PARKING-BRAKING IN VEHICLES HAVING AN ELECTRONIC BRAKING SYSTEM

Abstract: A parking braking system in a vehicle having EBS and which utilises the EBS primary means of generating the parking brake force via brake actuators, under the control of a manually operated electrical device, and wherein upon selecting parking braking by actuation of the electrical device, the brakes are arranged to be applied and mechanically locked or latched into place. A preferred embodiment uses a motor-driven wedge (54) which can be selectively brought into a position behind the operating shaft (103) of the brake actuator to hold the brake in a parking brake position when the brake actuation force has been removed.

Description: PARKING-BRAKING IN VEHICLES HAVING AN ELECTRONIC BRAKING SYSTEM DESCRIPTION The present invention relates to parking braking systems for vehicles having Electronic Braking Systems (EBS). With the advent of EBS systems (see for example our EP Patent 0205277), there has _ been a step change in the way that braking is controlled and distributed on heavy commercial vehicles. However, except in some specific areas such as continuous pad wear sensing, the brakes themselves have yet to take advantage of this change. The conventional approach to parking brakes in vehicles fitted with EBS uses spring brake actuators as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 1 of the accompanying drawings, in this system, a hand-operated valve 10 is used, via a relay valve 1 1, to allow the parking brake to be applied. The valve 10 operates on an inverse air principle in that it is arranged to release air pressure to allow the spring force of respective spring brake actuators 12 at each wheel to be applied. A suitable parking brake reservoir 14 is required to store the pressurised air for use within the system. Where the system is used with a vehicle having a trailer, a separate relay valve (not shown) is required to allow selective operation of the trailer brakes. When the driver operates the hand valve 10, an inverse pneumatic signal is produced, ie the pressure output from the valve 10 falls with increasing demand. This causes the spring brakes 12 to be applied since, in the normal running mode (no braking) the spring are held off by compressed air. As evident from Fig. 1, the layout and construction of the conventional parking brake system require the use of bulky spring actuators, a parking reservoir and associated pipework. All of these components require fitting and service which all adds to labour and material costs at the vehicle builders and in use. The present invention seeks to make better use of the facilities afforded in EBS systems to enable an improved parking brake system. In accordance with the present invention there is provided a parking braking system in a vehicle having EBS and which utilises the EBS as the primary means of generating the parking brake force via brake actuators, under the control of a manually operated electrical device, and wherein, upon selecting parking braking by actuation of the electrical device, the brakes are arranged to be applied and mechanically locked or latched into place. By providing such a mechanical latch or lock, the braking force applied to the brake actuators can be released/removed once the latch or lock has been actuated to hold the brakes in the brakes-applied condition. In some embodiments, the manually operated electrical device is adapted to generate and transmit to the vehicle EBS an electrical parking braking signal and wherein the vehicle brakes are arranged to be mechanically locked or latched via the EBS in a brakes-applied condition in response to the generation of said electrical parking brake signal. In some other embodiments, the manually operated electrical device is adapted to generate and transmit to a vehicle mounted ECU an electrical parking brake signal and wherein the vehicle brakes are arranged to be mechanically locked or latched via said vehicle mounted ECU in a brakes-applied condition in response to the generation of said electrical parking brake signal. In some embodiments, said vehicle-mounted ECU is the main vehicle EBS ESU. In some other embodiments, said vehicle-mounted ECU is separate from the main vehicle EBS ECU. In some embodiments the manually operated electrical device comprises a switch. In some other embodiments, the manually operated electrical device comprises a variable transducer. The variable transducer can be adapted to enable graduated braking to be provided between the brakes-off and park positions. Preferably, the brake actuators are arranged to be released via the EBS once the latch or lock has been actuated to hold the brakes in the brakes-applied condition. Advantageously, following actuation of the manually operable electrical device, the initiation of the latching action is provided by a feedback quantity, taken from the sensed actuation level being exerted in the brake, reaching a preset or controlled level. In some embodiments, the feedback quantity is the pressure developed inside the brake actuator against the internal brake forces being developed within