Toner preparation process

Abstract: A surfactant free process for the preparation of toner comprising heating a mixture of an emulsion latex, a colorant, and an organic compelling agent.

Description: The present invention is generally directed to toner processes, and more specifically, to aggregation and coalescence processes for the preparation of toner compositions. In embodiments, the present invention is directed to the economical chemical in situ preparation of toners without known pulverization and/or classification methods, and wherein in embodiments toner compositions with a volume average diameter of from 1 to 25, and preferably from 1 to 10 µm (microns) and narrow GSD of, for example, from 1.14 to 1.25 as measured on the Coulter Counter can be obtained. The resulting toners can be selected for known electrophotographic imaging, digital, printing processes, including color processes, and lithography. The aforementioned toners are especially useful for the development of colored images with excellent line and solid resolution, and wherein substantially no background deposits are present. In reprographic technologies, such as xerographic and ionographic devices, toners with volume average diameter particle sizes of from 9 µm (microns) to 20 µm (microns) are effectively utilized. Moreover, in xerographic technologies, such as the high volume Xerox Corporation 5090 copier-duplicator, high resolution characteristics and low image noise are highly desired, and can be attained utilizing the small sized toners prepared according to the present invention with, for example, a volume average particle diameter of from 2 to 11 µm (microns) and preferably less than 7 µm (microns), and with a narrow geometric size distribution (GSD) of from 1.16 to 1.3. Additionally, in xerographic systems wherein process color is utilized, such as pictorial color applications, small particle size colored toners, preferably of from 3 to 9 µm (microns), are desired to avoid, or minimize paper curling. Also, it is preferable to select small toner particle sizes, such as from 1 to 7 µm (microns), and with higher colorant loading, such as from 5 to 12 percent by weight of toner, such that the mass of toner layers deposited onto paper is reduced to obtain the same quality of image and resulting in a thinner plastic toner layer on paper after fusing, thereby minimizing or avoiding paper curling. Toners prepared in accordance with the present invention enable in embodiments the use of lower image fusing temperatures, such as from 120°C to 150°C, thereby avoiding or minimizing paper curl. Lower fusing temperatures minimize the loss of moisture from paper, thereby reducing or eliminating paper curl. Furthermore, in process color applications, and especially in pictorial color applications, toner to paper gloss matching is highly desirable. Gloss matching is referred to as matching the gloss of the toner image to the gloss of the paper. For example, when a low gloss image of preferably from 1 to 30 gloss is desired, low gloss paper is utilized, such as from 1 to 30 gloss units as measured by the Gardner Gloss metering unit, and which after image formation with small particle size toners, preferably for example, of from 3 to 5 µm (microns) and fixing thereafter, results in a low gloss toner image of from 1 to 30 gloss units as measured by the Gardner Gloss metering unit. Alternatively, when higher image gloss is desired, such as from 31 to 60 gloss units as measured by the Gardner Gloss metering unit, higher gloss paper is utilized, such as from 30 to 60 gloss units, and which after image formation with small particle size toners prepared according to the present invention of preferably, for example, from 3 to 5 µm (microns), (volume average diameter) and fixing thereafter results in a higher gloss toner image of from 30 to 60 gloss units as measured by the Gardner Gloss metering unit. The aforementioned toner to paper matching can be attained with, for example, small particle size toners, such as less than 7 µm (microns) and preferably less than 5 µm (microns), such as from 1 to 4 µm (microns), whereby the pile height of the toner layer or layers is considered low and acceptable. Numerous processes are known for the preparation of toners, such as, for example, conventional polyester processes wherein a resin is melt kneaded or extruded with a pigment, micronized and pulverized to provide toner particles with a volume average particle diameter of from 9 µm (microns) to 20 µm (microns) and with broad geometric size distribution of from 1.26 to 1.5. In these processes, it is usually necessary to subject the aforementioned toners to a classification procedure such that a toner geometric size distribution of from 1.2 to 1.4 is attained. Also, in the aforementioned conventional process, low toner yields after classifications may be obtained. Generally, during the preparation of toners with average particle size diameters of from 11 µm (microns) to 15 µm (microns), toner yields range from 70 percent to 85 percent after classification. Additionally, during the preparation of smaller sized toners with particle sizes of from 7 µm (microns) to 10 µm (microns), lower toner yields may be obtained after classification, such as from 50 percent to 70 percent. With the processes of the present invention in embodiments, small average particle sizes of, for example, from 3 µm (microns) to 9 µm (microns), and preferably 5 µm (microns) are attained without resorting to classification processes, and wherein narrow geometric size distributions are attained, such as from 1.16 to 1.30, and preferably from 1.16 to 1.25. High toner yields also result, such as from 90 percent to 98 percent in embodiments of the present invention. In addition, by the toner particle preparation process of the present invention in embodiments, small particle size toners of from 3 µm (microns) to 7 µm (microns) can be economically prepared in high yields, such as from 90 percent to 98.9 percent by weight based on the weight of all the toner ingredients, such as toner resin and colorant. There is illustrated in U.S. Patent 4,996,127 a toner of associated particles of secondary particles comprising primary particles of a polymer having acidic or basic polar groups and a coloring agent. The polymers selected for the toners