ANCHORING SYSTEM FOR CERAMIC LINING TILE

Abstract: An anchor rail and anchorage system for attaching ceramic refractory materials to a metallic substrate, or casing. Each anchoring rail includes a web and a retention structure, typically with the bottom edge of the web attached to the process surface of the casing. The retention structure of the rails preferably includes a plurality of tabs extending from the web to engage with alignment recesses on the edges of the tiles. Preferably, the tabs are formed at the top portion of the web extending out in alternate directions. The tiles are arranged adjacent to one another in rings with an anchoring rail disposed between adjacent tiles. The alignment structure on each tile preferably includes a slot formed in each of two opposite sides of the tile that cooperate with the tabs of the anchoring rails. A method of building ceramic lined structures includes attaching an anchor rail to a surface of the casing, fitting a row of tiles in place with their alignment structures each fitting around the retention structures of the anchor rail, welding another anchor rail in place against the edge of the previously fitted tile so that the retention structure of the anchoring rail cooperates with the alignment structure on the tile, and continuing on with another row of tiles, then a rail, then a row of tiles, until a predetermined surface area of the structure is lined with tiles.

Description: ANCHORING SYSTEM FOR CERAMIC LINING TILE The present invention relates in general to anchoring systems, and more particularly, to an anchoring rail, and an anchorage system and method for attaching lining materials to a substrate or casing. A particular application for the present system is in the anchorage system for attaching and anchoring ceramic refractory tiles over a metallic surface of a unit experiencing extreme erosive service conditions, such as a fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) cyclone or vessel. The use of refractory lining materials, such as monolithic ceramic materials, in high-temperature, severe duty environments is known throughout the petrochemical and refractory industries. For example, ceramics have been used in fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) air grid nozzles, cyclone dustbowls and diplegs, fluffing and stripping steam rings, catalyst withdrawal lines, and the like. They have also been used in burner throats and flue gas diversion tiles in fired heater applications. Erosion tests comparing ceramic materials to more conventional extreme service refractory have shown the ceramics to have five to ten times, or better, abrasion resistance. "Insert" installations, such as cyclone cones and diplegs, have presented minimal problems in field applications due in part to, for example, the fact that geometry tends to keep the materials in place, relatively small diameters, etc. However, equipment with larger diameters and flat sections have traditionally been more problematic. This is due in part to problems associated with different coefficients of thermal expansion of the materials of the equipment casing, the anchor, and the refractory tile. Cyclone linings and other extreme service refractory installations in, for example, FCC units, typically consist of monolithic linings such as Resco AA-22S (Resco Products, Inc., Norristown, PA, U.S.A.) which is a phosphate-bonded refractory with a hexagonal mesh anchoring system. Numerous alternative castable refractory materials (e.g., Harbison-Walker Coral Plastic, Plibrico Pliram, etc.) have been tested with generally successful results. Although existing lining technology (primarily hexagonal mesh reinforced monolith) is fairly simple to install initially, it is difficult and expensive to repair. Other conventional techniques for attaching ceramic refractory tiles to metallic substrates include, for example, using single imbedded metallic clips welded to attachment studs, using central anchor rails, and using edge-clip/ship-lap designs. Single clip/stud anchoring methods provide a positive attachment but only at one central location for each tile. High tile costs favor using fewer, larger tiles. However, a large tile with a single, centrally located attachment point has several disadvantages. Central anchor rails mandate the ability to slide the tile down the length of the rail, which requires manufacturing tolerances higher than normally associated with fabricated structures. Designs requiring that the tile be able to slide down the length of the centrally located rail also introduce repair difficulties as well. Alternatively, studs protruding from the back of the central anchor rail could pass through holes formed in the metallic substrate. The studs could subsequently be welded to the back of the substrate by depositing weld material into the resulting annular hole. However, this is a difficult fabrication method. Certain