the brake. In some other embodiments, the feedback quantity is the displacement of a component within the brake actuation mechanism. In still further embodiments, the feedback quantity is the force developed inside the brake, measured by a sensor or sensors positioned so as to be subjected to the actuation/clamping stresses within the brake. Advantageously, the mechanical latch/lock comprises a stop device which, when actuated, moves into a position to mechanically hold the brake in a parking braking " condition, irrespective of whether the brake force generated via the EBS is then reduced. In some embodiments, the stop device is a solenoid operated pin. In some other embodiments, the stop device comprises a pivotable latch which is selectively rotatable by an actuator for single position engagement with an operating or input lever or shaft of the brake to maintain the brake in the parking braking condition. Preferably, the stop device is constructed so as to be capable of mechanically holding the brakes in any of a range of park load levels. In some embodiments, the stop device comprises a pivotable latch which is selectively rotatable by an actuator to any of a plurality of engagement positions with an operating or input lever or shaft of the brake to maintain the brake in a selected parking braking condition. In other embodiments, the stop device comprises a rotatable cam which engages an operating or input lever or shaft of the brake for maintaining the brake in a selected parking braking condition. In still other embodiments, the stop device comprises a wedge which is arranged to be selectively driven by a controlled actuator into engagement with an operating or input lever or shaft of the brake to maintain the brake in a selected parking braking condition. Preferably, the controlled actuator is an air cylinder or an electric motor. Advantageously, the wedge is coupled to the electric motor by way of a mechanism which is non-reversible except by reverse driving of the motor. Advantageously, said non-reversible mechanism is a high reduction gearbox. Preferably, in order to enable parking braking to be released, the EBS is arranged - 4 - to re-apply the brake force up to a level at which the brake latch or lock can be released. In some embodiments as described above, following selection of a parking braking release condition of said manually operated electrical device, initiation of release of the latching action is arranged to be dependent upon the aforementioned feedback quantity. ~ Using parking braking systems in accordance with the present invention, it is possible to emulate the principal features of conventional pneumatically controlled spring brakes, including the ability to modulate the amount of braking. Using a single point latch arrangement which clamps the parking brake at a fixed position cannot take account of the variance in such brake condition tolerances as brake running clearance, new or worn linings and lining compressibility, without the possibility of oversetting the clamp load. A system in accordance with embodiments of the present invention having a variable park latch arrangement can seek to overcome this problem by determining the level at which the park brake should be latched, driving the brake to a prescribed level using the EBS actuation system and then locking the brake at the desired level. Particularly, although not exclusively, with embodiments using a cam or wedge, the present system has the ability to enable different park load levels to be accommodated through the use of the variable latch mechanism. Even with the additional components required within the system, the use of the invention can enable a valuable reduction in the complexity of the parking system which gives both component and installation cost benefits. The invention is described further hereinafter, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:- - 5 - FIGJ is a diagrammatic illustration of an example of a conventional parking brake system in an EBS system; FIG.2 is a diagrammatic illustration of an EBS system incorporating one embodiment of a parking brake system in accordance with the present invention; FIG.3 is a diagrammatic illustration of an EBS system incorporating another " embodiment of a parking brake system in accordance with the present invention; FTG.4 is a set of diagrams (a-d) illustrating an embodiment of a parking brake system in accordance with the present invention; FIG.5 is a diagrammatic illustration on a non-variable position park latch device; FIG.6 and 7 are diagrammatic illustrations of first and second variable position park latch devices in accordance with the present invention; FIG.8 is a sectional view through a braking device fitted with a variable latching device in accordance with the present invention; FIG.9 illustrates the principle of operation of the latching device of Fig 8; FIGS 10 and 11 are diagrammatic illustrations of two further variable latching devices in accordance with this invention; FIGS 12, 13 and 14 illustrate diagrammatically various means of obtaining a feedback quality; FIG 15 illustrates diagrammatically