of the '127 patent can be prepared by an emulsion polymerization method, see for example columns 4 and 5 of this patent. In column 7 of this '127 patent, it is indicated that the toner can be prepared by mixing the required amount of coloring agent and optional charge additive with an emulsion of the polymer having an acidic or basic polar group obtained by emulsion polymerization. In U.S. Patent 4,983,488, there is disclosed a process for the preparation of toners by the polymerization of a polymerizable monomer dispersed by emulsification in the presence of a colorant and/or a magnetic powder to prepare a principal resin component, and then effecting coagulation of the resulting polymerization liquid in such a manner that the particles in the liquid after coagulation have diameters suitable for a toner. It is indicated in column 9 of this patent that coagulated particles of 1 to 100, and particularly 3 to 70, are obtained. The disadvantage, for example, of poor GSD requires classification resulting in low toner yields, reference for example U.S. Patent 4,797,339, wherein there is disclosed a process for the preparation of toners by resin emulsion polymerization, wherein similar to the '127 patent certain polar resins are selected; and U.S. Patent 4,558,108, wherein there is disclosed a process for the preparation of a copolymer of styrene and butadiene by specific suspension polymerization. Illustrated in U.S. Patent 5,593,807 is a process for the preparation of toner compositions comprising, for example, (i) preparing an emulsion latex comprised of sodio sulfonated polyester resin particles of from 5 to 500 nanometers in size diameter by heating said resin in water at a temperature of from 65°C to 90°C; (ii) preparing a pigment dispersion in water by dispersing in water from 10 to 25 weight percent of sodio sulfonated polyester and from 1 to 5 weight percent of pigment; (iii) adding the pigment dispersion to the latex mixture with shearing, followed by the addition of an alkali halide in water until aggregation results as indicated, for example, by an increase in the latex viscosity of from 2 mPa·s (centipoise) to 100 mPa·s (centipoise); (iv) heating the resulting mixture at a temperature of from 45°C to 55°C thereby causing further aggregation and enabling coalescence, resulting in toner particles of from 4 to 9 µm (microns) in volume average diameter and with a geometric distribution of less than 1.3; and optionally (v) cooling the product mixture to about 25°C and followed by washing and drying. The sulfonated polyesters of this patent may be selected for the processes of the present invention. The process of the above patent may be disadvantageous in that, for example, the use of an alkali metal can result in a final toner resin which evidences some crosslinking or elastic reinforcement, primarily since the metal salt functions as a crosslinked site between the sulfonate groups contained on the polyester resin, causing an increase in viscosity and a decrease, or loss of high gloss characteristics for the polyester resin. These and other disadvantages and problems are minimized, or avoided with the processes of the present invention. In U.S. Patent 5,290,654 discloses a process for the preparation of toners comprised of dispersing a polymer solution comprised of an organic solvent and a polyester, and homogenizing and heating the mixture to remove the solvent and thereby form toner composites. The appropriate polyesters of this patent may be selected for the processes of the present invention. It is an object of the present invention to provide toner processes with many of the advantages illustrated herein. In another object of the present invention there are provided simple and economical processes for the preparation of black and colored toner compositions with, for example, excellent colorant dispersion and narrow GSD. In another feature of the present invention there are provided simple and economical in situ processes wherein reduced amounts of surfactants are selected for black and colored toner compositions by an emulsion aggregation process, and wherein a sulfonated polyester is selected as the resin, reference for example copending patent application U.S. Serial No. 221,595. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a process for the preparation of sulfonated polyester containing toner compositions with a volume average diameter of from 1 to 20 µm (microns), and preferably from 1 to 7 µm (microns) in volume average diameter, and with a narrow GSD of, for example, from 1.15 to 1.35, and preferably from 1.14 to 1.22 as measured by a Coulter Counter. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a process for the preparation of toner compositions with certain effective particle sizes by controlling the temperature of the aggregation/coalescence, which process comprises stirring and heating at a suitable aggregation/coalescence temperature. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a process for the preparation of toners with particle size distribution which can be improved from 1.4 to 1.16 as measured by the Coulter Counter by increasing the temperature of aggregation/coalescence from 25°C to 60°C and preferably from 45°C to 55°C. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a process that is rapid, for example the aggregation/coalescence time can be reduced to from 1 to 3 hours by increasing the temperature from room, about 25°C, (RT) to 50°C to 60°C, and wherein the process consumes from 1 to 8 hours. It is a further object of the present invention to provide an economical process for the preparation of toner compositions, which after fixing to paper substrates results in images with a gloss of from 20 GGU (Gardner Gloss Units) up to 70 GGU as measured by Gardner Gloss meter matching of toner and paper. In another feature of the present invention there is provided a composite toner of polymeric resin with colorant, such as pigment or dye, and optional charge control agents in high yields of from about 90 percent to about 100 percent without resorting to classification, and wherein surfactants are avoided; and there are provided processes for dissipating a polar charged sodium sulfonated polyester resin in water at about 10°C to about 25°C above the Tg of the polyester resin to form an emulsion