edge-clip/ship-lap designs offer the flexibility of placing a tile and then a clip and so on. However, the edge clip/ship-lap tile design is such that a single edge failure leads to catastrophic failure of the entire lining. Accordingly, there is a need for a reliable, low-cost solution to the conventional anchor and anchorage system problems that is easy to manufacture, install, maintain, and repair. Similar needs are mirrored in other industries having extreme service processes, such as for example, the petrochemical, refractory, construction, and mining industries. The above described problems associated with known devices and techniques for securely anchoring ceramic refractory materials to units experiencing extreme service conditions, such as a FCC cyclones or vessels, are overcome by the present invention. The solutions described herein are applicable in other industries in which a refractory and/or erosion lining is needed for use in equipment operating in relatively extreme operation conditions and extreme service locations, particularly those in highly erosive service environments. The present invention utilizes an anchoring rail for attaching a ceramic refractory material in the form of tiles each of which is formed with an alignment/retention recess which engages with a retention tab extending outwardly from the sides of retention rails fastened to the casing or substrate which is to be covered. Normally, the alignment/retention recess will be in the form of a slot formed in the sides of the tiles into which the retention tabs of the rails may enter to align and hold the tiles in place. The anchoring rail includes an elongated web and a retention structure in the form of a continuous or interrupted tab extending from each side of the web. A bottom edge of the web is attached to a surface of the substrate or casing to which the tiles are to be attached. Preferably, the retention structure includes a plurality of perpendicularly extending tabs extending from the web of the anchoring rail, constructed to fit within and engage a corresponding alignment structure, e.g. slot, on the ceramic refractory material. Preferably, the tabs are formed extending outward from a top portion of the web alternating between a first direction and a second opposite direction. The tabs preferably extend in both the first direction and the second opposite direction in a plane that is substantially perpendicular to a plane defined by the web. The anchor rail is preferably formed by cutting or punching a template of the rail from a piece of sheet metal and then forming the template such that the anchoring rail has a web and alternating perpendicularly extending tabs extending from the web. The tabs preferably have one of a square or a rectangular shape, although other shapes are possible, such as a semi-circular, an elliptic, a dovetail, etc. The bottom edge is constructed to attach to the inner surface of the substrate or casing. The anchor rails are preferably attached to the metallic substrate using conventional welding techniques, such as stitch welding. The preferred alternating recesses formed between tabs helps facilitate the attachment of the anchoring rail to the substrate by allowing a welding apparatus access to the bottom edge of the rail. The substrate or casing to which the tiles are anchored is normally is a metallic material. The substrate can include one of a shell, a pressure vessel, a cyclone body, an equipment working surface, an inner diameter, an outer diameter, or any other surface that is exposed to a process characterized by high temperatures and/or high erosion. The lining material is preferably in the form of a ceramic refractory material, such as ceramic refractory tiles. The anchorage system includes a plurality of tiles arranged adjacently and having an anchoring rail disposed between adjacent tiles to locate and anchor the tiles to the sur ace of the substrate. The tiles have a top surface that is exposed to the erosive service conditions and a bottom surface that faces the surface of the substrate. Each tile includes an alignment structure formed in each tile. Preferably, the alignment structure includes a plurality of slots formed in each of two opposite sides of the tile. The slots are formed to receive and connectively engage the tabs of the anchoring rails with the rails being protected from the erosive environment by the portion of the tile lying between the slot and the front face of the tile. Preferably, each slot is an elongated slot that is formed proximate the center of each side and runs substantially the longitudinal length of the tile. The slots separate each side into an upper tongue and a lower tongue on each side of the tile. A relief notch can be formed on the lower tongue proximate the bottom surface. The relief notch provides a relief for the weld bead formed along the bottom edge of the anchoring rail. In