METHOD FOR PRODUCING A NICKEL FOAM AND A NICKEL FOAM THUS OBTAINABLE

Abstract: Method for producing a nickel foam having a specific rate of between 200 and 400 g/m<3>, at least comprising the steps of: providing a base foam having a conductive surface; nickel being electroplated in an electroplating bath, successively in a preplating zone and a main plating zone, said bath having a conductivity of at least 200 mS/cm at 20 DEG C, the foam being plated with 0.5-19 g/m<2> of nickel in the preplating zone, nickel being plated in the desired amount in the main plating zone, while the flow direction of the electrolyte is reversed in the main plating zone at a frequency of between 1 mHz and 0.1 Hz; and finally removing the base foam.

Description: Short title: Method for producing a nickel foam and nickel foam thus obtainable. The present invention in the first instance relates to a method for producing a nickel foam, at least comprising the steps of: - providing a base foam having a conductive surface; - nickel-plating the foam in an electroplating bath; - and removing the base foam. Such a method is generally known from the prior art and is described, for example, in US-A-5 584 983. The base foam used in practice is often an organic foam material such as polyurethane foam, polyester foam, polystyrene foam or polypropylene foam, although fibre materials made of organic fibres, such as cotton, wool, cellulose etc. or synthetic fibres can also be used. Such organic foam materials need to be made conductive prior to the electroplating, and this can be effected, for example, by using vacuum techniques, such as gas diffusion, cathode sputtering or ion deposition. In this context reference is made to EP-B-0 151 064. Chemical metallization is also possible, however. Apart from organic foam materials which need to be made conductive, it is also possible to use base foam types already having a conductive surface,' such as a conductive plastic foam or a metal foam such as, for example, aluminium foam. In other words, any foam material is suitable as a base foam according to the invention, as long as the base foam, after the metal has been applied, can be removed chemically/physically in some way or other. Possible ways of removing the base foam are pyrolysis of the base foam, in the case of organic base foams, or with the aid of a solvent. It is also possible for the base foam to be gasified or decomposed under the influence of elevated temperature or radiation. Until now it has not proved possible to produce metal foam having a low specific weight, yet high tensile strength . The prior art, for the purpose of producing metal foam having high tensile strength, resorted to the fabrication of a laminate. Usually, metal foam layers were combined with gauze layers or the like. In this context, reference is made to EP-A-0 392 082 where a method of this type is disclosed. It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for producing a metal foam, said foam having a relatively low specific weight and at the same time relatively high tensile strength. To this end, the present invention provides a method of the type referred to in the introduction, which is characterized in that : - electroplating is carried out in an electroplating bath, successively in a preplating zone and a main plating zone, said bath having a conductivity of at least 200 mS/cm at 20°C, - the foam is plated with 0.5 - 19 g/m 2 of nickel in the preplating zone, - nickel is plated in the desired amount in the main plating zone, while the flow direction of the electrolyte is reversed in the main plating zone at a frequency of between 1 mHz and 0.1 Hz, - all this being done in such a way that the ultimate nickel foam has a specific weight of between 200 and 400 g/m 3 . The nickel foam which can be produced by means of the method according to the invention, notwithstanding a relatively low specific weight, has a relatively high tensile strength. Preferably, the specific weight of the ultimate nickel foam is 300 - 350 g/m 3 . Surprisingly, it was found that if the initial growth of metal (metal nuclei) takes place unusually slowly, the ultimately obtained nickel foam, after removal of the base foam, has an even higher tensile strength. Furthermore it proves possible to select a very favourable value, for example very close to one, for the so-called DTR (diameter-thickness ratio) , which is a yardstick for the growth thickness of the metal as seen over the thickness of the foam. To this end, retarding means are preferably used to retard the growth of nickel at least during the nucleation phase of the electroplating process in the preplating zone. The retarding means can be selected from many different measures, but preferably comprise plating at very low current density in the preplating zone or a C-substance in the bath. The presence of a C-supplying substance further provides the option of preferential growth, in other words, the nickel can be plated in a preferential direction. The C-supplying substance used is advantageously a second-class brightener. Particularly advantageously, the second-class brightener is an olefine or an alkyne, in particular 1, 4-butynediol . During preplating, in particular, at least 0.5 g/m 2 of nickel is deposited. In practice, about 6 g/m 2 will be optimal. It is important that not more than 19 g/m 2 is deposited during the preplating operation. The current density in the main plating zone is preferably at least 40 times the current density in the preplating zone and more preferably at least 200 times greater. In the preplating zone, a current intensity of between 5 and 150 A can be chosen, whereas the current intensity in the main plating zone can be chosen between 2000 and 6000 A. The flow direction of the electrolyte is reversed in the main plating zone at a frequency of between 1 mHz and 0.1 Hz. The flow velocity of the electrolyte in the bath is advantageously between 1 and 30 m 3 /m 2 /h. It was found that as a result of the retarding means according to the invention being used, considerably more and also smaller metal nuclei are formed in the bath during the so-called nucleation phase. Likewise, the distribution of the nuclei is better. In a specific embodiment, the conductivity of the bath is increased. It is found that this results in an even better distribution of the metal nuclei over the base foam and moreover their number increases and their size decreases . Advantageously, the conductivity of the bath is increased by the addition of a conductivity- increasing substance to the bath. Examples of such conductivity- increasing substances are: alkali metal salts, sulphates/sulphamates of Na, K, Li, Cs, Rb, Mg and NH 4 . Whilst the invention is not particularly limited in terms of the speed at which the base foam is moved through the bath, it is preferable for the rate of movement to be between 5 and 20 m/h. Although the present description refers to a bath having two plating zones, it is equally possible to make use of two different baths, viz. a preplating bath and a main plating bath. Finally, the present invention provides a nickel foam which can be obtained by means of the method according to the invention. Hereinafter the invention will be explained in more detail with reference to an example. EXAMPLE 1 Four identical pieces of polyurethane foam (thickness: 1.6 mm, cell size 460-500 μm, 35 pores per lineal centimetre, density 40 kg/m 3 ) were provided with a conductive surface with the aid of cathode sputtering (10 ~4 mbar, 0.8 1 (s.t.p.) of argon, Ni target). Then the conductive pieces of polyurethane foam were nickel-plated in four different electroplating baths (I - IV) . I- In a standard Watts bath at a current density of 40 A/dm 2 , over a period of 5 min. II- In a Watts bath containing a second-class brightener (20 mg/1 of 1, 4-butynediol) at a current density of 40 A/dm 2 over a period of 5 min. III- In a sulphate bath containing a flowing electrolyte whose flow direction was reversed at a frequency of 0.1 Hz. The bath likewise contained a second-class brightener (20 mg/1 of 1, 4-butynediol) . IV- In a sulphate bath containing a second-class brightener (20 mg/1 of 1, 4-butynediol) and a conductivity-increasing substance (200 g/1 of Na sulphate) . Again, a flowing electrolyte was used whose flow direction was reversed at a frequency of 0.1 Hz. The properties of the nickel foams obtained (I - IV) are shown in the following table. TABLE 1 The results clearly show that the use of retarding means according to the invention has a highly advantageous effect on the tensile strength and the elongation of the foam obtained. EXAMPLE 2 Commercially available types of nickel foam (SI) of various specific weights were compared with types of nickel foam (S2) of corresponding specific weight, which had been produced by means of the method according to the invention. The results are shown in Table 2. TABLE 2 The foam thickness used was 1.6 mm, with 67 ppi . The types of nickel foam according to the invention had been prepared under the following conditions: conductivity of the bath 300 mS/cm, reversal frequency of electrolyte flow direction 8 mHz, a flow velocity of the electrolyte of 20 m 3 /m 2 /h, 40 mg/1 of 1, 4-dibutynediol in the bath, and preplating of a polyurethane foam with 15 g/m 2 of nickel. After plating, the polyurethane foam was removed by pyrolysis and the nickel foam was annealed. In the accompanying drawing, Figure 1 shows a photograph made using a scanning electron microscope of nickel nuclei on a foam just after the nucleation phase in an electroplating bath with 1, 4-butynediol as a second-class brightener; and Figure 2 shows a photograph made using a scanning electron microscope of nickel nuclei on a foam just after the nucleation phase in an electroplating bath according to the prior art without retarding means . A comparison of the photographs from Figures 1 and 2 clearly shows that if retarding means according to the invention are used in an electroplating bath during the nucleation phase, considerably more smaller and better- distributed nickel nuclei are obtained on the surface of the base foam.

