Resistance welding machine control method

Abstract: A resistor welding machine control method for calculating a temperature distribution at a portion to be welded by using changes in welding current and voltage across two welding electrodes during welding and information on sheet combination sequence at a spot-welding position, and for controlling at least the welding current or pressure applied to the electrodes by using the calculated temperature distribution. The present invention can thus provide a resistor welding machine control method capable of controlling welding quality accurately. Spot-welding position information, wear comparison information and the like are available as other information.

Description: The present invention relates to a method of controlling a resistor welding machine according to the preamble of claim 1 (see, for example, JP-A-9/216 072), used for spot welding, for example. Resistance welding, such as spot welding, has been used for a variety of products formed of steel sheets. However, weld defects during resistance welding tend to increase these days. In other words, conventionally, workpieces were generally formed of mild steel sheets. Therefore, improper welding occurred less frequently. By controlling welding conditions constant, it was possible to maintain the quality of welding relatively stably. However, galvanized steel sheets and high-tensile steel sheets have begun to be used abundantly instead of mild steel sheets, and weld defects have occurred more frequently. Accordingly, the advent of a method capable of accurately controlling the quality of welding has been waited for. To cope with this problem, a variety of welding control methods have been developed. For example, one of methods developed up to this time is a method wherein the resistance across the electrode tips is obtained from welding current and welding voltage, and the welding current is controlled depend on the change pattern of the resistance. An example of this type is disclosed in Japanese Laid-open Patent Application No. Sho 57-127584. Furthermore, another method has been developed wherein the voltage across the electrode tips is compared with a preset reference voltage changing with time, and welding control is carried out depending on whether the difference therebetween is within an allowable value or not. An example of this type is disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication No. Sho 59-40551. Moreover, in accordance with the progress of the recent computer and simulation technologies, other methods have been developed and used practically wherein a thermal conduction model is used, and nugget diameters are calculated by using a computer. In these methods, the temperature distribution of a base metal is calculated from a thermal conduction model, nugget formation conditions are estimated from the temperature distribution, and welding control is carried out depending on the conditions. An example of this type is disclosed in Japanese Laid-open Patent Application No. Hei 9-216072. In addition, a still another method has been developed wherein the temperature distribution of the base metal is calculated from a thermal conduction model, the nugget diameter is estimated from the temperature distribution, and the temperature distribution is corrected by using the movement amount of the electrodes during welding. An example of this type is disclosed in Japanese Laid-open Patent Application No. Hei 7-16791. Among these technologies, in the cases of the conventional various welding control methods not using any thermal conduction models, it is necessary to carry out preliminary experiments for each welding material at a welding site to obtain the relationship between the quality of welding and its criterion. The result of the control is unsatisfactory. This disadvantage in the conventional welding control methods is caused by the fact that the control algorithm thereof is created on the basis of only the basic images and experimental equations. Furthermore, the recent welding control methods using a thermal conduction model have a possibility of solving the above-mentioned problems since general-purpose control methods are incorporated. However, the actual welding conditions at a welding site depend on the mixture of various sheet combinations (the combinations of sheets being different in thickness, material and surface treatment), the presence or absence of welded points, the presence or absence of end point welding (welding to a sheet end portion), and the difference in shape between the electrode tips, and the like. Therefore, in some cases, it has been difficult to raise the accuracy of control and to obtain high welding quality by using only the thermal conduction model. For example, when a sheet combination is formed of thin and thick sheets, and when three or more sheets are overlaid and welded, even if it is estimated that melted portions are sufficiently obtained by using the thermal conduction model depending on the contact interface positions of thin and thick sheets, it is difficult to judge whether the portion of the thin sheet making contact with the welding electrode functioning as a cooling end has melted or not. Document JP 09 216072 A discloses a method for controlling a resistor welding machine as defined in the preamble of claim 1. Document EP 0 780 186 A2 discloses a control apparatus for a resistance welding machine. This control apparatus comprises a welding current detecting device for detecting a welding current, a device for detecting an inter-electrode voltage, a calculating section for predicting a nugget growth or estimating an expulsion and surtace-flash generation probability and a control section for controlling the welding current so that the nugget growth or the expulsion and surface-flash probability can be adjusted to a predetermined value. The object underlying the present invention is to provide a resistor welding machine control method capable of improving control accuracy and welding quality. This object is solved by a method for controlling a resistor welding machine as defined in the independent claim 1. That is, a resistor welding machine control method in accordance with the