latex, followed by mixing with pigment and organic complexing agent, and thereafter heating the mixture to from 30°C to 65°C and preferably from 45°C to 55°C to effect aggregation/coalescence of the emulsion particles and colorant to form coalesced toner particles of resin and colorant in the size range of, for example, from 1 to 10 µm and preferably from about 3 to 7 µm. In yet another feature of the present invention there are provided toner compositions with low fusing temperatures of from 110°C to 150°C and with excellent blocking characteristics at from 50°C to 60°C. Another feature of the present invention resides in the use of organic small molecules as a coagulant which eliminates the crosslinking that is exhibited, for example, by the use of a dication salt. Yet another feature of the present invention resides in the preparation of reduced surfactant, or substantially free surfactant latexes, thereby reducing or eliminating extensive washings. These and other features of the present invention are accomplished in embodiments by the provision of toners and processes thereof. In embodiments of the present invention, there are provided processes for the economical direct preparation of toner compositions by flocculation or heterocoagulation, and coalescence. The present invention provides a surfactant free process for the preparation of a toner comprising heating a mixture of an emulsion latex of a polyester, a colorant, and an organic complexing agent, thereby causing aggregation and coalescence of resin particles. Preferred embodiments of the present invention are set forth in the sub-claims. The present invention is directed to processes for the preparation of toner compositions, which comprises initially attaining or generating a colorant, such as a pigment dispersion, for example, by dispersing an aqueous mixture of a colorant, especially pigment or pigments, such as carbon black like REGAL 330® obtained from Cabot Corporation, red, green, blue, orange, phthalocyanine, quinacridone or RHODAMINE B™, and generally cyan, magenta, yellow, or mixtures thereof, by utilizing a high shearing device, such as a Brinkmann Polytron, thereafter shearing this mixture by utilizing a high shearing device, such as a Brinkmann Polytron, a sonicator or microfluidizer with a suspended resin mixture comprised of a polyester polymer component, adding an organic complexing agent, and subsequently heating to enable aggregation/coalescence. Moreover, the present invention is directed to a substantially free toner surfactant process by forming a latex of a polyester, such as a sodium sulfonated polyester resin in water, mixing the latex with a colorant, especially pigment dispersion containing a coagulating organic complexing agent, especially small molecules, and thereafter, heating the resulting mixture to primarily enable the generation of toner aggregates and coalesced toner particles. The polyester resin selected preferably contains sulfonated groups thereby rendering them dissipatable, that is, they form spontaneous emulsions in water without the use of organic solvents, especially above the glass transition temperature, Tg, of the polyester resin. The process of the present invention can be considered a substantially surfactant free chemical method wherein sulfopolyester particles are aggregated and coalesced with organic complexing agents in the presence of a colorant dispersion by heating wherein during the heating no surfactants are utilized. Heating the mixture at temperatures of from 45°C to 55°C generates toner size particles with, for example, an average particle volume diameter of from 1 to 25 and preferably 2 to 10 µm (microns). It is believed that during the heating the components of the sulfonated polyester latex and the colorant dispersion aggregate and fuse together to form composite toner particles. Additionally, it is believed the complex agents, such as a primary alkyl amino or diamino alkanes, cause the sulfonated polyester latex and colorant to aggregate and coalesce into a toner composite, or toner particles by an amidation hydrolysis of the polyester resin latex. More specifically, it is believed that the alkyl amine reacts with the ester moiety of the polyester resin latex to result in an amide bond or the partial hydrolysis of the resin. In another embodiment thereof, the present invention is directed to an in situ process comprised of first dispersing a colorant like a pigment, such as HELIOGEN BLUE™ or HOSTAPERM PINK™, reference the Color Index, in an aqueous mixture utilizing a high shearing device, such as a Brinkmann Polytron, microfluidizer or sonicator, thereafter shearing this mixture with a latex of suspended polyester resin particles, and which particles are preferably, for example, of a size ranging from 5 to 500 and more preferably 10 to 250 nanometers in volume average diameter, as measured by the Brookhaven nanosizer. Thereafter, the aforesaid mixture is contacted with an organic complexing agent, and heated with stirring for a suitable time period of, for example, from 1 to 8 hours, and which heating is, for example, from 40°C to 60°C, and preferably from 45°C to 55°C, thereby resulting in the aggregation and simultaneous coalescence of the resin particles with the colorant, and permitting the formation of particles ranging in size of from 0.5 µm (micron) to 20 µm (microns) and preferably from 2 to 10 µm (microns) in volume average diameter size as measured by the Coulter Counter (Microsizer II). The size of the coalesced particles and their distribution can be controlled by, for example, the amount of organic complexing agent and by the temperature of heating, and wherein the speed at which toner size particles are formed can also be controlled by the quantity of organic complexing agent used and by the temperature. The particles obtained after heating can be subjected to washing with, for example, water to remove residual organic complexing agent, and drying whereby there are obtained toner particles comprised of resin and colorant, and which toner can be of various particle size diameters, such as from 1 to 20, and preferably about 12 µm (microns) in volume average particle diameter. Preferred processes of the present invention comprise: a process comprising (i) preparing an emulsion latex comprised of sodio