METHOD OF CONTROLLING PROLIFERATION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF STEM AND PROGENITOR CELLS

Abstract: A method of expanding a population of cells, while at the same time inhibiting differentiation of the cells, the method includes the step of providing the cells with conditions for cell proliferation and, at the same time, for reducing a capacity of the cells in utilizing transition metals. The method can be executed both in vivo and ex vivo.

Description: METHOD OF CONTROLLING PROLIFERATION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF STEM AND PROGENITOR CELLS FTRLD AND BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a method of controlling proliferation and differentiation of stem and progenitor cells. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method of imposing proliferation yet restricting differentiation of stem and progenitor cells by treating with chelators of transitional metals, resulting in reduction in transitional metals availability. Cell differentiation and proliferation Normal production of blood cells (hematopoiesis) involves the processes of proliferation and differentiation which are tightly coupled. In most hematopoietic cells following division the daughter cells undergo a series of progressive changes which eventually culminate in fully differentiated (mature), functional blood cells, which in most part are devoid of proliferative potential. Thus, the process of differentiation limits, and eventually halts cell division. Only in a small minority of the hematopoietic cells, known as stem cells, cell division may result in progeny which are similar or identical to their parental cells. This type of cell division, known as self-renewal, is an inherent property of stem cells and helps to maintain a small pool of stem cells in their most undifferentiated state. Some stem cells lose their self-renewal capacity and following cell division differentiate into various types of lineage committed progenitors which finally give rise to mature cells. While the latter provide the functional capacity of the blood cell system, the stem cells are responsible for the maintaining of hemopoiesis throughout life despite a continuous loss of the more differentiated cells through apoptosis (programmed cell death) and/or active removal of aging mature cells by the reticuloendothelial system. As further detailed below, expansion of the stem cell and other defined lympho-hemopoietic cell subpopulations by ex vivo culturing could have important clinical applications. A variety of protocols have been suggested and experimented for enrichment of such populations. The main experimental strategies employed include incubation of mononuclear cells with or without selection of CD34 "1" (8); with different cocktails of early and late growth factors (17); with or without serum (7); in stationary cultures, rapid medium exchanged cultures (18) or under continuous perfusion (bioreactors) (6); and with or without established stromal cell layer(19). Although a significant expansion of intermediate and late progenitors was often obtained during 7-14 days ex vivo cultures, the magnitude of early 2 hematopoietic (CD34 + CD38") stem cells with high proliferative potential, usually declined (6, 20-22). Thus, these cultures do not result in true stem cell expansion, but rather in proliferation and differentiation of the stem cells into pre-progenitor cells, accompanied by depletion of the primitive stem cell pool. In order to achieve maximal ex vivo expansion of stem cells the following conditions should be fulfilled: (i) differentiation should be reversibly inhibited or delayed and (ii) self-renewal should be maximally prolonged. Role of Copper in cell differentiation: The possible involvement of Copper in hemopoietic cell development could be inferred from the following findings: Clinical symptoms in Copper deficiency: Copper deficiency can result from hereditary defects, such as Menkes syndrome or Celiac disease, or from acquired conditions. The latter is typically associated with malnourishment. It may be caused by Copper non-supplemented total parenteral nutrition (e.g., following intestinal resection), by consumption of high levels of Zinc, which interferes with Copper utilization, in underweight and/or cow milk (poor source of Copper) fed newborns, which may result in severe cases in Shwanchman syndrome. Unbalanced treatment with Copper chelators in Copper overload cases such as in Wilson's disease may also lead to Copper deficiency. The clinical symptoms of Copper deficiency may include impairment of growth, brain development, bone strength and morphology, myocardial contractility, cholesterol and glucose metabolism, host defence (immune) mechanisms and more. Of particular relevance to this study is the fact that Copper deficiency is often associated with hematological abnormalities, including anemia, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. All these pathological manifestations are unresponsive to iron therapy, but are rapidly reversed following Copper supplementation (27-28). The mechanism by which Copper deficiency leads to neutropenia is unknown. Among the possible causes, either alone or in combination, are: (i) early death of progenitor cells in the bone marrow (BM); (ii) impaired formation of neutrophils from progenitor cells in the BM; (iii) decrease in cellular maturation rate in the BM; (iv) impaired release of neutrophils from the BM to the circulation; (v) enhanced elimination rate of circulating neutrophils. Examination of the BM of neutropenic Copper-deficient patients demonstrates the absence of mature cells ("maturation arrest"). It has been shown that cells derived from such BM did not form colonies in semi-solid medium containing Copper deficient serum, but retained the potential for normal 3 colony growth in Copper containing serum. These results indicate the presence of intact progenitors in the patient's BM, and suggest that the block in development occurs distal to the progenitor stage (29-30). The effect of Copper in cell lines: The effect of Copper was also studied in vitro established cell lines (31-34). One such line (HL-60) was derived from a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia. These cells, that have the characteristics of myeloblasts and promyelocytes, can grow indefinitely in culture. Upon addition of various agents, such as retinoic acid (RA), to the culture medium, the cells undergo differentiation, which results in cells which demonstrate some, but not all, features of mature granulocytes. The study of Copper status in these cells has shown that although the cytosolic Copper content per cell was not significantly different in RA-treated cells compared to untreated cells, the Copper content per protein content was doubled. This is due to the fact that RA-treated cells have about half the protein content as compared to their untreated counterpart. Using 67 Cu, it has been shown that the rate of Copper uptake was significantly faster during the two first days of RA treatment, but not at later times. The intracellular distribution of 67 Cu was found predominantly in high molecular weight (MW) fractions (> 100 kD) and a lower MW fraction of about 20 kD, with a higher proportion of Copper present in the high MW fractions in RA-treated cells. Addition of excess Copper to regular serum-supplemented growth medium modestly increased RA-induced differentiation. Although RA-treated HL-60 cells do not necessarily represent normal cell