SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR ULTRASONIC LASER TESTING USING A LASER SOURCE TO GENERATE ULTRASOUND HAVING A TUNABLE WAVELENGTH

Abstract: A system and method for generating ultrasonic displacements on a remote target (102) is described. The method of the present invention includes the steps of first using a laser (10) to generate a beam (12) having a first wavelength gamma to produce ultrasonic displacements at the remote target. This laser beam will have a first wavelength gamma which can be modulated to alter characteristics of the ultrasonic displacements. These ultrasonic displacements at the remote target (102) can be optimized to enhance the detection optics for collecting phase modulated light from the second pulsed laser beam (104) either reflected or scattered by the remote target (102), an interferometer to processes the phase modulated light and generates at least one output signal, and means for processing the at least one output signal to obtain data representative of the ultrasonic surface displacements on the surface of the remote target.

Description: SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR ULTRASONIC LASER TESTING USING A LASER SOURCE TO GENERATE ULTRASOUND HAVING A TUNABLE WAVELENGTH TECHNICAL FIELD This invention relates generally to the field of optical information processmg and more particularly to a method and apparatus for ultrasonic laser testmg More specifically, the present mvention provides an improved laser source for generation of ultrasound Even more particularly, the laser source of the present mvention can significantly improve the characteristics of the ultrasound generated by modulating the optical and temporal charactenstics of the generation laser to optimize the charactenstics of the generated ultrasound RACK GROUND ART In recent years, the use of advanced composite structures has experienced tremendous growth m the aerospace, automotive, and many other commercial industries While composite matenals offer significant improvements in performance, they require stnct quality control procedures m the manufacturing processes Specifically, non-destructive evaluation ("NDE") methods are required to assess the structural integnty of composite structures, for example, to detect inclusions, delamrnations and porosities Conventional NDE methods are very slow, labor-intensive, and costly As a result, testing procedures adversely increase the manufacturing costs associated with composite structures Various methods and apparatuses have been proposed to assess the structural integnty of composite structures One method to discloses the use of a pulsed laser beam for generating ultrasound on a work piece and a second pulsed laser beam for detecting the ultrasound Phase modulated light from the second laser beam is then demodulated to obtain a signal representative of the ultrasonic motion at the surface of the work piece A disadvantage associated with this approach is that the first pulsed laser beam is not optimized for the generation of ultrasound in the workplace Prior solutions descnbe operable techniques for optically detecting transient motion from a scattering surface, which techniques are useful for ultrasonic composite matenals non-destructive test and evaluation, these techniques have numerous failings Known techniques provide the ability to perform common mode noise cancellation By using a single laser signal, the known techniques cannot perform differential mode operation An adverse consequence of this charactenstic is the inability to use known ultrasonic systems m factory or industrial settings where ambient light noise levels exceed certain threshold levels This problem prevents the proper detection of scatter signals from the composite matenals Another limitation associated with none ultrasonic test and evaluation techniques relates to their broad scanning approaches to determine the existence of a transient, thereby indicating a defect Because broad scanning occurs, both the amount of data is excessive and the degree of accuracy is lower Another limitation associated with the known systems relates to their ability to process ultrasonic data m real-time This limitation makes such systems only marginally useful for testing and evaluating composite matenals Other limitations associated with existing systems relate to general inflexibility of such systems, which may hold all distances low, result in small depth of field performance and only minimal extraction of mformation from the back scattered signals These limitations make industnal application of the ultrasonic testing method generally impractical Therefore, it would be desirable for a new method and apparatus for ultrasonic laser testing that overcomes the disadvantages and deficiencies of the pnor art DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION In light of the above, a need exists for a system and method that generates a desired frequency content m laser-generated ultrasomc waves The present invention provides a system and method for generatmg laser radiation with a tunable wavelength and temporal shape that substantially eliminates or reduces disadvantages and problems associated with previously developed systems and methods for laser inspection More specifically, the present invention provides a system for generatmg laser radiation