DNAZYMES AND METHODS FOR TREATING RESTENOSIS

Abstract: This application provides a DNAzyme which specifically cleaves c-myc mRNA, comprising a 15-nucleotide catalytic domain and two binding domains, one binding domain contiguous with the 5' end of the catalytic domain and the other binding domain contiguous with the 3' end of the catalytic domain. This invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition for inhibiting the onset of restenosis, which comprises the instant DNAzyme and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for topical administration. This invention further provides an angioplastic stent for inhibiting the onset of restenosis, which comprises an angioplastic stent operably coated with a prophylactically effective dose of the instant pharmaceutical composition. Finally, this invention provides methods for inhibiting the onset of restenosis in a subject undergoing angioplasty, which comprises topically administering either the instant pharmaceutical composition or angioplastic stent to the subject.

Description: DNAZYMES AND METHODS FOR TREATING RESTENOSIS Field of the Invention This invention relates to inhibiting the onset of restenosis using DNAzymes. The DNAzymes accomplish this end by cleaving mRNA encoding c-myc, whose expression in vascular smooth muscle cells is required for restenosis to occur. Background of the Invention Restenosis Restenosis is a serious medical disorder which often occurs following angioplasty. This disorder afflicts 30%-60% of all angioplasty patients. Restenosis is understood to be caused, at least in part, by excessive proliferation of smooth muscle cells ("SMC's") following vascular injury occurring during angioplasty. Several biological modulators are thought to facilitate this SMC proliferation. These modulators include platelet-derived growth factor ("PDGF") , fibroblast growth factor ("FGF") and insulin growth factor ("IGF") (Ross; Banscota; Libby; Gay) . The induction of SMC proliferation by these modulators occurs via the intracellular transactivation of a number of important genes (Kindy; Gadeau) . These genes include c-myc, c-myb, c-fos and PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) , and generally are cell cycle- specific. In particular, the c-myc gene is over-expressed in SMC's within 30 minutes to two hours of vascular trauma, and expression declines to normal levels within 12 hours thereafter. In other words, angioplasty causes vascular SMC injury, which triggers excess c-myc expression beginning 30 minutes to two hours after injury, and ending 12 hours after injury. Restenosis is presently treated using radiation and pharmacological therapies. Radiation therapy includes either radioactive implants or delivery of a radioactive composition to the site being treated. Although radiation therapy has shown some promising results, the long-term side effects of intra-coronary radiation have yet to be established. Regarding pharmacological therapy, both the anti-thrombotin and anti-proliferation approaches employed to date are generally ineffective (Bennet) . DNAzymes In human gene therapy, antisense nucleic acid technology has been one of the major tools of choice to inactivate genes whose expression causes disease and is thus undesirable. The anti-sense approach employs a nucleic acid molecule that is complementary to, and thereby hybridizes with, an mRNA molecule encoding an undesirable gene. Such hybridization leads to the inhibition of gene expression. Anti-sense technology suffers from certain drawbacks. Anti-sense hybridization results in the formation of a DNA/target mRNA heteroduplex . This heteroduplex serves as a substrate for RNAse H-mediated degradation of the target mRNA component. Here, the DNA anti-sense molecule serves in a passive manner, in that it merely facilitates the required cleavage by endogenous RNAse H enzyme. This dependence on RNAse H confers limitations on the design of anti-sense molecules regarding their chemistry and ability to form stable heteroduplexes with their target mRNA' s . Anti- sense DNA molecules also suffer from problems associated with non-specific activity and, at higher concentrations, even toxicity. As an alternative to anti-sense molecules, catalytic nucleic acid molecules have shown promise as therapeutic agents for suppressing gene expression, and are widely discussed in the literature (Haseloff; Breaker (1994) ; Koizumi; Otsuka; Kashani-Sabet; Raillard; and