A VESSEL OF THE OBO OR BULK CARRIER TYPE

Abstract: A vessel of the OBO or bulk carrier type for transportation of bulk cargo, comprising transverse (T) bulkheads (1, 2), is provided with at least one longitudinal (L) centreline bulkhead (100) intersecting the transverse bulkheads (1, 2), the transverse bulkheads and the longitudinal centreline bulkhead (100) forming longitudinal cargo holds (11), and the cargo holds (11) are provided with hatch openings (21) which essentially covers the tank top area (41) of the respective cargo holds (11), providing a substantially "open hatch", which hatch openings (21) are provided with single piece hatch covers (31).

Description: A vessel of the OBO or bulk carrier type The present invention relates to a vessel of the OBO or bulk carrier type for transportation of bulk cargo, comprising transverse bulkheads. An OBO vessel (ore/bulk/oil) is a vessel which can carry cargo in both liquid and dry form, and a typical use is alternation between transportation of crude oil and coal. A vessel of this type is also known as a PROBO (product/ore/bulk/oil) carrier or a combination carrier. A bulk carrier is a vessel which can carry a variety of bulk commodities mostly in dry form. OBO's and bulk carriers are single deck vessels in which the deck is important for the structural strength of the vessel. The vessel is divided into several cargo holds by transverse bulkheads with access from above provided by hatches in the deck. Each hatch opening is normally covered by a two- piece hatch cover, each of which piece is movable in the transverse direction of the vessel, and is placed on the deck between the hatch coaming and the side of the vessel when the hatch is open. The width of the hatches, i.e. the extent of The-hatches in the transverse direction of the vessel, is much smaller than the beam of the vessel, normally 50 percent of the beam of the vessel. The reason for this is two-fold: Firstly, larger hatches would not render sufficient space on deck for placing the hatch covers between the hatch coaming and the side of the vessel, and secondly, larger hatches would impair the structural strength of the vessel by rendering insufficient structural steel in the deck. Loading of bulk cargo is normally carried out by conveyor belt/shiploaders or grabs which drop the cargo vertically into the hold. The relatively small hatch openings compared to the beam of the vessel means that the loading equipment's access to the outer parts of the hold is hindered by the deck, which forms an "overhang" above this part of the hold, normally resulting in a need for extra trimming. Discharging of bulk cargo from a hold is normally carried out by discharging equipment temporarily located above the hatch, comprising a gantry crane with a large grab which is lowered into the bulk cargo, and which to a limited extent is moveable in the transverse direction of the hold. Again the relatively small hatch opening compared to the beam of the vessel is a limitation, as the "overhang" created by the deck hinders the grab's access to the outer parts of the hold. To get better access to the outer parts of the hold, the grab is often forced in the transverse direction of the hatch, which may cause damage to the hatch coamings. As a considerable amount of cargo is unreachable by the grab, a caterpillar is lowered into the hold to move the bulk cargo from the outer parts of the hold into the area which is accessible to the grab/discharging equipment, which is a time-consuming and costly operation. When transporting dry cargo the hatches are closed, the hatch covers being tightened and secured to the hatch coamings. In tanker mode, the hatch covers of the OBO vessel are in closed position, tightened and secured to the hatch coamings, both during loading, unloadnig and transport. The liquid cargo is loaded through the main cargo lines, via the drop lines, and discharged by the cargo pumps via the main cargo lines. The upper space of the cargo hold is filled with inert gas under pressure. Overpressure from vaporisation of the liquid cargo is controlled by a pressure vacuum valve situated in the highest point of the cargo hold. To prevent leakage through the hatch openings, leakage seals are provided between the hatch covers and the coamings. However, the vessel is not stiff, and the load distribution, wave movements and also uneven thermal expansion due to uneven exposure to sunlight, will cause the deck and hatch coamings to bend and deflect slightly. Despite the tightening and sealing of the hatch covers, leakage therefore still occur, particularly where the two-piece hatch covers are joined above each hold. The leakage problem is thus another problem related to OBO's and bulk carriers according to prior art. The leakage problem is also related to the material of the seals, which are normally made of a chemically resistant elastomer, such as rubber. In addition to being subjected to compression, the seals are exposed to the natural properties of the cargoes carried, such as oil or naphtha, as well as the environmental exposure from sunlight, extreme temperatures, seawater, and ice. So far an elastomer which is able to withstand all these exposures for a longer period, is unknown. A relatively frequent exchange of seals is therefore a further problem related to present OBO's and bulk carriers. The biggest problem related to OBO's and bulk carriers, is the movement of the cargo in the hold, so-called sloshing, which may cause transverse displacement of the centre of