with a tunable wavelength and temporal shape This system mcludes a first pulsed laser to generate a first pulse laser beam The first pulse laser beam is produced havmg a first wavelength A wavelength shiftmg device shifts the first wavelength of the first laser beam to a second wavelength A modulator then modulates the laser beam having the second wavelength In another embodiment, the laser radiation with a tunable wavelength is utilized to generate ultrasonic displacements at a remote target to be mspected This mvolves generatmg a first laser beam havmg a first wavelength A wavelength shifting device then shifts the first wavelength of the first laser beam to a second wavelength An optical modulator is used to modulate the second wavelength laser beam's temporal shape This laser beam is then used to generate ultrasonic displacements at a remote target wherem the ultrasonic displacements at the remote target have a desired frequency content and are used for NDE of the remote target The present mvention provides an important technical advantage m that a laser-generated ultrasonic wave can be formed with a desired frequency content and temporal shape Thus, for certain matenals that require specific ranges of acoustic frequency to adequately perform a non-destructive evaluation of the material, an optimal set of ultrasonic displacements can be determined In turn, the wavelength shiftmg device is used to shift the first wavelength to a wavelength, which generates the optimal laser pulse to produce the desired range of acoustic energy m the ultrasonic wave Therefore, dependmg on the thickness or composition of the materials, the desired ultrasonic displacements can be generated to produce the best resolution for inspection Additionally, the attenuation of the ultrasound can be controlled, allowing a user to optimize the mspection techniques for the defects to be searched for Furthermore, by understandmg the attenuation characteristics of the ultrasound generated in the target, the scanning technique can be optimized based on these charactenstics to reduce or eliminate over samplmg and therefore mcrease the speed and efficiency of the mspection which decreasing cost The present mvention provides another technical advantage m that a system is provided for flexible, accurate, and cost-effective methods for mspectmg complex composite structures The present mvention is able to optimize a scan and test a large size composite structure based on empirical data associated with the composite structure or data modeled on the composition of the structure BRTEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS A more complete understandmg of the present mvention and the advantages thereof may be acquired by referring to the following descnption, taken m conjunction with the accompanymg drawings m which like reference numbers mdicate like features and wherem FIGURE 1 provides a first embodiment of the present mvention, FIGURE 2 illustrates an embodiment of the present mvention utilizing a control system, FIGURE 3 illustrates a second embodiment of the present mvention wherem wavelength shifting is accomplished using a second laser, FIGURE 4 provides a process to reduce noise associated with the generation laser of the present mvention, FIGURE 5 provides a flow chart of the present mvention, and FIGURE 6 provides a block diagram of the present mvention wherem the present mvention is utilized in conjunction with a laser detection system for detecting ultrasomc displacements MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Preferred embodiments of the present mvention are illustrated m the FIGURES, like numerals being used to refer to like and corresponding parts of various drawings The present mvention provides a system and method for generating laser radiation with a tunable wavelength and temporal shape that substantially eliminates or reduces disadvantages and problems associated with previously developed systems and methods for laser mspection More specifically, the present mvention provides a system for generating laser radiation with a tunable wavelength and temporal shape This system mcludes a first pulsed laser to generate a first pulse laser beam The first pulse laser beam is produced havmg a first wavelength A wavelength shiftmg device shifts the first wavelength of the first laser beam to a second wavelength A modulator then modulates the laser beam having the second wavelength FIGURE 1 shows in a block diagram the basic components of system 100 for generatmg laser radiation with a tunable wavelength and temporal shape System 100 comprises a pulsed laser 10 which will generate a laser beam 12 havmg a first wavelength λO The first laser beam 12 will have a path of propagation to a wavelength shiftmg device 14 This wavelength shifting device will shift the first wavelength λO to a second wavelength λl, producmg a laser beam 16 havmg a second wavelength λl Laser beam 16 may then be modulated by an optical modulator 18 to produce a laser beam 20 havmg a tunable temporal shape In the present mvention, wavelength shifting device 14 may be an optical parametric oscillator, RAMAN cell, difference frequency generators, or a device combining a second laser beam with the first to generate a laser havmg wavelength λl Pulsed laser 10 may be a C02 laser, neodymium YAG laser (Nd Yag laser), alexandrite