Carmi) . Thus, unlike a conventional anti-sense molecule, a catalytic nucleic acid molecule functions by actually cleaving its target mRNA molecule instead of merely binding to it. Catalytic nucleic acid molecules can only cleave a target nucleic acid sequence if that target sequence meets certain minimum requirements. The target sequence must be complementary to the hybridizing regions of the catalytic nucleic acid, and the target must contain a specific sequence at the site of cleavage. Catalytic RNA molecules ("ribozymes") are well documented (Haseloff; Symonds; and Sun), and have been shown to be capable of cleaving both RNA (Haseloff) and DNA (Raillard) molecules. Indeed, the development of in vitro selection and evolution techniques has made it possible to obtain novel ribozymes against a known substrate, using either random variants of a known ribozyme or random- sequence RNA as a starting point (Pan; Tsang; and Breaker (1994) ) . Ribozymes, however, are highly susceptible to enzymatic hydrolysis within the cells where they are intended to perform their function. This in turn limits their pharmaceutical applications. Recently, a new class of catalytic molecules called "DNAzymes" was created (Breaker (1995); Santoro) . DNAzymes are single-stranded, and cleave both RNA (Breaker (1994); Santoro) and DNA (Carmi) . A general model for the DNAzyme has been proposed, and is known as the "10-23" model. DNAzymes following the "10-23" model, also referred to simply as "10-23 DNAzymes", have a catalytic domain of 15 deoxyribonucleotides, flanked by two substrate- recognition domains of seven to nine deoxyribonucleotides each. In vitro analyses show that this type of DNAzyme can effectively cleave its substrate RNA at purine :pyrimidine junctions under physiological conditions (Santoro) . DNAzymes show promise as therapeutic agents. However, DNAzyme success against a disease caused by the presence of a known mRNA molecule is not predictable. This unpredictability is due, in part, to two factors. First, certain mRNA secondary structures can impede a DNAzyme' s ability to bind to and cleave its target mRNA. Second, the uptake of a DNAzyme by cells expressing the target mRNA may not be efficient enough to permit therapeutically meaningful results. For these reasons, merely knowing of a disease and its causative target mRNA sequence does not alone allow one to reasonably predict the therapeutic success of a DNAzyme against that target mRNA, absent an inventive step. Summary of the Invention This application provides a DNAzyme which specifically cleaves c-myc mRNA, comprising (a) a catalytic domain that has the nucleotide sequence GGCTAGCTACAACGA and cleaves mRNA at any purine :pyrimidine cleavage site at which it is directed, (b) a binding domain contiguous with the 5' end of the catalytic domain, and (c) another binding domain contiguous with the 3' end of the catalytic domain, wherein the binding domains are complementary to, and therefore hybridize with, the two regions immediately flanking the purine residue of the cleavage site within the c-myc mRNA, respectively, at which DNAzyme-catalyzed cleavage is desired, and wherein each binding domain is at least six nucleotides in length, and both binding domains have a combined total length of at least 14 nucleotides. This invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition for inhibiting the onset of restenosis, which comprises the instant DNAzyme and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for topical administration. This invention further provides an angioplastic stent for inhibiting the onset of restenosis, which comprises an agioplastic stent operably coated with a prophylactically effective dose of the instant pharmaceutical composition. This invention still further provides a method for inhibiting the onset of restenosis in a subject undergoing angioplasty, which comprises topically administering a prophylactically effective dose of the instant pharmaceutical composition to the subject at around the time of the angioplasty. Finally, this invention provides a method for inhibiting the onset of restenosis in a subject undergoing angioplasty, which comprises topically administering the instant angioplastic stent to the subject at the time of the angioplasty. Brief Description of the Figures Figure 1 shows the structure of a "10-23" DNAzyme described in Santoro. The cleavage site is indicated by an asterisk