sulfonated polyester resin particles of a size of from 5 to 300 nanometers, and preferably 10 to 250 nanometers, and in an amount of from 5 to 40 weight percent by heating the resin in water at a temperature of from 45°C to 80°C; (ii) adding, with shearing, or extensive high speed mixing, a colorant dispersion containing, for example, 20 to 50 percent of predispersed colorant in water, with a mean colorant size ranging from 50 to 150 nanometers, to the latex mixture comprised of sulfonated polyester resin particles in water, followed by the addition of an organic complexing agent in an amount, for example, of from 1 to 5 weight percent in water; (iii) heating the above resulting mixture at a temperature of, for example, from 35°C to 60°C and preferably from 45°C to 55°C thereby causing aggregation and coalescence resulting in toner particles of, for example, from 4 to 10 µm (microns) in size with a geometric distribution of less than 1.3; and optionally (iv) cooling the product mixture to about 25°C, followed by isolating, filtering and drying; a process comprising (i) preparing, or providing an emulsion latex of sodio sulfonated polyester resin particles of a size of from 5 to 500 nanometers and preferably from 10 to 250 nanometers in size diameter by heating the resin in water at a temperature of from 65°C to 90°C; (ii) adding the colorant dispersion to the above latex mixture and to an organic complexing agent in water; (iii) heating the resulting mixture at a temperature of from 35°C to 60°C and preferably from 45°C to 55°C thereby causing aggregation and enabling coalescence, resulting in toner particles of, for example, from 4 to 9 µm (microns) in volume average diameter and with a geometric distribution of less than 1.3; and (iv) cooling the product mixture to about 25°C, followed by filtering and drying; a process comprising (i) preparing an emulsion latex comprised of sodio sulfonated polyester resin particles of less than 0.1 µm (micron) in size by heating the resin in water at a temperature of, for example, from 5°C to 30°C and preferably from 10°C to 20°C above the resin glass transition temperature; (ii) adding a colorant dispersion to the latex mixture, followed by the addition of an organic complexing component of from 1 to 5 weight percent in water; (iv) heating the resulting mixture at a temperature of from 35°C to 60°C and preferably from 45°C to 55°C causing aggregation and coalescence thereby resulting in toner particles; and (v) cooling the product mixture, followed by filtering and drying; and a process comprising (i) preparing an emulsion latex comprised of sodio sulfonated polyester resin particles and water by heating; (ii) adding the pigment dispersion to the above latex mixture comprised of sulfonated polyester resin particles in water with shearing, followed by the addition of an organic complexing agent; and (iii) heating the resulting mixture thereby causing aggregation and enabling coalescence. The present invention provides a surfactant free process for the preparation of a toner comprising heating a mixture of an emulsion latex of a polyester, a colorant, and an organic complexing agent, thereby causing aggregation and coalescence of resin particles. Preferably, said complexing agent and said heating enables aggregation and coalescence of said resin particles and said colorant, and thereafter cooling and isolating the toner formed, and said latex contains sulfonated polyester resin. The present invention is also directed to a process for the preparation of toner compositions comprising (i) preparing an emulsion latex comprised of sodio sulfonated polyester resin particles of from 5 to 300 nanometers in size diameter by heating said resin in water at a temperature of from 65°C to 90°C; (ii) adding with shearing to said latex a colorant dispersion containing from 20 to 50 percent of predispersed colorant in water and with a mean colorant size range of from 50 to 150 nanometers, followed by the addition of an organic complexing agent; (iii) heating the resulting mixture at a temperature of from 45°C to 65°C thereby causing aggregation and enabling coalescence, resulting in toner particles of from 2 to 20 µm (microns) in volume average diameter; and (iv) cooling the toner product mixture followed by isolation, and drying. The following embodiments are preferred: The organic complexing agent is 1,4-diaminobutane, 1,4-diaminocyclohexane, 1,7-diaminoheptane, 1,6-diaminohexane, 1,2-diamino-2-methylpropane, 1,9-diaminononane, 1,8-diaminooctane, 1,5-diaminopentane, 1,2-diaminopropane, 1,3-diaminopropane, 1,3-diamino-2-hydroxypropane, ethanolamine, triethylamine, or tripropylamine. The particle size distribution of the aggregated particles is about 1.40 decreasing to about 1.15, when the heating temperature is increased from room temperature, about 25°C to about 55°C. Said shearing is accomplished by homogenizing at from 1,000 revolutions per minute to 10,000 revolutions per minute, at a temperature of from 25°C to 35°C, and for a duration of from 1 minute to 120 minutes. The polyester is a polyester of poly(1,2-propylene-sodio 5-sulfoisophthalate), poly(neopentylene-sodio 5-sulfoisophthalate), poly(diethylene-sodio 5-sulfoisophthalate), copoly(1,2-propylene-sodio 5-sulfoisophthalate)-copoly(1,2-propylene-terephthalate phthalate), copoly(1,2-propylene-diethylene sodio 5-sulfoisophthalate)-copoly-(1,2-propylene-diethylene-terephthalate phthalate), copoly(ethylene-neopentylene-sodio 5-sulfoisophthalate)-copoly-(ethylene-neopentylene-terephthalate-phthalate), or copoly(propoxylated bisphenol A)-copoly-(propoxylated bisphenol A-sodio 5-sulfoisophthalate. The colorant is carbon black, cyan, yellow, magenta, or mixtures thereof. The toner particles isolated are from 2 to 15 µm (microns) in volume average diameter, and the geometric size distribution thereof is from 1.15 to 1.35. There is added to the surface of the formed toner metal salts, metal salts of fatty acids, silicas, metal oxides, or mixtures thereof, each in an amount of from 0.1 to 10 weight percent of the obtained toner. The organic complexing agent enables noncrosslinked toner particles, or wherein said organic complexing agent enables toner which exhibits nonreinforcing rheological characteristics. The complexing agent is selected in an amount of from 1 to 5 weight