gravity, tilting and instability of the vessel. Tankers may have piping located in the cargo tanks. In bulk carriers, however no piping can be located in the holds, as this would prevent access for the loading and discharging equipment and complicate the cleaning of the vessel. In OBO vessels piping is therefore located on the deck where it is exposed to the environment and the cargoes carried. This exposure and sometimes extreme corrosion, caused by certain types of dry cargo mixed with seawater, and also the mechanical damages caused by various equipment used during the operation of the vessel, gives raise to the need for adequate maintenance, which again means increased operational costs for the vessel. US 3 698 347 discloses a vessel of the OBO type in which the holds are serviced by a pair of transversely disposed hatches and a central longitudinal girder forms a ventilating trunk extending lengthwise of the vessel and a support for the adjacent hatch coamings of the transversely disposed hatches. The hatch covers are raised and lowered by jacks and one of the pair of hatch covers of the transversely disposed hatches is movable transversely of the vessel to underneath the other of the pair of hatch covers, and both of the pairs of hatch covers are moveable "piggyback" transversely of the vessel. This OBO design thereby enables a better access to the cargo hold than the OBO discussed above. However, the problem related to the sloshing during carriage of oil or other liquid cargo is not solved. The leakage problem in tanker mode might be reduced by the central, longitudinal girder, however, as the girder will be subjected to bending and deflection, as discussed for the deck above, the leakage problem is therefore not solved. The main object of the invention is to provide a vessel of the OBO or bulk carrier type which has a much better stability compared to known designs. There is also an object to provide a vessel of the OBO or bulk carrier type which is stronger built and therefore better suited for having hatch covers fitted on the deck, and also to carry heavier cargoes such as ore compared to known vessels. A further object is to provide a vessel of the OBO or bulk carrier type with an "open hatch" concept which is self-trimming and self- draining, and in which the access of the loading and discharging equipment is significantly improved. A further object is to provide an OBO or bulk carrier in which the problems related to leaking hatches shall be eliminated or at least significantly reduced. It is also an object to provide an OBO or bulk carrier in which a hold can be loaded or discharged completely without significantly influencing the vessel's list. A further object is to solve the problem related to piping on deck being exposed to the environment and damages during cargo operations. These objects are achieved by a vessel of the OBO or bulk carrier type as mentioned in the preamble, characterized by the features which are stated in the claims. The vessel of the OBO or bulk carrier type according to the invention comprises transverse bulkheads and at least one longitudinal centreline bulkhead intersecting the transverse bulkheads. The transverse bulkheads and the longitudinal centreline bulkhead form longitudinal cargo holds. The longitudinal form of the cargo holds and hatches facilitate unloading by the grab of a gantry crane located above the hatch, and is also advantageous with respect to strength and stiffness of the vessel. The centreline bulkhead strengthens the deck, and enabled by this, the cargo holds are provided with large hatch openings and single piece hatch covers. The width of the hatch openings of the vessel according to the invention is essentially the same as the width or beam of the tank-tops, i.e. the bottom of the cargo holds, thus creating an "open hatch" which improves the trimming of bulk cargoes significantly. It also gives the discharging equipment, such as grabs a better access to the holds during discharging of bulk cargoes and thereby reduces the risk of stevedore damages. This is in contrast to large OBO's and bulk carriers according to prior art which have hatch openings traverse the length of the vessel, the width of these openings being rather narrow compared to the width of the tank-tops, creating a considerable "overhang", as mentioned above. The centreline bulkhead of the vessel according to the invention extend essentially through the length of the ship. It should, however, be understood that the centreline bulkhead may be dispensed with in areas of the vessel with no or small cargo holds, e.g. in the engine room and in the bow or stern of the vessel. Further the OBO or bulk carrier vessel according to the invention preferably has vertical corrugations in the longitudinal centre-line bulkhead and in the transverse bulkheads of each hold. Such corrugations are known per se, however, the corrugated bulkheads of existing OBO's and bulk carriers are differently shaped, i.e. they are mostly shaped in a 90 degree pattern including the bottom plate of the corrugations (where the hopper starts) which traps the cargo inside the corrugations during discharge of bulk cargoes such as coal. By the invention the cargo will not be trapped, as all corrugations, including the bottom plate, are sloping at least about 30 degrees which will save considerable time in discharging and cleaning of the vessel. The holds in a vessel according to the invention will thus have excellent self- trimming and self-draining properties. The