between X and Y. The substrate-binding domains are indicated by N' s . Figure 2 shows c-myc RNA-cleaving DNAzyme designs. The cleavage site for the c-myc DNAzyme was chosen at the AUG start codon of the human c-myc mRNA (2nd exon) . Cleavage occurs between A and U as indicated. Figure 3 shows the optimization of DNAzyme arm-length and chemical modification. C-myc-cleaving DNAzymes with different arm lengths were designed based on the "10-23" model. The 3' -3' terminal base inversion at the 3' end is indicated by a shadow C or G (3'INV) . Figure 4 shows the analysis of multiple turnover kinetics. Panel A shows a densitometric image, obtained using a Phosphorlmager (Molecular Dynamics) , of a 16% polyacrylamide gel, showing cleavage of synthetic c-myc mRNA under multiple turnover conditions. All reactions were performed with 200 pM DNAzyme and 2 nM, 4 nM, 8 nM, 16 nM, and 32 nM of substrate mRNA (as indicated) . The incubation time for each reaction, ranging from 0-60 minutes, is indicated at the top of each lane. Panel B shows a plot of DNAzyme cleavage progress (nM) for each substrate concentration. These data were derived from densitometry measurements of cleaved bands shown in Panel A. Figure 5 shows the in vitro cleavage of c-myc mRNA. 1.5 kb c-myc mRNA substrate were transcribed from a pGEM vector in the presence of 32p_ τ τp # The cleavage reaction was performed at 10 mM MgCl2, 50 mM Tris.HCl, pH 7.5, 37°C for 60 minutes. Figure 6 shows a stability assay of the 3 '-inverted DNAzyme in human serum. DNAzymes were incubated with AB-type human serum (Sigma) . Samples were collected at different time points as indicated, and labeled with 32 P. The labeled DNAzymes were analyzed on 16% PAGE gel. Typical gel patterns are shown here for unmodified (top right) and 3' inverted DNAzymes (bottom right) . Figure 7 shows the testing of c-myc mRNA-cleaving DNAzymes in SV-LT-SMC's. Growth-arrested SMC's were stimulated with 10% FBS-DME (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium containing 0.5% fetal bovine serum) in the presence of 10 mM anti-c-myc mRNA DNAzyme designated Rs-6 (described below) , 10 mM control oligonucleotide (same arm sequences as Rs-6, with an inverted catalytic core sequence), or liposome alone (DOTAP; i.e. N-[l- (2, 3-dioleoyloxy) -N,N,N-trimethylammonium- methylsulfate) . The data are displayed as mean ± SD. Figure 8 shows dose-response experiments for Rs-6 DNAzyme in SMC's. The experimental details are as per Figure 7. The data are expressed as a percentage of the control. Figure 9 shows c-myc expression in DNAzyme-treated SMC's. Cells were labeled with 3 ^S-methionine as described in Example 7, and immunoprecipitation was performed to determine the expression level of c-myc protein in DNAzyme-treated SMC's. Figure 10 shows the genomic DNA sequence of the human c- myc gene (exons 1 and 2) . Detailed Description of the Invention This invention is directed to inhibiting the onset of restenosis using DNAzyme technology. The disorder's onset, triggered by physical trauma to arterial smooth muscle during angioplasty, is characterized by a several-hour period of c-myc over-expression following shortly thereafter. This c-myc over-expression leads to excess SMC proliferation, and inhibition of this overexpression in turn inhibits the onset of restenosis. This invention exploits this "window of opportunity" of c-myc over-expression by applying a c- myc mRNA-specific DNAzyme to the area of trauma around the time of angioplasty, thereby cleaving the mRNA and inhibiting restenosis onset. More specifically, this application provides a DNAzyme which specifically cleaves c-myc mRNA, comprising (a) a catalytic domain that has the nucleotide sequence GGCTAGCTACAACGA and cleaves mRNA at any purine :pyrimidine cleavage site at which it is directed, (b) a binding domain contiguous with the 5' end of the catalytic domain, and (c) another binding domain contiguous with the 3' end of the catalytic domain, wherein the binding domains are complementary to, and therefore hybridize with, the two regions immediately flanking the purine residue of the cleavage site within the c-myc mRNA, respectively, at which DNAzyme-catalyzed cleavage is desired, and wherein each binding domain is at least six nucleotides in length, and both binding domains have a combined total length of at least 14 nucleotides. As used herein, "DNAzyme" means a DNA molecule that specifically recognizes and