BENZAZEPINE DERIVATIVES AS ALPHA-V INTEGRIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS

Abstract: The present invention relates to benzazepine derivatives and their use as alpha-V integrin receptor antagonists. More particularly, the compounds of the present invention are antagonists of the integrin receptors alphaVbeta3, alphaVbeta5, and/or alphaVbeta6 and are useful for inhibiting bone resorption, treating and preventing osteoporosis, and inhibiting vascular restenosis, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, angiogenesis, atherosclerosis, inflammation, wound healing, viral disease, tumor growth, and metastasis.

Description: TITLE OF THE INVENTION BENZAZEPLNE DERIVATIVES AS ALPHA-V INTEGRIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS The present application claims priority of U.S. provisional application Serial No. 60/118,428, filed February 3, 1999. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to benzazepine derivatives, their synthesis, and their use as αv integrin receptor antagonists. More particularly, the compounds of the present invention are antagonists of the integrin receptors αvβ3, αvβ5, and/or αvβό and are useful for inhibiting bone resoφtion, treating and preventing osteoporosis, and inhibiting vascular restenosis, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, angiogenesis, atherosclerosis, inflammation, wound healing, viral disease, tumor growth, and metastasis. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION It is believed that a wide variety of disease states and conditions can be mediated by acting on integrin receptors and that integrin receptor antagonists represent a useful class of drugs. Integrin receptors are heterodimeric transmembrane receptors through which cells attach and communicate with extracellular matrices and other cells. (See S.B. Rodan and G.A. Rodan, "Integrin Function In Osteoclasts", Journal of Endocrinology , Vol. 154, S47- S56 (1997), which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). In one aspect of the present invention, the compounds herein are useful for inhibiting bone resoφtion. Bone resoφtion is mediated by the action of cells known as osteoclasts. Osteoclasts are large multinucleated cells of up to about 400 mm in diameter that resorb mineralized tissue, chiefly calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate, in vertebrates. Osteoclasts are actively motile cells that migrate along the surface of bone, and can bind to bone, secrete necessary acids and proteases, thereby causing the actual resoφtion of mineralized tissue from the bone. More specifically, osteoclasts are believed to exist in at least two physiological states, namely, the secretory state and the migratory or motile state. In the secretory state, osteoclasts are flat, attach to the bone matrix via a tight attachment zone (sealing zone), become resorb bone. The adhesion of osteoclasts to bone surfaces is an important initial step in bone resoφtion. In the migratory or motile state, the osteoclasts migrate across bone matrix and do not take part in resoφtion until they again attach to bone. αvlntegrins are involved in osteoclast attachment, activation and migration. The most abundant v integrin in osteoclasts, e.g., in rat, chicken, mouse and human osteoclasts, is an integrin receptor known as vβ3, which is thought to interact in bone with matrix proteins that contain the RGD sequence. Antibodies to vβ3 block bone resoφtion in vitro indicating that this integrin plays a key role in the resoφtive process. There is increasing evidence to suggest that vβ3 ligands can be used effectively to inhibit osteoclast mediated bone resoφtion in vivo in mammals. The current major bone diseases of public concern are osteoporosis, hypercalcemia of malignancy, osteopenia due to bone metastases, periodontal disease, hypeφarathyroidism, periarticular erosions in rheumatoid arthritis, Paget's disease, immobilization-induced osteopenia, and glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. All of these conditions are characterized by bone loss, resulting from an imbalance between bone resoφtion, i.e. breakdown, and bone formation, which continues throughout life at the rate of about 14% per year on the average. However, the rate of bone turnover differs from site to site; for example, it is higher in the trabecular bone of the vertebrae and the alveolar bone in the jaws than in the cortices of the long bones. The potential for bone loss is directly related to turnover and can amount to over 5% per year in vertebrae immediately following menopause, a condition which leads to increased fracture risk. In the United States, there are currently about 20 million people with detectable fractures of the vertebrae due to osteoporosis. In addition, there are about 250,000 hip fractures per year attributed to osteoporosis. This clinical situation is associated with a 12% mortality rate within the first two years, while 30% of the patients require nursing home care after the fracture. Individuals suffering from all the conditions listed above would benefit from treatment with agents which inhibit bone resoφtion. Additionally, αvβ3 ligands have been found to be useful in treating and/or inhibiting restenosis, i.e. recurrence of stenosis after corrective surgery on the heart valve, atherosclerosis, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, and angiogenesis, i.e. formation of new blood vessels, and inhibiting viral disease. Moreover, it has been postulated that the growth of tumors depends on an adequate blood supply, which in turn is dependent on the growth of new vessels into the tumor; thus, inhibition of angiogenesis can cause tumor regression in animal models (See Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed., 1991, which is incoφorated by reference herein in its entirety). Therefore, vβ3 antagonists which inhibit angiogenesis can be useful m the treatment of cancer by inhibiting tumor growth (See, e.g., Brooks et al., Cell, 79:1157-1164 (1994), which is incoφorated by reference herein in its entirety). Moreover, compounds of this invention can also inhibit neovasculaπzation by acting as antagonists of the integnn receptor, vβ5. A monoclonal antibody for αvβ5 has been shown to inhibit VEGF-induced angiogenesis in rabbit cornea and the chick choπoallantoic membrane model (See M.C Fπedlander, et.al , Science 270: 1500-1502 (1995), which is incoφorated by reference herein in its entirety) Thus, compounds that antagonize αvβ5 are useful for treating and preventing macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, tumor growth, and metastasis. Additionally, compounds of the instant invention can inhibit angiogenesis and inflammation by acting as antagonists of the integnn receptor, αvβ6, which is expressed dunng the later stages of wound healing and remains expressed until the wound is closed (See Chnstofidou-Solomidou, et al., "Expression and Function of Endothelial Cell αv Integnn Receptors m Wound-Induced Human Angiogenesis in Human Skin/SCID Mice Chimeras, Amencan Journal of Pathology, Vol. 151, No 4, pp. 975-983 (October 1997), which is incoφorated by reference herein in its entirety) It is postulated that ccvβό plays a role in the remodeling of the vasculature dunng the later stages of angiogenesis Also, αvβ6 participates in the modulation of epithelial inflammation and is induced in response to local injury or inflammation (See Xiao-Zhu Huang, et al., "Inactivation of the Integnn β6 Subunit Gene Reveals a Role of Epithelial Integnns in Regulating Inflammation in the Lungs and Skin," Journal of Cell Biology, Vol. 133, No.4, pp. 921-928 (May 1996), which is incoφorated by reference herein m its entirety) Accordingly, compounds that antagonize αvβ6 are useful in treating or preventing cancer by inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis In addition, certain compounds of this invention antagonize both the αvβ3 and αvβ5 receptors These compounds, referred to as "dual vβ3/αvβ5 antagonists," are useful for inhibiting bone resoφtion, treating and preventing osteoporosis, and inhibiting vascular restenosis, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, angiogenesis, atherosclerosis, inflammation, viral disease, tumor growth, and metastasis. In addition, certain compounds of this invention are useful as mixed αvβ3, αvβ5, and αvβ6 receptor antagonists. Peptidyl as well as peptidomimetic antagonists of the αvβ3 integrin receptor have been described both in the scientific and patent literature. For example, reference is made to W.J. Hoekstra and B.L. Poulter, Curr. Med. Chem. 5: 195-204 (1998) and references cited therein; WO 95/32710; WO 95/37655; WO 97/37655; WO 98/08840; WO 98/18460; WO 98/18461 ; WO 98/25892; WO 98/31359; WO 98/30542; EP 853084; EP 854140; EP 854145; and US Patent No. 5,780,426. Evidence of the ability of vβ3 integrin receptor antagonists to prevent bone resoφtion in vitro and in vivo has been presented (see V.W. Engleman et al., "A Peptidomimetic Antagonist of the αvβ3 Integrin Inhibits Bone Resoφtion inVitro and Prevents Osteoporosis in Vivo," J. Clin. Invest. 99: 2284-2292 (1997); S.B. Rodan et al., J. Bone Miner. Res. 11: S289 (1996); J.F. Gourvest et al., Bone 23: S612 (1998); M.W. Lark et al., Bone 23: S219 (1998)). The αvβ3 integrin receptor recognizes the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) tripeptide sequence in its cognate matrix and cell surface glycoproteins (see J. Samanen, et al., Curr. Pharmaceut. Design 3: 545-584 (1997)). The benzazepine nucleus has been employed among others by Genentech and SmithKline Beecham as a conformationally constrained Gly-Asp mimetic to elaborate nonpeptide αvβ3 integrin receptor antagonists substituted at the N-terminus with heterocyclic arginine mimetics (see R.M. Keenan et al, "Discovery of Potent Nonpeptide Vitronectin Receptor (αvβ3) Antagonists," J. Med. Chem. 40: 2289-2292 (1997); R.M. Keenan et al., "Benzimidazole Derivatives As Arginine Mimetics in 1 ,4-Benzodiazepine Nonpeptide Vitronectin Receptor (αvβ3) Antagonists," Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 8: 3165-3170 (1998); and R.M. Keenan et al., "Discovery of an Imidazopyridine- Containing 1,4-Benzodiazepine Nonpeptide Vitronectin Receptor (αvβ3) Antagonist With Efficacy in a Restenosis Model," Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 8: 3171-3176 (1998). Patents assigned to SmithKline Beecham that disclose such benzazepine- based αvβ3 integrin receptor antagonists include WO 96/00574, WO 96/00730, WO 96/06087, WO 96/26190, WO 97/24119, WO 97/24122, WO 97/24124, and WO 98/15278 and to Genentech include WO 97/34865. However, there still remains a need for small-molecule, selective αv integrin receptor antagonists that display improved potency, pharmacodynamic, and pharmacokinetic properties, such as oral bioavailability and significant duration of action. Such compounds would prove to be useful for the treatment, prevention, or suppression of various pathologies enumerated above that are mediated by αv binding and cell adhesion and activation. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide benzazepine derivatives which are useful as αv integrin receptor antagonists. It is another object of the present invention to provide benzazepine derivatives which are useful as αvβ3 receptor antagonists. It is another object of the present invention to provide benzazepine derivatives which are useful as ccvβ5 receptor antagonists. It is another object of the present invention to provide benzazepine derivatives which are useful as αvβ6 receptor antagonists. It is another object of the present invention to provide benzazepine derivatives which are useful as dual αvβ3/αvβ5 receptor antagonists. It is another object of the present invention to provide benzazepine derivatives which are useful as mixed αvβ3, αvβ5, and αvβό receptor antagonists. It is another object of the present invention to provide pharmaceutical compositions comprising αv integrin receptor antagonists. It is another object of the present invention to provide methods for making the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. It is another object of the present invention to provide methods for eliciting an αv integrin receptor antagonizing effect in a mammal in need thereof by administering the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. It is another object of the present invention to provide compounds and pharmaceutical compositions useful for inhibiting bone resoφtion, restenosis, atherosclerosis, inflammation, viral disease, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, angiogenesis, tumor growth, and metastasis. It is another object of the present invention to provide compounds and pharmaceutical compositions useful for treating osteoporosis. It is another object of the present invention to provide methods for inhibiting bone resoφtion, restenosis, atherosclerosis, inflammation, viral disease, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, angiogenesis, tumor growth, and metastasis. It is another object of the present invention to provide methods for treating osteoporosis. These and other objects will become readily apparent from the detailed description which follows. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to compounds of formula I wherein X is O; NR4; or CR1R2 ; Y is selected from the group consisting of -(CH 2 )m-, -(CH 2 )m-O-(CH 2 )n-, -(CH 2 )m-NR 4 -(CH2)n-, -(CH 2 )m-S-(CH 2 )n-, -(CH 2 ) m -SO-(CH 2 ) n -, -(CH 2 ) m -SO 2 -(CH 2 ) n -, -(CH 2 ) m -O-(CH 2 ) n -O-(CH 2 )p-, -(CH 2 ) m -O-(CH 2 ) n -NR4-(CH 2 ) p -, -(CH 2 ) m -NR4-(CH 2 ) n -NR4-(CH 2 )p-, -(CH 2 ) m -O-(CH 2 ) n -S-(CH 2 )p-, -(CH 2 ) m -S-(CH 2 ) n -S-(CH 2 )p-, -(CH 2 ) m -NR4-(CH 2 )n-S-(CH 2 ) p -, -(CH 2 ) m -NR4-(CH 2 ) n -O-(CH 2 )p-, -(CH2)m-S-(CH2)n-0-(CH 2 )p-, and -(CH 2 )m-S-(CH 2 ) n -NR4-(CH 2 )p-; wherein any methylene (CH2) carbon atom in Y, other than in R4, can be substituted by one or two R^ substituents; Z is selected from the group consisting of wherein the ring carbon atoms are unsubstituted or substituted with one or two R6 substituents; RJ and R^ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, Ci-8 alkyl, C 2 -8 alkenyl, C 2 _8 alkynyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, C3-8 cycloheteroalkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl Cι_6 alkyl, C3-8 cycloheteroalkyl Ci-6 alkyl, aryl, aryl -6 alkyl, amino C -6 alkyl, Cι_4 acylamino C -6 alkyl, (C -6 alkyl)pamino C\-6 alkyl, hydroxy Cj-6 alkyl, Cι_6 alkoxy Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 alkylthio Ci-6 alkyl, hydroxycarbonyl C\. alkyl, Ci-4 alkoxycarbonyl C\. alkyl, and trifluoromethyl; each R^ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, aryl, Ci-8 alkyl, C 2 -8 alkenyl, C 2 -8 alkynyl, aryl C[. alkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, oxo, trifluoromethyl, Ci-6 alkoxy, aryl Ci-6 alkoxy, Ci-6 alkylthio, aryl -6 alkylthio, aminocarbonyl, (Ci-6 alkyl minocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, aryl Cι_6 alkyl aminocarbonyl, aryloxycarbonylamino, Ci-6 alkoxycarbonylamino, aryl Ci-6 alkoxycarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino Ci-6 alkylcarbonylamino, aryl C 1-6 alkylcarbonylamino, (Ci-6 alkyl)paminocarbonyloxy, Ci-6 alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, aryl Ci-6 alkylsulfonylamino, Ci-6 alkylsulfonyl, aryl C]-6 alkylsulfonyl, Ci-6 alkylcarbonyl, and aryl Cjμβ alkylcarbonyl; or two R3 substituents, when on the same carbon atom are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a carbonyl group or a cyclopropyl group, wherein any of the alkyl groups of R^ are either unsubstituted or substituted with one to three R substituents, and provided that each R^ is selected such that in the resultant compound the carbon atom or atoms to which R^ is attached is itself attached to no more than one heteroatom; each R4 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Ci-8 alkyl, C2-8 alkenyl, C2-8 alkynyl, aryl Ci-6 alkyl, Cι_4 alkoxy Ci-6 alkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, Ci-6 alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, arylCi-6 alkylsulfonyl, C]_6 alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aryl Ci-6 alkoxycarbonyl, Ci-6 alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, aryl C]-6 alkylcarbonyl, hydroxycarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, C -4 alkoxycarbonyl C .(, alkyl, (aryl )pamin oc arbon yl , (aryl Ci-6 alkyl)paminocarbonyl, and (Cι_6 alky paminocarbonyl; wherein any of the alkyl groups of R are either unsubstituted or substituted with one to three R! substituents; R5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Ci-8 alkyl, aryl, aryl Ci-6 alkyl, C]-6 alkylcarbonyloxy C1.4 alkyl, aryl Ci-6 alkylcarbonyloxy Ci-4 alkyl, Ci-6 alkylaminocarbonylmethylene, and Ci-6 dialkylaminocarbonylmethylene; each R" is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, cyano, nitro, halo, C1-8 alkyl, C 2 _8 alkenyl, C 2 _8 alkynyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, C3-8 cycloheteroalkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl Ci-6 alkyl, C3- cycloheteroalkyl Ci-6 alkyl, aryl, aryl Ci-6 alkyl, amino, Ci-4 acylamino, (Ci-6 alkyl)pamino, Ci-6 alkoxy, Ci-6 alkylthio, hydroxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, (C]-6 alkyl)paminocarbonyl, Ci-4 alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxy, trifluoromethyl, and trifluoromethoxy; R^ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C 1-8 alkyl, C 2 -8 alkenyl, C 2 -8 alkynyl, C3_8 cycloalkyl, C3-8 cycloheteroalkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl Ci-6 alkyl, C3-8 cycloheteroalkyl Ci-6 alkyl, and aryl Ci-6 alkyl; R° is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, aryl, C1-8 alkyl, C2-8 alkenyl, C2-8 alkynyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, C3-8 cycloheteroalkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl C]-6 alkyl, C3.8 cycloheteroalkyl Cι_6 alkyl aryl C\. alkyl, trifluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, hydroxycarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-4 alkoxycarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, and Ci-4 alkoxy C]-6 alkyl; each m is independently an integer from 0 to 6; each n is independently an integer from 0 to 6; and each p is independently an integer from 0 to 2; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The present invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The present invention also relates to methods for making the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. The present invention also relates to methods for eliciting an αv integrin receptor antagonizing effect in a mammal in need thereof by administering the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. The present invention also relates to methods for inhibiting bone resoφtion, restenosis, atherosclerosis, inflammation, viral disease, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, angiogenesis, wound healing, tumor growth, and metastasis by administering the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. The present invention also relates to methods for treating osteoporosis by administering the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to compounds useful as αv integrin receptor antagonists. Representative compounds of the present invention are described by structural formula I: wherein X is O; NR4 ; or CR1R2; Y is selected from the group consisting of -(CH 2 )m-, -(CH 2 )m-O-(CH 2 )n-, -(CH 2 )m-NR 4 -(CH 2 )n-, -(CH 2 )m-S-(CH 2 )n-, -(CH 2 )m-SO-(CH 2 )n-, -(CH 2 )m-SO 2 -(CH2)n-, -(CH 2 )m-O-(CH2)n-O-(CH2) p -, -(CH 2 )m-O-(CH 2 )n-NR4-(CH2)p-, -(CH 2 )m-NR4-(CH 2 )n-NR4-(CH2)p-, -(CH2)m-O-(CH2)n-S-(CH 2 )p-, -(CH 2 )m-S-(CH 2 ) ιr S-(CH2)p-, -(CH 2 )m-NR4-(CH2)n-S-(CH 2 )p-, -(CH 2 )m-NR4-(CH 2 )n-O-(CH2)p-, -(CH 2 )m-S-(CH2)n-O-(CH 2 )p-, and -(CH 2 )m-S-(CH2)n-NR4-(CH2)p-; wherein any methylene (CH2) carbon atom in Y, other than in R4, can be substituted by one or two R^ substituents; Z is selected from the group consisting of wherein the ring carbon atoms are unsubstituted or substituted with one or two R6 substituents; R ! and R^ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, Ci-8 alkyl, C2-8 alkenyl, C2-8 alkynyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, C3-8 cycloheteroalkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl Ci-6 alkyl, C3-8 cycloheteroalkyl Ci-6 alkyl, aryl, aryl Ci-6 alkyl, amino Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-4 acylamino Cj-6 alkyl, (Ci-6 alkyl )pamino Ci-6 alkyl, hydroxy Ci -6 alkyl, Ci-6 alkoxy Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 alkylthio Ci-6 alkyl, hydroxycarbonyl Cj-6 alkyl, C]-4 alkoxycarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, and trifluoromethyl; each R3 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, aryl, C1-8 alkyl, C2-8 alkenyl, C 2 -8 alkynyl, aryl Ci-6 alkyl, C3_8 cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, oxo, trifluoromethyl, Ci-6 alkoxy, aryl Cι _6 alkoxy, Ci-6 alkylthio, aryl Ci-6 alkylthio, aminocarbonyl, (Ci-6 alky paminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, aryl C[. alkylaminocarbonyl, aryloxycarbonylamino, Ci-6 alkoxycarbonylamino, aryl Ci-6 alkoxycarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino Ci-6 alkylcarbonylamino, aryl C[. alkylcarbonylamino, (C[-6 alky paminocarbonyloxy, Ci-6 alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, aryl Cι_6 alkylsulfonylamino, Ci-6 alkylsulfonyl, aryl C[. alkylsulfonyl, Ci-6 alkylcarbonyl, and aryl C[- alkylcarbonyl; or two R3 substituents, when on the same carbon atom are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a carbonyl group or a cyclopropyl group, wherein any of the alkyl groups of R^ are either unsubstituted or substituted with one to three R ! substituents, and provided that each R^ is selected such that in the resultant compound the carbon atom or atoms to which R^ is attached is itself attached to no more than one heteroatom; each R4 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C -8 alkyl, C 2 -8 alkenyl, C 2 -8 alkynyl, aryl C[. alkyl, Ci_4 alkoxy C\-6 alkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, Ci-6 alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, arylCi-6 alkylsulfonyl, C] -6 alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aryl C[- alkoxycarbonyl, Ci-6 alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, aryl Ci-6 alkylcarbonyl, hydroxycarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-4 alkoxycarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl)paminocarbonyl, (aryl C]-6 alkyl)paminocarbonyl, and (Ci-6 alky paminocarbonyl; wherein any of the alkyl groups of R4 are either unsubstituted or substituted with one to three R^ substituents; R5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Ci-8 alkyl, aryl, aryl Ci-6 alkyl, Cj-6 alkylcarbonyloxy C]_4 alkyl, aryl Ci-6 alkylcarbonyloxy Cj_4 alkyl, C]-6 alkylaminocarbonylmethylene, and C 1 _6 di al kyl ami nocarbonylmethylene ; each R6 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, cyano, nitro, halo, Ci-8 alkyl, C 2 _8 alkenyl, C -8 alkynyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, C3-8 cycloheteroalkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl Ci-6 alkyl, C3_8 cycloheteroalkyl Cι_6 alkyl, aryl, aryl C\-β alkyl, amino, C]-4 acyl amino, (Ci-6 alkyl)pamino, Ci-6 alkoxy, Ci-6 alkylthio, hydroxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, (Cj-6 alkyl)paminocarbonyl, Cj-4 alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxy, trifluoromethyl, and trifluoromethoxy; R ' is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Ci-8 alkyl, C 2 _8 alkenyl, C 2 _8 alkynyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, C3-8 cycloheteroalkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl Cj-6 alkyl, C3-8 cycloheteroalkyl C]-6 alkyl, and aryl Cι_6 alkyl; R8 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, aryl, Ci-8 alkyl, C 2 _8 alkenyl, C 2 -8 alkynyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, C3-8 cycloheteroalkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl Ci-6 alkyl, C3-8 cycloheteroalkyl Cj-6 alkyl aryl