Method of cleaving specific nucleic acid sequence

Abstract: A method of specifically cleaving a double-stranded DNA (a target nucleic acid) at a specific nucleic acid sequence, which comprises irradiating a solution containing at least the target nucleic acid, a nucleic acid probe (a single-stranded oligonucleotide) linked to an intercalater and spermine with light with an absorption wavelength of the intercalater.

Description: The present invention relates to a method of sequence-specifically cleaving nucleic acids as the gene-constituting substance, and is applicable in the fields of clinical diagnosis, cloning of useful genes and exploration of unknown genes. It is common to cleave nucleic acids at specific sequences in molecular biology and its applications. For example, when a vector carrying a gene encoding a desired protein is constructed for production of the desired protein in microorganisms such as Escherichia coli , human cells or other animal cells, it is necessary to cleave a nucleic acid as the gene at a specific sequence with a restriction enzyme. For such sequence-specific cleavage of nucleic acids, restriction enzymes, which recognize base sequences in nucleic acids and cleave inter-nucleotide linkages, are commonly used, and hundreds of restriction enzymes have already been known. When restriction enzymes are used, it is necessary to select a restriction enzyme which recognizes a specific sequence to cleave. However, even hundreds of known restriction enzymes are not enough to cleave nucleic acids at any sequences. For example, a promising cancer treatment by specific cleavage of a target cancer gene with the aim of hindering the development of the cancer gene requires a restriction enzyme which specifically cleaves a specific sequence in the cancer gene to be cleaved to attain the aim, but it is possible that there is no restriction enzyme that recognizes and cleaves the specific sequence. Accordingly, the object of the present invention is to provide a method of specifically cleaving a specific nucleic acid sequence in a double-stranded DNA (hereinafter referred to as a target nucleic acid) which enables cleavage of a specific nucleic acid sequence without using a restriction enzyme. In order to achieve the above-mentioned object, the present invention provides a method of specifically cleaving a double-stranded DNA (a target nucleic acid) at a specific nucleic acid sequence, which comprises irradiating a solution containing at least the target nucleic acid, a nucleic acid probe (a single-stranded oligonucleotide) linked to an intercalater and 0.1 to 1.0 mM spermine with light of an absorption wavelength of the intercalater, wherein said intercalater is a fluorescent intercalative dye. Fig. 1 is a scheme explaining preparation of YO-PY-1. Fig. 2 shows fluorescence enhancement of YO-PU-1 upon formation of a double strand with a complementary strand DS-1. Fig. 3 shows fluorescence enhancement of YO-PY-1 upon formation of a triple strand with a double strand formed by TH-1 and TH-2 in the presence of spermine (A) and in the absence of spermine (B). Fig. 4 shows a cleavage pattern of labeled TH-4 obtained by electrophoresis of the double-stranded DNA formed by TH-3 and TH-4 after cleavage by YO-PY-1. Fig. 5 shows a cleavage pattern of labeled TH-3 obtained by electrophoresis of the double-stranded DNA formed by TH-3 and TH-4 after cleavage by YO-PY-1. In Fig. 6, the arrows indicate the cleavage sites by YO-PY-1 in the double stranded DNA formed by TH-3 and TH-4. Now, the present invention will be described in detail. It is possible to design a nucleic acid probe (a single-stranded DNA) which binds to a specific nucleic acid sequence in a double-stranded DNA to form a triple-strand, and the rules of base selection for the designing are already known well (Takashi Ito, Protein, Nucleic Acid and Enzyme, Vol. 38, No. 3, pp.541-550, 1993). Beal and Dervan (Science Vol. 251 page 1360 - 13633; 1991) describe the determination of relative orientations of the DNA strands within a purine - purine - pyrimidine triple helix using affinity cleavage. The concentration of multivalent cations such as Mg + or spermine affected the binding of a purine-rich oligonucleotide in the major groove of helical DNA antiparallel to the Watson-Crick purine strand. On the other hand, the present applicant reported a fluorescent intercalative dye-linked probe obtained by linking a fluorescent intercalative dye to a single-stranded oligonucleotide having a nucleic acid sequence specifically hybridizable with a specific sequence in a single-stranded target nucleic acid so that the fluorescent dye intercalates into the double strand formed by hybridization of the specific nucleic acid sequence and changes its fluorescent characteristic (Japanese Patent Application JP7-185599, EP-A-714986, Nucleic Acid Research, 24(24), pp.4992-4997, 