percent. Said polyester is a sodio sulfonated polyester resin of a size diameter of from 10 to 150 nanometers, and said toner is from 3 to 12 µm (microns) in volume average diameter. Said organic complexing agent provides for the aggregation and coalescence of the resin latex and colorant by an amidation reaction of the polyester latex, and said amidation involves the reaction of an amine group from the complexing agent with the ester bond of said polyester. Said organic complexing agent provides for the aggregation and coalescence of the resin latex and colorant by partial hydrolysis of the polyester latex, wherein partial means from 0.1 to 2 weight percent. Said complexing agent enables the aggregation and coalescence of the resin latex and colorant. Said aggregation and coalescence results preferably from the amidation of said resin of from 0.1 to 2 weight percent of said polyester. The complexing agent is 1,3-diaminopentane. The polyester resin is copoly(neopentylene-diethylene)terephthalate-copoly(sodium sulfoisophthalate dicarboxylate), or copoly(1,2-propylene-diethylene)terephthalate-copoly(sodium sulfoisophthalate dicarboxylate). The polyester resin is of the formula wherein R is an alkylene; R' is an arylene; and p and n represent the number of randomly repeating segments. Said polyester resin is a random copolymer, and wherein the n and p segments are separated. The present invention is also directed to a surfactant free process for the preparation of toner comprising admixing an emulsion latex comprised of sulfonated polyester resin particles with a colorant dispersion, and an organic complexing agent; and heating the resulting mixture at a temperature, and optionally (v) cooling the mixture. Preferably said emulsion latex comprised of sulfonated polyester resin particles is generated by heating said resin particles in water at a temperature of from 15 to 30°C above the resin glass transition temperature, wherein said colorant dispersion contains from 20 to 50 percent of predispersed colorant in water, followed by the addition of said organic complexing agent; heating the.resulting mixture at a temperature of from 35°C to 65°C thereby causing aggregation and coalescence; and (vi) cooling the resulting mixture. It is also preferred that there is prepared an emulsion latex comprised of sodio sulfonated polyester resin particles by heating said resin in water, and subsequent to cooling the toner is isolated and then dried.Said isolation is preferably carried out by filtration and cooling is to about 25°C.The preferred resin selected for the processes of the present invention is a sulfonated polyester, such as a sodio sulfonated polyester, and more specifically, a polyester, such as poly(1,2-propylene-sodio 5-sulfoisophthalate), poly(neopentylene-sodio 5-sulfoisophthalate), poly(diethylene-sodio 5-sulfoisophthalate), copoly(1,2-propylene-sodio 5-sulfoisophthalate)-copoly-(1,2-propylene-terephthalate phthalate), copoly(1,2-propylene-diethylene-sodio 5-sulfoisophthalate)-copoly-(1,2-propylene-diethylene-terephthalate-phthalate), copoly(ethylene-neopentylene-sodio 5-sulfoisophthalate)-copoly-(ethylene-neopentylene-terephthalate-phthalate), or copoly(propoxylated bisphenol A)-copoly-(propoxylated bisphenol A-sodio 5-sulfoisophthalate. The sulfonated polyesters may in embodiments be represented by the following formula, or random copolymers thereof wherein the n and p segments are separated wherein R is an alkylene of, for example, from 2 to 25 carbon atoms such as ethylene, propylene, butylene, oxyalkylene diethyleneoxide, and the like; R' is an arylene of, for example, from 6 to 36 carbon atoms, such as a benzylene, bisphenylene, bis(alkyloxy) bisphenolene, and the like; and p and n represent the number of randomly repeating segments, such as for example from 10 to 10,000. The alkali sulfopolyester possesses, for example, a number average molecular weight (M n ) of from 1,500 to 50,000 grams per mole, a weight average molecular weight (M w ) of from 6,000 grams per mole to 150,000 grams per mole as measured by gel permeation chromatography and using polystyrene as standards. Various known colorants or pigments present in the toner in an effective amount of, for example, from 1 to 25 percent by weight of the toner, and preferably in an amount of from 1 to 15 weight percent, that can be selected include carbon black like REGAL 330®; magnetites, such as Mobay magnetites MO8029™, MO8060™; Columbian magnetites; MAPICO BLACKS™ and surface treated magnetites. Generally, colorants that can be selected are cyan, magenta, or yellows, and mixtures thereof. These colorants, especially pigments, selected are present in various effective amounts as indicated herein, and generally from 1 weight percent to 65 weight percent and preferably from 2 to 12 percent, of the toner. Colorants include dyes, pigments, mixtures thereof, mixtures of pigments, mixtures of dyes, and the like. Examples of organic complexing agents, or components include aliphatic amines, especially diamines, aminoaliphatic alcohols, trialiphatic amines, and the like, and wherein aliphatic is an alkyl which contains, for example, from 1 to 25 carbon atoms. Specific examples of complexing agents are 1,4-diaminobutane, 1,4-diaminocyclohexane, 1,7-diaminoheptane, 1,6-diaminohexane, 1,2-diamino-2-methylpropane, 1,9-diaminononane, 1,8-diaminooctane, 1,5-diaminopentane, DYTEK™ obtained from DuPont, 1,2-diaminopropane, 1,3-diaminopropane, 1,3-diamino-2-hydroxypropane, ethanolamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, and the like. The concentration, or amount of the complexing agent selected is in embodiments, for example from 0.5 to 10 percent by weight, and preferably from 1 to 5 percent by weight of the amount of the sulfonated polyester resin. Surface additives that can be added to the toner compositions after isolation by, for example, filtration, and then optionally followed by washing and drying include, for example, metal salts, metal salts of fatty acids, colloidal silicas, titanium oxides, mixtures thereof, and the like, which additives are usually present in an amount of from 0.1 to 2 weight percent, reference U.S. Patents 3,590,000; 3,720,617; 3,655,374 and 3,983,045. Preferred additives include zinc stearate, silicas, such as AEROSIL R972®, and other silicas available