C\- alkyl, trifluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, hydroxycarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-4 alkoxycarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, and Ci-4 alkoxy Ci-6 alkyl; each m is independently an integer from 0 to 6; each n is independently an integer from 0 to 6; and each p is independently an integer from 0 to 2; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In the compounds of the present invention, X is preferably NR4 wherein R4 is as defined above. In the compounds of the present invention, Y is preferably selected from the group consisting of -(CH 2 )πr, -(CH 2 ) m -O-(CH 2 )n-, -(CH 2 )m-NR 4 -(CH 2 )n-, -(CH 2 ) m -S-(CH2)n-, -(CH 2 )m-SO-(CH 2 )n-, -(CH2)m-SO 2 -(CH 2 )n-, -(CH 2 ) m -O-(CH 2 ) n -O-(CH 2 ) p -, -(CH 2 ) m -O-(CH 2 ) n -NR4-(CH 2 )p-, -(CH 2 ) m -NR 4 -(CH 2 )n-NR4-(CH 2 )p-, and -(CH 2 ) m -NR 4 -(CH 2 )n-O-(CH 2 )p-, wherein any methylene (CH 2 ) carbon atom in Y, other than in R4, can be substituted by one or two R^ substituents. More preferably Y is selected from the group consisting of -(CH 2 ) m -, -(CH 2 ) m -O-(CH 2 ) n -, -(CH 2 ) m -NR4-(CH 2 ) n -, and -(CH 2 ) m -S-(CH 2 ) n -, wherein any methylene (CH 2 ) carbon atom in Y, other than in R4, can be substituted by one or two R^ substituents. Most preferably Y is wherein any methylene (CH 2 ) carbon atom in Y, other than in R4, can be substituted by one or two R^ substituents; In the compounds of the present invention, Z is preferably wherein the ring carbon atoms are unsubstituted or substituted with one or two R6 substituents as defined above. More preferably Z is wherein the ring carbon atoms are unsubstituted or substituted with one or two R6 substituents as defined above. In the compounds of the present invention, R! and R^ are preferably independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Ci-6 alkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, C3-8 cycloheteroalkyl, and aryl C]-3 alkyl. More preferably R* and R^ are independently selected from hydrogen and Ci-3 alkyl. Most preferably R and R^ are each hydrogen. In the compounds of the present invention, each R^ is preferably selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, aryl, Cι_8 alkyl, aryl Ci-6 alkyl, fluoro, hydroxy, oxo, trifluoromethyl, aminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, aryl Cι _6 alkylaminocarbony], and (Ci-6 alkyl)paminocarbonyl. More preferably R3 is hydrogen or oxo. Most preferably R3 is oxo. In the compounds of the present invention, each R 4 is preferably selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Ci-8 alkyl, aryl C .β alkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, Ci-4 alkoxy C]-6 alkyl, Ci_6 alkylsulfonyl, arylCi-6 alkylsulfonyl, Ci-6 alkoxycarbonyl, aryl Cj_6 alkoxycarbonyl, Ci-6 alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, aryl Cι_6 alkylcarbonyl, (aryl)paminocarbonyl, (aryl C]-6 aIkyl)paminocarbonyl, and (Ci-6 alky paminocarbonyl. More preferably, R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C 1-4 alkyl, aryl Cj_4 alkyl, and Ci-4 alkoxy Cι_4 alkyl. Most preferably R4 is hydrogen or methyl. In a further embodiment of the compounds of the present invention, R is methyl. In the compounds of the present invention, R^ is preferably selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, and ethyl. More preferably, R^ is hydrogen. In the compounds of the present invention, each R6 is preferably selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, cyano, halo, Cj-4 alkyl, aryl, aryl Ci-3 alkyl, Ci-4 acylamino, Ci-4 alkoxy, C] -4 alkylthio, aminocarbonyl, (Ci-6 alkyl)paminocarbonyl, Ci-4 alkoxycarbonyl, trifluoromethyl, and trifluoromethoxy. In the compounds of the present invention, R7 is preferably hydrogen, C]_3 alkyl, or aryl C]-3 alkyl. More preferably R? is hydrogen. In the compounds of the present invention, R^ is preferably selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Ci-4 alkyl, aryl Ci-4 alkyl, trifluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, and Ci-4 alkoxy C]_4 alkyl. More preferably R8 is hydrogen or methyl. Most preferably R8 is methyl. In the compounds of the present invention, m and n are preferably integers from 1 to 3, more preferably from 1 to 2. Most preferably m and n are both 1. In the compounds of the present invention, the preferred absolute stereochemistry at the C-2 stereogenic center of the benzodiazepine ring is "S". An illustrative but nonlimiting example of compounds of the present invention that are useful as αv integrin receptor antagonists is {4-Methyl-7-[N-methyl-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-[l,8]naphthyridin-2-ylmethyl)- carbamoyl]-3-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-benzo[e][l,4]diazepin-2(S)-yl}-acetic acid, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. For use in medicine, the salts of the compounds of this invention refer to non-toxic "pharmaceutically acceptable salts." Other salts may, however, be useful in the preparation of the compounds according to the invention or of their pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Salts encompassed within the term "pharmaceutically acceptable salts" refer to non-toxic salts of the compounds of this invention which are generally prepared by reacting the free base with a suitable organic or inorganic acid. Representative salts include the following: acetate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bicarbonate, bisulfate, bitartrate, borate, bromide, calcium, camsylate, carbonate, chloride, clavulanate, citrate, dihydrochloride, edetate, edisylate, estolate, esylate, fumarate, gluceptate, gluconate, glutamate, glycollylarsanilate, hexylresorcinate, hydrabamine, hydrobromide, hydrochloride, hydroxynaphthoate, iodide, isothionate, lactate, lactobionate, laurate, malate, maleate, mandelate, mesylate, methylbromide, methylnitrate, methylsulfate, ucate. napsylate, nitrate, N-methylglucamine ammonium salt, oleate, oxalate, pamoate (embonate), palmitate, pantothenate, phosphate/diphosphate, polygalacturonate, salicylate, stearate, sulfate, subacetate, succinate, tannate, tartrate, teoclate, tosylate, triethiodide and valerate. Furthermore, where the compounds of the invention carry an acidic moiety, suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may include alkali metal salts, e.g., sodium or potassium salts; alkaline earth metal salts, e.g., calcium or magnesium salts; and salts formed with suitable organic ligands, e.g., quaternary ammonium salts. The compounds of the present invention can have chiral centers and can thus occur as racemates, racemic mixtures, single enantiomers, diastereomeric mixtures, and individual diastereomers, with all isomeric forms being included in the present invention. Therefore, where a compound is chiral, the separate enantiomers or diastereomers, substantially free of the other, are included within the scope of the invention; further included are all mixtures of the two enantiomers. Some of the compounds described herein contain olefinic double bonds, and unless specified otherwise, are meant to include both E and Z geometric isomers. Some of the compounds described herein may exist with different points of attachment of hydrogen, referred to as tautomers. Such an example may be a ketone and its enol form, known as keto-enol tautomers. The individual tautomers as well as mixtures thereof are encompassed within the compounds of the present invention. Compounds of the present invention may be separated into diastereoisomeric pairs of enantiomers by, for example, fractional crystallization from a suitable solvent, for example, methanol or ethyl acetate or a mixture thereof. The pair of enantiomers thus obtained may be separated into individual stereoisomers by conventional means, for example, by the use of an optically active acid as a resolving agent, or by HPLC using a chiral stationary phase. Alternatively, any enantiomer of a compound of the present invention may be obtained by stereospecific synthesis using optically pure starting materials or reagents of known configuration. Also included within the scope of the invention are polymoφhs and hydrates of the compounds of the instant invention. The present invention includes within its scope prodrugs of the compounds of this invention. In general, such prodrugs will be functional derivatives of the compounds of this invention which are readily convertible in vivo into the required compound. Thus, in the methods of treatment of the present invention, the term "administering" shall encompass the treatment of the various conditions described with the compound specifically disclosed or with a compound which may not be specifically disclosed, but which converts to the specified compound in vivo after administration to the patient. Conventional procedures for the selection and preparation of suitable prodrug derivatives are described, for example, in "Design of Prodrugs," ed. H. Bundgaard, Elsevier, 1985, which is incoφorated by reference herein in its entirety. Metabolites of these compounds include active species produced upon introduction of compounds of this invention into the biological milieu. The term "therapeutically effective amount" shall mean that amount of a drug or pharmaceutical agent that will elicit the biological or medical response of a tissue, system, animal or human that is being sought by a researcher or clinician. The term " αv integrin receptor antagonist," as used herein, refers to a compound which binds to and antagonizes either the αvβ3 receptor, the αvβ5 receptor, or the αvβ6 receptor, or a compound which binds to and antagonizes combinations of these receptors (for example, a dual αvβ3/αvβ5 receptor antagonist). The term "bone resoφtion," as used herein, refers to the process by which osteoclasts degrade bone. The term "alkyl" shall mean straight or branched chain alkanes of one to ten total carbon atoms, or any number within this range (i.e., methyl, ethyl, 1- propyl, 2-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, etc.). The term "alkenyl" shall mean straight or branched chain alkenes of two to ten total carbon atoms, or any number within this range. The term "alkynyl" shall mean straight or branched chain alkynes of two to ten total carbon atoms, or any number within this range. The term "cycloalkyl" shall mean cyclic rings of alkanes of three to eight total carbon atoms, or any number within this range (i.e., cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl or cyclooctyl). The term "cycloheteroalkyl," as used herein, shall mean a 3- to 8- membered fully saturated heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms chosen from N, O, or S. Examples of cycloheteroalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, azetidinyl, moφholinyl, and piperazinyl. The term "alkoxy," as used herein, refers to straight or branched chain alkoxides of the number of carbon atoms specified (e.g., C1.5 alkoxy), or any number within this range (i.e., methoxy, ethoxy, etc.). The term "alkylthio," as used herein, refers to straight or branched chain alkylsulfides of the number of carbon atoms specified (e.g., Ci-5 alkylthio), or any number within this range (i.e., methylthio, ethylthio, etc.). The term "aryl," as used herein, refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic system comprising at least one aromatic ring, wherein the monocylic or polycyclic system contains 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms chosen from N, O, or S, and wherein the monocylic or polycylic system is either unsubstituted or substituted with one or more groups independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, Ci-io alkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, aryl, aryl -8 alkyl, amino, amino-Ci-8 alkyl, Ci-3 acylamino, Cι_3 acylamino-Ci- 8 alkyl, Ci-6 alkylamino, Ci-6 alkylamino Ci-8 alkyl, Cι_6 dialkylamino, Ci -6 dialkylamino-Ci-8 alkyl, Ci-4 alkoxy, Ci-4 alkoxy Ci- alkyl, Cι_4 alkylthio, Cι_4 alkylthio Ci-6 alkyl hydroxycarbonyl, hydroxycarbonyl Cι_6 alkyl, Ci-5 alkoxycarbonyl, C -3 alkoxycarbonyl Cι_6 alkyl, hydroxycarbonyl C]_6 alkyloxy, hydroxy, hydroxy