2,4-DIAMINOPYRIMIDINE COMPOUNDS USFUL AS IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS

Abstract: Novel compounds according to formula (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, or hydrates thereof; wherein each occurrence of A is independently selected from CH or N; X is selected from the group consisting of -CH2-, -O-, -NH-, (C1-C6)alkylamino-, (C1-C6)alkylaminocarbonylamino-, (C1-C6)alkylcarbonylamino-, (C1-C6)alkylsulfonylamino-, phenylsulfonylamino-, carbonyl, -NH-C(O)-, -N(C1-C6)alkyl-C(O)-, -S(O)y- where y is 0, 1 or 2, and n in-(CH2)n- is 1, 2 or 3; and R<1>, R<2>, and R<3> are as described herein; pharmaceutical compositions that include these compounds, and methods for the treatment of autoimmune disease, inflammation, allergy, transplant rejection, and other circumstances where administration of an immunosuppressive agent is of therapeutic benefit.

Description: 2,4-DIAMINOPYRIMIDINE COMPOUNDS USEFUL AS IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS Field of the Invention The present invention relates to therapeutic modulation of T-cell mediated cellular processes T-cells ("thymus-deπved" cells) are responsible for numerous cell-mediated immune functions, and indirectly, by stimulating B-cells, contribute to antibody production The cell membrane of a T-cell contains numerous receptor and accessory protein molecules that facilitate activation of T-cells, differentiation of T-cells into various subtypes, and the interaction of T-cells with other cells or cell components Although T-cell mediated immune responses are normally of great benefit, there are circumstances where it is appropriate to suppress or otherwise modulate immune response mediated by activated T-cells An important example is organ, tissue, or cell transplantation, where suppression of immune response against the transplant (whether allograft or xenograft) is essential Additional examples include treatment of allergy, autoimmune disease, and disease states involving inflammation Since T-cells are involved in so many immune- mediated processes, and such processes generally involve overlapping use of various T-cell proteins and signaling functions, it has been very difficult to modulate only certain T-cell functions, without adversely affecting other desirable cellular processes The present invention is directed to a class of therapeutic compounds that selectively interfere with certain signaling events that occur during T-cell activation, thus permitting selective regulation of immune response Reported Developments T-cells differentiate and proliferate in response to recognition of antigens (generally, foreign macromolecules) in order to carry out various cell-mediated immune processes This recognition of antigen, followed by functional and morphological changes in the T-cell, is termed activation Among the functions carried out by differentiated T-cells are (1 ) killing of virus-infected self cells, (2) killing foreign cells, (3) activation of other cells (for example, macrophages) that are capable of engulfing foreign particles (such as bacteria and viruses), and in turn processing their macromolecules for presentation to, and activation of, additional T-cells, (4) suppression of immune response of B-cells and T-cells to antigen, which, for example, may act to establish immune tolerance, (5) activation of other T-cells, and (6) once themselves activated by antigen helping B-cells respond to foreign antigens so that antibodies can be produced In some cases these effects are carried out by direct contact of T-cells with their targets, and in other cases T-cells secrete a variety of substances (geneπcally termed lymphokines) in order to activate target cells at a distance, or both mechanisms may be involved As aforementioned, autoimmune disease, transplant rejection, allergy, and inflammation represent disease states wherein undesired activation of antigen-specific T-cells appears necessary for induction and/or progression of the unwanted clinical state For example, necessary release of some lymphokines (such as γ-interferon ) by T-cells may cause macrophage cells to not only migrate to a site of infection or tissue damage, but to release other soluble factors that slowly trigger undesired inflammation (for example, in delayed type hypersensitivity) Accordingly, pharmaceutical compounds that interrupt activation of T-cells under specific circumstances, or specific downstream signalling events, are expected to be of great therapeutic value See, for example, J H Hanke, et al , Inflammation Research, 44, pp 357-371 , 1995 T-cells recognize antigen through membrane glycoprotein receptors, called TcR, which are, in part, similar in structure and sequence to the antibodies of B-cells The genetic elements from which the two protein classes are expressed are undoubtedly of common origin In general, T-cells only recognize antigen that is presented to them, in processed form, on the surface of other cells Like antibody producing B-cells, each individual progenitor T-cell only recognizes a particular ammo acid or carbohydrate sequence and/or other molecular structure (termed an epitope) in the processed antigen, which structure is usually unique to the antigen Such specific recognition of antigen permits response against a wide range of foreign macromolecules, and is a necessary feature of mechanisms whereby immune responses against self-molecules are normally prevented Following the binding of antigen to the T-cell surface, numerous events must occur in the cell membrane and inside the T-cell to complete its activation As reviewed in Hanke et al , activation of the T-cell involves association of other cell membane glycoprotems, such as among CD4, CD8, CD3 and CD28, with the TcR, and also phosphorylation of tyrosine ammo acid residues in these proteins (see C H June et al , Journal of Immunology, 144, pp 1591- 1599 (1990), and D B Strauss et al , Cell, 70, pp 585-593, 1992) Phosphorylation of tyrosine ammo acid residues is carried out by a class of enzymes known as protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) Inhibition of phosphorylation by tyrosine kinases has been shown to modulate T-cell activation, and numerous T-cell mediated immune processes (see, for example, C H June et al , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 87, pp 7722-7726, 1990) Accordingly, regulation of T-cell activation (or subsequent signal transducting events) by selective inhibition of particular PTKs has been of particular interest However, phosphorylation of tyrosine resides in membrane bound and cytoplasmic proteins is a general mechanism It plays an important role in numerous signaling pathways, not merely those confined to the immune system Tyrosine phosphorylation occurs, for example, in response to binding of growth factors such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) platelet-derived growth factor(PDGF), nerve growth factor (NGF), and also insulin Given the presence of a large number of cellular processes dependent upon tyrosine phosphorylation, it will be immediately apparent that preferred compounds for inhibition of T-cell activation, and/or subsequent immune system signalling events, should be designed to inhibit only one (or at most a very few) tyrosine kmases, to thus avoid interfering with a wide range of other cellular metabolic pathways Additionally, since the specificity of a particular inhibitor compound cannot be practically tested against all tyrosine kinases, and indeed numerous kinases remain to be discovered, it is most preferred to provide compounds that are highly specific for a particular tyrosine kinase A general discussion of tyrosine kmase proteins known to be associated with T-cell activation is provided in J H Hanke et al , 1995 Tyrosine kinases (PTKs) involved in regulation of T-cell activation include (a) lck (a 56,000 MW protein, also known as p56 lck ) which is associated with the TcR complex, and which is in the src-kmase family, (b) fyn which is also in the src-kmase family, (c) Zap-70 and syk, which share limited homology with src-k ases, (d) itk kinase, which may be associated with the CD28 receptor, and (e) csk-like kinases, and which may also negatively regulate the function of other PTKs Considerable evidence supports the involvement of lck in T-cell activation, and suggests that inhibition of lck activity is an important point of therapeutic intervention D B Strauss et al , 1992, determined that mutant Jurkat cells (JcaM1 ) that failed to show an increase in calcium levels following receptor stimulation lacked expression of functional lck tyrosine kinase T J Molina et al , Nature, 357, pp 161-164, 1992 generated an lck null mutation by homologous recombination in munne embryonic stem cells Lck-deficient mice evidenced pronounced thymic atrophy, and few CD4+, CD8+, or CD4+/CD8+ thymocytes were detected Additionally, F D Goldman et al , Journal of Clinical Investigation, 102, pp 421-429, 1998, have reported on an infant patient presenting a SCID (severe combined immune deficiency) phenotype in which p59fyn and ZAP-70 kinases were expressed at normal levels, although a marked decrease in the level of lck was noted Interestingly, an alternatively spliced lck transcript, that lacked the kinase-encod g domain provided by exon 7 of the lck gene, was identified from the patient There are reports in the scientific literature of compounds that modulate T-cell mediated immune function, and/or which inhibit tyrosine kinases (PTKs) of the receptor and non-receptor type For example, published international patent documents WO 98/54156 and WO 98/54157 describe qumoline and qumoxaline compounds that inhibit platelet-derived growth factor PTK and/or lck , and are useful in affecting T-cell activation and proliferation Additionally WO 97/40019 discloses 5-amιnopyrazole compounds useful as selective inhibitors of lck The disclosure in WO 98/11095 recites substituted 2-pyπmιdιneamιπes, and their use as inhibitors of protein kinases such as ZAP-70, protein kinase C and lck The compounds are described as useful in regard to diseases or conditions involving the immune system or cellular hyperproliferation Additional publications of note include WO 99/24035, WO 98/41525, WO 97/19065, WO 98/28281 and WO 98/18782 The present invention provides pharmaceutical compounds useful for the treatment of clinical conditions that involve inappropriate T-cell activation In particular, highly specific inhibitors of lck tyrosine kinase are disclosed Summary of Invention Accordingly, there are provided compounds according to the formula ormula I or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, or hydrates thereof, wherein each occurrence of A is independently selected from CH or N, X is selected from the group consisting of -CH 2 -, -0-, -NH-, (d-C 6 )alkylamιno-, (C r C 6 )alkylamιnocarbonylamιno-, (d-C 6 )alkylcarbonylamιno-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkylsulfonylamιno-, phenylsulfonylamino-, carbonyl, -NH-C(O)-, -N(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-C(0)-, -S(0) y - where y is 0, 1 or 2, and , R 1 is selected from the groups consisting of (C 6 -C 10 )aryl-, (d-Cg)heteroaryl-, (C 6 - C 10 )aryl(C 6 -C 10 )aryl-, (06-0, 0 )31 1(0,-0 9 ) heteroaryl-, (d-C^heteroary d-Cg^eteroaryl-, (d- C 9 )heteroaryl(C 6 -C 10 )aryl-, (C 6 -C 10 )arylsulfιnyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 6 -C 10 )arylsulfιnyl-, (C r C 9 )heteroaryl(C 6 -C 10 )arylsulfιnyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )arylsulfonyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 6 -C 10 )arylsulfonyl-, (d- C 9 )heteroaryl(C 6 -Cιo)arylsulfonyl-, (d-Cg)heteroarylsurfιnyl-, (d-Cg)heteroaryl(d- C 9 )heteroarylsulfιnyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 9 )heteroarylsulfιnyl-, (d-C 9 )heteroarylsulfonyl-, (C r C 9 )heteroaryl(d-Cg)heteroarylsulfonyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(d-C 9 )heteroarylsulfonyl-, (R 4 )sulfιnyl-, (R 4 )sulfonyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(R 4 )sulfιnyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 6 -C 10 )aryl(R 4 )sulfinyl-, (d- C 9 )heteroaryl(C 6 -C 10 )aryl(R 4 )sulfιnyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(R 4 )sulfonyl- l (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 6 - C 10 )aryl(R )sulfonyl-, (C 1 -C 9 )heteroaryl(C 6 -Ci 0 )aryl(R 4 )sulfonyl-, (d-C 9 )heteroaryl(R 4 )sulfιnyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -Cg)heteroaryl(R )sulfιnyl-, (d-C 9 )heteroaryl(C,-C 9 )heteroaryl(R 4 )sulfιnyl-, (d- C 9 )heteroaryl(R 4 )sulfonyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 9 )heteroaryl(R 4 )sulfonyl-, (d-Cg)heteroaryl(d- Cg)heteroaryl(R 4 )sulfonyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )arylamιnocarbonyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 6 -C 10 )arylamιnocarbonyl- (d- heteroary Ce-doJarylaminocarbonyl-, (C 1 -C 9 )heteroarylamιnocarbonyl-, (C 6 - doJary C^C Jheteroarylaminocarbonyl-, (Cι-Cg)heteroaryl(C 1 -Cg)heteroarylamιnocarbonyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )arylcarbonyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 6 -C 10 )arylcarbonyl-, (d-C 9 )heteroaryl(C 6 - C 10 )arylcarbonyl-, (d-C 9 )heteroarylcarbonyl-, (Ce-dr^ary d-CgJheteroarylcarbonyl-, (d- CgJheteroary d-CgJheteroarylcarbonyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryloxycarbonyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 5 - C 10 )aryloxycarbonyl-, (d-d heteroary Ce-dc aryloxycarbonyl-, (d- C 9 )heteroaryloxycarbonyl-, (C 6 -Cιo)aryl(d-Cg)heteroaryloxycarbonyl-, (d-Cg)heteroaryl(d- C 9 )heteroaryloxycarbonyl-, (R 4 )carbonyl-, (R )oxycarbonyl-, (R 4 )amιnocarbonyl-, (C 6 - C 10 )aryl(R 4 )carbonyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(R 4 )oxycarbonyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(R 4 )amιnocarbonyl-, (d- C 9 )heteroaryl(R 4 )carbonyl-, (d-C 9 )heteroaryl(R )oxycarbonyl-, and (d-Cg)heteroaryl(R 4 ) aminocarbonyl-, wherein R 4 is selected from the groups consisting of (a) (d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl-, or (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl-, wherein the alkyl-, alkenyl- and alkynyl- groups are optionally substituted by hydroxy, halo, am o, trifluoromethyl, hydroxy(C 2 - C 6 )alkyl- (C C 6 )alkoxy-, (d-C 6 )acyloxy-, (d-C 6 )alkylamιno-, ((C 1 -C 6 )alkyl) 2 amιno- l (d- C 6 )acylamιno-, cyano, nitro, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl-, (d-C 6 )acylamιno-, cyano(d-C 6 )alkyl-, trιfluoromethyl(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl(dιfluoromethylene)(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl- l or nιtro(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (b) (C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkyl-, wherein the cycloalkyl- group is optionally substituted by hydroxy, halo, ammo, trifluoromethyl, hydroxy(C 2 -C 6 )alkyl-, (d-C 6 )alkoxy-, (d-C 6 )acyloxy-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkylamιno-, ((C 1 -C 6 )alkyl) 2 amιno-, (d-d acylamino-, cyano, nitro, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C 2 - C 6 )alkenyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl-, (d-C 6 )acylamιno-, cyano(Cι-C 6 )alkyl-, trιfluoromethyl(d- C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl(dιfluoromethylene)(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl-, or nιtro(d-C 6 )alkyl-, or (c) (C 3 -C 10 )heterocycloalkyl-, wherein the heterocycloalkyl- group is optionally substituted by hydroxy, halo, am o, trifluoromethyl, hydroxy(C 2 -C 5 )alkyl-, (d-C 6 )alkoxy-, (d- C 6 )acyloxy-, (d-C 6 )alkylamιno-, ((C 1 -C 6 )alkyl) 2 amιno-, (d-C 6 )acylamιno-, cyano, nitro, (d- C 6 )alkyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl-, (d-C 6 )acylamιno-, cyano(d-C 6 )alkyl-, trιfluoromethyl(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl(dιfluoromethylene)(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl-, or nιtro(d-C 6 )alkyl-, and wherein any of said of (C 6 -C 10 )aryl- or (C C 9 )heteroaryl- groups of R 1 may be optionally substituted by one to five groups selected from (a) deuterium, hydroxy, halo, ammo, trifluoromethyl, carboxy, (d-C 6 )alkoxy-, (d- C 6 )acyloxy-, (d-C 6 )alkylamιno-, ((d-C 6 )alkyl) 2 amιno-, (C CβJacylammo-, cyano, nitro, (d- C 6 )alkyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl-, (d-C 6 )acylamιno-, cyano(d-C 6 )alkyl-, trifluoromethyl(d-C 6 )alkyl-, or nιtro(C C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl(dιfluoromethylene)(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )acylamιno(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )acylamιno-, amιno(d-C 6 )acyl-, amιno(Cr C 6 )acyl(C C 6 )alkyl-, (d-C 6 )alkylamιno(d-C 6 )acyl-, ((C 1 -C 6 )alkyl) 2 amιno(C 1 -C 6 )acyl-, (C 3 - Ci 0 )cycloalkyl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (d-C 6 )acyloxy(Cι-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkoxy(d-C 6 )alkyl-, pιperazιπyl(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )acylamιno(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C 5 -C 9 )heteroaryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy(Cι-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkylthιo(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )arylthιo(d- C 6 )alkyl-, (d-C 6 )alkylsulfιnyl(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )arylsulfιnyl(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C C 6 )alkylsulfonyl(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )arylsulfonyl(d-C 6 )alkyl-, amιno(Cι-C 6 )alkyl-, (C C 6 )alkylamιno(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (d-C 6 )alkyl(dιfluoromethylene)-, (d- C 3 )alkyl(dιfluoromethylene)(d-C 3 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )acyl-, (d-C 6 )alkylamιno(C C 6 )acyl-, ((C 1 -C 6 )alkyl) 2 amιno(C 1 -C 6 )acyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl-, (d-Cg)heteroaryl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(d- C 6 )alkyl- (C 1 -Cg)heteroaryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C 6 -do)aryl(C 6 -C 10 )aryl-, (Ce-doJary d-doJary d- C 6 )alkyl-, (C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkyl-, (C 3 -C 6 )cycloalkyl(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 3 -C 10 )heterocycloalkyl-, (C 3 - Cιo)heterocycloalkyl(d-C 6 )alkyl-, hydroxy(C 2 -C 6 )alkyl-, (d-C 6 )acyloxy(C 2 -C 6 )alkyl-, (d- C 6 )alkoxy(C 2 -C 6 )alkyl-, pιperazιnyl(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )acylamιno(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(d- C 6 )alkoxy(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 9 )heteroaryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C,-C 6 )alkylthιo(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl- l (C 6 -C 1 o)arylthιo(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkylsulfinyl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )arylsulfinyl(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (d-C 6 )alkylsulfonyl(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )arylsulfonyl(d-Cs)alkyl-, amιno(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (d- C 6 )alkylamιno(d-C 6 )alkyl-, ((C 1 -C 6 )aikyl) 2 amιno(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (b) R 5 OCO(d-C 6 )alkyl-, wherein R 5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (d-C 6 )alkyl-, (Cg-doJary d-d alkyl-, (C 1 -C 9 )heteroaryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, or (c) R 6 (C 0 -C 6 )alkyl-, wherein R 6 is selected from the group consisting of piperazmo, (d- C 6 )acylpιperazιno-, (C 6 -C 10 )arylpιperazιno-, (C 3 -C 9 )heteroarylpιperazιno-, (C C 6 )alkylpιperazιno-, (drdoJary d-CeJalkylpiperazino-, (d-CgJheteroary d- C 6 )alkyipιperazιno-, morpholino-, (d-C 6 )acylmorpholιno-, (C 6 -C 10 )arylmorpholιno-, (d- Cg)heteroarylmorpholιno-, (d-C 6 )alkylmorpholιno-, (C6-C 