addition, the lower tongue is preferably cut back a distance equal to half the thickness of the web to allow a clearance for the thickness of the web and to allow the upper tongues of adjacent tiles to butt-up against one another. Because the tile lining will normally be used in a non-planar process unit, typically a cylindrical or conical vessel, the dimensions of the tiles may not permit the entire surface of the substrate or casing to be given the tile covering. In this case, a closing strip can be used to close the gap between the final tiles. The closing strip is preferably made from of a conventional refractory material, such as a hexagonal mesh reinforced/anchored monolith. Preferably, the closing strip is located in the least erosive area of the vessel for the particular installation or service location. The ceramic lining is installed and structurally anchored to the metallic substrate or casing by a method which includes welding an anchor rail in place, fitting a tile in place with its edge fitting around the anchor rail, welding another anchor rail in place against the edge of the previously fitted tile, and continuing on with another tile, then a rail, then a tile, etc. until a predetermined surface area of the device is lined with tiles. If the shape or dimensions of the casing preclude completing an entire ring of tiles around the inner surface of the casing, a closing strip mentioned above may be installed by conventional techniques to cover the entire surface of the casing. Alternatively, the final tile may be slid into place on the first and final rail from the end. Preferably, the anchorage system of the present invention is used to line the most critical areas (e.g., those areas experiencing the most extreme erosive operating conditions) of a particular piece of equipment and the traditional refractory/anchorage system is used in an area experiencing the least extreme conditions. The lining method works equally well for new construction and repair areas during a plant shutdown. The design provides continuous anchorage along the edge of each tile while still allowing the metallic substrate to expand and slide relative to the ceramic tiles. In the drawings: Figure 1 shows an exemplary FCC unit in which the present invention may be used; Figure 2A shows side view of an exemplary anchorage system in accordance with the present invention; Figure 2B shows a top view of the anchorage system of Figure 2A; Figure 3 is a top view of an exemplary FCC cyclone installation showing the layout of the anchorage system of Figure 1 in accordance with the present invention; Figure 4A is a perspective view of an exemplary anchor rail of Figure 1; Figure 4B is side view of the anchor rail of Figure 4A; Figure 4C is a perspective view of another exemplary anchor rail in accordance with the present invention; Figure 5A is a perspective view of an exemplary tile of Figure 1 ; Figure 5B is a detail view of one end of the tile of Figure 5A; Figure 5C is a detail view of an end of another exemplary tile in accordance with the present invention; Figure 5D is a perspective view of an exemplary tile with an alternative configuration of alignment/retention system. The anchoring system of the present invention would be useful in, for example, application areas where the lining material, such a ceramic tiles, are exposed to high temperatures, such as refractory applications, and/or where the tiles are exposed to highly erosive service conditions such as mining applications, with ceramic tiles that may be secured by the anchorage system of the present invention. Figures 2A and 2B shows an exemplary anchorage system having anchoring rails 3 for attaching a plurality of tiles 4 to a substrate 5 thereby forming a protective lining over the substrate 5. As shown in Figures 2A and 2B, each anchoring rail 3 is attached to the substrate 5 and the tiles 4 are attached to the anchoring rails 3 such that the anchoring rails 3 locate and anchor the tiles 4 to the substrate 5. The substrate 5 is typically a metallic structure e.g. a casing, that is used in any of a number of harsh operating environments, including for example, locations and services having high temperature and high erosion processes. The substrate 5 can include a variety of structures, including for example, a plate-like structure, a pressure vessel, a casing, a shell, a cyclone body, an equipment working surface, etc. The substrate 5 structure can have a variety of shapes, including for example, a planar or dished shape, a curved surface, a spherical, a drum, an elliptical, or a conical shaped. Figure 2A shows an exemplary flat-planar substrate having two surfaces. As shown in Figure 2A, the two surfaces include a working or process surface 6 and a non-working surface 7. The anchoring rails 3 and tiles 4 of the anchorage system are attached to the substrate 5 such that the tiles 4 cover the working