laser, titanium sapphire laser, diode pumped laser, lamp pumped laser, or other laser known by those skilled m the art The second wavelength chosen may be chosen m order to be compatible with an optical earner used to transmit the laser to a remote target, or may be selected to an optical wavelength λl In one embodiment of the present mvention, a second wavelength may be chosen m order to optimize charactenstics of the mteraction of the laser beam with a target mateπal, such as in the generation of ultrasound m a mateπal for NDE mspection For example, a laser-generated ultrasomc wave can be generated by the laser with a desned frequency content and penetration depth, and wherem the ultrasonic displacements have a desired frequency content Therefore, dependmg on the thickness of the matenal or matenal composition to be tested, the desired frequencies and ultrasomc displacements can be generated to produce the best resolution for the specific NDE mspection at hand This second wavelength may be an optimal wavelength that is determined from either matenal-specific data or empincally calculated data associated with the matenal to be tested This data may vary for different materials and thicknesses of these matenals A specific embodiment of the present mvention uses a diode pumped laser with an OPO for operation at 3 5 microns In another example, the first wavelength may be 1064 nm and the second wavelength may be 3500 nm, or the second wavelength may be chosen between 1000 nm and 4000 nm The first laser may be transmitted to the wavelength shiftmg device by an optical fiber mechanism This optical fiber mechanism may deliver C02 laser radiation operatmg at 10 microns After the wavelength of laser 12 has been shifted from a first wavelength λO to a second wavelength λl, a modulator 18 may be used to encode a long-source laser pulse such as a tone burst, chirp, more complex modulation schemes to control the generated ultrasonic displacements spectral or content, or provide a basis for match filter detection FIGURE 2 shows an additional embodiment of the present mvention wherem a computer control system 22 is coupled to the wavelength shiftmg device 14 and modulator 18 This control system 22 may be utilized to dynamically control the wavelength shifting device 14 and modulator 18 such that an optimal second wavelength λl and the temporal shape of the laser 20 can be dynamically altered during an mspection to optimize an NDE test FIGURE 3 is similar to FIGURE 1 However, the wavelength shiftmg device may combme a second laser 24 with first laser 12 to produce a new laser beam 16 havmg a second wavelength λl FIGURE 4 agam is similar to FIGURE 1, however FIGURE 4 incorporates a filter to filter laser beam 12 prior to shiftmg the wavelength of laser beam 12 to λl in order to improve a signal- to-noise ratio of the first laser beam A specific embodiment of the present mvention may utilize a solid-state laser such as a Nd YAG laser The optical wavelength may be shifted to match the optical attenuation properties of the material under test A preferred embodiment produces laser pulses between 2 5 and 4 microns m optical wavelength and even more specifically between 3 5 and 3 8 microns m optical wavelength In the present mvention, an optical fiber of silver chlonde/silver bromide (Ag Br) glass may be used to deliver a laser pulse More specifically, this optical fiber may be used to deliver a 10 micron C02 laser pulse, or other far IR laser pulse for ultrasonic purposes This optical fiber has more far IR applications than previous matenals such as ZBLAN FIGURE 5 presents a method of the present mvention wherem laser radiation havmg a tunable wavelength and temporal shape is used to generate ultrasonic displacements at a remote target for NDE At step 50, a first laser have a first wavelength is generated At step 52, this first laser is shifted m wavelength to a second wavelength This second wavelength may be chosen in order to generate desirable charactenstics m the ultrasonic displacements This shifting the wavelength of the first laser may be accomplished usmg an optical parametnc oscillator, combmmg the first laser with a second laser to produce a laser beam havmg a second wavelength, or other method as known to those skilled m the art At step 54, the laser beam havmg the second wavelength may be modulated to alter the temporal shape or frequency content of the laser This modulated laser may then be applied to a remote target m or to generate ultrasonic displacements This is accomplished m step 56 The ultrasonic displacements generated at the target may be detected to determine flaws, porosities, or other defects (as known by those skilled m the art) m a remote target One such method may involve usmg a pulsed laser beam applied coaxially with the ultrasound generating laser to detect the ultrasonic displacements at the remote target The ultrasonic displacements at the remote target will create phase-modulated light that is scattered and reflected from the coaxially applied laser This phase-modulated light may be processed m order to obtain data representative of the ultrasonic displacements at the remote target The data associated with the ultrasomc displacements may be processed to discover flaws, defects, or other porosities in the material under test of the remote target These functions