10 )aryl(d-C 6 )alkylmorpholino-, (d- CgJheteroary d-CeJalkylmorpholino-, thiomorpholino-, (C 1 -C 6 )acylthιomorpholιno-, (C 6 - Cιo)arylthιomorpholιno-, (Cι-C 9 )heteroarylthιomorpholιno-, (d-C 6 )alkylthιomorpholιno-, (C 6 - C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkylthιomorpholιno-, (C 1 -C 9 )heteroaryl(Cι-C 6 )alkylthιomorpholιno-, piperidmo-, (Cι-C 6 )acylpιpeπdιno-, (C 6 -C 10 )arylpιperιdιno-, (d-Cg)heteroarylpiperidino-, (d-C 6 )alkyl piperidmo-, (C 6 -Ci 0 )aryl(Ci-C 6 )pipendino-, (C 1 -C 9 )heteroaryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkylpιpeπdιno-, pyrrolidmo-, (d-C 6 )acylpyrrolιdιno-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl- pyrrolidmo-, (d-Cg)heteroaryl- pyrrolidmo-, (C C 6 )alkylpyrrolιdιno-, (C 1 -C 9 )heteroaryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkylpyrrolιdιno-, (Cι-C 6 )alkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )acyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkylamιno(C 6 -Cι 0 )aryl-, and ((C 1 -C 6 )alkyl 2 amιno(C 1 -C 6 )acyl-, R 2 represents one to four optional substituents, each being independently selected from the members of groups (a) to (f) (a) deuterium, halo, hydroxy, carboxy, ammo, trifluoromethyl, (d-C 6 ) alkyl-, (C 2 - C 6 )alkenyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl-, ((C 1 -C 6 )(alkyl) 2 amιno- 1 cyanoalkyl-, (C 3 - Cιo)cycloalkyl-, (C 3 -C 10 )heterocycloalkyl-, (C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkoxy-, (d-C 6 )alkylthιo-, (d- C 6 )alkylsulfιnyl-, (d-C 6 )alkylsulfonyl-, ammo-CO-NH- , (d-C 6 )alkoxy-CO-NH-, (C,-C 6 )alkyl- CO-NH- , (d-C 6 )alkyl-CO-NH-(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-CO-NH-(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy-, (d- C 6 )alkoxycarbonyl(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy-CO-NH-(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy-, (d-C 6 )alkylamιno- CO-NH- , (d-C 6 )alkylamιno-CO-NH-(d-C 6 )alkyl-, ((C 1 -C 6 )alkyl) 2 amιno-CO-NH-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl- l ((d-C 6 )alkyl) 2 amιno-CO-NH- carboxy, carboxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, carboxy(d-C 6 )alkoxy-, benzyloxycarbonyl(d-C 6 )alkoxy-, (d-CeJalkylamino-CO-, (C 1 -C 6 )acylamιno-, (d-djalkoxy-, (d-C 6 )acyl-, (d-C 6 )acyloxy-, (d-d acy d-d alkylammo-, (d-C 6 )alkoxyacyl-, (d- C 6 )alkylamιnoacyl-, ((d-C 6 )alkyl) 2 amιnoacyl-, amιno(C 1 -C 6 )acyl-, amιno(C -C 6 )alkyl-, (d- C 6 )alkoxycarbonylamιno-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxycarbonyl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(d- C 6 )alkoxycarbonylamιno-, tπhalomethyl-, trιhalomethyl(Cι-C 6 )alkyl-, (d- C 6 )alkyldιhalomethylene-, (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl(dιhalomethylene)(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl- ) (C 3 -C 6 )cycloalkyl-, (C 3 - C 6 )cycloalkyl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, hydroxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (d-C 6 )acyloxy(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (d- C 6 )alkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )acylamιno(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C,-C 6 )alkylthιo(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C,- C 6 )alkoxycarbonyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkylsulfιnyl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkylsulfonyl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (d- C 6 )alkylsulfonyl-, (Cι-C 6 )alkylsulfonylamιno-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkylsulfonylamιno(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, amιno(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkylamιno(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, ((C 1 -C 6 )alkyl) 2 amιno(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C C 5 )CO(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (b) (C 6 -C 10 )aryl-, (d-Cg)heteroaryl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 6 -C 10 )aryl-, (Ce-doJaryKd-Cg) heteroaryl-, (C 1 -C 9 )heteroaryl(C 1 -C 9 )heteroaryl-, (d-CgJheteroary Ce-dc aryl-, (C 6 - C 10 )arylsulfιnyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 6 -C 10 )arylsulfιnyl-, (d-CgJheteroary Ce-doJarylsulfinyl-, (C 6 - C 10 )arylsulfonyl-, (C 6 -do)aryl(C 6 -C 10 )arylsulfonyl-, (C 1 -C 9 )heteroaryl(C 6 -C 10 )arylsulfonyl-, (C r C 9 )heteroarylsulfιnyl-, (d-d heteroary d-CgJheteroarylsulfinyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(d- C 9 )heteroarylsulfinyl-, (d-Cg)heteroarylsulfonyl-, (C 1 -C 9 )heteroaryl(C 1 -C 9 )heteroarylsulfonyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C,-C 9 )heteroarylsulfonyl-, (R 4 )sulfιnyl-, (R 4 )sulfonyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(R 4 )sulfιnyl-, (C 6 - C 10 )aryl(C 6 -C 10 )aryl(R 4 )sulfinyl-, (C 1 -C 9 )heteroaryl(C 6 -C 1 o)aryl(R )sulfιnyl-, (C 6 - C 10 )aryl(R 4 )sulfonyl-, (C 6 -C 1 o)aryl(C 6 -C 10 )aryl(R )sulfonyl-, (d-C 9 )heteroaryl(C 6 - dn)aryl(R 4 )sulfonyl-, (C 1 -C 9 )heteroaryl(R 4 )sulfιnyl-, (Ce-doJary d-CgJheteroary R^sulfinyl-, (C 1 -C 9 )heteroaryl(C 1 -C 9 )heteroaryl(R 4 )sulfιnyl-, (d-C 9 )heteroaryl(R 4 )sulfonyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 5 - C 9 )heteroaryl(R 4 )sulfonyl-, (C 1 -C 9 )heteroaryl(C 1 -C 9 )heteroaryl(R 4 )sulfonyl-, (C 6 - C 10 )arylamιnocarbonyl-, (C 6 -C 1 o)aryl(C 6 -C 1 o)arylamιnocarbonyl- l (d-C 9 )heteroaryl(C 6 - C 10 )arylamιnocarbonyl-, (d-CgJheteroarylaminocarbonyl-, (d-doJary d- Cg)heteroarylamιnocarbonyl-, (d-CgJheteroaryKd-d heteroarylaminocarbonyl-, (C 6 - C 10 )arylcarbonyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 6 -C 10 )arylcarbonyl-, (CrC 9 )heteroaryl(C 6 -C 10 )arylcarbonyl-, (d-Cg)heteroarylcarbonyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -Cg)heteroarylcarbonyl-, (d-C Jheteroary d- Cg)heteroarylcarbonyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryloxycarbonyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 6 -C 10 )aryloxycarbonyl-, (C C 9 )heteroaryl(C 6 -C 10 )aryloxycarbonyl-, (d-Cg)heteroaryloxycarbonyl-, (Ce-dc ary d- C 9 )heteroaryloxycarbonyl-, (d-Cg)heteroaryl(Ci-C 9 )heteroaryloxycarbonyl-, (R 4 )carbonyl-, (R 4 )oxycarbonyl-, (R )amιnocarbonyl-, (C 6 -Cιo)aryl(R 4 )carbonyl-, (C 6 -Cιo)aryl(R 4 )oxycarbonyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(R 4 )amιnocarbonyl-, (d-C 9 )heteroaryl(R 4 )carbonyl-, (C 5 - C 9 )heteroaryl(R 4 )oxycarbonyl-, (d-Cg)heteroaryl(R 4 ) aminocarbonyl-, wherein R 4 is defined as above, and wherein any of said of (C 6 -Cιo)aryl- or (d-Cg)heteroaryl- R 2 groups may be optionally substituted by one to five groups independently selected from (i) hydroxy, halo, ammo, trifluoromethyl, carboxy, (d-C 6 )alkoxy-, (d- C 6 )acyloxy-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkylamιno-, ((d-C 6 )alkyl) 2 amιno-, (C 1 -C 6 )acylamιno-, cyano, nitro, (C,- C 6 )alkyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl-, (d-C 6 )acylamιno-, cyano(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, tπfluoromethyl(d-C 6 )alkyl-, or nιtro(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl(dιfluoromethylene)(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl-, (Cι-C 6 )acylamιno(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (Cι-C 6 )alkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )acylamιno-, amιno(C 1 -C 6 )acyl-, amιno(C C 6 )acyl(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkylamιno(C 1 -C 6 )acyl-, ((C 1 -C 6 )alkyl) 2 amιno(C 1 -C 6 )acyl-, (C 3 - C 10 )cycloalkyl(C,-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )acyloxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkoxy(C C 6 )alkyl-, pιperazιnyl(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (d-dOacylammo d-CeJalkyl-, (C 6 -C l o)aryl(d-C 6 )alkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C C 9 )heteroaryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkylthιo(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl- l (C 6 -do)arylthιo(d- C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkylsulfιnyl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (Ce-doJarylsulfiny d-d alkyl-, (C C 6 )alkylsulfonyl(C,-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 6 -C 1 o)3rylsulfonyl(C 1 -C 6 )3lkyl-, amino(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (d- C 6 )alkyl3mino(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (d-C 6 )alkyl(dιfluoromethylene)-, (C,- C 3 )3lkyl(dιfluoromethylene)(d-C 3 )3lkyl-, (Cι-C 6 )3lkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )acyl-, (d-C 6 )alkylamιno(C C 6 )scyl-, ((C 1 -C 6 )3lkyl) 2 amιno(C 1 -C 6 )acyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl-, (d-Cg)heteroaryl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(d- C 6 )3lkyl-, (C 1 -C 9 )hetero3ryl(C 1 -C 6 )3lkyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )3ryl(C 6 -C 10 )3ryl-, (Ce-doJary d-dojaryKd- C 6 )alkyl-, (C 3 -C 10 )cyclθ3lkyl-, (C 3 -C 6 )cyclo3lkyl(d-C 6 )3lkyl-, (C 3 -C 10 )heterocyclθ3lkyl-, (C 3 - doJheterocycloalky d-CeJalkyl-, hydroxy(C 2 -C 6 )3lkyl-, (d-C 6 )3cyloxy(C 2 -C 6 )3lkyl-, (C C 6 )3lkoxy(C 2 -C 6 )3lkyl-, pιperazιnyl(C C 6 )alkyl-, (Cι-C 6 )acyl3mιno(C 1 -C 6 )3lkyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(d- C 6 )3lkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )3lkyl-, (C 1 -Cg)hetero3ryl(d-C 6 )3lkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )3lkyl-, (d-C 6 )3lkylthιo(C 1 -C 6 )3lkyl-, (C 6 -C l0 )3rylthιo(C 1 -C 6 )3lkyl-, (d-CeJalkylsulfiny d-d alkyl-, (C 6 -d 0 )arylsulfinyl(d-C 6 )alkyl- t (C 1 -C 6 )alkylsulfonyl(Cι-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 6 -C l0 )3rylsulfonyl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, amino(C C 6 )3lkyl-, (C C 6 )alkyl3mιno(d-C 6 )alkyl-, ((C 1 -C 6 )alkyl) 2 3mιno(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (II) R 5 OCO(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl- wherein R 5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (d-C 6 )alkyl, (C 6 -C 10 )3ryl(C 1 -C 6 )3lkyl-, (C 1 -C 9 )hetero3ryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (in) R 6 (C 2 -C 6 )alkyl- wherein R 6 is selected from the group consisting of piperazino, (C 1 -C 6 )3cylpιperazιno-, (C 6 -C 10 )arylpιper3zιno-, (C 5 -C 9 )heteroarylpιperazιno-, (d- C 6 )alkylpιperazιno-, (C 6 -Cιo)aryl(d-C 6 )alkylpιperazιno-, (d-C 9 )heteroaryl(d- C 6 )alkylpιperazιno-, morpholmo-, (d-C 6 )acylmorpholιno-, (C 6 -C 10 )3rylmorpholmo-, (d- Cg)heteroarylmorpholιno-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkylmorpholιno-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 6 )3lkylmorpholιno-, (d- C 9 )heteroaryl(Cι-C 6 )alkylmorpholιno-, thiomorpholmo-, (d-Ce^cylthiomorpholino-, (C 6 - C 10 )3rylthιomorpholιno-, (d-Cg^eteroarylthiomorpholmo-, (d-C 6 )alkylthιomo holιno-, (C 6 - C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkylthιomorpholιno- l (d-Cg)heteroaryl(d-C 6 )alkylthιomorpholιno-, piperidmo-, (C 6 -C 10 )arylpιperιdιno-, (CrCgJheteroarylpipeπdino-, (d-C 6 )alkyl pipeπdino-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 6 )pιperιdιno-, (d-CgJheteroary C T CeJalkylpiperidmo-, pyrrolidmo-, (d-C 6 )acylpyrrolidino-, (C 6 -C 10 )arylpyrrolιdιno-, (Cι-Cg)heteroarylpyrrolιdιno, (C,- C 6 )alkylpyrrolιdιno-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkylpyrrolιdιno-, (C C 9 )heteroaryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkylpyrrolιdιno- , (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )acyl-, (d-CeJalkylamino Ce-doJaryl-, and ((C 1 -C 6 )alkyl 2 amιno(C 1 -C 6 )acyl-, (c) R 7 , or R 7 Y-, where R 7 is selected from the group consisting of piperazmo-, (C 6 - C 10 )arylpιperazιno-, (Cι-Cg)heteroarylpιperazιno-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkylpιperazιno-, (C 6 -Cι 0 )aryl(Cι- C 6 )alkylpιperazιno-, (C 1 -C 9 )heteroaryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkylpiperazino-, morpholmo-, (C 6 - C 10 )arylmorpholιno-, (Cι-Cg)heteroarylmorpholιno-, (C CeJalkylmorpholmo-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(d- C 6 )alkylmorpholιno-, (d-CgJheteroary d-CeJalkylmorpholino-, thiomorpholino-, (C 6 - C 10 )arylthιomorpholιno-, (C 1 -C 9 )heteroarylthιomorpholιno-, (C,-C 6 )alkylthιomorpholιno-, (C 6 - C 10 )aryl(Cι-C 6 )alkylthιomorpholιno-, (C 1 -Cg)heteroaryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkylthιomorpholιno-, piperidmo-, (C 6 -Cιo)arylthιopιpeπdιno-, (d-C 9 )heteroarylthiopipendino-, (C 6 - C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkylthιopιperιdιno-, (d-CgJheteroary d-Celalkylthiopipeπdino-, pyrolidmo-, (C 6 -Cιo)arylthιopyrolιdιno-, (d-Cg)heteroarylthιopyrolιdιno-, (Cι-C 6 )alkylthιopyrolιdιno-, (C 6 - C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkylthιopyrolιdιno-, (C Cg^eteroary d-CβJalkylthiopyrolidino-, and Y, if present, is selected from the group consisting of (d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl- , ammo, oxygen, thio, sulfmyl, sulfonyl, halo(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, and hydroxy(C 2 -C 6 )alkyl-, (d) ZR 8 -, where R 8 is selected from the group consisting of piperazmo-, (C 6 - C 10 )arylpιperazιno-, (Cι-Cg)heteroarylpιperazιno-, (d-C 6 )alkylpιperazιno-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 - C 6 )alkylpιperazιno-, (CrCgJheteroary Ci-d alkylpiperazino-, morpholmo-, (C 6 - C 10 )arylmorpholιno-, (Cι-Cg)heteroarylmorpholιno-, (C,-C 6 )alkylmorpholιno-, (Ce-dc^aryKd- C 6 )alkylmorpholιno-, (d-Cg)heteroaryl(d-C 6 )alkylmorpholιno-, thiomorpholino-, (C 6 - C 10 )arylthιomorpholιno-, (C 1 -Cg)heteroarylthιomorpholιno-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkylthιomorpholιno-, (C 6 - C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkylthιomorpholιno-, (C 1 -Cg)heteroaryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkylthιomorpholιno-, piperidmo-, (C 6 -Cιo)arylthιopιpeπdιno-, (C 1 -C 9 )heteroarylthιopιpeπdιno-, (C CeJalkylthiopiperidmo-, (C 6 - C 10 )aryl(d-C 6 )alkylthiopiperidino-, (C-i-CgJheteroary C CeJalkylthiopiperidino-, pyrolidmo-, (C 6 -C 10 )arylthιopyrolιdιno-, (C 1 -C 9 )heteroarylthιopyrolιdιno-, (d-CεJalkylthiopyrolidino-, (C 6 - C^Jary C^CsJalkylthiopyrolidino-, (C 1 -Cg)heteroa7l(C 1 -C 6 )alkylthιopyrolιdιno-, and Z is selected from the group consisting of (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl-, am o, oxygen, thio, sulf yl, sulfonyl, halo(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, and hydroxy(C 2 -C 6 )alkyl-, (e) two or more of R 2 , when vicinal, together to form one or more further rings of 4, 5, 6 or 7 member atoms selected from the group consisting of phenyl-, naphthyl-, furyl-, thienyl-, thiazolyl-, pyrazolyl-, isothiazolyl-, oxazolyl-, isoxazolyl-, pyrrolyl-, tnazolyl-, tetrazolyl- imidazolyl-, 1 ,3,5-oxadιazolyl-, 1 ,2,4-oxadιazolyl-, 1 ,2,3-oxadιazolyl-, 1 ,3,5-thιadιazolyl,- 1 2,3-thιadιazolyl-, 1 ,2,4-thιadιazolyl-, pyπdyl-, pynmidyl-, pyrazinyl-, pyridazinyl-, 1 ,2,4- tπazinyl-, 1 ,2,3-tπazιnyl-, 1 ,3,5-tπazιnyl-, pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyπdιnyl-, cinnolmyl-, ptendinyl-, purinyl-, 6,7-dιhydro-5H-[1]pyrιndιnyl-, benzo[b]thιophenyl- τ 5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-quιnolιn-3-yl, benzoxazolyl-, benzothiazolyl-, benzisothiazolyl-, benzisoxazolyl-, benzimidazolyl-, thianaphthenyl-, isothianaphthenyl-, benzofuranyl-, isobenzofuranyl-, iso dolyl-, mdolyl-, indolizinyl-, mdazolyl-, isoquinolyl-, quinolyl-, phthalazinyl-, quinoxahnyl-, qumazolinyl-, benzoxazmyl-, and wherein said πng(s) are optionally substituted by one or more (d-C 6 )alkyl- (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl-, ammo-, halo-, hydroxy-, carboxy-, thiol-, nitro-, cyano-, sulfonic-, halo(d-C 6 )alkyl-, and hydroxy(C 2 -C 6 )alkyl-, and (f) two or more of R 2 when vicinal, together to form one or more further rings of 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 member atoms selected from the groups consisting of (i) (C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkyl-, containing zero to two levels of unsaturatioπ, selected from the group consisting of cyclopropyl-, cyclobutyl-, cyclopentyl-, cyclohexyl-, cycloheptyl-, cyclopropenyl-, cyclobutenyl-, cyclopentenyl-, cyclohexenyl-, cycloheptenyl-, 1 ,3- cyclobutadienyl-, 1 ,3-cyclopentadιenyl-, 1 ,3-cyclohexadιenyl-, 1 ,4-cyclohexadιenyl-, 1 ,3- cycloheptadienyl-, 1 ,4-cycloheptadιenyl-, bιcyclo[3 2 1]octane-, bicyclo [2 2 1] heptane, the norborn-2-ene unsaturated form thereof, and the like, wherein said ring is optionally substituted by hydroxy-, halo-, ammo-, trifluoromethyl-, hydroxy(C 2 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy-, (d-C 6 )acyloxy-, (d-C 6 )alkylamιno-, ((C 1 -C 6 )alkyl) 2 amιno-, (Cι-C 6 )acylamιno-, cyano-, nitro-, carboxy-, thiol-, sulfonyl-, (d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl-, (C,-C 6 )acylamιno-, cyano(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl- l tπfluoromethyl(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl(dιfluoromethylene)(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl-, halo(d-C 6 )alkyl- or nιtro(d-C 6 )alkyl-, and (n) (C 3 -Cιo)heterocycloalkyl- selected from the group consisting of pyrrolidmyl-, tetrahydrofuranyl-, dihydrofuranyl-, tetrahydropyranyl-, pyranyl-, thiopyrany-l, aziπdinyl-, oxiranyl-, methylenedioxyl-, , isoxazolid yl,- 1 ,3-oxazolιdιn-3-yl-, isothiazolid yl-, 1 ,3-thιazolιdιn-3-yl-, 1 ,2-pyrazolιdιn-2-yl-, 1 ,3-pyrazolιdιn-1-yl-, pipeπdinyl- thiomorpholinyl-, 1 ,2-tetrahydrothιazιn-2-yl-, 1 ,3-tetrahydrothιazιn-3-yl-, tetrahydrothiadiazinyl-, morpholinyl-, 1 ,2- tetrahydrodιazιn-2-yl-, 1 ,3-tetrahydrodιazιn-1-yl-, tetrahydroazepmyl-, piperazmyl-, chromenyl-, chromanyl-, where said ring is optionally substituted by hydroxy-, halo-, ammo-, trifluoromethyl-, hydroxy(C 2 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy-, (d-C 6 )acyloxy-, (d-C 6 )alkylamino-, (d-C 6 )acylamιno-, cyano-, nitro-, carboxy-, thiol-, sulfonyl-, (C C 6 )alkyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl-, (d-C 6 )acylamιno-, cyano(d-C 6 )alkyl-, tπfluoromethy d-CeJalkyl-, (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl(dιfluoromethylene)(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl-, halo(C,-C 6 )alkyl- or nιtro(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, wherein any (d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl-, (C 3 -Cι 0 )cycloalkyl- or (C 3 - C 10 )heterocycloalkyl- groups that are, or comprise a portion of, said one to four optional R 2 substituents are themselves optionally substituted by deuterium-, hydroxy-, ammo-, trifluoromethyl-, cyano-, nitro-, carboxy-, (C 1 -C )alkoxy-, (C 1 -C 6 )acyloxy-, (d-CeJalkylamino-, ((d-C 6 )alkyl) 2 amιno-, (d-C 6 )alkyl- (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl-, (d-C 6 )acylamιno-, (C 3 - C 10 )cycloalkyl-, (C 3 -C 10 )heterocycloalkyl-, cyano(C 1 -C 5 )alkyl-, trιfluoromethyl(d-C 6 )alkyl-, nitrc d-CεJalkyl-, and (d-C 6 )acylamιno, and R 3 represents one or more optional substituents on a ring carbon atom, including at X where X is -CH 2 -, selected from the groups consisting of (d-C 6 )alkyl- , trιhalo(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl- that is preferably trifluoromethyl-, deuterium, and fluorine According to the practice of the invention, with respect to the structural component of compounds of formula I that is represented by preferred examples include those where the ring structure is contributed by 1 ,2,3,4- tetrahydroqumoline, 1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydroquιnoxalιne, 3,4-dιhydro-1 H-quιnoxalιne-2-one (also named 2-oxo-1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydroquιnoxalιne), 3,4-dιhydro-2H-benzo[1 ,4]oxazιne, 2,3-dιhydro- 1 H-ιndole, and 3,4-dιhydro-2H-benzo[1 ,4]thιazιne, respectively, as depicted below Preferred examples of the above six structures