INTEGRIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS

Abstract: The present invention relates to compounds and derivatives thereof, their synthesis, and their use as integrin receptor antagonists. More particularly, the compounds of the present invention are antagonists of the integrin receptors alpha v beta 3, alpha v beta 5 and/or alpha v DOLLAR (b)6 and are useful for inhibiting bone resorption, treating and preventing osteoporosis, and inhibiting vascular restenosis, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, angiogenesis, atherosclerosis, inflammation, inflammatory arthritis, viral disease, and tumor growth and metastasis.

Description: TITLE OF THE INVENTION INTEGRIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS The present invention is related to U.S. provisional application Serial No. 60/096,378, filed August 13, 1998, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to compounds and derivatives thereof, their synthesis, and their use as integrin receptor antagonists. More particularly, the compounds of the present invention are antagonists of the integrin receptors αvβ3, αvβδ and/or αvβ6 and are useful for inhibiting bone resorption, treating and preventing osteoporosis, and inhibiting vascular restenosis, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, angiogenesis, atherosclerosis, inflammation, inflammatory arthritis, viral disease, tumor growth, and metastasis. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION It is believed that a wide variety of disease states and conditions can be mediated by acting on integrin receptors and that integrin receptor antagonists represent a useful class of drugs. Integrin receptors are heterodimeric transmembrane receptors through which cells attach and communicate with extracellular matrices and other cells. (See S.B. Rodan and G.A. Rodan, "Integrin Function In Osteoclasts," Journal of Endocrinology, Vol. 154, S47- S56 (1997), which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). In one aspect of the present invention, the compounds herein are useful for inhibiting bone resorption. Bone resorption is mediated by the action of cells known as osteoclasts. Osteoclasts are large multinucleated cells of up to about 400 mm in diameter that resorb mineralized tissue, chiefly calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate, in vertebrates. Osteoclasts are actively motile cells that migrate along the surface of bone, and can bind to bone, secrete necessary acids and proteases, thereby causing the actual resorption of mineralized tissue from the bone. More specifically, osteoclasts are believed to exist in at least two physiological states, namely, the secretory state and the migratory or motile state. In the secretory state, osteoclasts are flat, attach to the bone matrix via a tight attachment zone (sealing zone), become highly polarized, form a ruffled border, and secrete lysosomal enzymes and protons to resorb bone. The adhesion of osteoclasts to bone surfaces is an important initial step in bone resorption. In the migratory or motile state, the osteoclasts migrate across bone matrix and do not take part in resorption until they again attach to bone. Integrins are involved in osteoclast attachment, activation and migration. The most abundant integrin in osteoclasts, e.g., in rat, chicken, mouse and human osteoclasts, is an integrin receptor known as αvβ3, which is thought to interact in bone with matrix proteins that contain the RGD sequence. Antibodies to αvβ3 block bone resorption in vitro indicating that this integrin plays a key role in the resorptive process. There is increasing evidence to suggest that αvβ3 ligands can be used effectively to inhibit osteoclast mediated bone resorption in vivo in mammals. The current major bone diseases of public concern are osteoporosis, hypercalcemia of malignancy, osteopenia due to bone metastases, periodontal disease, hyperparathyroidism, periarticular erosions in rheumatoid arthritis, Paget's disease, immobilization- induced osteopenia, and glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. All of these conditions are characterized by bone loss, resulting from an imbalance between bone resorption, i.e. breakdown, and bone formation, which continues throughout life at the rate of about 14% per year on the average. However, the rate of bone turnover differs from site to site; for example, it is higher in the trabecular bone of the vertebrae and the alveolar bone in the jaws than in the cortices of the long bones. The potential for bone loss is directly related to turnover and can amount to over 5% per year in vertebrae immediately following menopause, a condition which leads to increased fracture risk. In the United States, there are currently about 20 million people with detectable fractures of the vertebrae due to osteoporosis. In addition, there are about 250,000 hip fractures per year attributed to osteoporosis. This clinical situation is associated with a 12% mortality rate within the first two years, while 30% of the patients require nursing home care after the fracture. Individuals suffering from all the conditions listed above would benefit from treatment with agents which inhibit bone resorption. Additionally, αvβ3 ligands have been found to be useful in treating and/or inhibiting restenosis (i.e. recurrence of stenosis after corrective surgery on the heart valve), atherosclerosis, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, and angiogenesis (i.e. formation of new blood vessels), and inhibiting viral disease. Moreover, it has been postulated that the growth of tumors depends on an adequate blood supply, which in turn is dependent on the growth of new vessels into the tumor; thus, inhibition of angiogenesis can cause tumor regression in animal models (See Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 12th ed., 1991, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). Therefore, αvβ3 antagonists which inhibit angiogenesis can be useful in the treatment of cancer by inhibiting tumor growth (See, e.g., Brooks et al., Cell. 79:1157-1164 (1994), which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). Evidence has also been presented suggesting that angiogenesis is a central factor in the initiation and persistence of arthritic disease, and that the vascular integrin αvβ3 may be a preferred target in inflammatory arthritis. Therefore, αvβ3 antagonists which inhibit angiogenesis may represent a novel therapeutic approach to the treatment of arthritic disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis (see CM. Storgard, et al., "Decreased angiogenesis and arthritic disease in rabbits treated with an αvβ3 antagonist," J. Clin. Invest.. 103: 47-54 (1999), which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). Moreover, compounds of this invention can also inhibit neovascularization by acting as antagonists of the integrin receptor, αvβδ. A monoclonal antibody for αvβ5 has been shown to inhibit VEGF- induced angiogenesis in rabbit cornea and the chick chorioallantoic membrane model (See M.C. Friedlander, et.al., Science 270: 1500-1502 (1995), which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). Thus, compounds that antagonize αvβδ are useful for treating and preventing macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, tumor growth, and metastasis. Additionally, compounds of the instant invention can inhibit angiogenesis and inflammation by acting as antagonists of the 5 integrin receptor, αvβ6, which is expressed during the later stages of wound healing and remains expressed until the wound is closed (See Christofidou-Solomidou, et al., "Expression and Function of Endothelial Cell αv Integrin Receptors in Wound-Induced Human Angiogenesis in Human Skin/SCID Mice Chimeras. American Journal of Pathology. 10 Vol. 151, No. 4, pp. 975-983 (October 1997), which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). It is postulated that αvβ6 plays a role in the remodeling of the vasculature during the later stages of angiogenesis. Also, αvβ6 participates in the modulation of epithelial inflammation and is induced in response to local injury or lδ inflammation (See Xiao-Zhu Huang, et al., "Inactivation of the Integrin β6 Subunit Gene Reveals a Role of Epithelial Integrins in Regulating Inflammation in the Lungs and Skin," Journal of Cell Biology. Vol. 133, No.4, pp. 921-928 (May 1996), which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). Accordingly, compounds that antagonize αvβ6 are 20 useful in treating or preventing cancer by inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis. In addition, certain compounds of this invention antagonize both the αvβ3 and αvβδ receptors. These compounds, referred to as "dual αvβ3/αvβδ antagonists," are useful for inhibiting bone resorption, 2δ treating and preventing osteoporosis, and inhibiting vascular restenosis, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, angiogenesis, atherosclerosis, inflammation, inflammatory arthritis, viral disease, tumor growth, and metastasis. In addition, certain compounds of this invention are useful 30 as mixed αvβ3, αvβδ, and αvβ6 receptor antagonists. Peptidyl as well as peptidomimetic antagonists of the αvβ3 integrin receptor have been described both in the scientific and patent literature. For example, reference is made to W.J. Hoekstra and B.L. Poulter, Curr. Med. Chem. δ: 196-204 (1998) and references cited therein; 3δ WO 9δ/32710; WO 9δ/376δδ; WO 97/01δ40; WO 97/376δδ; WO 98/08840; WO 98/18460; WO 98/18461; WO 98/2δ892; WO 98/31369; WO 98/30642; WO 99/15606; WO 99/15607; EP 853084; EP 854140; EP 854146; and US Patent No. 5,780,426. Evidence of the ability of αvβ3 integrin receptor antagonists to prevent bone resorption in vitro and in vivo has been presented (see V.W. Engleman et al., "A Peptidomimetic Antagonist of the αvβ3 Integrin Inhibits Bone Resorption In Vitro and Prevents Osteoporosis In Vivo," J. Clin. Invest. 99: 2284-2292 (1997); S.B. Rodan et al., "A High Affinity Non-Peptide αvβ3 Ligand Inhibits Osteoclast Activity In Vitro and In Vivo," J. Bone Miner. Res. 11: S289 (1996); J.F. Gourvest et al., "Prevention of OVX-Induced Bone Loss With a Non- peptidic Ligand of the αvβ3 Vitronectin Receptor," Bone 23: S612 (1998); M.W. Lark et al., "An Orally Active Vitronectin Receptor αvβ3 Antagonist Prevents Bone Resorption In Vitro and In Vivo in the Ovariectomized Rat," Bone 23: S219 (1998)). The αvβ3 integrin receptor recognizes the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) tripeptide sequence in its cognate matrix and cell surface glycoproteins (see J. Samanen, et al., "Vascular Indications for Integrin αv Antagonists," Curr. Pharmaceut. Design 3: 54δ-δ84 (1997)). A benzazepine nucleus has been employed among others by Genentech and SmithKline Beecham as a conformationally constrained Gly-Asp mimetic to elaborate nonpeptide αvβ3 integrin receptor antagonists substituted at the N-terminus with heterocyclic arginine mimetics (see R.M. Keenan et al., "Discovery of Potent Nonpeptide Vitronectin Receptor (αvβ3) Antagonists," J. Med. Chem. 40: 2289-2292 (1997); R.M. Keenan et al., "Benzimidazole Derivatives As Arginine Mimetics in 1,4- Benzodiazepine Nonpeptide Vitronectin Receptor (αvβ3) Antagonists," Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 8: 3166-3170 (1998); and R.M. Keenan et al., "Discovery of an Imidazopyridine-Containing 1,4-Benzodiazepine Nonpeptide Vitronectin Receptor (αvβ3) Antagonist With Efficacy in a Restenosis Model," Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 8: 3171-3176 (1998). Patents assigned to SmithKline Beecham that disclose such benzazepine, as well as related benzodiazepine and benzocycloheptene, αvβ3 integrin receptor antagonists include WO 96/00674, WO 96/00730, WO 96/06087, WO 96/26190, WO 97/24119, WO 97/24122, WO 97/24124, WO 98/15278, WO 99/05107, WO 99/06049, WO 99/16170, and WO 99/15178, and to Genentech include WO 97/34865. The dibenzocycloheptene, as well as dibenzoxazepine, nucleus has also been employed as a Gly-Asp mimetic to afford αvβ3 antagonists (see WO 97/01540, WO 98/30542, WO 99/11626, and WO 99/15608 all assigned to SmithKline Beecham). However, there still remains a need for small-molecule, non-peptide selective integrin receptor antagonists that display improved potency, pharmacodynamic, and pharmacokinetic properties, such as oral bioavailability and duration of action, over already described compounds. Such compounds would prove to be useful for the treatment, prevention, or suppression of various pathologies enumerated above that are mediated by integrin receptor binding and cell adhesion and activation. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide compounds which are useful as integrin receptor antagonists. It is another object of the present invention to provide compounds which are useful as αvβ3 receptor antagonists. It is another object of the present invention to provide compounds which are useful as αvβδ receptor antagonists. It is another object of the present invention to provide compounds which are useful as αvβ6 receptor antagonists. It is another object of the present invention to provide compounds which are useful as both αvβ3/αvβδ receptor antagonists. It is another obejct of the present invention to provide compounds which are useful as mixed αvβ3, αvβδ and αvβ6 receptor antagonists. It is another object of the present invention to provide pharmaceutical compositions comprising integrin receptor antagonists. It is another object of the present invention to provide methods for making the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. It is another object of the present invention to provide methods for eliciting an integrin receptor antagonizing effect in a mammal in need thereof by administering the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. It is another object of the present invention to provide compounds and pharmaceutical compositions useful for inhibiting bone resorption, restenosis, atherosclerosis, inflammation, inflammatory arthritis, viral disease, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, angiogenesis, tumor growth and metastasis. It is another object of the present invention to provide compounds and pharmaceutical compositions useful for treating osteoporosis. It is another object of the present invention to provide methods for inhibiting bone resorption, restenosis, atherosclerosis, inflammation, inflammatory arthritis, viral disease, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, angiogenesis, tumor growth and metastasis. It is another object of the present invention to provide methods for treating osteoporosis. These and other objects will become readily apparent from the detailed description which follows. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to compounds having a structural formula selected from the group consisting of wherein the dotted line a represents a single or a double bond, provided that when a represents a double bond, the double bond carbon atoms are substituted only with R and R ; X is selected from the group consisting of N R1 NR^ II 2 C-NR 1 R 2 -NR^-C-NR^ 2 a δ- or 6-membered monocyclic aromatic or nonaromatic ring system having 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, 0, and S wherein the ring nitrogen atoms are unsubstituted or substituted with one Rl substituent and the ring carbon atoms are unsubstituted or substituted with one or two Rl substituents, and a 9- to 14-membered polycyclic ring system, wherein one or more of the rings is aromatic, and wherein the polycyclic ring system has 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, 0, and S wherein the ring nitrogen atoms are unsubstituted or substituted with one Rl substituent and the ring carbon atoms are unsubstituted or substituted with one or two Rl substituents; Y is selected from the group consisting of -(CH 2 )m-, -(CH2)m-0-(CH 2 )n-, -(CH2)m-S-(CH 2 )n-, -(CH 2 ) m -SO-(CH 2 ) n -, -(CH 2 ) m -S0 2 -(CH 2 ) n -, -(CH 2 ) m -0-(CH 2 )n-0-(CH 2 )p-, -(CH 2 ) m -0-(CH 2 )n-NR4-(CH 2 )p -, -(CH 2 ) m -NR4-(CH 2 )n-NR4-(CH 2 )p -, -(CH 2 ) m -0-(CH 2 )n-S-(CH ) p -, -(CH 2 ) m -S-(CH 2 )n-S-(CH )p -, -(CH 2 ) m -NR4-(CH 2 )n-S-(CH 2 ) p -, -(CH 2 ) m -NR4-(CH 2 )n-0-(CH 2 )p -, -(CH 2 ) m -S-(CH 2 )n-0-(CH 2 )p -, -(CH 2 ) m -S-(CH 2 )n-NR4-(CH 2 )p -, and -(CH 2 ) m -Z-(CH 2 )n-, wherein Z is a 3- to 10-membered monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic or nonaromatic ring system having 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, 0, and S wherein the ring nitrogen atoms are unsubstituted or substituted with one R^ substituent and the ring carbon atoms are unsubstituted or substituted with one or two R l substituents, and wherein any methylene (CH 2 ) carbon atom in Y, other than in R4, can be substituted by one or two R^ substituents; and 5 wherein Rl and R^ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, Cl-io alkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, C3-8 cycloheteroalkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl Ci-6 alkyl, 10 C3-8 cycloheteroalkyl Cl-6 alkyl, aryl, aryl Cl-8 alkyl, amino, amino Cl-8 alkyl, Ci-3 acylamino, Cl-3 acylamino Cl-8 alkyl, (Cl-6 alkyl)pamino, (Cl-6 alkyl)pamino Cl-8 alkyl, Cl-4 alkoxy, Cl-4 alkoxy Ci_6 alkyl, hydroxycarbonyl, hydroxycarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, Cl-3 alkoxycarbonyl, lδ Cl-3 alkoxycarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, hydroxycarbonyl- Cl-6 alkyloxy, hydroxy, hydroxy Cl-6 alkyl, Cl-6 alkyloxy- Ci-6 alkyl, nitro, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, trifluoroethoxy, Cl-8 alkyl-S(0)p, (Cl-8 alkyl)paminocarbonyl, Cl-8 alkyloxycarbonylamino, (Cl-8 alkyl )paminocarbonyloxy, 20 (aryl Cl-8 alkyl )pamino, (aryl)pamino, aryl Cl-8 alkylsulfonylamino, and Cl-8 alkylsulfonylamino; or two Rl substituents, when on the same carbon atom, are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a carbonyl group; 2δ each R3 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, aryl, Cl-10 alkyl, 30 aryl-(CH )r-0-(CH 2 ) s -, aryl-(CH 2 ) r S(0)p-(CH 2 ) s -, aryl-(CH 2 ) r -C(0)-(CH 2 ) s -, aryl-(CH 2 ) r -C(0)-N(R4)-(CH 2 ) s -, aryl-(CH 2 )r-N(R4)-C(0)-(CH 2 ) s -, aryl-(CH 2 )r-N(R4)-(CH 2 ) s -, halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, trifluoromethyl, Cl-8 alkyl carbonylamino, aryl Cl-5 alkoxy, Cl-5 alkoxycarbonyl, (Cl-8 alkyl )paminocarbonyl, Cl-6 alkylcarbonyloxy, C3-8 cycloalkyl, (Cl-6 alkyDpamino, amino Cl-6 alkyl, arylaminocarbonyl, aryl Cl-5 alkylaminocarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, aminocarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, hydroxycarbonyl, hydroxycarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, HC≡C-(CH2)t-, Cl-6 alkyl-C≡C-(CH ) t -, C3-7 cycloalkyl-C≡C-(CH 2 )t-, aryl-C≡C-(CH 2 ) t -, Cl-6 alkylaryl-C≡C-(CH 2 ) t -, CH 2 =CH-(CH 2 )t-, Cl-6 alkyl-CH=CH-(CH 2 ) t -, C3-7 cycloalkyl-CH=CH-(CH 2 )t-, aryl-CH=CH-(CH 2 ) t -, Cl-6 alkylaryl-CH=CH-(CH 2 ) t -, Cl-6 alkyl-S0 2 -(CH 2 ) t -, Cl-6 alkylaryl-S0 2 -(CH 2 )t-, Cl-6 alkoxy, aryl Cl-6 alkoxy, aryl Cl-6 alkyl, (Cl-6 alkyl ) p amino Cl-6 alkyl, (aryl)pamino, (aryl)pamino Cl-6 alkyl, (aryl Cl-6 alkyl)pamino, (aryl Cl-6 alkyl )pamino Cl-6 alkyl, arylcarbonyloxy, aryl Cl-6 alkylcarbonyloxy, (Cl- alkyl )paminocarbonyloxy, Cl-8 alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, Cl-8 alkylsulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, arylsulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylsulfonylamino, aryl Cl-6 alkylsulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, Cl-8 alkoxycarbonylamino, Cl-8 alkoxycarbonylamino Cl-8 alkyl, aryloxycarbonylamino Cl-8 alkyl, aryl Cl-8 alkoxycarbonylamino, aryl Cl-8 alkoxycarbonylamino Cl-8 alkyl, Cl-8 alkylcarbonylamino, Cl-8 alkylcarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, arylcarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylcarbonylamino, aryl Cl-6 alkylcarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, aminocarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, (Cl-8 alkyl )paminocarbonylamino, (Cl-8 alkyl )paminocarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, (aryl)paminocarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, (aryl Cl-8 alkyl)paminocarbonylamino, (aryl Cl-8 alkyl )paminocarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, aminosulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, (C 1-8 alkyl )paminosulfonylamino, (Cl-8 alkyl)paminosulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, (aryl)paminosulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, (aryl Cl-8 alkyl)paminosulfonylamino, (aryl Cl-8 alkyl )paminosulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, Cl-6 alkylsulfonyl, Cl-6 alkylsulfonyl Cι_6 alkyl, δ arylsulfonyl Cl-6 alkyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylsulfonyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylsulfonyl Cl-6 alkyl, Cl-6 alkylcarbonyl, Ci-6 alkylcarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, 0 arylcarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylcarbonyl, aryl Ci-6 alkylcarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, Cl- alkylthiocarbonylamino, Cl-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, 5 arylthiocarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino, aryl Cl-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, (Cl-8 alkyl)paminocarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl)paminocarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, 0 (aryl Cl-8 alkyl )paminocarbonyl, and (aryl Cl-8 alkyl )paminocarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl; or two R3 substituents, when on the same carbon atom, are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a carbonyl group or a cyclopropyl group, δ wherein any of the alkyl groups of R^ are either unsubstituted or substituted with one to three Rl substituents, and provided that each R^ is selected such that in the resultant compound the carbon atom or atoms to which R^ is attached is itself attached to no more than one heteroatom; 0 each R4 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, aryl, aminocarbonyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, amino