1996). Herein, the hybrid of the intercalater-linked nucleic acid probe and the target nucleic acid is sometimes referred to as a cleavage probe, and the single-stranded oligonucleotide in the cleavage probe is sometimes referred to simply as a nucleic acid probe. WO88/04301 describes photocleavage of DNA using acridine labelled oligonucleotides. The method disclosed requires treatment with hot piperidine after irradiation at 300 nm.. Alternatively the double stranded DNA was cleaved in the presence of spermine and acridine. WO96/40253 discloses RNA photocleavage using texaphyrins and a hot piperidine. The hybridization of the oligonucleotide - texaphyrin conjugates to their complementary sequence of RNA or DNA causes site specific photomodification at guanine residues. This results in site specific photocleavage. Doan et al (Antisense Research and Development, 1 (i) page 43 - 54 (1991) describes the use of oligopyrimidines covalently linked to ellipticine derivatives to form duplex or triplex structures with target single stranded oligopurine sequences. The oligopyrimidines can also bind to duplex DNA at homopurine - homopyrimidine sequences where they form local triplexes. Irradiation of such complexes at wavelengths longer than 300 nm induced cleavage of the target bases in a close proximity to the dye and cross linking of the target sequence to the derivatised oligonucleotide. In some examples the irradiated samples were treated with hot piperidine which degraded 50% of the cross linked material. The photocleavage of dsDNA by the fluorescent stains oxazole yellow (YO), its dimer (YOYO) and the dimer TOTO of triazole orange (TO) as a function of binding ratio is described by Akerman et al (Nucleic Acid Research 24(6) page 1080 - 1090; 1996.) As a result of their extensive research with a view to achieving the above-mentioned object, the present inventors have recently found that when a target nucleic acid is irradiated with light with a specific wavelength in the presence of spermine after addition of an intercalater-linked nucleic acid probe having a nucleic acid sequence specifically hybridizable with a specific nucleic acid sequence in the double-stranded DNA as a cleavage probe, the intercalater intercalates into the target nucleic acid and absorbs the light of the specific wavelength to cleave the target nucleic acid where the cleavage probe binds, namely at the specific nucleic acid sequence. In the present invention, any substance that intercalates into a double-stranded DNA may be used as the intercalater without any particular restriction. For example, fluorescent intercalative dyes such as thiazole orange and oxazole yellow may be mentioned. The intercalater can be covalently linked to the nucleic acid probe, optionally via a linker of an appropriate length. Although any linker molecule that does not hinder the intercalater from intercalating into the target nucleic acid may be used without any particular restriction, a particularly preferable linker is a bifunctional hydrocarbon having functional groups at both ends for easiness of linkage between the two. Alternatively, a commercial reagent (C6-Thimolmodifier, Clontech) may be used. The intercalater may be linked to any sites of the nucleic acid probe, including the 5' end, the 3' end and the middle of the nucleic acid probe without any particular restriction, as long as the linkage neither hinders the cleavage probe from binding to the specific nucleic acid sequence in the target nucleic acid nor hinders the linked intercalater from intercalating into the target nucleic acid. According to the present invention, the target nucleic acid is cleaved at the site to which the cleavage probe specifically binds, namely at the specific nucleic acid sequence. Thus, the length of the linker and the location of the linked intercalater in the cleavage probe are crucial for control of the cleavage site in the target nucleic acid. Namely, for example, when the cleavage probe has an intercalater at the end, the target nucleic acid is cleaved several bases to tens of bases away from the end of the specific nucleic acid sequence in the target nucleic acid, depending on the length of the linker. The nucleic acid probe as a constituent of the cleavage probe is preferably a single-stranded oligonucleotide of 6 to 100 nucleotides long, preferably 10 to 30 nucleotides long, to secure the specificity for the specific nucleic acid sequence in the target nucleic acid. The specific nucleic acid sequence in the target nucleic acid is a base sequence containing the site in the target nucleic acid to be cleaved by the method of the present invention and can be determined arbitrarily. For example, when a double-stranded nucleic acid not to be cleaved coexists with the target nucleic acid to be cleaved, it is preferred to select a base sequence peculiar to the