invention will now be explained by description of a preferred embodiment with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which the principles of the invention are illustrated. In the drawing: fig. 1 is a plan view of an OBO or bulk carrier vessel according to the invention with hatch covers in closed position, fig. 2 is a plan view of the vessel with hatch covers in open position, fig. 3 shows a transverse section through the vessel, fig. 4 shows a longitudinal section through the vessel, fig. 5 is a perspective view of a portion of the vessel comprising two cargo holds, and fig. 6 illustrates a double hatch seal according to the invention. Fig. 1 is a plan view, i. e. seen from above, of an vessel of the OBO or bulk carrier type according to the invention. The vessel has a bow 119, a stern 154, transverse bulkheads 1-5 and a longitudinal centreline bulkhead 100, which intersects the transverse bulkheads. The transverse bulkheads and the centreline bulkhead forms cargo holds 11-15 for transportation of bulk cargo. Access to the cargo holds is provided by hatches 21-25 which can be opened and closed by hatch covers 31-35. The invention relates to cargo hold 11-14, which are covered by single piece hatch covers 31-34. Cargo hold 15 (see fig. 2) is a smaller cargo hold located in the bow of the vessel, with no longitudinal centreline bulkhead, and which is covered by a two piece hatch cover 35a,b according to known design. Fig. 2 illustrates the same vessel, the difference being that in fig. 1 the hatches are closed, while in fig. 2 half the number of hatches 31-34 are open, which is achieved by the hatch covers 31-34 being hoistable and movable into a position in which they are stacked on top of each other, "piggyback" style. As can be seen from fig. 1 and 2 the embodiment illustrated has a total of 9 cargo holds. The number of holds can of course vary with the size of the vessel. Two digit reference numerals 1 1-99 are used for parts or portions related to the cargo holds, the first digit identify the part or portion, and the second digit indicate the cargo hold number counted from the stern of the vessel. Most of these reference numerals also have a suffix a or b, indicating port respectively starboard side of the centreline bulkhead. The suffix a or b are used correspondingly for reference numerals 1 -6 for the transverse bulkheads. The total number of reference numerals would be excessive if used completely, and therefore, in order not to overload the figures, the number of reference numerals are limited to those which are regarded as necessary for the understanding of the invention. The directions "transverse" and "longitudinal" refers to the vessel, as indicated by the arrows T and L respectively in fig. 1. The division of the cargo holds into port and starboard holds by the centreline bulkhead 100 strongly reduces the sloshing of the cargo, which gives the OBO or bulk carrier design according to the invention a much better stability than known designs. Additionally the centreline bulkhead increases the strength of the vessel hull, which is an added advantage when loading heavy gravity cargoes such as ore. The centreline bulkhead also provides a stiff support for the deck and the hatch coamings located along the centreline of the ship, which means that compared to OBO or bulk carrier designs according to prior art, which have only a girder or no support at all for the centreline coamings, the deflection and bending problems related to the coamings are significantly reduced. In addition the ship side will be of the double hull type, which will further increase the strength of the vessel. The fact that the hatch covers 31-34 for the corresponding hatches 21-24 are single piece hatch covers, with no joint above the hatch which joint in previous design has been a source for leakage, is also an important feature that contributes to a substantial reduction of leakages between the hatch covers and the coamings. Fig. 3 shows a transverse section through the vessel at section line III-III in fig. 1, and illustrate the vessel hull consisting of the two cargo holds 1 1 , ballast water tanks 51-53, upper wing holds or tanks 1 15, the centreline bulkhead 100 including a lower tank 150 and an upper hold or tank 114, the hatches 21 with coamings 61 and hatch covers 31. Tank-tops, i.e. the bottom of the cargo holds, are designated with 41. As for fig. 1 and 2 suffixes a and b designate port and starboard side of the vessel respectively. As can be seen from fig. 3 each of the holds 11a, 1 lb is covered by a hatch 21a, 21b that essentially covers the tank-top area 41a, 41b of that hold. Compared to known OBO and bulk carrier designs, in which the hatches either has been much smaller than the tank-top area, or the hatches has been divided by a girder or coaming, this is a preferred design of an «open hatch» concept that gives significantly improved access to the holds by the loading and discharging equipment and also improves significantly the trimming of all bulk cargoes. In addition, the vertical corrugations in the centreline and transverse bulkheads, including the bottom plate of the corrugations, are sloping at least about 30 degrees which will save considerable time in discharging and cleaning of the vessel. The longitudinal walls 120-123 of the upper wing tanks 115 are preferably continuous in the longitudinal direction L of the vessel. These walls thereby forms longitudinal girders which contribute to the structural integrity of the vessel. Similarly the