an embodiment of a manually operated electrical device for use in the invention; FIG 16 is a diagram illustrating the operation of the electrical device of FIG 15; and FIG 17 and 18 are flow diagrams illustrating possible sequences for the Application and release of parking braking in a system in accordance with the present invention. Referring now to FIG 2 there is shown schematically an EBS system applied to a vehicle having four braked wheels, two at the front and two at the rear. The forward wheels (on the left in FIG. 2) and rearward wheels (on the right) have brake actuators 27 which are selectively operated for normal braking by control signals generated electrically via a foot controlled transducer (not shown) and manipulated via the vehicle EBS. As indicated schematically in FIG. 2, the system also includes the parking brake latches 24 and local brake ECUs 125. The system of FIG.2 includes a hand control 20 containing two demand sensors which are preferably transducers, such as potentiometers, powered by individual fused lines " 22a, 22b, fed from a single source (not shown) such as the vehicle battery. The use of transducers enables the parking braking to be modulated via the vehicle EBS 23, 25 and has a "park" position into which the hand lever is arranged to be latched. Individual power wires, sensors and signal wires are used to provide redundancy, should a bad connection or other fault develop in one of the channels. Parking latching mechanisms 24 are installed in each of the wheel brakes. These mechanisms 24 are used to latch the brakes in a clamped condition when the hand control 20 is moved to the park position. In principle, the parking latching mechanisms 24 can be electrically or electro-pneumatically operated. FIG.3 shows a modified system which differs from that of FIG 2 in that instead of using the EBS ECU 23, the control of the parking latches in accordance with signals from the electric hand control 20 is performed by a separate ECU 100 which connects with respective local brake ECUs via CAN/POWER lines 102. FIGS 4a-4d show one possible way of manifesting the latching mechanisms 24 using a solenoid operated pin. In the embodiment illustrated in FIGs 4a-4d, each wheel brake actuator 27 includes a pneumatically operated piston 26 which, when any kind of braking (normal braking or parking braking) is demanded, rotates a pivoted lever 28 (referred usually as the operating shaft or op shaft) clockwise (as viewed in FIG 4) so as to correspondingly rotate a cam 30 to urge a brake piston 32 to the right and apply brake pads 34a, 34b to the two sides of a brake disc 36. Release of the piston 26 to the left allows the lever 28 to be returned anticlockwise by a spring (not shown) to release the brake pads 34a, 34b. In the event that parking braking is demanded by operation of the hand control 20 and the lever 28 has been rotated clockwise to a parking braking level, the latch mechanism in the form of a solenoid controlled pin 29 is arranged to be operated to bring this pin into a position behind the lever" 28, as shown in FIG4b, where it prevents the lever 28 from returning anti-clockwise when the pneumatic actuator is exhaused (FIG 4c). The parking brake is thereby held on until the hand control 20 is operated to release the parking brake, at which time the lever 28 is moved slightly clockwise to a level which is usually (but not necessarily) at least and possibly slightly more than the load that was required to park the brake to release the contact pressure with the pin 29 and the pin is arranged to be withdrawn to enable normal foot braking to be resumed. In some circumstances, the level can be less than the level that was required to park the brake, for example after thermal contraction of the braking components. The brakes may have an ECU installed, connected to the local EBS module over a data bus. This ECU would contain the drivers for the latching mechanism. If this ECU is not present, it is possible to control the latch through direct wiring to the EBS module or to another vehicle mounted ECU. To ensure that the integrity of the system is maintained, the parking function is preferably provided on at least two vehicle axles that are each controlled by discrete parts of the braking system, such as the front and rear circuits in a vertically split system. The hand control 20 works as a demand sensor, much the same as that installed in an EBS foot controlled valve. In practice, the logic would preferably be arranged such that whichever channel sets the higher demand would win. When the control is moved to the park position, the brakes are actuated to a parking level pressure, that is sufficient to provide the parking brake forces necessary to at least meet the requirements of the braking regulations. Once the latch is in place, the EBS releases the braking pressure. - 8 - If one half of the EBS has failed, preventing the brakes from being actuated, then parking would remain in operation on the other half. Referring now to FIGS 15 and 16, there is shown diagrammatically in FIG15 one possible embodiment of the hand control 20. This comprises