METHOD FOR STERILISING CEREAL AND LEGUMINOUS PRODUCTS

Abstract: A particulate food product is indirectly heated to at least about 170 DEG after steam is directly injected onto the particulate food product to provide a moist environment and surface moisture on the particulate food product. The indirect heating is continued for a time and temperature to reduce the microbial contamination of the particulate cereal and/or legume products by an amount of at least log 2 without the loss of the functional properties.

Description: METHOD FOR STERILISING CEREAL AND LEGUMINOUS PRODUCTS The present invention generally relates to a method to reduce the microbial level in particulate food products such as cereal products and legume products. More particularly, steam is directly injected onto the particulate food product to provide a moist environment and surface moisture on the particulate food product. After the particulate food has a surface moisture content it s indirectly heated for a time and temperature sufficient to reduce the microbial contamination cf the particulate cereal and/or legume products without tne loss of the functional properties of the food proαuct. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION There is considerable commercial interest in reducing the microbial content of cereal grains, flours and grits made therefrom as well as legumes and uncooked particulate products made from legumes. Lower initial microbial count would prolong shelf life and generally provide a more wholesome food. Almost any foods can certainly be sterilized through heat treatment. That is part of a cooking process. What is important, however, to this invention and to any discussion of reducing the microbial count of foods prior to use, is to reduce the microbial count prior to cooking without substantially adversely affecting the performance characteristics of the food being treated. Moreover, it is important that the process to reduce microbial count of the particulate food be continuous and not require increased pressure or pressurized vessels. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The invention provides a continuous process or method of reducing the microbial level in a particulate food product. In one aspect, the invention provides a -1- SUBSTΓΠJTE SHEET (RULE26 metnod for reducing the microbial level m (1) a cereal product wfiich has been milled into a flour, (2) a rull particulate cereal grain such a kernels of corn, wneat, barley, malt and grains of rice, or (3) broken cereal particulates such as grits, broken corn kernels ana broken rice grains. In another aspect, the invention provides a method for reducing the microbial level m legumes such as soy beans, grits ana flours as we__ as and peas (outside the pods) or peanuts. The method of the invention is unique in that it is continuous, does not require increased pressαres witn sealed containers and indirectly heats the particulate food product shortly after and/or during the imection of steam directly onto the fooα product tc increase tne moisture level of tne sarface of the rood particles. Care should be taken not to expose the rood particulates to moisture prior to its indirect heating because the moisture will hydrate the particulate rood below the surface of the food particles and then tne steam and indirect heat will tend to cook the food product and reduce its functionality. Care also snould be taken to inject substantially just steam and not steam with oxygen or some other inert gas because oxygen cr another gas will tend to reduce the moisture leve__ of the surface of the particles. It is this surface moisture coupleα witn indirect neatmg, nowever, wnich is important to reducing the microbial content of the rood product without substantially adversely affecting tne functionality of the food product. The method of tne invention will reduce the microbial count of the particulate food by at least log 2, and m an important aspect by at least log 4. Indeed m many cases, tne invention permits the reduction of a microbial count to levels which are currently undetectable. Moreover, the method of the invention is practiced without the necessity of pressurizing the heating vessel to pressures substantially above one atmosphere or atmospheric conditions . -2- SUBSTΓΓUTE SHEET (RULE26 The method includes continuously conveying the particulate food product through an elongated conduit witnout pressurizing the conduit. As the particulate proαuct goes througn the conduit, it has steam directly injected onto it and is indirectly neated. The important function of the steam is to provide an amount of surface moisture on the food particles which with tne indirect heat will Kill bacteria on the food. Just indirect neat witnout steam will not provide a sufficiently lethal at ospnere for the oacteπa without having too much neat, such that the functionality of tne food will be adversely affected. Conversely, ust using steam to provide heat wι__l mereiy "steam cook" tne food. The neat source for tne indirect heat coupled with the steam injection should nave a temperature which is effective for _nαιrect__ - heating the particulate food product to a temperature of at least about 170°F. The heat source should not heat the food through substantial direct contact with the food particles, but indirectly heat the particulate food such as by convection from the heat source to the particles. In an important aspect the conduit should have a heat source which is a jacket which substantially surrounds the conduit throughout its length where the jac et is heated such as by steam, oil, electrically or any other suitable means for neating. In another important aspect, tne indirect heat source should have a temperature of from about 212°F to about 370°F. The temperature of the heat source and time of exposure or the particulate food product to the heat source is a function