from Cabot Corporation Degussa Company. These additives can be selected in amounts of, for example, from 0.1 to 2 percent, and which additives can be incorporated during the aggregation, or blended into the formed toner product. The toner may also include known charge additives in effective amounts of, for example, from 0.1 to 5 weight percent, such as alkyl pyridinium halides, bisulfates, the charge control additives of U.S. Patents 3,944,493; 4,007,293; 4,079,014; 4,394,430 and 4,560,635, negative charge enhancing additives like aluminum complexes, and the like. Other known positive and negative enhancing charge additives may also be selected. Developer compositions can be prepared by mixing the toners obtained with the processes of the present invention with known carrier particles, including coated carriers, such as steel, ferrites, and the like, reference U.S. Patents 4,937,166 and 4,935,326, for example from 2 percent toner concentration to 8 percent toner concentration. The carrier particles may also be comprised of a carrier core with a polymer coating, or coatings thereover, and dispersed therein a conductive component like a conductive carbon black in an amount, for example, of from 5 to 60 weight percent. Imaging methods are also envisioned with the toners prepared according to the present invention, reference for example a number of the patents mentioned herein, and U.S. Patents 4,265,660; 4,585,884; 4,563,408 and 4,584,253. The following Examples are provided. Parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise indicated. EXAMPLES PREPARATION OF SULFONATED POLYESTERS Moderately sulfonated polyesters prepared by polycondensation reactions were selected with a sufficient enough loading of sulfonate groups to afford ready dissipation of the polymer in warm water, for example 5°C to 10°C > Tg of the polyester resin, to submicron particles. Preparation of Linear Moderately Sulfonated Polyester A: A linear sulfonated random copolyester resin comprised of, on a mol percent, approximately 0.47 of terephthalate, 0.030 of sodium sulfoisophthalate, 0.455 of neopentyl glycol, and 0.045 of diethylene glycol was prepared as follows. In a one liter Parr reactor equipped with a bottom drain valve, double turbine agitator, and distillation receiver with a cold water condenser were charged 388 grams of dimethylterephthalate, 44.55 grams of sodium dimethylsulfoisophthalate, 310.94 grams of neopentyl glycol (1 mole excess of glycol), 22.36 grams of diethylene glycol (1 mole excess of glycol), and 0.8 gram of butyltin hydroxide oxide as the catalyst. The reactor was then heated to 165°C with stirring for 3 hours whereby 115 grams of distillate were collected in the distillation receiver, and which distillate was comprised of about 98 percent by volume of methanol and 2 percent by volume of neopentylglycol as measured by the ABBE refractometer available from American Optical Corporation. The mixture was then heated to 190°C over a one hour period, after which the pressure was slowly reduced from atmospheric pressure to about 260 Torr over a one hour period, and then reduced to 5 Torr over a two hour period with the collection of approximately 122 grams of distillate in the distillation receiver, and which distillate was comprised of approximately 97 percent by volume of neopentylglycol and 3 percent by volume of methanol as measured by the ABBE refractometer. The pressure was then further reduced to about 1 Torr over a 30 minute period whereby an additional 16 grams of neopentylglycol were collected. The reactor was then purged with nitrogen to atmospheric pressure, and the polymer discharged through the bottom drain onto a container cooled with dry ice to yield 460 grams of the 3.0 mol percent sulfonated-polyester resin, copoly(neopentylene-diethylene)terephthalate-copoly(sodium sulfoisophthalate dicarboxylate). The sulfonated polyester resin glass transition temperature was measured to be 54.7°C (onset) utilizing the 910 Differential Scanning Calorimeter available from E.I. DuPont operating at a heating rate of 10°C per minute. The number average molecular weight was measured to be 2,560 grams per mole, and the weight average molecular weight was measured to be 3,790 grams per mole using tetrahydrofuran as the solvent. A particle size of 31 nanometers (volume weighted) was measured using a Nicomp particle sizer. Preparation of Linear Moderately Sulfonated Polyester B: A linear sulfonated random copolyester resin comprised of, on a mol percent, approximately 0.465 of terephthalate, 0.035 of sodium sulfoisophthalate, 0.475 of 1,2-propanediol, and 0.025 of diethylene glycol was prepared as follows. In a one liter Parr reactor equipped with a bottom drain valve, double turbine agitator, and distillation receiver with a cold water condenser were charged 388 grams of dimethylterephthalate, 44.55 grams of sodium dimethylsulfoisophthalate, 310.94 grams of 1,2-propanediol (1 mole excess of glycol), 22.36 grams of diethylene glycol (1 mole excess of glycol), and 0.8 gram of butyltin hydroxide oxide as the catalyst. The reactor was then heated to 165°C with stirring for 3 hours whereby 115 grams of distillate were collected in the distillation receiver, and which distillate was comprised of about 98 percent by volume of methanol and 2 percent by volume of 1,2-propanediol as measured by the ABBE refractometer available from American Optical Corporation. The mixture was then heated to 190°C over a one hour period, after which the pressure was slowly reduced from atmospheric pressure to about 260 Torr over a one hour period, and then reduced to 5 Torr over a two hour period with the collection of approximately 122 grams of distillate in the distillation receiver, and which distillate was comprised of approximately 97 percent by volume of 1,2-propanediol and 3 percent by volume of methanol as measured by the ABBE refractometer. The pressure was then further reduced to about 1 Torr over a 30 minute period whereby an additional 16 grams of 1,2-propanediol were collected. The reactor was then purged with nitrogen to atmospheric pressure, and the polymer discharged through the bottom drain onto a container cooled with dry ice to yield 460 grams of the 3.5 mol percent sulfonated polyester resin, copoly(1,2-propylene-diethylene)terephthalate-copoly(sodium