are represented by step 58 which mvolves detecting the ultrasonic displacements at a remote target, and step 60 processmg the data associated with the ultrasonic displacements m order to perform a non-destructive evaluation of the remote target FIGURE 6 descnbes a system for generatmg ultrasonic displacements at a remote target utilizing a laser with tunable wavelength m temporal shape System 100, or other embodiments of the present mvention as illustrated in FIGURES 2, 3 and 4, may be utilized to generate a laser having tunable wavelength and temporal shape This laser may be applied by a fiber optic carrier 21 to a remote target 102 A material such as ZBLAN, or Ag Br glass may be selected for optical carrier 20 A long pulse may be encoded into laser 20 by encoding the long pulse prior to shiftmg from a first wavelength of laser 12 to a second wavelength of laser 16 This long pulse may be dynamically controlled by a computer system 26 m order to alter an mspection acoustic frequency or a depth of mspection These encoded pulses may mclude a tome burst or chirp to control the mspection acoustic frequency The need to dynamically control this long pulse might anse from different polymers m a composite or different thicknesses m different regions of remote target 102. A detection laser 104 may be applied to the remote target 102 In one embodiment (not shown), this detection laser 104 may be applied coaxially with generation laser 20. Generation laser 20 produces a compressional ultrasonic displacement m the matenal of target 102. The ultrasonic displacement is a result of thermo-elastic expansion of the matenal of target 102 as it absorbs generation laser 20 Generation laser 20 must be of a frequency that is readily absorbed at the desired depth m remote target 102 without causmg ablation or damage to the matenal of target 102 Furthermore, generation laser 20 must be of a long enough pulse to mduce ultrasonic deformations Generation laser 20 should be absorbed mto remote target 102 as heat, thereby causmg thermo-elastic expansion without ablation Generally, utilizing a wavelength m the ultraviolet range is undesirable because such light can potentially damage a composite matenal if remote target 102 is made of such. Detection laser 104 must be of a frequency that does not mduce further ultrasonic displacements at remote target 102 Detection laser 104 mteracts with ultrasomc displacements at remote target 102 and produces phase- modulated light 106. Some of the phase-modulated light 106 may be captured by collection optics 108. Methods for detecting such ultrasonic displacements are disclosed m U.S. Patent Application Senal No. 09/345,558, entitled "Method and Apparatus For Detecting Ultrasomc Surface Displacements Usmg Post-Collection Optical Implementation," filed on June 29, 1999, to Thomas E Drake, and U.S. Patent Apphcation Serial No 09/343,920, entitled "Method and Apparatus For Ultrasonic Laser Testmg," filed on June 29, 1999, to Thomas E. Drake These patent applications are hereby incorporated by reference. The embodiments disclosed m the present mvention may be combmed with the techniques descnbed m the above U.S Patent Applications and U.S Patent Application Senal No. 09/361,768, entitled "System and Method For Laser-Ultrasonic Frequency Control Usmg Optical Wavelength Tuning," filed on July 27, 1999, to Marc Dubois, et. al , which is incorporated by reference, to provide control of the acoustic frequency content by either optical wavelength control or temporal modulation. A further extension is a combination of optical wavelength shifting, spatial modulation, or patterning of the laser source The present mvention provides an important technical advantage m that a laser-generated ultrasonic wave can be generated with a desired frequency content and temporal shape Thus, for certain matenals and geometries that require specific frequency range or temporal shape to adequately mspect the matenal, optimal ultrasonic displacements may be generated by a laser havmg optimal optical characteristics An optimal wavelength λl for generation laser 20 may be determined Then generation laser 20 may be used to generate the desired ultrasonic displacements at a remote target to be mspected Hence, the desired ultrasonic displacements can be generated and m turn produce increased resolution for target mspection. Additionally, mspection scanning of a remote target can be optimized based on the attenuation characteristics of the ultrasonic displacements generated at the remote target Although this enhances and optimizes the efficiency of the non-destructive evaluation testmg of matenals, this reduces costs and mspection time associated with these matenals Although the present invention has been described in detail herein with reference to the illustrative embodiments, it should be understood that the description is by way of example only and is not to be construed in a limiting sense. It is to be further understood, therefore, that numerous changes in the details of the embodiments of this invention and additional embodiments of this invention will be apparent to, and may be made by, persons of ordinary skill in the art having reference to this description. It is contemplated that all such changes and additional embodiments are within the spirit and true scope of this invention as claimed below.