Ci-6 alkyl, cyano, nitro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, trifluoroethoxy, oxo, thioxo, or C _5 alkylcarbonyloxy. Examples of aryl include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl, quinolyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidyl, imidazolyl, tetrazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, indolyl, thienyl, furyl, dihydrobenzofuryl, benzo(l,3) dioxolane, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, and isothiazolyl, which are either unsubstituted or substituted with one or more groups independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, Ci-io alkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, aryl, aryl Ci-8 alkyl, amino, amino C]-8 alkyl, Ci-3 acylamino, Ci-3 acylamino Ci-8 alkyl, C]-6 alkylamino, Ci- 6 alkylamino-Ci-8 alkyl, C -6 dialkylamino, Ci-6 dialkylamino Ci-8 alkyl, Ci_4 alkoxy, Ci-4 alkoxy Cι_6 alkyl, hydroxycarbonyl, hydroxycarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, Cι _5 alkoxycarbonyl, Ci-3 alkoxycarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, hydroxycarbonyl C]-6 alkoxy, hydroxy, hydroxy Ci-6 alkyl, cyano, trifluoromethyl, oxo or Ci-5 alkylcarbonyloxy. Preferably, the aryl group is unsubstituted, mono-, di-, tri- or tetra-substituted with one to four of the above-named substituents; more preferably, the aryl group is unsubstituted, mono-, di- or tri-substituted with one to three of the above-named substituents; most preferably, the aryl group is unsubstituted, mono- or di-substituted with one to two of the above-named substituents. Whenever the term "alkyl" or "aryl" or either of their prefix roots appears in a name of a substituent (e.g., aryl Cι_ alkyl), it shall be inteφreted as including those limitations given above for "alkyl" and "aryl." Designated numbers of carbon atoms (e.g., Ci-8) shall refer independently to the number of carbon atoms in an alkyl or cyclic alkyl moiety or to the alkyl portion of a larger substituent in which alkyl appears as its prefix root. The terms "arylalkyl" and "alkylaryl" include an alkyl portion where alkyl is as defined above and to include an aryl portion where aryl is as defined above. Examples of arylalkyl include, but are not limited to, benzyl, fluorobenzyl, chlorobenzyl, phenylethyl, phenylpropyl, fluorophenylethyl, chlorophenylethyl, thienylmethyl, thienylethyl, and thienylpropyl. Examples of alkylaryl include, but are not limited to, toluene, ethylbenzene, propylbenzene, methylpyridine, ethylpyridine, propylpyridine and butylpyridine. In the compounds of the present invention, two R^ substituents, when on the same carbon atom, can be taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a carbonyl group. In the compounds of the present invention, two R^ substituents, when on the same carbon atom, can be taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a carbonyl group. In such instances, the limitation, that in the resultant compound the carbon atom or atoms at which R3 is attached is itself attached to no more than one heteroatom, does not apply. Also, two R^ substituents, when on the same carbon atom, can be taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a cyclopropyl group. The term "halo" shall include iodo, bromo, chloro, and fluoro. The term "oxy" means an oxygen (O) atom. The term "thio" means a sulfur (S) atom. The term "oxo" means "=O". The term "carbonyl" means "C=O." The term "thioxo" means "C=S." The term "substituted" shall be deemed to include multiple degrees of substitution by a named substitutent. Where multiple substituent moieties are disclosed or claimed, the substituted compound can be independently substituted by one or more of the disclosed or claimed substituent moieties, singly or plurally. By independently substituted, it is meant that the (two or more) substituents can be the same or different. Under standard nonmenclature used throughout this disclosure, the terminal portion of the designated side chain is described first, followed by the adjacent functionality toward the point of attachment. For example, a Ci-5 alkylcarbonylamino Ci -6 alkyl substituent is equivalent to O -C 1 -6 alkyl-NH-C-C 1 -5 alkyl . In choosing compounds of the present invention, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the various substituents, i.e. X, Y, Z, Rl, R^, R3 ? R4 ^ anc R5, and the subscripts m, n, and p are to be chosen in conformity with well-known principles of chemical structure connectivity. Representative compounds of the present invention typically display submicromolar affinity for the integrin receptors, particularly the αvβ3, αvβ5, and/or αvβό receptors. Compounds of this invention are therefore useful for treating mammals suffering from a bone condition caused or mediated by increased bone resoφtion, who are in need of such therapy. Pharmacologically effective amounts of the compounds, including pharamaceutically acceptable salts thereof, are administered to the mammal, to inhibit the activity of mammalian osteoclasts. The compounds of the present invention are administered in dosages effective to antagonize the αvβ3 receptor where such treatment is needed, as, for example, in the prevention or treatment of osteoporosis. Further exemplifying the invention is the method wherein the αv integrin receptor antagonizing effect is an αvβ3 antagonizing effect. An illustration of the invention is the method wherein the αvβ3 antagonizing effect is selected from inhibition of bone resoφtion, restenosis, angiogenesis, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, inflammation, viral disease, tumor growth, or metastasis. Preferably, the αvβ3 antagonizing effect is the inhibition of bone resoφtion. An example of the invention is the method wherein the αv integrin receptor antagonizing effect is an αvβ5 antagonizing effect. More specifically, the αvβ5 antagonizing effect is selected from inhibition of restenosis, angiogenesis, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, inflammation, tumor growth, or metastasis. Illustrating the invention is the method wherein the αv integrin receptor antagonizing effect is a dual αvβ3/αvβ5 antagonizing effect. More particularly, the dual αvβ3/αvβ5 antagonizing effect is selected from inhibition of: bone resoφtion, restenosis, angiogenesis, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, inflammation, viral disease, tumor growth, or metastasis. Illustrating the invention is the method wherein the αv integrin receptor antagonizing effect is an αvβ6 antagonizing effect. More particularly, the αvβ6 antagonizing effect is selected from inhibition of angiogenesis, inflammatory response, or wound healing. Illustrating the invention is the method wherein the αvβ3 antagonizing effect is selected from inhibition of bone resoφtion, inhibition of restenosis, inhibition of angiogenesis, inhibition of diabetic retinopathy, inhibition of macular degeneration, inhibition of atherosclerosis, inflammation, viral disease, or inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis. Preferably, the αvβ3 antagonizing effect is the inhibition of bone resoφtion. More particularly illustrating the invention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the compounds described above and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Another example of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition made by combining any of the compounds described above and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Another illustration of the invention is a process for making a pharmaceutical composition comprising combining any of the compounds described above and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Further illustrating the invention is a method of treating and/or preventing a condition mediated by antagonism of an αv integrin receptor in a mammal in need thereof, comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds described above. Preferably, the condition is selected from bone resoφtion, osteoporosis, restenosis, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, angiogenesis, atherosclerosis, inflammation, viral disease, cancer, tumor growth, and metastasis. More preferably, the condition is selected from osteoporosis and cancer. Most preferably, the condition is osteoporosis. More specifically exemplifying the invention is a method of eliciting an αv integrin antagonizing effect in a mammal in need thereof, comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds or any of the pharmaceutical compositions described above. Preferably, the αv integrin antagonizing effect is an αvβ3 antagonizing effect; more specifically the αvβ3 antagonizing effect is selected from inhibition of bone resoφtion, inhibition of restenosis, inhibition of atherosclerosis, inhibition of angiogenesis, inhibition of diabetic retinopathy, inhibition of macular degeneration, inhibition of inflammation, inhibition of viral disease, or inhibition of tumor growth or metastasis. Most preferably, the αvβ3 antagonizing effect is inhibition of bone resoφtion. Alternatively, the αv integrin antagonizing effect is an αvβ5 antagonizing effect, an αvβό antagonizing effect, or a mixed αvβ3, αvβ5, and αvβ6 antagonizing effect. Examples of αvβ5 antagonizing effects are inhibition of restenosis, atherosclerosis, angiogenesis, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, inflammation, or tumor growth. Examples of αvβό antagonizing effects are inhibition of angiogenesis, inflammatory response, and wound healing. Additional examples of the invention are methods of inhibiting bone resoφtion and of treating and/or preventing osteoporosis in a mammal in need thereof, comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds or any of the pharmaceutical compositions decribed above. Additional illustrations of the invention are methods of treating hypercalcemia of malignancy, osteopenia due to bone metastases, periodontal disease, hypeφarathyroidism, periarticular erosions in rheumatoid arthritis, Paget's disease, immobilization-induced osteopenia, and glucocorticoid treatment in a mammal in need thereof, comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds or any of the pharmaceutical compositions described above. More particularly exemplifying the invention is the use of any of the compounds described above in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment and/or prevention of osteoporosis in a mammal in need thereof. Still further exemplifying the invention is the use of any of the compounds described above in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment and/or prevention of bone resoφtion, tumor growth, cancer, restenosis, atherosclerosis, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, inflammation, viral disease, and/or angiogenesis. Also exemplifying the invention are compositions further comprising an active ingredient selected from the group consisting of a.) an organic bisphosphonate or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, b.) an estrogen receptor modulator, c.) a cytotoxic/antiproliferative agent, d.) a matrix metal loproteinase inhibitor, e.) an inhibitor of epidermal-derived, fibroblast-derived, or platelet- derived growth factors, f . ) an i n h i bi tor of VEGF, g.) an inhibitor of Flk-1/KDR, Flt-1, Tck/Tie-2, or Tie- 1, h.) a cathepsin K inhibitor, and i.) a prenylation inhibitor, such as a farnesyl transferase inhibitor or a geranylgeranyl transferase inhibitor or a dual farnesyl/geranylgeranyl transferase inhibitor; and mixtures thereof. (See B. Millauer et al., "Dominant-Negative Inhibition of Flk-1 Suppresses the Growth of Many Tumor Types in Vivo", Cancer Research, 56, 1615-1620 (1996), which is incoφorated by reference herein in its entirety). Preferably, the active ingredient is selected from the group consisting of: a.) an organic bisphosphonate or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, b.) an estrogen receptor modulator, and c.) a cathepsin K inhibitor; and mixtures thereof. Nonlimiting examples of such bisphosphonates include alendronate, etidronate, pamidronate, risedronate, ibandronate, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters thereof. A particularly preferred bisphosphonate is alendronate, especially alendronate monosodium trihydrate. Nonlimiting examples of estrogen receptor modulators include estrogen, progesterin, estradiol, droloxifene, raloxifene, and tamoxifene. Nonlimiting examples of cytotoxic/antiproliferative agents are taxol, vincristine, vinblastine, and doxorubicin. Cathepsin K, formerly known as cathepsin O2, is a cysteine protease and is described in PCT International Application Publication No. WO 96/13523, published May 9, 1996; U.S. Patent No. 5,501,969, issued March 3, 1996; and U.S. Patent No. 5,736,357, issued April 7, 1998, all of which are incoφorated by reference herein in their entirety. Cysteine proteases, specifically cathepsins, are linked to a number of disease conditions, such as tumor metastasis, inflammation, arthritis, and bone remodeling. At acidic pH's, cathepsins can degrade type-I collagen. Cathepsin protease inhibitors can inhibit osteoclastic bone resoφtion by inhibiting the degradation of collagen fibers and are thus useful in the treatment of bone resoφtion diseases, such as osteoporosis. The present invention is also directed to combinations of the compounds of the present invention with one or more agents useful in the prevention or treatment of osteoporosis. For example, the compounds of the instant invention may be effectively administered in combination with effective amounts of other agents such as an organic bisphosphonate, an estrogen receptor modulator, or a cathepsin K inhibitor. Additional illustrations of the invention are methods of treating tumor growth or metastasis in a mammal in need thereof, comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound described above and one or more agents known to be cytotoxic/antiproliferative. Also, the compounds of the present invention can be administered in combination with radiation therapy for treating tumor growth and metastasis. In addition, the integrin αvβ3 antagonist compounds of the present invention may be effectively administered in combination with a growth hormone secretagogue in the therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of disorders in calcium or phosphate metabolism and associated diseases These diseases include conditions which can benefit from a reduction in bone resoφtion A reduction in bone resoφtion should improve the balance between resoφtion and formation, reduce bone loss or result in bone augmentation. A reduction in bone resoφtion can alleviate the pain associated with osteolytic lesions and reduce the incidence and/or growth of those lesions These diseases include: osteoporosis (including estrogen deficiency, immobilization, glucocorticoid-induced and senile), osteodystrophy, Paget's disease, myositis ossificans, Bechterew's disease, malignant hypercalcemia, metastatic bone disease, periodontal disease, cholelithiasis, nephrolithiasis, urolithiasis, unnary calculus, hardening of the artenes (sclerosis), arthntis, bursitis, neuritis and tetany. Increased bone resoφtion can be accompanied by pathologically high calcium and phosphate concentrations in the plasma, which would be alleviated by this treatment Similarly, the present invention would be useful in increasing bone mass in patients with growth hormone deficiency. Thus, preferred combinations are simultaneous or alternating treatments of an αvβ3 receptor antagonist of the present invention and a growth hormone secretagogue, optionally including a third component compnsing an organic bisphosphonate, preferably alendronate monosodium tnhydrate In accordance with the method of the present invention, the individual components of the combination can be administered separately at different times dunng the course of therapy or concurrently in divided or single combination forms The instant invention is therefore to be understood as embracing all such regimes of simultaneous or alternating treatment, and the term "administering" is to be inteφreted accordingly. It will be understood that the scope of combinations of the compounds of this invention with other agents useful for treating integnn-mediated conditions includes in pnnciple any combination with any pharmaceutical composition useful for treating osteoporosis. As used herein, the term "composition" is intended to encompass a product compnsing the specified ingredients in the specified amounts, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combination of the specified ingredients in the specified amounts The compounds of the present invention can be administered in such oral dosage forms as tablets, capsules (each of which includes sustained release or timed release formulations), pills, powders, granules, elixirs, tinctures, suspensions, syrups and emulsions Likewise, they may also be administered in intravenous (bolus or infusion), intraperitoneal, topical (e.g., ocular eyedrop), subcutaneous, intramuscular or transdermal (e.g., patch) form, all using forms well known to those of ordinary skill in the pharmaceutical arts. An effective but non-toxic amount of the compound desired can be employed as an αvβ3 antagonist. The dosage regimen utilizing the compounds of the present invention is selected in accordance with a variety of factors including type, species, age, weight, sex and medical condition of the patient; the severity of the condition to be treated; the route of administration; the renal and hepatic function of the patient; and the particular compound or salt thereof employed. An ordinarily skilled physician, veterinarian or clinician can readily determine and prescribe the effective amount of the drug required to prevent, counter or arrest the progress of the condition. Oral dosages of the present invention, when used for the indicated effects, will range between about 0.01 mg per kg of body weight per day (mg/kg/day) to about 100 mg/kg/day, preferably 0.01 to 10 mg/kg/day, and most preferably 0.1 to 5.0 mg/kg/day. For oral administration, the compositions are preferably provided in the form of tablets containing 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, 25.0, 50.0, 100 and 500 milligrams of the active ingredient for the symptomatic adjustment of the dosage to the patient to be treated. A medicament typically contains from about 0.01 mg to about 500 mg of the active ingredient, preferably, from about 1 mg to about 100 mg of active ingredient. Intravenously, the most preferred doses will range from about 0.1 to about 10 mg/kg/minute during a constant rate infusion. Advantageously, compounds of the present invention may be administered in a single daily dose, or the total daily dosage may be administered in divided doses of two, three or four times daily. Furthermore, preferred compounds for the present invention can be administered in intranasal form via topical use of suitable intranasal vehicles, or via transdermal routes, using those forms of transdermal skin patches well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. To be administered in the form of a transdermal delivery system, the dosage administration will, of course, be continuous rather than intermittent throughout the dosage regimen. In the methods of the present invention, the compounds herein described in detail can form the active ingredient, and are typically administered in admixture with suitable pharmaceutical diluents, excipients or carriers (collectively referred to herein as 'carrier' materials) suitably selected with respect to the intended form of administration, that is, oral tablets, capsules, elixirs, syrups and the like, and consistent with conventional pharmaceutical practices. For instance, for oral administration in the form of a tablet or capsule, the active drug component can be combined with an oral, non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable, inert carrier such as lactose, starch, sucrose, glucose, methyl cellulose, magnesium stearate, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, mannitol, sorbitol and the like; for oral administration in liquid form, the oral drug components can be combined with any oral, non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable inert carrier such as ethanol, glycerol, water and the like. Moreover, when desired or necessary, suitable binders, lubricants, disintegrating agents and coloring agents can also be incoφorated into the mixture. Suitable binders include starch, gelatin, natural sugars such as glucose or beta-lactose, corn sweeteners, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, tragacanth or sodium alginate, carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol, waxes and the like. Lubricants used in these dosage forms include sodium oleate, sodium stearate, magnesium stearate, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride and the like. Disintegrators include, without limitation, starch, methyl cellulose, agar, bentonite, xanthan gum and the like. The compounds of the present invention can also be administered in the form of liposome delivery systems, such as small unilamellar vesicles, large unilamellar vesicles and multilamellar vesicles. Liposomes can be formed from a variety of phospholipids, such as cholesterol, stearylamine or phosphatidylcholines. Compounds of the present invention may also be delivered by the use of monoclonal antibodies as individual carriers to which the compound molecules are coupled. The compounds of the present invention may also be coupled with soluble polymers as targetable drug carriers. Such polymers can include polyvinylpyrrolidone, pyran copolymer, polyhydroxypropylmethacrylamide-phenol, polyhydroxy-ethylaspartamide-phenol, or polyethyleneoxide-polylysine substituted with palmitoyl residues. Furthermore, the compounds of the present invention may be coupled to a class of biodegradable polymers useful in achieving controlled release of a drug, for example, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, copolymers of polylactic and polyglycolic acid, polyepsilon caprolactone, polyhydroxy butyric acid, polyorthoesters, polyacetals, polydihydropyrans, polycyanoacrylates and crosslinked or amphipathic block copolymers of hydrogels. In the schemes and examples below, various reagent symbols and abbreviations have the following meanings: BOP: Benzotriazol-l-yloxytris(dimethylamino)- phosphonium hexafluorophosphate. CH 2 C1 2 : Methylene chloride. CHC1 3 : Chloroform. CH3OH: Methanol DMF: N,N-Dimethylformamide. DMSO: Dimethylsulfoxide. EDC: l-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide »HC1 EtOAc: Ethyl acetate. EtOH: Ethanol. HOBT: 1-Hydroxybenzotriazole. HPLC: High Performance Liquid Chromatography. MgSO4: Magnesium sulfate. NaCNBH3; Sodium cyanoborohydride. NMM: N-methylmoφholine. NMR: Nuclear magnetic resonance. NH4OH: Ammonium hydroxide. Pd/C: Palladium on activated carbon catalyst. Ph: Phenyl. TFA: Trifluoroacetic acid. TLC: Thin Layer Chromatography. The novel compounds of the present invention can be prepared according to the procedure of the following Schemes and examples, using appropriate materials and are further exemplified by the following specific examples. The benzazepine intermediates used to prepare the compounds of the present invention are described in W.H. Miller, et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1995, 36, 9433-9436; T.W. Ku, et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 3131-3134; WO 96/00574; WO 96/00730; WO 96/26190; WO 97/24119; WO 97/24122; WO 97/24124; and WO 98/15278; the contents of each of which are incoφorated by reference herein in their entirety. Peptide bond formation is carried using standard coupling reagents and conditions well-known to practitioners of the art of synthetic organic chemistry. Deprotection and hydrogenation conditions to generate the compounds of the present invention are also standard in the art. The compounds illustrated in the examples are not to be construed as forming the only genus that is considered as the invention. The following examples further illustrate details for the preparation of the compounds of the present invention. Those skilled in the art will