LIQUID TREATMENT

Abstract: A method of treating a liquid composition to extract one or more components thereof, the method comprising contacting the liquid composition with fragmented shell, or part shell, of a crustacean, said one or more components having a binding affinity with said shell, and separating said shell from said liquid composition. The invention also provides for desorption/elution of the component for subsequent recycling and/or further treatment prior to disposal.

Description: LIQUID TREATMENT FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to methods of treating liquids to extract components therefrom, including the treatment of effluent from a variety of industrial/ agricultural processes. Moreover the present invention also provides for recycling extracted components. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION A variety of bioadsorbents have been employed over the years for the treatment of wastewater (Cooper 1995). The types of molecules removed are generally related to the functionalized biopolymers from which the bioadsorbent is composed. These include, cellulose, alginates, chitin, chitosan and carrageenan. 'Activated' microporous materials such as activated carbon, activated silica and molecular sieves are also used. The major problem in using purified extracts rather than the source bio-material lies in the cost of extraction. The extraction process can increase the cost by as much as 20 times. STATEMENTS OF INVENTION According to the present invention there is provided a method of treating a liquid composition to extract therefrom one or more components thereof, the method comprising contacting the liquid composition with fragmented shell, or part shell, of a crustacean, said one or more components having a binding affinity with said shell, and separating said shell from said liquid composition. It is important that a container in which the adsorbent material is located allows maximum opportunity for contact of the liquid, for example waste-water, with the micro-porous adsorbent, while at the same time maintaining the residence time at a minimum in order to facilitate good flow rates. A fluidised bed design of contactor will facilitate this. Preparation of the shell for use in the method of the invention is a multi-stage process. The whole shell is preferably cleaned free from adherent biological soft tissue. This may be achieved by high pressure hosing followed by ultrasonic cleaning for about 30 min. The whole shell is then washed with fresh water and subsequently air-dried. The shell is then fragmented by means of a high shear shredder. Typically each fragment will have front and rear surfaces derived from the largest outer and inner surfaces of the shell from which it formed a part, interconnected by side surfaces of smaller surface area. Preferably the surface area of the largest side of each fragment is from 5 to 25 mm 2 . Most preferably the surface area of the largest side of each fragment is about 15mm 2 . In one embodiment of the invention, fragmented shell is then frozen in sprayed liquid nitrogen (-196°C) by passing through a Rotary Tunnel Freezer (Air Products). Preferably the shell fragments are cooled to a temperature of less than -30°C, most preferably the fragments are cooled to a temperature of -75°C. Frozen shell fragments are then passed through a high shear cryogenic mill such as an Hozokawa Micron 'Cryo-Grind' i.e., a liquid nitrogen cooled, UPZ stainless steel, cryogenic pin mill. After milling the powder is allowed to equilibrate with room temperature in a low RH, dry atmosphere where any condensing moisture is dried off. In another embodiment of the invention shell fragments may be milled at ambient room temperature. Our results have shown that whilst optimal binding capacity is achieved with cryogenic milling of shell fragments, when milling is performed at ambient temperatures the shell fragments retain their chemisorption properties despite a reduction in their physiosorption properties. Milled powder, produced either by cryogenic milling or milling at ambient temperatures, is sieved through a screen with a pore size of between 50 m. -5mm, and preferably through a screen of pore size between 300 and 700μm. Pieces larger than 700 m are re-cooled and re-milled to the correct particle size range. Smaller fragments (ie. <300 /m) are retained for other applications. Preferably, the shell powder is of uniform particle size. Preferably, the crustacean of use in the method of the present invention is crab, prawn, langoustine or lobster, more preferably, the invention involves the use of crustacean carapace. Reference herein to carapace is intended to include the shell body, arms, legs, claws, tail and/or any other body part of a crustacean from which soft tissue can be removed. Preferably, the crustacean is mature so that, in the instance of using a crab or lobster, at least a part of its carapace is mineralised with calcium carbonate deposits. The shells of prawns and langoustines