cleaves a distinct target nucleic acid sequence, which can be either DNA or RNA. The instant DNAzyme cleaves RNA molecules, and is of the "10-23" model, as shown in Figure 1, named so for historical reasons. This type of DNAzyme is described in Santoro. The RNA target sequence requirement for the 10-23 DNAzyme is any RNA sequence consisting of NNNNNNNR*YNNNNNN, NNNNNNNNR*YNNNNN or NNNNNNR*YNNNNNNN, where R*Y is the cleavage site, R is A or G, Y is U or C, and N is any of G, U, C, or A. Within the parameters of this invention, the binding domain lengths (also referred to herein as "arm lengths") can be of any permutation, and can be the same or different. Various permutations such as 7+7, 8+8 and 9+9 are envisioned, and are exemplified more fully in the Examples that follow. It is well established that the greater the binding domain length, the more tightly it will bind to its complementary mRNA sequence. According, in the preferred embodiment, each binding domain is nine nucleotides in length. In one embodiment, the instant DNAzyme has the sequence TGAGGGGCAGGCTAGCTACAACGACGTCGTGAC (also referred to herein as "Rs-6") . In applying DNAzyme-based treatments, it is important that the DNAzymes be as stable as possible against degradation in the intra-cellular milieu. One means of accomplishing this is by incorporating a 3' -3' inversion at one or more termini of the DNAzyme. More specifically, a 3' -3' inversion (also referred to herein simply as an "inversion") means the covalent phosphate bonding between the 3' carbons of the terminal nucleotide and its adjacent nucleotide. This type of bonding is opposed to the normal phosphate bonding between the 3' and 5' carbons of adjacent nucleotides, hence the term "inversion." Accordingly, in the preferred embodiment, the 3' -end nucleotide residue is inverted in the binding domain contiguous with the 3' end of the catalytic domain. In addition to inversions, the instant DNAzymes can contain modified nucleotides. Modified nucleotides include, for example, N3'-P5' phosphoramidate linkages, and peptide-nucleic acid linkages. These are well known in the art (Wagner) . In this invention, any contiguous purine: pyrimidine nucleotide pair within the c-myc mRNA can serve as a cleavage site. In the preferred embodiment, purine :uracil is the desired purine : pyrimidine cleavage site. The c-myc mRNA region containing the cleavage site can be any region. For example, the location within the c-myc mRNA at which DNAzyme-catalyzed cleavage is desired can be the translation initiation site, a splice recognition site, the 5' untranslated region, and the 3' untranslated region. In one embodiment, the cleavage site is located at the translation initiation site. The sequences of human c-myc mRNA, and/or DNA encoding same, are well known (Bernard) . As used herein, ^c-myc mRNA" means any mRNA sequence encoded by the human c-myc DNA sequence shown in Figure 10 or by any naturally occurring polymorphism thereof. C-myc mRNA includes both mature and immature mRNA. Within the parameters of this invention, determining the c-myc mRNA cleavage site, the required sequences of each binding region, and thus the sequence of then entire DNAzyme, can be done according to well known methods. This invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition for inhibiting the onset of restenosis, which comprises the instant DNAzyme and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for topical administration. In this invention, topically administering the instant pharmaceutical composition can be effected or performed using any of the various methods and delivery systems known to those skilled in the art. The topical administration can be performed, for example, via catheter and topical injection, and via coated stent as discussed below. Pharmaceutical carriers for topical administration are well known in the art, as are methods for combining same with active agents to be delivered. The following delivery systems, which employ a number of routinely used carriers, are only representative of the many embodiments envisioned for administering the instant composition. Topical delivery systems include, for example, gels and solutions, and can contain excipients such as solubilizers, permeation enhancers (e.g., fatty acids, fatty acid esters, fatty alcohols and amino acids) , and hydrophilic polymers (e.g., polycarbophil and polyvinylpyrolidone) . In the preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is a liposome or a biodegradable polymer. Examples of liposomes which can be used in this invention include the following: (1) CellFectin, 1:1.5 (M/M) liposome formulation of the cationic lipid N,N I ,N II ,N III -tetramethyl-N,N I ,N II ,N ι - tetrapalmitylspermine and dioleoyl phosphatidyl- ethanola ine (DOPE) (GIBCO BRL) ; (2) Cytofectin GSV, 2:1 (M/M) liposome formulation of a cationic lipid and DOPE (Glen Research) ; (3) DOTAP (N- [1- (2, 3-dioleoyloxy) - N,N,N-trimethyl-ammoniummethylsulfate) (Boehringer Manheim) ; and (4) Lipofectamine, 3:1 (M/M) liposome formulation of the polycationic lipid DOSPA and the neutral lipid DOPE (GIBCO BRL) . This invention further provides an angioplastic stent for inhibiting the onset of restenosis, which comprises an agioplastic stent operably coated with a prophylactically effective dose of the instant pharmaceutical composition. Angioplastic stents, also known by other terms such as "intravascular stents" or simply "stents", are well known in the art. They are routinely used to prevent vascular closure due to physical anomalies such as unwanted inward growth of vascular tissue due to surgical trauma. They often have a tubular, expanding lattice-type structure appropriate for their function, and can optionally be biodegradable. In this invention, the stent can be operably coated with the instant pharmaceutical composition using any suitable means known in the art. Here, "operably coating" a stent means coating it in a way that permits the timely release of the pharmaceutical composition into the surrounding tissue to be treated once the coated stent is administered. Such coating methods, for example, can use the polymer polypyrrole. Stents, and methods and compositions for coating same, are discussed in detail in U.S. Serial No. 60/091,217. Determining a prophylactically effective dose of the instant pharmaceutical composition can be done based on animal data using routine computational methods. In one embodiment, the prophylactically effective dose contains between about 0.1 mg and about 1 g of the instant DNAzyme. In another embodiment, the prophylactically effective dose contains between about 1 mg and about 100 mg of the instant DNAzyme. In a further embodiment, the prophylactically effective dose contains between about 10 mg and about 50 mg of the instant DNAzyme. In yet a further embodiment, the prophylactically effective dose contains about 25 mg of the instant DNAzyme. This invention further provides a method for inhibiting the onset of restenosis in a subject undergoing angioplasty, which comprises topically administering a prophylactically effective dose of the instant pharmaceutical composition to the subject at around the time of the angioplasty. As used herein, administering the instant pharmaceutical composition "at around" the time of angioplasy can be performed during the procedure, or immediately before or after the procedure. The administering can be performed according to known methods such as catheter delivery. "Inhibiting" the onset of restenosis means either lessening the severity of restenosis which occurs after angioplasty, or preventing the onset of restenosis entirely. In the preferred embodiment, inhibiting the onset of restenosis means preventing the onset of restenosis entirely. Finally, this invention provides a method for inhibiting the onset of restenosis in a subject undergoing angioplasty, which comprises topically administering the instant angioplastic stent to the subject at the time of the angioplasty. This invention will be better understood by reference to the Examples which follow, but those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that they are only illustrative of the invention as described more fully in the claims which follow thereafter. In addition, various documents are cited throughout this application. The disclosures of these documents are hereby incorporated by reference into this application to describe more fully the state of the art to which this invention pertains. Examples Example 1 In vitro characterization of anti-c-myc DNAzymes The efficacy of DNAzymes in vi tro was determined by measuring the rate of RNA cleavage under multiple turnover conditions. For these experiments, a range of substrate concentrations was used such that [S] ≥ 10- fold excess over [E] which was fixed at 200 pM. The DNAzyme and a 32p_ι a t )e τ. e cl synthetic RNA substrate