include 6-methoxy-1 , 2,3,4- tetrahydroquinolme, 4-methyl-1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydroquιnolιne, 7-(tπfluoromethyl)-1 , 2,3,4- tetrahydroquinolme, 8-methyl-1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydroquιnolιne, 6-hydroxy-1 ,2,3,4- tetrahydroquino ne, 8-chloro-1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydroquιnolιne, 7-chloro-1 ,2,3,4- tetrahydroquinolme, 6-benzyloxy-7-methoxy-1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydroquιnolιne, 6,7-dιmethyl-1 ,2,3,4- tetrahydroqumoxaline, 1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydroquιnoxalιne, 1-phenylsulfonyl-1 , 2,3,4- tetrahydroquinoxaline, 6-Methyl-1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydroquιnolιne, 3,4-dιhydro-2H- benzo[1 ,4]oxazιne, 5-Fluoro-2,3-dιhydro-1 H-ιndole, 1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydroquιnoxalιne, and 3,3- dιmethyl-2,3-dιhydro-1 H-indole In additional embodiments of the invention, the structure is defined, for example, by 2,3-Dιhydro-1 H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrιdιne, 2,3-Dιhydro-1 H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyπdιne, 2,3-Dιhydro-1 H- pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyrιdιne, 2,3-Dιhydro-1 H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyπdιne, 6,7-Dιhydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,2- d]pyrιmιdιne, 6,7-Dιhydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d][1 ,2,3]trιazιne, 6,7-Dιhydro-5H-pyrrolo[2,3- d][1 ,2,3]trιazιne, 1 ,4,5,7-Tetraaza-ιndan, 1 ,4,6,7-Tetraaza-ιndan, 6,7-Dιhydro-5H-pyrrolo[2,3- c]pyrιdazιne, 2,3-Dιhydro-1 H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyπdazιne, 6,7-Dιhydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,2- cjpyπdazine, 6,7-Dιhydro-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazιne, 6,7-Dιhydro-5H-pyπmιdo[4,5- b][1 ,4]oxazιne, 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-pterιdιne, 1 ,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-pyπdo[2,3-b]pyrazιne, 1 ,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-pyrιdo[3,4-b]pyrazιne, 1 ,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-pyrιdo[3,4-b]pyrazιne, 1 ,2,3,4- Tetrahydro-pyπdo[2,3-b]pyrazιne, 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-pyrazιno[2,3-c]pyπdazιne, 5,6,7,8- Tetrahydro-pteπdine, 1 ,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-pyrazιno[2,3-d]pyrιdazιne, 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro- pyrazιno[2,3-c]pyrιdazιne, 1 ,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-pyrazιno[2,3-b]pyrazιne, 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro- pyrazino[2,3-e][1 ,2,4]tnazine, 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-pyrazιno[2,3-e][1 ,2,4]trιazιne, 5,6,7,8- Tetrahydro-pyrazιno[2,3-d][1 ,2,3]trιazιne, 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-pyrazιno[2,3-d][1 ,2,3]trιazιne, 2,3-Dιhydro-1 H-4-oxa-1 ,5-dιaza-naphthalene, 2,3-Dιhydro-1 H-4-oxa-1 ,6-dιaza-naphthalene, 3,4-Dιhydro-2H-1-oxa-4,6-dιaza-naphthalene, 3,4-Dιhydro-2H-1-oxa-4,5-dιaza-naphthalene, 7,8-Dιhydro-6H-5-oxa-1 ,2,8-trιaza-naphthalene, 3,4-Dιhydro-2H-1 -oxa-4,6,7-trιaza- naphthalene, 6,7-Dιhydro-5H-8-oxa-1 ,2,5-tπaza-naphthalene, 3,4-Dιhydro-2H-1-oxa-4,5,8- tπaza-naphthalene, 7,8-Dιhydro-6H-pyπmιdo[5,4-b][1 ,4]oxazιne, 6,7-Dιhydro-5H-pyrιmιdo[4,5- b][1 ,4]oxazιne, 6,7-Dιhydro-5H-8-oxa-1 ,2,3,5-tetraaza-naphthalene, 6,7-Dιhydro-5H-8-oxa- 1 ,2,4,5-tetraaza-naphthalene, 7,8-Dιhydro-6H-5-oxa-1 ,2,3,8-tetraaza-naphthalene, 6,7- Dihydro-5H-8-oxa-1 ,2,4,5-tetraaza-naphthalene, 2,3-Dιhydro-1 H-pyrιdo[2,3-b][1 ,4]thιazιne, 2,3-Dιhydro-1 H-4-thιa-1 ,6-dιaza-naphthalene, 3,4-Dιhydro-2H-1-thιa-4,6-dιaza-naphthalene, 3,4-Dιhydro-2H-pyrιdo[3,2-b][1 ,4]thιazιne, 7,8-Dιhydro-6H-5-thιa-1 ,2,8-tπaza-naphthalene, 3,4-Dιhydro-2H-1-thιa-4,6,7-trιaza-naphthalene, 6,7-Dιhydro-5H-8-thιa-1 ,2,5-trιaza- naphthalene, 6,7-Dιhydro-5H-pyπmιdo[4,5-b][1 ,4]thιazιne, 7,8-Dιhydro-6H-pyπmιdo[5,4- b][1 ,4]thιazιne, 3,4-Dιhydro-2H-1-thιa-4,5,8-tπaza-naphthalene, 6,7-Dιhydro-5H-8-thιa-1 ,2,4,5- tetraaza-naphthalene, 7,8-Dιhydro-6H-5-thιa-1 ,2,4,8-tetraaza-naphthalene, 7,8-Dιhydro-6H-5- thιa-1 ,2,3,8-tetraaza-naphthalene, 6,7-Dιhydro-5H-8-thιa-1 ,2,3,5-tetraaza-naphthalene, 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-pyndo[3,2-d]pyπmιdιne, 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-pyrιdo[2,3-d]pyrιdazιne, 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-pyrιdo[2,3-b]pyrazιne, 5,6J,8-Tetrahydro-pyrιdo[3,2-e][1 ,2,4]trιazιne, 5,6,7 t 8-Tetrahydro-pyπdo[2,3-e][1 ,2,4]tπazιne, 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-pyrιdo[3,2-d][1 ,2,3]trιazιne, and 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-pyrιdo[2,3-d][1 ,2,3]trιazιne It is additionally preferred that one or more of substituents R 2 be selected from the groups consisting of (a) (C,-C 6 )alkyl-, (C C 6 )alkynl-, (d-C 6 )alkoxy-, trιhalo(d-C 6 )alkyl- that is preferably trifluoromethyl-, (d-C 6 )alkylamιno-, ((C 1 -C 6 ) 2 )dιalkylamιno-, ammo-, cyano, and halo-, and (b) benzyloxy-, phenylsulfonyl-, phenylaminocarbonyl-, (d-Cg)heteroarylsulfonyl- and (C 1 -Cg)heteroa lamιnocarbonyl-, optionally substituted by one or more groups selected from the group consisting of (d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl-, trιhalo(Cι-C 6 )alkyl- that is preferably trifluoromethyl- , (d-C 6 )alkoxy-, (Cι-C 6 )alkylamιno-, and halo According to the practice of the invention, preferred examples of R 1 include (C 6 - C 10 )aryl-, and (d-C 9 ) heteroaryl- wherein said R 1 group is optionally substituted by one or more groups, each independently selected from hydroxy, halo, am o, (d-CβJalkyl-, (d- C 6 )alkoxy-, tπhalo(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl- that is preferably trifluoromethyl-, (d-C 6 )alkynl-, (d- C 6 )alkylamιno-, carboxy-, (d-C 6 )alkoxycarbonyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )acyloxy-,and (C,-C 6 )acylamιno- In a preferred embodiment of the invention, R 1 is a (d-Cg)heteroaryl- group selected from the group consisting of pyridyl-, mdazolyl-, indolyl-, 1 ,3-dιhydro-benzoιmιdazol-2-one, thienyl- oxazoyl- 2H-pyrazolyl-, 1 H-pyrazolyl-, isooxazoyl-, thιazolyl(fιx,name), and isothiazoyl-, and is optionally substituted by one or more groups, each independently selected from hydroxy-, halo- ammo-, (d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy-, tπhalo(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl- that is preferably trifluoromethyl-, (d-C 6 )alkynl-, (d-C 6 )alkylamιno-, ((d-C 6 ) 2 )dιalkylamιno-, carboxy-, (d-C 6 )alkoxycarbonyl-, (d-C 6 )acyloxy-, and (C CeJacylamino- In an additionally preferred embodiment of the invention, R 1 is phenyl, optionally substituted with one to five substituents, that are each independently selected from hydroxy-, halo-, am o-, (d-C 6 )alkyl-, (d-C 6 )alkoxy-, tπhalo(d-C 6 )alkyl- that is preferably trifluoromethyl-, (d-C 6 )alkynl-, (d-C 6 )alkylamino-, ((d-C 6 ) 2 )dιalkylamιno-, carboxy, (d- C 6 )alkoxycarbonyl-, (d-C 6 )acyloxy-, and (C,-C 6 )acylamιno- Particularly preferred examples of R 1 include 3,4,5-tπmethoxyphenyl-, 2,3-dιmethyl- 1 H-ιndol-5-yl, 3,4-dιhydro-2H-quιnolιn-1-yl, and 6-morpholιn-4-yl-pyπdιn-3-yl Representative compounds of the invention include (a) 1-[(2-anιlιno)-4-pyπmιdιnyl]-6-methyl-1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydroquιnolιne, (b) 1 -[2-[(4-bromophenyl)amιno]-4-pyπmιdιnyl]-6-methyl-1 ,2,3,4- tetrahydroquino ne, (c) 1-[2-[(4-methoxyphenyl)amιno]-4-pyπmιdιnyl]-6-methyl-1 , 2,3,4- tetrahydroquinohne; (d) 1-[2-[(1 H-ιndazole-5-yl)]-4-pyrιmιdyl]-6-methyl-1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydroquιnolιne, (e) 1-[2-[(4-phenoxyphenyl)amιno]-4-pyπmιdιnyl]-6-methyl-1 , 2,3,4- tetrahydroqumoline, (f) 1 -[2-[(3,4-dιmethoxyphenyl)amιno]-4-pyπmιdιnyl]-6-methyl-1 ,2,3,4- tetrahydroquinoline, (g) 1 -[2-[(3,4,5-trιmethoxyphenyl)amιno]-4-pyπmιdιnyl]-6-methyl-1 ,2,3,4- tetrahydroquinoline, (h) 1 -[2-[(4,N-phenylamιnophenyl)amιno]-4-pyrιmιdιnyl]-6-methyl-1 ,2,3,4- tetrahydroquinolme, (i) [4-(6-Methyl-3,4-dιhydro-2H-quιnolιn-1-yl)-pyrιmιdιn-2-yl]-(6-morpholιn-4-yl- pyrιdιn-3-yl)-amιne, (j) 5-[4-(6-Methyl-3,4-dιhydro-2H-quιnolιn-1-yl)-pyπmιdιn-2-ylamιno]-1 ,3-dιhydro- benzoιmιdazol-2-one, (k) (2,3-Dιmethyl-1 H-ιndol-5-yl)-[4-(6-methyl-3,4-dιhydro-2H-quιnolιn-1-yl)- pyrιmιdιn-2-yl]-amιne, (I) [4-(6-Methyl-3,4-dιhydro-2H-quιnolm-1-yl)-pyπmιdιn-2-yl]-(2-methyl-2H- pyrazol-3-yl)-amιne, (m) (6-Methoxy-pyπdιn-3-yl)-[4-(6-methyl-3,4-dιhydro-2H-quιnolιn-1-yl)-pyπmιdιn- 2-yl]-amιne, (n) (4-Fluoro-3-methyl-phenyl)-[4-(6-methyl-3 4-dιhydro-2H-quιnolιn-1-yl)- pyrιmιdιn-2-yl]-amιne, (o) (5-Cyclopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-[4-(6-methyl-3,4-dιhydro-2H-quιnolιn-1-yl)- pyπmιdιn-2-yl]-amιne, (p) 4-Benzyl-N 3 -[4-(6-methyl-3,4-dιhydro-2H-quιnolιn-1-yl)-pyrιmιdιn-2-yl]-1 H- pyrazole-3,5-dιamιne, (q) [4-(6-Methyl-3,4-dιhydro-2H-quιnolιn-1-yl)-pyπmιdιn-2-yl]-(4-methyl-thιazol-2- yl)-amιne, and (r) [4-(6-Methyl-3,4-dιhydro-2H-quιπolιn-1-yl)-pyπmιdιn-2-yl]-(5-methyl-1 H- pyrazol-3-yl)-amιne Additional preferred compounds of the invention include [4-(3,4-Dιhydro-2H-quιnolιn- 1-yl)-pyπmιdιn-2-yl]-(6-pyrrolιdιn-1-yl-pyrιdιn-3-yl)-amιne, (1-Cyclopentyl-1 H-ιndol-6-yl)-[4-(6- methyl-3,4-dιhydro-2H-quιnolιn-1-yl)-pyrιmιdιn-2-yl]-amιne, [4-(6-Methyl-3,4-dιhydro-2H- quιnolιn-1-yl)-pyrιmιdιn-2-yl]-oxazol-4-yl-amιne, (3,4-Dιchloro-phenyl)-[4-(6-methyl-3,4- dιhydro-2H-quιnolιn-1-yl)-pyπmιdιn-2-yl]-amιne, and [4-(3,4-Dιhydro-2H-quιnolιn-1-yl)- pyrιmιdιn-2-yl]-ιsothιazol-3-yl-amιne Additional preferred compounds of the invention include 2-({5-[4-(2,3-Dιhydro-benzo[1 ,4]oxazιn-4-yl)-pyπmιdιn-2-ylamιno]-pyrιdιn-2-yl}-methyl- amιno)-ethanol, N-{5-[4-(3-Oxo-3,4-dιhydro-2H-quιnoxalιn-1-yl)-pyπmιdιn-2-yiamιno]-pyπdιn-2-yl}- acetamide, 3-Chloro-N-[4-(4-methyl-3-oxo-3,4-dιhydro-2H-quιnoxalιn-1-yl)-pyπmιdιn-2-yl]- benzamide, [4-(2,3-Dιhydro-benzo[1 ,4]thιazιn-4-yl)-pyπmιdιn-2-yl]-oxazol-4-yl-amιne, N-[4-(5-Fluoro-2,3-dιhydro-ιndol-1-yl)-pyπmιdιn-2-yl]-3-methoxy-benzenesulfonamιde, [4-(5,6-Dιhydro-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrιmιdιn-7-yl)-pyrιmιdιn-2-yl]-(2-tπfluoromethyl-phenyl)- amme, 6-Methoxy-1-[2-(pyπdazιn-3-ylamιno)-pyrιmιdιn-4-yl]-2,3-dιhydro-1 H-quιnolιn-4-one, 2-{5-[4-(3,4-Dιhydro-2H-quιnoxalιn-1-yl)-pyrιmιdιn-2-ylamιno]-ιndol-1-yl}-ethanol, (2H-Pyrazol-3-yl)-[4-(7-trιfluoromethyl-3,4-dιhydro-2H-quιnolιn-1-yl)-pyπmιdιn-2-yl]- amine, 1-[4-(3,4-Dιhydro-2H-[1 ,5]naphthyrιdιn-1-yl)-pyπmιdιn-2-yl]-3-ethyl-urea, 1-[4-(2,3-Dιhydro-benzo[1 ,4]oxazιn-4-yl)-pyπmιdιn-2-yl]-3-(2-ethoxy-ethyl)-urea, [4-(3,3-Dιmethyl-2,3-dιhydro-ιndol-1-yl)-pyπmιdιn-2-yl]-carbamιc acid tert-butyl ester, 3-Cyano-N-[4-(7-methoxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-benzo[b]azepιn-1-yl)-pyrιmιdιn-2-yl]- benzamide, lsoxazol-4-yl-[4-(2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-benzo[b][1 ,4]dιazepιn-1-yl)-pyrιmιdm-2-yl]-amιne, (3,4-Dιchloro-phenyl)-[4-(3,4-dιhydro-2H-benzo[b][1 ,4]thιazepιn-5-yl)-pyπmιdιn-2-yl]- amme, (6-Azιπdιn-1-yl-pyrιdιn-3-yl)-[4-(5-methanesulfonyl-2,3-dιhydro-ιndol-1-yl)-pyπmιdιn-2- yl]-amιne, N 2 -Cyclopropyl-N 5 -[4-(6-fluoro-3,4-dιhydro-2H-quιnolιn-1-yl)-pyrιmιdιn-2-yl]-pyrιdιne- 2,5-dιamιne, and Benzo[1 ,3]dιoxole-5-carboxyiιc acid [4-(6-fluoro-3,4-dιhydro-2H-quιnolιn-1-yl)- pyrιmιdιn-2-yl]-amιde The compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of this invention include all conformational isomers of compounds of formula I (e q , cis and trans isomers, whether or not involving double bonds) The compounds of the invention include all optical isomers of the compounds of formula I (e_g_, enantiomers and diastereomers), as well as racemic, diastereomeπc and other mixtures of all such isomers This invention further relates to tautomers and stereoisomers of the compounds of formula (I), and mixtures of any of the aforementioned forms The present invention also relates to the pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of compounds of the formula (I) The acids which are used to prepare the pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of the aforementioned base compounds of this invention are those which form non-toxic acid addition salts, ι_e_, salts containing pharmacologically acceptable anions, such as the hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, nitrate, sulfate, bisulfate, phosphate, acid phosphate, acetate, lactate, citrate, acid citrate tartrate bitartrate, succinate, maleate, fumarate, gluconate, saccharate, benzoate, methanesulfonate ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate and pamoate [i e , 1 1 '-methylene-bιs-(2-hydroxy-3- naphthoate)]salts The present invention also relates to the pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts of compounds of the formula (I) The chemical bases that may be used as reagents to prepare pharmaceutically acceptable base salts of those compounds of formula I that are acidic in nature are those that form non-toxic base salts with such compounds Such non-toxic base salts include, but are not limited to those derived from such pharmacologically acceptable cations such as alkali metal cations (e q , potassium and sodium) and alkaline earth metal cations (e q , calcium and magnesium), ammonium or water-soluble amine addition salts such as N-methylglucamιne-(meglumιne), and the lower alkanolammonium and other base salts of pharmaceutically acceptable organic amines The subject invention also includes isotopically-labelled compounds, which are identical to those recited in Formula (I), but for the fact that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature Examples of isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, fluorine and chlorine, such as 2 H, 3 H, 13 C, 4 C, 15 N, 18 0, 17 0, 31 P, 32 P, 35 S, 18 F, and 36 CI, respectively Compounds of the present invention, prodrugs thereof, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of said compounds or of said prodrugs which contain the aforementioned isotopes and/or other isotopes of other atoms are within the scope of this invention Certain isotopically-labelled compounds of the present invention, for example those into which radioactive isotopes such as 3 H and 1 C are incorporated, are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution assays Tπtiated, l e , 3 H, and carbon-14, l e , 4 C, isotopes are particularly preferred for their ease of preparation and detectability Further, substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium, i e , H, can afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements and, hence, may be preferred in some circumstances Isotopically labelled compounds of Formula (I) of this invention and prodrugs thereof can generally be prepared by carrying out the procedures disclosed in the Schemes and/or in the Examples and Preparations below, by substituting a readily available isotopically labelled reagent for a non-isotopically labelled reagent In the practice of the invention, preferably the mammalian patient is a human, but the invention is broadly applicable to the treatment of other mammals, such as farm animals and companion animals The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for treatment or prevention of conditions in a mammalian patient, where therapeutic benefit is achieved by downregulatmg T-cell mediated immune response, comprising an effective amount of a compound according to formula I, and a pharmaceutical carrier The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment or prevention of transplant rejection in a mammal, comprising an effective amount of a compound according to formula I, and a pharmaceutical carrier The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for treatment or prevention of autoimmune disease in a mammal, comprising an effective amount of a compound according to formula I, and a pharmaceutical carrier The present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition for treating inflammatory disease in a mammal, comprising an effective amount of a compound according to formula I, and a pharmaceutical carrier The present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition for treating allergy in a mammal, comprising an effective amount of a compound according to formula 1 , and a pharmaceutical carrier The present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition for treating T-cell leukemias and T-cell lymphomas in a mammal, comprising an effective amount of a compound according to formula I, and a pharmaceutical carrier The present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of diseases in a mammal, wherein treatment can be effected by inhibiting activation of T-cells, or the results of said activation, comprising an effective amount of a compound according to formula I, and a pharmaceutical carrier The present invention relates to a method for treating or preventing transplant rejection in a mammal The present invention further relates to a method for treating or preventing autoimmune disease in a mammal The present invention further relates to a method for treating or preventing allergic disease in a mammal The present invention further relates to a method for treating or preventing inflammatory disease in a mammal The present invention also relates to inhibiting T-cell mediated immune response in a mammalian patient, wherein this is beneficial to the mammal nothwithstanding that said immune function was within the normal range In the practice of said methods, there is administered a pharmaceutical composition of the invention comprising a compound according to formula I, and a pharmaceutical earner An additional embodiment of the invention includes a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate of any such compound, for administration in pharmaceutically acceptable form, in combination with one or more additional agents which have an anti-inflammatory effect, or which themselves can modulate one or more components or processes of the mammalian immune system Definitions In connection with the practice of the invention, the following definitions will generally apply The term "treating", as used herein, refers to reversing, alleviating, inhibiting the progress of, or preventing the disorder or condition to which such term applies, or one or more symptoms of such disorder or condition The term "treatment", as used herein, refers to the act of treating, as "treating" is defined immediately above The term "transplant" refers to transplanted cells, tissues, and organs or portions of organs The term "transplant" also refers to macromolecules that are normally associated with the transplanted cells, tissues, and organs, whether mtracellular membrane associated, or extracellular in nature In this regard, a category of macromolecules that is of particular interest refers to those associated with the extracellular matrix of a transplanted tissue T-cell mediated immune response against such macromolecules can cause failure of the transplant as a whole "Transplant" includes both allografts and xenografts The term "alkyl", as used herein, unless otherwise indicated, includes saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radicals having straight, branched or cyclic moieties or combinations thereof Similarly, the terms "alkenyl" and "alkynl" define hydrocarbon radicals having straight, branched or cyclic moities wherein at least one double bond, or at least one triple bond, respectively, is present Such definitions also apply when the alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group is present within another group, such as alkoxy or alkylamine The term "alkoxy", as used herein, includes O-alkyl groups wherein "alkyl" is as defined above The term "halo", as used herein, unless otherwise indicated, includes fluoro, chloro, bromo or lodo An "aryl" group as used herein, unless