present invention is a method for calculating a temperature distribution at a portion to be welded by using changes in welding current and voltage across two welding electrodes during welding and welding position information at a spot-welding position, and for controlling at least the welding current or pressure applied to the electrodes by using the calculated temperature distribution. In accordance with the resistor welding machine control method of the present invention, the temperature distribution at the portion to be welded is calculated by using changes in welding current and voltage across the two welding electrodes during welding and the welding position information at the spot-welding position, and the welding current and/or the pressure applied to the electrodes are controlled by using the calculated temperature distribution. For this reason, welding quality is less affected by the spot welding position. As a result, this method is effective in accomplishing highly accurate nugget dimension characteristic values at the portion to be welded, thereby accomplishing the control of welding quality. Further advantageous developments are set out in the dependent claims. That is, a resistor welding machine control method in accordance with the present invention may be a method for calculating a temperature distribution at a portion to be welded by using changes in welding current and voltage across two welding electrodes during welding, and information on sheet combination sequence and welding position information at a spot-welding position, and for controlling at least the welding current or pressure applied to the electrodes by using the calculated temperature distribution. Furthermore, a resistor welding machine control method in accordance with the present invention may be a method for calculating a temperature distribution at a portion to be welded by using changes in welding current and voltage across two welding electrodes during welding, information on sheet combination sequence and welding position information at a spot-welding position, and information on the comparison of wear between the two welding electrodes, and for controlling at least the welding current or pressure applied to the electrodes by using the calculated temperature distribution. Furthermore, a resistor welding machine control method in accordance with the present invention may be a method for calculating the temperature distribution at a portion to be welded by using changes in welding current and voltage across two welding electrodes during welding, welding position information at a spot-welding position and information on the comparison of wear between the two welding electrodes, and for controlling at least the welding current or pressure applied to the electrodes by using the calculated temperature distribution. In the above-mentioned resistor welding machine control method in accordance with the present invention, the sheet combination sequence at the spot-welding position may include information on the overlaying sequence of sheets constituting a sheet combination to be welded. In the above-mentioned resistor welding machine control method in accordance with the present invention, the sheet combination sequence at the spot-welding position may include information on the materials of sheets constituting a sheet combination to be welded. In the above-mentioned resistor welding machine control method in accordance with the present invention, the sheet combination sequence at the spot-welding position may include information on the surface treatment of sheets constituting a sheet combination to be welded. In the above-mentioned resistor welding machine control method in accordance with the present invention, the welding position information at the spot-welding position may include information on the distance to a welded point. In the above-mentioned resistor welding machine control method in accordance with the present invention, the welding position information at the spot-welding position may include information on the distance to the end points of a workpiece. In the above-mentioned resistor welding machine control method in accordance with the present invention, the information on the comparison of wear between the two welding electrodes may include information on the comparison of the contact diameters at the tips of the welding electrodes. In the above-mentioned resistor welding machine control method in accordance with the present invention, the information on the comparison of wear between the two welding electrodes may include information on the shapes of the tips of the welding electrodes. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 a view showing an example of a resistor welding machine control method in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 2 is a view showing a sheet combination to be welded, comprising sheets having differences in thickness; FIGS. 3a and 3b are views showing welding conditions depending on sheet combination sequence in the case when one of the welding electrodes is worn; FIG. 4 is a view showing an example of welding at an end point of a workpiece; FIGS. 5a and 5b are views showing welding conditions wherein a welded point is present and a shunt occurs; FIG. 6 is a view showing a correction method in the case when a thermal conduction model is used, and sheets have large differences in thickness; and FIG. 7 is a view showing an welding condition in the case when a welded point is close to a spot-welding position. An embodiment in accordance with the present invention will be described below referring to FIGS. 1 to 7. Referring to FIG. 1, pressure is applied to welding electrodes 1 by a pressure cylinder 3 so as to hold a workpiece 17 therebetween. The welding electrodes 1 are connected to a welding power source 16 via secondary conductors 2. A mechanism portion 18 has a movement mechanism electrically insulated from the welding electrodes 1, and is driven by a drive portion 6 to move the welding electrodes 1 to any positions on the workpiece 17 in accordance with commands from a spot-welding position control portion 12. Voltage detection lines 7 are connected to the welding electrodes 1, and a welding voltage is