were pre-equilibrated separately for 10 minutes at 37°C in 50 mM Tris.HCl, pH 7.5, 10 mM MgCl2 and 0.01% SDS . At time zero, the reaction was initiated by mixing the DNAzyme and substrate together. The reaction progress was then followed by the analysis of aliquots taken sequentially at various time points and quenched in 90% formamide, 20 mM EDTA and loading dye. The product fragments and unreacted substrate in these samples were resolved by electrophoresis on a 16% denaturing polyacrylamide gel. The extent of reaction at each time point was determined by densitometry of the gel image produced through a Phosphorlmager (Molecular Dynamics) . The values for k Q bs (derived from the slopes of these time course experiments) was used to generate a line of best fit in a modified Eadie-Hofstee plot (k Q bs vs. kobs/[S]). In this way, the values for Km and k ca t are given as the negative slope of the regression line and the y intercept, respectively. Multiple turnover kinetics were used to examine the efficiency of DNAzyme-catalyzed cleavage of a short synthetic c-myc RNA sequence in vi tro (Figure 4) . Three modified DNAzymes and their unmodified controls with symmetrical 7, 8 and 9 base pair substrate-binding arms were incubated with an excess of the 2p_]_ aDe led synthetic c-myc RNA. From the values for k Q bs^ the kinetic parameters K m and k ca t were determined (Table 1) . The overall catalytic efficiency of each DNAzyme, as measured by the k C at/Km ratios, varies significantly between the modified and unmodified species. In the short arm DNAzymes (7+7 bp) , the inclusion of an inverted base modification produced a 3-fold decrease in the k C at/Km. In contrast to this negative effect on the cleavage activity, the relative efficiency of the long (9+9 bp) arm version was enhanced 10-fold by the presence of an inverted base modification. The intermediate length (8+8 bp) binding arm DNAzyme was the least effected by modification, showing a 2-fold increase in the value of k C at/ K m- The effect of the 3' inverted terminal base was therefore different depending on the length of the substrate-binding arms. In the short (7+7 bp) arm DNAzyme, the modification was found to be detrimental to the catalytic efficiency. However, in the long (9+9 bp) arm molecule, it actually improved catalytic activity. The unmodified DNAzyme activity was optimal with 8 bp substrate binding arms. In the short (7 bp) arm DNAzyme, the overall efficiency was lower due mainly to a higher K m (3.4-23 nM) . In DNAzymes having arms longer than 8 bp (i.e., 9 bp) , the overall efficiency was diminished as a result of both a relative rise in K m (3.4-7 nM) and a fall in the k ca t (0.11-0.06 min -1 ) . Thus, for c-myc mRNA-cleaving DNAzymes, optimal cleavage efficiency in the unmodified versions was observed with 8 bp arms. Both the 7 and 9 bp versions of the unmodified c-myc DNAzyme had lower overall efficiencies according to their respective values for kcat Km- The kinetic profile of these three different size c-myc-cleaving molecules was altered considerably by the inclusion of a 3 '-terminal nucleotide inversion. The influence of this DNA modification on the kinetics of c-myc RNA cleavage was particularly apparent in the short 7 bp arm DNAzyme. This molecule was substantially less efficient in terms of its value for kcat/Km compared to the unmodified version. This reduction in catalytic efficiency, however was recovered and even enhanced by the addition another two nucleotides in the 8 bp modified version. This indicated that the reduction of activity in the short DNAzyme was due to some disturbance of DNA/RNA interactions (caused by the nucleotide inversion), which could be recovered by increasing the arm lengths to 8 bp. Another slight improvement in catalytic efficiency was found by further increasing the arm lengths of the modified DNAzyme to 9 bps . This was in contrast to the situation in the unmodified DNAzyme that demonstrated a sharp decline in activity is observed when increasing arm length from 8 bp to 9 bp. These results demonstrate that 8 bp is the optimal arm length for c-myc RNA cleavage by the unmodified DNAzyme. An arm length of 9 bp appears to provide the optimal catalytic cleavage activity in 3 '-inverted DNAzymes. The decline in catalytic efficiency seen in the unmodified DNAzyme with 9 bp arms partially reflects a reduction in enzyme turnover rate apparent as a lower value for k C at- This lower