otherwise indicated, includes an organic radical derived from a monocyclic or bicylic (C^do) aromatic hydrocarbon compound by removal of a hydrogen radical from a ring carbon of the aryl compound An aryl group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents wherein, unless otherwise indicated, selection of each optional substituent is independent of selection of any other optional substituents, and perferably the number of optional substituents is between 0 and 3, more preferably between 0 and 2 It will be appreciated that the preferred number of substituents is determined in part by facility of synthesis Representative aryl groups are phenyl and naphthyl A "heteroaryl" group as used herein, unless otherwise indicated, includes an organic radical derived from a monocyclic or bicyclic (C,.Cg) aromatic heterocyclic compound by removal of a hydrogen radical from a ring atom of the heteroaryl compound, said ring atom being uncharged in said compound A heteroaryl group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents wherein, unless otherwise indicated, selection of each optional substituent is independent of selection of any other optional substituents, and perferably the number of optional substituents is between 0 and 3, more preferably between 0 and 2 It will be appreciated that the preferred number of substituents is determined in part by facility of synthesis Representative heteroaryl- groups include furyl-, thienyl-, thiazolyl-, pyrazolyl-, isothiazolyl-, oxazolyl-, isoxazolyl-, pyrrolyl-, tπazolyl-, tetrazolyl-, imidazolyl-, 1,3,5- oxadiazolyl-, 1 ,2,4-oxadιazolyl-, 1 ,2,3-oxadιazolyl-, 1 ,3,5-thιadιazolyl-, 1 ,2,3-thιadιazolyl-, 1 ,2,4-thιadιazolyl-, pyridyl-, pynmidyl-, pyrazinyl-, pyridazinyl-, 1 ,2,4-tπazιnyl-, 1,2,3-trιazιnyl-, 1 ,3,5-trιazιnyl-, pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyπdιnyl-, cinnolmyl-, pteπdinyl-, puπnyl-, 6,7-dιhydro-5H- [1 ]pyrιndιnyl-, benzo[b]thιophenyl-, 5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-quιnolιn-3-yl-, benzoxazolyl-, benzothiazolyl-, benzisothiazolyl-, benzisoxazolyl-, benzimidazolyl-, thianaphthenyl-, isothianaphthenyl-, benzofuranyl-, isobenzofuranyl-, isomdolyl-, indolyl-, indoliz yl-, indazolyl- , isoqumolyl-, qumolyl-, phthalazinyl-, quinoxalmyl-, qumazolinyl-, and benzoxazmyl-, and the A "cycloalkyl" group as used herein, unless otherwise indicated, includes an organic radical derived from a monocyclic (C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkyl- compound, by removal of a hydrogen radical from a ring carbon of the cycloalkyl- compound A cycloalkyl- group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents wherein, unless otherwise indicated, selection of each optional substituent is independent of selection of any other optional substituents, and perferably the number of optional substituents is between 0 and 3, more preferably between 0 and 2 It will be appreciated that the preferred number of substituents is determined in part by facility of synthesis Representative cycloalkyl- groups include cyclopropyl-, cyclobutyl-, cyclopentyl-, cyclohexyl-, cycloheptyl-, cyclopropenyl-, cyclobutenyl-, cyclopentenyl-, cyclohexenyl-, cycloheptenyl-, 1 ,3-cyclobutadιenyl-, 1 ,3-cyclopentadιenyl-, 1 ,3- cyclohexadienyl-, 1 ,4-cyclohexadιenyl-, 1 ,3-cycloheptadιenyl-, 1 ,4-cycloheptadιenyl-, bιcyclo[3 2 1]octane-, bicyclo- [2 2 1] heptane-, and the norborn-2-ene unsaturated form thereof Thus, the term cycloalkyl- also includes cycloalkenyl- groups having one or two double bonds A "heterocycloalkyl" group as used herein, unless otherwise indicated, includes an organic radical derived from a monocyclic (C 3 -C 10 )heterocycloalkyl compound by removal of a hydrogen radical from a ring atom of the heterocycloalkyl compound A heterocycloalkyl group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents wherein, unless otherwise indicated, selection of each optional substituent is independent of selection of any other optional substituents, and perferably the number of optional substituents is between 0 and 3, more preferably between 0 and 2 It will be appreciated that the preferred number of substituents is determined in part by facility of synthesis Representative heterocycloalkyl- groups include pyrrolidinyl-, tetrahydrofuranyl-, dihydrofuranyl-, tetrahydropyranyl-, pyranyl-, thiopyranyl- aziπdinyl-, oxiranyl-, methylenedioxyl-, chromenyl-, isoxazolidmyl-, 1 ,3-oxazolιdιn-3-yl- isothiazolidmyl-, 1 ,3-thιazolιdιn-3-yl-, 1 ,2-pyrazolιdιn-2-yl-, 1 ,3-pyrazolιdιn-1-yl-, pipeπdinyl- thiomorpholinyl-, 1 ,2-tetrahydrothιazιn-2-yl-, 1 ,3-tetrahydrothιazιn-3-yl-, tetrahydrothiadiazmyl morpho nyl-, 1 ,2-tetrahydrodιazιn-2-yl-, 1 ,3-tetrahydrodιazιn-1-yl-, tetrahydroazep yl piperazmyl-, and chromanyl- In connection with the terms "aryl" group, "heteroaryl" group, "cycloalkyl" group and "heterocycloalkyl" group, as herein defined, the term "optionally substituted" means that one or more chemically and pharmaceutically acceptable functional groups may be bonded thereto Such a group contributes properties useful to production, storage, or use of the inventive compounds as pharmaceuticals, or at least does not substantially negate their pharmacological activity Such suitable substituents may be determined by those skilled in the art Illustrative examples of suitable substituents include, but are not limited to, hydroxy, halo, ammo, trifluoromethyl, carboxy, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy-, (C 1 -C 6 )acyloxy-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkylamιno-, ((d- C 6 )alkyl) 2 amιno-, (d-C 6 )acylamιno-, cyano, nitro, (d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl-, (C 2 - C 6 )alkynyl-, (d-C 6 )acylam;no-, cyano(C C 6 )alkyl-, trιfluoromethyl(d-C 6 )alkyl-, nιtro(Cι- C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl(dιfluoromethylene)(C,-C 3 )alkyl-, (d-C 6 )acylamιno(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C,- C 6 )alkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )acylamιno-, amιno(d-C 6 )acyl-, amιno(C 1 -C 6 )acyl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (d- C 6 )alkylamιno(C 1 -C 6 )acyl-, ((C 1 -C 6 )alkyl) 2 amιno(C 1 -C 6 )acyl-, (C 3 -do)cycloalkyl(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )acyloxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, piperazinyl(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (d- C 6 )acylamιno(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy(C l -C 6 )alkyl-, (d-CgJheteroaryKd- C 6 )alkoxy(C,-C 6 )alkyl- 1 (C 1 -C 6 )alkylthιo(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )arylthio(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C C 6 )alkylsulfιnyl(d-C 6 )alkyl- (C 6 -C 10 )arylsulfιnyl(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (d-C 6 )alkylsulfonyl(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 6 -C 1 o)arylsulfonyl(C l -C 6 )alkyl-, amιno(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkylamιno(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C C 6 )alkyl(dιfluoromethylene)-, (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl(dιfluoromethylene)(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy(C 1 - C 6 )acyl-, (d-C 6 )alkylamιno(d-C 6 )acyl-, ((C 1 -C 6 )alkyl) 2 amιno(C 1 -C 6 )acyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl-, (C 5 - C 9 )heteroaryl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C 2 -C 9 )heteroaryl(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 6 -do)aryl(C 6 -C 10 )aryl-, (C 6 -C 1 o)aryl(C 6 -C 1 o)aryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl- (C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkyl-, (C 3 -C 6 )cycloalkyl(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 3 - C 10 )heterocycloalkyl-, (C 3 -C 10 )heterocycloalkyl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, hydroxy(C 2 -C 6 )alkyl-, (d- C 6 )acyloxy(C 2 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy(C 2 -C 6 )alkyl-, pιperazιnyl(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (d- C 6 )acylamιno(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C 6 -C 1 o)aryl(d-C 6 )alkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (d-CgJheteroary d- C 6 )alkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkylthιo(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )arylthιo(C C 6 )alkyl-, (C,- C 6 )alkylsulfinyl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (Cs-C^arylsulfiny d-CeJalkyl-, (d-CgJalkylsulfony d-CeJalkyl-, (C 6 -Ci 0 )a lsulfonyl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, amιno(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkylamιno(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, and ((d- C 6 )alkyl) 2 amιno(d-C 6 )alkyl The present invention, and additional embodiments thereof, are further described in the detailed description of the invention which follows directly Detailed Description of the Invention Practice of the Invention Characterized in its broadest sense, the present invention is directed to recognizing conditions where therapeutic benefit can be achieved by downregulating T-cell mediated immune response Depending on the involved clinical condition, the immune response that is downregulated may be normal or abnormal, or otherwise beneficial In a preferred embodiment of the invention, therapeutic modulation of T-cell mediated processes is achieved in a mammalian patient through the administration of compounds that mterefere with, or otherwise modify, T-cell activation, and/or other T-cell functions that result from such activation Generally speaking, such events binding of an antigen (including a self-antigen) to a T-cell T-cell mediated immune responses are involved, for example, in delayed-type hypersensitivity, lysis of tumor cells or cells that express viral antigens, resistance to mtracellular pathogens, allergic contact dermatitis, rejection of allografts and xenografts, graft versus host reactions, certain autoimmune diseases, and various types of allergy Preventing activation of T-cells thus represents an important point of intervention for cell mediated immune responses when this is therapeutically appropriate For purposes of description, clinical conditions that can be treated according to the practice of the present invention may be divided into three principal categories (1 ) prevention of transplant rejection, where cells, tissues, or organs (or parts thereof) have been transplanted into a patient, and the normal and otherwise proper immune response against the transpant must be prevented, (2) treatment of various disease states where "normal" immune system action leads, directly or indirectly, to clinical manifestations that are not desired, for example is circumstances involving damaging inflammation, and allergy , and (3) various disease states, characterized in whole or part as autoimmune diseases, wherein an immune response is mounted against the body's own tissues The present invention is practiced with respect to all of the diseases, clinical conditions, and the like, that are discussed below Of course, given the complex nature of many disease states or clinical conditions, more than one of the above categories may be relevant in particular circumstances It must be emphasized that these categories are arbitrary and merely descriptive Tor example, with respect to insulin dependent (juvenile/type I) diabetes (see below), treatment at onset is best characterized as prevention of autoimmune disease, whereas immune suppression in the mature disease may be for the purpose of protecting transplanted pancreatic beta cells An additional category relates to suppression of an immune response against a therapeutic macromolecule that is administered to (or expressed in) a patient, wherein said macromolecule is otherwise foreign to the patient Examples include proteins expressed from gene therapy and covalently modified proteins, such as PEGylated proteins It should be noted that on occasion, immune response can also occur even against a protein that has an am o acid sequence identical to that encoded by a patient's own genome Under these circumstances, the protein may have been expressed in the body at levels, or in places, that are atypical, or in an atypical combination with other macromolecules, or the immune response may occur for unknown reasons In elaboration of these demonstrative categories, examples of circumstances where it is appropriate to prevent activation of T-cells, and/or to down regulate T-cell mediated immune response, are as follows (1 ) Organ, tissue, and cell transplants between individuals of the same species (allograft transplantations) are an important medical procedure for which there is often no substitute, since the complicated functions of the kidney, heart, bone marrow, lung, or liver, for example, cannot be duplicated Unfortunately, transplants between individuals very often end in rejection of the transplant For example, if an allograft of donor skin is positioned on an excised area of a recipient patient, the graft will at first successfully vasculaπze and proliferate However, after a brief period of time (perhaps 7-10 days), the site typically becomes subject to severe inflammation, and the transplanted skin withers and is sloughed A repeat transplant from the same donor is subject to more rapid rejection It is well known that such events are mediated by transplantation antigens including the major histocompatibility complex of glycoprotems (MHO, also termed HLA in humans) which are expressed from perhaps 20 genes The HLA protein products, when expressed on cell surfaces, play a major role in presenting peptide fragments of antigen to T-cells at their antigen-specific receptors, the TcR The HLA glycoprotems vary tremendously from individual to individual, and when recognized by receptive T-cells, are responsible for the typically complete rejection of the donor tissue Interfering with activation of the T-cells, will permit a wider variety of transplant procedures to be successfully performed Xenograft transplants are also subject to rejection Important examples of such transplants include pπmate-to-human and pig-to-human, and involve numerous organs and tissues including, without limitation, heart and heart valve, kidney, skin, pancreas, and the like (2) It is well known that antigens can elicit inflammatory responses having an intensity that does not necessary correlate with the level of circulating antibodies Delayed- type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions are an example of such responses, in which activated T-cells participate In a general sense, inflammation is a protective response to local injury or other abnormal condition, and involves blood vessels, cells that circulate in the blood vessels , and nearby connective tissue The early phase of an inflammatory response typically begins with hyperemia, edema, and margination of circulating white blood cells The white blood cells (including phagocytic leukocytes, and lymphocytes) then penetrate between the endothelial cells of the blood vessel wall, and enter the tissue The leakage of water and protein into the damaged area (edema) also permits entry of antibodies, facilitates washing away of toxic substances and debris, and permits direct contact of defending white cells, including phagocytic cells, with infecting agents Local inflammatory responses are also associated with systemic changes including fever, and an increase in the number of circulating leukocytes A large number of additional cellular components participate in the inflammatory response In this regard, the complement system should be mentioned Complement consists of about 25-30 proteins, some of which circulate in blood plasma, and some of which are membrane bound Some complement proteins bind, in an ordered sequence, to antigen- antibody complexes on target cells, facilitating cell lysis Other complement proteins facilitate clearance of antibody-antigen complexes from the body, others prevent cell lysis or excessive inflammation, while peptide fragments of other complement proteins stimulate inflammation Particular promflammatory activities of activated complement proteins (and their fragments) include release of histamine and other vasoactive mediators from mast cells to increase permeability of the capillaries at an affected site, attracting polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages to sites of inflammation and enhancing the activity thereof, lysis of gram negative bacteria, and damage to the membranes of many other types of targeted cells, including self cells, bearing foreign antigens, and facilitating adherence of leukocytes and macrophages to the surface of cells targeted for mgestion (such as bacteria and viruses, or self cells) via antigen-antibody complexes General interrelationships between the immune system, the complement system, and inflammatory conditions are well recognized in the art For example, CD4+ T-cells are known to release lymphokines, such as λ-mterferon, which stimulate macrophages to release substances that increase inflammation at an affected site, permitting destruction of invading pathogens It is thus apparent that the inflammatory response, and cell mediated immune processes, reflect a complex set of interrelated mechanisms that permit response to injury, and infection Unfortunately, the component pathways of this complex system occasionally work in ways adverse to the body, preventing appropriate response to disease states, or actually causing the disease states themselves As a result, the specificity of the compounds of the invention contribute to their therapeutic value Particular inflammatory diseases that may be treated according to the practice of the invention include psoriasis, and inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease An additional category of inappropriate immune response includes those processes involving antibody-mediated (intermediate-type) hypersensitivity reactions (typically involving IgE antibodies), and which are often termed allergies Generally speaking, allergy or hypersensitivity may be defined as an altered state, induced by an antigen, in which pathologic reactions can be subsequently elicited by exposure to that antigen , or to structurally similar substances Representative examples include asthma, hay fever, hives, infantile eczema, atopic dermatitis, and gastrointestinal disturbances Activated T-cells are also involved in these inappropriate immune responses (3) A considerable number of disease states involve circumstances where an individual produces antibodies and reactive T-cells against his or her own proteins or cells Such circumstances are a significant exception to the general principle of self-tolerance, whereinby self-molecules do not trigger an immune response A significant number of mechanisms are recognized whereinby an autoimmune response to a self-antigen can be triggered Self-antigens may represent self-proteins that are denatured or otherwise modified after being produced on πbosomes, thus exposing novel epitopes (immune-recognized domains, typically short peptide or carbohydrate sequences) which are then taken up and processed by antigen-presenting cells and made available to receptive T-cells Loss of thyroid function following chronic inflammation of the thyroid (Hashimoto's disease) may involve such an autoimmune pathway Another thyroid pathology, thyroiditis followed by hyperthyroidism, may be explained by immune recognition of the cell surface receptor for thyroid stimulating hormone, however with the less typical result that antibody binding to the recognized cells results in their stimulation, not death Similarly, an autoimmune response may be mounted against an altered distribution of self-antigen For example, self antigen from an organ may be exposed only after serious injury, and immune-mediated