longitudinal walls 124-127 of the upper tanks 114 of the centreline bulkhead 100 also preferably should be continuos, also forming a longitudinal girder which serves the same purpose as the girders formed by the longitudinal walls of the upper wing tanks. The girders formed by the continuity of the longitudinal tank walls should preferably at least extend 8 through the central portion of the vessel, as this is the portion of the vessel which is most subjected to bending. Together with the longitudinal walls of the ballast tanks these girders provide torsional and bending stiffness and strength to the vessel, which from a constructional point of view is very important. The continuity of the longitudinal walls of the upper wing tanks and the upper tanks of the centreline bulkhead compensates for lack of continuity in the vessel deck due to the width of the hatches being almost identical to the width of the deck, and the continuity of the longitudinal walls of these tanks is therefore an important feature of the new OBO or bulk carrier design. Fig. 3 also shows a pump 110 located below the centreline bulkhead, between the ballast water tanks 53a and b. This pump is used for pumping ballast water transversely between the ballast water tanks 51a, 52a and 53a on port side of the vessel and corresponding ballast water tanks 51b, 52b and 53b on starboard side of the vessel for compensation of uneven cargo distribution between the holds. If required ballast water may also be pumped between ballast water tanks located on the same side of the vessel. Provided correct sizing of the pump 110 and the ballast water tanks, a hold can thereby be loaded or unloaded completely without significantly influencing the vessel's list, the pump being controlled by an automatic anti-heeling system. In fig. 3 is also illustrated a ladder 180 for access to the cargo holds 1 1 from the deck 181. The ladder 180 is located inside the centreline bulkhead 100, which is a double-walled bulkhead, and extends through the upper centreline bulkhead tank 114 and the lower centreline bulkhead tank 150. Access to the cargo holds 11 from the ladder is provided through not shown hatches in the centreline bulkhead. Also located in the upper centreline bulkhead tank 114 are equipment and auxiliary service pipes, namely wash water pipes 112, and wash water inlets 113, opening into the holds 11. In the upper wing tanks 115a,b, which may be used as ballast water tanks, are located wash water pipes 112 and wash water inlets 113, and also cargo pipes 11 la,b. The location of the pipes in the upper centreline bulkhead tank and the upper wing tanks ensures that the pipes with corresponding valves and couplings are sheltered from exposure to the environmental surroundings, like corrosive seawater, and also ensures a location in which risk for damage due to accidental impacts from loading and unloading equipment is eliminated. Fig. 4 shows a longitudinal section through a portion of the vessel at section line IV-IV in fig. 2, and illustrates holds 12a and 1 1a with hatches 21a, 22a and tank tops 41a, 42 a, confined by transverse bulkheads la, 2a and 3a. Fig. 4 further illustrates the hatch covers in a position in which they are stacked on top of each other, in the so-called «piggyback» style. Hatch cover 32a, which in the closed position is located on top of hatch 22a, is during opening of the hatch lifted by not shown hydraulic cylinders and moved longitudinally by a not shown roller-arrangement, into the position on top of hatch cover 31a. The hatch covers in the illustrated embodiment are movable in the longitudinal direction L of the vessel, which in contradiction to a design in which the hatch covers are movable in the transverse direction, means that both hatch covers for a pair of transversely adjacent holds simultaneously can be stacked onto the neighbouring pair of hatch covers, meaning that the two transversely adjacent holds can be accessed simultaneously. This is in contradiction to fig. 2, which shows a zigzag stacking of the hatch covers. Fig. 4 also shows pressure vacuum valves 71a and 72a for the cargo holds 11a and 12a respectively, mounted in hatch covers 31a and 32a. It is further illustrated how pressure vacuum valve 71 a in hatch cover 31a, hatch cover 31a being the lower hatch cover in the stacked position, is located on that edge 156 of hatch cover 31a that faces away from the upper hatch cover 32a. This enables the hatch covers to be stacked on top of each other without collision between the upper hatch cover and the pressure vacuum valve in the lower hatch cover. Fig. 5 is a perspective view of a portion of a OBO vessel comprising two cargo holds 1 la and 1 lb, and illustrates the 3-dimensional extent of the various items and portions previously discussed. Fig. 5 also illustrates cargo pumps 81a and b for liquid cargo located in the transverse bulkheads la and b respectively, with inlets 91a and b opening into the cargo holds. This design, in which the cargo pumps are located outside the holds, enables discharging and cleaning of the holds without any interference with the pumps, piping or other items related to the pumps. Fig. 6 illustrates an edge of hatch cover 31a and its corresponding coaming 61a with a double hatch seal according to the invention. The lower portion 151 of the hatch cover 31a is provided with a seal bracket 159, which in turn 10 is provided with an inner seal 157 and an outer seal 158, made from an elastomer. An inner seal counterpart 116 and an outer seal counterpart 