detected by a welding voltage signal processing portion 8. At the same time, the signal of a welding current detection portion 9 is processed by a welding current processing portion 10, and input to a weld portion temperature estimation portion 11. Furthermore, the spot-welding position of the workpiece 17, the sheet overlaying sequence at the spot-welding position, spot-welding position information, and information on the comparison of wear between the two welding electrodes have been input beforehand to the spot-welding position control portion 12. The spot-welding position control portion 12 moves the welding electrodes 1 to the spot-welding position and transmits the movement information to a welding condition input portion 13. By using the signals of the welding voltage signal processing portion 8 and the welding current detection portion 9, the weld portion temperature estimation portion 11 estimates the temperature inside the welded portion of the workpiece 17. By using the result of the estimation, a welding control portion 14 generates a control amount. A control output portion 15 transmits a control output to an electropneumatic proportion valve 4 via the welding power source 16 and an electropneumatic proportion valve control portion 5, whereby welding conditions are controlled, and at least one of the welding current and the welding pressure is controlled. The operation of the weld portion temperature estimation portion 11 is described below. The thickness of the workpiece 17 to be welded, the number of overlaid sheets thereof, the materials of the sheets, the physical constants depending on the materials of the sheets, the shape and type of the electrodes, and the physical constants depending on the material of the electrodes have been input beforehand into the weld portion temperature estimation portion 11. The weld portion temperature estimation portion 11 sets the boundary conditions of a thermal conduction model on the basis of the given numerical values. This thermal conduction model is formed of the geometric shape and physical constants of a portion to be welded, and is a mathematical model for numerical analysis on the basis of the voltage and welding current at the portion to be welded. Numerical analysis is carried out by using the thermal conduction model on the basis of the welding current flowing through the portion to be welded and the voltage applied thereto to calculate the current-carrying diameter used as a current-carrying passage, potential distribution and current density distribution at the portion to be welded. The amount of heating and thermal conduction are then calculated on the basis of the current density and inherent resistance at each portion to be welded, whereby the temperature distribution of the portions to be welded can be estimated. This estimation is used to control the quality of welding (nugget dimension characteristic values) at the portion to be welded. An example similar to this operation of the weld portion temperature estimation portion 11 is detailed in Japanese Patent Publication Hei 7-16791. However, in actual welding sites, sheets having various thickness values are mixed, "three or more sheets are overlaid," "end-point welding occurs frequently," "shunt welding also occurs frequently," "electrodes being different from each other in shape are used as a pair in some cases," and other difficult situations are encountered. Therefore, when only the information on the thickness of the workpiece, the number of the overlaid sheets thereof and the materials of the sheets is used, it is difficult to control the nugget dimension characteristic values at the portion to be welded, in some cases. FIG. 2 shows an example wherein the workpiece 17 is formed of mixed thin and thick sheets, and the sheets have significant differences in thickness, whereby weld defects occur, making the control of the quality of welding difficult. In addition, the wear condition of one of the welding electrodes 1 may be significantly different from that of the other in some cases, and nuggets may generate at different positions. Even when the same sheet combination is used, it becomes difficult to control the nugget dimension characteristic values, unless the sheet overlaying sequence is considered with respect to the electrodes. Furthermore, in some cases, the electrode tips are formed in special shapes depending on portions to be welded. Examples of this case are shown in FIGS. 3a and 3b. Moreover, in the case when a spot-welding position is an end point, or when a shunt occurs significantly, it may be difficult to apply the thermal conduction model itself in some cases. FIG. 4 shows an example wherein welding is carried out at an end point 17a of the workpiece 17. FIG. 5 shows an example wherein the spot-welding position is away from a welded point 21 by distance H, and a shunt 20 to the welded point 21 occurs. In the present embodiment, the information on the sheet overlaying sequence and the welding position information at the spot-welding positions of the workpiece 17, and the information on the comparison of wear between the two welding electrodes have been input beforehand from the spot-welding position control portion 12 to the welding condition input portion 13, in accordance with the contents indicated in TABLE 1. Thickness values, materials and overlaying sequence for up to four sheets can be written in TABLE 1. In addition, it is possible to input disturbance conditions at the spot-welding positions, i.e., the level of end point welding and the level of shunt occurrence. Furthermore, it is also possible to input the information on the comparison between the two welding electrodes, i.e., the difference between the diameters of the electrode tips, and the like. <An example of a welding condition transmission table> Welding condition transmission table Item Setting range Remarks Applied pressure 00∼80 0.0∼8.0kgf Initial pressure application time 00∼99 Cycle Welding time 00∼99 Cycle Welding current 00∼99 Cycle Sheet thickness 1 1∼U 0 (0.0mm) ∼9(0.9mm) ∼ A(1.0mm)∼U(3.0mm) Material 1 1∼5 1 → bare steel sheet, 2 → galvanized steel sheet, 3 to 5 → high-tensile steel sheets classified depending on the type thereof