inflammation (see below) may then enhance and perpetuate the primary response Persistent viral infections may also trigger autoimmune-like disease It is not uncommon for host antibodies to bind to viral particles without neutralizing them, and it is possible that the resulting virus-antibody complexes may, over time, result in the production of what appear to be anti-self antibodies Additionally, it is thought that certain T-cells termed Supressor Cells(T s ) may act to suppress immune response to particular self-antigens Defective production of such T s cells could permit activation of autoreactive T-cells whose action would need to be suppressed by therapeutic intervention Finally many of the most widespread and serious autoimmune diseases may have their origin in the phenomenon of antigenic mimicry The epitopes (immune-recognized domains) of antigens of infecting bacteria and viruses may bear considerable resemblance to similar structural motifs (for example peptide sequences) in mammalian proteins Thus, an immune response intended to be specific against structural features of an invading pathogen may unfortunately also target identical or nearly identical macromolecular structural elements of self proteins Infections with some viruses are statistically associated with the onset of myasthenia gravis and insulin-dependent (juvenile/ type I) diabetes In type I diabetic disease, the panceatic beta (islet) cells that produce insulin are selectively destroyed The human disease appears to depend on activated CD4+ T-cells and corrleates with the inherited presence in patients of specific HLA alleles (for example, DR3 or DR4 homozygotes, and DR4/DR3 heterozygotes have a high probability of contracting the disease) Although the exact beta cell autoantigen and autoantigen epιtope(s) are unknown, homology with a Coxsackie B virus protein is suspected It has been proposed that in susceptible individuals, having particular HLA alleles, presentation of viral antigen to T-cells unfortunately leads to cross-recognition of beta cell surface proteins by the immune system, with the result of gradual death of the entire beta cell population Thus, as the type I disease progresses, the patient becomes insulin dependent However, diagnostic procedures for susceptibility to type I disease are known in the art, and the at-πsk patient can be placed on a program of life-long immune suppression to prevent full onset of the autoimmune disease (thereby protecting surviving insulin-producing pancreatic cells) In those cases where no insulin producing cells survive (full type I disease), the disease may be treated by transplantation of pancreatic islet cells In such case, the approach of the present invention is best characterized as prevention of transplant rejection The mechanisms of causation and progression for rheumatoid arthritis appear to share in-common features with those for type I diabetes In rheumatoid arthritis, synovial membranes enclosing joint spaces are subject to very pronounced infiltration by lymphocytes, macrophages, and other cells Compared to a control population, rheumatoid arthritis patients tend to express DR4, DR1 , and DRw10 HLA haplotypes at high frequency It is again likely that presentation of a self peptide by particular surface HLA molecules to receptive T-cells is essential to development of the disease Consequently, suppression of resultant T-cell activation, and downstream signalling events, is an important strategy for therapeutic intervention Additional autoimmune diseases that can be treated according to the practice of the invention include lupus (including systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis), pemphigus vulgaπs (in which the recognized self-antigen is found in epidermal cells), thrombocytopenic purpura (in which the level of functional platelets falls to very low levels), and multiple sclerosis (wherein demyelinating activity may result from infection of the nervous system by a virus, bringing appropriate antigen in contact with T-cells) The present invention provides highly specific inhibitors of T-cell lck tyrosine kinase Administration of such compounds interferes with T-cell activation, and subsequent signalling events, thereby providing an effective means of intervention in the above-identified cell mediated immune responses The present invention also provides a method of treating or preventing T-cell leukemias, T-cell lymphomas, and other T-cell malignancies, whether the affected cells are primarily circulating or non-circulating In this embodiment of the invention, it is not necessary that the involved T cells be activated The present invention also provides a method of treating the multifaceted pathology of Alzheimer's disease, and the complications thereof Pharmaceutical formulations The compounds of the present invention that are basic in nature are capable of forming a wide variety of different salts with various inorganic and organic acids Although such salts must be pharmaceutically acceptable for administration to animals, it is often desirable in practice to initially isolate the compound of the present invention from the reaction mixture as a pharmaceutically unacceptable salt and then simply convert the latter back to the free base compound by treatment with an alkaline reagent and subsequently convert the latter free base to a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt The acid addition salts of the base compounds of this invention are readily prepared, for example, by treating the base compound with a substantially equivalent amount of the chosen mineral or organic acid in an aqueous solvent medium or in a suitable organic solvent, such as methanol or ethanol Upon careful evaporation of the solvent, the desired solid salt is readily obtained The desired acid salt can also be precipitated from a solution of the free base in an organic solvent by adding to the solution an appropriate mineral or organic acid Those compounds of the present invention that are acidic in nature, are capable of forming base salts with various pharmacologically acceptable cations Examples of such salts include the alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal salts and particularly, the sodium and potassium salts These salts are all prepared by conventional techniques The chemical bases which are used as reagents to prepare the pharmaceutically acceptable base salts of this invention are those which form non-toxic base salts with the acidic compounds of the present invention Such non-toxic base salts include those derived from such pharmacologically acceptable cations as sodium, potassium calcium and magnesium, etc These salts can easily be prepared by treating the corresponding acidic compounds with an aqueous solution containing the desired pharmacologically acceptable cations, and then evaporating the resulting solution to dryness, preferably under reduced pressure Alternatively, they may also be prepared by mixing lower alkanolic solutions of the acidic compounds and the desired alkali metal alkoxide together, and then evaporating the resulting solution to dryness in the same manner as before In either case, stoichiometπc quantities of reagents are preferably employed in order to ensure completeness of reaction and maximum yields of the desired final product The compositions of the present invention may be formulated in a conventional manner using one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers Thus, the active compounds of the invention may be formulated for oral, buccal, mtranasal, parenteral (e q , intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous) or rectal administration or in a form suitable for administration by inhalation or insufflation The active compounds of the invention may also be formulated for sustained delivery For oral administration, the pharmaceutical compositions may take the form of, for example, tablets or capsules prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as binding agents (e_g_, pregelatmized maize starch, polyvmylpyrrolidone or hydroxypropyl methyicellulose), fillers (e q , lactose, microcrystalline cellulose or calcium phosphate), lubricants (e q , magnesium stearate, talc or silica), disintegrants (e q , potato starch or sodium starch glycolate), or wetting agents (e q , sodium lauryl sulphate) The tablets may be coated by methods well known in the art Liquid preparations for oral administration may take the form of, for example, solutions, syrups or suspensions, or they may be presented as a dry product for constitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use Such liquid preparations may be prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable additives such as suspending agents (e_g_, sorbitol syrup, methyl cellulose or hydrogenated edible fats), emulsifying agents (e_g_, lecithin or acacia), non-aqueous vehicles (e_g_, almond oil, oily esters or ethyl alcohol), and preservatives (e q , methyl or propyl p-hydroxybenzoates or sorbic acid) For buccal administration, the composition may take the form of tablets or lozenges formulated in conventional manner The active compounds of the invention may be formulated for parenteral administration by injection, including using conventional catheteπzation techniques or infusion Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, e_g_, in ampules or in multi-dose containers, with an added preservative The compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulating agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents Alternatively, the active ingredient may be in powder form for reconstitution with a suitable vehicle, e q , sterile pyrogen-free water, before use The active compounds of the invention may also be formulated in rectal compositions such as suppositories or retention enemas, e q , containing conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter or other glyceπdes For tranasal administration or administration by inhalation, the active compounds of the invention are conveniently delivered in the form of a solution or suspension from a pump spray container that is squeezed or pumped by the patient or as an aerosol spray presentation from a pressurized container or a nebulizer, with the use of a suitable propellant, e q , dichlorodifluoromethane, tnchlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas In the case of a pressurized aerosol, the dosage unit may be determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount The pressurized container or nebulizer may contain a solution or suspension of the active compound Capsules and cartridges (made, for example, from gelatin) for use in an inhaler or insufflator may be formulated containing a powder mix of a compound of the invention and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch A proposed dose of the active compounds of the invention for oral, parenteral or buccal administration to the average adult human for the treatment of the conditions referred to above (e q , rheumatoid arthritis) is 0 1 to 1000 mg of the active ingredient per unit dose which could be administered, for example, 1 to 4 times per day Aerosol formulations for treatment of the conditions referred to above (e q , asthma) in the average adult human are preferably arranged so that each metered dose or "puff of aerosol contains 20 μg to 1000 μg of the compound of the invention The overall daily dose with an aerosol will be within the range 0 1 mg to 1000 mg Administration may be several times daily, for example 2, 3, 4 or 8 times, giving for example, 1 , 2 or 3 doses each time As is well recognized the precise dose, and method and timing of administration thereof, are capable of determination by those skilled in the art, and depend upon numerous factors including the activity of the therapeutic compound, the properties of the formulation thereof, the nature and location of the target tissue, and the particulars of the disease state as it exists in a particular patient A compound of formula (I) administered in a pharmaceutically acceptable form either alone or in combination with one or more additional agents which modulate a mammlian immune system or with one or more anti-inflammatory agents Such additional agents may include, but are not limited to, cyclospoπn A (e g Sandimmune® or Neoral®), rapamycm, FK- 506 (tacrolimus), leflunomide, CD40L Ab, methotrexate, FTY720, deoxyspergualin and analogs thereof, mycophenolate (e g Cellcept®), azathiopπne (e g Imuran®), daclizumab (e g Zenapax®), OKT3 (e g Orthocolone®), AtGam, aspirin, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, naproxen, piroxicam, and antimflmmatory steroids (e g prednisolone or dexamethasone) Such agents may be administered as part of the same or ofg separate dosage forms, via the same or different routes of administration, and on the same or different administration schedules according to standard pharmaceutical practice As examples, FK506 (Tacrolimus) may be given orally at 0 10-0 15 mg/kg body weight every 12 hours, within first 48 hours postoperative, for example Dose is monitored by measurement of serum Tacrolimus trough levels Cyclospoπn A (Sandimmune® oral or intravenous formulation, or Neoral®, oral solution or capsules) may be given orally at 5 mg/kg body weight, every 12 hours within 48 hours postoperative Dose is monitored by measurement of blood cyclospoπn A trough levels The compounds of the present invention can be formulated for sustained delivery according to methods well known to those of ordinary skill in the art Examples of such formulations can be found in U S Patents 3,538,214, 4,060,598, 4,173,626, 3,119,742, and 3,492,397 Additionally, the compounds of the present invention can be formulated using tehcnologies that provide continuous dosing via the digestive tract including, for example, osmotic systems, such as described in U S Patent 4,612,008 Synthesis of Compounds of the Invention The following reaction schemes illustrate preparation of compounds of the present invention Scheme I Scheme II General reaction conditions Generally speaking, the compounds of the invention are made in a two step process First, the reactive nitrogen atom of compound 4 (indicated by an arrow above) preferentially displaces the 4-chloro group of 2,4-dιchloropyrιmιdιne (compound 3) under basic conditions to form compound 2 In a second step, generally in the presence of an acid catalyst, compound 2 is treated with an amine to form compound 1 , wherein the amine nitrogen displaces the 2- chloro atom of the pyπmidine The reaction of compounds 4 and 3 is best conducted under basic conditions Examples of suitable conditions include refluxing with a tπalkylamine such as triethylamine in an alcohol solvent such as ethanol As aforementioned, the 4-chloro group in 2,4- dichloropyπmidine is selectively displaced in the formation of compounds 2 Subsequent treatment of compound 2 with an amme yields compound 1 as product Selection of the appropriate amme is determined by the required structure of the product The reaction solvent is chosen to both facilitate the solubility of the amme, and its subsequent reaction For example, in the case of aniline or substituted anilines, the amme may be dissolved in an acetone/water solution in the presence of a catalytic amount of HCl, followed by heating for 18 hours at 50°C, for example Mixtures of THF/water also provide combinations of solvent and reaction conditions that are generally useful Conditions suited to reaction of any particular am e are readily determined Some compounds of the invention are made in a two step process shown in Scheme II where, in the first step, the reactive nitrogen of a compound 4 displaces the 4-chloro group of 2-amιno-4-chloropyπmιdιne (compound 5) under basic conditions to form compound 6 In a second step, optionally in the presence of a tertiary amme base such as triethylamine, compound 6 is treated with a suitable agent, such as an acylating or sulfonylatmg agent to give compound Examples of suitable acylating agents include, but are not limited to, acid chlorides, sulfonyl chlorides such as aryl or heteroarylsulfonyl chlorides, carbamoyl chlorides, chloroformates, and isocyanates, or a carboxylic acid in the presence of a suitable coupling agent such as a 1-(3-dιmethylamιnopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodιιmιde hydrochloride in a suitable solvent such as THF In this regard, it is understood that the acylating agent is chosen to deliver R 1 according to the general formula I Both compound 3 (2,4-dιchloropyrιmιdιne) and compound 5 (2-amιno-4- chloropyπmidine) are readily prepared and commercially available Compounds 4 are also readily prepared, or are commercially available, and may contain one or more optional substituents R 2 , and one or more optional substituents R 3 (where it is understood that the R 3 group is attached to a ring carbon (including at X, if X is a methylene group), as indicated below Representative ring structures for compound 4 include 1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydroquιnolιne, 1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydroquιnoxalιne, 3,4-Dιhydro-1 H-quιnoxalιne-2-one (2-oxo-1 , 2,3,4- tetrahydroquinoxaline), 3,4-Dιhydro-2H-benzo[1 ,4]oxazιne (3,4-2H-2H-benzo(1,4)oxazιn-6-ol), 2,3-Dιhydro-1 H-ιndole, and 3,4-Dιhydro-2H-benzo[1 ,4]thιazιne, respectively, as shown below 4c 4d 4e 4f Structures 4a to 4f above, for example, are commercially available where R 2 and R are hydrogen Additional species that are readily available in commerce include 7-methyl- 1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydroquιnolιne, 6-methyl-1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydroquιnolιne, 5-methyl-1 ,2,3,4- tetrahydroquinolme, 6-methoxy-1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydroquιnolιne, 7-trιfluoromethyl-1 ,2,3,4- tetrahydroquinoline, 6-fluoro-2-methyl-1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydroquιnolιne, 2-methyl-1 ,2,3,4- tetrahydroquinolme, 2,3-dιhydro-1 H-quιnolιn-4-one, 6-methoxy-2,3-dιhydro-1H-quιnolιn-4-one, 2-methyl-2,3-dιhydro-1 H-mdole, 2,3-dιmethyl-2,3-dιhydro-1 H-mdole, 5-fluoro-2,3-dιhydro-1 H- indole, 5-bromo-2,3-dιhydro-1 H-ιndole, 5-methanesulfιnyl-2,3-dιhydro-1 H-ιndole, 5- methanesulfonyl-2,3-dιhydro-1 H-mdole, and 2,3-dιhydrobenzothιazole With respect to structures of type 4, additional synthetic approaches include the following (1 ) with respect to synthesis of the 2,3-dιhydro-1 H-mdole ring system methods are disclosed in E C Taylor et al , Tetrahedron, 43, p 5145 (1987) (2) with respect to synthesis of the 3,4-Dιhydro-1 H-quιnoxalιn-2-one ring system methods are disclosed in R W Holley, et al , J A Chem Soc , 74, p 3069, 1952 and R E TenBπnk, J Med Chem 37, p 758 1994, (3) with respect to synthesis of the 1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydro-[1 ,5]naphthyrιdιne ring system methods are disclosed in C E Neipp et al , Tetrahedron Letters, 38, p 7499, 1997, (4) with respect to synthesis of the 6,7,8 τ 9-tetrahydro-5H-pyrιdo[2,3-b]azepιne ring system methods are disclosed in E M Hawes et al , Tetrahedron, 10, p 39, 1973, (5) with respect to synthesis of the 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrιdo {2,3-d]pyrιmιdιne ring system, methods are disclosed in S Kobayashi, Bull Chem Soc Jpn , 46, p 2835, 1973, and involve reaction of δ-valerolactam with formamide, (6) with respect to synthesis of the 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrrolo {2,3-d]pyrιmιdme ring system, methods are disclosed in S Kobayashi, Bull Chem Soc Jpn , 46, p 2835, 1973, and involve reaction of γ-butyrolactam with formamide, (7) a large series of pyndopyπdines are commercially available that can be reduced to the corresponding cyclic amines using known reduction methods including those cited in N Ikekawa, et al , Chem Pharm Bull , 6, p 408, 1958, W L F