Fixing apparatus and method of making a fuser member

Abstract: A fixing apparatus for electrostatographic reproduction or digital printing comprising: (a) a core (b) a gudgeon welded to said core, the gudgeon consisting of through slots or holes in a shoulder of said gudgeon.

Description: The invention is related to large diameter heater rollers and specifically to the gudgeons and insulating sleeves that are parts of the heated roller assembly. In the printing industries, heated rollers are commonly used to feed paper and also for electrostatographical machines serve as a fuser roller to fuse toner onto paper. The toner may be black or multicolor for color printing and copying. In such applications, as fuser rollers, the roller is supported by gudgeons, also referred to as end caps, which are inserted into bearings, and the roller is typically rotated by a drive source connected to one of the gudgeons. The fusing of the toner requires typical temperatures of 149 to 204 degrees C (300 to 400 degrees F). Fusing of the toner requires high pressure and therefore the fuser roller is engaged with another roller, typically called a pressure roller. When the two rollers are engaged, the elastomers on both rollers are compressed and the width of the compressed zone is generally known as nip width. In certain applications where image quality and high throughput are critical, large diameter fuser rollers are required. Large diameter fuser rollers are in excess of 102 mm (4 inches) in diameter and range from four to ten inch diameter, with a typical diameter of 6.4 inches. For precise controlling of the fusing temperature, heat loss through the gudgeons must be effectively minimized, through the proper material selection, bearing insulating sleeves and roller design. Typically, metal gudgeons in conjunction with plastic insulating sleeves are used in fuser roller construction. The preferred gudgeon material is powder metal ( U.S. Patent No. 5,094,613) due to lower thermal conductivity and near net shape manufacturing capability. The material selection is stainless steel (type 303, 304 or 316 stainless steel) although mild steel may also be used. The preferred method to assemble gudgeons to the core is by friction welding, due to the fact that the joint is permanent, capable of achieving tight tolerances and the process is extremely reliable. Other methods can be used such as press fits and bolt on designs which tend to be more costly and tend to be not as reliable. With large diameter fuser rollers, the length of the outside gudgeon diameter must be extended so that there is enough engagement for friction welding. The outside gudgeon diameter is required for engagement for friction welding due to the fact that extreme forces are generated during welding. If the small diameter was engaged, the gudgeon would fracture as a result of the welding process. As a result, in the manufacture of large diameter fuser rollers, the gudgeons are extremely expensive due to the excess material required for engagement for friction welding. In addition, machining this welded fuser roll assembly is costly due to extensive machining required due to the extra material. A patent and literature search uncovered a Research Disclosure (No. 33279, Dec. 1991, see Attachment A), where in a heated roller (with possibly a large fusing diameter) having an extrusion profile of concentric circles connected with spokes. The gudgeons would be welded to the inner circle of the core resulting in reduced cost due to the reduced size of the gudgeon. The major problem with this design concept is that heat transfer through the spokes is inefficient and would not be suitable for a high output printer or copier. What is needed in the art is a low cost design for large diameter fuser rollers where thermal transfer through the gudgeons and the bearings are minimized. The object of the present invention is to provide a heated roller, such as in a electrostatographic reproduction apparatus, which has a low design cost, which is suitable for large diameter fuser rollers, and in which thermal transfer through the gudgeons and the bearing are minimized. The gudgeon of the invention has slots, holes or similar configurations that serve for engagement during the friction welding process. The result is a significant reduction in unit manufacturing cost for the fuser roll assembly. In addition, the insulator sleeve is designed to fit between the gudgeon bearing diameter and the inside diameter of the bearing. The sleeve is designed so that there is engagement with the slots in the gudgeon so that the sleeve does not rotate when assembled to the fuser roller. In particular the invention is directed to a fixing apparatus for electrostatographic reproduction or digital printing comprising a fuser roller having an outside diameter of between 102 to 163 mm (4 to 10 inches), which fuser roller comprises: (a) a thermally conductive core comprising aluminum or copper and an elastomeric coating and (b) a stainless steel gudgeon that is friction welded to said core, the gudgeon comprising through slots or holes in a shoulder of said gudgeon for reducing heat transfer through the gudgeon during use and for enabling engagement for welding. In a preferred embodiment, the fuser roller the stainless steel gudgeon provides locking engagement with (c) an insulating sleeve. Figure 1 shows the side view, cross-sectional view and isometric view of the gudgeon (10) of the invention prior to friction welding. Figure 2 shows the side view, cross-sectional view and isometric view of the coated fuser roller assembly after friction welding and machining. Figure 3 shows the side view, cross-sectional view and isometric view of the insulating sleeve that is assembled onto the coated fuser roller assembly. Figure 4 the fuser roller assembly with the insulating sleeve, bearing, and drive gear. Referring to Figures 1 and 2, this invention applies to fuser rollers of outside diameter (40) at least 102 mm (four inches). The action range of diameters would be from four to ten inches with a typical diameter of 163 mm (6.4 inches). The main feature of this invention is that through slots (through the wall thickness) or blind slots (14), not through holes, are employed. The blind or through holes could be of any shape such as round, oval, square, etc. and these holes would be used for engagement for friction welding. The main advantage is that length (50) of the upset diameter (16) would vary from 1.9 to 6.4 mm (0.075 to 0.250 inch) with a typical length of 5.3mm (0.210 inch). If conventional friction welding was utilized, the length of the upset diameter would vary from 20 to 25 mm (0.800 to 1.0 inches) with a typical length of 23 mm (0.890 inches). The result is that the weight of the gudgeons is significantly reduced resulting in less than half the cost to manufacture the gudgeons. In addition, significantly less machining is required after the parts are friction welded. The machining cost is reduced 25-50%. Another advantage of having slots in the gudgeons is that thermal heat transfer through the gudgeons would be reduced due to the reduction in cross sectional area through which heat would be conducted. In addition, the reduced weight allows for better performance in that less torque would be required for rotation during fusing. Another advantage is that the slots reduce the required compacting load needed in order to fabricate the gudgeon using powder metal technology. Indeed, without the slots, the gudgeon probably could not be fabricated out of powder metallurgy since the gudgeons with the slots would utilize the largest powder metal press available. The preferred material to fabricate the gudgeons is 300 series stainless steel (typically AISI type 303, 304 or 316). The preferred manufacturing method is powder metallurgy due to its low cost, corrosion resistance and low thermal conductivity (US Patent No 5,094,613). The gudgeon may also be manufactured from machining wrought bar stock, casting or by powder metal injection molding. The gudgeons may also be manufactured from two pieces of wrought or powder metal if it is deemed to be more economical to do so. Typically, the weld joint would occur (56) where the bearing and upset diameters are joined. The gudgeon to core bond is obtained by upsetting the inside core diameter (44) with the upset diameter (16) on the gudgeon. The upset material is forged or flowed into the dovetail in the gudgeon (20) which insures a permanent bond. In addition, the aluminum flows into the dovetail at approximately 427 degrees C (800 degrees F) which shrinks onto the stainless steel gudgeons at room temperature. Therefore, essentially, a press fit is obtained to insure one gets a permanent bond. The gudgeon dovetail diameter (22) should be smaller than the core inside diameter (44). The 90 degree angle in chamfer (26) makes it easy to replace the fuser roll lamp (54). The gudgeon's indents (18) are required for driving the roller during machining. Other configurations like an hexagonal may also be used. The chamfer (24) is required for manufacturing, such as turning the core, coating and molding the elastomer and grinding. The square (12) on the gudgeon is used for engagement with the gear (62) for rotational motion engagement. Other shapes may also be used for engagement such as a D-shape or two parallel flats. The depth or length of the square (46) approximates the thickness of the gear. Retaining ring grooves (30) on the square (46) may be employed. The bearing diameter (28) fits inside the insulating sleeve inside diameter (52). The insulating sleeve having outside diameter (60) is used to reduce the temperature to the bearing (28). The sleeve is generally made from a high temperature plastic like Torlon 2301L. The sleeve is prevented from rotating by engaging the sleeve projection (48) into the gudgeon slots (14). Elimination of the sleeve rotating improves the life of the sleeve and also noise associated with the rotation. The insulating sleeve could be made into two pieces if it was deemed to be made more economical. If two pieces were made, the face (58) material could be made from plastic or metal, but would be designed so that the two sections are locked together to prevent rotation of the sleeve under the bearing (64). The fuser roll assembly consists of a core (32) having outside diameter (42) and length (38), which is made from a thermally conductive material like aluminum or copper and an elastomeric coating (34) which does the actual fusing of toner. The gudgeon shoulder (36) defines where the insulating sleeve stops during assembly and thereby defines location of bearings. The retaining ring slots retains the bearing, gear and insulating sleeve from sliding off the gudgeon. Figures 3 and 4 describe the insulating sleeve and the coated fuser roll assembly with the insulating sleeve, bearings and gear. The sleeve material could be Vesbel™, Torlon™, or Aurum™. The plastic must withstand a maximum operating temperature up to 260 degrees C (500 degrees F). The utilization of an insulating sleeve is conventional. The unique aspect of the sleeve is the use of slots in the gudgeons as a locking device to prevent rotation.