a hand-operated lever 104, " displacement of which correspondingly displaces a ganged slider 106 over two potentiometer tracks 108a, 108b from a "brakes'Off position at the left-hand end to a "parking brake on" position adjacent the right-hand end. When the slider reaches the "parking brake on" position, it operates a pair of switches SW1 and SW2 which provide electrical signals for use in initiating the operation of the parking brake latches. The electrical operation of the device of FIG 15 is illustrated in FIG 16. Up to the point where the switches are operated, the potentiometers 108a, 108b enable the provision of gradual application of the foundation brakes via the EBS system. FIG 5 shows another embodiment using a non-variable latch wherein a brake actuator input force F rotates a lever 30 (op shaft) carrying a cam 32 for urging a brake pad 34 against a brake disc for normal, non-parking braking purposes. In order to enable the brakes to be retained in a brakes-applied condition for parking braking, a pivotable latch pin 36 can be rotated by an actuator 38 so as to engage in a recess 40 in the lever 30. This provides a latch that can hold the brakes in set position but cannot accommodate variations in the required park load. FIG. 6 shows a development of the arrangement of FIG. 3 wherein a variable position park latch mechanism is provided. The device of FIG. 6 comprises a multi-point latch system that has the ability to set the park load at any one of a number of predetermined park load levels via multi-positional mechanical engagement of a solenoid or other linear actuator driven latch pin 42 driven into and out of engagement with an operating member 44 of a brake. For this purpose, the operating member 44 has a number of recesses 46, - 9 - selectively engageable by the pivoted latch pin 42 whose angular position is determinable by an actuator 48. In operation of the embodiment of FIG 4, in the event that park braking is demanded by operation of the hand control 20 (FIG.2 or FIG.3) and the lever 44 has been rotated anti- " clockwise as viewed in FIG.6 to a parking braking condition, the latch mechanism in the form of the pin 42 is arranged to be displaced anti-clockwise by the actuator 48 to bring the pin 42 into a position behind the lever 44 where it engages one of the recesses 46 to prevent the lever 44 from returning clockwise when the pneumatic actuator is exhausted. The parking break is thereby held on until the hand control 20 is operated to release the parking brake, at which time the lever 44 is moved slightly anti-clockwise to a level usually at least and possibly slightly more than the load that was required to park the brake to release the contact pressure with the pin 42. The pin 42 is arranged to be displaced to enable normal foot braking to be resumed. FIG.7 shows a further development where the surface of a cam member 50 provides a variable backstop for the operating member 52 of the brake, the cam member 50 being driven rotationally by a motor and/or gearbox (not shown). The feature of being able to latch at a variable park load improves over the fixed levels of FIG.5. FIG. 8 shows a prefeired implementation where the cam of FIG 7 has been replaced by a wedge54 which is positioned through use of an electric motor 56, driving through a reduction gearbox 58 onto a lead screw 60 of a linear driver 62 which moves the wedge 54 linearly into and out of the desired park position. The use of a reduction gearbox allows the further use of a low power motor having a compact layout suitable for mounting integrally with the brake. Additionally, the reduction gearbox and lead screw arrangement provide a non-reversible "detent" which holds the wedge in position until further driven by the electric motor. - 10 - FIG.9 shows a simplified arrangement of the implementation shown in detail in FIG. 8 and having a motor-driven wedge 54. Corresponding parts in FIGS 8 and 9 are numbered the same. Although not really necessary to an understanding of the present invention, there " follows a brief explanation of the disc brake structure of FIG. 8 to which the motor driven wedge has been applied. The disc brake of FIG. 8 comprises a housing 101 that straddles a disc 202 mounted on an axle of the vehicle to be braked (not shown). The brake is actuated by mechanical movement of an unput actuator such as an air cylinder (not shown). Such actuators are well known in the field of brake actuation. The actuator co-operates with the outer end of the operation shaft or "op-shaft" 103 of the brake. The inner end of the op-shaft is carried in a bearing attached to the lower or inner housing part 105. Said inner end of the op-shaft 103 has formed on its outer surface a cam lobe 206 which upon rotation causes a reaction force to be transmitted to rollers 107. The rollers 107 in turn transmit the applied load to a pair of spaced inner tappet members 208. These inner tapppet members 208, are screwed into engagement with associated outer tappet members 109 which apply the input load from the actuator to the rear of the inner braking lining 110, thus pressing the friction