Claims: CLAIMS 1. Method for producing a nickel foam, at least comprising the steps of: - providing a base foam having a conductive surface; - nickel-plating the foam in an electroplating bath; - and removing the base foam, characterized in that - electroplating is carried out in an electroplating bath, successively in a preplating zone and a main plating zone, said bath having a conductivity of at least 200 mS/cm at 20°C, - the foam is plated with 0.5 - 19 g/m 2 of nickel in the preplating zone, - nickel is plated in the desired amount in the main plating zone, while the flow direction of the electrolyte is reversed in the main plating zone at a frequency of between 1 mHz and 0.1 Hz , - all this being done in such a way that the ultimate nickel foam has a specific weight of between 200 and 400 g/m 3 . 2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that retarding means are used to retard the growth of nickel at least during the nucleation phase of the electroplating process in the preplating bath. 3. Method according to claim 2, characterized in that in that the retarding means are chosen from: - plating at very low current density in the preplating bath, - a C-supplying substance in the bath. 4. Method according to claim 3, characterized in that a C-supplying substance comprises a second-class brightener. 5. Method according to one of Claims 1 - 4, characterized in that the current density in the main plating zone is at least 40 times the current density in the preplating zone. 6. Method according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the conductivity of the bath is increased. 7. Method according to Claim 6, characterized in that in that the conductivity of the bath is increased by a substance which increases the conductivity being added to the bath. 8. Nickel foam which is obtainable by means of the method according to one or more of the preceding claims.

Inventors: LEERKAMP PETER, PRUYN WILHELMUS ALOYSIUS, LEERKAMP, PETER, PRUYN, WILHELMUS, ALOYSIUS
Applicants: LEERKAMP PETER, PRUYN WILHELMUS ALOYSIUS, STORK SCREENS BV, LEERKAMP, PETER, PRUYN, WILHELMUS, ALOYSIUS, STORK SCREENS B.V.
Application year: 1999
Main classification: C25D1
IPC codes: C25D1, C25D5, C25D7