are primarily composed of chitin and even when they are mature the shell are not always mineralised. However, mature carapaces from any one of the selected Crustacea perform the function of the present invention. Preferably, the method of the invention may be used to extract a component or components which include one or more dyes, pesticides, herbicides, polyphenolics, humic acids, oils, the oil phase from emulsions, heavy metal residues and/or any other contaminant. The method of the present invention also provides potential for reclamation of the pollutant and recycling of the crab shell. Binding of certain molecules to the crabshell matrix may be reversed either by altering pH or using a solvent. In the latter case it is possible to elute the bound material at high concentration. The crabshell may then be washed and re-used one further time. According to a second aspect of the invention there is provided the use of crustacean carapace powder for treating a liquid composition to extract therefrom one or more components. According to a third aspect of the invention there is provided a bound or free extracted component or components produced by the method of the first aspect of the invention and further including one or more of the features hereinbefore described. According to a fourth aspect of the invention there is provided a method of reforming a recycled component or components into an industrial or agricultural product by using the method of the first aspect of the invention and further including one or more of the features hereinbefore described. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The invention will now be described by way of example only with reference to the following Figures and Table wherein: Figure 1 illustrates an electron micrograph of a crab carapace; Figure 2 represents an alternative view of Figure 1 ; Figure 3 represents an alternative view of Figures 1 and 2; and Table 1 represents results of various extracted components bound per gram carapace. The high binding capacity of the crab carapace is partly due to the inherently microporous nature of the material (similar to activated carbon and silica) and the large surface area to volume ratio which results. The carapace has a micro-porous "box- girder" form of construction in order to provide maximum mechanical rigidity for minimum density (Figures 1 - 3). Conversion of the carapace into an adsorbent is achieved by milling into fragments, thereby providing a further increase in surface area for chemisorption and physisorption. This patent describes the optimum particle size which will enclose pores providing a maximum flow rate while providing a retention time optimum to the provision of maximum binding. The extensive internal surface of the carapace consists of a network of organic and inorganic components. Organic polymers (chitin and fibrous proteins) are wrapped in globular protein and cemented in inorganic calcium carbonate (Hegdahl et al 1977 a&b). The positively-charged amine side-groups of the principally globular but also fibrous proteins, readily bind a variety of negatively-charged contaminating molecules found in waste-water. The retention of activity of the biochemical components bearing these functional groups however, is fundamentally dependent upon the cryogenic method used to mill the whole carapace into fragments. In addition there will be some physisorption of molecules by electrostatic, van der Waals ' forces. Uniform pore size is crucial to the efficiency of the adsorbent material and any technique used to reduce the whole carapace to fragments of a uniform size will result in some loss of protein and, by inference, activity/binding capacity. This loss is not only due to denaturation of the detachment from the skeletal matrix of the carapace. Fragmentation of the carapace by ball-milling, hammer milling and grinding involve crushing of the structure. These methods cause significant collapse of the delicate three-dimensional structure of the carapace as a result of the crushing action, but also a significant temperature rise which denatures the protein. Such deleterious processes have been shown to significantly attenuate the adsorbent activity and consequently, its binding capacity. It has been demonstrated that cooling the carapace with liquid nitrogen (-196°C) to a temperature of about -75°C reduces certain components to below their glass transition temperature. The cooling stage is followed by fragmentation using cryogenic shear in a pin mill. This process will considerably reduce both the level of washout of protein and other active molecules and thus reduces denaturation and loss of the functional groups. This technology provides numerous advantages over pre-existing methods of effluent treatment. It is highly cost effective since the raw material is produced annually as a waste product and actually attracts a cost for disposal in landfill sites. The subsequent processing (cryogenic milling etc.) is comparatively inexpensive. Although