Claims: WE CLAIM 1 A method for generating ultrasonic displacements at a remote target, compnsmg the steps of usmg a first laser beam havmg a first wavelength to generate ultrasonic displacements at the remote target, shiftmg the first wavelength of the first laser beam to a second wavelength to alter a characteristic of the ultrasonic displacements, and directing the first laser beam to a pomt on the remote target 2 The method of Claim 1, further compnsmg the step of modulatmg the second wavelength of the first laser beam to alter the characteristics of the ultrasonic displacements 3 The method of Claim 1, further compnsmg the step of modulating the amplitude of the first laser beam to alter the characteristics of the ultrasonic displacements 4 The method of Claim 1 , wherem the step of shiftmg the first wavelength of the first laser beam to a second wavelength is realized with an optical parametnc oscillator 5 The method of Claim 1 , wherem the first wavelength is 1064 nm and the second wavelength is 3500 nm 6 The method of Claim 1, wherem the second wavelength is 1000 to 4000 nm 7 The method of Claim 1, wherem the second wavelength is compatible with a flexible optical conduit 8 The method of Claim 7, wherem the flexible optical conduit is a fiber optic carrier 9 The method of Claim 1 further compnsmg the step of encodmg a long source laser pulse prior to shifting the first wavelength of the first laser beam to a second wavelength 10 The method of Claim 9, wherem the step of encoding a long pulse laser source is dynamically controlled by a computer system to alter set of variables comprising an mspection acoustic frequency, and a depth of penetration 11 The method of Claim 10, wherem the long pulse laser source is encoded with a tone burst to control the mspection acoustic frequency 12 The method of Claim 10, wherem the long pulse laser source is encoded with a chirp to control the mspection acoustic frequency 13 The method of Claim 10, wherem the long pulse laser source is varied based on a specific composite formulation of the remote target 14 The method of Claim 10, wherem the long pulse laser source is vaned based on a geometry of the remote target 15 The method of Claim 10, wherem the long pulse laser source is vaned based on a database used to determine the optimal mspection acoustic frequency and depth of penetration 16 The method of Claim 1, wherem the first laser has a repetition rate greater than 400 Hz 17 The method of Claim 1, wherem the first laser is selected from the group consisting of C02 Laser, Nd YAG laser, alexandrite laser, titanium sapphire laser, lamp pumped laser, and diode pumped laser 18 The method of Claim 1 , wherem the first laser is a solid state laser 19 The method of Claim 8, wherem the fiber optic earner is constructed from material selected from the group consistmg of Zblan and silver chloride / silver bromide glass 20 The method of Claim 1, wherem the long pulse laser source is vaned based on a specific composite formulation of the remote target 21 The method of Claim 8, further compnsmg reducing the peak power of the first laser by temporally controlling the pulse width 22 The method of Claim 1 , wherem the step of shiftmg the first wavelength of the first laser beam to a second wavelength is realized by combmmg the first laser with a second laser to produce a third laser at a second wavelength 23 A method for producmg laser radiation with a tunable wavelength and temporal shape compnsmg generatmg a first laser beam having a first wavelength, shiftmg the first wavelength of the first laser beam to a second wavelength, and modulatmg the second wavelength of the first laser beam 24 The method of Claim 23, wherem the step of shiftmg the first wavelength of the first laser beam to a second wavelength is realized with an optical parametnc oscillator 25 The method of Claim 23, wherem the first wavelength is 1064 nm and the second wavelength is 3500 nm 26 The method of Claim 23, wherem the second wavelength is 1000 to 4000 nm 27 The method of Claim 23 , wherem the second wavelength is compatible with a flexible optical conduit 28 The method of Claim 27, wherem the flexible optical conduit is a fiber optic earner 29 The method of Claim 23, further compnsmg the step of encodmg a long source laser pulse pnor to shifting the first wavelength of the first laser beam to a second wavelength 30 The method of Claim 29, wherem the step of encodmg a long pulse laser source is dynamically controlled by a computer system 31 The method of Claim 30, wherem the long pulse laser source is encoded with a tone burst 32 The method of Claim 30, wherem the long pulse laser source is encoded with a chirp 33 The method of Claim 30, wherem the first laser has a repetition rate greater than 400 Hz 34 The method of Claim 23, wherein the first laser is selected from the group consistmg of C02 Laser, Nd YAG