readily understand that known variations of the conditions and processes of the following preparative procedures can be used to prepare these compounds. All temperatures are degrees Celsius unless otherwise noted. SCHEME 1 1-1 CH 3 NH 2 , CH 3 OH, NaCNBHg 1-2 1-3 BOP, NMM, DMF 1 H, 1-6 N-(π,81Naphthyridin-2-ylmethyl)-methylamine (l-l) The aldehyde LI (280 mg, 1.8 mmol) (prepared according to Weissenfels, M., and Ulrici, B., Z. Chem. 1978, 18, 20) was stirred in methanol (50 mL) saturated with methylamine at 0°C for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was then treated with sodium cyanoborohydride (122 mg, 1.9 mmol) and stirred overnight. Concentration and then flash chromatography (silica gel, EtOAc to 10% CH3OH/EtOAc) gave L2. lH NMR (300 MHz, CDCI3): δ 9.11 (m, 1H), 8.20 (m, 2H), 7.55 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (m, 1H), 4.15 (s, 2H), 2.60 (s, 3H). {4-Methyl-7-rN-methyl-ri,81naphthyridin-2-ylmethyl)-carbamovπ-3-oxo-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-benzo rL41diazepin-2(S)-yl }-acetic acid methyl ester (1-4) A solution of L2 (101 mg, 0.58 mmol), L3 (192 mg, 0.58 mmol) (prepared according to Miller, W.H., et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 9433-9436), NMM (0.25 mL, 2.33 mmol), and BOP (387 mg, 0.88 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was stirred at ambient temperature for 20 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue dissolved in CHCl3/isopropanol (4: 1) and washed sequentially with water and saturated brine solution, dried (MgSO4), and evaporated. Flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with 20% CH3OH/EtOAc) gave L4 as a tan foam. lH NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD): 6 9.06 (m, 1H), 8.49 (m, 1H), 8.44 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 7.65 (m, 2H), 7.27 (m, 2H), 6.60 (m, 1H), 5.55 (m, 1H), 5.22 (m, 1H), 5.00 (s, 2H), 3.90 (m, 1H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 3.30-2.60 (m, 6H). {4-Methyl-7-rN-methyl-[l,81naphthyridin-2-ylmethyl)-carbamoyll-3-oxo-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-benzo[el[l,41diazepin-2(S)-yl }-acetic acid (1-5) To a solution of L4 (150 mg, 0.33 mmol) in methanol (1.7 mL) was added IN NaOH (0.84 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 6 hours. It was then neutralized with IN HCl (0.84 mL) and then evaporated to dryness. Flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with 85% [20:1:1 ethanol/NH4OH/H2O] in ethyl acetate) gave L5 as a yellow solid. lH NMR (300 MHz, D2O): 5 9.0 (m, IH), 8.45 (m, 2H), 7.67 (m, IH), 7.65-6.60 (m, 4H), 5.65-4.80 (m, 4H), 4.98 ( , 0.5H), 3.57 (m, 0.5H), 3.21 (s, 3H), 3.05 (s, 1.5H), 2.74 (s, 1.5H), 2.70-2.40 (m, 2H). {4-Methyl-7-rN-methyl-(5,6 ,8-tetrahydro-rL81naphthyridin-2-ylmethyl)- carbamoyll-3-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-benzo[e1[l,41diazepin-2(S)-yl }-acetic acid Lb6) A mixture of L5 (100 mg, 0.23 mmol), 10% Pd/C (40 mg), and methanol (10 mL) was stirred at ambient temperature under a hydrogen atmosphere (1 atm) for 20 hours. The catalyst was removed by filtration through a pad of celite and the filtrate evaporated. Flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with 75% [20: 1:1 ethanol/NH4OH/H2O] in ethyl acetate) gave L6 as a fluffy solid. lH NMR (300 MHz, D2O): δ 7.35-6.40 (m, 5H), 5.60 ( , 0.33H), 5.50 (m, 0.67H), 5.20-5.05 (m, IH), 4.52 (s, 0.67H), 4.40 (s, 1.33H), 3.96 (m, 0.33H), 3.72 ( , 0.67H), 3.31 (bs, 2H), 3.05-2.40 (m, 8H). SCHEME A Synthesis of Radioliqand for SPA Assay A-1 H, dioxαne 1 . Br 2 , NαOH, H 2 0 2. HCl SCHEME A. cont'd. A-5a 6N HCl SCHEME A, cont'd N-(4-Iodo-phenylsulfonylamino)-L-asparagine (A-2) To a stirred solution of acid Nl (4.39 g, 33.2 mmol), NaOH (1.49 g, 37.2 mmol), dioxane (30 ml) and H2O (30 ml) at 0°C was added pipsyl chloride (10.34 g, 34.2 mmol). After ~5 minutes, NaOH (1.49, 37.2 mmol) dissolved in 15 ml H2O, was added followed by the removal of the cooling bath. After 2.0 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated. The residue was dissolved in H2O (300 ml) and then washed with EtOAc. The aqueous portion was cooled to 0°C and then acidified with concentrated HCl. The solid was collected and then washed with diethyl ether to provide acid A-2 as a white solid. l H NMR (300 MHz, D2O) δ 7.86 (d, 2H, J=8Hz ), 7.48 (d, 2H, J=8Hz) 3.70 (m, IH), 2.39 (m, 2H). 2(S)-(4-Iodo-phenylsulfonylamino)-β-alanine (A-3) To a stirred solution of NaOH (7.14 g, 181.8 mmol) and H2O (40 ml) at 0°C was added bromine (1.30 ml, 24.9 mmol) dropwise over a ten minute period. After ~5 minutes, acid N2 (9.9 g, 24.9 mmol), NaOH (2.00 g, 49.8 mmol) and H2O (35 ml) were combined, cooled to 0°C and then added in a single portion to the reaction. After stirring for 20 minutes at 0°C, the reaction was heated to 90°C for 30 minutes and then recooled to 0°C. The pH was adjusted to ~7 by dropwise addition of concentrated HCl. The solid was collected, washed with EtOAc, and then dried in vacuo to provide acid A-3 as a white solid. l H NMR (300 MHz, D2O) δ 8.02 (d, 2H, J=8Hz), 7.63 (d, 2H, J=8Hz), 4.36 (m, IH), 3.51 (dd, IH, J=5Hz, 13Hz) 3.21 (m, IH). Ethyl 2(S)-(4-iodo-phenylsulfonylamino)-β-alanine-hydrochloride (A-4) HCl gas was rapidly bubbled through a suspension of acid A-3 (4.0 g, 10.81 mmol) in EtOH (50 ml) at 0°C for 10 minutes. The cooling bath was removed and the reaction was heated to 60°C. After 18 h, the reaction was concentrated to provide ester A-4 as a white solid. l H NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) δ 7.98 (d, 2H, J=8Hz), 7.63 (d, 2H, J=8Hz), 4.25 (q, IH, J=5Hz), 3.92 ( , 2H), 3.33 (m, IH), 3.06 (m, IH), 1.01 (t, 3H, J=7Hz). Ethyl 4-f2-(2-Aminopyridin-6-yl)ethyπbenzoate (A-5a) A mixture of ester N5 (700 mg, 2.63 mmol), (for preparation, see: Scheme 29 of PCT International Application Publication No. WO 95/32710, published December 7, 1995) 10% Pd/C (350 mg) and EtOH were stirred under 1 atm hydrogen gas. After 20 h, the reaction was filtered through a celite pad and then concentrated to provide ester A-5a as a brown oil. TLC Rf = 0.23 (silica, 40% EtOAc/hexanes) l H NMR (300 MHz, CDCI3) δ 7.95 (d, 2H, J=8Hz), 7.26 (m, 3H), 6.43 (d, IH, J=7Hz), 6.35 (d, IH, J=8Hz), 4.37 (m, 4H), 3.05 ( , 2H), 2.91 (m, 2H), 1.39 (t, 3H, J=7Hz). 4-[2-(2-Aminoρyridin-6-yl)ethynbenzoic acid hydrochloride (A-6) A suspension of ester A-5a (625 mg, 2.31 mmol) in 6N HC1 (12 ml) was heated to 60°C. After -20 h, the reaction was concentrated to give acid A-6 as a tan solid. l H NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) δ 7.96 (d, 2H, J=8Hz), 7.80 (m, IH), 7.33 (d, 2H, J=8Hz), 6.84 (d, IH, J=9Hz), 6.69 (d, IH, J=7Hz), 3.09 (m, 4H). Ethyl 4-r2-(2-Amιnopyndιn-6-yl)ethyllbenzoyl-2(S)-(4-ιodo-phenylsulfonylamιno)-β- alanine (A-7) A solution of acid 15-6 (400 mg, 1.43 mmol), amine A-4 (686 mg, 1.57 mmol), EDC (358 mg, 1.86 mmol), HOBT (252 mg, 1.86 mmol), NMM (632 μl, 5.72 mmol) in DMF (10 ml) was stirred for -20 h. The reaction was diluted with EtOAc and then washed with saturated sodium hydrogencarbonate, bnne, dned (MgSO4) and concentrated. Flash chromatography (silica, EtOAc then 5% isopropanol/EtOAc) provided amide A-7 as a white solid. TLC Rf = 0.4 (silica, 10% isopropanol/EtOAc) l H NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) δ 7.79 (d, 2H, J=9Hz) 7.61 (d, 2H, J=8Hz), 7.52 (d, 2H, J=9Hz), 7.29 (m, IH), 7.27 (d, 2H, J=8Hz), 4.20 (m, IH), 3.95 (q, 2H, J=7Hz), 3 66 (dd, IH, J=6Hz, 14Hz), 3.49 (dd, IH, J=8Hz, 13Hz), 3 01 (m, 2H), 2 86 (m, 2H), 1.08 (t, 3H, J=7Hz). 4-r2-(2-Amιnopyndιn-6-yl)ethyl1benzoyl-2(S)-(4-ιodophenyl-sulfonylamιno)-β- alanine (A-8) A solution of ester N7 (200 mg, 0.3213 mmol) and 6N HCl (30 ml) was heated to 60°C. After -20 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated Flash chromatography (silica, 20:20:1:1 EtOAc/EtOH/ NH4OH/H2O) provided acid N S as a white solid. TLC Rf = 0.45 (silica, 20:20:1:1 EtOAc/EtOH/NH4OH/H2O) l H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.40 (m, IH), 8.14 (Bs, IH), 7 81 (d, 2H, J=8Hz), 7 62 (d, 2H, J=8Hz), 7.48 (d, 2H, J=8Hz), 7.27 (m, 3H), 6.34 (d, IH, J=7Hz), 6.25 (d, IH, J=8Hz), 5.85 (bs, 2H), 3.89 (bs, IH), 3.35 (m, 2H), 2.97 (m, 2H), 2 79 ( , 2H). 4-[2-(2-Amιnopyrιdιn-6-yl)ethyI)benzoyl-2(S)-(4-tnmethylstannyl- phenylsulfonylamino-β-alanine (A-9) A solution of iodide N 3 (70 mg, 0.1178 mmol), [(CH3)3Sn]2 (49 μl, 0.2356 mmol), Pd(PPh3)4 (5 mg) and dioxane (7 ml) was heated to 90°C. After 2 h, the reaction was concentrated and then punfied by preparative HPLC (Delta-Pak Cj8 15 μM 100A°, 40 x 100 mm, 95:5 then 5:95 H2O/CH3CN) to provide the tπfluoroacetate salt. The salt was suspended in H2O (10 ml), treated with NH4OH (5 drops) and then lyophi zed to provide amide A-9 as a white solid. l H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.40 ( , IH), 8.18 (d, IH, J=8Hz), 7.67 (m, 5H), 7.56 (d, 2H, J=8Hz), 7.29 (d, 2H, J=8Hz), 6.95-7.52 (m, 2H), 6.45 (bs, 2H), 4.00 ( , IH), 3.50 (m, IH), 3.33 (m, IH), 2.97 (m, 2H), 2.86 (m, 2H). 4-r2-(2-Aminopyridin-6-yl)ethynbenzoyl-2(S)-4-^^iodo-phenylsulfonylamino-β- alanine (A-10) An iodobead (Pierce) was added to a shipping vial of 5 mCi of Nal2 τ (Amersham, IMS30) and stirred for five minutes at room temperature. A solution of 0.1 mg of N9 in 0.05 mL of 10% H2SO4/CH3OH was made and immediately added to the Na^25τ/j 0( jobead vial. After stirring for three minutes at room temperature, approximately 0.04-0.05 mL of NH4OH was added so the reaction mixture was at pH 6-7. The entire reaction mixture was injected onto the HPLC for purification [Vydac pepti de-protein C-18 column, 4.6 x 250 mm, linear gradient of 10% acetonitrile (0.1% (TFA):H2θ (0.1 % TFA) to 90% acetonitrile (0.1% TFA):H2θ (0.1% TFA) over 30 minutes, 1 mL/min]. The retention time of A-10 is 17 minutes under these conditions. Fractions containing the majority of the radioactivity were pooled, lyophilized and diluted with ethanol to give approximately 1 mCi of A-10, which coeluted on HPLC analysis with an authentic sample of A-8. Instrumentation: Analytical and preparative HPLC was carried out using a Waters 600E Powerline Multi Solvent Delivery System with 0.1 L heads with a Rheodyne 7125 injector and a Waters 990 Photodiode Array Detector with a Gilson FC203 Microfraction collector. For analytical and preparative HPLC, a Vydac pepti de-protein C-18 column, 4.6 x 250 mm was used with a C-18 Brownlee modular guard column. The acetonitrile used for the HPLC analyses was Fisher Optima grade. The HPLC radiodetector used was a Beckman 170 Radioisotope detector. A Vydac C-18 protein and peptide column, 3.9 x 250 mm was used for analytical and preparative HPLC. Solutions of radioactivity were concentrated using a Speedvac vacuum centrifuge. Calibration curves and chemical concentrations were determined using a Hewlett Packard Model 8452A UV/Vis Diode Array Spectrophotometer. Sample radioactivities were determined in a Packard A5530 gamma counter. The test procedures employed to measure αvβ3 and vβ5 binding and the bone resorption inhibiting activity of the compounds of the present invention are described below. BONE RESORPTION-PIT ASSAY When osteoclasts engage in bone resoφtion, they can cause the formation of pits in the surface of bone that they are acting upon. Therefore, when testing compounds for their ability to inhibit osteoclasts, it is useful to measure the ability of osteoclasts to excavate these resoφtion pits when the inhibiting compound is present. Consecutive 200 micron thick cross sections from a 6 mm cylinder of bovine femur diaphysis are cut with a low speed diamond saw (Isomet, Beuler, Ltd., Lake Bluff, II). Bone slices are pooled, placed in a 10% ethanol solution and refrigerated until further use. Prior to experimentation, bovine bone slices are ultrasonicated twice, 20 minutes each in H2O. Cleaned slices are placed in 96 well plates such that two control lanes and one lane for each drug dosage are available. Each lane represents either triplicate or quadruplicate cultures. The bone slices in 96 well plates are sterilized by UV irradiation. Prior to incubation with osteoclasts, the bone slices are hydrated by the addition of 0.1 ml αMEM, pH 6.9 containing 5% fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. Long bones from 7-14 day old rabbits (New Zealand White Hare) are dissected, cleaned of soft tissue and placed in αMEM containing 20 mM HEPES. The bones are minced using scissors until the pieces are <1 mm and transferred to a 50 ml tube in a volume of 25 ml. The tube is rocked gently by hand for 60 cycles, the tissue is sedimented for 1 min., and the supernatant is removed. Another 25 ml of medium is added to the tissue and rocked again. The second supernatant is combined with the first. The number of cells is counted excluding erythrocytes (typically - 2 x 107 cells/ml). A cell suspension consisting of 5 x 10°7ml in αMEM containing 5% fetal bovine serum, 10 nM l,25(OH)2D3, and pencillin-streptomycin is prepared. 