Cl-6 alkyl, ( aryl )paminocarbonyl , (aryl Cl-5 alkyl )paminocarbonyl, hydroxycarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, Cl-8 alkyl, aryl Cl-6 alkyl, (Ci-6 alkyDpamino C 2 -6 alkyl, (aryl Cl-6 alkyl) p amino C 2 -6 alkyl, Cl-8 alkylsulfonyl, Cl-8 alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aryl Cl-8 alkoxycarbonyl, Cl-8 alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, aryl Ci-6 alkylcarbonyl, (Cl-8 alkyl )paminocarbonyl, amino sulfonyl, Cl-8 alkylaminosulfonyl, (aryl)paminosulfonyl, (aryl Cl-8 alkyl )paminosulfonyl, aryl sulfonyl, arylCl-6 alkylsulfonyl, Ci-6 alkylthiocarbonyl, arylthiocarbonyl, and aryl Cl-6 alkylthiocarbonyl, wherein any of the alkyl groups of R4 are either unsubstituted or substituted with one to three R^ substituents; R5 and R β are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Ci-io alkyl, aryl, aryl-(CH2)r-0-(CH 2 )s-, aryl-(CH 2 ) r S(0) p -(CH 2 ) s -, aryl-(CH 2 ) r -C(0)-(CH 2 ) s -, aryl-(CH 2 ) r -C(0)-N(R4)-(CH 2 ) s -, aryl-(CH 2 ) r -N(R4)-C(0)-(CH 2 ) s -, aryl-(CH2)r-N(R4)-(CH 2 )s-, halogen, hydroxyl, Cl-8 alkylcarbonylamino, aryl Cl-5 alkoxy, Cl-5 alkoxycarbonyl, (Cl-8 alkyl)paminocarbonyl, Ci-6 alkylcarbonyloxy, C3-8 cycloalkyl, (Ci-6 alkyDpamino, amino Ci-6 alkyl, arylaminocarbonyl, aryl Cl-5 alkylaminocarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, aminocarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, hydroxycarbonyl, hydroxycarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, HC≡C-(CH 2 )t-, Ci-6 alkyl-C≡C-(CH 2 )t-, C3-7 cycloalkyl-C ≡ C-(CH 2 )t-, aryl-C≡C-(CH 2 )t-, Cl-6 alkylaryl-C≡C-(CH2)t-, CH 2 =CH-(CH 2 )t-, Ci-6 alkyl-CH=CH-(CH 2 )t-, C3-7 cycloalkyl-CH=CH-(CH2)t-, aryl-CH=CH-(CH2)t-, Ci-6 alkylaryl-CH=CH-(CH2)f, Ci-6 alkyl-S0 2 -(CH 2 )t-, Ci-6 alkylaryl-S02-(CH 2 )t-, Cl-6 alkoxy, aryl Ci-6 alkoxy, aryl Ci-6 alkyl, (Cl-6 alkyl ) p amino Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl)pamino, (aryl)pamino Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl Cl-6 alkyDpamino, (aryl Cl-6 alkyl) p amino Ci-6 alkyl, arylcarbonyloxy, aryl Cι_6 alkylcarbonyloxy, (Ci-6 alkyl )paminocarbonyloxy, Cl-8 alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino , Cl-8 alkylsulfonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, arylsulfonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, aryl Ci-6 alkylsulfonylamino, aryl Cl-6 alkylsulfonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-8 alkoxycarbonylamino, Ci-8 alkoxycarbonylamino Ci-8 alkyl, aryloxycarbonylamino Cl-8 alkyl, aryl Cl-8 alkoxycarbonylamino, aryl Ci-8 alkoxycarbonylamino Ci-8 alkyl, Ci-8 alkylcarbonylamino, Ci-8 alkylcarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, arylcarbonylamino Ci- alkyl, aryl Ci-6 alkylcarbonylamino, aryl Cl-6 alkylcarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, aminocarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, (Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino, (Ci-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, (aryl)paminocarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino, (aryl Cι_8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, aminosulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, (Cl-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino, (Cl-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino Cι_ alkyl, (aryl)paminosulfonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl Ci-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino, (aryl Ci-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 alkylsulfonyl, Ci-6 alkylsulfonyl Ci-6 alkyl, arylsulfonyl Ci-6 alkyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylsulfonyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylsulfonyl Cl-6 alkyl, Cl-6 alkylcarbonyl, Ci-6 alkylcarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, arylcarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, aryl Ci-6 alkylcarbonyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylcarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, Cl-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino, Cl-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, arylthiocarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, aryl Ci-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino, aryl Cl-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, (Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl)paminocarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl, and (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl; or R5 and Ηβ are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a carbonyl group, wherein any of the alkyl groups of R^ or R" are either unsubstituted or substituted with one to three R l substituents, and provided that each R^ and R" are selected such that in the resultant compound the carbon atom to which R^ and R^ are attached is itself attached to no more than one heteroatom; R7 and R8 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Ci-io alkyl, aryl, aryl-(CH2)r-0-(CH 2 ) s -, aryl-(CH 2 )rS(0)p-(CH2)s-, aryl-(CH2)r-C(0)-(CH2)s-, aryl-(CH2)r-C(0)-N(R4)-(CH 2 )s-, aryl-(CH2)r-N(R4)-C(0)-(CH 2 )s-, aryl-(CH2)r-N(R4)-(CH 2 ) s -, halogen, hydroxyl, Cl-8 alkylcarbonylamino, aryl Cl-5 alkoxy, Cl-5 alkoxycarbonyl, (Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl, Cl-6 alkylcarbonyloxy, C3-8 cycloalkyl, (Cl-6 alkyDpamino, amino Cl-6 alkyl, arylaminocarbonyl, aryl Cl-5 alkylaminocarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, aminocarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, hydroxycarbonyl, hydroxycarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, HC≡C-(CH )t-, Cl-6 alkyl-C≡C-(CH )t-, C3-7 cycloalkyl-C≡C-(CH2)t-, aryl-C ≡ C-(CH 2 )t-, Cl-6 alkylaryl-C ≡ C-(CH 2 )t-, CH2=CH-(CH 2 )t-, Ci-6 alkyl-CH=CH-(CH2)f, C3-7 cycloalkyl-CH=CH-(CH2)t-, aryl-CH=CH-(CH2)t-, Cl-6 alkylaryl-CH=CH-(CH2)t-, Ci-6 alkyl-S02-(CH 2 )t-, Cl-6 alkylaryl-S02-(CH 2 )t-, Cl-6 alkoxy, aryl Ci-6 alkoxy, aryl Cl-6 alkyl, (Cl-6 alkyDpamino Cι_6 alkyl, (aryl)pamino, (aryl)pamino Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl Cl-6 alkyDpamino, (aryl Ci-6 alkyl) p amino Cl-6 alkyl, arylcarbonyloxy, aryl Cι_6 alkylcarbonyloxy, (Cl-6 alkyl )paminocarbonyloxy, Cl-8 alkylsulfonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, aryl s ulf onylamino , Cl-8 alkylsulfonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, arylsulfonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, aryl Cι_6 alkylsulfonylamino, aryl Ci-6 alkylsulfonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, Cl-8 alkoxycarbonylamino, Cl-8 alkoxycarbonylamino Cl-8 alkyl, aryloxycarbonylamino Cl-8 alkyl, aryl Cl-8 alkoxycarbonylamino, aryl Ci-8 alkoxycarbonylamino Ci-8 alkyl, Cl-8 alkylcarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, arylcarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, aryl Ci-6 alkylcarbonylamino, aryl Cl-6 alkylcarbonylamino Ci- alkyl, aminocarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, (Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino, (Ci-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl)paminocarbonylamino Ci- alkyl, aryl aminocarbonylamino, (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino, (aryl Ci- alkyDpaminocarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, aminosulfonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, (Cl-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino, (Ci-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl)paminosulfonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, 5 (aryl Ci-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino, (aryl Ci-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, Cl-6 alkylsulfonyl, Cl-6 alkylsulfonyl Cl-6 alkyl, arylsulfonyl Ci-6 alkyl, 10 aryl Cl-6 alkylsulfonyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylsulfonyl Cl-6 alkyl, Ci-6 alkylcarbonyl, Ci-6 alkylcarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, arylcarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, lδ aryl Cl-6 alkylcarbonyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylcarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino, Ci-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, arylthiocarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, 20 aryl Cl-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino, aryl Cl-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, (Ci-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl)paminocarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl, 2δ (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, and Cγ-20 polycyclyl Cθ-8 alkylsulfonylamino; wherein any of the alkyl groups of R' and R^ are either unsubstituted or substituted with one to three Rl substituents, and provided that each R' and R^ are selected such that in the resultant 30 compound the carbon atom to which Η and R^ are attached is itself attached to no more than one heteroatom; R9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Ci-8 alkyl, aryl, aryl Ci-8 alkyl, Ci-8 alkylcarbonyloxy Cl-4 alkyl, aryl Ci-8 alkylcarbonyloxy Cι_4 alkyl, Ci-8 alkylaminocarbonylmethylene, and Cl-8 dialkylaminocarbonylmethylene; RlO, RU, Rl2 and Rl3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Ci-8 alkyl, aryl, halogen, hydroxyl, aminocarbonyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, amino Cl-6 alkyl, (aryl)paminocarbonyl, hydroxycarbonyl, (aryl Cl-5 alkyDpaminocarbonyl, hydroxycarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, aryl Cl-6 alkyl, (Cl-6 alkyDpamino Cl-6 alkyl, (aryl Cl-6 alkyDpamino C2-6 alkyl, Cl-8 alkylsulfonyl, Cl-8 alkoxycarbonyl, aryl oxy carb onyl , aryl Cl-8 alkoxycarbonyl, Ci-8 alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, aryl Ci-6 alkylcarbonyl, (Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl, amino sulfonyl, Cl-8 alkylaminosulfonyl, (aryl)paminosulfonyl, (aryl Ci-8 alkyl )paminosulfonyl, Cl-6 alkylsulfonyl, 5 aryl sulfonyl, aryl Ci-6 alkylsulfonyl, aryl Ci-6 alkylcarbonyl, Cl-6 alkylthiocarbonyl, arylthiocarbonyl, 10 aryl Ci-6 alkylthiocarbonyl, aryl-(CH 2 ) r -0-(CH 2 ) s -, aryl-(CH 2 ) r S(0) p -(CH 2 )s-, aryl-(CH2)r-C(0)-(CH 2 )s-, aryl-(CH 2 )r-C(0)-N(R4)-(CH 2 ) s -, lδ aryl-(CH 2 )r-N(R4)-C(0)-(CH 2 ) s -, aryl-(CH 2 ) r -N(R4)-(CH 2 ) s -, HC≡C-(CH 2 ) t -, Ci- 6 alkyl-C ≡ C-(CH 2 ) t -, C3-7 cycloalkyl-C≡C-(CH 2 ) t -, 20 aryl-C≡C-(CH 2 ) t -, Ci-6 alkylaryl-C≡C-(CH 2 ) t -, CH 2 =CH-(CH 2 ) t -, Cl-6 alkyl-CH=CH-(CH 2 ) t -, C3-7 cycloalkyl-CH=CH-(CH 2 ) t -, 2δ aryl-CH=CH-(CH 2 ) t -, Ci-6 alkylaryl-CH=CH-(CH 2 )t-, Ci- 6 alkyl-S0 2 -(CH 2 ) t -, Ci-6 alkylaryl-S02-(CH 2 )t-, Ci-8 alkylcarbonylamino, 30 aryl Cl-5 alkoxy, Cl-5 alkoxycarbonyl, (Ci-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl, Ci- alkylcarbonyloxy, (Cl-6 alkyDpamino, aminocarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, Ci-6 alkoxy, aryl Ci-6 alkoxy, (aryl)pamino, 5 (aryl)pamino Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl Cl-6 alkyDpamino, (aryl Ci-6 alkyDpamino Cl-6 alkyl, arylcarbonyloxy, aryl Ci-6 alkylcarbonyloxy, 10 (Cl-6 alkyDpaminocarbonyl oxy, Cl-8 alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, Cl-8 alkylsulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, arylsulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, lδ aryl Ci-6 alkylsulfonylamino, aryl Cl-6 alkylsulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, Cl-8 alkoxycarbonylamino, Cl-8 alkoxycarbonylamino Ci-8 alkyl, aryloxycarbonylamino Cl-8 alkyl, 20 aryl Ci-8 alkoxycarbonylamino, aryl Ci-8 alkoxycarbonylamino Ci-8 alkyl, Cl-8 alkylcarbonylamino, Cl-8 alkylcarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, arylcarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, 2δ aryl Cl-6 alkylcarbonylamino, aryl Cl-6 alkylcarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, aminocarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, (Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino, (Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, 30 (aryl)paminocarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino, (aryl Ci-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, aminosulfonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, (Cl-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino, (Ci-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino Ci- alkyl, (aryl)paminosulfonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl Ci-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino, (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, δ Ci-6 alkylsulfonyl, Cl-6 alkylsulfonyl Cl-6 alkyl, arylsulfonyl Ci-6 alkyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylsulfonyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylsulfonyl Ci-6 alkyl, 10 Cl-6 alkylcarbonyl, Ci-6 alkylcarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, arylcarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylcarbonyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylcarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, lδ Cl-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino, Cl-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, arylthiocarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino, aryl Cl-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, 20 (Ci-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl)paminocarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl, and (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl; or RlO and 2 are taken together with the carbon atoms to which 2δ they are attached to form a 5- to 7-membered monocyclic aromatic or nonaromatic ring system having 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S wherein the ring nitrogen atoms are unsubstituted or substituted with one Rl substituent and the ring carbon atoms are unsubstituted or 30 substituted with one or two Rl substituents, and wherein any of the alkyl groups of RlO, RU, B -2, and Rl3 are either unsubstituted or substituted with one to three R l substituents; wherein each m is independently an integer from 0 to 6; each n independently an integer from 0 to 6 each p independently an integer from 0 to 2; each r is independently an integer from 1 to 3; each s is independently an integer from 0 to 3; each t is independently an integer from 0 to 3; and each v is independently an integer from 0 to 2; and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. 10 The present invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The present invention also relates to methods for making lδ the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. The present invention also relates to methods for eliciting an integrin receptor antagonizing effect in a mammal in need thereof by administering the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. 20 The present invention also relates to methods for inhibiting bone resorption, restenosis, atherosclerosis, inflammation, inflammatory arthritis, viral disease, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, angiogenesis, and tumor growth and metastasis by administering the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the 2δ present invention. The present invention also relates to methods for treating osteoporosis by administering the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. 30 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to compounds useful as integrin receptor antagonists. Compounds of the present invention are described by the following structural formulas selected from the group consisting of 35 wherein the dotted line a represents a single or a double bond, provided that when a represents a double bond, the double bond carbon atoms are substituted only with R and R ; X is selected from the group consisting of N' R1 NR 2 -C-NR1H 2 — NR^-C-NR i R 2 a δ- or 6-membered monocyclic aromatic or nonaromatic ring system having 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S wherein the ring nitrogen atoms are unsubstituted or substituted with one Rl substituent and the ring carbon atoms are unsubstituted or substituted with one or two Rl substituents, and a 9- to 14-membered polycyclic ring system, wherein one or more of the rings is aromatic, and wherein the polycyclic ring system has 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S wherein the ring nitrogen atoms are unsubstituted or substituted with one l substituent and the ring carbon atoms are unsubstituted or substituted with one or two Rl substituents; Y is selected from the group consisting of -(CH 2 )m-, -(CH 2 ) m -0-(CH2)n-, -(CH2)m-S-(CH 2 )n-, -(CH 2 ) m -SO-(CH 2 )n-, -(CH 2 ) m -S0 2 -(CH 2 ) n -, -(CH 2 ) m -0-(CH 2 )n-0-(CH 2 )p-, -(CH 2 ) m -0-(CH 2 ) n -NR4-(CH 2 )p -, δ -(CH 2 ) m -NR4-(CH 2 )n-NR4-(CH 2 )p -, -(CH 2 ) m -0-(CH 2 ) n -S-(CH 2 )p -, -(CH 2 ) m -S-(CH 2 ) n -S-(CH 2 )p -, -(CH ) m -NR4-(CH 2 )n-S-(CH 2 )p -, -(CH ) m -NR4-(CH 2 ) n -0-(CH 2 )p -, 10 -(CH 2 ) m -S-(CH 2 )n-0-(CH 2 )p -, -(CH 2 ) m -S-(CH 2 ) n -NR4-(CH 2 )p -, and -(CH 2 ) m -Z-(CH 2 )n-, wherein Z is a 3- to 10-membered monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic or lδ nonaromatic ring system having 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S wherein the ring nitrogen atoms are unsubstituted or substituted with one Rl substituent and the ring carbon atoms are unsubstituted or substituted with one or two Rl substituents, and wherein any methylene (CH 2 ) carbon atom in Y, other 2 0 than in R4, can be substituted by one or two R^ substituents; and wherein R and R^ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, Ci-io alkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, 26 C3-8 cycloheteroalkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl Ci- alkyl, C3-8 cycloheteroalkyl Cl-6 alkyl, aryl, aryl Ci-8 alkyl, amino, amino Cl-8 alkyl, Cl-3 acylamino, Cl-3 acylamino Ci-8 alkyl, (Cl-6 alkyDpamino, (Cl-6 alkyDpamino Cl-8 alkyl, Cl-4 alkoxy, Cl-4 alkoxy Ci-6 alkyl, hydroxycarbonyl, 30 hydroxycarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, Cl-3 alkoxycarbonyl, Cl-3 alkoxycarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, hydroxycarbonyl- Ci-6 alkyloxy, hydroxy, hydroxy Cl-6 alkyl, Cl-6 alkyloxy- Ci-6 alkyl, nitro, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, trifluoroethoxy, Cl-8 alkyl-S(0)p, (Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl, Cl-8 alkyloxycarbonylamino, (Cl-8 alkyl )paminocarbonyloxy, (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpamino, (aryl)pamino, aryl Ci-8 alkylsulfonylamino, and Cι_8 alkylsulfonylamino; or two R substituents, when on the same carbon atom, are taken δ together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a carbonyl group; each R3 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, 10 aryl, Ci-io alkyl, aryl-(CH 2 )r-0-(CH 2 ) s -, aryl-(CH 2 ) r S(0)p-(CH 2 ) s -, aryl-(CH )r-C(0)-(CH 2 ) s -, lδ aryl-(CH 2 ) r -C(0)-N(R4)-(CH 2 ) s -, aryl-(CH 2 ) r -N(R4)-C(0)-(CH 2 ) s -, aryl-(CH ) r -N(R4)-(CH ) s -, halogen, hydroxyl, 20 oxo, trifluoromethyl, Cl-8 alkylcarbonylamino, aryl Cl-5 alkoxy, Cl-5 alkoxycarbonyl, 2δ (Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl, Cl-6 alkylcarbonyloxy, C3-8 cycloalkyl, (Ci-6 alkyDpamino, amino Cl-6 alkyl, 30 arylaminocarbonyl, aryl Cl-5 alkylaminocarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, aminocarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, hydroxycarbonyl, hydroxycarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, HC≡C-(CH 2 ) t -, Ci-6 alkyl-C ≡ C-(CH 2 ) t -, C3-7 cycloalkyl-C≡C-(CH 2 )t-, 5 aryl-C≡C-(CH 2 )t-, Cl-6 alkylaryl-C ≡ C-(CH 2 )t-, CH 2 =CH-(CH 2 )t-, Ci-6 alkyl-CH=CH-(CH 2 )t-, C3-7 cycloalkyl-CH=CH-(CH2)t-, 10 aryl-CH=CH-(CH2)t-, Ci-6 alkylaryl-CH=CH-(CH2)t-, Ci- 6 alkyl-Sθ2-(CH 2 )t-, Ci-6 alkylaryl-S0 2 -(CH 2 )t-, Ci-6 alkoxy, lδ aryl Cl-6 alkoxy, aryl Cl-6 alkyl, (Cl-6 alkyDpamino Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl)pamino, (aryl)pamino Cl-6 alkyl, 20 (aryl Cl-6 alkyDpamino, (aryl Cl-6 alkyDpamino Cl-6 alkyl, arylcarbonyloxy, aryl Cl-6 alkylcarbonyloxy, (Ci-6 alkyDpaminocarbonyl oxy, 2δ Cl-8 alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, Ci-8 alkylsulfonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, arylsulfonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylsulfonylamino, 30 aryl Cl-6 alkylsulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, Ci-8 alkoxycarbonylamino, Ci-8 alkoxycarbonylamino Cl-8 alkyl, aryloxycarbonylamino Cl-8 alkyl, aryl Cl-8 alkoxycarbonylamino, aryl Ci-8 alkoxycarbonylamino Ci-8 alkyl, Ci-8 alkylcarbonylamino, Ci-8 alkylcarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, arylcarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, 5 aryl Ci-6 alkylcarbonylamino, aryl Ci-6 alkylcarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, aminocarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, (Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino, (Ci-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, 10 (aryl)paminocarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino, (aryl Ci-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, aminosulfonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, (Cl-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino, lδ (Ci-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl)paminosulfonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino, (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 alkylsulfonyl, 20 Ci-6 alkylsulfonyl Ci-6 alkyl, arylsulfonyl Cl-6 alkyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylsulfonyl, aryl Ci-6 alkylsulfonyl Cl-6 alkyl, Ci-6 alkylcarbonyl, 2δ Cl-6 alkylcarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, arylcarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, aryl Ci-6 alkylcarbonyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylcarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino, 30 Cl-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, arylthiocarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, aryl Ci-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino, aryl Ci-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, (Ci-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, (aryl)paminocarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl, and (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl; or two R3 substituents, when on the same carbon atom, are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a carbonyl group or a cyclopropyl group, wherein any of the alkyl groups of R^ are either unsubstituted or substituted with one to three Rl substituents, and provided that each Bβ is selected such that in the resultant compound the carbon atom or atoms to which R^ is attached is itself attached to no more than one heteroatom; each R4 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, aryl, aminocarbonyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, amino Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl)paminocarbonyl, (aryl Cι_5 alkyDpaminocarbonyl, hydroxycarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, Ci-8 alkyl, aryl Cl-6 alkyl, (Ci-6 alkyDpamino C2-6 alkyl, (aryl Cl-6 alkyDpamino C 2 -6 alkyl, Cl-8 alkylsulfonyl, Cl-8 alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aryl Cl-8 alkoxycarbonyl, Ci-8 alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylcarbonyl, (Ci-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl, amino sulfonyl, Cl-8 alkylaminosulfonyl, (aryl)paminosulfonyl, (aryl Cl-8 alkyl )paminosulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, arylCl-6 alkylsulfonyl, Ci-6 alkylthiocarbonyl, arylthiocarbonyl, and aryl Cl-6 alkylthiocarbonyl, wherein any of the alkyl groups of R4 are either unsubstituted or substituted with one to three Rl substituents; R5 and R6 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Ci-io alkyl, aryl, aryl-(CH 2 ) r -0-(CH 2 ) s -, aryl-(CH 2 ) r S(0)p-(CH 2 ) s -, aryl-(CH 2 ) r -C(0)-(CH 2 ) s -, aryl-(CH 2 ) r -C(0)-N(R4)-(CH 2 ) s -, aryl-(CH 2 ) r -N(R4)-C(0)-(CH 2 ) s -, aryl-(CH 2 ) r -N(R4)-(CH 2 ) s -, halogen, hydroxyl, Ci-8 alkylcarbonylamino, aryl Cl-5 alkoxy, Cl-5 alkoxycarbonyl, (Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl, Ci-6 alkylcarbonyloxy, C3-8 cycloalkyl, (Ci-6 alkyDpamino, amino Cl-6 alkyl, arylaminocarbonyl, aryl Cl-5 alkylaminocarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, aminocarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, hydroxycarbonyl , hydroxycarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, HC≡C-(CH 2 ) t -, Ci-6 alkyl-C≡C-(CH 2 ) t -, C3-7 cycloalkyl-C≡C-(CH 2 ) t -, aryl-C ≡ C-(CH 2 ) t -, Ci-6 alkylaryl-C≡C-(CH 2 ) t -, CH 2 =CH-(CH 2 ) t -, Ci-6 alkyl-CH=CH-(CH 2 ) t -, C3-7 cycloalkyl-CH=CH-(CH 2 ) t -, aryl-CH=CH-(CH 2 ) t -, Ci-6 alkylaryl-CH=CH-(CH 2 )t-, Ci-6 alkyl-S0 2 -(CH 2 )t-, Cl-6 alkylaryl-S02-(CH 2 )t-, Ci-6 alkoxy, aryl Ci-6 alkoxy, aryl Ci-6 alkyl, (Cl-6 alkyDpamino Cl-6 alkyl, (aryl)pamino, (aryl)pamino Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl Cl-6 alkyDpamino, (aryl Cl-6 alkyDpamino Cl-6 alkyl, arylcarbonyloxy, aryl Ci-6 alkylcarbonyloxy, (Ci-6 alkyDpaminocarbonyl oxy, Ci-8 alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, Cl-8 alkylsulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, arylsulfonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylsulfonylamino, aryl Cl- alkylsulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, Ci-8 alkoxycarbonylamino, Ci-8 alkoxycarbonylamino Cl-8 alkyl, aryloxycarbonylamino Ci-8 alkyl, aryl Cl-8 alkoxycarbonylamino, aryl Ci-8 alkoxycarbonylamino Ci-8 alkyl, Cl-8 alkylcarbonylamino , Cl-8 alkylcarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, arylcarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylcarbonylamino, aryl Cl-6 alkylcarbonylamino Ci- alkyl, aminocarbonylamino C -6 alkyl, (Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino, (Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, (aryl)paminocarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl Ci-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino, (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, aminosulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, (Cl-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino, (Cl-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl)paminosulfonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino, (aryl Ci-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, Cl-6 alkylsulfonyl, Cl-6 alkylsulfonyl Ci-6 alkyl, arylsulfonyl Cl-6 alkyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylsulfonyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylsulfonyl Cl-6 alkyl, Cl-6 alkylcarbonyl, Cl-6 alkylcarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, arylcarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylcarbonyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylcarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, Ci-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino, Cl-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino Cl- alkyl, arylthiocarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino, aryl Ci-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, (Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl)paminocarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl, and (aryl Ci-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl; or R5 and R β are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a carbonyl group, wherein any of the alkyl groups of R^ or R^ are either unsubstituted or substituted with one to three R substituents, and provided that each R^ and Bβ are selected such that in the resultant compound the carbon atom to which R^ and β are attached is itself attached to no more than one heteroatom; R7 and Εβ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Ci-io alkyl, aryl, aryl-(CH 2 )r-0-(CH 2 )s-, aryl-(CH 2 ) r S(0)p-(CH2)s-, aryl-(CH 2 )r-C(0)-(CH 2 ) s -, aryl-(CH 2 ) r -C(0)-N(R4)-(CH 2 ) s -, aryl-(CH 2 ) r -N(R4)-C(0)-(CH 2 ) s -, aryl-(CH 2 ) r -N(R4)-(CH 2 ) s -, halogen, hydroxyl, Ci-8 alkylcarbonylamino, aryl Cl-5 alkoxy, Cl-5 alkoxycarbonyl, (Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl, Cl-6 alkylcarbonyloxy, C3-8 cycloalkyl, (Ci-6 alkyDpamino, amino Ci-6 alkyl, arylaminocarbonyl, aryl Cl-5 alkylaminocarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, aminocarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, hydroxycarbonyl, hydroxycarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, HC≡C-(CH 2 ) t -, Ci-6 alkyl-C≡C-(CH 2 ) t -, C3-7 cycloalkyl-C≡C-(CH 2 ) t -, aryl-C ≡ C-(CH 2 ) t -, Ci-6 alkylaryl-C≡C-(CH 2 ) t -, CH 2 =CH-(CH 2 ) t -, Ci-6 alkyl-CH=CH-(CH 2 ) t -, C3-7 cycloalkyl-CH=CH-(CH 2 ) t -, aryl-CH=CH-(CH ) t -, Ci-6 alkylaryl-CH=CH-(CH 2 ) t -, Ci. 6 alkyl-S0 2 -(CH 2 )t-, Ci-6 alkylaryl-S02-(CH 2 )t-, Ci-6 alkoxy, aryl Cl-6 alkoxy, aryl Ci-6 alkyl, (Ci-6 alkyDpamino Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl)pamino, (aryl)pamino Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl Cl-6 alkyDpamino, (aryl Cl-6 alkyDpamino Cl-6 alkyl, arylcarbonyloxy, aryl Ci-6 alkylcarbonyloxy, (Ci-6 alkyDpaminocarbonyl oxy, Ci-8 alkylsulfonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, aryl s ulf onyl amino , Cl-8 alkylsulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, arylsulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylsulfonylamino, aryl Ci-6 alkylsulfonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, Cl-8 alkoxycarbonylamino, Cl-8 alkoxycarbonylamino Cl-8 alkyl, aryloxycarbonylamino Ci-8 alkyl, aryl Cl-8 alkoxycarbonylamino, aryl Ci-8 alkoxycarbonylamino Ci-8 alkyl, Cl-8 alkylcarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, arylcarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, aryl Ci-6 alkylcarbonylamino, aryl Ci-6 alkylcarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, aminocarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, (Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino, (Ci-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, (aryl)paminocarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, arylaminocarbonylamino, (aryl Ci-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino, (aryl Ci-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino Cι_6 alkyl, aminosulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, (Ci-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino, (Cl-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl)paminosulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino, (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, Cl-6 alkylsulfonyl, Cl-6 alkylsulfonyl Ci-6 alkyl, arylsulfonyl Cl-6 alkyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylsulfonyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylsulfonyl Cl-6 alkyl, Ci-6 alkylcarbonyl, Ci-6 alkylcarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, arylcarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylcarbonyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylcarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino, Cl-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, arylthiocarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, aryl Ci-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino, aryl Ci-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, 5 (Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, (aryl)paminocarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl Ci-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl, (aryl Ci-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, and C7-20 polycyclyl Cθ-8 alkylsulfonylamino; 10 wherein any of the alkyl groups of R^and R& are either unsubstituted or substituted with one to three Rl substituents, and provided that each R^and R^ are selected such that in the resultant compound the carbon atom to which R" 7 and Bβ are attached is itself attached to no more than one heteroatom; lδ R9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Ci-8 alkyl, aryl, 20 aryl Ci-8 alkyl, Ci-8 alkylcarbonyloxy Cl-4 alkyl, aryl Ci-8 alkylcarbonyloxy Cl-4 alkyl, Ci-8 alkylaminocarbonylmethylene, and Cl-8 dialkylaminocarbonylmethylene; 25 RlO, RU, Rl2 and Rl3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Ci-8 alkyl, 30 aryl, halogen, hydroxyl, aminocarbonyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, amino Cl-6 alkyl, (aryl)paminocarbonyl, hy droxycarb onyl , (aryl Cl-5 alkyDpaminocarbonyl, 5 hydroxycarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, aryl Ci-6 alkyl, (Ci-6 alkyDpamino Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl Cl-6 alkyDpamino C2-6 alkyl, Ci-8 alkylsulfonyl, 10 Ci-8 alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxy carb onyl , aryl Ci-8 alkoxycarbonyl, Ci-8 alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, lδ aryl Ci-6 alkylcarbonyl, (Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl, amino sulfonyl, Cl-8 alkylaminosulfonyl, (aryl)paminosulfonyl, 20 (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminosulfonyl, Cl-6 alkylsulfonyl, aryl sulfonyl, aryl Ci-6 alkylsulfonyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylcarbonyl, 2δ Cl-6 alkylthiocarbonyl, arylthiocarbonyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylthiocarbonyl, aryl-(CH 2 )r-0-(CH 2 )s-, aryl-(CH 2 )rS(0)p-(CH 2 )s-, 30 aryl-(CH 2 )r-C(0)-(CH 2 )s-, aryl-(CH 2 )r-C(0)-N(R4)-(CH 2 ) s -, aryl-(CH 2 )r-N(R4)-C(0)-(CH 2 )s-, aryl-(CH2) r -N(R4)-(CH 2 )s-, HC≡C-(CH 2 )t-, Cl-6 alkyl-C≡C-(CH2)t-, C3-7 cycloalkyl-C≡C-(CH 2 )t-, aryl-C≡C-(CH 2 ) t -, Cl-6 alkylaryl-C≡C-(CH 2 ) t -, CH 2 =CH-(CH 2 ) t -, Ci-6 alkyl-CH=CH-(CH 2 )t-, C3-7 cycloalkyl-CH=CH-(CH 2 )t-, aryl-CH=CH-(CH 2 )t-, Cl-6 alkylaryl-CH=CH-(CH 2 )t-, Cl-6 alkyl-S02-(CH2)t-, Cl-6 alkylaryl-S02-(CH 2 ) t -, Cl-8 alkylcarbonylamino, aryl Cl-5 alkoxy, Cl-5 alkoxycarbonyl, (Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl, Cl-6 alkylcarbonyloxy, (Cl-6 alkyDpamino, aminocarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, Cl-6 alkoxy, aryl Cl-6 alkoxy, (aryl)pamino, (aryl)pamino Cl-6 alkyl, (aryl Cl-6 alkyDpamino, (aryl Cl-6 alkyDpamino Cl-6 alkyl, arylcarbonyloxy, aryl Cl-6 alkylcarbonyloxy, (Cl-6 alkyDpaminocarbonyl oxy, Cl-8 alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino , Cl-8 alkylsulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, arylsulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylsulfonylamino, aryl Cl-6 alkylsulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, Cl-8 alkoxycarbonylamino, Ci-8 alkoxycarbonylamino Cl-8 alkyl, aryloxycarbonylamino Ci-8 alkyl, aryl Cι_8 alkoxycarbonylamino, aryl Cl-8 alkoxycarbonylamino Ci-8 alkyl, Ci-8 alkylcarbonylamino, Ci-8 alkylcarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, arylcarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, aryl Ci-6 alkylcarbonylamino, aryl Ci-6 alkylcarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, aminocarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, (Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino, (Ci-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl)paminocarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino, (aryl Ci-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, aminosulfonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, (Ci-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino, (Cl-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl)paminosulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, (aryl Ci-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino, (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, Ci-6 alkylsulfonyl, Cl-6 alkylsulfonyl Cl-6 alkyl, arylsulfonyl Cl- alkyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylsulfonyl, aryl Ci-6 alkylsulfonyl Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 alkylcarbonyl, Cl-6 alkylcarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, arylcarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylcarbonyl, aryl Ci-6 alkylcarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, Ci-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino, Cl-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, arylthiocarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, aryl Ci-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino, aryl Cl-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, (Ci-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl)paminocarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl, and (aryl Ci-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl; or RlO and Rl2 are taken together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached to form a δ- to 7-membered monocyclic aromatic or nonaromatic ring system having 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S wherein the ring nitrogen atoms are unsubstituted or substituted with one Rl substituent and the ring carbon atoms are unsubstituted or substituted with one or two Rl substituents, and wherein any of the alkyl groups of RlO, RU, R! , and Rl3 are either unsubstituted or substituted with one to three Rl substituents; wherein each m is independently an integer from 0 to 6; each n is independently an integer from 0 to 6 each p is independently an integer from 0 to 2; each r is independently an integer from 1 to 3; each s is independently an integer from 0 to 3; each t is independently an integer from 0 to 3; and each v is independently an integer from 0 to 2; and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In one embodiment of the present invention, compounds are described by the following structural formulas selected from the group consisting of wherein the dotted line a represents a single or a double bond, provided that when a represents a double bond, the double bond carbon atoms are substituted only with RlO and Rl . In a class of this embodiment of the present invention, compounds are described by the following structural formula wherein the dotted line a represents a single or a double bond, provided that when a represents a double bond, the double bond carbon atoms are substituted only with R and R . In a subclass of this class of the present invention, compounds are described by the following structural formula In the compounds of the present invention, X is preferably a 6-membered monocyclic aromatic ring system having 1 or 2 nitrogen atoms wherein each ring carbon atom is unsubstituted or substituted with one Rl substituent, or a 9- to 14-membered polycyclic ring system, wherein one or more of the rings is aromatic, and wherein the polycyclic ring system has 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S wherein the ring nitrogen atoms are unsubstituted or substituted with one Rl substituent and the ring carbon atoms are unsubstituted or substituted with one or two Rl substituents. More preferably, X is selected from the group consisting of Most preferably X is In the compounds of the present invention, Y is preferably selected from the group consisting of -(CH 2 )m-, 5 -(CH 2 ) m -0-(CH 2 )n-, -(CH 2 ) m -S-(CH 2 )n-, -(CH 2 ) m -SO-(CH 2 )n-, -(CH 2 ) m -S0 2 -(CH )n-, 10 -(CH2)m-0-(CH2)n-0-(CH2)p-, -(CH2)m-0-(CH2)n-NR4-(CH2)p-, -(CH2)m-NR4-(CH2)n-NR4-(CH2)p-, and -(CH2)m-NR 4 -(CH2)n-0-(CH2)p-, wherein any methylene (CH2) carbon atom in Y, other than in R4, can lδ be substituted by one or two R^ substituents. More preferably Y is selected from the group consisting of (CH 2 ) m , (CH 2 ) m -S-(CH 2 )n, (CH 2 ) m -0-(CH 2 ) n , 20 and (CH 2 ) m -NR4-(CH 2 )n, wherein any methylene (CH 2 ) carbon atom in Y, other than in R4, can be substituted by one or two B? substituents. 2 δ Most preferably Y is (CH 2 ) m or (CH 2 ) m -NR4-(CH 2 ) n wherein any methylene (CH 2 ) carbon atom in Y, other than R4, can be substituted by one or two Bβ substituents. In the compounds of the present invention, Rl and R2 are 30 preferably selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, Cl- 10 alkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, C3-8 cycloheteroalkyl, hydroxy, nitro, cyano, trifluoromethyl, and trifluoromethoxy. More preferably, Rl and R2 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, Cl-io alkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, 35 trifluoromethyl, and trifluoromethoxy. In the compounds of the present invention, R^ is preferably selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, 5 trifluoromethyl, aryl, Cl-8 alkyl, arylCi-6 alkyl hydroxyl, 10 oxo, arylaminocarbonyl, aryl Cl-5 alkylaminocarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, and aminocarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl. lδ More preferably, R^ is selected from the group consisting of fluoro, aryl, Cl-8 alkyl, 2 0 arylCl-6 alkyl hydroxyl, oxo, and arylaminocarbonyl. 2δ In the compounds of the present invention, R4 is preferably selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, aryl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, 30 Ci-8 alkyl, Cl-8 alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, Cl-6 alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, arylC i-6alkylsulfonyl, arylC ι_6alkylcarbonyl, C i-8alkylaminocarbonyl, arylC i-5alkylaminocarbonyl, arylCi-8alkoxycarbonyl, and C i-8alkoxycarbonyl. More preferably, R4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Cl-8 alkyl, Ci-8 alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, arylC ι_6alkylcarbonyl, Ci-6 alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, and arylC ι_6alkylsulfonyl. In one embodiment of the present invention, ^ and R^ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, aryl, Ci-8 alkyl, aryl-C≡C-(CH 2 ) t -, aryl Ci-6 alkyl, CH 2 =CH-(CH 2 ) t -, and HC≡C-(CH 2 ) t -. In a class of this embodiment of the present invention, Bβ is hydrogen and R^ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, aryl, Cl-8 alkyl, aryl-C≡C-(CH 2 ) t -, aryl Ci-6 alkyl, CH 2 =CH-(CH 2 ) t -, and HC≡C-(CH 2 )t-. In a subclass of this class of the present invention, β, R?, and are each hydrogen and R^ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, aryl, Cl-8 alkyl, aryl-C≡C-(CH 2 ) t -, aryl Cl-6 alkyl, CH 2 =CH-(CH 2 ) t -, and HC≡C-(CH 2 )t-. In another embodiment of the present invention, R? and B are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, aryl, Cl-8 alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, Cl-8 alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino , Cl-8 alkylsulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, arylsulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylsulfonylamino, aryl Cl-6 alkylsulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, Cl-8 alkoxycarbonylamino, Cl-8 alkoxycarbonylamino Cl-8 alkyl, aryloxycarbonylamino Cl-8 alkyl, aryl Cl-8 alkoxycarbonylamino, aryl Cl-8 alkoxycarbonylamino Cl-8 alkyl, Cl-8 alkylcarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, arylcarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylcarbonylamino, aryl Cl-6 alkylcarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, aminocarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, (Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino, (Ci-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl)paminocarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino, (aryl Ci-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino Cι_6 alkyl, aminosulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, (Ci-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino, (Cl-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino Cι_6 alkyl, (aryl)paminosulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, (aryl Ci-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino, (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, Cl-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino, Cl-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, arylthiocarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, aryl Ci-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino, and aryl Ci-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl. In a class of this embodiment of the present invention, R^ is hydrogen and B is selected from the group consisting of consisting of hydrogen, aryl, Cl-8 alkylcarbonylamino, aryl Ci-6 alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, Cl-8 alkylsulfonylamino, aryl Cl-6 alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, Cl-8 alkoxycarbonylamino, aryl Cl-8 alkoxycarbonylamino, arylaminocarbonylamino, (Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino, (aryl Ci-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino, (Ci-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino, and (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino. 60 - In a subclass of this class of the present invention, R°, R", and R^ are each hydrogen and R? is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, δ aryl, Cl-8 alkylcarbonylamino, aryl Cl-6 alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, Cl-8 alkylsulfonylamino, 10 aryl Cl-6 alkylsulfonylamino, aryl s ulf onyl amino , Cl-8 alkoxycarbonylamino, aryl Cl-8 alkoxycarbonylamino, arylaminocarbonylamino, lδ (Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino, (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino, (Cl-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino, and (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino. 20 In the compounds of the present invention, Bβ is preferably selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, and ethyl. More preferably, R^ is hydrogen. In the compounds of the present invention, Rl , RU, Rl , and Rl3 are preferably each independently selected from the group 2δ consisting of hydrogen, aryl, Cl-6 alkyl, and arylCl-6 alkyl. In the compounds of the present invention, m is preferably an integer from 0 to 4, and more preferably from 0 to 3. In the compounds of the present invention, n is preferably an integer from 0 to 4, more preferably from 0 to 3. 