. Starch Hydrolysis Assay: α-Amylase activity on starch was determined through an assay which depends on the ability of starch to form a blue colored complex with iodine and the disappearance of this color when starch is hydrolyzed to shorter dextrin molecules. The α-amylase activity was defined in terms of the digestion time required to produce a color change denoting a definite state of dextrination of the starch. Reagents used were as follows: Phosphate buffer- Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (340 g) and sodium hydroxide (25.3 g) were dissolved in water and diluted to ~ two liters. The buffer was cooled to room temperature and the pH was adjusted to 6.2±0.1. The buffer was diluted to two liters in a volumetric flask. Starch substrate - Ten grams (dry substance) of soluble lintner starch were suspended in 50 ml of water and washed into -300 ml of boiling water. The suspension was again brought to boiling and was boiled for five minutes with constant stirring. The starch solution was cooled with constant stirring to room temperature and 125 ml of phosphate buffer was added. The solution was diluted to 500 ml with water. The starch substrate was made fresh daily. Stock iodine solution - Iodine crystals (5.5 g) and potassium iodide (11.0 g) were dissolved in water and were volumetrically diluted to 250 ml. The solution was kept from light. Dilute iodine solution - Potassium iodide (20 g) and two ml of stock iodine solution were dissolved in water and diluted volumetrically to 500 ml. The solution was made fresh daily. Enzyme diluting solution - Calcium chloride (11.1 g) was dissolved in four liters of water. Water used for all reagents was either distilled or deionized. An α-amylase sample was diluted to between 10-15 LU/ml (as defined below) with enzyme diluting solution. For many commercial α-amylase preparations a suitable dilution was found to be 2000 fold. Five milliliter aliquots of dilute iodine solution were dispensed into 13 x 100 mm test tubes and 10 ml of starch substrate was placed in a 23 x 200 mm test tube. All tubes were placed in the 30°C water bath. A Hellige comparator equipped with a special α-amylase color disc (catalog number 620-s5) was used to make readings. Five milliliters of diluted enzyme (also at 30°C) were mixed with the starch substrate and timing was begun. At appropriate time intervals, for example one minute intervals early in the reaction and 15 second intervals later in the reaction, one ml aliquots of the enzyme- substrate mixture were transferred to a tube containing the dilute iodine solution. The starch iodine solution was mixed and transferred to a 13 mm precision square tube and the color was compared with the standard α-amylase color disc in the Heliige comparator. When the time of the end point was approached, samples were taken at 0.25 minute intervals. The time required for the colors of the samples and the color disc to match were recorded and the activity (in liquefons per gram or ml) was calculated according to the formula: LU/ml or LU/g = Where±U = liquefon unit V = volume of enzyme (5 ml or grams) t = dextrin ization time (minutes) D = dilution factoπdilution volume divided by ml or g of enzyme diluted. EXAMPLE 6 Preparation and Testing of Additional Mutant Alpha-Amylases for Thermal Stability Bacillus stearothermophilus and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens produce an α-amylase which has poorer stability than the α-amylase produced by Bacillus licheniformis. From an alignment of these amylases, residues which differ in β. stearothermophilus or B. amyloliquefaciens compared to β. licheniformis were identified. From this analysis, mutant α-amylases based on the B. licheniformis sequence were prepared having substitutions at one or more of five positions for which corresponding residues in both Bacillus stearothermophilus and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens were identical but differed from B. licheniformis: A33S, A52S, N96Q S148N, A379S in combination with M15T/H133Y/N1885/A209V and compared with a mutant comprising only the M15T/H133Y/N1885/A209V substitutions. Additionally, the mutation S85D was incorporated which represents a recruitment only from the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens α- amylase. The mutations were prepared according to the procedures provided in Examples 1-4 except that appropriate PCR primers were provided to effect the desired mutations. Thermal inactivation rates for the various mutants were measured according to the following procedure. Amylase stock solutions were dialysed extensively into 20 mM ammonium acetate, 4 mM CaCI 2 pH 6.5. For measurement of stability, this stock was diluted >50fold into a solution designed to induce rapid inactivation of wild type amylase: 50mM ammonium acetate, 5mM CaCI 2 , 0.02% Tween 20 and a pH of 4.9, or 4.8 to a final concentration of between 30 and 50 μg/ml. Six 100μl aliquots were put into Eppendorf tubes and placed into a water bath at either 82 °C or 83 °C. The Eppendorf tubes were removed at regular, measured intervals of between 30 seconds and 5 minutes and placed on ice to stop the inactivation. The residual activity was assayed using a soluble substrate as described in Example 5. The natural log of the activity was plotted against time of incubation, and the rate constant for inactivation obtained from the slope of the straight line. The half-life was calculated as Cn(2) divided by the rate constant. Results for various mutants are provided in Tables 1-4. TABLE 1 TABLE 2 TABLE 3 TABLE 4 EXAMPLE 7 Recruitment of Residues From Less Stable Cellulases to More Stable Cellulases for Improvement of Stability of the More Stable Cellulase Homologues of Trichoderma reesei EGIII cellulase from various species were obtained and tested for thermal stability. The cellulases were obtained from (A) Hypocrea schweinitzii, (B)Aspergillus aculeatus, (C) Aspergillus kawachii, (D)Gliocladium roseum (1),(E) Gliocladium roseum (2), (F) Gliocladium roseum (3)and (G) Humicola grisea. Of the above, cellulases (a) through (f) are less thermally stable than EGIII under the conditions of the assay. Cellulase (g) is more stable than EGIII. Accordingly, from the aligned sequences of these cellulases (as provided in Figure 11 ), it is possible to pick out the