of the sensitivity of the food to neating such that it does not lose any suPstantial functionality. The com nation of the temperature of the heat source, steam injection, surface moisture and time of exposure of the particulate food to the indirect heat source, however, should be effective to heat the particulate food to at least 170°F and reduce the microbial count the particulate food product Joeing conveyed through the -3- SUBSTΠUTE SHEET (RULE 26) conαuit by at least about log 2 when the particulate food is mixed and has steam injected to it as described below. As the particulate food product is being conveyed through the elongated conduit and just after the injection of the steam or during the injection of steam into the particulate food product, the food product is indirectly heated. The steam injection is to raise the moisture level of the surface of the food particulates as they are conveyed through the conduit and being exposed to indirect heat. The steam is injected into the conduit in an amount which is effective for providing an atmosphere in the conduit with a relative humidity of at least about 80%. In an important aspect the steam is provided in an amount where the atmosphere m the conduit has a relative humidity of from about 80 to about 100%. The steam should have a temperature of at least 212°F, and in an important aspect, it is superheated to a temperature of from about 230°F to about 330°F. The temperature of the steam should not exceed 370°F because the steam may then reduce the functionality of the food product. Generally, if more than 5 weight percent of the starch in the particulate product is gelatinized, the functional properties of the product likely will be adversely affected. In the case of malt, not more than 5 percent of the enzyme activity should be adversely affected after the process of the invention. In tne case of soy beans or products made therefrom, the protein dispersibility index should not be reduced more than about 5%. In the case of soybeans, the invention also may be used to deactivate some enzymes. While the particulate food product is .1 being conveyed through the conduit, ( 2 ) is being directly exposed to steam and (3) is being exposed to the indirect heat, the particulate food product is mixed at a rate to insure that as many particles as possible are (a) heated to 170°F and (b) have their surface moisture increased such that after exit from the conduit the microbial count of the particulate food product is reduced by at least log 2 without substantially affecting the functionality of the food product. In the invention, it is important that the food product not be substantially hydrated below its surface such that it will be "cooked" and have its functionality impaired. The indirect heat, the steam, the surface moisture on the particles and the time of exposure of the particulate food to the indirect heat and steam are all related such that they are effective to reduce the microbial content of the particulate fooα at least about log 2, and in an important aspect about log 4. DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of an apparatus wnich may be used to practice the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The to-be-treated product is fed into a elongated heating device 4 which is shown in figure 1. The particulate food product is fed into the heating device from hopper 6 through feed aperture 8 into channel 10. The particulate product is conveyed down channel 10 in the y direction. Channel 10 is surrounded by a steam jacket 12 through which steam is circulated. A hollow rod 14 extends longitudinally down the center of the channel. A plurality of paddles 16 are mounted on the rod 14 down its longitudinal length. The rod 14 is rotated and the paddles are angled such that as the rod rotates the paddles mix, the particulate food product and push the product down channel 10. The paddles have openings 18 which from channels which extend through the paddles to the hollow center of rod 14. These openings are to transmit steam going through the rod and paddles so that the steam may be injected into the particulate food product being transmitted down channel 10. As the rod rotates the paddles push product down the conduit to exit aperture 20 through which treated particulate food product drops. The openings in the paddles may be opened or closed to control steam injection into the product SUBSTΠTJTE SHEET (RULE 26 being transmitted down the channel. In one aspect of the invention, some of the openings m the paddles towards the feed input end of the channel are open to transmit steam from the nollow rotating rod 14 into the particulate food product. Steam can be supplied through the rod and as such through the paddles into the to-be- treated particulate product. The amount of steam injected is effective for providing a moist environment having a relative numidity of at least 80% and also heats the product. Additional indirect heating of the particulate food is done by using indirect heat from the jacKet of the device. Just enough steam is injected to provide moisture on the surface of the to be treated particles. With tne moisture and heat from the steam and the indirect heat from the heat jacket neat source or the device, the conditions are sufficient to kill microorganisms at the surface of the particulate food without substantially reducing the functionality of the food. The higher moisture content, the heat and the time of exposure of the food to the heat must be limited to prevent that the functional properties of the to-be- treated product is negatively influenced. A device which can oe used to treat the particulate food as descnoed herein is available as a Solidaire Model SJCS 8-4 from the Hosokawa Bepex Corporation, 333 N.E. Taft Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55413. The rotating paddles as vehicles for injecting