30 In the compounds of the present invention, r is preferably an integer from 1 to 2. In the compounds of the present invention, s is preferably an integer from 0 to 2. In the compounds of the present invention, t is preferably an integer from 0 to 2, more preferably from 0 to 1. In the compounds of the present invention, v is preferably 0. In certain embodiments of the present invention, the compounds correspond to the formulas with the following designated stereochemistry at the carbon atom where R^and Bβ are attached: wherein the substituents X, Y, Z, Rl, R 2 , R 3 , R , R5, R6 } R7 ? R8 ? R9 ? RlO, RU, R!2 } and Rl3 and the subscripts a, m, n, p, r, s, t, and v are as described above. Illustrative but nonlimiting examples of compounds of the instant invention that are useful as integrin receptor antagonists are the following: 3(R)-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-3-{2-oxo-l-[3-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-[l,8]naphthyridin- 2-yl)-propyl]-pyrrolidin-3(R)-yl}-propionic acid, 62 - 3(R)-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-3-{2-oxo-l-[3-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-[l,8]naphthyridin- 2-yl)-propyl]-pyrrolidin-3(S)-yl}-propionic acid, 3(S)-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-3-{2-oxo-l-[3-(δ,6,7,8-tetrahydro-[l,8]naphthyridin- 2-yl)-propyl]-pyrrolidin-3(R)-yl}-propionic acid, 3(S)-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-3-{2-oxo-l-[3-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-[l,8]naphthyridin- 2-yl)-propyl]-pyrrolidin-3(S)-yl}-propionic acid, 3-{2-oxo-l-[3-(δ,6,7,8-tetrahydro-[l,8]naphthyridin-2-yl)-propyl]- pyrrolidin-3-yl}-3(R)-quinolin-3(R)-yl-propionic acid, 3-{2-oxo-l-[3-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-[l,8]naphthyridin-2-yl)-propyl]- pyrrolidin-3-yl}-3(R)-quinolin-3(S)-yl-propionic acid, 3-{2-oxo-l-[3-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-[l,8]naphthyridin-2-yl)-propyl]- pyrrolidin-3-yl}-3(S)-quinolin-3(R)-yl-propionic acid, 3-{2-oxo-l-[3-(δ,6,7,8-tetrahydro-[l,8]naphthyridin-2-yl)-propyl]- pyrrolidin-3-yl}-3(S)-quinolin-3(S)-yl-propionic acid, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. For use in medicine, the salts of the compounds of this invention refer to non-toxic "pharmaceutically acceptable salts." Other salts may, however, be useful in the preparation of the compounds according to the invention or of their pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Salts encompassed within the term "pharmaceutically acceptable salts" refer to non-toxic salts of the compounds of this invention which are generally prepared by reacting the free base with a suitable organic or inorganic acid. Representative salts include the following: acetate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bicarbonate, bisulfate, bitartrate, borate, bromide, calcium, camsylate, carbonate, chloride, clavulanate, citrate, dihydrochloride, edetate, edisylate, estolate, esylate, fumarate, gluceptate, gluconate, glutamate, glycollylarsanilate, hexylresorcinate, hydrabamine, hydrobromide, hydrochloride, hydroxynaphthoate, iodide, isothionate, lactate, lactobionate, laurate, malate, maleate, mandelate, mesylate, methylbromide, methylnitrate, methylsulfate, mucate, δ napsylate, nitrate, N-methylglucamine ammonium salt, oleate, oxalate, pamoate (embonate), palmitate, pantothenate, phosphate/diphosphate, polygalacturonate, salicylate, stearate, sulfate, subacetate, succinate, tannate, tartrate, teoclate, tosylate, triethiodide and valerate. Furthermore, where the compounds of the invention carry an acidic 10 moiety, suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may include alkali metal salts, e.g., sodium or potassium salts; alkaline earth metal salts, e.g., calcium or magnesium salts; and salts formed with suitable organic ligands, e.g., quaternary ammonium salts. The compounds of the present invention can have chiral lδ centers and occur as racemates, racemic mixtures, diastereomeric mixtures, and as individual diastereomers, or enantiomers with all isomeric forms being included in the present invention. Therefore, where a compound is chiral, the separate enantiomers or diastereomers, substantially free of the other, are included within the 20 scope of the invention; further included are all mixtures of the two enantiomers. Also included within the scope of the invention are polymorphs and hydrates of the compounds of the instant invention. The present invention includes within its scope prodrugs of the compounds of this invention. In general, such prodrugs will be 2δ functional derivatives of the compounds of this invention which are readily convertible./, vivo into the required compound. Thus, in the methods of treatment of the present invention, the term "administering" shall encompass the treatment of the various conditions described with the compound specifically disclosed or with a compound which may not 30 be specifically disclosed, but which converts to the specified compound in vivo after administration to the patient. Conventional procedures for the selection and preparation of suitable prodrug derivatives are described, for example, in "Design of Prodrugs," ed. H. Bundgaard, Elsevier, 1985, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Metabolites of - 64 - these compounds include active species produced upon introduction of compounds of this invention into the biological milieu. The term "therapeutically effective amount" shall mean that amount of a drug or pharmaceutical agent that will elicit the biological or medical response of a tissue, system, animal or human that is being sought by a researcher or clinician. The term "integrin receptor antagonist," as used herein, refers to a compound which binds to and antagonizes either the αvβ3 receptor, the αvβδ receptor, or the αvβ6 receptor, or a compound which binds to and antagonizes combinations of these receptors (for example, a dual αvβ3/αvβ5 receptor antagonist). The term "bone resorption," as used herein, refers to the process by which osteoclasts degrade bone. The term "alkyl" shall mean straight or branched chain alkanes of one to ten total carbon atoms, or any number within this range (i.e., methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl, 2-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, etc.). The term "alkenyl" shall mean straight or branched chain alkenes of two to ten total carbon atoms, or any number within this range. The term "alkynyl" shall mean straight or branched chain alkynes of two to ten total carbon atoms, or any number within this range. The term "cycloalkyl" shall mean cyclic rings of alkanes of three to eight total carbon atoms, or any number within this range (i.e., cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl or cyclooctyl). The term "cycloheteroalkyl," as used herein, shall mean a 3- to 8-membered fully saturated heterocyclic ring containing one or two heteroatoms chosen from N, O or S. Examples of cycloheteroalkyl groups include, but are not limited to piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, azetidinyl, morpholinyl, piperazinyl. The term "alkoxy," as used herein, refers to straight or branched chain alkoxides of the number of carbon atoms specified (e.g., Cl-5 alkoxy), or any number within this range (i.e., methoxy, ethoxy, etc.). The term "aryl," as used herein, refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic system comprising at least one aromatic ring, wherein the monocylic or polycyclic system contains 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms chosen from N, O, or S, and wherein the monocylic or polycylic system is δ either unsubstituted or substituted with one or more groups independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, Ci-lθ alkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, aryl, aryl Cl-8 alkyl, amino, amino Cl-8 alkyl, Cl-3 acylamino, Cl-3 acylamino Cl-8 alkyl, Cl-6 alkylamino, Ci-6 alkylamino Cl-8 alkyl, Cl-6 dialkylamino, Cl-6 dialkylamino-Cl-8 alkyl, Cl-4 alkoxy, 0 Cl-4 alkoxy Cl-6 alkyl, hydroxycarbonyl, hydroxycarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, Cl- 5 alkoxycarbonyl, Cl-3 alkoxycarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, hydroxycarbonyl Cl-6 alkyloxy, hydroxy, hydroxy Cl-6 alkyl, cyano, trifluoromethyl, oxo or Cl- 5 alkylcarbonyloxy. Examples of aryl include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, imidazolyl, 5 benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, indolyl, thienyl, furyl, pyrryl, pyrazolyl, dihydrobenzofuryl, benzo(l,3) dioxolane, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl and thiazolyl, which are either unsubstituted or substituted with one or more groups independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, Cl-10 alkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, aryl, aryl Cl-8 alkyl, amino, amino 0 Cl-8 alkyl, Cl-3 acylamino, Cl-3 acylamino Cl-8 alkyl, Cl-6 alkylamino, Cl-6 alkylamino-Cl-8 alkyl, Cl-6 dialkylamino, Cl-6 dialkylamino Cl-8 alkyl, Cl-4 alkoxy, Cl-4 alkoxy Cl-6 alkyl, hydroxycarbonyl, hydroxycarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, Cl-5 alkoxycarbonyl, Cl-3 alkoxycarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, hydroxycarbonyl Cl-6 alkyloxy, hydroxy, hydroxy Cl-6 alkyl, δ cyano, trifluoromethyl, oxo or Ci-δ alkylcarbonyloxy. Preferably, the aryl group is unsubstituted, mono-, di-, tri- or tetra-substituted with one to four of the above-named substituents; more preferably, the aryl group is unsubstituted, mono-, di- or tri-substituted with one to three of the above-named substituents; most preferably, the aryl group is 0 unsubstituted, mono- or di-substituted with one to two of the above- named substituents. Whenever the term "alkyl" or "aryl" or either of their prefix roots appears in a name of a substituent (e.g., aryl Cθ-8 alkyl), it shall be interpreted as including those limitations given above for "alkyl" and δ "aryl." Designated numbers of carbon atoms (e.g., Ci-io) shall refer - 66 - independently to the number of carbon atoms in an alkyl or cyclic alkyl moiety or to the alkyl portion of a larger substituent in which alkyl appears as its prefix root. The terms "arylalkyl" and "alkylaryl" include an alkyl 5 portion where alkyl is as defined above and to include an aryl portion where aryl is as defined above. Examples of arylalkyl include, but are not limited to, benzyl, fluorobenzyl, chlorobenzyl, phenylethyl, phenylpropyl, fluorophenyl ethyl, chlorophenylethyl, thienylmethyl, thienylethyl, and thienylpropyl. Examples of alkylaryl include, but are 10 not limited to, toluene, ethylbenzene, propylbenzene, methylpyridine, ethylpyridine, propylpyridine and butylpyridine. In the compounds of the present invention, two Rl substituents, when on the same carbon atom, can be taken together with the carbon to which they are attached to form a carbonyl group. lδ In the compounds of the present invention, two R 3 substituents, when on the same carbon atom, can be taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a carbonyl group. In such instances, the limitation, that in the resultant compound the carbon atom or atoms to which B is attached is itself attached to no 20 more than one heteroatom, does not apply. Also, in the compounds of the present invention, two B substituents, when on the same carbon atom, can be taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a cyclopropyl group. In the compounds of the present invention, R5 and Bβ can 2δ be taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a carbonyl group. In such instances, the limitation, that in the resultant compound the carbon atom at which R^ and Bβ is attached is itself attached to no more than one heteroatom, does not apply. When substituents B and Bβ include the definition Co (e.g., 30 Cθ-8 alkyl), the group modified by Co is not present in the substituent when C is zero. Similarly, when any of the variables m, n, t, or v, is zero, then the group modified by the variable is not present; for example, when t is zero, the group "-(CH 2 )tC≡CH" is "-C≡CH". In addition, the substituent "(Cl-6 alkyDpamino" where p is zero, one or two, refers to an 35 amino, Cl-6 alkylamino and Cl-6 dialkylamino group, respectively. When a Ci-6 dialkylamino substituent is intended, the Ci-6 alkyl groups can be the same (e.g., dimethylamino) or different (e.g., N(CH3)(CH 2 CH3)). Similarly, the substituent "(aryl) p amino" or ["(aryl Cl-6 alkyDpamino"], where p is zero, one or two, refers to an amino, δ arylamino and diarylamino group, [or an amino, aryl Cl-6 alkylamino or di-(aryl Ci-6 alkyl)amino] respectively, where the aryl [or aryl Cl-6 alkyl] groups in a diarylamino [or di-(aryl Ci-6 alkyDamino] substituent can be the same or different. In the compounds of the present invention, Rl and Rl can 0 be taken together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached to form a δ- to 7-membered monocyclic aromatic or nonaromatic ring system having 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S wherein said 5- to 7-membered monocylic aromatic or nonaromatic ring system is either unsubstituted or 5 substituted with one or more Rl substituents. The term "halogen" shall include iodine, bromine, chlorine, and fluorine. The term "oxy" means an oxygen (O) atom. The term "thio" means a sulfur (S) atom. The term "oxo" means "=0." The term 0 "carbonyl" means "C=0." The term "substituted" shall be deemed to include multiple degrees of substitution by a named substitutent. Where multiple substituent moieties are disclosed or claimed, the substituted compound can be independently substituted by one or more of the disclosed or δ claimed substituent moieties, singly or plurally. By independently substituted, it is meant that the (two or more) substituents can be the same or different. Under standard nonmenclature used throughout this disclosure, the terminal portion of the designated side chain is described 0 first, followed by the adjacent functionality toward the point of attachment. For example, a Cl-5 alkylcarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl substituent is equivalent to O II -C 1 -6 alkyl-NH-C-C 1 -5 alkyl . In choosing compounds of the present invention, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the various substituents, i.e. X, Y, Z, Rl, R2, R3, R4 R5 } R 6 R7, R 8, R 9, R10, RH R12, an d Rl3 an d the subscripts m, n, p, r, s, t, and v are to be chosen in conformity with well-known principles of chemical structure connectivity. Representative compounds of the present invention typically display submicromolar affinity for the integrin receptors, particularly the αvβ3, αvβδ, and/or αvβ6 receptors. Compounds of this invention are therefore useful for treating mammals suffering from a bone condition caused or mediated by increased bone resorption, who are in need of such therapy. Pharmacologically effective amounts of the compounds, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, are administered to the mammal, to inhibit the activity of mammalian osteoclasts. The compounds of the present invention are administered in dosages effective to antagonize the αvβ3 receptor where such treatment is needed, as, for example, in the prevention or treatment of osteoporosis. Further exemplifying the invention is the method wherein the integrin receptor antagonizing effect is an αvβ3 antagonizing effect. An illustration of the invention is the method wherein the αvβ3 antagonizing effect is selected from inhibition of bone resorption, restenosis, angiogenesis, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, inflammation, viral disease, tumor growth, or metastasis. Preferably, the αvβ3 antagonizing effect is the inhibition of bone resorption. An example of the invention is the method wherein the integrin receptor antagonizing effect is an αvβδ antagonizing effect. More specifically, the αvβδ antagonizing effect is selected from inhibition of restenosis, angiogenesis, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, inflammation, tumor growth, or metastasis. Illustrating the invention is the method wherein the integrin receptor antagonizing effect is a dual αvβ3/αvβδ antagonizing effect. More particularly, the dual αvβ3/αvβ5 antagonizing effect is selected from inhibition of bone resorption, restenosis, angiogenesis, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, inflammation, viral disease, tumor growth, or metastasis. 69 Illustrating the invention is the method wherein the integrin receptor antagonizing effect is an αvβ6 antagonizing effect. More particularly, the αvβ6 antagonizing effect is selected from inhibition of angiogenesis, inflammatory response, or wound healing. 5 Illustrating the invention is the method wherein the αvβ3 antagonizing effect is selected from inhibition of bone resorption, inhibition of restenosis, inhibition of angiogenesis, inhibition of diabetic retinopathy, inhibition of macular degeneration, inhibition of atherosclerosis, inflammation, viral disease, or inhibition of tumor 10 growth or metastasis. Preferably, the αvβ3 antagonizing effect is the inhibition of bone resorption. More particularly illustrating the invention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the compounds described above and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Another lδ example of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition made by combining any of the compounds described above and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Another illustration of the invention is a process for making a pharmaceutical composition comprising combining any of the compounds described above and a 20 pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Further illustrating the invention is a method of treating and/or preventing a condition mediated by antagonism of an integrin receptor in a mammal in need thereof, comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds 2δ described above. Preferably, the condition is selected from bone resorption, osteoporosis, restenosis, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, angiogenesis, atherosclerosis, inflammation, viral disease, cancer, tumor growth, and metastasis. More preferably, the condition is selected from osteoporosis and cancer. Most preferably, the 30 condition is osteoporosis. More specifically exemplifying the invention is a method of eliciting an integrin antagonizing effect in a mammal in need thereof, comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds or any of the pharmaceutical 35 compositions described above. Preferably, the integrin antagonizing effect is an αvβ3 antagonizing effect; more specifically, the αvβ3 antagonizing effect is selected from inhibition of bone resorption, inhibition of restenosis, inhibition of atherosclerosis, inhibition of angiogenesis, inhibition of diabetic retinopathy, inhibition of macular δ degeneration, inhibition of inflammation, inhibition of viral disease, or inhibition of tumor growth or metastasis. Most preferably, the αvβ3 antagonizing effect is inhibition of bone resorption. Alternatively, the integrin antagonizing effect is an αvβδ antagonizing effect, an αvβ6 antagonizing effect, or a mixed αvβ3, αvβδ, and αvβ6 antagonizing 10 effect. Examples of αvβδ antagonizing effects are inhibition of restenosis, atherosclerosis, angiogenesis, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, inflammation, viral disease, or tumor growth. Examples of dual αvβ6 antagonizing effects are inhibition of angiogenesis, inflammatory response and wound healing. lδ Additional examples of the invention are methods of inhibiting bone resorption and of treating and/or preventing osteoporosis in a mammal in need thereof, comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds or any of the pharmaceutical compositions described above. 20 Additional illustrations of the invention are methods of treating hypercalcemia of malignancy, osteopenia due to bone metastases, periodontal disease, hyperparathyroidism, periarticular erosions in rheumatoid arthritis, Paget's disease, immobilization- induced osteopenia, and glucocorticoid treatment in a mammal in need 26 thereof, comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds or any of the pharmaceutical compositions described above. More particularly exemplifying the invention is the use of any of the compounds described above in the preparation of a 30 medicament for the treatment and/or prevention of osteoporosis in a mammal in need thereof. Still further exemplifying the invention is the use of any of the compounds described above in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment and/or prevention of bone resorption, tumor growth, cancer, restenosis, atherosclerosis, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, inflammation, viral disease, and/or angiogenesis. Also exemplifying the invention are compositions further comprising an active ingredient selected from the group consisting of δ a) an organic bisphosphonate or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, b) an estrogen receptor modulator, c) a cytotoxic/antiproliferative agent, d) a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, 10 e) an inhibitor of epidermal-derived, fibroblast-derived, or platelet-derived growth factors, f) an inhibitor of VEGF, g) an inhibitor of Flk-1/KDR, Flt-1, Tck/Tie-2, or Tie-1, h) a cathepsin K inhibitor, lδ i) an inhibitor of osteoclast proton ATPase, and j) a prenylation inhibitor, such as a farnesyl transferase inhibitor or a geranylgeranyl transferase inhibitor or a dual farnesyl/geranylgeranyl transferase inhibitor; and mixtures thereof. 