material of the inner braking lining 110 into frictional engagement with the disc 202. A reaction force is generated through this frictional engagement between the disc 202 and inner braking lining 110, that is fed back through the tappets 208 and 109, rollers 107 and cam lobe 206 which is supported by the inner housing part 105. The inner housing part 105 is secured to the outer housing part 111 by bridging bolts 112 and 113. Thus the applied force being generated by movement of the opt-shaft 103 is ultimately transmitted by reaction means to the outer housing part 111 which in turn presses the outer brake lining 114 into frictional engagement with the disc 202. Therefore it will be appreciated that the disc 202, upon movement of the opt-shaft 103, is clamped between inner and outer friction linings 110 and 114 to generate a braking force for braking the vehicle under control of the applied input - 11 - movement. Reference is now made to FIGS JO and 11 which illustrates particular embodiments of the wedge version of the actuator wherein a means is included to enable an amount of mechanical compensation for dimensional changes within the brake during cooling. This is " achieved by the inclusion of a stiff but compliant form within the wedge that is able to support the park load reaction from the op-shaft but which is capable of "following" the op- shaft as the brake relaxes so as to substantially maintain the force applied thereto. The compliance may be built into the wedge itself or may indeed be built into the support for the wedge. Conveniently, the wedge is as illustrated in FIG.10 where the wedge 70 is substantially of a "C" section in outline and formed in a material that, whilst compliant, is of relatively high stiffness. Thus, as the park latch is engaged, the op-shaft compresses the wedge until a stable condition is achieved. As the brake cools, the brake dimensions alter which cause the op-shaft to move substantially away from the wedge but the wedge is able to follow over at least a short operating range, holding the clamp load at substantially the applied load condition. In the embodiment of FIG. 11, the support surface for the wedge itself is formed from compliant means and has the same effect as in the embodiment of FIG 10. In this case, the compliant means comprises a Belville spring 72 which urges a support 74 against the wedge 76. The op-shaft is shown at 78. Reference is now directed to FIGS 12 to 14 which show three possible ways of deriving a feedback signal/quantity corresponding to a sensed actuation level being exerted by the brake. FIG 12 shows the use of a pressure sensor 210 which provides an electrical output signal representative of the pressure developed inside the brake actuator 27 against the - 12 - internal brake forces being developed within the brake. FIG 13 shows the use of an angular displacement sensor 212 which detects angular displacement of the op shaft 28 within the brake actuation mechanism. FIG 14 shows the use of a force sensor 214, such as a load cell, for detecting the force developed inside the brake. Reference is now made to FIG 17 which is a simplified flow diagram showing the sequence steps in the parking brake application procedure. The individual boxes in FIG 17 are as follows: 216 - Start 218 - Electrical device (eg handle 20) moved to park position. 220 - Brake applied via EBS to parking level 222 - Feedback signal from brake to initiate latching action. 224 - Latch moved into place. 226 - Brakes released via EBS 228 - Stop Reference is now made to FIG 18 which is a simplified flow diagram showing the sequence steps in the parking brake release procedure. The individual boxes in FIG 18 are as follows: - 13 - 230 - Start 232 - Electrical device moved to park release position 234 - Brake applied via EBS to park release level 236 - Feedback signal from brake to initiate release of latch 238 - Latch moved to removed position 240 - Brake pressure released 242 - Stop A parking system in accordance with the present invention can give one or more of the following benefits: (1) Only single diaphragm actuators are required. The heavier and bulkier spring brake actuators are not required. This gives cost, weight and space benefits. (2) On rigid non-towing vehicles, the parking reservoir is eliminated (3) The pneumatic hand control valve and its piping is eliminated. (4) If desired, the four-wheel parking can give a higher level of parking effort than with conventional systems. (5) There can be a saving in fitting labour at the vehicle builders, due to the reduction in component parts and pipe work. - 14 - (6) The control of the braking through the hand control can be more accurate and responsive compared to conventional pneumatically released spring brakes, which tend to suffer from lags and high levels of hysteresis. (7) The transducers in a graduated hand control are effectively used as demand" sensors so that between the brakes off and park positions, the amount of braking can be varied. This is a feature of most of today's pneumatic hand controls. Alternatively, switches could be employed to provide a two-state system.