or process surface 6 of the substrate 5. The process surface 6 can include any surface of the substrate 5 that is exposed to a process, such as a high temperature or highly erosive solid, liquid, or gas. The process surface 6 can include, for example, an inner surface, an outer surface, an inner diameter, an outer diameter, one surface of the substrate, both surfaces of the substrate, etc. In addition, the anchoring rails and tiles can cover the entire process surface of the substrate, or, alternatively, only a portion of the process surface of the substrate that experiences harsh or extreme conditions. Figure 3 shows an exemplary layout of one embodiment of the anchorage system of the present invention for an exemplary installation in a primary fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) cyclone. As shown in Figure 3, the flow of a high temperature, high erosion medium, such as a solid, liquid, and/or gas, enters inlet 25 of the barrel of the cyclone in the direction of arrow 26. Metallic anchoring rails 3 are attached to the inner wall surface 6 of the metallic cyclone casing 5. Ceramic refractory tiles 4 are held in place over the working or process surface 6 of the cyclone by anchoring rails 3 disposed along opposing sides 17a, 17b of each tile 4. As shown, the tiles 4 form a protective lining over the portion of the interior of the cyclone casing 5, with the tiles arranged in rings extending around the inner circumference of the barrel and in rows extending along and between successive anchoring rails, in alignment with the longitudinal axis of he cyclone. This lining is located where the service requirements are the most severe, that is, in the area of the incoming hot/erosive medium, in the area where the primary impingement of the erosive material takes place. The remainder of the casing, where the erosion is less severe, can be lined with a conventional lining material such as the refractory monoliths referred to above. The present invention provides a more robust anchorage system and improves the mechanical integrity of the attachment of the lining tiles 4 to the metallic cyclone casing 5 due to the strength of the connection of the rail to the 8 substrate and the larger contact surface between the retention structure 10 of the anchoring rail 3 and the alignment structure 18 of the tile 4 which runs substantially along the longitudinal length of the tile. This results in a longer life expectancy for the anchorage system and thus a longer equipment life. The anchorage system of the present invention is also more commercially producible than other conventional anchoring techniques. Figures 4A and 4B show an exemplary anchoring rail 3 of the present invention for attaching a plurality of tiles 4 to a substrate or casing 5. As shown in Figure 3, the anchoring rail 3 includes an elongated T-shaped body 8 having a web 9 and a retention structure 10. The web 9 of anchor rail 9 includes a top portion 11 and a bottom edge 12. The bottom edge 12 is constructed for attachment to the substrate 5. Preferably, the bottom edge 12 is a flat planar edge that is disposed on the process surface 6 of the substrate 5 and then affixed to the substrate 5 by, for example, welding. This is generally the case even with circular or drum shaped device, because the rails 3 are preferably disposed so that their longitudinal lengths are parallel to the longitudinal length of the substrate or casing. Alternatively, the contour of the bottom edge 12 can be constructed to conform to the shape of the substrate surface 6 to which it will be attached. The anchor rails 3 are arranged to cover the process surface 6 of the substrate 5 in a spaced apart relationship to one another and preferably conform to the shape of the substrate 5 to which the anchor rails 3 will be attached. For example, in an embodiment in which the substrate is a concentric drum casing, the anchoring rail are preferably arranged such that the longitudinal length of each rail is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the drum and the rails are arranged around the drum in a parallel spaced-apart relationship to one another. Alternatively, in an embodiment in which the substrate has a conical shape casing, the anchoring rails would be arranged tapering inward so that the ends of the rails at the top of the conical casing would be further apart then the ends of the rails nearer the narrow end of the conical casing. Each anchoring rail 3 is attached to a surface 6 of the substrate 5 using standard techniques. Preferably the anchoring rail 3 is a metallic material and is attached to the metallic substrate 5 using standard welding techniques, such as stitch welding. Even more preferably, the anchor rails 3 are stitch welded along one side of the web to attach the anchor rail 3 to the process surface 6 of the substrate 5. As shown in Figure 4A and 4B, the retention structure 10 on each