20 (See, B. Millauer et al., "Dominant-Negative Inhibition of Flk-1 Suppresses the Growth of Many Tumor Types in Vivo", Cancer Research. 66, 1615-1620 (1996), which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). Preferably, the active ingredient is selected from the group 25 consisting of: a) an organic bisphosphonate or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, b) an estrogen receptor modulator, c) an inhibitor of osteoclast proton ATPase, and 30 d) a cathepsin K inhibitor; and mixtures thereof. Nonlimiting examples of such bisphosphonates include alendronate, etidronate, pamidronate, risedronate, ibandronate, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters thereof. A particularly preferred bisphosphonate is alendronate, especially alendronate 35 monosodium trihydrate. Nonlimiting examples of estrogen receptor modulators include estrogen, progesterin, estradiol, droloxifene, raloxifene, and tamoxifene. Nonlimiting examples of cytotoxic/antiproliferative agents are taxol, vincristine, vinblastine, and doxorubicin. Cathepsin K, formerly known as cathepsin 02, is a cysteine protease and is described in PCT International Application Publication No. WO 96/13623, published May 9, 1996; U.S. Patent No. 5,601,969, issued March 3, 1996; and U.S. Patent No. 5,736,357, issued April 7, 1998, all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. Cysteine proteases, specifically cathepsins, are linked to a number of disease conditions, such as tumor metastasis, inflammation, arthritis, and bone remodeling. At acidic pH's, cathepsins can degrade type-I collagen. Cathepsin protease inhibitors can inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption by inhibiting the degradation of collagen fibers and are thus useful in the treatment of bone resorption diseases, such as osteoporosis. The proton ATPase which is found on the apical membrane of the osteoclast has been reported to play a significant role in the bone resorption process. Therefore, this proton pump represents an attractive target for the design of inhibitors of bone resorption which are potentially useful for the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis and related metabolic diseases (see C. Farina et al., "Selective inhibitors of the osteoclast vacuolar proton ATPase as novel bone antiresorptive agents," DDT.4: 163-172 (1999)). The present invention is also directed to combinations of the compounds of the present invention with one or more agents useful in the prevention or treatment of osteoporosis. For example, the compounds of the instant invention may be effectively administered in combination with effective amounts of other agents such as an organic bisphosphonate, an estrogen receptor modulator, or a cathepsin K inhibitor. Additional illustrations of the invention are methods of treating tumor growth in a mammal in need thereof, comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound described above and one or more agents known to be cy to toxic/antiprolif erative. Also, the compounds of the present invention can be administered in combination with radiation therapy for treating tumor growth and metastasis. In addition, the integrin αvβ3 antagonist compounds of the present invention may be effectively administered in combination with a growth hormone secretagogue in the therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of disorders in calcium or phosphate metabolism and associated diseases. These diseases include conditions which can benefit from a reduction in bone resorption. A reduction in bone resorption should improve the balance between resorption and formation, reduce bone loss or result in bone augmentation. A reduction in bone resorption can alleviate the pain associated with osteolytic lesions and reduce the incidence and/or growth of those lesions. These diseases include: osteoporosis (including estrogen deficiency, immobilization, glucocorticoid induced and senile), osteodystrophy, Paget's disease, myositis ossificans, Bechterew's disease, malignant hypercalcemia, metastatic bone disease, periodontal disease, cholelithiasis, nephrolithiasis, urolithiasis, urinary calculus, hardening of the arteries (sclerosis), arthritis, bursitis, neuritis and tetany. Increased bone resorption can be accompanied by pathologically high calcium and phosphate concentrations in the plasma, which would be alleviated by this treatment. Similarly, the present invention would be useful in increasing bone mass in patients with growth hormone deficiency. Thus, preferred combinations are simultaneous or alternating treatments of an αvβ3 receptor antagonist of the present invention and a growth hormone secretagogue, optionally including a third component comprising an organic bisphosphonate, preferably alendronate monosodium trihydrate. In accordance with the method of the present invention, the individual components of the combination can be administered separately at different times during the course of therapy or concurrently in divided or single combination forms. The instant invention is therefore to be understood as embracing all such regimes of simultaneous or alternating treatment, and the term "administering" is to be interpreted accordingly. It will be understood that the scope of combinations of the compounds of this invention with other agents useful for treating integrin-mediated conditions includes in principle any combination with any pharmaceutical composition useful for treating osteoporosis. 5 As used herein, the term "composition" is intended to encompass a product comprising the specified ingredients in the specified amounts, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combination of the specified ingredients in the specified amounts. 10 The compounds of the present invention can be administered in such oral dosage forms as tablets, capsules (each of which includes sustained release or timed release formulations), pills, powders, granules, elixirs, tinctures, suspensions, syrups and emulsions. Likewise, they may also be administered in intravenous lδ (bolus or infusion), intraperitoneal, topical (e.g., ocular eyedrop), subcutaneous, intramuscular or transdermal (e.g., patch) form, all using forms well known to those of ordinary skill in the pharmaceutical arts. An effective but non-toxic amount of the compound desired can be employed as an αvβ3 antagonist. 20 The dosage regimen utilizing the compounds of the present invention is selected in accordance with a variety of factors including type, species, age, weight, sex and medical condition of the patient; the severity of the condition to be treated; the route of administration; the renal and hepatic function of the patient; and the particular compound 2δ or salt thereof employed. An ordinarily skilled physician, veterinarian or clinician can readily determine and prescribe the effective amount of the drug required to prevent, counter or arrest the progress of the condition. Oral dosages of the present invention, when used for the 30 indicated effects, will range between about 0.01 mg per kg of body weight per day (mg/kg/day) to about 100 mg/kg/day, preferably 0.01 to 10 mg/kg/day, and most preferably 0.1 to 5.0 mg/kg/day. For oral administration, the compositions are preferably provided in the form of tablets containing 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, 25.0, 50.0, 100 3δ and 600 milligrams of the active ingredient for the symptomatic adjustment of the dosage to the patient to be treated. A medicament typically contains from about 0.01 mg to about 500 mg of the active ingredient, preferably, from about 1 mg to about 100 mg of active ingredient. Intravenously, the most preferred doses will range from 5 about 0.1 to about 10 mg/kg/minute during a constant rate infusion. Advantageously, compounds of the present invention may be administered in a single daily dose, or the total daily dosage may be administered in divided doses of two, three or four times daily. Furthermore, preferred compounds for the present invention can be 10 administered in intranasal form via topical use of suitable intranasal vehicles, or via transdermal routes, using those forms of transdermal skin patches well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. To be administered in the form of a transdermal delivery system, the dosage administration will, of course, be continuous rather than intermittent lδ throughout the dosage regimen. In the methods of the present invention, the compounds herein described in detail can form the active ingredient, and are typically administered in admixture with suitable pharmaceutical diluents, excipients or carriers (collectively referred to herein as 20 'carrier' materials) suitably selected with respect to the intended form of administration, that is, oral tablets, capsules, elixirs, syrups and the like, and consistent with conventional pharmaceutical practices. For instance, for oral administration in the form of a tablet or capsule, the active drug component can be combined with an oral, 2δ non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable, inert carrier such as lactose, starch, sucrose, glucose, methyl cellulose, magnesium stearate, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, mannitol, sorbitol and the like; for oral administration in liquid form, the oral drug components can be combined with any oral, non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable inert 30 carrier such as ethanol, glycerol, water and the like. Moreover, when desired or necessary, suitable binders, lubricants, disintegrating agents and coloring agents can also be incorporated into the mixture. Suitable binders include starch, gelatin, natural sugars such as glucose or beta- lactose, corn sweeteners, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, 35 tragacanth or sodium alginate, carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol, waxes and the like. Lubricants used in these dosage forms include sodium oleate, sodium stearate, magnesium stearate, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride and the like. Disintegrators include, without limitation, starch, methyl cellulose, agar, bentonite, 5 xanthan gum and the like. The compounds of the present invention can also be administered in the form of liposome delivery systems, such as small unilamellar vesicles, large unilamellar vesicles and multilamellar vesicles. Liposomes can be formed from a variety of phospholipids, such 10 as cholesterol, stearylamine or phosphatidylcholines. Compounds of the present invention may also be delivered by the use of monoclonal antibodies as individual carriers to which the compound molecules are coupled. The compounds of the present invention may also be coupled with soluble polymers as targetable drug lδ carriers. Such polymers can include polyvinylpyrrolidone, pyran copolymer, polyhydroxypropylmethacrylamide-phenol, polyhydroxy- ethylaspartamide-phenol, or polyethyleneoxide-polylysine substituted with palmitoyl residues. Furthermore, the compounds of the present invention may be coupled to a class of biodegradable polymers useful in 20 achieving controlled release of a drug, for example, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, copolymers of polylactic and polyglycolic acid, polyepsilon caprolactone, polyhydroxy butyric acid, polyorthoesters, polyacetals, polydihydropyrans, polycyanoacrylates and crosslinked or amphipathic block copolymers of hydrogels. 2δ In the schemes and examples below, various reagent symbols and abbreviations have the following meanings: AcOH: Acetic acid. BH3 » DMS: Borane'dimethylsulfide. 30 BOC(Boc): t-Butyloxycarbonyl. BOP: Benzotriazol- l-yloxytris(dimethylamino)- phosphonium hexafluorophosphate. CBZ(Cbz): Carbobenzyloxy or benzyloxycarbonyl. CDl: Carbonyldiimidazole. 3δ CH 2 C1 2 : Methylene chloride. CH3CN: Acetonitrile CHCI3: Chloroform. DBA: Bis(dibenzylidene)acetone. DEAD: Diethyl azodicarboxylate. DIAD: Diisopropyl azodicarboxylate. DIBAH or DIBAL-H: Diisobutylaluminum hydride. DIPEA: Diisopropylethylamine. DMAP: 4-Dimethylaminopyridine. DME: 1 , 2-Dimethoxy ethane . DMF: Dimethylformamide. DMSO: Dimethylsulfoxide . DPPF: l,l'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene. DPFN: 3 , 5-Dimethyl- 1-pyrazolylformamidine nitrate . EDC: l-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide • HCl EtOAc: Ethyl acetate. EtOH: Ethanol. HOAc: Acetic acid. HOAT: l-Hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole HOBT: 1-Hydroxybenzotriazole. HPLC; High-performance liquid chromatography. IBCF: Isobutylchloroformate LDA: Lithium diisopropylamide. MeOH: Methanol. MMNG l,l-methyl-3-nitro-l-nitrosoguanidine NEt3: Triethylamine. NMM: N-methylmorpholine . PCA^HCl: Pyrazole carboxamidine hydrochloride. Pd/C: Palladium on activated carbon catalyst. Ph: Phenyl. pTSA p-Toluenesulfonic acid. TEA: Triethylamine. TFA: Trifluoroacetic acid. THF: Tetrahydrofuran. TLC: Thin Layer Chromatography. TMEDA: N,N,N',N'-Tetramethylethylenediamine. TMS: Trimethylsilyl. δ The novel compounds of the present invention can be prepared according to the procedure of the following schemes and examples, using appropriate materials and are further exemplified by the following specific examples. The compounds illustrated in the examples are not, however, to be construed as forming the only genus 10 that is considered as the invention. The following examples further illustrate details for the preparation of the compounds of the present invention. Those skilled in the art will readily understand that known variations of the conditions and processes of the following preparative procedures can be used to prepare these compounds. All temperatures lδ are degrees Celsius unless otherwise noted. The following Schemes and Examples describe procedures for making representative compounds of the present invention. Moreover, by utilizing the procedures described in detail in PCT International Application Publication Nos. WO96/32710, published 7 20 December 1996, and W096/17397, published 29 June 1996, both of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety, in conjunction with the disclosure contained herein, one of ordinary skill in the art can readily prepare additional compounds of the present invention claimed herein. Additionally, for a general review describing the synthesis of 26 β-alanines which can be utilized as the C-terminus of the compounds of the present invention, see Cole, D.C., Recent Stereoselective Synthetic Approaces to β- Amino Acids, Tetrahedron, 1994, 50, 9517-9682; Juaristi, E, et al., Enantioselective Synthesis of β-Amino Acids, Aldrichimica Ada, 1994, 27, 3. In particular, synthesis of the 3-methyl-β-alanine is 30 taught in Duggan, M.F. et al, J. Med. Chem., 1995, 38, 3332-3341; the 3- ethynyl-β-alanine is taught in Zablocki, J.A., et al., J. Med. Chem., 1995, 38, 2378-2394; the 3-(pyridin-3-yl)-β-alanine is taught in Rico, J.G. et al, J. Org. Chem., 1993, 58, 7948-7951; and the 2-amino- and 2-tosylamino-β- alanines are taught in Xue, C-B, et al, Biorg. Med. Chem. Letts., 1996, 6, 339-344. The references described in this paragraph are all also incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. SCHEME 1 HCI « HNCH 3 (OCH 3 ) 1-6 He , EtOAc, 0°C 1-7 1-8 [3-(N-Methoxy-N-methyl-carbamoyl)-propyl]carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (1-3) A mixture of l (10 g, 49.2 mmol), (4.8 mg, 49.2 mmol), EDC (9.40 g, 49.2 mmol), HOBT (6.6 g, 49.2 mmol) and NMM (2.7 mL, 246 mmol) in CH3CN (200 mL) was stirred for 20 h. The reaction was concentrated. The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate, washed with H 2 0, 10% KHSO4, sat. NaHCθ3, brine, and dried over MgSO Evaporative removal of the solvent gave as a colorless oil. TLC Rf = O.lδ (50% ethyl acetate/ hexanes). iH NMR (300 MHz, CDCI3) δ 4.96 (bs,lH), 3.5δ (s, 3H), 3.46 (m, 5H), 2.48 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 1.83 (m, 2H), 1.46 (s, 9H). (4-Oxo-pentyl)carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (1-4) To a stirred solution of (10.0 g, 40.6 mmol) and THF (200ml) at 0°C was added methyl magnesium bromide (27.0 ml, 91.0 mmol; 3M in ether) dropwise over 20 minutes. After 2.0 hours, 10% KHSO4 was added slowly. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc. The organic portion was washed with saturated NaHCθ3, brine, and dried over MgSθ4. Evaporative removal of the solvent gave 1-4 as a colorless oil. TLC Rf = 0.53 (silica, 40% EtOAc/ hexanes). iH NMR (300 MHz, CDCI3) δ 4.62 (bs,lH), 3.13 (m, 2H), 2.49 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.16 (s, 3H), 1.78 (m, 2H), 1.44 (s, 9H). (3-n.81Naphthyridin-2-yl)-N-Boc-propylamine (l-6) A mixture of 14 (5.0 g, 24.8 mmol), 2-amino-3- formylpyridine Λ 5 [3.6 g, 29.8 mmol; for preparation see J. Org. Chem., 48: 3401 (1983)] and 20% KOH (1 ml) in absolute ethanol (100 mL) was heated at reflux for 8 h. Following evaporative removal of the solvent, the residue was chromatographed (silica gel, 70:28:2 chloroform /ethyl acetate /methanol) to give 1^3 as a yellow oil. TLC Rf = 0.40 (silica, 70:20:10 chloroform /ethyl acetate /methanol). iH NMR (300 MHz, CDCI3) δ 9.08 (m, IH), 8.16 (d, J=8.1 Hz, IH), 8.10 (d, J=8.1 Hz, IH), 7.41 (m, 2H), 4.82 (bs, IH), 3.21 (m, 2H), 3.06 (m, 2H), 2.12 (m,2H), 1.43 (s, 9H). 3-(5.6.7.8-Tetrahvdro-ri.81naphthyridin-2-vD-N-Boc-propylamine (l-7) A mixture of JL6 (4.0 g, 13.9 mmol) and 10% Pd/carbon (4.0 g) in EtOH (100 mL) was stirred under a balloon of hydrogen for 4 h. Following filtration and evaporative removal of the solvent, the residue was chromatographed (silica gel, 70:28:2 chloroform/ethyl acetate /methanol) to give 1-7 as a white solid. TLC Rf = 0.30 (silica, 70:25:6 chloroform/ethyl acetate /methanol). iH NMR (300 MHz, CDCI3) δ 7.05 (d, J=7.3 Hz, IH), 6.34 (d, J=7.3 Hz, IH), 5.48 (s, IH), 4.79 (s, IH), 3.37 (m, 2H), 3.15 (m, 2H), 2.69 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.59 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 1.88 (m, 4H), 1.44 (s, 9H). 3-(5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-[l,8]naphthyridin-2-yl)-propylamine dihvdrochloride (1-8) HCl gas was rapidly bubbled through a solution of 1 7 (2.5 g, 8.6 mmol) in EtOAc (100 ml) at 0°C for 10 minutes. After 30 minutes, the solution was purged with argon for 30 minutes. The solution was concentrated and then azeotroped with CH3CN to give the amine 1-8 as a yellow solid. iH NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) δ 7.61 (d, J=7.3 Hz, IH), 6.67 (d, J=7.3 Hz, IH), 3.52 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 2.99 (m, 2H), 2.83 (m, 4H), 2.08 (m, 2H),1.96 (m, 2H). SCHEME 2 6NHCI, 130°C 2-3 2-6A.2-6B SCHEME 2 (Continued) 2-7A. 2-7B 2-8A. 2-8B 2-Ethoxycarbonyl-3-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-pentanedioic acid diethyl ester (2-2) To a suspension of NaH (1.59 g, 63.1 mmol) in 200 mL THF was added diethyl malonate (10.0 g, 62.4 mmol) gradually. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hr at room temperature. 3-(3-Fluorophenyl)- δ acrylic acid ethyl ester (2-1) (11.1 g, 57.2 mmol; prepared via standard procedures from 3 -fluoro cinnamic acid) and EtOH (5 mL) are added. The mixture was then stirred at 90°C for 12 hr, concentrated under diminished pressure and treated with δO mL 10% sodium hydrogencarbonate solution. The aqueous mixture was extracted three 0 times with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with brine and dried (Na 2 Sθ4). After solvent removal, the residue was purified using silica gel flash chromatography (6:1 hexane/EtOAc) to give 2^_ as an oil. R f (silica; hexane/EtOAc 6:1) = 0.18. 5 3-(3-Fluoro-phenyl)-pentanedioic acid (2-3) 2-Ethoxycarbonyl-3-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-pentanedioic acid diethyl ester ( 2) (6.90 g, 19.5 mmol) was treated with 6N HCl (160 mL). The mixture was refluxed for 24 hr, poured into 200 mL ice-water and 0 extracted with EtOAc (x3). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried (Na2Sθ4) and concentrated to provide 2-3 as a solid which was used in the next step without further purification. Rf (silica, 100% EtOAc) = 0.34. iH NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) δ 7.28 (m, IH), 7.10 (d, J= 6.0 Hz, IH), 7.02 (d, 5 J=7.9 Hz, IH), 6.91 (t, J=6.0 Hz, IH), 3.68 (m, IH), 2.67 (m, 4H). 3-(3-Fluoro-phenyl)-pentanedioic acid monomethyl ester (2-4) A mixture of 3-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-pentanedioic acid (2-3) (2.86 g, 12.7 mmol) and Ac 2 0 (20 mL) was refluxed for 3 hr at 130°C. It was 0 concentrated under diminished pressure to provide an oil which was subsequently diluted with 15 mL CH 2 C1 . To the resulting solution was added 10 mL MeOH and DMAP (50 mg, 0.04 mmol). The mixture was stirred forl 2 hr and concentrated to afford 2A as a solid which was used in the next step without further purification. 5 Rf (silica, 100% EtOAc) = 0.73. iH NMR (300 MHz, CDCI3) δ 7.26 (m, IH), 7.01 (d, J= 5.9 Hz, IH), 6.92 (m, 2H), 3.62 (m, 4H), 2.70 (m, 4H). 2-Allyl-3-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-pentanedioic acid 1-methyl ester (2-5) 5 To a cooled (-78°C) solution of LDA (7.1 mL, 2.0 M, 14.2 mmol) in δO mL THF was added a solution of 3-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-pentanedioic acid monomethyl ester (Ml (1.68 g, 6.58 mmol) in 10 mL THF gradually. The mixture was stirred for 40 min, treated with allyl bromide (1.71 mL, 19.7 mmol) at -78°C and stirred overnight while it was warmed to room 10 temperature. It was then concentrated and diluted with 20 mL CH2CI2 and 15 mL EtOH. To the resulting solution was added EDAC (1.88 g, 9.87 mmol) and DMAP (25 mg, 0.02 mmol). After stirring for 5 hr, the reaction was quenched with 20 mL 10% NaHCθ3 and extracted with EtOAc (x3). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried lδ (Na2S04) and concentrated to provide 2 5 as an oil, which was further purified using flash silica chromatography (Hexane/EtOAc, 4:1). Rf (silica; EtOAc/hexane 1:2) = 0.63. 3-(3-Fluoro-phenyl)-2-(2-oxo-ethyl)-pentanedioic acid 1-methyl ester (2- 20 6A. 2-6B) A mixture of 2-allyl-3-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-pentanedioic acid 1-methyl ester (Ml (1.01 g, 3.28 mmol) and Sudan Red B (0.01 g) in 100 mL CH2C1 2 was treated with ozone at -78°C for 2 0 min. Then excess ozone was purged with argon, followed with the addition of PPI13 (2.00 g, 7.63 2δ mmol). The mixture was stirred for 30 min and concentrated under diminished pressure. The residue was purified by flash silica chromatography (EtOAc/Hexane, 1:3) to provide the desired product as two separated pairs of enantiomers (2-6A and 2-6B). Rf (of enantiomeric pair 2-6A. silica, EtOAc/hexane 1:2) = 0.26; 30 Rf (of enantiomeric pair 2-6B. silica, EtOAc/hexane 1:2) = 0.21. 3-(3-Fluoro-phenyl)-3-{2-oxo-l-r3-(δ.6.7.8-tetrahvdro-ri.81naphthyridin-2- yl)-propyll-pyrrolidin-3-yl}-propionic acid ethyl ester (2-7A) To a mixture of 3-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-[l,8]naphthyridin-2-yl)- propylamine (1-8 ) (67 mg, 0.36 mmol) and 3-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-2-(2-oxo- ethyD-pentanedioic acid 1-methyl ester 2-6A (110 mg, 0.36 mmol) in 5 mL 1,2-dichloroethane was added anhydrous hydrogen chloride in ethyl δ ether (1.0 M, 0.70 ml, 0.7 mmol ). After 10 min, triethylamine (0.14 mL, 1.1 mmol) and 4 A molecular sieves were added. The mixture was stirred for 3 hr. It was treated with NaBH(OAc)3 (111 mg, 0.63 mmol) and stirred for 12 hr. The reaction was quenched with 10% NaHCθ3 and extracted with EtOAc (x3). The combined organic layers were washed 10 with brine and dried (Na 2 Sθ4). After solvent removal the residue was purified by flash silica chromatography (CHCl3/MeOH, 10:1) to provide the enantiomeric pair 2- 7 A as an oil. Rf (silica, CHC_3/MeOH, 10:1) = 0.3. lδ 3-(3-Fluoro-phenyl)-3-{2-oxo-l-r3-(6.6.7.8-tetrahvdro-n.81naphthyridin-2- yl)-propyll-pyrrolidin-3-yl)-propionic acid ethyl ester (2-7B) Following the procedure described for preparing 2-7A from 2-6A. 2-6B furnished the enantiomeric pair 2-7B as an oil. Rf (silica, CHC_3/MeOH, 10:1) = 0.3. 20 3-(3-Fluoro-phenyl)-3-(2-oxo-l-r3-(δ.6.7.8-tetrahvdro-n.81naphthyridin-2- yl)-propyll-pyrrolidin-3-yll-propionic acid (2-8A) A mixture of 2-7A (100 mg, 0.22 mmol) and aqueous LiOH (0.6 mL, 0.6 mmol) in 4 mL ethanol and 2 mL water was stirred for 24 hr. It was 25 treated with 3N HCl and concentrated. The residue was purified by reverse phase HPLC (C18 column; gradient: H2O/CH3CN/TFA from 95:δ:0.1 to 5:9δ:0.1 over 45 min) to give the enantiomeric pair 2-8A as the TFA salt. FAB mass spectrum m z = 426.2 (m+1). 30 IH NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) δ 7.59 (d, J=7.5 Hz, IH), 7.33-7.26 (m, IH), 7.12-7.03 (m, 2H), 6.96-6.90 (m, IH), 6.59 (d, J=7.5 Hz, IH), 3.64-3.57 (m, IH), 3.51 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 3.27-3.12 (m, 4H), 3.08-3.00 (m, IH), 2.93-2.71 (m, 4H), 2.56-2.46 (m, 2H), 2.08-1.92 (m, 3H), 1.83-1.71 (m, 3H) Anal. Calcd. for C 2 4H sN3θ3Fι 1.75- TFA: C, 52.24; H, 4.87; N, 6.65; found : C, δ2.2δ; H, 4.88; N, 6.41 3-(3-Fluoro-phenyl)-3-{2-oxo-l-r3-(δ.6.7.8-tetrahvdro-ri.81naphthyridin-2- yl)-propyll-pyrrolidin-3-yll-propionic acid (2-8B) Following the procedure described for preparing 2-8A from 2-7A. 2-7B furnished the enantiomeric pair 2-8B as the TFA salt. iH NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) δ 7.69 (d, J=7.5 Hz, IH), 7.33-7.26 (m, IH), 7.13-7.03 (m, 2H), 6.98-6.92 (m, IH), 6.62 (d, J=7.δ Hz, IH), 3.60-3.49 (m, 4H), 3.28-3.22 (m, 2H), 3.02-2.89 (m, 4H), 2.87-2.81 (m, 2H), 2.68 (t, J= 7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.20-2.07 (m, IH), 2.00-1.76 (m, 5H). Anal. Calcd. for C 2 4H 2 sN3θ3Fι 1.60- TFA: C, 63.58; H, 4.93; N, 6.89 found: C, 53.81; H, 4.81; N, 6.84 SCHEME 3 _L_4 3-5 SCHEME 3 (Continued) 3-8A-A. 3-8A-B. 3-8B-A. 3-8B-B SCHEME 3 (Continued) 3-9A-A. 3-9A-B. 3-9B-A. 3-9B-B 3-( uinolin-3-yl)-acrylic acid .er.-butyl ester (3-2) A mixture of 3-bromoquinoline 3 (25 g, 120 mmol), acrylic acid tert -butyl ester (100 mL, 672 mmol), triethylamine (50 mL, 300 mmol) and Pd(OAc)2 (1.61 g, 7.2 mmol) in acetonitrile (100 mL) was refluxed for 18 hr. I is then cooled, diluted with 500 mL CH2CI2 and filtered. The solution was washed with 10% NaHCθ3, dried and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in 50 ml hot CH2CI2 and diluted with 300 mL hexane. After standing, the desired product 3-2 was obtained as a crystalline compound. Rf (silica, EtOAc/hexane 1:2) = 0.49. iH NMR (300 MHz, CDCI3) δ 9.08 (d, J=1.8 Hz, IH), 8.22 (d, J=1.8 Hz, IH), 8.11 (d, J=8.4, IH), 7.85 (d, J=7.8 Hz, IH), 7.77-7.71 (m, 2H), 7.58 (t, J=7.2 Hz, IH). 6.60 (d, J=16.2 Hz, IH), 1.57 (s, 9H). 2-Ethoxycarbonyl-3-(quinolin-3-yl)-pentanedioic acid 5- βr.-butyl ester 1- ethyl ester (3-3) Following the procedure described for preparing 2r2 from 2d, ____ furnished 3 as an oil. Rf (silica, EtOAc/hexane 1:2) = 0.28. 3-( uinolin-3-yl)-pentanedioic acid (3-4) Following the procedure described for preparing 2^3 from 2^2, 3-3 furnished 3.4 as a solid. Rf (silica, EtOAc/MeOH 5:1) = 0.1. H NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) δ 9.31 (d, J=1.8 Hz, IH), 9.22 (d, J=1.8 Hz, δ IH), 8.32 (d, J=8.1, IH), 8.23 (d, J=8.7 Hz, IH), 8.18-8.12 (m, IH), 8.00-7.96 (m, IH). 3.99-3.89 (m, IH), 3.06-2.90 (m, 4H). 3-(Quinolin-3-yl)-pentanedioic acid dimethyl ester (3-δ) A mixture of 3-quinolin-3-yl-pentanedioic acid 3 (1.00 g, 3.86 10 mmol) and 2 mL cone. H 2 Sθ4 in 20 mL methanol was refluxed for 12 hr. After solvent removal, the residue was diluted with 100 mL ice-water, treated with 10% Na2Cθ3 and extracted with EtOAc (x3). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried (Na 2 Sθ4) and concentrated to afford 3^5 as a solid, lδ Rf (silica, EtOAc) = 0.63. iH NMR (300 MHz, CDCI3) δ 8.84 (d, J=2.1 Hz, IH), 8.08 (d, J=8.4 Hz, IH), 8.00 (d, J=1.8, IH), 7.79 (d, J=7.8 Hz, IH), 7.72-7.66 (m, IH), 7.67-7.51 (m, IH). 3.94-3.84 (m, IH), 2.92-2.75 (m, 4H). 20 2-Allyl-3-(αuinolin-3-yl)-pentanedioic acid dimethyl ester (3-6) Following the procedure described for preparing 2 , 3-(quinolin-3- yD-pentanedioic acid dimethyl ester 3-5 furnished 3 as a solid. Rf (silica, CHCl3/MeOH 10:1) = 0.64. 25 2-(2-Oxo-ethyl)-3-(αuinolin-3-yl)-pentanedioic acid dimethyl ester (3-7A. 3- 7B) Following the procedure described for preparing 2-6A and 2-6B from 2 5, 3^6 furnished two separated pairs of enantiomers 3-7A and 3_ι 7B. 30 Rf (of enantiomeric pair 3-7A. silica, CHC_3/MeOH 10:1) = 0.44; Rf (of enantiomeric pair 3-7B. silica, CHCl3/MeOH 10:1) = 0.40. 3-(2-Oxo-l-r3-(5.6.7.8-tetrahvdro-ri.81naphthyridin-2-yl)-propyn- pyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(αuinolin-3-yl)-propionic acid methyl ester (3-8A-A. 3- 8A-B) Following the procedure described for preparing 2-7A from 2-6A. 3-7A furnished the enantiomeric pair 3-8A as an oil. TLC Rf (silica, CHC_3/MeOH 10:1) = 0.33. The two enantiomers were separated using HPLC (Chiralcel OJ; gradient: hexane/ethanol DEA from 60:40:0.1 to 20:80:0.1 over 45 min) to give the fast-moving enantiomer 3-8A-A and the slow-moving enantiomer 3-8 A-B. 3-(2-Oxo-l-r3-(5.6.7.8-tetrahvdro-ri.81naphthyridin-2-yl)-propyll- pyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(quinolin-3-yl)-propionic acid methyl ester (3-8B-A. 3- 8B-B) Following the procedure described for preparing 2-7A from 2-6A. 3-7B furnished the enantiomeric pair 3-8B as an oil. TLC Rf (silica, CHC-3/MeOH 10:1) = 0.33. The two enantiomers were separated using HPLC (Chiralcel OJ; gradient: hexane/ethanol/DEA from 65:35:0.1 to 0:100:0.1 over 60 min) to afford the fast-moving enantiomer 3-8B-A and the slow-moving enantiomer 3-8B-B. 3-{2-Oxo-l-r3-(5.6.7.8-tetrahvdro-ri.81naphthyridin-2-yl)-propyll- pyrrolidin-3-yll-3-(αuinolin-3-yl)-propionic acid (3-9A-A) Following the procedure described for preparing 2-8A from 2-7A. 3-8A-A furnished the single enantiomer 3-9 A- A which was purified by reverse phase HPLC (C18 column; gradient: H2O/CH3CN/TFA from 95:δ:0.1 to δ:9δ:0.1 over 4δ min) to provide pure 3-9A-A as a TFA salt. iH NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) δ 9.15 (d, J=2.1 Hz, IH), 8.94 (s, IH), 8.17 (d, J=8.1 Hz, IH), 8.07 (d, J=8.4 Hz, IH), 7.99-7.93 (m, IH), 7.84-7.79 (m, IH), 7.51 (d, J=7.δ Hz, IH), 6.46 (d, J=7.2 Hz, IH), 4.03-3.96 (m, IH), 3.50 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.40-3.01 (m, 7H), 2.81 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.40-1.62 (m, 8H) Anal. Calcd. for C 2 7H3θN4θ3 2.45- TFA: C, 51.92; H, 4.43; N, 7.59; found: C, 51.97; H, 4.12; N, 7.41. 3-( 2 -Oxo-l-r3-(5.6.7.8-tetrahvdro-ri.81naphthyridin-2-yl)-propyl1- pyrrolidin-3-yl}-3-(αuinolin-3-yl)-propionic acid (3-9A-B) Following the procedure described for preparing 2-8A. 3-8A-B furnished the single enantiomer 3-9A-B. which was purified by reverse phase HPLC (C18 column; gradient: H 2 0/CH3CN/TFA from 95:δ:0.1 to 5:96:0.1 over 45 min) to give pure 3-9A-B as a TFA salt. iH NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) δ 9.15 (d, J=2.1 Hz, IH), 8.94 (s, IH), 8.17 (d, J=8.1 Hz, IH), 8.07 (d, J=8.4 Hz, IH), 7.99-7.93 (m, IH), 7.84-7.79 (m, IH), 7.51 (d, J=7.5 Hz, IH), 6.46 (d, J=7.2 Hz, IH), 4.03-3.96 (m, IH), 3.50 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.40-3.01 (m, 7H), 2.81 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.40-1.62 (m, 8H) Anal. Calcd for C 2 γH3θN4θ3 2.5-TFA: C, 51.50; H, 4.43; N, 7.51; found: C, 51.49; H, 4.24; N, 7.26. 3-(2-Oxo-l-r3-(5.6.7.8-tetrahvdro-ri.81naphthyridin-2-yl)-propyn- pyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(quinolin-3-yl)-propionic acid (3-9B-A) Following the procedure described for preparing 2-8A. 3-8B-A furnished the single enantiomer 3-9B-A. which was purified by reverse phase HPLC (C18 column; gradient: H 2 0/CH3CN/TFA from 95:5:0.1 to 5:95:0.1 over 45 min) to give pure 3-9B-A as a TFA salt. iH NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) δ 9.19 (d, J=2.1 Hz, IH), 8.99 (d, J=1.5 Hz, IH), 8.19 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 8.08-8.02 (m, IH), 7.89-7.83 (m, IH), 7.54 (d, J=7.2 Hz, IH), 6.55 (d, J=7.2 Hz, IH), 3.80-3.72 (m, IH), 3.48 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 3.40-3.01 (m, 7H), 2.81 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 2.57-2.30 (m, 3H), 2.08-1.73 (m, 5H). Anal. Calcd for C27H30N4O3 2.5-TFA: C, 48.84; H, 4.78; N, 7.12; found: C, 48.85; H, 4.02; N, 6.85. 3-{2-Oxo-l-r3-(5.6.7.8-tetrahvdro-ri.81naphthyridin-2-yl)-propyll- pyrrolidin-3-yl)-3-(quinolin-3-vD-propionic acid (3-9B-B) Following the procedure described for preparing 2-8A. 3-8B-B furnished the single enantiomer 3-9B-B which was purified by reverse phase HPLC (C18 column; gradient: H 2 0 /CH3CN/TFA from 9δ:δ:0.1 to 6:95:0.1 over 45 min) to give pure 3-9B-B as a TFA salt. iH NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) δ 9.19 (d, J=2.1 Hz, IH), 8.99 (d, J=l.δ Hz, IH), 8.19 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 8.08-8.02 (m, IH), 7.89-7.83 (m, IH), 7.54 (d, J=7.2 Hz, IH), 6.5δ (d, J=7.2 Hz, IH), 3.80-3.72 (m, IH), 3.48 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 3.40-3.01 (m, 7H), 2.81 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 2.67-2.30 (m, 3H), 2.08-1.73 (m, 5H). Anal. Calcd for C 2 7H3θN4θ3 2.5- TFA: C, 49.64; H, 4.67; N, 7.24; found: C, 49.64; H, 3.99; N, 7.00. SCHEME A Synthesis of Radioligand for SPA Assay , dioxane 1. Br 2 , NaOH, H 2 0 2. HCl 10 SCHEME A (CONTINUED Δ_5__ 6NHCI SCHEME A (CONTINUED) _ — s_ . /OoCHoCHq HCI'H 2 N 2 2 3 EDC, HOBT, H" HNS0 2 C 6 H 4 l NMM, DMF A-4 N-(4-Iodo-phenylsulfonylamino)-L-asparagine (A-2) To a stirred solution of acid AΛ (4.39 g, 33.2 mmol), NaOH (1.49 g, 37.2 mmol), dioxane (30 ml) and H 0 (30 ml) at 0°C was added pipsyl chloride (10.34 g, 34.2 mmol). After ~5 minutes, NaOH (1.49, 37.2 mmol), dissolved in lδ ml H 2 0, was added followed by the removal of the cooling bath. After 2 .0 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated. The residue was dissolved in H 2 0 (300 ml) and then washed with EtOAc. The aqueous portion was cooled to 0°C and then acidified with concentrated HCl. The solid was collected and then washed with Et 2 0 to provide acid A-2 as a white solid. iH NMR (300 MHz, D 2 0) δ 7.86 (d, 2H, J=8Hz ), 7.48 (d, 2H, J=8Hz) 3.70 (m, IH), 2.39 (m, 2H). 2(S)-(4-Iodo-phenylsulfonylamino)-β-alanine (A-3) To a stirred solution of NaOH (7.14 g, 181.8 mmol) and H 2 0 (40 ml) at 0°C was added Br 2 (1.30 ml, 24.9 mmol) dropwise over a ten minute period. After ~5 minutes, acid A-2 (9.9 g, 24.9 mmol), NaOH (2.00 g, 49.8 mmol) and H 2 0 (35 ml) were combined, cooled to 0°C and then added in a single portion to the reaction. After stirring for 20 minutes at 0°C, the reaction was heated to 90°C for 30 minutes and then recooled to 0°C. The pH was adjusted to ~7 by dropwise addition of concentrated HCl. The solid was collected, washed with EtOAc, and then dried in vacuo to provide acid A- 3 as a white solid, δ iH NMR (300 MHz, D 0) δ 8.02 (d, 2H, J=8Hz), 7.63 (d, 2H, J=8Hz), 4.36 (m, IH), 3.51 (dd, IH, J=5Hz, 13Hz) 3.21 (m, IH). Ethyl 2(S)-(4-iodo-phenylsulfonylamino)-β-alanine-hvdrochloride (A-4) HCl gas was rapidly bubbled through a suspension of acid 0 A;3 (4.0 g, 10.81 mmol) in EtOH (50 ml) at 0°C for 10 minutes. The cooling bath was removed and the reaction was heated to 60 °C. After 18 h, the reaction was concentrated to provide ester A-4 as a white solid. iH NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) δ 7.98 (d, 2H, J=8Hz), 7.63 (d, 2H, J=8Hz), 4.25 (q, IH, J=5Hz), 3.92 (m, 2H), 3.33 (m, IH), 3.06 (m, IH), 1.01 (t, 3H, 5 J=7Hz). Ethyl 4-r2-(2-Aminopyridin-6-yl)ethyl " lbenzoate (A-5a) A mixture of ester A- 5 (700 mg, 2.63 mmol), (for preparation, see: Scheme 29 of PCT International Application 0 Publication No. WO 95/32710, published December 7, 1995) 10% Pd/C (3δ0 mg) and EtOH were stirred under 1 atm H2- After 20 h, the reaction was filtered through a celite pad and then concentrated to provide ester A-5a as a brown oil. TLC Rf = 0.23 (silica, 40% EtOAc/hexanes) 5 iH NMR (300 MHz, CDCI3) δ 7.95 (d, 2H, J=8Hz), 7.26 (m, 3H), 6.43 (d, IH, J=7Hz), 6.35 (d, IH, J=8Hz), 4.37 (m, 4H), 3.05 (m, 2H), 2.91 (m, 2H), 1.39 (t, 3H, J=7Hz). 4-r2-(2-Aminopyridin-6-yl)ethyllbenzoic acid hvdrochloride (A-6) 0 A suspension of ester A-5a (625 mg, 2.31 mmol) in 6N HCl (12 ml) was heated to 60°C. After ~20 h, the reaction was concentrated to give acid A-6 as a tan solid. iH NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) δ 7.96 (d, 2H, J=8Hz), 7.80 (m, IH), 7.33 (d, 2H, J=8Hz), 6.84 (d, IH, J=9Hz), 6.69 (d, IH, J=7Hz), 3.09 (m, 4H). 5 Ethyl 4-[2-(2-Aι nopyridin-6-yl)ethyl]benzoyl-2(S)-(4-iodo- phenylsulfonylamino)-β-alanine (A-7) A solution of acid 15-6 (400 mg, 1.43 mmol), amine A-4 (686 mg, 1.57 mmol), EDC (358 mg, 1.86 mmol), HOBT (2δ2 mg, 1.86 mmol), NMM (632 μl, δ.72 mmol) in DMF (10 ml) was stirred for -20 h. The reaction was diluted with EtOAc and then washed with sat. NaHCθ3, brine, dried (MgSθ4) and concentrated. Flash chromatography (silica, EtOAc then 5% isopropanol/EtOAc) provided amide A-7 as a white solid. TLC Rf = 0.4 (silica, 10% isopropanol EtOAc) iH NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD) δ 7.79 (d, 2H, J=9Hz) 7.61 (d, 2H, J=8Hz), 7.62 (d, 2H, J=9Hz), 7.29 (m, IH), 7.27 (d, 2H, J=8Hz), 4.20 (m, IH), 3.95 (q, 2H, J=7Hz), 3.66 (dd, IH, J=6Hz, 14Hz), 3.49 (dd, IH, J=8Hz, 13Hz), 3.01 (m, 2H), 2.86 (m, 2H), 1.08 (t, 3H, J=7Hz). 4-[2-(2-Aιmnopyridin-6-yl)ethyl]benzoyl-2(S)-(4-iodophenyl- sulfonylamino)-β-alanine (A-8) A solution of ester A^7 (200 mg, 0.3213 mmol) and 6N HCl (30 ml) was heated to 60°C. After -20 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated. Flash chromatography (silica, 20:20:1:1 EtOAc/EtOH/ NH4θH/H 2 0) provided acid A 8 as a white solid. TLC Rf = 0.45 (silica, 20:20:1:1 EtOAc/EtOH/NH4θH/H 2 0) H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 8.40 (m, IH), 8.14 (Bs, IH), 7.81 (d, 2H, J=8Hz), 7.62 (d, 2H, J=8Hz), 7.48 (d, 2H, J=8Hz), 7.27 (m, 3H), 6.34 (d, IH, J=7Hz), 6.25 (d, IH, J=8Hz), 5.85 (bs, 2H), 3.89 (bs, IH), 3.35 (m, 2H), 2.97 (m, 2H), 2.79 (m, 2H). 4-[2-(2-Aminopyridin-6-yl)ethyl)benzoyl-2(S)-(4-trimethylstannyl- henylsulfonylamino-β-alanine (A-9) A solution of iodide A-& (70 mg, 0.1178 mmol), [(CH3)3Sn] 2 (49 μl, 0.2356 mmol), Pd(PPh3)4 (5 mg) and dioxane (7 ml) was heated to 90°C. After 2 h, the reaction was concentrated and then purified by preparative HPLC (Delta-Pak Ci8 15 μM 100A°, 40 x 100 mm; 95:5 then 5:95 H2O/CH3CN) to provide the trifluoroacetate salt. The salt was suspended in H 2 0 (10 ml), treated with NH4OH (5 drops) and then lyophilized to provide amide A- 9 as a white solid. iH NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 8.40 (m, IH), 8.18 (d, IH, J=8Hz), 7.67 (m, 5H), 7.56 (d, 2H, J=8Hz), 7.29 (d, 2H, J=8Hz), 6.95-7.62 (m, 2H), 6.45 (bs, 2H), 4.00 (m, IH), 3.60 (m, IH), 3.33 (m, IH), 2.97 (m, 2H), 2.86 (m, 2H). 4-[2-(2-Aιmnopyridin-6-yDethyl]benzoyl-2(S)-4-l 25 iodo- phenylsulfonylamino-β-alanine (A- 10) An iodobead (Pierce) was added to a shipping vial of 5 mCi of Nal25l (Amersham, IMS30) and stirred for five minutes at room temperature. A solution of 0.1 mg of A ) in O.Oδ mL of 10% H 2 Sθ4/MeOH was made and immediately added to the Nal25l/iodobead vial. After stirring for three minutes at room temperature, approximately 0.04-0.05 mL of NH4OH was added so the reaction mixture was at pH 6-7. The entire reaction mixture was injected onto the HPLC for purification [Vydac peptide-protein C-18 column, 4.6 x 250 mm, linear gradient of 10% acetonitrile (0.1% (TFA):H 2 0 (0.1% TFA) to 90% acetonitrile (0.1% TFA):H 2 0 (0.1% TFA) over 30 minutes, 1 mL/min]. The retention time of A- 10 is 17 minutes under these conditions. Fractions containing the majority of the radioactivity were pooled, lyophilized and diluted with ethanol to give approximately 1 mCi of A- 10. which coeluted on HPLC analysis with an authentic sample of A-8. Instrumentation: Analytical and preparative HPLC was carried out using a Waters 600E Powerline Multi Solvent Delivery System with 0.1 mL heads with a Rheodyne 7125 injector and a Waters 990 Photodiode Array Detector with a Gilson FC203 Microfraction collector. For analytical and preparative HPLC, a Vydac peptide-protein C-18 column, 4.6 x 250 mm was used with a C-18 Brownlee modular guard column. The acetonitrile used for the HPLC analyses was Fisher Optima grade. The HPLC radiodetector used was a Beckman 170 Radioisotope detector. A Vydac C-18 protein and peptide column, 3.9 x 250 mm was used for analytical and preparative HPLC. Solutions of radioactivity were concentrated using a Speedvac vacuum centrifuge. Calibration curves and chemical concentrations were determined using a Hewlett Packard Model 8462A UV/Vis Diode Array Spectrophotometer. Sample radioactivities were determined in a Packard Aδδ30 gamma counter. 5 The test procedures employed to measure αvβ3 and αvβδ binding and the bone resorption inhibiting activity of the compounds of the present invention are described below. BONE RESORPTION-PIT ASSAY 10 When osteoclasts engage in bone resorption, they can cause the formation of pits in the surface of bone that they are acting upon. Therefore, when testing compounds for their ability to inhibit osteoclasts, it is useful to measure the ability of osteoclasts to excavate these resorption pits when the inhibiting compound is present. lδ Consecutive 200 micron thick cross sections from a 6 mm cylinder of bovine femur diaphysis are cut with a low speed diamond saw (Isomet, Beuler, Ltd., Lake Bluff, II). Bone slices are pooled, placed in a 10% ethanol solution and refrigerated until further use. Prior to experimentation, bovine bone slices are 20 ultrasonicated twice, 20 minutes each in H 0. Cleaned slices are placed in 96 well plates such that two control lanes and one lane for each drug dosage are available. Each lane represents either triplicate or quadruplicate cultures. The bone slices in 96 well plates are sterilized by UN irradiation. Prior to incubation with osteoclasts, the bone slices are 2δ hydrated by the addition of 0.1 ml αMEM, pH 6.9 containing 5% fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. Long bones from 7-14 day old rabbits (New Zealand White Hare) are dissected, cleaned of soft tissue and placed in αMEM containing 20 mM HEPES. The bones are minced using scissors until 30 the pieces are <1 mm and transferred to a 60 ml tube in a volume of 26 ml. The tube is rocked gently by hand for 60 cycles, the tissue is sedimented for 1 min., and the supernatant is removed. Another 25 ml of medium is added to the tissue and rocked again. The second supernatant is combined with the first. The number of cells is counted 35 excluding erythrocytes (typically - 2 x 10? cells/ml). A cell suspension consisting of 6 x lθ6/ml in αMEM containing δ% fetal bovine serum, 10 nM l,25(OH) D3, and pencillin- streptomycin is prepared. 200 ml aliquots are added to bovine bone slices (200 mm x 6 mm) and incubated for 2 hrs. at 37°C in a humidified δ% C0 2 atmosphere. The medium is removed gently with a micropipettor and fresh medium containing test compounds is added. The cultures are incubated for 48 hrs., and assayed for c-telopeptide (fragments of the al chain of type I collagen) by Crosslaps for culture media (Herlev, Denmark). Bovine bone slices are exposed to osteoclasts for 20-24 hrs and are processed for staining. Tissue culture media is removed from each bone slice. Each well is washed with 200 ml of H 2 0, and the bone slices are then fixed for 0 minutes in 2.