steam, assure that the steam is uniformly distributed over the surfaces of the food product particles, but not into the particulate food. By choosing a specific _ength for the device, the indirect heating time of the product can oe varied. It is important that the steam is injected at about the beginning of indirect heating _.n the device and that the rest of the time that the product is exposed to the indirect heat is used to kill the micro-organisms present and thereafter dry the product. It is important that there is sufficient mixing of tne particulate product during the treatment that tne SUBSTTTUTE SHEET RULE 26 surfaces of the food υroduct are moist and achieve a temperature of at least about 170°F. The particulate product should not be exposed to indirect heating for more than about 3 minutes before cooking might take place and an adverse affect to the product. In an important aspect of the invention the product is not exposed to indirect heating for more than about 90 seconds, with about 60 seconds as a maximum being preferred. The product after the steam and heat treatment can be cooled and dried (if necessary) using conventional techniques. Thereafter the product is packaged and may be packaged under aseptic conditions to keep the product from being recontaminated with micro-organisms. Cereals, such as barley, malted barley, wheat, rye, rice can be treated but also a processed product from them, such as grits, meal, flour, brokens. In the conduit system described above with a conduit lengtn of about seven feet, rice brokens and rice flour were heated to 180°F for 54 to 60 seconds and conveyed through the conduit at a rate of from 200 to 1500 pounds of particulate food per hour with two paddles injecting steam. In this treatment, a reduction of the micro ¬ organism count of at least about log 2 was obtained. In the conduit systems described above, with a conduit length of about seven feet, malt was heated to about 18C ~ F for 15 seconds at a rate of about 960 pounds per hour with three paddles open (rotating at 400 rpm; . In this malt treatment, a reduction of the micro-organism count of at least about log 4 was obtained. After the treatment, the product can be used as such for food applications or further processed, such as milling, breaking, sifting to obtain a specific granulation. The heat treatment as claimed above will provide a food-safe product related to microbial contaminations. The following examples illustrate methods for carrying out the invention and should be understood to be illustrative of, but not limiting upon, the scope of the invention which is defined in the appended claims. EXAMPLES Example I : Treatment of Malt A Solidaire Model SJCS 8-4 is used to treat malt at a rate of 960 pounds per hour using three paddles open for the injection of steam into the malt as it was being put into the conduit. The paddles were rotated at 400 rpm. with the time of exposure of the particulate food in the conduit varying from 10 to 15 seconds. Three runs were made where run 1 provided an exit product temperature of 194°F, had a jacket temperature of 222°F and a steam temperature of 301 °F, run 2 provided an exit product temperature of 19 °F, had a jacket temperate of 280°F and a steam temperature of 268°F, and run 3 provided an exit product temperature of 206°F, had a jacket temperate of 280°F and a steam temperature of 275°F. The conditions for the three runs, the control and the reduction in microbial count are summarized in the Table I below. TABLE I ■ 8- SUBSTΠΠΈ SHEET(RULE26) Example II : Treatment of Rice Brokens A Solidaire Model SJCS 8-4 is used to treat rice brokens at a rate shown below using one or two paddles open for the injection of steam into the rice brokens as it was being put into the conduit. The paddles were rotated with the time of exposure of the particulate food in the conduit as shown m Table II below. TABLE II ■ 9- SUBSTΠTJTE SHEET RULE 26 Example III: Treatment of Rice Flour A Solidaire Model SJCS 8-4 is used to treat rice flour under the conditions described m Table III below. TABLE III -10- SUBSTTTUTE SHEET RULE 26 • II- SUBSTΓΠJTΈ SHEET RULE 6 ■ 12- SUBSTΓΠJTE SHEET RULE 26 • 13- SUBSTΓΠJTE SHEET RULE 26 Numerous modifications and variations in practice of the invention are expected to occur to those skilled m the art upon consideration of the foregoing detailed description of the invention. Consequently, ) such modifications and variations are intended to oe included within the scope of the following claims. ■ 14- SUBS T

Claims: WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. A continuous process for reducing tne microbial level m a particulate cereal or legume food product, the method comprising: conveying the particulate food product through a conduit, the conduit having a temperature which is effective for indirectly heating the particulate food product to a temperature of at least about 170°F, the particulate food product being conveyed through the conduit at a rate which is effective for heating the particulate food product to a temperature of at least about 170°F as the particulate food product exits the conαuit ; injecting steam into the particulate food product as it is being conveyed through the conduit to provide a moisture content on the surface of the particles of food product, the steam being injected m an amount which is effective for providing an atmosphere m the conduit with a relative humidity of at least about 80%; mixing the particulate food product as it is being exposed to the indirect heat, while the particulate food product is being conveyed through the conduit and while the steam is being injected into the particulate food product, the mixing being at a rate which is effective to increase the temperature of substantially of all of the particulate food product to at least 170°F and the mixing being at a rate which is effective to increase the surface moisture of the particles of food, the indirect heat, the steam, the surface moisture on the particles and the particles having a time of exposure to the indirect heat and steam all of which are effective to reduce the microbial content of the particulate food at least about log 2, but not substantially adversely affect the functionality of the food. • 15- SUBSTΠTJTE SHEET RULE 26 2. A process as recited m claim 1 wherein the conduit has an indirect neat source which has a temperature of from about 212°F to about 370°F. 3. A process as recited in claim 1 wherein the steam has a temperature of from about 212°F to about 370°F. 4. A process as recited m claim 1 wherein the steam is injected into the conduit m an amount which is effective to provide a relative humidity of from about 80% to about 100%. 