Armarego, J Chem Soc (C), VIOL? p 377, 1967, and H Rapoport et al , J Orq Chem , 28, p 1753, 1963 For example, 1 ,2,3 4-Tetrahydro-[1 ,6]naphthyrιdιne 1 ,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-[1 ,5]naphthyrιdιne 1 ,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-[1 ,8]naphthyrιdιne, and 1 ,2,3 4-Tetrahydro-[1 ,7]naphthyrdιne (8) a large series of cyclic amides and diamides are commercially available that can be reduced with lithium aluminum hydride, or other suitable reducing agents as recognized in the art, to give the corresponding amines For example, As aforementioned, preferred R groups include halo, trifluoromethyl, (d-C 6 )alkyl, hydroxy, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy-, and benzyloxy, for example, and compounds 4 in Schemes I and II containing them are commercially available or are readily synthesized Additionally, in the case where compound 4 is a 1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydroquιnoxalιne (4b), a ring nitrogen atom thereof may be substituted by (d-C 6 )alkyl, (d-C 6 )alkylsulfonyl, or phenylsulfonyl, and the like In such cases it may be preferred to attach this substituent after the completion of all other chemistry, for example using an (d-C 6 )alkylbromιde, (d- C 6 )alkylsulfonylchloπde, or phenylsulfonylchlonde The present invention is evidenced by the following examples Examples Example 1 preparation of 1-f(2-anιlιno)-4-pyrιmιdιnyll-6-methyl-1 , 2,3,4- tetrahydroquinoline 6-Methyl-1 ,2,3,4 tetrahydroquinolme (33 7 mmol) was added to a mixture of 2,4- dichloropyπmidine (33 5 mmol) and triethylamine (37 mmol) in EtOH (62 mL) The reaction mixture was refluxed for 3 h, cooled to room temperature, and the volatiles removed by rotary evaporation The remaining solid was extracted with EtOAc/H 2 0 The EtOAc layers were combined, dried over MgS0 4 , filtered and the volatiles were then removed rotary evaporation The residual solid was recrystallized from EtOAc/hexane to give compound 6, as depicted below 1 -(2-Chloro-pyrιmιdιn-4-yl)-6-methyl-1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydroquιnolιne [ 1 H-NMR(DMSO-d 6 ) 8 87 (d J=6, 1 H) 7 28 (d, J=8,1 H) 7 04 (s, 1H) 7 00 (d, J=8, 1 H) 6 93 (d, J=6, 1 H) 3 79 (m, 2H) 2 65 (m, 2H) 1 85 (m, 2H), m/z 260 (M+1)] The 4-chloro group in 2,4- dichloropyrimidme was selectively displaced as RNH 2 group s z Subsequent treatment of compound 8 with the appropriate amine (in this case aniline) yields the product 7, in which the 2-chloro atom on the pyπmidine is replaced by the intended substituent Aniline (0 173 mmol) was added to 1-(2-chloro-pyrιmιdιn-4-yl)-6-methyl-1 ,2,3,4 tetrahyrdoqumoline (0 154 mmol) in 3 mL of acetone/water/ hydrochloric acid (10 15 0 2) and heated to 50°C for 18 h The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and the precipitated solid was then filtered and recrystallized from ethyl acetate to give 1-[(2-anιlιno)- 4-pyrιmιdιnyl]-6-methyl-1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydroquιnolιne [ 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) 7 95 (d, J=8, 1 H) 7 54 (d, J=8, 2H) 7 35 (m, 3H) 7 14 (m, 1 H) 7 08 (m, 2H) 6 60 (d, J=8. 1 H) 3 91 (m, 2H) 2 67 (m, 2H) 2 28 (s, 3H) 1 93 (m, 2H) m/z 317(M+1)] In Examples 2-8 below, synthetic procedures were very similar except for selection of the appropriate amme to react at the 2-chloro position of the pyπmidine ring Example 2 1-[2-[(4-bromophenyl)amιno]-4-pyπmιdιnyl]-6-methyl-1 ,2,3,4- tetrahydroquinoline 1 H-NMR(DMSO-d 6 ) 796 (d, J=7, 1H) 753 (m, 4H) 731 (d, J=81H) 709 (s, 1H) 707 (d, J=71H) 660 (d, J=8, 1H) 390 (m, 2H) 266 (m, 2H) 228 (s, 3H) 191 (m, 2H) m/z 395,397(M+1) Example 3 1-[2-[(4-methoxyphenyl)amιno]-4-pyrιmιdιnyl]-6-methyl-1 ,2,3,4- tetrahydroquinoline 1 H-NMR(DMSO-d 6 ) 788 (b, 1H) 741 (d, J=8, 2H) 730 (d, J=8, 1H) 709 (s, 1H) 706 (d, J=8 1H) 695 (d, J=8, 2H) 655 (d, J=8, 1H) 389 (m, 2H) 374 (s, 3H) 267 (m, 2H) 228 (s, 3H) 191 (m,2H) m/z 347(M+1) Example 4 1-[2-[(1H-ιndazole-5-yl)]-4-pyrιmιdyl]-6-methyl-1, 2,3,4- tetrahydroquinolme 1 H-NMR(DMSO-d 6 ) 911 (s , 1H) 817 (s , 1H) 795 (d, J=6, 1H) 784 ( s, 1H) 7,49 ( d J=8 1H) 735 ( d J=8, 1H) 727 ( d, J=8, 1H) 699 ( s, 1H) 696 ( d, J=8, 1H) 634 ( d, J=7, 1H) 383 ( m, 2H) 264 (m,2H) 222 (s, 3H) 185 (m,2H) m/z 357 (M+1) Example 5 1-[2-[(4-phenoxyphenyl)amιno]-4-pyπmιdιnyl]-6-methyl-1,2,3,4- tetrahydroqumoline 1 H-NMR(DMSO-d 6 ) 920 (s,1H) 794 (d, J=8, 1H) 771 (d, J=92H) 731 (m, 2H) 724 (d, J=8, 1H) 703 (t, J=8, 1H) 698 (s, 1H) 695 (d, J=81H) 690 (m, 4H) 637 (d, J=7, 1H) 383 (m, 2H) 264 (m, 2H) 222 (s, 3H) 185 (m, 2H) m/z 409 (M=1) Example 6 1-[2-[(3,4-dιmethoxyphenyl)amιno]-4-pyπmιdιnyl]-6-methyl-1, 2,3,4- tetrahydroquino ne m/z 377 (M+1) Example 7 1-[2-[(3,4,5-trιmethoxyphenyl)amιno]-4-pyπmιdιnyl]-6-methyl-1,2,3,4- tetrahydroquino ne m/z 407 (M+1) Example 8 1-[2-[(4,N-phenylamιnophenyl)amιno]-4-pyrιmιdιnyl]-6-methyl-1, 2,3,4- tetrahydroqu oline m/z 408 (M+1) Example 9 [4-(6-Methyl-3,4-dιhydro-2H-quιnolιn-1-yl)-pyπmιdιn-2-yl]-(6- morpholιn-4-yl-pyπdιn-3-yl)-amιne m/z 403 (M+1) Example 10 5-[4-(6-Methyl-3,4-dιhydro-2H-quιnolιn-1 -yl)-pyπmιdιn-2-ylamιno]-1 ,3- dιhydro-benzoιmιdazol-2-one m/z 373 (M+1) Example 11 (2,3-Dιmethyl-1 H-ιndol-5-yl)-[4-(6-methyl-3,4-dιhydro-2H-quιnolιn-1- yl)-pyrιmιdιn-2-yl]-amιne m/z 384 (M+1 ) Example 12 [4-(6-Methyl-3,4-dιhydro-2H-quιnolιn-1-yl)-pyrιmιdιn-2-yl]-(2-methyl- 2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-amιne m/z 321 (M+1 ) Example 13 (6-Methoxy-pyπdιn-3-yl)-[4-(6-methyl-3,4-dιhydro-2H-quιnolιn-1-yl)- pyπmιdιn-2-yl]-amιne m/z 348 (M+1 ) Example 14 (4-Fluoro-3-methyl-phenyl)-[4-(6-methyl-3,4-dιhydro-2H-quιnolιn-1 - yl)-pyrιmιdιn-2-yl]-amιne m/z 349 (M+1 ) Example 15 (5-Cyclopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-[4-(6-methyl-3,4-dιhydro-2H-quιnolιn- 1 -yl)-pyπmιdιn-2-yl]-amιne m/z 347 (M+1 ) Example 16 4-Benzyl-N%3&-[4-(6-methyl-3,4-dιhydro-2H-quιnolιn-1-yl)-pyrιmιdιn- 2-yl]-1 H-pyrazole-3,5-dιamιne Example 17 [4-(6-Methyl-3,4-dιhydro-2H-quιnolιn-1-yl)-pyrιmιdιn-2-yl]-(4-methyl- thιazol-2-yl)-amιne m/z 338 (M+1 ) Example 18 [4-(6-Methyl-3,4-dιhydro-2H-quιnolιn-1-yl)-pyrιmιdιn-2-yl]-(5-methyl- 1 H-pyrazol-3-yl)-amιne m/z 321 (M+1 ) The capability of the compounds of formula (I) to downregulate immune system function is demonstrated by the following further examples Example 19 Short term whole cell assay for compounds than inhibit lck, ZAP-70 and itk enzymes The present assay measures ιπterleukιn-2 (IL-2) secreted from stimulated T-cells following binding to the cells (at the TcR) by known agonists, antι-CD3 and antι-CD28 antibodies PTK-inhibitory compounds prevent downstream signalling and activation of the target cells by inhibiting phosphorylation of T-cell polypeptides that is necessary for the downstream signalling events (following binding to TcR) that otherwise result from antigen binding In the assay, Jurkat cells are incubated with candidate drug for one hour, and then stimulated with antι-CD3 and antι-CD28 antibodies provided on recoverable magnetic beads After 18 hours of stimulation, cell supernatants are assayed for interleukin 2 by immunoassay The following reagents are used in the assay (a) Dynabeads® M-450 coated with sheep-antimouse IgG (Dynal Co , product No 110 02), (b) antι-CD3 monoclonal antibody such as "OKT3", that is capable of signaling through the T-cell receptor complex when crosslinked, (c) antι-CD28 monoclonal antibody, that is capable of signaling through the T-cell receptor complex when crosslinked, (d) RPMI medium (Gibco), (e) supplemented RPMI, to which 10% fetal calf serum, non essential ammo acids (Gibco # 00467, final cone is 1/100 that of stock), sufficient penicillin/streptomycin and .optionally, % (w/w) of L-glutamine have been added, (f) human IL-2 assay kit, (R&D Systems, catalog No D2050), (g) dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), Sigma Chemical Co , catalog No D2650 (h) 96 well flat bottom plates (Costar, catalog No 3596), and (i) 96-well polypropylene plates (U-bottom, Costar Catalog No 3365) The Dynabeads® are prepared for assay by adding 6 micrograms of the antι-CD28 antibody and 120mιcrograms of the antι-CD3 antibody to 4x10 8 beads, in a I ml volumne of Supplemented RPMI solution, followed by incubation for 1-3 hours at room temperature with gentle rocking The fully complexed beads are then washed 3 times with 1 ml of RPMI medium, and then diluted to a bead density of 2 5 x10 7 /ml in supplemented RPMI The beads may be stored at 4°C It will be appreciated that the human CD3 and CD28 glycoprotem surface antigens have may epitopes against which monoclonal antibodies can be generated, and which possess sufficient affinity to permit proper running of the assay Generally, it is preferred that the antibodies have a K A of about 10 "8 or lower Additional anti-human CD3 and antι-CD28 antibodies are known in the art, and/or are available for purchase Prior to assay, drug dilution plates must also be prepared Test compounds are serially diluted (in triplicate) from 960 micromolar to 960 nanomolar on 96-well polypropylene plates using log dilutions The diluting solutions contain DMSO at concentrations appropriate to ensure that test compounds are maintained at 9 6% DMSO (v/v) during the dilutions The assay itself is inhibited by DMSO and it is essential that concentration of DMSO be kept constant The test protocol is then as follows In a typical assay, 5 microliters of test compound (the concentration range in the final dilution plates is between 960 micromolar and 960 nanomolar) is transfered from the final dilution plate to a Jurkat cell test plate (96-well flat bottom plate) which is brought up to 150 microliters final volume with Supplemented RPMI At the resultant dilution of 1 to 30, the final DMSO concentration is 0 32% (v/v) 1 25x10 5 Jurkat cells are then added to each well (via 125 microliters of Supplemented RPMI medium containmg the cells at a density therein of 1x10 6 /ml) The cells are incubated with the test inhibitor compounds for 1 hour at 37°C Following this incubation, a 20 microliter quantity of the fully complexed bead suspension (at a bead density of 2 5 x10 7 /ml in supplemented RPMI) is added to each test well (as a result, 5x10 5 beads/well are used), and the incubation is continued for 18 hours at 37°C The supernatants from each well are transferred to 96-well V-bottom plates in order to pellet the cells and beads The supernatants are then assayed for ιnterleukιn-2 with the human IL-2 kit (R&D, #D2050) according to instructions contained therein The assay does not specifically discriminate between inhibition of T-cell activation caused by inhibition of lck, ZAP-70 and itk PTK enzymes, or any combination thereof, but serves as a useful screen of promising compounds Data are analyzed by polynomial regression and analzyed using a MACRO program An IC 50 value of less than about 5 μM is preferred Example 20 Screen for immunosuppressive compounds that inhibit the kinase activity of lck enzyme In the following assay, the potency of a test compound is determined as an IC 50 value that is, the concentration of compound needed, under assay conditions, to inhibit 50% of lck phosphorylation activity In the present assay, the lck substrate is "PGT", poly(glu-tyr) as sodium salt The following reagents are used in the assay (a) DMSO (Sigma, catalog No D2650), (b) Dulbecco's medium diluted 1 1 with PBS (Sigma, catalog No 14190—136), (c) Tween-20 detergent (Sigma, catalog No P1379), (d) bovine serum albumin (Sigma, catalog No A-7030, (e) ATP (Sigma, catalog No A5394), (f) PGT (Sigma, catalog No P-0275), (g) Nunc Maxisorp plates (Van Waters &Rogers, catalog No 62409-004), (h) lck-GST enzyme (a fusion protein of lck/glutathione -S-transferase, expressed from a Baculovirus vector system, and purified on a glutathione affinity column), (i) plate coating buffer (100 μg/ml PGT in PBS), (j) blocking buffer (3% bovine serum albumin in PBS), (k) phosphorylation buffer (50mM Hepes, pH 7 4, 125 mM NaCI, 24 mM MgCI 2 ), (I) assay buffer (0 3 μM ATP in buffer (k)), (m) wash buffer (0 05% Tween-20 in PBS), (n) for the detection antibody, the anti-phosphotyrosme antibody, PY-20, provided as a horseradish peroxidase ("HRP") conjugate (ICN catalog No 69-151-1 ), (o) TMB Microwell Peroxidase substrate (Kirkegaard and Perry, catalog No 50-76- 05), (p) stop solution (0 09M H 2 S0 4 ), and (q) 96-well polypropylene plates (Costar, U-bottom, catalog No 3365) Serial Dilution of Test Compounds on Plates The test compounds are solubi zed in DMSO (100%) and brought to 10mM as stock solutions In this representative design, each 96-well polpypropylene drug dilution plate contains 3 compounds which are serially diluted 8 times, with a dilution factor of four for each dilution The dilutions are performed in 50% DMSO, and set up such that each serial dilution is done in triplicate Prior to dilution 1 , the test compound is present at 250μM (prepared by adding 5 μl of 10mM compound to 195μl of 50% DMSO) From this point, consecutive four-fold dilutions are made For example, dilution 2 is made by mixing 25μl from dilution 1 with 75μl of 50% DMSO, and dilution 3 is made by mixing 25μl from dilution 2 with 75μl DMSO, and the like Thus, consecutive serial four-fold dilutions will be made at 250μM, 62 5μM, 15 6μM, 3 9μM, 0 98μM, 0 24μM, 0 06μM and 0 015μM Accordingly, for test compound 1 , the consecutive serial dilutions proceed from wells A(1-3), to A(4-6), to A(7-9), to A(10-12), to B(1-3), to B(4- 6), to B(7-9), to B(10-12) For test compound 2, consecutive serial dilutions proceed from wells C(1-3), to C(4-6), to C(7-9), to C(10-12), to D(4-6), to D(10-12), to E(1-3), to E(4-6) For test compound 3, consecutive serial dilutions proceed from wells E(7-9), to E(10-12), to F(1- 3), to F(4-6), to F(7-9), to F(10-12), to G(1-3), to G(4-6) Additionally, wells D(1-3) and D(7-9) contain 50% DMSO only (no compound) and are used as positive and negative controls All other wells on the plate, G(7-12) and H(1-12) are left unused Then, an additional 25-fold dilution is accomplished when resultant test compound samples (5μl) are transfered from the drug dilution plate to the assay plate wells (see below), each containing 120μl of assay components Thus, the concentrations of test compounds in the present assay are 10μM 2 5μM, 0 625μM, 0 156μM, 0 039μM, 0 0098μM, 0 0024μM, and 0 0006μM Following the above preparations, the assay itself is performed as follows The Maxisorp assay plates are coated with 100μl of plate coating buffer, covered to prevent evaporation, and incubated overnight at 37°C It should be noted that the concentration of PGT used is saturating Following the overnight incubation, the assay plates are rinsed 3 times with wash buffer (350μl/rιnse) From the test compound plate, 5μl samples of test compound solution are added to the appropriate wells Then 100μl of assay buffer is added to each well (assay buffer is prepared by adding ATP to the phosphorylation buffer just prior to assay) Finally, an appropriate amount of LCK, determined by titration, is added to each well in a volume of 20μl (generally, the LCK level should be near the top of the linear response range, i e , about 80% thereof) The loaded assay plates are then shaken gently (covering is not necessary) at room temperature for 30 minutes, after which the plates are again washed three times with wash buffer To each plate well, 150μl of blocking buffer is then added, and blocking is performed for 30 minutes at 37°C, during which time the plates are shaken and covered to prevent evaporation The plates are again washed 3 times with wash buffer The detection antibody stock solution is then diluted 1 2000 in blocking buffer, and a 50μl quantity thereof is added to each well, after which the plates are again shaken (at room temperature for 25 mm), but with no covering needed The procedure of washing the wells with wash buffer, three times, is repeated 50μl of TMB Microwell Peroxidase Substrate is then added to each well, and blue color is allowed to develop (about 1-5 minutes) until the OD value for the positive control (450 nm) is about 1 0 At this point, 50μl of stop solution is added to each well and the plate is read on a plate reader (Softmax Pro) at 450πm IC 50 values are determined by polynomial regression and analzyed using a MACRO program An IC 50 value of less than about 3 μM is preferred

Claims: Claims A compound according to the formula ( ormu a I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate thereof, wherein each occurrence of A is independently selected from CH or N, X is selected from the group consisting of -CH 2 -, -0-, -NH-, (d-C 6 )alkylamιno-, (C,- C 6 )alkylamιnocarbonylamιno-, (d-C 6 )alkylcarbonylamιno-, (d-C 6 )alkylsurfonylamιno-, phenylsulfonylammo-, carbonyl, -NH-C(O)-, -N(d-C 6 )alkyl-C(0)-, -S(0) y - where y is 0, 1 or 2, and , n ιn -(CH 2 ) n - ιs 1 , 2 or 3, R 1 is selected from the groups consisting of (C 6 -C 10 )aryl-, (C 1 -C 9 )heteroaryl-, (C 6 - dojary Ce-doJaryl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(d-Cg) heteroaryl-, (d-CgJheterσary d-d heteroaryl-, (d- C 9 )heteroaryl(C 6 -Cio)aryl-, (C 6 -C 10 )arylsulfιnyl-, (C 6 -C 1 o)aryl(C 6 -C 1 o)arylsulfιnyl-, (d- Cg)heteroaryl(C 6 -C 10 )arylsulfιnyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )arylsulfonyl-, (drCioJary Ce-doJarylsulfonyl-, (C,- Cg)heteroaryl(C 6 -C 10 )arylsulfonyl-, (C 1 -C 9 )heteroarylsulfιnyl-, (C,-C 9 )heteroaryl(C Cg)heteroarylsulfιnyl-, (C 6 -C 1 o)aryl(C 1 -C 9 )heteroarylsulfιnyl-, (d-Cg)heteroarylsulfonyl-, (d- C 9 )heteroaryl(d-Cg)heteroarylsulfonyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -Cg)heteroarylsulfonyl-, (R 4 )sulfιnyl-, (R )sulfonyl-, (C 6 -Cι 0 )aryl(R 4 )sulfιnyl-, (C 6 -C 1 o)aryl(C 6 -C 1 o)aryl(R 4 )sulfιnyl-, (C,- Cg)heteroa7l(C 6 -C 1 o)aryl(R 4 )sulfιnyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(R 4 )sulfonyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 6 - C 10 )aryl(R 4 )sulfonyl-, (d-Cg)heteroaryl(C 6 -C 10 )aryl(R 4 )sulfonyl-, (d-C 9 )heteroaryl(R 4 )sulfιnyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 9 )heteroaryl(R )sulfιnyl-, (C 1 -C 9 )heteroaryl(C 1 -C 9 )heteroaryl(R )sulfinyl-, (C C 9 )heteroaryl(R 4 )sulfonyl-, (C 6 -C 1 o)aryl(C 1 -C 9 )heteroaryl(R )sulfonyl-, (d-C 9 )heteroaryl(d- Cg)heteroaryl(R 4 )suifonyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )arylamιnocarbonyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 6 -C 10 )arylamιnocarbonyl- (d-Cg)heteroaryl(C 6 -C 10 )arylamιnocarbonyl-, (d-C 9 )heteroarylaminocarbonyl-, (C 6 - doJary d-CgJheteroarylaminocarbonyl-, (Ci-CgJheteroary d-d heteroarylaminocarbonyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )arylcarbonyl-, (C 6 -Cιo)aryl(C 6 -C 10 )arylcarbonyl-, (d-C 9 )heteroaryl(C 6 - Cιo)arylcarbonyl-, (d-Cg)heteroarylcarbonyl-, (d-C^ary d-CgJheteroarylcarbonyl-, (d- Cg)heteroaryl(d-C 9 )heteroarylcarbonyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryloxycarbonyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 6 - C 10 )aryloxycarbonyl-, (C 1 -Cg)heteroaryl(C 6 -C 10 )aryloxycarbonyl-, (C,- C 9 )heteroaryloxycarbonyl-, (Ce-doJary C T d^heteroaryloxycarbonyl-, (d-CgJheteroary d- Cg)heteroaryloxycarbonyl-, (R )carbonyl-, (R 4 )oxycarbonyl-, (R 4 )amιnocarbonyl-, (C 6 - C 10 )aryl(R 4 )carbonyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(R )oxycarbonyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(R 4 )amιnocarbonyl-, (C,- Cg)heteroaryl(R )carbonyl-, (C 1 -C 9 )heteroaryl(R 4 )oxycarbonyl-, and (d-Cg)heteroaryl(R 4 ) ammocarbonyl-, wherein R 4 is selected from the groups consisting of (a) (Cι-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl-, or (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl-, wherein the alkyl-, alkenyl- and alkynyl- groups are optionally substituted by hydroxy, halo, ammo, trifluoromethyl, hydroxy(C 2 - C 6 )alkyl-, (d-C 