rail extends outward from the top portion 11 of the web 9. Preferably the retention structure 10 includes a plurality of tabs 13 extending from a surface of the web 9 of each anchor rail 3. Preferably, the tabs 13 include a plurality of alternating perpendicularly extending tabs, as shown in Figure 4A, that are formed extending from a top portion of the web alternating between a first direction (indicated by arrow 14) and a second opposite direction (indicated by arrow 15). For example, a first tab 13a extends from the web 9 in the first direction 14, a second tab 13b extends from the web 9 in the second opposite direction 15, a third tab 13c extends in the first direction 14, a fourth tab 13d extend in the second direction 15, etc. Preferably, the anchor rail is formed by cutting or punching a template of the rail from a piece of sheet metal and then forming the template such that the anchoring rail has a web and alternating perpendicularly extending tabs extending from the web. This can be accomplished by bending the tab alternating between the first and second opposite directions. Preferably, a curved radius R1 is formed at the corner where each tab 13 extends from the web 9. The tabs 13 are constructed to fit within and connectively engage a corresponding alignment structure formed in the tiles 4. Figure 4C shows an alternative embodiment in which the retention structure 10 includes two tabs having a length substantially equal to the length of the web 9 and extending in opposite directions in a plane substantially perpendicular to a plane formed by the web 9. As shown in Figure 4C, the anchoring rail 3 can be formed from a single template using a forming process to bend the template into a T-shaped anchoring rail having a web 9 and two opposed longitudinal tabs 13 extending from a top portion 1 1 of the web 9. The tabs 13 preferably extend from the top portion 1 1 of the web 9 in a plane substantially perpendicular to a plane defined by the web 9 in both the first direction and the second opposite direction. Alternatively, for applications havi η g larger tiles and where the substrate is not a flat planar surface, the tabs can be formed such that the tabs extend from the top portion in a plane substantially parallel to a plane defined by the process surface of the substrate. The formation of a plurality of alternating tabs 13 is preferred because it allows for easier access to the bottom edge 12 of the rail 3 and facilitates the attachment of the rail 3 to the substrate 5 by allowing, for example, a welding rod electrode access to the bottom edge 12. The anchor rails 3 are preferably welded to the metallic substrate 5 with a small fillet weld (stitch welded) on only one side of the web 9. This may cause the rail 3 to rotate as the weld shrinks, but the rotation is slight and manageable considering the clearance between the rail tab thickness and the tile edge slot. The anchoring rail 3 preferably has an elongated design that can accommodate one or more tiles 4 along its length. The length of the anchoring rail 3 is predetermined based on the particular application and the length of the tile 4 that the anchoring rail 3 will be used to locate and support. Each anchor rail 3 is preferably fabricated from sheet metal allowing for ease of manufacturing at very low cost. The anchoring rails 3 are preferably, but not necessarily, formed by a forming process and do not require any machining to manufacture. For example, in one embodiment, a template of an anchoring rail is cut and/or stamped from a piece of sheet metal and the tabs are bent substantially perpendicular to the web alternating between the first direction and the opposite second direction. The tiles 4 are arranged adjacent to one another in circumferential rings and axial rows over the surface of the casing with one of the anchoring rails 3 disposed between adjacent tiles in a given ring. By extending the rings over the surface of the casing, a lining is formed over the surface 6 of the casing which requires protection from heat, erosion or other service stresses. As shown in Figure 5A and 5B, each of the tiles includes a body 16 having a top surface 23 that is exposed to the process and a bottom surface 24 that faces the surface of the substrate 5. The tile body 16 includes two opposite sides 17a, 17b, formed between and connecting the top surface 23 and the bottom surface 24. Each side 17a, 17b includes an alignment structure 18 formed therein corresponding to the retention structure 10 of the anchoring rails 3 for holding the tiles 4 together and anchoring the tiles 4 to the substrate 5. As shown in Figure 5A and in more detail in Figure 5B, the alignment structure 18 preferably comprises one or more slots 19 formed in the sides of each tile. As shown in Figure 5B, each of the opposite sides 17a, 17b of tile 4 has a single elongated slot 19 formed in it along the length of tile 