5. A process as recited m claim 1 wherein the conduit has an indirect heat source which has a temperature of from about 212°F to about 370°F., the steam has a temperature of from about 212°F to about 370°F., and the steam is injected into the conduit m an amount which is effective to provide a relative humidity of from about 80% to about 100%. 6. A process as recited m claim 1 wherein the indirect heating and the steam is injected into the conduit without raising the pressure m the conduit substantially above atmospheric conditions. 7. A process as recited m claim 5 wherein the indirect heating and the steam is injected into the conduit without raising the pressure m the conduit substantially above atmospheric conditions. 8. A process as recited m claim 1 wherein the steam is injected into the conduit without mixing the steam with any other gas. -16- SUBSTTΠJTE SHEET RULE26 9. A process as recited m claim 5 wherein the steam is injected into the conduit without mixing the steam with any other gas. 10. A process as recited m claim 1 wherein the steam is injected prior to or during the indirect heating of the particulate food product. 11. A process as recited m claim 5 wherein the steam is injected prior to or during the indirect heating of the particulate food product. 12. A process as recited m claim 1 wherein not more than 5 weight percent of starch m the food product is gelatinized during the method of the invention. 13. A process as recited m claim 5 wherein not more than 5 weight percent of starch m the food product is gelatinized during the method of the invention. 14. A process as recited m claim 1 wherein the particulate food product is selected from the group consisting of a cereal gram, gram brokens, a milled cereal product and mixtures thereof. 15. A process as recited in claim 5 wherein the particulate food product is selected from the group consisting of a cereal grain, gram brokens, a milled cereal product and mixtures thereof. 16. A process as recited m claim 4 wherein the particulate food product is selected from the group consisting of rice, rice brokens, rice flour and mixtures thereof. ■ 17- SUBSTTTUTE SHEET RULE 26 17. A process as recited m claim 13 wherein the particulate food product is selected from the group consisting of rice, rice brokens, rice flour and mixtures thereof. 18. A process as recited m claim 14 wherein the particulate food product is malt and enzyme activity of the malt is not reduced more than about 5%. 19. A process as recited m claim 14 wherein the particulate food product is indirectly heated for not more than about 90 seconds. 20. A process as recited m claim 5 wherein the particulate food product is aseptically packaged. 21. A process as recited m claim 1 wherein the particulate food product is soy flour and products derived from soybeans and a protein dispersibility index of the particulate food product is not reduced more than about 5%. 22. A continuous process for reducing the microbial level a particulate cereal or legume food product, the method comprising: conveying the particulate food product tnrough a conduit, the conduit having a temperature which is effective for indirectly heating the particulate food product to a temperature of at least about 170°F, the particulate food product being conveyed through the conduit at a rate which is effective for heating the particulate food product to a temperature of at least about 170°F as the particulate food product exits the conduit; injecting steam into the particulate food product m an amount effective for raising the surface moisture content of the particulate food just prior to or ■ 18- SUBSTTTUTE SHEET RULE 26 during indirect heating, the steam being injected in an amount which is effective for providing an atmosphere m the conduit with a relative humidity of at least aoout 80% to about 100% without increasing pressure m the conduit substantially above atmospheric conditions; mixing the particulate food product as it is being exposed to the indirect heat, while the particulate food product is being conveyed through the conduit and while the steam is being injected into the particulate food product, the mixing being at a rate which is effective to increase the temperature of substantially of all of the particulate food product to at least 170°F and the mixing being at a rate which is effective to increase the surface moisture of the particles of food, the indirect heat, the steam, the surface moisture on the particles and the particles having a time of exposure to the indirect heat and steam all of which are effective to reduce the microbial content of the particulate food at least about log 2. -19- SUBSTTTUTE SHEET RULE 26

Inventors: DELRUE RITA M, FISCHER PHILLIP LAWRENCE, TINERI ROBERT M, DELRUE, RITA, M., FISCHER, PHILLIP, LAWRENCE, TINERI, ROBERT, M.
Applicants: CARGILL INC, DELRUE RITA M, FISCHER PHILLIP LAWRENCE, TINERI ROBERT M, CARGILL INCORPORATED, DELRUE, RITA, M., FISCHER, PHILLIP, LAWRENCE, TINERI, ROBERT, M.
Application year: 1999
Main classification: A23B9
IPC codes: A23B9