target nucleic acid (in other words, absent in the other nucleic acid) as the specific nucleic acid sequence. As to the base sequence of the nucleic acid probe, selection of T, and C or 5-methylcytosine, as the bases assigned to A-T pairs, and G-C pairs, respectively, in the target nucleic acid (double-stranded DNA) permits formation of a stable triple strand of the Pyr-Pur-Pyr type. The target nucleic acid is cleaved at the specific nucleic acid sequence when irradiated with light of a specific wavelength after addition of the cleavage probe in the presence of spermine. As to the amount of the cleavage probe coexisting with the target nucleic acid, though the cleavage probe works well when the amount of the cleavage probe is much the same as the estimated amount of the target nucleic acid, the target nucleic acid is cleaved efficiently when 10 to 100 times as much of the cleavage probe is used. The amount (final concentration) of spermine to be used is about 0.1 mM to 1.0 mM, preferably about 0.5 mM. The irradiation light is not particularly restricted so long as it contains a ray of the specific absorption wavelength of the intercalater. For example, when the intercalater is oxazole yellow, light of 490 nm may be mentioned as the light of the specific wavelength. Now, the present invention will be described in further detail by referring to Examples. EXAMPLE 1 Preparation of oligonuleotides Oligonucleotides DS-1, TH-1, Th-2, TH-3 and Th-4 were prepared by a commercial DNA synthesizer. The base sequences of the respective oligonucleotides are shown below. Thiol-modified oligonucleotides PU-1 and PY-1 (nucleic acid probes) were prepared by a DNA synthesizer by using a commercial reagent (C6-ThiolModifier, trade name, Clontech) by a conventional method. The trityl group attributable to the commercial reagent (C6-ThiolModifier) was eliminated by a conventional method. The base sequences of PU-1 and PY-1 are shown below. The base sequences of the respective oligonucleic acids are shown below (* indicates 5-methylcytosine). EXAMPLE 2 Preparation of cleavage nucleic acid probes PU-1 prepared in Example 1 was purified by high-speed liquid chromatography by a conventional method. Dithiothreitol (10 µM, 20 µL) was added to the fraction containing PU-1 to give solution A. Oxazole yellow (YO(CH 2 ) 3 I) prepared as disclosed in the literature (Japanese Patent Application JP7-185599, EP-A-713986, Nucleic Acids Research, 24(24), pp.4992-4997, 1996) was added to a liquid mixture of DMA (200 µℓ), 1.0 M phosphate buffer (pH 10.0, 300 µℓ) and water (500 µℓ) was mixed with to saturation to give solution B. Solution A and solution B were mixed in a ratio of 3:1, allowed to react in the presence of argon for 2 hours and subjected to liquid chromatography through a gel filtration column (Sephadex G-25, Pharmacia) using TEAA buffer pH 7.0 containing 5% acetonitrile as the eluent for purification. The YO-PY-1 isolated in fractions was concentrated, dissolved in distilled water and purified again by high speed liquid chromatography in a conventional manner, and the YO-PU-1 in fractions was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. The concentration of YO-PU-1 was determined from the absorbance at 260 nm. PY-1 prepared in Example 1 was also subjected to a similar procedure to give YO-PY-1. The base sequences of the respective nucleic acid probes are shown below (* indicates 5-methylcytosine). Fig. 1 is a scheme showing the preparation of these cleavage nucleic acid probes (intercalater-linked nucleic acid probes). EXAMPLE 3 Formation of a double strand and fluorescence measurement DS-1 prepared in Example 1 was added to Tris-HCl buffer (20 mM, pH 7.5, 50 µℓ) containing YO-PU-1 (30 pmol), and the resulting liquid mixture was heated to 90°C for annealing and allowed to cool to room temperature. Then, the same Tris-HCl buffer (500 mℓ) as mentioned above was further added, and the fluorescence was measured at an excitation wavelength of 490 nm and an emission wavelength of 510 nm. The results are shown in Fig. 2. Fig. 2 indicates specific binding of the cleavage probe to DS-1. EXAMPLE 4 Formation of a triple strand and fluorescence measurement TH-1 and TH-2 prepared in Example 1 were added to Tris-HCl buffer (20 mM, pH 7.5, 50 µℓ), and the resulting liquid mixture was heated to 90°C for annealing and allowed to cool to room temperature to form a double-stranded DNA (a target nucleic acid). The resulting target nucleic acid and YO-PY-1 were added to Tris-acetate buffer (25 mM, pH 5.1, 100 µℓ) containing NaCℓ (50 mM), MgCℓ 2 (20 mM) and spermine (0.5 mM) and incubated at 25°C for 30 minutes. Then, the same Tris-HCℓ buffer as mentioned above (500 mℓ) was added, and the fluorescence was measured at an excitation wavelength of 490 nm and an emission wavelength of 510 nm. For comparison, the same procedure was done with spermine-free