residues which exist in the less stable cellulase as compared to the more stable cellulase. To simplify reading of the table, positions marked for mutation are highlighted in bold. Mutants of EGIII were then prepared based on this information. In addition, mutant cellulase (g) was prepared based on recruitments from EGIII. Equilibrium circular dichroism experiments were performed on an Aviv 62DS or 62ADS spectrophotometer, equipped with a 5 position thermoelectric cell holder supplied by Aviv. Buffer conditions were 50 mM bis-tris propane and 50 mM ammonium acetate adjusted to pH 8.0 with acetic acid. The final protein concentration for each experiment was in the range of 5-30 μM. Data was collected in a 0.1 cm path length cell. Spectra were collected from 265--210 nm. Thermal denaturations were performed at 217 nm from 30 to 90°C with data collected every two degrees. The equilibration time at each temperature was 0.1 minutes and data was collected for 4 seconds per sample. The remainder of the pH 8.0 sample was divided into 5 x 400 uL aliquots. Two samples were adjusted to pH 5 and 7 with acetic acid and two others were adjusted to pH 9 and 10 with sodium hydroxide. Thermal denaturations of all samples were performed simultaneously as described above. Table 5 illustrates 24 mutants which were prepared based on recruitments from less stable cellulases into EGIII and 3 mutants which were prepared based on recruitments from EGIII into a homolog isolated from Humicola grisea (note that the numbering in Table 5 for H.grisea is based on EGIII numbering in Figure 11). Of these, a significant number had improved stability over the wild type molecule (either EGIII or cellulase (g)) as shown in bold in Table 5. TABLE 5

Claims: CLAIMS 1. A method of improving a desired property of a first protein comprising the steps of: (a) determining the primary amino acid sequence of a first protein and a second homologous protein and aligning said primary amino acid sequences to produce a primary amino acid sequence alignment, said second homologous protein having less desirable characteristics in terms of said desired property than said first protein; (b) identifying residues which differ at corresponding positions between said first protein and said second homologous protein in said primary amino acid sequence alignment; (c) preparing mutant proteins wherein a substitution, deletion or addition is made in said first protein which corresponds to at least one of said residues which differ selected in step (b); (d) screening said mutant proteins for improved performance with respect to said functional property; (e) selecting and determining the identity of said mutant proteins which have such improved performance, wherein said improved mutant protein differs in at least one residue from both said first protein and said second homologous protein and said improved first protein has improved function in terms of said desired property. 2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said primary amino acid sequence of said first protein is aligned with more than one second homologous protein. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein said step (c) comprises preparing mutant proteins comprising substitutions, deletions or additions which are selected from only those residues which are identical at a corresponding position in at least 50% of said second homologous proteins in said alignment. 4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said protein is an enzyme. 5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said second homologous protein has a sequence identity of at least 30% to said first protein. 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein said second homologous protein has a sequence identity of at least 85% to said first protein. 7. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said improved protein comprises improved oxidative, alkaline, thermal or pH stability, improved substrate binding or improved catalytic activity. 8. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said alignment in said step (a) is obtained by comparing said first protein primary amino acid sequence with at least two differing second homologous protein primary amino acid sequences. 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein said mutants are prepared in said step (b) based on residues which exist at positions in at least two of said second homologous protein primary amino acid sequences. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein said mutants are based on residues which exist uniformly in each of the second homologous protein primary amino acid sequences. 11. A method for the production of a target protein having an improvement in a desired property compared to a first protein comprising: (a) aligning the primary amino acid sequences of at least two comparative proteins, one of which comparative proteins has less desirable performance than the other in terms of said desired property; (b) identifying positions at which the residues differ between said two comparative enzymes and determining the residues which are present at such identified positions in the comparative protein which has less desirable performance in terms of said desired property; (c) selecting one or more of the residues determined in step (b); (d) modifying said first protein at a position corresponding to the position in said comparative protein at which residues are selected in step (c) and substituting, deleting or adding said selected residue in said first protein; wherein said target protein differs in at least one residue from both said first protein and said comparative proteins and said improved first protein has improved function in terms of said desired property. 12. The method according to claim 11 , wherein more than one protein is produced according to steps (c) and (d), and said target protein is selected from among said more than one protein. 13. A protein prepared according to the method according to claim . 14. A protein prepared according to the method according to claim 11.

Inventors: DAY ANTHONY G, MITCHINSON COLIN, SHAW ANDREW, DAY, ANTHONY, G., MITCHINSON, COLIN, SHAW, ANDREW
Applicants: GENENCOR INT, GENENCOR INTERNATIONAL, INC.
Application year: 2000
Main classification: C07K14
IPC codes: C12N9, C12N15