Claims: - 15 - CLAIMS 1. A parking braking system in a vehicle having EBS and which utilises the EBS as the primary means of generating the parking brake force via brake actuators, under the control of a manually operated electrical device, and wherein, upon selecting parking" braking by actuation of the electrical device, the brakes are arranged to be applied and mechanically locked or latched into place. 2. A parking braking system as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the manually operated electrical device is adapted to generate and transmit to the vehicle EBS an electrical parking brake signal and wherein the vehicle brakes are arranged to be mechanically locked or latched via the EBS in a brakes-applied condition in response to the generation of said electrical parking brake signal. 3. A parking braking system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the manually operated electrical device is adapted to generate and transmit to a vehicle mounted ECU an electrical parking brake signal and wherein the vehicle brakes are arranged to be mechanically locked or latched via said vehicle mounted ECU in a brakes-applied condition in response to the generation of said electrical parking brake signal. 4. A parking braking system as claimed in claim 3, wherein said vehicle mounted ECU is the main vehicle EBS ECU. 5. A parking braking system as claimed in claim 3, wherein said vehicle mounted ECU is separate from the main vehicle EBS ECU. 6. A parking braking system as claimed in any of claims 1 to 5, wherein the manually operated electrical device comprising a switch. 7. A parking braking system as claimed in any of claims 1 to 5, wherein the manually operated electrical device comprises a variable transducer. 8. A parking braking system as claimed in claim 7, wherein the variable transducer enables graduated braking to be provided between the brakes-off and park positions. 9. A parking braking system as claimed in any of claims 1 to 8, wherein the brake actuators are arranged to be released via the EBS once the latch or lock has been actuated - 16 - to hold the brakes in the brakes-applied condition. 10. A parking braking system as claimed in any of claims 1 to 9, wherein, following actuation of the manually operable electrical device, the initiation of the latching action is provided by a feedback quantity, taken from the sensed actuation level being exerted in the brake, reaching a preset or controlled level. 11. A parking braking system as claimed in claim 10, in which the feedback quantity is the pressure developed inside the brake actuator against the internal brake forces being developed within the brake. 12. A parking braking system as claimed in claim 10, in which the feedback quantity is the displacement of a component within the brake actuation mechanism. 13. A parking braking system as claimed in claim 10, in which the feedback quantity is the force developed inside the brake measured by a sensor or sensors positioned so as to be subjected to the actuation/clamping stresses within the brake. 14. A parking braking system as claimed in any of claims 1 to 13, wherein the mechanical latch/lock comprises a stop device which, when actuated, moves into a position to mechanically hold the brake in a parking braking condition, irrespective of whether the brake force generated via the EBS is then reduced. 15. A parking braking system as claimed in claim 14, wherein the stop device is a solenoid operated pin. 16. A parking braking system as claimed in claim 14 wherein the stop device comprises a pivotable latch which is selectively rotatable by an actuator for single position engagement with an operating or input lever or shaft of the brake to maintain the brake in the parking braking condition. 17. A parking braking system as claimed in claim 14, wherein the stop device is constructed so as to be capable of mechanically holding the brakes in any of a range of park load levels. 18. A parking braking system as claimed in claim 17, wherein the stop device comprises a pivotable latch which is selectively rotatable by an actuator to any of a plurality of engagement positions with an operating or input lever or shaft of the brake to maintain - 17 - the brake in a selected parking braking condition. 19. A parking braking system as claimed in claim 17, wherein the stop device comprises a rotatable cam which engages an operating or input lever or shaft of the brake for maintaining the brake in a selected parking braking condition. 20. A parking braking system as claimed in claim 17, wherein the stop device " comprises a wedge which is arranged to be selectively driven by a controlled actuator into engagement with an operating or input lever or shaft of the brake to maintain the brake in a selected parking braking condition. 21. A parking braking system as claimed in claim 20, wherein the controlled actuator is an air cylinder or an electric motor. 22. A parking braking system as claimed in claim 21, wherein the wedge is coupled to the electric motor by way of a mechanism which is non-reversible except by reverse driving of the motor. 23. A parking braking system as claimed in claim 22, wherein said non-reversible mechanism is a high reduction gearbox. 24. A parking braking arrangement as claimed in any of the claims 1 to 23 wherein in order to enable parking braking to be released the EBS is arranged to re-apply the brake force up to a level at which the brake latch or lock can be released. 25. A parking braking arrangement as claimed in claim 24, when appendant to any of claims 10 to 13, wherein, following selection of a parking braking release condition of said manually operated electrical device, initiation of release of the latching action is dependent upon said feedback quantity.

Inventors: MCCANN DENIS JOHN, WARD ANDREW JOHN, MCCANN, DENIS, JOHN, WARD, ANDREW, JOHN
Applicants: MCCANN DENIS JOHN, MERITOR AUTOMOTIVE INC, WARD ANDREW JOHN, MCCANN, DENIS, JOHN, MERITOR AUTOMOTIVE, INC., WARD, ANDREW, JOHN
Application year: 1999
Main classification: B60T13
IPC codes: B60T1, B60T7, B60T8, B60T13, F16D65, F16D66