200 ml aliquots are added to bovine bone slices (200 mm x 6 mm) and incubated for 2 hrs. at 37°C in a humidified 5% CO2 atmosphere. The medium is removed gently with a micropipettor and fresh medium containing test compounds is added. The cultures are incubated for 48 hrs., and assayed for c-telopeptide (fragments of the al chain of type I collagen) by Crosslaps for culture media (Herlev, Denmark). Bovine bone slices are exposed to osteoclasts for 20-24 hrs and are processed for staining. Tissue culture media is removed from each bone slice. Each well is washed with 200 ml of H2O, and the bone slices are then fixed for 20 minutes in 2.5% glutaraldehyde, 0.1 M cacodylate, pH 7.4. After fixation, any remaining cellular debris is removed by 2 min. ultrasonication in the presence of 0.25 M NH4OH followed by 2 X 15 min ultrasonication in H2O. The bone slices are immediately stained for 6-8 min with filtered 1% toluidine blue and 1% borax. After the bone slices have dried, resoφtion pits are counted in test and control slices. Resoφtion pits are viewed in a Microphot Fx (Nikon) fluorescence microscope using a polarizing Nikon IGS filter cube. Test dosage results are compared with controls and resulting IC50 values are determined for each compound tested. The appropriateness of extrapolating data from this assay to mammalian (including human) disease states is supported by the teaching found in Sato, M., et al.. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 31-40, 1990, which is incoφorated by reference herein in its entirety. This article teaches that certain bisphosphonates have been used clinically and appear to be effective in the treatment of Paget's disease, hypercalcemia of malignancy, osteolytic lesions produced by bone metastases, and bone loss due to immobilization or sex hormone deficiency. These same bisphosphonates are then tested in the resoφtion pit assay described above to confirm a correlation between their known utility and positive performance in the assay. EIB ASSAY Duong et al., J. Bone Miner. Res., 8: S378 (1993), describes a system for expressing the human integrin αvβ3. It has been suggested that the integrin stimulates attachment of osteoclasts to bone matrix, since antibodies against the integrin, or RGD-containing molecules, such as echistatin (European Publication 382 451), can effectively block bone resoφtion. Reaction Mixture: 1. 175 μl TBS buffer (50 M Tris-HCl pH 7.2, 150 mM NaCl, 1% BSA, 1 mM CaCl2, 1 mM MgCtø). 2. 25 ml cell extract (dilute with 100 mM octylglucoside buffer to give 2000 cpm/25 μl). 3. 125τ_ ec histatin (25 μl/50,000 cpm) (see EP 382 451 ). 4. 25 μl buffer (total binding) or unlabeled echistatin (non-specific binding). The reaction mixture was then incubated for 1 h at room temp. The unbound and the bound αvβ3 were separated by filtration using a Skatron Cell Harvester. The filters (prewet in 1.5% poly-ethyleneimine for 10 mins) were then washed with the wash buffer (50 mM Tris HCl, ImM CaCl2/MgCl2, pH 7.2). The filter was then counted in a g oa"mma counter. SPA ASSAY MATERIALS: 1. Wheat germ agglutinin Scintillation Proximity Beads (SPA): Amersham 2. Octylglucopyranoside: Calbiochem 3. HEPES: Calbiochem 4. NaCl: Fisher 5. CaCl2: Fisher 6. MgCl2: SIGMA 7. Phenylrnethylsulfonylfluoride (PMSF): SIGMA 8. Optiplate: PACKARD 9. Compound A-10 (specific activity 500-1000 Ci/mmole) 10. test compound 11. Purified integrin receptor: αvβ3 was purified from 293 cells overexpressing αvβ3 (Duong et al., J. Bone Min. Res., 8:S378, 1993) according to Pytela (Methods in Enzymology, 144:475, 1987) 12. Binding buffer: 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.8, 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM Ca 2+ Mg + , 0.5 mM PMSF 13. 50 mM octylglucoside in binding buffer: 50-OG buffer PROCEDURE: 1. Pretreatment of SPA beads: 500 mg of lyophilized SPA beads were first washed four times with 200 ml of 50-OG buffer and once with 100 ml of binding buffer, and then resuspended in 12.5 ml of binding buffer. 2. Preparation of SPA beads and receptor mixture In each assay tube, 2.5 μl (40 mg/ml) of pretreated beads were suspended in 97.5 μl of binding buffer and 20 ml of 50-OG buffer. 5 ml (-30 ng/μl) of purified receptor was added to the beads in suspension with stirring at room temperature for 30 minutes. The mixture was then centrifuged at 2,500 φra in a Beckman GPR Benchtop centrifuge for 10 minutes at 4°C. The pellets were then resuspended in 50 μl of binding buffer and 25 μl of 50-OG buffer. 3. Reaction The following were sequentially added into Optiplate in corresponding wells: (i) Receptor/beads mixture (75 μl) (ii) 25 μl of each of the following: compound to be tested, binding buffer for total binding or A-8 for non-specific binding (final concentration 1 μM) (iii) A-10 in binding buffer (25 μl, final concentration 40 pM) (iv) Binding buffer (125 μl) (v) Each plate was sealed with plate sealer from PACKARD and incubated overnight with rocking at 4°C 4. Plates were counted using PACKARD TOPCOUNT 5. % inhibition was calculated as follows: A = total counts B = nonspecific counts C = sample counts % inhibition = [{ (A-B)-(C-B)}/(A-B)]/(A-B) x 100 OCFORM ASSAY Osteoblast-like cells (1.8 cells), originally derived from mouse calvaria, were plated in CORNING 24 well tissue culture plates in αMEM medium containing ribo- and deoxyribonucleosides, 10% fetal bovine serum and penicillin- streptomycin. Cells were seeded at 40,000/well in the morning. In the afternoon, bone marrow cells were prepared from six week old male Balb/C mice as follows: Mice were sacrificed, tibiae removed and placed in the above medium. The ends were cut off and the marrow was flushed out of the cavity into a tube with a 1 mL syringe with a 27.5 gauge needle. The marrow was suspended by pipetting up and down. The suspension was passed through >100 mm nylon cell strainer. The resulting suspension was centrifuged at 350 x g for seven minutes. The pellet was resuspended, and a sample was diluted in 2% acetic acid to lyse the red cells. The remaining cells were counted in a hemacytometer. The cells were pelleted and resuspended at 1 x 10^ cells/mL. 50 μL was added to each well of 1.8 cells to yield 50,000 cells/well and 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 (D3) was added to each well to a final concentration of 10 nM. The cultures were incubated at 37°C in a humidified, 5% CO2 atmosphere. After 48 h, the medium was changed. 72 h after the addition of bone marrow, test compounds were added with fresh medium containing D3 to quadruplicate wells. Compounds were added again after 48 h with fresh medium containing D3. After an additional 48 h., the medium was removed, cells were fixed with 10% formaldehyde in phosphate buffered saline for 10 minutes at room temperature, followed by a 1-2 minute treatment with ethanokacetone (1: 1) and air dried. The cells were then stained for tartrate resistant acid phosphatase as follows: The cells were stained for 10-15 minutes at room temperature with 50 mM acetate buffer, pH 5.0 containing 30 mM sodium tartrate, 0.3 mg/mL Fast Red Violet LB Salt and 0.1 mg/mL Naphthol AS -MX phosphate. After staining, the plates were washed extensively with deionized water and air dried. The number of multinucleated, positive staining cells was counted in each well. αvβ5 ATTACHMENT ASSAY Duong et al., J. Bone Miner. Res., 11: S290 (1996), describes a system for expressing the human αvβ5 integrin receptor. Materials: 1. Media and solutions used in this assay are purchased from BRL/Gibco, except BSA and the chemicals are from Sigma. 2. Attachment medium: HBSS with 1 mg/ml heat-inactivated fatty acid free BSA and 2 mM CaCl2- 3. Glucosaminidase substrate solution: 3.75 mM p-nitrophenyl N-acetyl-beta- D-glucosaminide, 0.1 M sodium citrate, 0.25% Triton, pH 5.0. 4. Glycine-EDTA developing solution: 50 mM glycine, 5 mM EDTA, pH 10.5. Methods: 1. Plates (96 well, Nunc Maxi Soφ) were coated overnight at 4 °C with human vitronectin (3 μg/ml) in 50 mM carbonate buffer (pH 9/.6), using 100 μl/well. Plates were then washed 2X with DPBS and blocked with 2% BSA in DPBS for 2h at room temperature. After additional washes (2X) with DPBS, plates were used for cell attachment assay. 2. 293 (αvβ5) cells were grown in αMEM media in presence of 10% fetal calf serum to 90% confluence. Cells were then lifted from dishes with IX Trypsin/EDTA and washed 3X with serum free αMEM. Cells were resuspended in attachment medium (3 X 10^ cells/ml). 3. Test compounds were prepared as a series of dilutions at 2X concentrations and added as 50 μl/well. Cell suspension was then added as 50 ml/well. Plates were incubated at 37 °C with 55 CO2 for 1 hour to allow attachment. 4. Non-adherent cells were removed by gently washing the plates (3X) with DPBS and then incubated with glucosaminidase substrate solution (100 μl/well), overnight at room temperature in the dark. To quantitate cell numbers, standard curve of glucosaminidase activity was determined for each experiment by adding samples of cell suspension directly to wells containing the enzyme substrate solution. 5. The next day, the reaction was developed by addition of 185 μl/well of glycine/EDTA solution and reading absorbance at 405 nm using a Molecular Devices V-Max plate reader. Average test absorbance values (4 wells per test samples) were calculated. Then, the number of attached cells at each drug concentration was quantitated versus the standard curve of cells using the Softmax program. EXAMPLE OF A PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION As a specific embodiment of an oral composition, 100 mg of any of the compounds of the present invention are formulated with sufficient finely divided lactose to provide a total amount of 580 to 590 mg to fill a size O hard gel capsule. Representative compounds of the present invention were tested and found to bind to human αvβ3 integrin. These compounds were generally found to have IC50 values less than about 100 nM in the SPA assay. Representative compounds of the present invention were tested and generally found to inhibit > 50% the attachment of αvβ5 expressing cells to plates coated with vitronectin at concentrations of about 1 μM. While the invention has been described and illustrated in reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various changes, modifications and substitutions can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, effective dosages other than the preferred doses as set forth hereinabove may be applicable as a consequence of variations in the responsiveness of the mammal being treated for severity of bone disorders caused by resoφtion, or for other indications for the compounds of the invention indicated above. Likewise, the specific pharmacological responses observed may vary according to and depending upon the particular active compound selected or whether there are present pharmaceutical carriers, as well as the type of formulation and mode of administration employed, and such expected variations or differences in the results are contemplated in accordance with the objects and practices of the present invention. It is intended, therefore, that the invention be limited only by the scope of the claims which follow and that such claims be inteφreted as broadly as is reasonable.