Sheet thickness 2 1∼U Identical to the remarks for sheet thickness 1. Material 2 1∼5 Identical to the remarks for material 1. Sheet thickness 3 1∼U Identical to the remarks for sheet thickness 1. Material 3 1∼5 Identical to the remarks for material 1. Sheet thickness 4 1∼U Identical to the remarks for sheet thickness 1. Material 4 1∼5 Identical to the remarks for material 1. Holding time 00∼99 Cycle Distance to end point 50∼99 5.0 to 9.9 mm (ordinary welding in the case of 9.9 mm or more) Shunt level 0∼5 0 → no shunt, 5 → distance of 5 mm or less Electrode wear level 1∼9 5 → no difference, small head-side wear level: up to 4, large head-side wear level: up to 9 Difference in shape between electrode tips 1∼9 5 → No difference, small head-side shape level: up to 4, large head-side shape level: up to 9 Besides, the welding conditions of a welding method changed depending on disturbance conditions have also been set. In TABLE 1, a cycle represents an alternating current period. One cycle is about 16 ms (1 period) in 60 Hz regions, and represents an alternating current carrying time. 1 to U represent thickness values indicated by numerical and alphabet characters so that values up to 3 mm can be indicated by a signal character. The distance to an end point in the range of 55 to 99 represents the distance between the center of the welding tip and an end portion in the range of 5 mm to 9.9 mm. The level of shunt is judged depending on the distance between a spot-welding position to a nearby welded point. Level 0 represents that no shunt occurs, and level 5 represents that the distance is 5 mm or less. Furthermore, the state of surface treatment is classified depending on the "material." For example, 1 represents a bare steel sheet, 2 represents a galvanized steel sheet, 3 represents a bare high-tensile steel sheet, 4 represents a galvanized high-tensile steel sheet, and the like. On the basis of the information, the weld portion temperature estimation portion 11 makes a judgment to determine an interface being apt to cause weld defects, depending on the sheet overlaying sequence and the materials of sheets having various thickness values. The nugget dimension characteristic values are controlled depending on the temperature distribution at the interface. In other words, when the sheet overlaying sequence at the spot-welding position indicated in TABLE 1 is input, the weld portion temperature estimation portion 11 makes a judgment to determine whether it is necessary to correct the numerical analysis method for the thermal conduction model. In the present embodiment, the judgment is made by using the ratio of the thickness of the sheet making contact with one of the electrodes used as a cooling end 1a having a temperature of T = Tr and the total thickness of the other sheets. In the case when this ratio is small, that is, when the sheet making contact with the electrode 1 is a thin sheet, and its thickness is far smaller than the total thickness of the other sheets, a corrected numerical calculation is carried out. FIG. 6 is a schematic view showing the numerical analysis method conducted in this case. It also indicates a thermal conduction model that is assumed to be symmetrical with respect to the center axis of the electrode having a radius of d/2 at the portion to be welded and also symmetrical with respect to the center axis of the workpiece 17 in the direction of the total thickness thereof. In actual numerical calculation, the upper right portion of FIG. 6, i.e., a quarter of the model, is used for calculation because of limitations in calculation time. J represents the center axis of the electrode, and i represents welding current. FIG. 6 shows this portion being divided into calculation grids. The grid intervals are Δr × Δz, and the half of the thickness of the workpiece 17 is h. In addition, the portion below the axis r in the figure indicates a solid portion and a melted portion for the explanation of the result of the numerical analysis. In this case, the radius of the melted portion (the radius of a nugget) is dn/2, and the half of the thickness of the portion to be welded is pn/2. The numerical calculation in accordance with the actual embodiment is carried out with Δr × Δz being set at about 0.1 mm. The correction method in the case when the sheets constituting the workpiece 17 have significant differences in thickness is described below. After the temperature distribution inside the portion to be welded is calculated as shown in the figure, the temperature distribution at portion a of FIG. 6 corresponding to the interface between the sheet making contact with the electrode and the other sheets is examined. A welding condition change command is issued to the welding control portion 14 so that the temperature at the portion reaches the melting temperature within the welding time, and then the welding conditions are changed. In this case, the pressure applied to the electrodes may be controlled by controlling the electropneumatic proportion control valve 5. Furthermore, the wear progress states of the two electrodes or the comparison of the shapes of the electrode tips is known beforehand. The correction is carried out in the case when a thin sheet makes contact with a significantly worn electrode, i.e., an electrode having a large tip. In this case, the interface condition between the electrode and the sheet for the numerical calculation is changed to the interface condition for the electrode having a large tip, and then the temperature distribution is obtained. Furthermore, since the states of the end point and the shunt are input from the spot-welding position information, the level of the end point welding and the distance to the welded point 21 are known beforehand. Correction is carried out depending on the states, and the temperature distribution at the portion to be welded is estimated. In the case of end point welding shown in FIG. 4, the workpiece 17 deforms significantly during welding, and the total thickness of the sheets constituting the workpiece 17 changes significantly. Therefore, a sheet thickness correction coefficient is prepared depending on the level of the end point welding, and used for sheet thickness correction. In the