Claims: A fixing apparatus for electrostatographic reproduction or digital printing comprising a fuser roller having an outside diameter (40) of 102 to 163 mm (4 to 10 inches), which fuser roller comprises: (a) a thermally conductive core (32) comprising aluminum or copper and an elastomeric coating and (b) a stainless steel gudgeon (10) that is friction welded to said core, the gudgeon comprising through slots or holes in a shoulder (36) of said gudgeon for reducing heat transfer through the gudgeon during use and for enabling engagement for welding. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the through slots are in locking engagement with an insulating sleeve. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the gudgeon is manufactured by powder metal injection molding. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the gudgeon (10) of the fuser roller comprises slots (14) for providing a locking engagement with corresponding projection (48) of an insulating sleeve. A method of making a fuser member comprising the steps of: providing a thermally conductive core (32) comprising aluminum or copper; friction welding a stainless steel gudgeon (10) to the core, the gudgeon having a shoulder (36) with through slots or holes; and engaging the through slots or holes with projections in an insulating sleeve thereby locking together the gudgeon and sleeve.

Inventors: BLEIL RAINER J, KASS ALLEN, UEKERT KARSTEN, BLEIL, RAINER J., KASS, ALLEN, UEKERT, KARSTEN, Bleil, Rainer J., c/o Eastman Kodak Company, Kass, Allen, c/o Eastman Kodak Company, Uekert, Karsten, c/o Eastman Kodak Company
Applicants: EASTMAN KODAK CO, EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY
Application year: 1999
Main classification: G03G15
IPC codes: G03G15