4. Preferably, slot 19 is sized to receive the corresponding tabs 13 of the rails 3 thereby locating and anchoring the tile 4 to the rail 3 and on the substrate 5. The relatively large contact surface between the tabs 13 of each anchor rail 3 and the longitudinal slot 19 of each tile 4 is preferred to securely hold and anchor the tiles to the process surface 6 of the substrate 5. The slots 19 are formed to cooperate with the tabs by receiving and connectively engaging the corresponding tabs of the anchoring rail. As shown in Figure 5A, each slot 19 is preferably formed in the center region of each side 17a, 17b and runs the longitudinal length of the tile 4. Preferably, the slots 19 and the tabs 13 form an interference fit. The tile 4 geometry, as shown in Figures 5A and 5B, assists in holding the tiles in place over the process surface. The flat ends 28 of each tile 4 are wedged against the flat ends 28 of adjoining tiles 4 and this assists in holding and anchoring the tiles 4 in place. The anchorage system preferably provides a clearance between the slots 19 and the tabs 13. This clearance is sized based on the application and relative sizes of the components to allow for slight relative movement between the tiles 4 and the rails 3 as the components expand and contract during operation due to differences in the coefficients of thermal expansion of each component. However, the clearance is not too large as to allow the tiles to vibrate or rattle around during operation. The tiles 4 include an upper tongue 20 and a lower tongue 21 that are formed on each side 17a, 17b and separated by slot 19. Preferably, the corners around each slot 19 (e.g., at the bottom of the slot 19 and the corners formed between the slot 19 and upper and lower tongues 20, 21 ) are formed having a radius R (e.g., rounded corners). These rounded corners facilitate locating the tiles over the rails and also allow for slight movement between the tiles and the rails during operation. Each tile 4 can include one or more relief notches 22 formed where the bottom surface 24 and one or both of the sides 17a, 17b meet. Each relief notch 22 provides a clearance for the point of attachment of the rail 3 to the substrate 5. For example, where the rail is welded to the substrate, the relief notch provides a clearance for the weld bead to fit within thereby providing a tighter fit between adjacent tiles. The size of the relief notch depends on the particular application and A method according to attaching the rail to the substrate. In addition, each tile 4 can be formed having an extended upper tongue 20a, as shown in Figure 5C. The extended upper tongue 20a overhangs, or extends out further than, the lower tongue 21. This is preferably accomplished by cutting back the lower tongue 21 of the tile 4. Preferably, the extended upper tongue 20a extends out a distance equal to one half the thickness of the web 9 (e.g., the cut back equals one half the thickness of the web). This provides a clearance for the thickness of the web 9 between adjacent tiles 4 thereby providing a tighter fit between adjacent tiles on the surface exposed to the process. Preferably, a machining process forms the slots 19. The tiles can be formed without the slots and then the slots 19 can be machined into each side 17a, 17b of the tile. This machining is a specialized, but repetitive process. Alternatively, the slots can be formed during the molding of the tile. The dimensions of the slots depend on the dimensions of the tiles and the particular application. For example, the thickness of the slot preferably increases as the thickness of the tile increases and the depth of the slot preferably increases as the width of the tile increases. Preferably, the size of each slot 19 is minimized in order to maximize the amount of area that is tile and to minimize the amount of area that has the rail tab. It is desired to keep the aspect ratio low in order to avoid a high bending ratio. This makes the tiles more robust. The material of ceramic refractory tiles 4 depends on the particular application and process that the anchoring system is being used in. For example, in an exemplary high temperature and highly erosion fluid catalytic cracking cyclone, the tiles are made from a ceramic refractory material. Also, the shape of the tiles also depends on the particular applications, as well as the shape and configuration of the substrate 5. Figure 5D shows a ceramic lining tile with an alternative alignment/anchoring configuration. In this case, tile 4 has a top tab 30 at the edge adjoining the top surface and a recess 31 located between the top and bottom faces of the tile. The recess has a configuration which is functionally equivalent to the slot configuration shown in Figures 4 and 5 in that it provides a recess with which the retaining tabs of the anchoring rails 3 engage to prevent the tile moving away from the surface of the