Claims: WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. A compound of the formula or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein X is O; NR4; or CR1R2; Y is selected from the group consisting of -(CH 2 )nr, -(CH2)m-O-(CH 2 )n-, -(CH 2 )m-NR 4 -(CH 2 )n-, -(CH 2 )m-S-(CH 2 )n-, -(CH2)m-SO-(CH 2 )n-, -(CH 2 )m-SO2-(CH 2 )n-, -(CH 2 )m-O-(CH2)n-O-(CH2)p-, -(CH2)m-O-(CH2)n-NR4-(CH 2 )p-, -(CH 2 )m-NR 4 -(CH 2 )n-NR 4 -(CH 2 )p-, -(CH2) m -O-(CH2)n-S-(CH 2 )p-, -(CH 2 )m-S-(CH2)n-S-(CH2)p-, -(CH 2 )m-NR 4 -(CH2)n-S-(CH 2 )p-, -(CH 2 )m-NR 4 -(CH2)n-O-(CH 2 )p-, -(CH2)m-S-(CH 2 )n-O-(CH 2 )p-, and -(CH 2 )m-S-(CH2)n-NR 4 -(CH 2 )p-; wherein any methylene (CH2) carbon atom in Y, other than in R 4 , can be substituted by one or two R^ substituents; Z is selected from the group consisting of wherein the ring carbon atoms are unsubstituted or substituted with one or two R6 substituents; R! and R 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, Ci-8 alkyl, C2-8 alkenyl, C2-8 alkynyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, C3-8 cycloheteroalkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl C]-6 alkyl, C3_ cycloheteroalkyl Ci-6 alkyl, aryl, aryl C 1-6 alkyl, amino -6 alkyl, Ci-4 acylamino Ci-6 alkyl, (Ci-6 alky pamino Ci-6 alkyl, hydroxy Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 alkoxy C 1-6 alkyl, Ci-6 alkylthio -6 alkyl, hydroxycarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-4 alkoxycarbonyl Cι_6 alkyl, and trifluoromethyl; each R^ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, aryl, Ci-8 alkyl, C2-8 alkenyl, C2-8 alkynyl, aryl Ci-6 alkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, oxo, trifluoromethyl, Ci-6 alkoxy, aryl Ci-6 alkoxy, Ci-6 alkylthio, aryl Cι_6 alkylthio, aminocarbonyl, (C -6 alky paminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, aryl Ci-6 alkylaminocarbonyl, aryloxycarbonylamino, Ci-6 alkoxycarbonylamino, aryl Ci-6 alkoxycarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino Ci-6 alkylcarbonylamino, aryl C[- alkylcarbonylamino, (Ci-6 alkyl)paminocarbonyloxy, Ci-6 alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, aryl C[- alkylsulfonylamino, Ci_6 alkylsulfonyl, aryl Ci-6 alkylsulfonyl, Ci-6 alkylcarbonyl, and aryl Cj-6 alkylcarbonyl; or two R3 substituents, when on the same carbon atom are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a carbonyl group or a cyclopropyl group, wherein any of the alkyl groups of R^ are either unsubstituted or substituted with one to three R! substituents, and provided that each R^ is selected such that in the resultant compound the carbon atom or atoms to which R^ is attached is itself attached to no more than one heteroatom; each R 4 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C 1-8 alkyl, C2-8 alkenyl, C2-8 alkynyl, aryl Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-4 alkoxy Ci-6 alkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, Ci-6 alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, arylCi-6 alkylsulfonyl, Ci-6 alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aryl Ci-6 alkoxycarbonyl, Ci-6 alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, aryl Ci-6 alkylcarbonyl, hydroxycarbonyl C 1-6 alkyl, Ci-4 alkoxycarbonyl Cι_ alkyl, (aryl )pami nocarbonyl , (aryl Ci- alkyl)paminocarbonyl, and (Ci-6 alky paminocarbonyl; wherein any of the alkyl groups of R4 are either unsubstituted or substituted with one to three R! substituents; R5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Ci-8 alkyl, aryl, aryl Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 alkylcarbonyloxy Ci-4 alkyl, aryl C]_6 alkylcarbonyloxy Ci-4 alkyl, Ci-6 alkylaminocarbonylmethylene, and Ci-6 dialkylaminocarbonylmethylene; each R^ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, cyano, nitro, halo, C 1-8 alkyl, C2-8 alkenyl, C2-8 alkynyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, C3-8 cycloheteroalkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl Ci-6 alkyl, C3-8 cycloheteroalkyl Ci- alkyl, aryl, aryl Ci-6 alkyl, amino, C 1-4 acylamino, (C -6 alkyl)pamino, Ci-6 alkoxy, Ci-6 alkylthio, hydroxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, (Ci-6 alky paminocarbonyl, Ci-4 alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxy, trifluoromethyl, and trifluoromethoxy; R ' is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Ci-8 alkyl, C2-8 alkenyl, C2-8 alkynyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, C3-8 cycloheteroalkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl Ci- alkyl, C3-8 cycloheteroalkyl Ci-6 alkyl, and aryl -6 alkyl; R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, aryl, Ci-8 alkyl, C2-8 alkenyl, C2-8 alkynyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, C3-8 cycloheteroalkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl Ci-6 alkyl, C3-8 cycloheteroalkyl Ci-6 alkyl aryl Ci-6 alkyl, trifluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, hydroxycarbonyl Ci- alkyl, Ci-4 alkoxycarbonyl Ci- alkyl, and Ci-4 alkoxy Ci-6 alkyl; each m is independently an integer from 0 to 6; each n is independently an integer from 0 to 6; and each p is independently an integer from 0 to 2. 2. The compound of Claim 1 of the formula or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R1-R8 are as defined in Claim 1. 3. The compound of Claim 2 wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of -(CH2)m-. -(CH 2 )m-O-(CH 2 )n-, -(CH 2 )m-NR 4 -(CH 2 )n-, -(CH 2 )m-S-(CH 2 )n-, -(CH 2 )m-SO-(CH 2 )n-, -(CH 2 )m-S02-(CH 2 ) n -, -(CH 2 )m-O-(CH2)n-O-(CH 2 ) p -, -(CH 2 )m-O-(CH 2 )n-NR 4 -(CH2)p-, -(CH 2 )m-NR 4 -(CH2)n-NR 4 -(CH 2 )p-, and -(CH2) m -NR 4 -(CH 2 )n-O-(CH2)p-, wherein any methylene (CH ) carbon atom in Y, other than in R 4 , can be substituted by one or two R^ substituents; Z is wherein the ring carbon atoms are unsubstituted or substituted with one or two R6 substituents; Rl and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, C3_8 cycloheteroalkyl, and aryl C I-3 alkyl; each R3 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, aryl, C1-8 alkyl, aryl Ci-6 alkyl, fluoro, hydroxy, oxo, trifluoromethyl, aminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, aryl Ci-6 alkylaminocarbonyl, and (Ci- alky paminocarbonyl. each R4 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Ci-8 alkyl, aryl Ci-6 alkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, Ci-4 alkoxy Ci- alkyl, C -6 alkylsulfonyl, arylCi-6 alkylsulfonyl, Ci-6 alkoxycarbonyl, aryl Ci- alkoxycarbonyl, Ci- alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, aryl Cι_6 alkylcarbonyl, (aryl)pamιnocarbonyl, (aryl Cι_ alkyl)pamιnocarbonyl, and (Ci-6 alky paminocarbonyl; each R6 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, cyano, halo, Ci-4 alkyl, aryl, aryl Ci-3 alkyl, Ci-4 acylamino, C -4 alkoxy, Ci-4 alkylthio, aminocarbonyl, (Ci-6 alkyOpaminocarbonyl, Cι_4 alkoxycarbonyl, trifluoromethyl, and tπfluoromethoxy; R7 is hydrogen, Ci-3 alkyl, or aryl Cι_3 alkyl; and R8 IS selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Ci-4 alkyl, aryl Ci-4 alkyl, trifluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, and Ci-4 alkoxy Cι_4 alkyl. 4. The compound of Claim 3 wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of -(CH2)m-, -(CH 2 )m-O-(CH2)n-, -(CH 2 )m-NR 4 -(CH2)n-, and -(CH 2 )m-S-(CH 2 )n-; wherein any methylene (CH2) carbon atom in Y, other than in R 4 , can be substituted by one or two R^ substituents; Z is wherein the ring carbon atoms are unsubstituted or substituted with one or two R6 substituents; and R4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C1-3 alkyl, aryl -4 alkyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, and Ci-3 alkoxy Ci-3 alkyl; and m and n are each independently integers from 1 to 3. 5. The compound of Claim 4 wherein Y is -(CH 2 )m-NR 4 -(CH2)n-, wherein any methylene (CH2) carbon atom in Y, other than in R 4 , can be substituted by one or two R^ substituents; Rl and R2 are each independently hydrogen or Cι_3 alkyl; R3 is hydrogen or oxo; R4 and R are each independently hydrogen or methyl, and m and n are each independently integers from 1 to 2; 6. The compound of Claim 5 wherein Rl and R2 are each hydrogen; R4 and R8 are each methyl; R3 is oxo; and m and n are both 1. 7. The compound of Claim 6 wherein R^ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, and ethyl. 8. The compound of Claim 7 wherein R^ is hydrogen. 9. The compound {4-Methyl-7-[methyl-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro- [l,8]naphthyridin-2-ylmethyl)-carbamoyl]-3-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH- benzo[e][l,4]diazepin-2(S)-yl }-acetic acid, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 10. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to Claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 11. A pharmaceutical composition made by combining a compound according to Claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 12. A process for making a pharmaceutical composition comprising combining a compound according to Claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 13. The composition of Claim 10 which further comprises an active ingredient selected from the group consisting of a) an organic bisphosphonate or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, b) an estrogen receptor modulator, c) a cytotoxic/antiproliferative agent, d) a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, e) an inhibitor of epidermal-derived, fibroblast-derived, or platelet- derived growth factors, f) an inhibitor of VEGF, g) an inhibitor of Flk-1/KDR, Fit- l, Tck/Tie-2, or Tie- 1, h) a cathepsin K inhibitor, and i) a prenylation inhibitor, such as a farnesyl transferase inhibitor or a geranylgeranyl transferase inhibitor or a dual farnesyl/geranylgeranyl transferase inhibitor; and mixtures thereof. 14. The composition of Claim 13 wherein said active ingredient is selected from the group consisting of a) an organic bisphosphonate or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, b) an estrogen receptor modulator, and c) a cathepsin K inhibitor; and mixtures thereof. 15. The composition of Claim 14 wherein said organic bisphosphonate or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof is alendronate monosodium trihydrate. 16. The composition of Claim 13 wherein said active ingredient is selected from the group consisting of a) a cytotoxic/antiproliferative agent, b) a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, c) an inhibitor of epidermal-derived, fibroblast-derived, or platelet- derived growth factors, d) an inhibitor of VEGF, e) an inhibitor of Flk-1/KDR, Flt-1, Tck/Tie-2, or Tie-1, and f) a cathepsin K inhibitor; and mixtures thereof. 17. A method of eliciting an αv integrin receptor antagonizing effect in a mammal in need thereof, comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to Claim 1. 18. The method of Claim 17 wherein the αv integrin receptor antagonizing effect is an αvβ3 antagonizing effect. 19. The method of Claim 18 wherein the αvβ3 antagonizing effect is selected from the group consisting of inhibition of bone resoφtion, restenosis, angiogenesis, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, inflammation, viral disease, tumor growth, and metastasis. 20. The method of Claim 19 wherein the αvβ3 antagonizing effect is the inhibition of bone resoφtion. 21. The method of Claim 17 wherein the αv integrin receptor antagonizing effect is an αvβ5 antagonizing effect. 22. The method of Claim 21 wherein the αvβ5 antagonizing effect is selected from the group consisting of inhibition of restenosis, angiogenesis, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, inflammation, tumor growth, and metastasis. 23. The method of Claim 17 wherein the αv integrin receptor antagonizing effect is a dual αvβ3/αvβ5 antagonizing effect. 24. The method of Claim 23 wherein the dual αvβ3/αvβ5 antagonizing effect is selected from the group consisting of inhibition of bone resoφtion, restenosis, angiogenesis, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, inflammation, viral disease, tumor growth, and metastasis. 25. The method of Claim 17 wherein the αv integrin receptor antagonizing effect is an αvβό antagonizing effect. 26. The method of Claim 25 wherein the αvβό antagonizing effect is selected from the group consisting of angiogenesis, inflammatory response, and wound healing. 27. A method of eliciting an αv integrin receptor antagonizing effect in a mammal in need thereof, comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of the composition of Claim 10. 28. A method of treating or preventing a condition mediated by antagonism of an αv integrin receptor in a mammal in need thereof, comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of the composition of Claim 10. 29. A method of inhibiting bone resoφtion in a mammal in need thereof, comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of the composition of Claim 10. 30. A method of inhibiting bone resoφtion in a mammal in need thereof, comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of the composition of Claim 14. 31. A method of inhibiting bone resoφtion in a mammal in need thereof, comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of the composition of Claim 15. 32. A method of treating tumor growth in a mammal in need thereof, comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of the composition of Claim 16. 33. A method of treating tumor growth in a mammal in need thereof, comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to Claim 1 in combination with radiation therapy.

Inventors: ASKEW BEN C, ASKEW, BEN, C.
Applicants: ASKEW BEN C, MERCK & CO INC, ASKEW, BEN, C., MERCK & CO., INC.
Application year: 2000
Main classification: C07D267
IPC codes: A61K31, A61K45, A61P9, A61P17, A61P19, A61P27, A61P29, A61P31, A61P35, A61P43, C07D471, C07D491