turnover rate is probably a result of the DNAzyme' s increased affinity for the reaction product, which affinity in turn slows down product dissociation. This reduction of activity was avoided in the DNA modified by terminal base inversion, possibly as a result of destabilization of the enzyme-product interactions. Table 1 Kinetics of c-myc-cleaving DNAzymes DNAzyme Arm length Modificat'n ^ . t_ι n - l ) K m (nM) K ca /K m (pM- 'min--'-) Rs-1 7+7 None 0.25 23 10.8 Rs-2 7+7 3 'inversion 0.16 50 3.2 Rs-3 8+8 none 0.11 3.4 32 Rs-4 8+8 3 'inversion 0.24 4 60 Rs-5 9+9 None 0.06 7 8.6 Rs-6 9+9 3 'inversion 0.26 4 65 0 The kinetics of c-myc RNA cleavage were analyzed for three different length DNAzymes (both modified and unmodified) all targeting the start codon. Reactions were performed under multiple turnover conditions with 5 at least a 10-fold excess of substrate in the presence 10 mM MgCl2 and 50 mM Tris.HCl, pH 7.5. Example 2 In vitro cleavage of full-length c-myc mRNA 0 A full-length c-myc mRNA was used to further test DNAzymes' ability to cleave various forms of c-myc mRNA under simulated physiological conditions (10 mM MgCl2, pH7.5, 37°C) . Cleavage reactions were performed under 5 single turnover conditions by using 10 nM of long substrate (c-myc mRNA) and 50 nM of DNAzymes. Figure 5 shows that all the DNAzymes effectively cleave c-myc mRNA with a cleavage rate of 20 to 50%. As expected, the DNAzymes with longer arms cleave substrates more efficiently. A 3 '-inverted base modification decreases the cleavage efficiency of the 7+7 arm DNAzyme, but increases the cleavage efficiency of the 9+9 arm DNAzyme. Interestingly, there was no difference in DNAzyme cleavage efficiency between preheated and non-preheated DNAzymes. This result indicates that the accessibility of the cleavage site within the c-myc mRNA is not affected by mRNA secondary structure. Example 3 Chemical modification and stability of DNAzymes The following method assays DNAzyme stability in 100% human AB serum. Briefly, 150 μM unlabeled DNAzyme was incubated in 100 μl 100% human serum at 37 °C, and duplicate samples of 5 μl were removed at time points of 0, 2, 8, 24, 48 and 72 hours. Immediately upon sampling, 295 μl TE (10 mM Tris.Cl, pH 7.5, 1 mM EDTA) was added to the 5μl aliquot, and phenol/chloroform extraction was performed. All the samples from each time point were end-labeled with γ-32p-7ATP and run directly on 16% PAGE gels without further purification or precipitation, thus showing all intact DNAzymes and degradation products. Results show that a 3' -3' inversion at the 3' end significantly improved DNAzyme stability in human serum (tι/2 = 20 hours) , while unmodified DNAzyme exhibited a half-life of < 2 hours (Figure 6) . Example 4 DNAzyme-mediated inhibition of SMC proliferation Anti-c-myc DNAzyme activity was tested in vascular SV40LT (Simian Virus 40 large T antigen) smooth muscle cells (Simons). After growth arrest in 0.5% FBS-DMEM, SMC's were released from Go by addition of 10% FBS- DMEM. Cells were simultaneously exposed to DNAzyme or control oligonuceotide (i.e., the 9/9 arm DNAzyme with an inverted catalytic core sequence) delivered by DOTAP. DNAzyme growth-inhibitory ability was measured at 72 hours after delivery. The data for different DNAzymes shown in Figure 7 reveal a range of between 30% to 80% decrease in SMC numbers, while no decrease was observed using the control. Based on these assay results, the activity of the most effective molecule, Rs-6 (9/9 arms with 3' inverted base) was examined further in a dose-response assay (Figure 8) . Compared with the control, Rs-6 significantly inhibits SMC growth at concentrations of as low as 50 nM. Example 5 Effect of anti-c-myc DNAzyme on SMC cell cycle The impact of DNAzymes on SMC proliferation was also assessed using two independent techniques, i.e., DNA cell-cycle analysis and the determination of mitotic index. DNA histograms were generated at 72 hours after serum stimulation. After this 72-hour interval, 74% of unstimulated cells remained in Go/Gi, as compared with only 65% of stimulated cells. However, with the addition of the DNAzyme Rs-6, the proportion of stimulated cells remaining in Go/Gi phase increased to 71%. In contrast, the inactivated DNAzyme control (Rs-8) had no effect on the SMC cycle. These results were confirmed by quantifying the mitotic indices (i.e. the number of mitoses per 1000 cells, as determined microscopically) of SMC