casing or substrate. Recess 31 has a curvilinear fillet 32 which extends backwardly and inwardly from the side edge of front tab 30 and merges into a planar face 33 extending towards the rear of tile 4 while extending outwardly towards the side margin of the tile to form a bottom tab 35 which prevents movement of the tile past the anchoring tab of the anchoring rail, so preventing the tile from movement away from the casing. A chamfer 35 runs around the edge of tile 4 to provide relief for the welds attaching the anchoring rails to the casing. Typically the tiles will be from 50 to 100 mm wide, usually 75 to 100mm, and 200 to 500 mm, usually 300 to 400 mm, long with thicknesses of from 20 to 50 mm, more usually 20 to 40 mm, being practical although the exact dimensions should be determined according to the shape of the vessel to be lined, the service requirements and considerations of handling an installation. An exemplary method of assembling the lining material over a metal casing is as follows: weld an anchor rail with the tile retention structure formed on it in place on the casing; fit the tiles of a row, each of which has a corresponding alignment structure for the rails, in place with its alignment structure fitting around the retention structure on the first anchor rail; weld another anchor rail having a retention structure in place against the free side of the previously fitted row of tiles so that the retention structure engages the alignment structure of tiles in the previous row (e.g. the retention slots engage with the tabs on the tiles); continue on with another row of tiles, then a rail, then a row of tiles, etc. If the axial length of the casing is short, each row may, of course, be but one tile long. For applications having a circular, drum, or conical shape casing, this method may preclude completing an entire ring (tiled circle). For these type of installation, a closing strip can be used as described above to fill the space remaining between the first and last row of tiles. Preferably, the closing strip will be made up of a refractory/anchorage system installed using conventional techniques. If, however the dimensions of the casing and the tiles permit, the last row of tiles may be slid into place from the end of the casing between the first and last rails so that the alignment structures on each side of the tiles along and engage the retention structure of the first and last rails. With a cylindrical casing such as that found in a cyclone, the section between the first and the last tiles may be filled with a closing strip or patch if the tiles do not fit exactly into the circumference of the casing and the anchor welds cannot be made for the last rail with a tile in place. Preferably, the closing strip includes a castable refractory material, such as hex mesh and AA-22 manufactured by Resco Products, Inc. of Norristown, PA, or its equivalent, installed using conventional techniques. The tabs of the first and last anchor rails preferably extend some distance into the adjoining biscuit of the conventional castable refractory material. The location of the castable patch or closing strip should be located in a less erosive area for the particular installation or service location. The lining method of the present invention works equally well for new construction and repair areas during, for example, a plant shutdown. The design of the anchorage system and method of the present invention provides continuous anchorage along the edge of each tile while still allowing the metallic substrate to expand and slide relative to the ceramic tiles. The use of the anchoring rail and anchorage system for locating and attaching ceramic refractory materials to a substrate, or casing and the described method of building ceramic lined structures in which the ceramic lining is structurally anchored to the casing provide for the following advantages: 1. This technology can be used to fabricate partially ceramic lined cyclones and equipment for use in FCC Units or any other equipment requiring erosion, corrosion, and/or high temperature resistant linings. In FCC Units, for example, ceramic lined cyclones would provide approximately ten times greater, or better, erosion resistance over the best current lining systems. This would reduce the need and/or frequency for cyclone repair or replacement. In addition, greater erosion resistance allows for higher cyclone gas/solids velocities and mass flow rates, and therefore allows greater unit throughput without increasing the physical size of the unit. 2. This technology to rebuild or upgrade existing FCC units that are currently limited by the size of their cyclone containing pressure vessels. This technology would also have importance in gaining greater cyclone erosion resistance. This technology could be used throughout many different industries in numerous situations requiring protective ceramic linings.