case when the distance H to the welded point 21 is small as shown in FIG. 5, a shunt ratio depending on the distance is prepared and used to correct welding current. After this correction, the temperature distribution at the portion to be welded is obtained, and then the welding conditions are changed. Moreover, in the case of point A of FIG. 7, wherein the distance to the welded point 21 is very small, whereby it is assumed that nuggets overlap and it is also assumed to be difficult to use the thermal conductivity model, constant current welding is selected, and welding is carried out on the welding conditions set in TABLE 1, thereby preventing excessive input to the electrodes and the workpiece. In accordance with the present embodiment of the present invention, it is possible to know the sheet combination information at the spot-welding position, that is, the thickness values, materials, surface treatment states and overlaying sequence of the sheets constituting the workpiece. Therefore, when the temperature distribution of the portion to be welded is estimated depending on the changes in the welding current and the voltage across the two welding electrodes during welding, the melting state of the sheet making contact with the welding electrode can also be estimated from the temperature distribution of the portion to be welded. In addition, by obtaining the welding position information, the shut ratio of the welding current can be corrected, or the correction at the time of end point welding can be carried out. Furthermore, when the temperature distribution is estimated from the information on the comparison of wear between the two welding electrodes, the interface condition can also be corrected, whereby welding control can be accomplished at higher accuracy. As described above, by using the welding current, the voltage across the electrodes, the sheet overlaying sequence at the spot-welding position, the spot-welding position information at the spot-welding position and the information on the comparison of wear between the two welding electrodes, the temperature distribution at the portions to be welded can be calculated from the changes in the welding current and the voltage across the electrodes during welding. By using the calculated temperature distribution, the welding current and/or the pressure to the electrodes can be controlled. The spot-welding position information at the spot-welding position is also used. As a result, it is possible to control the nugget dimension characteristic values accurately. However, the present invention is not limited to the present embodiment at all, and various modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention as defined in the appended set of claims. Furthermore, although the thermal conduction model in accordance of the present embodiment is a simplified one-dimensional model wherein the portion to be welded is symmetrical in the vertical and lateral directions, it is needless to say that the thermal conduction model is applicable to non-symmetrical and three-dimensional models being closer to actual welding conditions.

Claims: A method for controlling a resistor welding machine comprising the steps of calculating a temperature distribution at a portion to be welded of a workpiece (17) comprising a combination of sheet overlaid in a sequence and disposed between opposed welding electrodes (1), said welding electrodes having a pressure applied thereto to hold said workpiece therebetween during a welding operation, wherein said calculating of said temperature distribution uses changes in welding current and voltage across two welding electrodes (1) during welding, and controlling at least said welding current or pressure applied to said electrodes by using said calculated temperature distribution, characterized in that in the calculating step, also welding position information at a spot-welding position are used for calculating said temperature distribution. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that in the calculating step, also information on a sheet combination sequence are used for calculating said temperature distribution. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that in the calculating step, also information on a comparison of wear between said two electrodes (1) are used for calculating said temperature distribution. The method in accordance with claim 2, characterized in that said sheet combination sequence at said spot-welding position includes information on the overlaying sequence of sheets constituting a sheet combination to be welded. The method in accordance with claim 2, characterized in that said sheet combination sequence at said spot-welding position includes information on the materials of sheets constituting a sheet combination to be welded. The method in accordance with claim 2, characterized in that said sheet combination sequence at said spot-welding position includes information on the surface treatment of sheets constituting a sheet combination to be welded. The method in accordance with one of the claims 2 or 3, characterized in that said welding position information at said spot-welding position includes information on the distance to a welded point. The method in accordance with one of the claims 2 or 3, characterized in that said welding position information at said spot-welding position includes information on the distance to an end point of said workpiece. The method in accordance with claim 3, characterized in that said information on the comparison of wear between said two welding electrodes includes information on the comparison of the contact diameters at the tips of said welding electrode. The method in accordance with claim 3, characterized in that said information on the comparison of wear between said two welding electrodes includes information on the shapes of the tips of said welding electrodes.

Inventors: FUJII KOJI, GOTOU YASUHIRO, RYUDO MAKOTO, SUZUKI MIKIJI, FUJII, KOJI, GOTOU, YASUHIRO, RYUDO, MAKOTO, SUZUKI, MIKIJI
Applicants: MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC IND CO LTD, MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD.
Application year: 1999
Main classification: B23K11
IPC codes: B23K11