δ% glutaraldehyde, 0.1 M cacodylate, pH 7.4. After fixation, any remaining cellular debris is removed by 2 min. ultrasonication in the presence of 0.25 M NH4OH followed by 2 X 15 min ultrasonication in H 2 0. The bone slices are immediately stained for 6-8 min with filtered 1% toluidine blue and 1% borax. After the bone slices have dried, resorption pits are counted in test and control slices. Resorption pits are viewed in a Microphot Fx (Nikon) fluorescence microscope using a polarizing Nikon IGS filter cube. Test dosage results are compared with controls and resulting IC50 values are determined for each compound tested. The appropriateness of extrapolating data from this assay to mammalian (including human) disease states is supported by the teaching found in Sato. M.. et al.. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. Vol. 5, No. 1, pp.31-40, 1990, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. This article teaches that certain bisphosphonates have been used clinically and appear to be effective in the treatment of Paget's disease, hypercalcemia of malignancy, osteolytic lesions produced by bone metastases, and bone loss due to immobilization or sex hormone deficiency. These same bisphosphonates are then tested in the resorption pit assay described above to confirm a correlation between their known utility and positive performance in the assay. - 9δ - EIB ASSAY Duong et al, J. Bone Miner. Res., 8: S378 (1993) describes a system for expressing the human integrin αvβ3. It has been suggested δ that the integrin stimulates attachment of osteoclasts to bone matrix, since antibodies against the integrin, or RGD-containing molecules, such as echistatin (European Publication 382 461), can effectively block bone resorption. 10 Reaction Mixture: 1. 175 μl TBS buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.2, 150 mM NaCl, 1% BSA, 1 mM CaCl 2 , 1 mM MgCl 2 ). 2. 25 μl cell extract (dilute with 100 mM octylglucoside buffer to give 2000 cpm/25 μl). lδ 3. 125l-echistatin (2δ μl/50,000 cpm) (see EP 382 4δl). 4. 25 μl buffer (total binding) or unlabeled echistatin (nonspecific binding). The reaction mixture was then incubated for 1 h at room 20 temp. The unbound and the bound αvβ3 were separated by filtration using a Skatron Cell Harvester. The filters (prewet in 1.5% poly- ethyleneimine for 10 mins) were then washed with the wash buffer (50 mM Tris HCl, ImM CaCl2/MgCl 2 , pH 7.2). The filter was then counted in a gamma counter. 25 SPA ASSAY MATERIALS: 30 1. Wheat germ agglutinin Scintillation Proximity Beads (SPA): Amersham 2. Octylglucopyranoside: Calbiochem 3. HEPES: Calbiochem 4. NaCl: Fisher 35 5. CaCl 2 : Fisher 6. MgCl2: SIGMA 7. Phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride (PMSF): SIGMA 8. Optiplate: PACKARD 9. Compound A- 10 (specific activity 600-1000 Ci/mmole) δ 10. test compound 11. Purified integrin receptor: αγβ3 was purified from 293 cells overexpressing αγβ3 (Duong et al., J. Bone Min. Res., S:S378, 1993) according to Pytela (Methods in Enzymology, 144:475, 1987) 10 12. Binding buffer: 60 mM HEPES, pH 7.8, 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM Ca2+/Mg2+, O.δ mM PMSF 13. 50 mM octylglucoside in binding buffer: 50-OG buffer lδ PROCEDURE: 1. Pretreatment of SPA beads: 600 mg of lyophilized SPA beads were first washed four times with 200 ml of 50-OG buffer and once with 100 ml of binding 20 buffer, and then resuspended in 12.5 ml of binding buffer. 2. Preparation of SPA beads and receptor mixture In each assay tube, 2.5 μl (40 mg/ml) of pretreated beads were suspended in 97.5 μl of binding buffer and 20 μl of 50-OG 2δ buffer. 5 μl (-30 ng/μl) of purified receptor was added to the beads in suspension with stirring at room temperature for 30 minutes. The mixture was then centrifuged at 2,600 rpm in a Beckman GPR Benchtop centrifuge for 10 minutes at 4°C. The pellets were then resuspended in 50 μl of binding buffer and 25 30 μl of 50-OG buffer. 3. Reaction The following were sequentially added into Optiplate in corresponding wells: (i) Receptor/beads mixture (75 ml) (ii) 25 μl of each of the following: compound to be tested, binding buffer for total binding or A-8 for non-specific binding (final concentration 1 μM) (iii) A- 10 in binding buffer (2δ μl, final concentration 40 pM) (iv) Binding buffer ( 125 μl) (v) Each plate was sealed with plate sealer from PACKARD and incubated overnight with rocking at 4°C 4. Plates were counted using PACKARD TOPCOUNT 5. % inhibition was calculated as follows: A = total counts B = nonspecific counts C = sample counts % inhibition = [{(A-B)-(C-B)}/(A-B)]/(A-B) x 100 OCFORM ASSAY Osteoblast-like cells (1.8 cells), originally derived from mouse calvaria, were plated in CORNING 24 well tissue culture plates in αMEM medium containing ribo- and deoxyribonucleosides, 10% fetal bovine serum and penicillin-streptomycin. Cells were seeded at 40,000/well in the morning. In the afternoon, bone marrow cells were prepared from six week old male Balb/C mice as follows: Mice were sacrificed, tibiae removed and placed in the above medium. The ends were cut off and the marrow was flushed out of the cavity into a tube with a 1 mL syringe with a 27.5 gauge needle. The marrow was suspended by pipetting up and down. The suspension was passed through >100 μm nylon cell strainer. The resulting suspension was centrifuged at 350 x g for seven minutes. The pellet was resuspended, and a sample was diluted in 2% acetic acid to lyse the red cells. The remaining cells were counted in a hemacytometer. The cells were pelleted and resuspended at 1 x 10^ cells/mL. 50 μL was added to each well of 1.8 cells to yield 50,000 cells/well and 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 (D3) was added to each well to a final concentration of 10 nM. The cultures were incubated at 37°C in a humidified, δ% C0 2 atmosphere. After 48 h, the medium was changed. 72 h after the addition of bone δ marrow, test compounds were added with fresh medium containing D3 to quadruplicate wells. Compounds were added again after 48 h with fresh medium containing D3. After an additional 48 h., the medium was removed, cells were fixed with 10% formaldehyde in phosphate- buffered saline for 10 minutes at room temperature, followed by a 1-2 0 minute treatment with ethanol: acetone (1:1) and air dried. The cells were then stained for tartrate resistant acid phosphatase as follows: The cells were stained for 10-lδ minutes at room temperature with 50 mM acetate buffer, pH 5.0 containing 30 mM sodium tartrate, 0.3 mg/mL Fast Red Violet LB Salt and 0.1 mg/mL 5 Naphthol AS -MX phosphate. After staining, the plates were washed extensively with deionized water and air dried. The number of multinucleated, positive staining cells was counted in each well. αvβδ ATTACHMENT ASSAY 0 Duong et al, J. Bone Miner. Res., 11: S290 (1996), describes a system for expressing the human αvβδ integrin receptor. Materials: δ 1. Media and solutions used in this assay are purchased from BRL/Gibco, except BSA and the chemicals are from Sigma. 2. Attachment medium: HBSS with 1 mg/ml heat-inactivated fatty acid free BSA and 2 mM CaCl2. 3. Glucosaminidase substrate solution: 3.75 mM p-nitrophenyl 0 N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide, 0.1 M sodium citrate, 0.25% Triton, pH 5.0. 4. Glycine-EDTA developing solution: 50 mM glycine, 5 mM EDTA, pH 10.5. δ Methods: 1. Plates (96 well, Nunc Maxi Sorp) were coated overnight at 4°C with human vitronectin (3 ug/ml) in 50 mM carbonate buffer (pH 9/.6), using 100 μl/well. Plates were then washed 2X with DPBS and blocked with 2% BSA in DPBS for 2h at 5 room temperature. After additional washes (2X) with DPBS, plates were used for cell attachment assay. 2. 293 (αvβδ) cells were grown in MEM media in presence of 10% fetal calf serum to 90% confluence. Cells were then lifted from dishes with IX Trypsin EDTA and washed 3X 10 with serum free MEM. Cells were resuspended in attachment medium (3 X 10^ cells/ml). 3. Test compounds were prepared as a series of dilutions at 2X concentrations and added as 50 μl/well. Cell suspension was then added as 50 μl/well. Plates were incubated at 37°C lδ with 5δ Cθ2 for 1 hour to allow attachment. 4. Non- adherent cells were removed by gently washing the plates (3X) with DPBS and then incubated with glucosaminidase substrate solution (100 μl/well), overnight at room temperature in the dark. To quantitate cell 20 numbers, standard curve of glucosaminidase activity was determined for each experiment by adding samples of cell suspension directly to wells containing the enzyme substrate solution. 5. The next day, the reaction was developed by addition of 18δ 25 μl/well of glycine/EDTA solution and reading absorbance at 405 run using a Molecular Devices V-Max plate reader. Average test absorbance values (4 wells per test samples) were calculated. Then, the number of attached cells at each drug concentration was quantitated versus the standard 30 curve of cells using the Softmax program. EXAMPLE OF A PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION As a specific embodiment of an oral composition, 100 mg of 3δ a compound of the present invention are formulated with sufficient finely divided lactose to provide a total amount of 580 to 590 mg to fill a size O hard gel capsule. Representative compounds of the present invention were tested and found to bind to human αvβ3 integrin. These compounds are 5 generally found to have IC50 values less than about 100 nM in the SPA assay. Representative compounds of the present invention were tested and generally found to inhibit > 60% the attachment of αvβδ expressing cells to plates coated with vitronectin at concentrations of 10 about 1 μM. While the invention has been described and illustrated in reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various changes, modifications and substitutions can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the lδ invention. For example, effective dosages other than the preferred doses as set forth hereinabove may be applicable as a consequence of variations in the responsiveness of the mammal being treated for severity of bone disorders caused by resorption, or for other indications for the compounds of the invention indicated above. Likewise, the specific 2 0 pharmacological responses observed may vary according to and depending upon the particular active compound selected or whether there are present pharmaceutical carriers, as well as the type of formulation and mode of administration employed, and such expected variations or differences in the results are contemplated in accordance 2 δ with the objects and practices of the present invention. It is intended, therefore, that the invention be limited only by the scope of the claims which follow and that such claims be interpreted as broadly as is reasonable.

Claims: WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. A compound having a structural formula selected from the group consisting of wherein the dotted line a represents a single or a double bond, provided that when a represents a double bond, the double bond carbon atoms are substituted only with R and R ; 5 X is selected from the group consisting of N' R1 NR 2 -C-NR1H 2 — NR L C- NR 1 R 2 a δ- or 6-membered monocyclic aromatic or nonaromatic ring system having 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S wherein the ring nitrogen atoms are 10 unsubstituted or substituted with one Rl substituent and the ring carbon atoms are unsubstituted or substituted with one or two Rl substituents, and a 9- to 14-membered polycyclic ring system, wherein one or more lδ of the rings is aromatic, and wherein the polycyclic ring system has 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S wherein the ring nitrogen atoms are unsubstituted or substituted with one Rl substituent and the ring carbon atoms are unsubstituted or substituted with one or two Rl substituents; 20 Y is selected from the group consisting of -(CH 2 )m-, -(CH 2 )m-0-(CH 2 )n-, 2δ -(CH 2 ) m -NR4-(CH 2 ) n -, -(CH ) m -S-(CH 2 ) n -, -(CH 2 ) m -S0 2 -(CH 2 ) n -, -(CH 2 ) m -0-(CH 2 ) n -0-(CH 2 )p-, -(CH 2 ) m -0-(CH 2 ) n -NR4-(CH 2 )p -, -(CH 2 ) m -NR4-(CH 2 )n-NR4-(CH 2 )p -, -(CH 2 ) m -0-(CH 2 ) n -S-(CH 2 )p -, -(CH 2 ) m -S-(CH 2 ) n -S-(CH 2 )p -, -(CH 2 ) m -NR4-(CH 2 ) n -S-(CH 2 )p -, -(CH 2 ) m -NR4-(CH 2 ) n -0-(CH 2 )p -, -(CH 2 ) m -S-(CH 2 ) n -0-(CH 2 )p -, -(CH 2 ) m -S-(CH 2 ) n -NR4-(CH 2 )p -, and -(CH 2 ) m -Z-(CH 2 ) n -, wherein Z is a 3- to 10-membered monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic or nonaromatic ring system having 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S wherein the ring nitrogen atoms are unsubstituted or substituted with one Rl substituent and the ring carbon atoms are unsubstituted or substituted with one or two Rl substituents, and wherein any methylene (CH 2 ) carbon atom in Y, other than in R^, can be substituted by one or two Bβ substituents; and wherein Rl and R 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, Ci-io alkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, C3-8 cycloheteroalkyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl Cχ-6 alkyl, C3-8 cycloheteroalkyl Cχ_6 alkyl, aryl, aryl Cχ-8 alkyl, amino, amino Cχ-8 alkyl, Cχ-3 acylamino, C -3 acylamino Cχ-8 alkyl, (Cχ-6 alkyDpamino, (Cχ-6 alkyDpamino Cχ-8 alkyl, Cχ-4 alkoxy, Cχ_4 alkoxy Cχ-6 alkyl, hydroxycarbonyl, hydroxycarbonyl Cχ_6 alkyl, Cχ-3 alkoxycarbonyl, Cχ-3 alkoxycarbonyl Cχ-6 alkyl, hydroxycarbonyl- Cχ-6 alkyloxy, hydroxy, hydroxy Cχ-6 alkyl, Cχ-6 alkyloxy- Cχ-6 alkyl, nitro, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, trifluoroethoxy, Cl-8 alkyl-S(0) p , (Cχ_8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl, Cχ_8 alkyloxycarbonylamino, (Cχ-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyloxy, (aryl Cχ_8 alkyDpamino, (aryl)pamino, aryl Cχ-8 alkylsulfonylamino, and Cχ_8 alkylsulfonylamino; or two Rl substituents, when on the same carbon atom, are taken 5 together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a carbonyl group; each B is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, 10 aryl, Cx-xo alkyl, aryl-(CH 2 )r-0-(CH 2 ) s -, aryl-(CH 2 ) r S(0)p-(CH 2 ) s -, aryl-(CH 2 ) r -C(0)-(CH 2 ) s -, lδ aryl-(CH ) r -C(0)-N(R4)-(CH 2 ) s -, aryl-(CH 2 ) r -N(R4)-C(0)-(CH 2 ) s -, aryl-(CH 2 ) r -N(R4)-(CH 2 )s-, halogen, hydroxyl, 20 oxo, trifluoromethyl, Cχ-8 alkylcarbonylamino, aryl Cχ-5 alkoxy, Cχ-5 alkoxycarbonyl, 2δ (Cχ-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl, Cχ-6 alkylcarbonyloxy, C3-8 cycloalkyl, (Cχ-6 alkyDpamino, amino Cχ-6 alkyl, 30 arylaminocarbonyl, aryl Cχ-5 alkylaminocarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, aminocarbonyl Cχ-6 alkyl, hydroxycarbonyl, hydroxycarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, HC ≡ C-(CH 2 ) t -, Ci-6 alkyl-C≡C-(CH 2 ) t -, C3.7 cycloalkyl-C≡C-(CH 2 ) t -, 5 aryl-C≡C-(CH 2 ) t -, Ci-6 alkylaryl-C≡C-(CH 2 ) t -, CH 2 =CH-(CH 2 ) t -, Ci-6 alkyl-CH=CH-(CH 2 ) t -, C3-7 cycloalkyl-CH=CH-(CH 2 ) t -, 10 aryl-CH=CH-(CH 2 ) t -, Ci-6 alkylaryl-CH=CH-(CH 2 ) t -, Ci-6 alkyl-S0 2 -(CH 2 ) t -, Ci-6 alkylaryl-S0 2 -(CH 2 ) t -, Ci-6 alkoxy, lδ aryl Ci-6 alkoxy, aryl Ci-6 alkyl, (Ci-6 alkyDpamino Cl-6 alkyl, (aryl)pamino, (aryl)pamino Cl-6 alkyl, 20 (aryl Cl-6 alkyDpamino, (aryl Ci-6 alkyDpamino Ci-6 alkyl, arylcarbonyloxy, aryl Cl-6 alkylcarbonyloxy, (Ci-6 alkyDpaminocarbonyloxy, 2δ Cι_8 alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, Ci-8 alkylsulfonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, arylsulfonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, aryl Ci-6 alkylsulfonylamino, 30 aryl Ci-6 alkylsulfonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-8 alkoxycarbonylamino, Ci-8 alkoxycarbonylamino Ci-8 alkyl, aryloxycarbonylamino Cl-8 alkyl, aryl Ci-8 alkoxycarbonylamino, aryl Cl-8 alkoxycarbonylamino Ci-8 alkyl, Ci-8 alkylcarbonylamino, Ci-8 alkylcarbonylamino C -6 alkyl, arylcarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylcarbonylamino, aryl Cl-6 alkylcarbonylamino Cι_ alkyl, aminocarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, (Ci-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino, (Ci-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, (aryl)paminocarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino, (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, aminosulfonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, (Ci-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino, (Cl-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, (aryl)paminosulfonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino, (aryl Ci-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 alkylsulfonyl, Ci-6 alkylsulfonyl Cl-6 alkyl, arylsulfonyl Cl-6 alkyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylsulfonyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylsulfonyl Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 alkylcarbonyl, Ci-6 alkylcarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, arylcarbonyl C -6 alkyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylcarbonyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylcarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino, Ci-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, arylthiocarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino, aryl Cl-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, (Ci-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl)paminocarbonyl Ci- alkyl, (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl, and (aryl Ci-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl; or two B substituents, when on the same carbon atom, are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a carbonyl group or a cyclopropyl group, wherein any of the alkyl groups of R^ are either unsubstituted or substituted with one to three Rl substituents, and provided that each R^ is selected such that in the resultant compound the carbon atom or atoms to which R^ is attached is itself attached to no more than one heteroatom; each R4 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, aryl, aminocarbonyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, amino Cl-6 alkyl, (aryl)paminocarbonyl, (aryl Cl-5 alkyDpaminocarbonyl, hydroxycarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-8 alkyl, aryl Cl-6 alkyl, (Cl-6 alkyDpamino C 2 -6 alkyl, (aryl Cl-6 alkyDpamino C -6 alkyl, Ci-8 alkylsulfonyl, Cl-8 alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl , aryl Ci-8 alkoxycarbonyl, Cl-8 alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, aryl Ci-6 alkylcarbonyl, (Ci-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl, amino sulfonyl, Cl-8 alkylaminosulfonyl, (aryl)paminosulfonyl, (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminosulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, arylCl-6 alkylsulfonyl, Cl-6 alkylthiocarbonyl, arylthiocarbonyl, and aryl Ci-6 alkylthiocarbonyl, wherein any of the alkyl groups of R4 are either unsubstituted or substituted with one to three Rl substituents; R5 and 6 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Ci-io alkyl, aryl, aryl-(CH 2 ) r -0-(CH 2 ) s -, aryl-(CH 2 ) r S(0)p-(CH 2 ) s -, aryl-(CH 2 ) r -C(0)-(CH 2 ) s -, aryl-(CH 2 ) r -C(0)-N(R4)-(CH 2 ) s -, aryl-(CH ) r -N(R4)-C(0)-(CH 2 ) s -, aryl-(CH 2 ) r -N(R4)-(CH 2 ) s -, halogen, hydroxyl, Cl-8 alkylcarbonylamino, aryl Cl-5 alkoxy, Cl-5 alkoxycarbonyl, (Ci-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl, Cl-6 alkylcarbonyloxy, C3-8 cycloalkyl, (Cl-6 alkyDpamino, amino Ci-6 alkyl, arylaminocarbonyl, aryl Cl-5 alkylaminocarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, aminocarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, hydroxycarbonyl, hydroxycarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, HC≡C-(CH 2 ) t -, 5 Ci-6 alkyl-C≡C-(CH 2 ) t -, C3-7 cycloalkyl-C≡C-(CH 2 ) t -, aryl-C≡C-(CH 2 ) t -, Cl-6 alkylaryl-C≡C-(CH 2 )t-, CH 2 =CH-(CH ) t -, 10 Ci-6 alkyl-CH=CH-(CH 2 ) t -, C3-7 cycloalkyl-CH=CH-(CH 2 ) t -, aryl-CH=CH-(CH 2 ) t -, Ci-6 alkylaryl-CH=CH-(CH 2 ) t -, Ci-6 alkyl-S0 2 -(CH 2 ) t -, lδ Cl-6 alkylaryl-S0 2 -(CH 2 )t-, Ci-6 alkoxy, aryl Cl-6 alkoxy, aryl Ci-6 alkyl, (Ci-6 alkyDpamino Cl-6 alkyl, 20 (aryl)pamino, (aryl)pamino Cl-6 alkyl, (aryl Cl-6 alkyDpamino, (aryl Ci-6 alkyDpamino Ci-6 alkyl, arylcarbonyloxy, 2δ aryl Ci- alkylcarbonyloxy, (Cl-6 alkyDpaminocarbonyloxy, Ci-8 alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino , Ci-8 alkylsulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, 30 arylsulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylsulfonylamino, aryl Ci-6 alkylsulfonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, Ci-8 alkoxycarbonylamino, Cι_8 alkoxycarbonylamino Ci-8 alkyl, aryloxycarbonylamino Cl-8 alkyl, aryl Ci-8 alkoxycarbonylamino, aryl Cl-8 alkoxycarbonylamino Ci-8 alkyl, Cl-8 alkylcarbonylamino, 5 Cl-8 alkylcarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, arylcarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylcarbonylamino, aryl Cl-6 alkylcarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, aminocarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, 10 (Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino, (Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl)paminocarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino, (aryl Ci-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, lδ amino sulfonyl amino Ci-6 alkyl, (Ci-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino, (Ci-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl)paminosulfonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino, 2 0 (aryl Ci-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, Cl-6 alkylsulfonyl, Cl-6 alkylsulfonyl Cl-6 alkyl, arylsulfonyl Ci-6 alkyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylsulfonyl, 2δ aryl Cl-6 alkylsulfonyl Cl-6 alkyl, Cl-6 alkylcarbonyl, Ci-6 alkylcarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, arylcarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, aryl Ci-6 alkylcarbonyl, 30 aryl Ci-6 alkylcarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, Cl-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino, Cl-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, arylthiocarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino, aryl