6 )alkoxy-, (C,-C 6 )acyloxy-, (d-C 6 )alkylamιno-, ((d-C 6 )alkyl) 2 amιno-, (d- C 6 )acylamιno-, cyano, nitro, (Cι-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl-, (d-C 6 )acylamιno-, cyano(C C 6 )alkyl-, trιfluoromethyl(C C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl(dιfluoromethylene)(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl-, or nιtro(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (b) (C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkyl-, wherein the cycloalkyl- group is optionally substituted by hydroxy, halo, ammo, trifluoromethyl, hydroxy(C 2 -C 6 )alkyl-, (d-C 6 )alkoxy-, (Cι-C 6 )acyloxy-, (d-C 6 )alkylamιno-, ((d-C 6 )alkyl) 2 amιno-, (d-C 6 )acylamιno-, cyano, nitro, (d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 2 - C 6 )alkenyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl-, (d-CeJacylammo-, cyano(d-C 6 )alkyl-, trιfluoromethyl(d- C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl(dιfluoromethylene)(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl-, or nιtro(d-C 6 )alkyl-, or (c) (C 3 -C 10 )heterocycloalkyl-, wherein the heterocycloalkyl- group is optionally substituted by hydroxy, halo, ammo, trifluoromethyl, hydroxy(C 2 -C 6 )alkyl-, (d-C 6 )alkoxy-, (d- C 6 )acyloxy-, (d-C 6 )alkylamιno-, ((d-d alkyl^ammo-, (d-CeJacylammo-, cyano, nitro, (d- C 6 )alkyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl-, (d-C 6 )acylamιno-, cyano(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, trιfluoromethyl(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl(dιfluoromethylene)(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl-, or nιtro(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, and wherein any of said of (C 6 -C 10 )aryl- or (d-Cg)heteroaryl- groups of R 1 may be optionally substituted by one to five groups selected from (a) deuterium, hydroxy, halo, am o, trifluoromethyl, carboxy, (C,-C 6 )alkoxy-, (d- C 6 )acyloxy-, (d-C 6 )alkylamιno-, ((C 1 -C 6 )alkyl) 2 amιno-, (d-C 6 )acylamιno-, cyano, nitro, (d- C 6 )alkyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl-, (d-C 6 )acylamιno-, cyano(C,-C 6 )alkyl-, trιfluoromethyl(d-C 6 )alkyl-, or nιtro(C C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl(dιfluoromethylene)(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )acylamιno(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )acylamιno-, amιno(d-C 6 )acyl-, amιno(C 1 - CsJacy C^CeJalkyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkylamιno(C 1 -C 6 )acyl-, ((C 1 -C 6 )alkyl) 2 amιno(C 1 -C 6 )acyl-, (C 3 - C^Jcycloalky C CeJalkyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )acyloxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, pιperazιnyl(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )acylamιno(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C 6 -C 1 o)aryl(C l -C 6 )alkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C 5 -C 9 )heteroaryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (Cι-C 6 )alkylthιo(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )arylthio(d- C 6 )alkyl-, (d-C 6 )alkylsulfιnyl(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 6 -C 1 o)arylsulfιnyl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (d- (C 6 -C 1 o)arylsulfonyl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, amιno(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (d- C 6 )alkylamιno(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl(dιfluoromethylene)-, (C C 3 )alkyl(dιfluoromethylene)(d-C 3 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )acyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkylamιno(Cι- C 6 )acyl-, ((C 1 -C 6 )alkyl) 2 amιno(C 1 -C 6 )acyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl-, (d-Cg)heteroaryl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(d- C 6 )alkyl-, (d-CgJheteroary d-CeJalkyl-, (0 6 -0, 0 )3171(0 6 -0, 0 )317!-, (drdoJary Cg-doJary d- C 6 )alkyl-, (C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkyl-, (C 3 -C 6 )cycloalkyl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C 3 -C 10 )heterocycloalkyl-, (C 3 - doJheterocycloalky C^CeJalkyl-, hydroxy(C 2 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )acyloxy(C 2 -C 6 )alkyl-, (d- C 6 )alkoxy(C 2 -C 6 )alkyl-, pιperazιnyl(Cι-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )acylamιno(C 1 -C 6 )3lkyl-, (C 6 -Cιo)aryl(Cι- C 6 )alkoxy(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 9 )heteroaryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (d-CeJalkylth^d^alkyl-, (d-C 6 )alkylsulfonyl(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (Ce-C^arylsulfony d-CeJslkyl-, amιno(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C C 6 )alkylamιno(d-C 6 )alkyl-, ((d-C 6 )alkyl) 2 amino(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (b) R 5 OCO(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, wherein R 5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 9 )heteroa7l(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, or (c) R 6 (C 0 -C 6 )alkyl-, wherein R 6 is selected from the group consisting of piperazmo, (d- C 6 )acylpιperazιno-, (C 6 -C 10 )arylpiperazino-, (C 5 -Cg)heteroarylpιperazιno-, (C C 6 )alkylpιperazιno-, (Ce-doJary Crd alkylpiperazmo-, (d-CgJheteroary C C 6 )alkylpιperazιno-, morpholmo-, (C 1 -C 6 )acylmorpholιno-, (C 6 -C 1 o)a7lmorpholιno-, (C Cg)heteroarylmorpholιno-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkylmorpholιno-, (C 6 -C 10 )3ryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkylmorpholino-, (d- CgJheteroary d-d alkylmorpholino-, thiomorpholino-, (d-C 6 )acylthιomorpholιno-, (C 6 - C 10 )arylthιomorpholιno-, (d-Cg^eteroarylthiomorpholino-, (d-CeJalkylthiomorpho no-, (C 6 - C 10 )ai7l(Cι-C 6 )alkylthιomorpholιno-, (d-CgJheteroary d-CeJalkylthiomorpholmo-, piperidmo-, (d-C 6 )acylpιpeπdιno-, (C 6 -C 10 )arylpιperιdιno-, (d-C 6 )alkyl piperidmo-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(d-C 6 )piperidino-, (d-CgJheteroary d-CeJalkylpipeπdino-, pyrrolidmo-, (C 1 -C 6 )acylpyrrolιdιno-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl- pyrrolidmo-, (d-Cg)heteroaryl- pyrrolidmo-, (d- C 6 )alkylpyrrolιdιno-, (C 6 -Cιo)aryl(d-C6)pyrrolιdιno-, (C 1 -C 9 )heteroa7l(C l -C 6 )alkylpyrrolιdιno-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )acyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkylamιno(C 6 -C 1 o)a7l-, and ((C 1 -C 6 )alkyl 2 amιno(C 1 -C 6 )acyl-, R 2 represents one to four optional substituents, each being independently selected from the members of groups (a) to (f) (a) deuterium, halo, hydroxy, carboxy, ammo, trifluoromethyl, (d-C 6 ) alkyl-, (C 2 - C 6 )alkenyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl-, (d-C 6 )alkylamιno-, ((d-C 6 )(alkyl) 2 amιno-, cyanoalkyl-, (C 3 - Cιo)cycloalkyl-, (C 3 -C 10 )heterocycloalkyl-, (C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkoxy-, (d-C 6 )alkylthιo-, (d- C 6 )alkylsulfιnyl-, (d-C 6 )alkylsulfonyl-, ammo-CO-NH- , (C,-C 6 )alkoxy-CO-NH-, (d-C 6 )alkyl- CO-NH- , (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-CO-NH-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (d-C 6 )alkyl-CO-NH-(d-C 6 )alkoxy-, (d- C 6 )alkoxycarbonyl(C C 6 )alkoxy-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy-CO-NH-(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy-, (d-CeJalkylammo- CO-NH- , (C 1 -C 6 )alkylamιno-CO-NH-(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, ((d-C 6 )alkyl) 2 amιno-CO-NH-(d-C 6 )alkyl-, ((Cι-C 6 )alkyl) 2 amιno-CO-NH- carboxy, carboxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, carboxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy-, benzyloxycarbonyl(d-C 6 )alkoxy-, (d-C 6 )alkylamιno-CO-, (d-d acylamino-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy-, (d-C 6 )acyl-, (d-C 6 )acyloxy-, (d-d acy C CgJalkylammo-, (d-C 6 )alkoxyacyl-, (C,- C 6 )alkylamιnoacyl-, amιno(C 1 -C 6 )acyl-, amιno(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (d- C 6 )alkoxycarbonylamιno-, (Ci-d alkoxycarbony d-d alkyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(d- C 6 )alkoxycarbonylamιno-, tnhalomethyl-, trιhalomethyl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (d- C 6 )alkyldιhalomethylene-, (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl(dιhalomethylene)(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl-, (C 3 -C 6 )cycloalkyl-, (C 3 - C 6 )cycloalkyl(d-C 6 )alkyl-, hydroxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )acyloxy(C l -C 6 )alkyl-, (C C 6 )alkoxy(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )acylamιno(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkylthιo(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C C 6 )alkoxycarbonyl-, (d-d alkylsulfiny Crd alkyl-, (d-d alkylsuϊfony d-CeJalkyl-, (d- C 6 )alkylsulfonyl-, (d-C 6 )alkylsulfonylamιno-, (C 1 -C6)alkylsulfonylamιno(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, amιno(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C l -C 6 )alkylamιno(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, ((C 1 -C6)alkyl) 2 amιno(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (d- C 6 )CO(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (b) (C 6 -C 10 )aryl-, (d-Cg)heteroaryl-, (C 6 -C lo )aryl(C 6 -C 1 o)aryl-, (0 6 -0, 0 )3171(0,-0 9 ) heteroaryl-, (C 6 - C 10 )arylsulfιnyl-, (C 6 -Cιo)aryl(C 6 -C 10 )arylsulfιnyl-, (C 1 -C 9 )heteroaryl(C 6 -Cι 0 )arylsulfιnyl-, (C 6 - Cιo)arylsulfonyl-, (Ce-C^ary Ce-do^rylsulfonyl-, (C 1 -C 9 )heteroaryl(C 6 -C 1 o)arylsulfonyl-, (d- Cg)heteroarylsulfιnyl-, (d-C Jheterosry d-CgJheteroarylsulfinyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(d- Cg)hetero3i7lsulfinyl-, (C 1 -C 9 )heteroarylsulfonyl-, (Ci-C Jheteroary d-CgJheterosrylsulfonyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(d-C 9 )heteroarylsulfonyl-, (R 4 )sulfιnyl-, (R )sulfonyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(R 4 )sulfιnyl-, (C 6 - C 1 o)aryl(C 6 -C 10 )aryl(R 4 )sulfinyl-, (d-d heterosry Ce-C^ary R^suifinyl-, (C 6 - C,o)aryl(R 4 )sulfonyl-, (C 6 -C 1 o)aryl(C 6 -C 10 )aryl(R 4 )sulfonyl-, (C,-Cg)heteroaryl(C 6 - Cιo)aryl(R 4 )sulfonyl-, (C 1 -C 9 )hetero3ryl(R 4 )sulfιnyl-, (C 6 -C 1 o)aryl(C 1 -C 9 )heteroaryl(R 4 )sulfinyl-, (Cι-C 9 )hetero3ryl(C 1 -C 9 )heteroa7l(R 4 )sulfιnyl-, (d-C 9 )heteroaryl(R )sulfonyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 5 - C 9 )heteroaryl(R 4 )sulfonyl-, (C 1 -C 9 )heteroaryl(C 1 -C 9 )heteroa7l(R )sulfonyl-, (C 6 - C 10 )arylamιnocarbonyl-, (Ce-C^ary Ce-C^arylammocsrbonyl-, (CτC 9 )heterθ3ryl(C 6 - do)arylamιnocarbonyl-, (d-C 9 )hetero3rylamιnocarbonyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(d- C 9 )heteroarylamιnocarbonyl-, (C 1 -C 9 )heteroaryl(C 1 -Cg)heteroarylamιnocarbonyl-, (C 6 - C 10 )arylcarbonyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )a7l(C 6 -C 1 o)3rylcarbonyl-, (C 1 -Cg)heteroaryl(C 6 -C 10 )a lcarbonyl-, (d-Cg)heteroarylcarbonyl-, (C 6 -C 1 o)3ryl(C 1 -Cg)heteroarylcarbonyl-, (d-Cg)heteroaryl(d- C 9 )heteroarylcarbonyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryloxycarbonyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 6 -C l o)aryloxycarbonyl-, (d- C 9 )heteroaryl(C 6 -C 10 )aryloxycarbonyl-, (Cι-C 9 )heteroaryloxycarbonyl-, (Cε-doJaryKd- C 9 )heteroaryloxycarbonyl-, (C 1 -C 9 )heteroaryl(Cι-Cg)heteroaryloxycarbonyl-, (R 4 )carbonyl-, (R 4 )oxycarbonyl-, (R 4 )amιnocarbonyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(R )carbonyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(R )oxycarbonyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(R 4 )amιnocarbonyl-, (C 1 -C 9 )heteroaryl(R 4 )carbonyl-, (C 5 - C 9 )heteroaryl(R 4 )oxycarbonyl-, ammocarbonyl-, wherein R 4 is defined as above, and wherein any of said of (C 6 -C 10 )3ryl- or (CrCgJheteroaryl- R 2 groups may be optionally substituted by one to five groups independently selected from (i) hydroxy, halo, am o, trifluoromethyl, carboxy, (d-C 6 )alkoxy-, (d- C 6 )3cyloxy-, (d-d alkylamino-, ((Cι-C 6 )alkyl) 2 amιno-, (d-C 6 )acylamιno-, cyano, nitro, (d- C 6 )3lkyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl-, (d-C 6 )acylamιno-, cyano(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, trιfluoromethyl(d-C 6 )alkyl-, or nιtro(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl(dιfluoromethylene)(C 1 -C 3 )3lkyl-, (Cι-C 6 )acylamιno(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )acylamιno-, amιno(C 1 -C 6 )acyl-, amιno(d- C 6 )3cyl(C 1 -C 6 )3lkyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )3lkylamιno(C 1 -C 6 )acyl-, ((C 1 -C 6 )alkyl) 2 amιno(C 1 -C 6 )acyl-, (C 3 - C 10 )cycloalkyl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (d-C 6 )acyloxy(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkoxy(d-C 6 )alkyl-, pιper3zιnyl(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )acylamιno(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (Ce-C^aryKd-CeJalkoxyfd-CeJalkyl-, (Cι-C 9 )heteroaryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkylthιo(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )arylthιo(d- C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkylsulfιnyl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C 6 -C l o)arylsulfιnyl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C C 6 )alkylsulfonyl(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 6 -Cι 0 )arylsulfonyl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, amιno(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C C 6 )alkylamιno(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl(dιfluoromethylene)-, (d- C 3 )alkyl(dιfluoromethylene)(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )acyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkylamιno(C 1 - C 6 )acyl-, ((C 1 -C 6 )alkyl) 2 amιno(C 1 -C 6 )3cyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl-, C 6 )alkyl-, (d-CgJheteroary d-CeJalkyl-, (C 6 -C 10 )a l(C 6 -C l0 )aryl- C 6 )alkyl- (C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkyl-, (C 3 -C 6 )cycloalkyl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C 3 -C 10 )heterocycloalkyl-, (C 3 - C 10 )heterocycloalkyl(C l -C 6 )alkyl-, hydroxy(C 2 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C,-C 6 )acyloxy(C 2 -C 6 )alkyl-, (d- C 6 )alkoxy(C 2 -C 6 )alkyl-, pιperazιnyl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 6 )3cylamιno(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, C 6 )alkoxy(d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 1 -C 9 )heteroaryI(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C T d slkylthio d-dJalkyl-, (C 6 -C 1 o)arylthιo(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl- l (d-d alkylsulfiny d-dJalkyl-, (Cs-doJarylsulfinyKC d alkyl-, (C l -C 6 )alkylsulfonyl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (Ce-doJarylsulfonyKC CsϊalkyI-, amιno(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (d- C 6 )alkylamιno(d-C 6 )3lkyl-, ((C 1 -C 6 )3lkyl) 2 3mιno(C 1 -C 6 )3lkyl-, (II) R 5 OCO(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl- wherein R 5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (d-C 6 )alkyl, (C 6 -C 1 o)aryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, (d-CgJheteroary d-d slkyl-, (in) R 6 (C 2 -C 6 )alkyl- wherein R 6 is selected from the group consisting of piperazmo, (C 1 -C 6 )acylpιperazιno-, (C 6 -do)arylpιperazιno-, (C 5 -C 9 )heteroarylpιperazιno-, (d- C 6 )alkylpιperazιno-, (C 6 -C 10 )a7l(C 1 -C 6 )alkylpιperazιno- (d-C 9 )heteroaryl(d- C 6 )alkylpιperazιno-, morpholmo-, (Cι-C 6 )acylmorpholιno-, (d- C 9 )heteroarylmorpholιπo-, (d-CeJalkylmorpholino-, (C 6 -C l o)a7l(C 1 -C 6 )alkylmorpholιno-, (C,- Cg)hetero3ryl(d-C 6 )3lkylmorpholιno-, thiomorpholino-, (Cι-C 6 )acylthιomorpholιno-, (C 6 - C 10 )arylthιomorpholιno-, (d-Cg)heteroarylthιomorpholιno-, (C CeJalkylthiomorpholino-, (C 6 - C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkylthιomorpholιno-, (C 1 -Cg)heteroaryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkylthιomorpholιno-, piperidmo-, (CrCeJacylpiperidino-, (C 6 -C 10 )arylpιperιdιno-, (d-C 6 )alkyl piperidmo-, (d-CgJheteroary d-CeJalkylpipeπdino-, pyrrolidmo-, (C 1 -C 6 )acylpyrrolιdιno-, (C 6 -C 10 )arylpyrrolιdιno-, (d-C 9 )heteroarylpyrrolidino-, (d- C 6 )alkylpyrrolιdιno-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C 1 -C 6 )3lkylpyrrolidino-, (C 1 -C 9 )heteroaryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkylpyrrolιdιno- , (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy(C 1 -C 6 )acyl-, (C l -C 6 )alkylamιno(C 6 -C 10 )aryl-, and ((C 1 -C 6 )alkyl 2 amιno(d-C 6 )acyl-, (c) R 7 , or R 7 Y-, where R 7 is selected from the group consisting of piperazmo-, (C 6 - C 10 )arylpιperazιno-, (C 1 -C 9 )heteroarylpιperazιno-, (C 1 -C 6 )3lkylpιperazιno-, (Cε-doJsry d- C 6 )alkylpιperazιno-, (d-CgJheteroary d-C^alkylpiperazino-, morpholmo-, (C 6 - C 10 )3rylmorpholιno-, (C 1 -C 9 )heteroarylmorpholιno-, (Cι-C 6 )alkylmorpholιno-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(d- C 6 )3lkylmorpholιno-, (Ci-C Jheteroary C^d alkylmorpholino-, thiomorpholino-, (C 6 - C 10 )arylthiomorpholino-, (d-C 9 )heteroarylthιomorpholιno-, (d-C 6 )alkylthιomorpholιno-, (C 6 - do^ry Ci-CeJalkylthiomorpholino-, (d-CgJheteroary d-CeJalkylthiomorpholino-, piperidmo-, (d-CgJheterosrylthiopipeπdino-, (d-C 6 )alkylthιopιperιdmo-, (C 6 - C 10 )aryl(Cι-C 6 )alkylthιopιperιdιno-, (CrCgJheteroary CTCeJalkylthiopiperidmo-, pyrolidmo-, (C 6 -C 10 )arylthiopyrolidino-, (C CgJheteroarylthiopyrolidmo-, (CrCeJalkylthiopyrolidino-, (C 6 - C 10 )3ryl(Cι-C 6 )alkylthιopyrolιdιno-, (CrCgJheteroary C CeJalkylthiopyrolidino-, and Y, if present, is selected from the group consisting of (d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl- , ammo, oxygen, thio, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, halo(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, and hydroxy(C 2 -C 6 )alkyl-, (d) ZR 8 -, where R 8 is selected from the group consisting of piperazmo-, (C 6 - C 10 )arylpιperazιno-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkylpιper3zιno-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(C,- C 6 )alkylpιperazιno-, (d-CgJheteroary CrCeJalkylpiperazino-, morpholmo-, (C 6 - C 10 )arylmorpholιno-, (d-CgJheteroarylmorpholino-, (C 1 -C 6 )alkylmorpholιno-, (C 6 -C 10 )aryl(d- C 6 )alkylmorpholino-, (Ci-CgJheteroary Ci-CeJalkylmorphoiino-, thiomorpholino-, (C 6 - C 10 )3rylthιomorpholιno-, (C T CgJheteroarylthiomorpholino-, (C 6 - C 1 o)aryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkylthιomorpholιno-, (d-Cg^eterosry d-CeJslkylthiomorpho no-, piperidmo-, (C 6 -C 10 )3rylthiopiperidino-, (d-CgJheteroarylthiopipeπdino-, (d-CeJalkylthiopipeπdino-, (C 6 - doJary C d slkylthiopipeπdino-, (C 1 -C 9 )hetero3ryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkylthιopιperιdιno-, pyrolidmo-, (C 6 -C 10 )arylthιopyrolιdιno-, (C CgJheteroarylthiopyrolidmo-, (d-C 6 )alkylthιopyrolιdιno-, (C 6 - C 1 o)aryl(C 1 -C 6 )alkylthιopyrolιdιno-, (CrCgJheterosry d-CeJslkylthiopyrolidino-, and Z is selected from the group consisting of (d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl-, am o, oxygen, thio, sulfmyl, sulfonyl, halo(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, and hydroxy(C 2 -C 6 )alkyl-, (e) two or more of R 2 , when vicinal, together to form one or more further rings of 4 5, 6 or 7 member atoms selected from the group consisting of phenyl-, naphthyl-, furyl-, thienyl-, thiazolyl-, pyrazolyl-, isothiazolyl-, oxazolyl-, isoxazolyl-, pyrrolyl-, tnazolyl-, tetrazolyl- , imidazolyl-, 1 ,3,5-oxadιazolyl-, 1 ,2,4-oxadιazolyl-, 1 ,2,3-oxadιazolyl-, 1 ,3,5-thιadιazolyl,- 1 ,2 3-thιadιazolyl-, 1 ,2,4-thιadιazolyl-, pyridyl-, pynmidyl-, pyrazinyl-, pyridazinyl-, 1 ,2,4- tπazinyl-, 1 ,2,3-trιazιnyl-, 1 ,3,5-trιazιnyl-, pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrιdιnyl-, cinnolmyl-, pteπdinyl-, purinyl-, 6,7-dιhydro-5H-[1]pyrιndιnyl-, benzo[b]thιophenyl-, 