117 are correspondingly attached to the coaming 61a for sealing purposes. An abutment portion 153 of the hatch cover abuts against the coaming and transfer the major part of the load between the hatch cover and the coaming. The inner seals 157 are resistant towards the natural properties of the cargoes carried whereas outer seals 158 are resistant towards ambient surroundings such as sunlight, extreme temperatures and seawater. It is thereby obtained a durable seal with a longer life-time. A space 118 between the seals is via a connection 152 connected to a leakage detector/alarm system, not shown. This system may be based on generating an overpressure or underpressure in the space and measuring pressure loss or increase, or based on a gas or moisture detection by a detector. It should be understood that the details of the seal design with the space 118 may vary according to the seal manufacturer. The invention has above been explained with reference to a specific embodiment. Variations are however possible within the frame of the invention, and a particular example of such variations is various designs of the centreline bulkhead. The centreline bulkhead may be a cofferdam bulkhead or a single-walled bulkhead, and it may be strengthened by internal or external stiffeners or corrugations. A design with more than one centreline bulkhead, e.g. two longitudinal bulkheads located in the central area of the vessel, is also conceivable. Finally the possibility of placing the centreline bulkhead slightly offset from the geometrical centreline should be mentioned. All such variations of the centreline bulkhead design would be obvious to a man skilled in the art, and consequently be within the frame of the invention. In order not to overload the claims with reference numerals, only those reference numerals which are regarded necessary for the understanding of the invention are included.

Claims: 11 CLAIMS 1. A vessel of the OBO or bulk carrier type for transportation of bulk cargo, comprising transverse (T) bulkheads (1, 2), characterized in that the vessel is provided with at least one longitudinal (L) centreline bulkhead (100) intersecting the transverse bulkheads (1, 2), the transverse bulkheads and the longitudinal centreline bulkhead (100) forming longitudinal cargo holds (11), and that the cargo holds (1 1) are provided with hatch openings (21) which essentially covers the tank top area (41) of the respective cargo holds (11), providing a substantially "open hatch", which hatch openings (21) are provided with single piece hatch covers (31). 2. A vessel according to claim 1 , characterized in that hatch covers (31a, 32a) for two adjacently located hatch openings (21 a, 22a) are movable into a position in which they are stacked on top of each other. 3. A vessel according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that both the centreline bulkhead (100) and the transverse bulkheads (1, 2) of each hold (11) are provided with vertical corrugations and that the corrugations, including the bottom plate are sloping at least about 30 degrees. 4. A vessel according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the vessel's sides are of double hull construction. 5. A vessel according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that longitudinal walls (120-123) of upper wing tanks (115) are continuos, thus forming longitudinal girders of the vessel. 6. A vessel according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that longitudinal walls (124-127) of upper tanks (114) of the centreline bulkhead (100) are continuos, thus forming a longitudinal girder of the vessel. 7. A vessel according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the vessel comprises pumps (110) for pumping ballast water between ballast water tanks (51, 52, 53) on each side of the vessel for compensation of uneven cargo distribution. 12 8. A vessel according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that equipment and auxiliary service pipes (112) are located in the upper tanks (114) of the centreline bulkhead (100). 9. A vessel according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that cargo pipes (111) are located in the upper wing tanks (115). 10. A vessel according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the hatch openings (21) are provided with double seals, whereby inner seals (157) are resistant towards the natural properties of the cargoes whereas outer seals (158) are resistant towards ambient surroundings such as sunlight, extreme temperatures and seawater, and that a space (1 18) between the seals is provided with a leakage detector/alarm system. 11. A vessel according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that pressure vacuum valves (71a, 72a) for the cargo holds (1 la, 12a) are mounted in the hatch covers (31a, 32a), and that the pressure vacuum valve (71a) in the hatch cover which in the stacked position is the lower hatch cover (31a) is located on that edge (156) of the lower hatch cover that faces away from the upper hatch cover (32a). 12. A vessel according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that ladders (180) for access to the cargo holds (11, 12) from the deck (181) are located in the centreline bulkhead (100, 114, 150).

Inventors: LIBAEK OLE-JACOB, LIBAEK, OLE-JACOB
Applicants: ALLIED APPLIED MARINE TECHNOLO, LIBAEK OLE JACOB, ALLIED APPLIED MARINE TECHNOLOGIES INC., LIBAEK, OLE-JACOB
Application year: 1999
Main classification: B63B3
IPC codes: B63B3, B63B11, B63B13, B63B19, B63B25, B63B29