Ci-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, (Ci-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, (aryl)paminocarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, (aryl Ci-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl, and (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl; or R5 and R6 are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a carbonyl group, wherein any of the alkyl groups of B or Bβ are either unsubstituted or substituted with one to three Rl substituents, and provided that each R^ and Bβ are selected such that in the resultant compound the carbon atom to which R^ and R^ are attached is itself attached to no more than one heteroatom; R7 and R8 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Ci-io alkyl, aryl, aryl-(CH 2 ) r -0-(CH 2 ) s -, aryl-(CH 2 ) r S(0)p-(CH 2 ) s -, aryl-(CH 2 ) r -C(0)-(CH 2 ) s -, aryl-(CH 2 ) r -C(0)-N(R4)-(CH 2 ) s -, aryl-(CH 2 ) r -N(R4)-C(0)-(CH 2 ) s -, aryl-(CH 2 ) r -N(R4)-(CH 2 ) s -, halogen, hydroxyl, Ci-8 alkylcarbonylamino, aryl Cl-5 alkoxy, Cl-5 alkoxycarbonyl, (Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl, Cl-6 alkylcarbonyloxy, C3-8 cycloalkyl, (Ci-6 alkyDpamino, amino Cl-6 alkyl, arylaminocarbonyl, aryl Ci-5 alkylaminocarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, aminocarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, hy dr oxy carb onyl , hydroxycarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, HC≡C-(CH 2 ) t -, Ci-6 alkyl-C≡C-(CH 2 ) t -, C3-7 cycloalkyl-C≡C-(CH 2 ) t -, aryl-C≡C-(CH 2 ) t -, Cl-6 alkylaryl-C≡C-(CH 2 ) t -, CH 2 =CH-(CH 2 )f, Ci-6 alkyl-CH=CH-(CH 2 ) t -, C3-7 cycloalkyl-CH=CH-(CH 2 ) t -, aryl-CH=CH-(CH 2 ) t -, Ci-6 alkylaryl-CH=CH-(CH 2 ) t -, Ci-6 alkyl-S0 -(CH 2 ) t -, Ci- 6 alkylaryl-S0 2 -(CH 2 )t-, Ci-6 alkoxy, aryl Cl-6 alkoxy, aryl Cl-6 alkyl, (Cl-6 alkyDpamino Cl-6 alkyl, (aryl)pamino, (aryl)pamino Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl Ci-6 alkyDpamino, (aryl Cl-6 alkyDpamino Cl-6 alkyl, arylcarbonyloxy, aryl Cl-6 alkylcarbonyloxy, (Cl-6 alkyDpaminocarbonyloxy, Ci-8 alkylsulfonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, Cl-8 alkylsulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, arylsulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, aryl Ci-6 alkylsulfonylamino, aryl Ci-6 alkylsulfonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, Cl-8 alkoxycarbonylamino, Cl-8 alkoxycarbonylamino Ci-8 alkyl, aryloxycarbonylamino Cl-8 alkyl, aryl Ci-8 alkoxycarbonylamino, aryl Ci-8 alkoxycarbonylamino Cl-8 alkyl, Cl-8 alkylcarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, arylcarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, aryl Ci-6 alkylcarbonylamino, aryl Cl-6 alkylcarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, aminocarbonylamino Ci- alkyl, (Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino, (Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl)paminocarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, arylaminocarbonylamino, (aryl Ci-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino, (aryl Ci-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, aminosulfonylamino Cι_6 alkyl, (Cl-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino, (Cl-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, (aryl)paminosulfonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino, (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, Cl-6 alkylsulfonyl, Cl-6 alkylsulfonyl Cl-6 alkyl, arylsulfonyl Cl-6 alkyl, aryl Ci-6 alkylsulfonyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylsulfonyl Cl-6 alkyl, Cl-6 alkylcarbonyl, Cl-6 alkylcarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, arylcarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, aryl Ci- alkylcarbonyl, aryl Ci-6 alkylcarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, Cl-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino, Cl-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, arylthiocarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino, aryl Ci-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, (Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, (aryl)paminocarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl Ci-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl, (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, and C7- 2 0 polycyclyl Cθ-8 alkylsulfonylamino; wherein any of the alkyl groups of B and R^ are either unsubstituted or substituted with one to three Rl substituents, and provided that each R^and R^ are selected such that in the resultant compound the carbon atom to which R' 7 and B are attached is itself attached to no more than one heteroatom; R9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Cl-8 alkyl, aryl, aryl Ci-8 alkyl, Ci-8 alkylcarbonyloxy Cl-4 alkyl, aryl Cl-8 alkylcarbonyloxy Cl-4 alkyl, Cl-8 alkylaminocarbonylmethylene, and C 1-8 dialkylaminocarbonylmethylene; RlO, Rll, Rl2 and Rl3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Cl-8 alkyl, aryl, halogen, hydroxyl, aminocarbonyl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, amino Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl)paminocarbonyl, hydroxycarbonyl, (aryl Cl-5 alkyDpaminocarbonyl, hydroxycarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, aryl Cl-6 alkyl, (Ci-6 alkyDpamino Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl Cl-6 alkyDpamino C 2 -6 alkyl, Ci-8 alkylsulfonyl, Ci-8 alkoxycarbonyl, aryl oxy carb onyl , aryl Cl-8 alkoxycarbonyl, Ci-8 alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylcarbonyl, (Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl, amino sulfonyl, Ci-8 alkylaminosulfonyl, (aryl)paminosulfonyl, (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminosulfonyl, Cl-6 alkylsulfonyl, aryl sulfonyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylsulfonyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylcarbonyl, Cl-6 alkylthiocarbonyl, arylthi o carb onyl , aryl Cl-6 alkylthiocarbonyl, aryl-(CH ) r -0-(CH 2 ) s -, aryl-(CH 2 ) r S(0) p -(CH 2 ) s -, aryl-(CH 2 ) r -C(0)-(CH 2 ) s -, aryl-(CH 2 ) r -C(0)-N(R4)-(CH 2 ) s -, aryl-(CH 2 ) r -N(R4)-C(0)-(CH 2 ) s -, aryl-(CH 2 ) r -N(R4)-(CH 2 ) s -, HC≡C-(CH 2 ) t -, Cl-6 alkyl-C≡C-(CH 2 ) t -, C3-7 cycloalkyl-C≡C-(CH 2 ) t -, aryl-C≡C-(CH 2 ) t -, Cl-6 alkylaryl-C≡C-(CH 2 ) t -, CH 2 =CH-(CH 2 ) t -, Cl-6 alkyl-CH=CH-(CH 2 ) t -, C3-7 cycloalkyl-CH=CH-(CH 2 )t-, aryl-CH=CH-(CH 2 )t-, Cl-6 alkylaryl-CH=CH-(CH 2 ) t -, Cl-6 alkyl-S0 2 -(CH 2 ) t -, Cl-6 alkylaryl-S0 2 -(CH 2 )t-, Cl-8 alkylcarbonylamino, aryl Cl-5 alkoxy, Cl-5 alkoxycarbonyl, (Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl, Cl-6 alkylcarbonyloxy, (Cl-6 alkyDpamino, aminocarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, Cl-6 alkoxy, aryl Cl-6 alkoxy, (aryl)pamino, (aryl)pamino Cl-6 alkyl, (aryl Cl-6 alkyDpamino, (aryl Cl-6 alkyDpamino Cl-6 alkyl, arylcarbonyloxy, aryl Cl-6 alkylcarbonyloxy, (Cl-6 alkyDpaminocarbonyloxy, Cl-8 alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino , Cl-8 alkylsulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, arylsulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylsulfonylamino, aryl Cl-6 alkylsulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, Cl-8 alkoxycarbonylamino, Ci- alkoxycarbonylamino Ci-8 alkyl, aryloxycarbonylamino Ci-8 alkyl, aryl Cl-8 alkoxycarbonylamino, aryl Cι_8 alkoxycarbonylamino Ci-8 alkyl, Ci- alkylcarbonylamino, Cl- alkylcarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, arylcarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, aryl Ci-6 alkylcarbonylamino, aryl Ci- alkylcarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, aminocarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, (Ci-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino, (Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl)paminocarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino, (aryl Ci-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, amino sulfonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, (Cl-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino, (Ci-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, (aryl)paminosulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino, (aryl Ci-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino Cι_6 alkyl, Ci-6 alkylsulfonyl, Ci-6 alkylsulfonyl Ci-6 alkyl, arylsulfonyl Ci-6 alkyl, aryl Ci-6 alkylsulfonyl, aryl Ci-6 alkylsulfonyl Cl-6 alkyl, Ci-6 alkylcarbonyl, Ci-6 alkylcarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, arylcarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, aryl Ci-6 alkylcarbonyl, aryl Cι_6 alkylcarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl, Cl-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino, Ci-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, arylthiocarbonylamino Ci-6 alkyl, aryl Ci-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino, aryl Ci-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, (Ci-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, (aryl)paminocarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl, (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl, and (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonyl Ci-6 alkyl; or RlO and Rl are taken together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached to form a δ- to 7-membered monocyclic aromatic or nonaromatic ring system having 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms 10 selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S wherein the ring nitrogen atoms are unsubstituted or substituted with one Rl substituent and the ring carbon atoms are unsubstituted or substituted with one or two Rl substituents, and wherein any of the alkyl groups of RlO, RU, Rl2, and Rl3 are either lδ unsubstituted or substituted with one to three Rl substituents; wherein each m is independently an integer from 0 to 6; each n independently an integer from 0 to 6 20 each p independently an integer from 0 to 2; each r is independently an integer from 1 to 3; each s is independently an integer from 0 to 3; each t is ii:ndependently an ii:nteger from 0 to 3; and each v is independently an integer from 0 to 2; 25 and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. 2. The compound of Claim 1 having a structural formula selected from the group consisting of 30 wherein the dotted line a represents a single or a double bond, provided that when a represents a double bond, the double bond carbon atoms are substituted only with R and R ; X is a 6-membered monocyclic aromatic ring system having 1 or 2 nitrogen atoms wherein each ring carbon atom is unsubstituted or substituted with one Rl substituent, or a 9- to 14-membered polycyclic ring system, wherein one or more of the rings is aromatic, and wherein the polycyclic ring system has 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S wherein the ring nitrogen atoms are unsubstituted or substituted with one R substituent and the ring carbon atoms are unsubstituted or substituted with one or two Rl substituents. 3. The compound of Claim 2 having structural formula wherein the dotted line a represents a single or a double bond, provided that when a represents a double bond, the double bond carbon atoms are 10 12 substituted only with R and R ; and X is selected from the group consisting of 4. The compound of Claim 3 having structural formula The compound of Claim 4 wherein X is 6. The compound of Claim 5 wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of -(CH 2 )m-, -(CH 2 ) m -0-(CH 2 ) n -, -(CH 2 ) m -NR4-(CH 2 ) n -, -(CH 2 )m-S-(CH 2 )n-, -(CH 2 ) m -SO-(CH 2 ) n -, -(CH 2 ) m -S0 2 -(CH 2 )n-, -(CH2)m-0-(CH2)n-0-(CH2)p-, -(CH2)m-0-(CH2)n-NR 4 -(CH2)p-, -(CH2)m-NR 4 -(CH2)n-NR 4 -(CH2)p-, and -(CH2)m-NR -(CH2)n-0-(CH2)p-, 10 wherein any methylene (CH 2 ) carbon atom in Y, other than in R4, can be substituted by one or two B substituents. 7. The compound of Claim 6 wherein Y is lδ selected from the group consisting of (CH 2 ) m> (CH 2 ) m -S-(CH 2 ) n , (CH 2 ) m -0-(CH 2 ) n , and (CH 2 ) m -NR4-(CH 2 ) n , wherein any methylene (CH 2 ) carbon atom in Y, other than in R4, can 2 0 be substituted by one or two B? substituents, m and n are integers from 0-4, and v is 0. 8. The compound of Claim 7 wherein Y is 2δ (CH 2 ) m or (CH 2 ) m -NR4-(CH 2 ) n , wherein any methylene (CH ) group in Y, other than in R4, can be substituted by one or two R^ substituents. 30 9. The compound of Claim 8 wherein each β is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, trifluoromethyl, aryl, Cl-8 alkyl, arylCi-6 alkyl hydroxyl, oxo, arylaminocarbonyl, aryl Cl-5 alkylaminocarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, and aminocarbonyl Cl-6 alkyl; and each R is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, aryl, C3-8 cycloalkyl, Cl-8 alkyl, Cl-8 alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, Cl-6 alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, arylCi-βalkylsulfonyl, arylC i-6alkylcarbonyl, C i-8alkylaminocarbonyl, arylC l-5alkylaminocarbonyl, arylCl-δalkoxycarbonyl, and Cl-8alkoxycarbonyl. 10. The compound of Claim 9 wherein Bβ, , and B are each hydrogen and R^ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, aryl, Cl-8 alkyl, aryl-C≡C-(CH 2 ) t -, aryl Cl-6 alkyl, CH 2 =CH-(CH 2 ) t -, and HC≡C-(CH 2 )t-. 11. The compound of Claim 10 wherein RlO, Rll, Rl2, and Rl3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, aryl, Ci-6alkyl, and arylCl-6alkyl. 12. The compound of Claim 10 wherein R^ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, and ethyl. 13. The compound of Claim 12 wherein Bβ is hydrogen. 14. The compound of Claim 9 wherein R^, R β , and R^ are each hydrogen and R? is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, aryl, 5 Cl-8 alkylcarbonylamino, Cl-8 alkylsulfonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, arylsulfonylamino , Cl-8 alkylsulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, 0 arylsulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylsulfonylamino, aryl Cl-6 alkylsulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, Cl-8 alkoxycarbonylamino, Cl-8 alkoxycarbonylamino Cl-8 alkyl, δ aryloxycarbonylamino Cl-8 alkyl, aryl Cl-8 alkoxycarbonylamino, aryl Cl-8 alkoxycarbonylamino Cl-8 alkyl, Cl-8 alkylcarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, arylcarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, 0 aryl Cl-6 alkylcarbonylamino, aryl Cl-6 alkylcarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, aminocarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, (Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino, (Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, 5 (aryl)paminocarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, arylaminocarbonylamino, (aryl Cχ-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino, (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, aminosulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, 5 (Cl-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino, (Cl-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, (aryl)paminosulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino, (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, 10 Cl-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino, Cl-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, arylthiocarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl, aryl Cl-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino, and aryl Cl-6 alkylthiocarbonylamino Cl-6 alkyl. lδ lδ. The compound of Claim 14 wherein R? is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, aryl, 20 Cl-8 alkylcarbonylamino, aryl Cl-6 alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, Cl-8 alkylsulfonylamino, aryl Cl-6 alkylsulfonylamino, 2δ arylsulfonylamino, Cl-8 alkoxycarbonylamino, aryl Cl-8 alkoxycarbonylamino, arylaminocarbonylamino, (Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino, 30 (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminocarbonylamino, (Cl-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino, and (aryl Cl-8 alkyDpaminosulfonylamino. 16. The compound of Claim 16 wherein RlO, Rll, Rl2, and Rl3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, aryl, Cχ-6alkyl, and arylCχ-6 alkyl. 17. The compound of Claim lδ wherein R^ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, and ethyl. 18. The compound of Claim 17 wherein Bβ is hydrogen. 19. The compound of Claim 9 selected from the group consisting of 3(R)-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-3-{2-oxo-l-[3-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-[l,8]naphthyridin- 2-yl)-propyl]-pyrrolidin-3(R)-yl}-propionic acid, 3(R)-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-3-{2-oxo-l-[3-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-[l,8]naphthyridin- 2-yl)-propyl]-pyrrolidin-3(S)-yl}-propionic acid, 3(S)-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-3-{2-oxo-l-[3-(δ,6,7,8-tetrahydro-[l,8]naphthyridin- 2-yl)-propyl]-pyrrolidin-3(R)-yl}-propionic acid, 3(S)-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-3-{2-oxo-l-[3-(δ,6,7,8-tetrahydro-[l,8]naphthyridin- 2-yl)-propyl]-pyrrolidin-3(S)-yl}-propionic acid, 3-{2-oxo-l-[3-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-[l,8]naphthyridin-2-yl)-propyl]- pyrrolidin-3-yl}-3(R)-quinolin-3(R)-yl-propionic acid, 3-{2-oxo-l-[3-(δ,6,7,8-tetrahydro-[l,8]naphthyridin-2-yl)-propyl]- pyrrolidin-3-yl}-3(R)-quinolin-3(S)-yl-propionic acid, 3-{2-oxo-l-[3-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-[l,8]naphthyridin-2-yl)-propyl]- pyrrolidin-3-yl}-3(S)-quinolin-3(R)-yl-propionic acid, 3-{2-oxo-l-[3-(δ,6,7,8-tetrahydro-[l,8]naphthyridin-2-yl)-propyl]- pyrrolidin-3-yl}-3(S)-quinolin-3(S)-yl-propionic acid, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. 5 20. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to Claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 10 21. The composition of Claim 20 which further comprises an active ingredient selected from the group consisting of a) an organic bisphosphonate or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, b) an estrogen receptor modulator, lδ c) a cytotoxic/antiproliferative agent, d) a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, e) an inhibitor of epidermal-derived, fibroblast-derived, or platelet-derived growth factors, f) an inhibitor of VEGF, 20 g) an inhibitor of Flk- 1/KDR, Fit- 1, Tck/Tie-2, or Tie- 1, h) a cathepsin K inhibitor, i) an inhibitor of osteoclast proton ATPase, and j) a prenylation inhibitor, such as a farnesyl transferase inhibitor or a geranylgeranyl transferase inhibitor or a dual 2δ farnesyl/geranylgeranyl transferase inhibitor; and mixtures thereof. 22. The composition of Claim 21 wherein said active ingredient is selected from the group consisting of 30 a) an organic bisphosphonate or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, b) an estrogen receptor modulator, c) a cathepsin K inhibitor, and d) an inhibitor of osteoclast proton ATPase; 35 and mixtures thereof. 23. The composition of Claim 22 wherein said organic bisphosphonate or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof is alendronate monosodium trihydrate. 24. A method of eliciting an integrin receptor antagonizing effect in a mammal in need thereof, comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to Claim 1. 25. The method of Claim 24 wherein the integrin receptor antagonizing effect is an αvβ3 antagonizing effect. 26. The method of Claim 25 wherein the αvβ3 5 antagonizing effect is selected from the group consisting of inhibition of bone resorption, restenosis, angiogenesis, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, inflammation, viral disease, and tumor growth. 27. The method of Claim 26 wherein the αvβ3 0 antagonizing effect is the inhibition of bone resorption. 28. The method of Claim 24 wherein the integrin receptor antagonizing effect is an αvβδ antagonizing effect. δ 29. The method of Claim 28 wherein the αvβδ antagonizing effect is selected from the group consisting of inhibition of restenosis, angiogenesis, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, inflammation, and tumor growth. 0 30. The method of Claim 24 wherein the integrin receptor antagonizing effect is a dual αvβ3/αvβδ antagonizing effect. 31. The method of Claim 30 wherein the dual αvβ3/αvβ5 antagonizing effect is selected from the group consisting of inhibition of bone resorption, restenosis, angiogenesis, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, inflammation, viral disease, and tumor growth. 32. The method of Claim 24 wherein the integrin δ antagonizing effect is an αvβ6 antagonizing effect. 33. The method of Claim 32 wherein the αvβ6 antagonizing effect is selected from the group consisting of angiogenesis, inflammatory response, and wound healing. 10 34. A method of eliciting an integrin receptor antagonizing effect in a mammal in need thereof, comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of the composition of Claim 20. lδ 3δ. A method of treating or preventing a condition mediated by antagonism of an integrin receptor in a mammal in need thereof, comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of the composition of Claim 20. 20 36. A method of inhibiting bone resorption in a mammal in need thereof, comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of the composition of Claim 20. 25 37. A method of inhibiting bone resorption in a mammal in need thereof, comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of the composition of Claim 22. 38. A method of treating or preventing osteoporosis in a 30 mammal in need thereof, comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of the composition of Claim 20. 39. A method of treating tumor growth in a mammal in need thereof, comprising administering to the mammal a 35 therapeutically effective amount of the composition of Claim 20.

Inventors: HUTCHINSON JOHN H, HUTCHINSON, JOHN, H.
Applicants: HUTCHINSON JOHN H, MERCK & CO INC, HUTCHINSON, JOHN, H., MERCK & CO., INC.
Application year: 1999
Main classification: C07D471
IPC codes: A61K31, A61K45, A61P1, A61P3, A61P5, A61P9, A61P13, A61P17, A61P19, A61P27, A61P29, A61P31, A61P35, C07D213, C07D471