the retention capacity of the adsorbent varies depending on the molecule being bound within its structure, the carapace adsorbent also has a very high binding capacity. Retention capacity may be expressed as the percentage of the weight of carapace that will bind the target molecule (Table 1). With a 100% binding capacity for example, lOOg of carapace will bind lOOg of the target compound. It has been estimated that for reactive, direct and disperse dyes, the binding capacity is about 5% ie., 20g of milled sieved carapace will bind lg of dyestuff. Disposal of the spent bioadsorbent is via landfill or incineration. When subjected to composting or when ploughed into arable land, the biochemical components of the milled carapace (protein and chitin) denature within a few weeks. Calcium carbonate, the principal mineral component, is biocompatible. Depending on the pH of the soil, it will either disappear after several months or be retained within the soil for more prolonged periods, where it will then serve as a valuable calcium fertilizer. The method of the present invention also provides potential for reclamation of the pollutant or extracted component(s) and recycling of both the pollutant and the crab shell. Binding of certain molecules to the crabshell matrix may be reversed either by altering pH or using a solvent. In the latter case it is possible to elute the bound material at high concentration. The crabshell may then be washed and re-used one further time. It is envisaged that the technology will have wide-ranging application to effluents produced from a variety of industrial/agricultural processes. These include colour(s) and heavy metal(s) in dyehouse/textile waste, herbicide in effluent from vegetable and fruit washing, insecticide from vegetable and fruit washing, removal of organophosphates and or pyrethroids from sheep dip prior to disposal, cleaning of potable water, removal of residual hydrophobic materials (fats) in effluent from food processing, and removal of anionic and cationic heavy metals from industrial waste- water streams. The following examples are provided to fully illustrate the present invention and should not be construed as limitations thereof; EXAMPLE 1 Dyehouse waste Removal of colour from dye-house waste water is a major problem in the textile sector. The UK's National Rivers Authority is imposing increasingly tighter limits for colour release into water courses. Paradoxically, the colour problem is purely aesthetic. Although most synthetic dyes are not generally considered to be toxic, they can be extremely persistent and noticeable, particularly red dyes. Textile dyes are normally designed to show good "fastness". This means they are inherently stable and thus extremely resistant to simple chemical modification resulting in decolouration. The inherent variability of the effluent type from dye-houses in terms of quality and concentration poses a problem for traditional treatments such as flocculation or oxidation from the aspect of optimum dosage. When these technologies are employed, physically-large treatment plants are required for batch treatment of effluent. While the binding process for the novel technology described here is amenable to batch treatment, there appears to be significant advantages in using a continuous treatment stream. With reference to Table 1 we have demonstrated that 6.6mg of specactive red reactive dye can be extracted as bound per lg carapace and 1.7 mg of direct red dye can be extracted per lg carapace. Additionally we have demonstrated that metal ions of chromium, mercury, copper, cadmium and nickel can also be removed. EXAMPLE 2 Pesticide and herbicide residues A variety of pesticides have been demonstrated to be bound by the adsorbent material including chloroprofan (CIPC), technizine, simizine, diazanon, a variety of pyrethroids e.g. flumethrin and organophosphates. EXAMPLE 3 Humic acids and phenolics The novel adsorbent material binds a variety of polyphenolics including ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid, in addition to humic acids in peaty water. EXAMPLE 4 Organic residues The novel adsorbent material selectively removes the oil phase from dilute, but stable oil in water emulsions. These are of the type often generated in the waste-water streams from food processing industries or effluent from milling and cutting of metal. EXAMPLE 5 Inorganic residues The novel adsorbent material binds a variety of heavy metal residues in both their cationic and anionic forms, please refer to Table 1. References Cooper (1995) Colour in Dyehouse Effluent. Soc. Dyers and Colourists. Alden Press, Oxon. ISBN 0 901956 69 4 Hegdahl, T, Gustavesen, F & Silness.J.(\911) The structure and mineralization of the carapace of the Crab (Cancer pagurus) 1. The endocuticle. Zoologica Scripta Vol. 6 pp 89-99 Hegdahl, T, Gustavsen, F. & Silness, J. (1977) The structure and mineralization of the carapace of the Crab (Cancer pagurus) 2. The exocuticle. Zoologica Scripta Vol. 6. pp 101-105.