laser, alexandrite laser, titanium sapphire laser, lamp pumped laser, and diode pumped laser 35 The method of Claim 23, wherem the first laser is a solid state laser 36 The method of Claim 28, wherem the fiber optic carrier is constructed from Zblan 37 The method of Claim 28, wherem the fiber optic earner is constructed from silver chloride/ silver bromide glass 38 The method of Claim 28, further compnsmg reducmg the peak power of the first laser by temporally controlling the pulse width 39 The method of Claim 23, wherem the step of shifting the first wavelength of the first laser beam to a second wavelength is realized by combmmg the first laser with a second laser to produce a new laser beam at a second wavelength 40 The method of Claim 23, further compnsmg the step of filtering the first laser beam prior to modulating the wavelength of the laser beam to improve a signal to noise ratio of the first laser beam 41 A system for producmg laser radiation with a tunable wavelength and temporal shape compnsmg a first pulsed laser to generate a first pulsed laser beam havmg a first wavelength, a wavelength shifting device to shift the first wavelength of the first laser beam to a second wavelength, and a modulator to modulate the laser beam havmg the second wavelength 42 The system of Claim 41 , wherem the wavelength shiftmg device is an optical parametric oscillator 43 The system of Claim 41, wherem the first wavelength is 1064 nm and the second wavelength is 3500 nm 44 The system of Claim 41 , wherem the second wavelength is 1000 to 4000 nm 45 The system of Claim 41, wherem the second wavelength is compatible with a flexible optical conduit 46 The system of Claim 45, wherem the flexible optical conduit is a fiber optic carrier 47 The system of Claim 41 , further compnsmg an encoder to encode a long source laser pulse prior to shiftmg the first wavelength of the first laser beam to the second wavelength 48 The system of Claim 47, further compnsmg a computer system to dynamically control the encodmg a long pulse laser source 49 The system of Claim 41, wherem the first laser is selected from the group consisting of C02 Laser, Nd YAG laser, alexandrite laser, titanium sapphire laser, pumped diode and lamped pumped laser 50 The system of Claim 41 , wherem the first laser is a solid state laser 51 The system of Claim 41 , further compnsmg a fiber optic earner constructed from Zblan to coupled to the first pulsed laser to deliver the first laser to a pomt on a remote target 52 The system of Claim 51 , wherem a peak power of the first laser is reduced by temporally controlling the pulse width 53 The system of Claim 41 , wherem the wavelength shifting device combmes the first laser with a second laser to produce a new laser beam at a second wavelength 54 The method of Claim 41 , further compnsmg an optical filter to filter the first laser beam prior to modulatmg the wavelength of the laser beam to improve a signal to noise ratio of the first laser beam 55 A method for generatmg ultrasonic displacements at a remote target, compnsmg the steps of generating a first laser havmg a first wavelength, shifting the first wavelength of the first laser beam to create a second laser havmg a second wavelength, generating ultrasonic displacements at the remote target using the second laser beam, and modulatmg the second wavelength of the second laser beam to alter a characteristic of the ultrasonic displacements 56 The method of Claim 55, further compnsmg the steps of choosmg a second wavelength of the laser beam with desirable characteristics of generatmg ultrasonic displacements in the frequency wherein the step of shifting the first wavelength of the laser beam uses an Optical Parametric Oscillator, 57 The method of Claim 56, further compnsmg the steps of usmg a third pulsed laser beam coaxial with the second laser to detect the ultrasonic surface displacements on the surface of the remote target; collecting a phase modulated light from the third pulsed laser beam either reflected or scattered by the remote target; and processmg the phase modulated light to obtain data representative of the ultrasonic surface displacements at the remote target. 58. The method of Claim 57, wherem the step of processmg the phase modulated light comprises: usmg an mterferometer to demodulate the phase modulated light, creatmg at least one optical signal; converting the at least one optical signal mto at least one digital signal; and usmg a digital signal processor to process the at least one digital signal.

Inventors: BIGIO LAURENCE, FILKINS ROBERT J, LORRAINE PETER W, BIGIO, LAURENCE, FILKINS, ROBERT, J., LORRAINE, PETER, W.
Applicants: BIGIO LAURENCE, FILKINS ROBERT J, LOCKHEED CORP, LORRAINE PETER W, BIGIO, LAURENCE, FILKINS, ROBERT, J., LOCKHEED MARTIN CORPORATION, LORRAINE, PETER, W.
Application year: 2000
Main classification: G01B11
IPC codes: G01N29, G10K15, H01S3