sulfoisophthalate dicarboxylate). The sulfonated polyester resin glass transition temperature was measured to be 59.5°C (onset) utilizing the 910 Differential Scanning Calorimeter, available from E.I. DuPont, operating at a heating rate of 10°C per minute. The number average molecular weight was measured to be 3,250 grams per mole, and the weight average molecular weight was measured to be 5,290 grams per mole using tetrahydrofuran as the solvent. A particle size of 57 nanometers (volume weighted) was measured using a Nicomp particle sizer. Preparation of Latex Stock Solutions: Submicrometer (submicron) dispersions of the appropriate sulfonated polyester resin, for example those prepared above, in distilled deionized water are prepared by first heating the water to 10°C to 15°C above the glass transition of the sulfonated polyester polymer and then slowly adding the polymer with stirring until it has fully dispersed. The resulting latexes had a characteristic blue tinge and a resin particle size in the range of from 5 to 100 nanometers. In general, 50 grams of the sulfonated polyester were dissipated in 200 grams of water. Cyan Toner Preparation : 250 Grams of the above polyester resin B emulsion, or latex as prepared above were mixed with 3.25 grams of a cyan Pigment 15:3 dispersion (Sun Chemical 54 percent by weight pigment in water) followed by shearing at 3,000 revolutions per minute using a Brinkmann polytron for a duration of about 2 minutes. To this was added with stirring 2.25 grams of the organic complexing agent 1,3-diaminopentane, or DYTEK™ in about 10 milliliters of water. The resulting mixture was then heated to about 52°C and stirring was then continued for 5.5 hours, resulting in cyan toner particles with an average particle size of about 6.6 µm (microns) and GSD of 1.18 as measured by the Coulter Counter. The cyan toner was comprised of about 96.5 weight percent of resin and 3.5 weight percent of cyan Pigment 15:3 Collection of Product : The above mixture was diluted with 500 milliliters of cold water cooled to room temperature, about 25°C, filtered, washed with about 500 grams of water and dried using a freeze dryer. There were achieved 50 gloss units at a low fusing temperature of about 170°C when the toner obtained was fused on a Xerox Corporation laboratory fuser similar to the Xerox Corporation 5090 fuser. Thus, this toner was considered a high gloss toner. Magenta Toner Preparation : 250 Grams of the polyester resin B latex as prepared above were mixed with 12 grams of a magenta Red 81:3 pigment dispersion (Sun Chemical 21 percent by weight pigment in water) followed by shearing at 3,000 revolutions per minute using a Brinkmann polytron for a duration of about 2 minutes. To the mixture resulting were added with stirring 2.25 grams of the organic complexing agent 1,3-diaminopentane, or DYTEK™, in about 10 milliliters of water. The resulting mixture was then heated to about 52°C, and stirring was then continued for 6 hours resulting in magenta toner particles with an average particle size of about 5.9 µm (microns) and GSD of 1.19 as measured by the Coulter Counter. The magenta toner was comprised of about 95 weight percent of the polyester resin and 5 weight percent of the red Pigment 81:3. Collection of Product : The above mixture was diluted with 500 milliliters of cold water cooled to room temperature, about 25°C, filtered, washed with about 500 grams of water and dried using a freeze dryer. There were achieved 50 gloss units at a low fusing temperature of about 175°C when the above prepared magenta toner obtained was fused on a Xerox Corporation laboratory fuser similar to the Xerox Corporation 5090 fuser. Thus, this toner was considered a high gloss toner. Yellow Toner Preparation : 250 Grams of the polyester resin B emulsion as prepared above were mixed with 10 grams of a Yellow 180 pigment dispersion (Sun Chemical 25 percent by weight pigment in water) followed by shearing at 3,000 revolutions per minute using a Brinkmann polytron for a duration of about 2 minutes. To this mixture were added with stirring 2.25 grams of the organic complexing agent DYTEK™ in about 10 milliliters of water. The resulting mixture was then heated to about 52°C and stirring was continued for 6.5 hours to result in yellow toner particles with an average particle size of about 6.2 µm (microns) and GSD of 1.17 as measured by the Coulter Counter. The resulting yellow toner was comprised of about 92.8 weight percent of the polyester resin and 7.2 weight percent of the Yellow 180 pigment. Collection of Product : The above mixture was diluted with 500 milliliters of cold water cooled to room temperature, about 25°C, filtered, washed with about 500 grams of water and dried using a freeze dryer. There were achieved 50 gloss units at a low fusing temperature of about 177°C when the above prepared yellow toner obtained was fused on a Xerox Corporation laboratory fuser similar to the Xerox Corporation 5090 fuser. Thus, this toner was considered a high gloss toner. Black Toner Preparation : 250 Grams of the polyester resin B emulsion as prepared above were mixed with 5 grams of a REGAL 330® carbon black pigment dispersion (Sun Chemical 40 percent by weight pigment in water) followed by shearing at 3,000 revolutions per minute using a Brinkmann polytron for a duration of about 2 minutes. To this mixture were added with stirring 2.25 grams of the organic complexing agent hexanediamine in about 10 milliliters of water. The resulting mixture was then heated to about 52°C, and stirring was continued for 6.5 hours to result in black toner particles with an average particle size of about 6.4 µm (microns) and GSD of 1.18 as measured by the Coulter Counter. The resulting black toner was comprised of about 95 weight percent of the polyester resin and 5 weight percent of the REGAL 330® carbon black. Collection of Product : The above mixture was diluted with 500 milliliters of cold water cooled to room temperature, about 25°C, filtered, washed with about 500 grams of water and dried using a freeze dryer. There were achieved 50 gloss units at a low fusing temperature of about 180°C when the above prepared black toner obtained was fused on a Xerox Corporation laboratory fuser similar to the Xerox Corporation 5090 fuser. Thus, this toner was considered a high gloss toner.