buffer. The results are shown in Fig. 3. It is evident from Fig. 3 that the cleavage probe specifically formed a triple strand with the target nucleic acid, and that the presence of spermine was effective in its formation. It was also confirmed that the fluorescent intercalative dye as the intercalater in the cleavage probe enhanced the fluorescence upon formation of the triple strand. EXAMPLE 5 Cleavage of target nucleic acid The 5' end of either TH-3 or TH-4 prepared in Example 1 was labeled by using T4 polynucleotide kinase and [y-32P]-ATP (32P-labeled ATP). The labeled strand was mixed with the unlabeled complementary strand, and the mixture was heated to 90°C for annealing and then allowed to cool to room temperature to form a double-stranded DNA (a target nucleic acid). The resulting target nucleic acid (4 mM, containing about 100K cpm of the labeled strand) was added to Tris-HCℓ buffer (50 mM, pH 5.8, 1 mℓ) containing NaCℓ (50 mM) , MgCℓ 2 (20 mM), spermine (0.5 mM) and 10 equivalents or 100 equivalents of YO-PY-1, then incubated at 20°C for 30 minutes and irradiated with visible light at the same temperature. The DNA was precipitated from the liquid mixture by addition of ethanol and dried under reduced pressure. A portion of the sample containing 20K cpm of the labeled strand was subjected to electrophoresis on 12% denatured polyacrylamide gel at 2000V for 3 hours and then autoradiography on an X-ray film. The results are shown in Fig. 4 to 6. The arrows in the figures indicate the locations of the cleavage sites in the target nucleic acid. It can be seen that the cleavage probe cleaved the target nucleic acid site-specifically, and that the target nucleic acid can be cleaved at an arbitrary site (specific nucleic acid sequence) through selection of the base sequence of the nucleic acid probe. As is evident from the above description, the present invention provides a method of specifically cleaving a double-stranded DNA at a specific nucleic acid sequence (an arbitrary sequence). For its applicability to sequences which can not be dealt with by the conventional cleaving method using restriction enzymes, the method is useful not only in such fields as cloning of useful genes and exploration of unknown genes but also in promising fields such as gene diagnosis and gene therapy. In particular, according to the present invention, because the target double-stranded DNA can be cleaved merely by addition of the cleavage probe to a sample and subsequent irradiation with light of a specific wavelength in the presence of spermine for about 1 hour, it is possible to meet the general demand for speed and simplicity, and because it involves no skilled operations, there is no possibility that different results are obtained by different operators. In addition, in the present invention, because DNA double strands are not cleaved until irradiation with light of a specific wavelength, it is possible to arbitrarily select the timing of cleavage even if the target nucleic acid coexists with the cleavage probe. For example, when light irradiation follows confirmation of migration of the cleavage probe to cells containing the target nucleic acid, it is possible to effectively cleave the target nucleic acid, and its use for gene therapy is expected. Further, because it is possible to arbitrarily select the timing of cleavage, the method can be so designed as to avoid damage to double-stranded DNA having a specific nucleic acid sequence or a similar sequence which is not to be cleaved. Because the intercalater-linked nucleic acid probe used as the cleavage probe in the present invention has a characteristic that the intercalater enhances the fluorescence intensity upon hybridization of the probe with the target nucleic acid, for example, it is possible to introduce the cleavage probe to cells in a tissue containing the target nucleic acid and then irradiate the cleavage probe with light of a specific wavelength preferable for the cleavage in the present invention after confirmation of binding of the cleavage probe to the target nucleic acid, based on the fluorescence from the cells.

Claims: A method of specifically cleaving a double-stranded DNA (a target nucleic acid) at a specific nucleic acid sequence, which comprises irradiating a solution containing at least the target nucleic acid, a nucleic acid probe (a single-stranded oligonucleotide) linked to an intercalater and 0.1 to 1.0 mM spermine with light with an absorption wavelength of the intercalater, wherein said intercalater is a fluorescent intercalative dye.

Inventors: INOUE TERUHIKO, ISHIGURO TAKAHIKO, OTSUKA MASAMI, SAITOH JUICHI, SUGIURA YUKIO, INOUE, TERUHIKO, ISHIGURO, TAKAHIKO, OTSUKA, MASAMI, SAITOH, JUICHI, SUGIURA, YUKIO
Applicants: TOSOH CORP, TOSOH CORPORATION
Application year: 1999
Main classification: C12N15
IPC codes: C12N15, A61K41, C12Q1, C07H21