Claims: Claims 1. A tiled protective lining disposed on a substrate and forming a protective lining over the substrate, comprising: a plurality of spaced apart anchor rails attached to the substrate, each of which has a tile retention structure; and a plurality of tiles arranged adjacently and having one of the anchoring rails disposed between adjacent tiles, each of the tiles including a body having two opposite sides, each side having an alignment structure corresponding to the retention structure of the anchoring rails for anchoring the tiles to the anchoring rails. 2. A tiled protective lining according to claim 1 , in which the retention structure comprises a plurality of retention tabs extending from each of the anchor rails and the alignment structure comprises a plurality of recesses formed in each of the tiles, in which the tabs engage with the recesses to locate and anchor the tiles with respect to the substrate. 3. A tiled protective lining according to claim 2, in which the plurality of tabs further comprise a plurality of perpendicularly extending tabs that are formed extending from a top portion of a web of each of the anchoring rails. 4. A tiled protective lining according to claim 3, in which the tabs further comprise a plurality of alternating perpendicularly extending tabs, in which the tabs alternate between a first direction and a second opposite direction along a longitudinal length of the anchoring rail. 5. A tiled protective lining according to claim 2, in which the tabs extend from the web in both the first direction and the second opposite direction in a plane which is substantially perpendicular to a plane defined by the web. 6. A tiled protective lining according to claim 2, in which the recesses are in the form of a plurality of elongated slots, in which one is formed in each of two opposing sides of each of the tiles. 7. A tiled protective lining according to claim 1 , in which the retention structure and the alignment structure extend in a plane substantially perpendicular to a plane defined by a web of the anchoring rail. 8. A tiled protective lining according to claim 1 , in which the retention structure and the alignment structure extend in a plane substantially parallel to a plane defined by a process surface of the substrate. 9. A tiled protective lining according to claim 1 , in which the anchoring rails comprise a metallic material. 10. A tiled protective lining according to claim 5, in which each of the tabs is formed in the configuration of a square, a rectangular, a semi-circular, an elliptic, and a dovetail shape. 11. A method of building a ceramic lined structure in which a ceramic refractory tile lining is structurally anchored to a casing by: (a) attaching a first anchoring rail to a surface of the casing; (b) fitting a first ceramic tile to the anchoring rail; (c) fitting another anchoring rail to an opposite side of the previous ceramic tile from step (b); (d) attaching the anchoring rail from step (c) to the surface of the casing; (e) fitting another ceramic tile to the anchoring rail of step (d); and (f) repeating steps (c) through (e) until the ceramic tiles cover a predetermined area of the surface of the casing. 12. A method according to cla ; m 11 , in which the attaching of the anchor rail to the process surface is carried out by attaching a bottom edge of a web of the rail to the surface of the casing. 13. A method according to claim 12, further comprising welding the bottom edge to the process surface. 14. A method according to claim 11 , in which the anchoring rail has a web and a retention structure, in which the web is formed having a bottom edge and a top portion, and a tile retention structure extending from the top portion in a plane substantially perpendicular to the plane formed by the web. 15. A method according to claim 14, in which the retention structure is formed as a plurality of tabs extending from the top portion of the web and alternating between a first direction and a second opposite direction. 16. A method according to claim 11 , in which the tiles each have an alignment structure which comprises a plurality of recesses formed in each of the tiles for locating and anchoring the tiles to the rails over the surface of the casing. 17. A method according to claim 16, in which the recesses are formed as elongated slots along each of opposed sides of each of the tiles. 18. A method according to claim 11 , in which the casing is curved further comprising installing a closing strip between the first tile and a last tile of a ring of tiles extending around the casing. 19. A method according to claim 18 in which the closing strip is formed from a monolitic refractory material. 20. A method according to claim 11 , in which the casing is a barrel portion of cyclone of a FCC unit.

Inventors: BLAIR KEITH E, ERSKINE CHARLES P, BLAIR, KEITH, E., ERSKINE, CHARLES, P.
Applicants: MOBIL OIL CORP, MOBIL OIL CORPORATION
Application year: 2000
Main classification: E04C
IPC codes: B01J19, F16B5, F27D1