Claims: A surfactant free process for the preparation of a toner comprising heating a mixture of an emulsion latex of a polyester, a colorant, and an organic complexing agent, thereby causing aggregation and coalescence of resin particles. The process in accordance with claim 1 wherein said complexing agent and said heating enables aggregation and coalescence of resin particles contained in the latex and said colorant, and thereafter cooling and isolating the toner formed, and wherein said latex contains sulfonated polyester resin. The process in accordance with claim 1 comprising (i) preparing an emulsion latex comprised of sodio sulfonated polyester resin particles of from 5 to 300 nanometers in size diameter by heating said resin in water at a temperature of from 65°C to 90°C; (ii) adding with shearing to said latex a colorant dispersion containing from 20 to 50 percent of predispersed colorant in water and with a mean colorant size range of from 50 to 150 nanometers, followed by the addition of an organic complexing agent; (iii) heating the resulting mixture at a temperature of from 45°C to 65°C thereby causing aggregation and enabling coalescence, resulting in toner particles of from 2 to 20 µm (microns) in volume average diameter; and (iv) cooling the toner product mixture followed by isolation, and drying. The process in accordance with any of claims 1 to 3 wherein the organic complexing agent is 1,4-diaminobutane, 1,4-diaminocyclohexane, 1,7-diaminoheptane, 1,6-diaminohexane, 1,2-diamino-2-methylpropane, 1,9-diaminononane, 1,8-diaminooctane, 1,5-diaminopentane, 1,2-diaminopropane, 1,3-diaminopropane, 1,3-diamino-2-hydroxypropane, ethanolamine, triethylamine, or tripropylamine. The process in accordance with any of claims 2 to 4 wherein the polyester is a polyester of poly(1,2-propylene-sodio 5-sulfoisophthalate), poly(neopentylene-sodio 5-sulfoisophthalate), poly(diethylene-sodio 5-sulfoisophthalate), copoly(1,2-propylene-sodio 5-sulfoisophthalate)-copoly-(1,2-propylene-terephthalate phthalate), copoly(1,2-propylene-diethylene sodio 5-sulfoisophthalate)-copoly-(1,2-propylene-diethylene-terephthalate phthalate), copoly(ethylene-neopentylene-sodio 5-sulfoisophthalate)-copoly-(ethylene-neopentylene-terephthalate-phthalate), or copoly(propoxylated bisphenol A)-copoly-(propoxylated bisphenol A-sodio 5-sulfoisophthalate). The process in accordance with claim 1 comprising admixing an emulsion latex comprised of sulfonated polyester resin particles with a colorant dispersion, and an organic complexing agent; and heating the resulting mixture. The process in accordance with claim 6 wherein said emulsion latex comprised of sulfonated polyester resin particles is generated by heating said resin particles in water at a temperature of from 15 to 30°C above the resin glass transition temperature, wherein said colorant dispersion contains from 20 to 50 percent of predispersed colorant in water, followed by the addition of said organic complexing agent; heating the resulting mixture at a temperature of from 35°C to 65°C thereby causing aggregation and coalescence; and (v) cooling the resulting mixture. The process in accordance with any of claims 1 to 7 wherein said complexing agent enables the aggregation and coalescence of the resin latex and colorant. The process in accordance with claim 8 wherein said aggregation and coalescence results from the amidation of said resin of from 0.1 to 2 weight percent of said polyester. The process in accordance with any of claims 2 to 9 wherein the polyester resin is (a) copoly(neopentylene-diethylene)terephthalate-copoly(sodium sulfoisophthalate dicarboxylate), or copoly(1,2-propylene-diethylene)terephthalate-copoly(sodium sulfoisophthalate dicarboxylate); and/or (b) of the formula wherein R is an alkylene; R' is an arylene; and p and n represent the number of randomly repeating segments.

Inventors: DRAPPEL STEPHAN V, FOUCHER DANIEL A, MYCHAIJLOWSKIJ WALTER, PATEL RAJ D, SACRIPANTE GUERINO G, DRAPPEL, STEPHAN V., FOUCHER, DANIEL A., MYCHAIJLOWSKIJ, WALTER, PATEL, RAJ D., SACRIPANTE, GUERINO G.
Applicants: XEROX CORP, XEROX CORPORATION
Application year: 1999
Main classification: G03G9
IPC codes: G03G9