Claims: CLAIMS 1. A method of treating a liquid composition to extract therefrom one or more components thereof, the method comprising contacting the liquid composition with fragmented shell, or part shell, of a crustacean, said one or more components having a binding affinity with said shell, and separating said shell from said liquid composition. 2. A method of treating a liquid composition according to claim 1 wherein said fragmented shell is contained within a fluidised bed contactor. 3. A method according to claim 1 or claim 2 wherein said shell, prior to fragmentation is cleaned to remove biological soft tissue. 4. A method according to claim 3 wherein said shell is cleaned by high pressure hosing, ultrasonic cleaning, washing with fresh water and air-drying. 5. A method according to any of the preceding claims wherein the shell is fragmented by means of a high shear shredder. 6. A method according to any preceding claim wherein each shell fragment is about 5-25 mm 2 . 7. A method according to claim 6 wherein each shell fragment is about 15 mm 2 . 8. A method of preparing shell for use in treating a liquid composition according to claim 5 or claim 6 wherein the shell fragments are cooled to a temperature less than -30°C. 9. A method according to any of claim 8 wherein the shell fragments are cooled to about -75°C. 10. A method of preparing shell for use in treating a liquid composition according to claim 8 or 9 wherein the frozen shell fragments are milled to a powder. 11. A method of preparing shell for use in treating a liquid composition according to claim 10 wherein said fragments are milled with a high shear cryogenic mill. 12. A method of preparing shell for use in treating a liquid composition according to claim 10 or claim 1 1 wherein the milled powder is allowed to equilibrate with room temperature in a low humidity atmosphere. 13. A method of preparing shell for use in treating a liquid composition according to any of claims 1-7 wherein shell fragments are milled to a powder at ambient temperature. 14. A method of preparing shell for use in treating a liquid composition according to any of claims 10 to 13 wherein after equilibrating the milled powder is sieved. 15. A method of preparing shell for use in treating a liquid composition according to claim 14 wherein milled powder is sieved through a screen with a pore size of between 50 m - 5mm. 16. A method of preparing shell for use in treating a liquid composition according to claim 15 wherein milled powder is sieved through a screen with a pore size of between 300 and 700 m. 17. A method of preparing shell for use in treating a liquid composition according to any preceding claim wherein the fragmented shell particles are of a uniform pore size. 18. A method of treating a liquid composition according to any preceding claim wherein said crustacean is selected from the group consisting of crab, prawn, langoustine and lobster. 19. A method of treating a liquid composition according to claim 18 wherein said crustacean is mature. 20. A method of treating a liquid composition according to any preceding claim wherein said shell is the carapace. 21. A method of treating a liquid composition according to any preceding claim wherein the separated shell is treated to remove the bound component or components therefrom. 22. A method of treating a liquid composition according claim 21 wherein said treatment includes contacting the shell with a liquid of different pH from that of said liquid composition. 23. A method of treating a liquid composition according to claim 21 wherein said treatment includes extracting the shell with a suitable solvent. 24. A method of treating a liquid composition according to any of claims 21 to 23 wherein after said treatment, the shell is used to treat further liquid compositions. 25. A method of treating a liquid composition according to any of claims 21 to 24 wherein after said treatment the extracted component(s) is/are recycled and/or suitably treated for waste disposal. 26. A method according to any preceding claim wherein said component or components include one or more dyes, pesticides, herbicides, polyphenolics, humic acids, oils, oil phase emulsions, heavy metal residues and/or any other contaminant. 27. Use of crustacean carapace powder for treating a liquid composition to extract therefrom one or more components. 28. Bound or free extracted component(s) produced by the method according to claim 1 and further including one or more of the features of claims 2-26. 29. A method of reforming a recycled component or components into an industrial or agricultural product by using the method according to claim 1 and further including one or more of the features of claims 2-26. Table 1 Results of Extracted Components bound per gram Carapace

Inventors: WILSON ASHLEY JOHN, WILSON, ASHLEY, JOHN
Applicants: UNIV YORK, WILSON ASHLEY JOHN, UNIVERSITY OF YORK, WILSON, ASHLEY, JOHN
Application year: 1999
Main classification: C02F1
IPC codes: C02F1