populations 72 hours after stimulation. Data are shown in Table 2. Table 2 Effect of Anti-c-myc DNAzyme on Serum-Stimulated Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation G0/G1 (%) S (%) G2/M (%) Mitotic Index (%) Unstimulated 73.66 8.56 13.39 0.5 DOTAP 65.24 12.59 16.62 1.9 Rs-6 70.81 9.93 14.12 0.3 Rs-8 (Control) 67.81 12.33 15.19 2.2 Example 6 Expression of c-myc protein in DNAzyme-transfected SMC's In order to demonstrate efficacy of anti-c-myc DNAzymes at the molecular level, expression of c-myc protein in DNAzyme-treated SMC's was assayed using immunoprecipitation. Briefly, SMC's were arrested in serum-free medium for 72 hours followed by incubation in met-free medium (containing 5% dialyzed fetal calf serum) for 1 hour at 37°C. After removing the medium, the cells were replaced with met-free medium containing 5% dialyzed fetal calf serum, 100 mCi/ml 35 S-Met and 5 mM DNAzyme, and incubated for an additional 2 hours. The cell lysates were prepared using the protocol as described, and c-myc protein was detected using agarose-conjugated anti-c-myc antibody. As shown in Figure 9, treatment of SMC's with anti-c-myc DNAzyme markedly inhibited the synthesis of c-myc protein, as determined by immunoprecipitation of metabolically labeled material. SMC incubation with control oligonucleotide (Rs-8) had no effect on c-myc expression. References Ausubel, F.M., et al., Analysis of proteins. Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (1995) Vol. 2, 10.18.3, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Banscota, N., et al . (1989) Mol. Endocrinol . (3):1183- 1190. 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Claims: What is claimed is: 1. A DNAzyme which specifically cleaves c-myc mRNA, comprising (a) a catalytic domain that has the nucleotide sequence GGCTAGCTACAACGA and cleaves mRNA at any purine:pyrimidine cleavage site at which it is directed, (b) a binding domain contiguous with the 5' end of the catalytic domain, and (c) another binding domain contiguous with the 3' end of the catalytic domain, wherein the binding domains are complementary to, and therefore hybridize with, the two regions immediately flanking the purine residue of the cleavage site within the c-myc mRNA, respectively, at which DNAzyme-catalyzed cleavage is desired, and wherein each binding domain is at least six nucleotides in length, and both binding domains have a combined total length of at least 14 nucleotides. 2. The DNAzyme of claim 1, wherein each binding domain is nine nucleotides in length. 3. The DNAzyme of claim 1, wherein the 3' -end nucleotide residue is inverted in the binding domain contiguous with the 3' end of the catalytic domain. 4. The DNAzyme of claim 1 having the sequence TGAGGGGCAGGCTAGCTACAACGACGTCGTGAC. 5. The DNAzyme of claim 1, wherein cleavage site within the c-myc mRNA is purine : uracyl . 6. The DNAzyme of claim 1, wherein the cleavage site within the c-myc mRNA is located in a region selected from the group consisting of the translation initiation site, a splice recognition site, the 5' untranslated region, and the 3' untranslated region. 7. A pharmaceutical composition for inhibiting the onset of restenosis, which comprises the DNAzyme of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for topical administration. 8. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 7, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is selected from the group consisting of a liposome and a biodegradable polymer. 9. An angioplastic stent for inhibiting the onset of restenosis, which comprises an agioplastic stent operably coated with a prophylactically effective dose of the pharmaceutical composition of claim 7. 10. A method for inhibiting the onset of restenosis in a subject undergoing angioplasty, which comprises topically administering a prophylactically effective dose of the pharmaceutical composition of claim 7 to the subject at around the time of the angioplasty. 11. A method for inhibiting the onset of restenosis in a subject undergoing angioplasty, which comprises topically administering the angioplastic stent of claim 9 to the subject at the time of the angioplasty.

Inventors: CAIRNS MURRAY J, SUN LUN-QUAN, CAIRNS, MURRAY, J., SUN, LUN-QUAN
Applicants: JOHNSON & JOHNSON RES PTY LTD, JOHNSON & JOHNSON RESEARCH PTY. LIMITED
Application year: 1999
Main classification: C12N9
IPC codes: A61B17, A61F2, A61K9, A61K31, A61L33, A61P9, C07H21, C12N9, C12N15