5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-quιnolιn-3-yl, benzoxazolyl-, benzothiazolyl-, benzisothiazolyl-, benzisoxazolyl-, benzimidazolyl-, thianaphthenyl-, isothianaphthenyl-, benzofuranyl-, isobenzofuranyl-, isomdolyl-, indolyl-, indolizmyl-, mdazolyl-, isoquinolyl-, qu olyl-, phthalazmyi-, quinoxalmyl-, quinazo nyl-, benzoxazmyl-, and wherein said rιng(s) are optionally substituted by one or more (d-C 6 )alkyl- , (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl-, ammo-, halo-, hydroxy-, carboxy-, thiol-, nitro-, cyano-, sulfonic-, halo(d-C 6 )alkyl-, and hydroxy(C 2 -C 6 )alkyl-, and (f) two or more of R 2 when vicinal, together to form one or more further rings of 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 member atoms selected from the groups consisting of (i) (C 3 -Cιo)cycloalkyl-, containing zero to two levels of unssturation, selected from the group consisting of cyclopropyl-, cyclobutyl-, cyclopentyl-, cyclohexyl-, cycloheptyl-, cyclopropenyl-, cyclobutenyl-, cyclopentenyl-, cyclohexenyl-, cycloheptenyl-, 1 ,3- cyclobutadienyl-, 1 ,3-cyclopentadιenyl-, 1 ,3-cyclohexadιenyl-, 1 ,4-cyclohexadιenyl-, 1 ,3- cycloheptadienyl-, 1 ,4-cycloheptadιenyl-, bιcyclo[3 2 1]octane-, bicyclo [2 2 1] heptane, the norborn-2-ene unsaturated form thereof, and the like, wherein said ring is optionally substituted by hydroxy-, halo-, ammo-, trifluoromethyl-, hydroxy(C 2 -C 6 )3lkyl-, (d-C 6 )alkoxy-, (d-C 6 )acyloxy-, (d-C 6 )alkylamιno-, ((d-C 6 )alkyl) 2 amιno-, (Cι-C 6 )acylamιno-, cyano- nitro-, carboxy-, thiol-, sulfonyl-, (d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl-, (d-C 6 )acylamιno-, cyano(d-C 6 )alkyl-, trifluoromethy d-CeJalkyl-, (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl(dιfluoromethylene)(C,-C 3 )alkyl-, halo(d-C 6 )alkyl- or and (n) (C 3 -C 10 )heterocycloalkyl- selected from the group consisting of pyrroiidinyl-, tetrahydrofuranyl-, dihydrofuranyl-, tetrahydropyranyl-, pyranyl-, thιopyrany-l, aziridmyl-, oxiranyl-, methylenedioxyl-, , isoxazolidmyl,- 1 ,3-oxazolιdιn-3-yl-, isothiazo dinyl-, 1 ,3-thi3zolιdιn-3-yl-, 1 ,2-pyrazolιdιn-2-yl-, , 3-pyrazolιd ιn-1 -yl-, pipeπdinyl-, thiomorpholinyl-, 1,2-tetrahydrothιazιn-2-yl-, 1 ,3-tetrahydrothιazιn-3-yl-, tetrahydrothiadiazmyl-, morpho nyl-, 1 ,2- tetrahydrodιazιn-2-yl-, 1 ,3-tetrahydrodιazιn-1-yl-, tetrahydroazepmyl-, piperazmyl-, chromenyl-, chromanyl-, where said ring is optionally substituted by hydroxy-, halo-, ammo-, trifluoromethyl-, hydroxy(C 2 -C 6 )alkyl-, (C^d alkoxy-, (C^CeJacyloxy-, (Cι-C 6 )alkylamιno-, ((C 1 -C 6 )alkyl) 2 amιno-, (C T CeJacylammo-, cyano-, nitro-, carboxy-, thiol-, sulfonyl-, (C C 6 )alkyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl-, (d-C 6 )acylamιno-, cyano(d-C 6 )3lkyl-, trιfluoromethyl(Cι-C 6 )3lkyl-, (C 1 -C 3 )3lkyl(dιfluoromethylene)(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl- halo(d-C 6 )3lkyl- or nιtro(d-C 6 )alkyl-, wherein any (d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl-, (C 3 -Cιo)cycloalkyl- or (C 3 - Cιo)heterocycloalkyl- groups that are, or comprise a portion of, said one to four optionsl R 2 substituents are themselves optionally substituted by deuterium- hydroxy-, smino-, trifluoromethyl-, cyano-, nitro-, carboxy-, (C 1 -C )alkoxy-, (C 1 -C 6 )acyloxy-, (d-C 6 )alkylamino-, ((C CeJalky zammo-, (d-C 6 )alkyl- (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl-, (d-C 6 )acylamιno-, (C 3 - C 10 )cycloalkyl-, (C 3 -C 10 )heterocycloalkyl-, cyano(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl-, tπfluoromethy d-CeJalkyl-, nιtro(d-C 6 )alkyl-, and (d-C 6 )acylamιno, and R 3 represents one or more optional substituents on a ring carbon atom, including at X where X is -CH 2 -, selected from the groups consisting of (d-C 6 )alkyl- , tπhalo(d-C 6 )alkyl- that is preferably trifluoromethyl-, deuterium, and fluorine 2 A compound according to claim 1 , wherein the structural component thereof that is represented by is contributed by 1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydroquιnolιne, 1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydroquιnoxalιne, 3,4-Dιhydro-1 H- quιnox3lιne-2-one, 3,4-Dιhydro-2H-benzo[1 ,4]oxazιne, 2,3-Dιhydro-1 H-ιndole, or 3,4-Dιhydro- 2H-benzo[1 ,4]thιazιne 3 A compound according to clsim 2, that comprises a structure selected from the group consisting of 6-methoxy-1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydroquιnolιne, 4-methyl-1 , 2,3,4- tetrahydroquinol e, 7-(trιfluoromethyl)-1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydroquιnolιne, 8-methyl-1 ,2,3,4- tetrahydroqumoline, 6-hydroxy-1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydroquιnolιne, 8-chloro-1 ,2,3,4- tetrahydroquinoline, 7-chloro-1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydroquιnolιne, 6-benzyloxy-7-methoxy-1 ,2,3,4- tetrahydroquinolme, 6,7-dιmethyl-1 ,2,3 4-tetrahydroquιnoxalιne, 1 ,2,3,4- tetrahydroqumoxaline, 1-phenylsulfonyl-1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydroquιnox3lιne, 6-Methyl-1 , 2,3,4- Tetrahydroquinolme, 3,4-Dιhydro-2H-benzo[1 ,4]oxazιne, 5-Fluoro-2,3-dιhydro-1 H-ιndole, and 3,3-Dιmethyl-2,3-dιhydro-1 H-ιndole 4 A compound according to claim 1 wherein R 1 is a (d-Cg)heteroaryl- group selected from the group consisting of pyridyl-, mdazolyl-, indolyl-, 1 ,3-dιhydro-benzoιmιdazol- 2-one, thienyl-, oxazoyl-, 2H-pyrazolyl-, 1 H-pyrazolyl-, isooxazoyl-, thi3zolyl(fιx,name), and isothiazoyl-, and is optionally substituted by one or more groups, each independently selected from hydroxy-, halo-, ammo-, (d-C 6 )alkyl-, (d-C 6 )3lkoxy-, tπhalomethyl-, (d-C 6 )3lkynl-, (d- C 6 )alkylamιno-, ((Cι-C 6 ) 2 )dιalkylamιno-, csrboxy-, (C^d alkoxycarbonyl-, (d-C 6 )acyloxy-, and (C CβJacylamino- 5 A compound according to claim 1 wherein R 1 is phenyl, optionally substituted with one to five substituents, that are each independently selected from hydroxy-, halo-, ammo-, (C,-C 6 )alkyl-, (d-C 6 )alkoxy-, tπhalo(d-C 6 )alkyl- thst is preferably trifluoromethyl-, (Cι-C 6 )alkynl-, (Cι-C 6 )alkylamιno-, ((C 1 -C 6 ) 2 )dιalkylamιno-, carboxy, (Crd alkoxycarbonyl-, (d-C 6 )acyloxy-, and (d-C 6 )acylamιno- 6 A compound according to claim 1 wherein R 1 is selected from the group consisting of 3,4,5-tπmethoxyphenyl-, 2,3-dιmethyl-1 H-ιndol-5-yl, 3,4-dιhydro-2H-quιnolιn-1-yl, and 6-morpholιn-4-yl-pyrιdιn-3-yl 7 A compound according to claim 1 wherein one or more of substituents R 2 is selected from the groups consisting of (a) (d-C 6 )alkyl-, (d-C 6 )alkynl-, (d-C 6 )alkoxy-, tnh3lo(d-C 6 )alkyl- that is preferably trifluoromethyl-, (d-C 6 )alkylamιno-, ((C CeWdialkylammo-, ammo-, cyano, and halo-, and (b) benzyloxy-, phenylsulfonyl-, phenylammocarbonyl-, (d-Cg)heteroarylsulfonyl- , and (d-CgJheteroarylsminocsrbonyl-, optionslly substituted by one or more groups selected from the group consisting of (d-C 6 )alkyl-, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyi-, tπhalo(d-C 6 )alkyl- that is preferably trifluoromethyl- , (d-C 6 )alkoxy-, (C T d alkylamino-, ((d-C 6 ) 2 )alkylamιno-, and halo 8 A compound according to claim 1 wherein one or more of substituents R 3 is selected from the groups consisting of (C C 6 )alkyl- , tπhalo(d-C 6 )alkyl-, deuterium, and fluorine 9 A compound according to claim 8 wherein R 3 is trifluoromethyl 10 A compound according to claim 1 , selected from the group consisting of (a) 1-[(2-anιlιno)-4-pyπmιdιnyl]-6-methyl-1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydroquιnolιne, (b) 1-[2-[(4-bromophenyl)amιno]-4-pyπmιdιnyl]-6-methyl-1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydroquιnolιne, (c) 1 -[2-[(4-methoxyphenyl)amιno]-4-pyrιmιdιnyl]-6-methyl-1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydroquιnolιne, (d) 1-[2-[(1 H-ιndazole-5-yl)]-4-pyrιmιdyl]-6-methyl-1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydroquιnolιne, (e) 1-[2-[(4-phenoxyphenyl)amιno]-4-pyrιmιdιnyl]-6-methyl-1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydroquιnolιne, (f) 1 -[2-[(3,4-dιmethoxyphenyl)amιno]-4-pyπmιdιnyl]-6-methyl-1 ,2,3,4- tetrahydroquinolme, (g) 1-[2-[(3,4,5-trιmethoxyphenyl)amιno]-4-pyrιmιdιnyl]-6-methyl-1 , 2,3,4- tetrahydroquinolme, (h) 1-[2-[(4,N-phenylamιnophenyl)amιno]-4-pyrιmιdιnyl]-6-methyl-1 , 2,3,4- tetrahydroquino ne, (i) [4-(6-Methyl-3,4-dιhydro-2H-quιnolιn-1-yl)-pyπmιdιn-2-yl]-(6-morpholιn-4-yl-pyrιdιn-3- yl)-3mιne, (j) 5-[4-(6-Methyl-3,4-dιhydro-2H-qumolιn-1-yl)-pyπmιdιn-2-ylamιno]-1 ,3-dιhydro- benzoιmιdazol-2-one, (k) (2,3-Dιmethyl-1 H-ιndol-5-yl)-[4-(6-methyl-3,4-dιhydro-2H-quιnolιn-1-yl)-pyrιmιdιn-2-yl]- amine, (I) [4-(6-Methyl-3,4-dιhydro-2H-quιnolιn-1-yl)-pyπmιdιn-2-yl]-(2-methyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)- amine, (m) (6-Methoxy-pyrιdιn-3-yl)-[4-(6-methyl-3,4-dιhydro-2H-quιnolιn-1 -yl)-pyπmιdιn-2-yl]- amme, (n) (4-Fluoro-3-methyl-phenyl)-[4-(6-methyl-3,4-dιhydro-2H-quιnolιn-1-yl)-pyrιmιdιn-2-yl]- amme, (o) (5-Cyclopropyl-2H-pyrazol-3-yl)-[4-(6-methyl-3,4-dιhydro-2H-quιnolιn-1-yl)-pyrιmιdιn- 2-yl]-amιne, (p) 4-Benzyl-N 3 -[4-(6-methyl-3,4-dιhydro-2H-quιnolιn-1-yl)-pyπmιdιn-2-yl]-1 H-pyrazole- 3,5-dιamιne, (q) [4-(6-Methyl-3,4-dιhydro-2H-quιnolιn-1-yl)-pyπmιdιn-2-yl]-(4-methyl-thιazol-2-yl)- amme, and (r) [4-(6-Methyl-3,4-dιhydro-2H-quιnolιn-1 -yl)-pyπmιdιn-2-yl]-(5-methyl-1 H-pyrazol-3-yl)- amme 11 A compound according to claim 1 , selected from the group consisting of (a) [4-(3,4-Dιhydro-2H-quιnolιn-1-yl)-pyrιmιdιn-2-yl]-(6-pyrrolιdιn-1-yl-pyπdιn-3-yi)-amιne, (b) (1-Cyclopentyl-1 H-ιndol-6-yl)-[4-(6-methyl-3,4-dιhydro-2H-quιnolιn-1-yl)-pyπmιdιn-2- yl]-3mιne, (c) [4-(6-Methyl-3,4-dιhydro-2H-quιnolιn-1-yl)-pyrιmιdιn-2-yl]-oxazol-4-yl-amιne, (d) (3,4-Dιchloro-phenyl)-[4-(6-methyl-3,4-dιhydro-2H-quιnolιn-1-yl)-pyπmιdιn-2-yl]-amιne, and (e) [4-(3,4-Dιhydro-2H-quιnolιn-1-yl)-pyrιmιdιn-2-yl]-ιsothιazol-3-yl-amιne 12 A compound according to claim 1 , selected from the group consisting of (a) 2-({5-[4-(2,3-Dιhydro-benzo[1 ,4]oxazιn-4-yl)-pyπmιdιn-2-ylamιno]-pyπdιn-2-yl}-methyl- amιno)-ethanol, (b) N-{5-[4-(3-Oxo-3,4-dιhydro-2H-quιnoxalιn-1-yl)-pyrιmιdιn-2-ylamιno]-pyπdιn-2-yl}- acetamide, (c) 3-Chloro-N-[4-(4-methyl-3-oxo-3,4-dιhydro-2H-quιnoxalιn-1-yl)-pyrιmιdιn-2-yl]- benzamide, (d) [4-(2,3-Dιhydro-benzo[1 ,4]thιazιn-4-yl)-pyrιmιdιn-2-yl]-oxazol-4-yl-amιne, (e) N-[4-(5-Fluoro-2,3-dιhydro-ιndol-1-yl)-pyπmιdιn-2-yl]-3-methoxy-benzenesulfonamιde, (f) [4-(5,6-Dιhydro-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrιmιdιn-7-yl)-pyπmιdιn-2-yl]-(2-trιfiuoromethyl-phenyl)- amme, (g) 6-Methoxy-1-[2-(pyπdazιn-3-ylamιno)-pyπmιdιn-4-yl]-2,3-dιhydro-1 H-quιnolιn-4-one, (h) 2-{5-[4-(3,4-Dιhydro-2H-quιnoxalιn-1-yl)-pyπmιdιn-2-ylamιno]-ιndol-1-yl}-ethanol, (i) (2H-Pyrazol-3-yl)-[4-(7-tπfluoromethyl-3 4-dιhydro-2H-quιnolιn-1 -yl)-pyπmιdιn-2-yl]- smine, 0) 1-[4-(3,4-Dιhydro-2H-[1 ,5]naphthyπdιn-1-yl)-pyrιmιdιn-2-yl]-3-ethyl-urea, (k) 1-[4-(2,3-Dιhydro-benzo[1 ,4]oxazιn-4-yl)-pyrιmιdιn-2-yl]-3-(2-ethoxy-ethyl)-urea, (I) [4-(3,3-Dιmethyl-2,3-dιhydro-ιndol-1-yl)-pyπmιdιn-2-yl]-carbamιc acid tert-butyl ester, (m) 3-Cyano-N-[4-(7-methoxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-benzo[b]azepιn-1-yl)-pyπmιdιn-2-yl]- benzamide, (n) lsoxazol-4-yl-[4-(2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-benzo[b][1 ,4]dιazepιn-1-yl)-pyrιmιdιn-2-yl]-amιne, (o) (3,4-Dιchloro-phenyl)-[4-(3,4-dιhydro-2H-benzo[b][1 ,4]thιazepιn-5-yl)-pyrιmιdιn-2-yl]- amme, (p) (6-Azιπdιn-1-yl-pyrιdιn-3-yl)-[4-(5-methanesulfonyl-2,3-dιhydro-ιndol-1-yl)-pyrιmιdιn-2- yl]-amιne, (q) N 2 -Cyclopropyl-N 5 -[4-(6-fluoro-3,4-dιhydro-2H-quιnolιn-1-yl)-pyrιmιdιn-2-yl]-pyπdιne- 2,5-dιamιne, and (r) Benzo[1 ,3]dιoxole-5-carboxylιc acid [4-(6-fluoro-3,4-dιhydro-2H-quιnolιn-1-yl)- pyπmιdιn-2-yl]-amιde 13 A compound according to claim 1 , wherein X is methylene 14 A compound according to claim 1 , wherein structure comprises a group selected from the group consisting of 2,3-Dιhydro-1 H-pyrrolo[2,3- b]pyπdιne, 2,3-Dιhydro-1 H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyπdιne, 2,3-Dιhydro-1 H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyrιdιne, 2,3- Dιhydro-1 H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrιdιne, 6,7-Dιhydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrιmιdιne, 6,7-Dιhydro-5H- pyrrolo[3,2-d][1 ,2,3]tπazιne, 6,7-Dιhydro-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-d][1 ,2,3]trιazιne, 1 ,4,5,7-Tetra3Z3- indan, 1 ,4,6,7-Tetraaza-ιndan, 6,7-Dιhydro-5H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyrιdazιne, 2,3-Dιhydro-1 H- pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyπdazιne, 6,7-Dιhydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyrιdazιne, 6,7-Dιhydro-5H-pyrrolo[2,3- b]pyrazιne, 6,7-Dιhydro-5H-pyrιmιdo[4,5-b][1 ,4]oxazιne, 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-pteπdιne, 1 ,2,3,4- Tetr3hydro-pyrιdo[2,3-b]pyrazιne, 1 ,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-pyrιdo[3,4-b]pyrazιne, 1 ,2,3,4- Tetrahydro-pyrιdo[3,4-b]pyrazιne, 1 ,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-pyrιdo[2,3-b]pyrazιne, 5,6,7,8- Tetrahydro-pyrazιno[2,3-c]pyrιdazιne, 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-pterιdιne, 1 ,2,3,4-Tetrahydro- pyrazιno[2,3-d]pyrιdazιne, 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-pyrazιno[2,3-c]pyrιdazιne, 1 ,2,3,4-Tetrahydro- pyrazιno[2,3-b]pyrazιne, 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-pyrazιno[2,3-e][1 ,2,4]tπazιne, 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro- pyrazιno[2,3-e][1 ,2,4]tπazιne, 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-pyrazιno[2,3-d][1 ,2,3]tπazιne, 5,6,7,8- Tetrahydro-pyrazιno[2,3-d][1 ,2,3]trιazιne, 2,3-Dιhydro-1 H-4-oxa-1 ,5-dιaza-naphthalene, 2,3- Dιhydro-1 H-4-oxa-1 ,6-dιaza-naphth3lene, 3,4-Dιhydro-2H-1 -ox3-4,6-disza-naphthalene, 3,4- Dιhydro-2H-1-oxa-4,5-dιaz3-naphthalene, 7,8-Dιhydro-6H-5-oxa-1 ,2,8-tπaza-naphthalene, 3,4-Dιhydro-2H-1-oxa-4,6,7-tπaz3-naphthalene, 6,7-Dιhydro-5H-8-oxa-1 ,2,5-tri3Z3- nsphthalene, 3,4-Dιhydro-2H-1-oxa-4,5,8-tri3za-naphthalene, 7,8-Dιhydro-6H-pyπmιdo[5,4- b][1 ,4]oxazιne, 6,7-Dιhydro-5H-pyrιmιdo[4,5-b][1 ,4]oxazιne, 6,7-Dιhydro-5H-8-oxa-1 ,2,3,5- tetraaza-naphthalene, 6,7-Dιhydro-5H-8-oxa-1 ,2,4,5-tetraaz3-n3phth3lene, 7,8-Dιhydro-6H-5- ox3-1 ,2,3,8-tetraaza-naphthalene, 6 7-Dιhydro-5H-8-oxa-1 ,2,4,5-tetraaza-naphthalene, 2,3- Dιhydro-1 H-pyπdo[2,3-b][1 ,4]thιazιne, 2,3-Dιhydro-1 H-4-thιa-1 ,6-dιaza-naphthalene, 3,4- Dιhydro-2H-1-thιa-4,6-dιaz3-n3phth3lene, 3,4-Dιhydro-2H-pyπdo[3,2-b][1 ,4]thιazιne, 7,8- Dιhydro-6H-5-thιa-1 ,2,8-tπaza-naphth3lene, 3,4-Dιhydro-2H-1-thi3-4,6,7-tπaza-naphthalene, 6,7-Dιhydro-5H-8-thιa-1 ,2,5-tπaza-naphthalene, 6,7-Dιhydro-5H-pyrιmιdo[4,5-b][1 ,4]thi3zιne, 7,8-Dιhydro-6H-pyrιmιdo[5,4-b][1 ,4]thιazιne, 3,4-Dιhydro-2H-1-thιa-4,5,8-trιaza-naphthalene, 6,7-Dιhydro-5H-8-thιa-1 ,2,4,5-tetraaza-naphthalene, 7,8-Dιhydro-6H-5-thιa-1 ,2,4,8-tetraaza- naphthalene, 7,8-Dιhydro-6H-5-thιa-1 ,2,3,8-tetr33Z3-n3phthalene, 6,7-Dιhydro-5H-8-thιa- 1 ,2,3,5-tetraaza-naphthalene, 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-pyrιdo[3,2-d]pyrιmιdιne, 1 ,2,3,4-Tetrahydro- pyrιdo[2,3-d]pyrιdazιne, 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-pyrιdo[2,3-b]pyrazιne, 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro- pyπdo[3,2-e][1 ,2,4]tπazιne, 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-pyπdo[2,3-e][1 ,2,4]tπazιne, 5,6,7, 8-Tetrahydro- pyπdo[3,2-d][1 ,2,3]tri3zιne, and 5,6,7, 8-Tetrahydro-pyrιdo[2,3-d][1,2,3]trιazιne 15 A pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of a compound according to claim 1 , and a pharmaceutical carrier 16 A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 15, for treatment or prevention of a condition in a mammsl wherein therapeutic benefit is achieved by modulation of a T-cell mediated cellular process 17 A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 15, for treatment or prevention of transplant rejection in a mammal 18 A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 15, for trestment or prevention of autoimmune disease in a mammal 19 A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 15, for treatment or prevention of inflammatory disease in a mammal 20 A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 15, for treatment or prevention of allergy in a mammal 21 A pharmsceutical composition according to claim 15, for treating T-cell leukemia or T-cell lymphoma in a mammal 22 A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 15, for the treatment of a disease in a mammal wherein treatment can be effected by inhibiting activation of T-cells, or the results of said activation 23 A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 15, further comprising an additional agent which modulates the mammalian immune system or which is an anti- inflammatory agent 24 A pharmsceutical composition according to claim 15, useful in the treatment of a disorder or condition in a mammal selected from the group consisting of asthma, hay fever, hives, infantile eczema, atopic dermatitis, and other allergic diseases involving antibody-mediated (intermediate-type) hypersensitivity reactions, transplant rejection, psoriasis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, lupus, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, type I diabetes, autoimmune thyroid disorders, T-cell malignancies including T-cell leukemia and T-cell lymphoma, and Alzheimer's disease 25 A pharmaceuticsl composition according to claim 15, useful to inhibit tyrosine kinase Lck in a mammal 26 A pharmaceuticsl composition sccording to clsim 15, wherein said compound is provided as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or hydrate thereof 27 A method to inhibit protein tyrosine kinase Lck in a mammal, that comprises administering to ssid msmmal an effective amount of a composition of claim 15 28 The method of claim 27, wherein there is also administered, separately or in combination, one or more additionsl agents that modulate a msmmaiiaπ immune response or which sre antinflammstory agents 29 A method for treating or preventing a disorder or condition selected from asthma, hay fever, hives, infantile eczema, atopic dermatitis, and other allergic diseases involving antibody-mediated (intermediate-type) hypersensitivity reactions, transplsnt rejection, psoπssis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, lupus, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, type I diabetes, autoimmune thyroid disorders, T-cell malignancies including T-cell leukemia and T-cell lymphoma, and Alzheimer's disease comprising administering to said mammal an amount of a composition according to claim 15 effective in treating said condition 30 A method for treating or preventing transplant rejection in a mammal, that comprises administering an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition according to claim 15 31 A method for treating or preventing autoimmune disease in a mammal, that comprises administering an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition according to claim 15 32 A method for treating or preventing inflsmmatory disease in a mammal, that comprises administering an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition according to claim 15 33 A method for treating or preventing allergic disease in a mammal, that comprises administering an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition according to claim 15

Inventors: BLUMENKOPF TODD ANDREW, MUELLER EILEEN ELLIOTT, ROSKAMP ERIC JAN, BLUMENKOPF, TODD, ANDREW, MUELLER, EILEEN, ELLIOTT, ROSKAMP, ERIC, JAN
Applicants: BLUMENKOPF TODD ANDREW, MUELLER EILEEN ELLIOTT, PFIZER PROD INC, ROSKAMP ERIC JAN, BLUMENKOPF, TODD, ANDREW, MUELLER, EILEEN, ELLIOTT, PFIZER PRODUCTS INC., ROSKAMP, ERIC, JAN
Application year: 2000
Main classification: C07D401
IPC codes: A61K31, A61K45, A61P1, A61P3, A61P5, A61P11, A61P17, A61P19, A61P25, A61P29, A61P35, A61P37, A61P43, C07D401, C07D413, C07D417