development, these results point to the possibility that neutrophilic differentiation may require Copper. In other experiments it has been shown that HL-60 cells can be made Copper deficient by treatment with Copper chelators, and that following such treatment their viability and growth rate were unaffected. Although all these phenomena have been attributed to Copper, it has been reported that some clinical and biological effects are shared by Copper and other transition metals: For example, clinical symptoms similar to those observed in Copper- deficiency could also be observed following consumption of high levels of Zinc (40-42), which has been known to interfere with Copper utilization (e.g., 43). In a study of human hepatocellular carcinoma it was found that the concentrations of both Copper and Zinc in the tumor tissue decreased with the degree of histological differentiation (44). In another study it was shown that addition of Copper, Zinc and Ferrum to primary cultures of rat hepatocytes induced cell replication and formation of 4 duct-like structures. The cells lining the ducts became morphologically and biochemically characteristic of bile duct cells (45). Various transition metals are known to influence the production and activities of many enzymes and transcription factors associated with differentiation. Examples include the Cu/Zn containing superoxide dismutase (46); the metallothioneins and their transcription regulating factors (e.g., MTF-1) (47-49); the 70 kDa heat shock protein (hsp70) (50); the p62 protein which associates with the ras-GTPase activating protein during keratinocyte differentiation (51); a neutral sphingomyelinase which is activated during induced differentiation of HL-60 cells (52); and the bovine lens leucine aminopeptidase (53). While reducing the present invention to practice, it was found that a series of chemical agents that bind (chelate) transition metals, Copper in particular, can inhibit (delay) the process of differentiation of stem cells as well as intermediate and late progenitor cells and thereby stimulate and prolong the phase of active cell proliferation ex vivo. This newly discovered effect of Copper and other transition metals depletion (either partial or complete depletion) was used for maximizing the ex vivo expansion of various types of hemopoietic cells. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According to the present invention there is provided a method of controlling proliferation and differentiation of stem and progenitor cells either in vivo or ex vivo. According to further features in preferred embodiments of the invention described below, there is provided a method of expanding a population of cells, while at the same time inhibiting differentiation of the cells, the method comprising the step of providing the cells with conditions for cell proliferation and, at the same time, for reducing a capacity of the cells in utilizing transition metals. As a result differentiation of the cells is inhibited while expansion, or proliferation of the cells in accelerated. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the cells are in vivo, where the conditions for cell proliferation are naturally provided, whereas reducing the capacity of the cells in utilizing transition metals is effected by administering a transition metal chelator and/or Zinc. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the transition metal chelator is selected from the group consisting of polyamine chelating agents, ethylendiamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, triethylenediamine, tetraethylenepentamine, aminoethylethanolamine, 5 aminoethylpiperazine, pentaethylenehexamine, triethylenetetramine- hydrochloride, tetraethylenepentamine-hydrochloride, pentaethylenehexamine- hydrochloride, tetraethylpentamine, captopril, penicilamine and transition metal binding peptides. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the cells are ex vivo. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments providing the cells with the conditions for cell proliferation include providing the cells with nutrients and with cytokines. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the cytokines are early acting cytokines. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the early acting cytokines are selected from the group consisting of stem cell factor, FLT3 ligand, interleukin-6, thrombopoietin and interleukin-3. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the cytokines are late acting cytokines. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the late acting cytokines are selected from the group consisting of granulocyte colony stimulating factor, granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor and erythropoietin. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the cells are selected from the group consisting of hematopoietic cells, neural cells and oligodendrocyte cells, skin cells, hepatic cells, muscle cells, bone cells, mesenchymal cells, pancreatic cells, chondrocytes and stroma cells. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the cells are derived from a source selected from the group consisting of bone marrow, peripheral blood and neonatal umbilical cord blood. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the cells are enriched for hemopoietic CD34+ cells. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the cells are selected from the group consisting of non-differentiated stem cells and committed progenitor cells. According to further features in preferred embodiments of the invention described below, there is provided a method of hemopoietic cells transplantation comprising the steps of (a) obtaining hemopoietic cells to be transplanted from a donor; (b) providing the cells ex vivo with conditions for cell proliferation and, at the same time, for reducing a capacity of the cells in utilizing transition metals, 6 thereby expanding a population of the cells, while at the same time, inhibiting differentiation of the cells; and (c) transplanting the cells to a patient. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the donor and the patient are a single individual. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments obtaining the hemopoietic cells is from a source selected from the group consisting of peripheral blood, bone marrow and neonatal umbilical cord blood. According to still further features in the described preferrfed embodiments obtaining the hemopoietic cells further includes enriching the cells for stem cells. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments obtaining the hemopoietic cells further includes enriching the cells for progenitor cells. According to further features in preferred embodiments of the invention described below, there is provided a method of transducing stem cells with an exogene comprising the steps of (a) obtaining stem cells to be transduced; (b) providing the cells ex vivo with conditions for cell proliferation and, at the same time, for reducing a capacity of the cells in utilizing transition metals, thereby expanding a population of the cells, while at the same time, inhibiting differentiation of the cells; and (c) transducing the cells with the exogene. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments transducing is effected by a retro virus including the exogene. According to further features in preferred embodiments of the invention described below, there is provided a method of adoptive immunotherapy comprising the steps of (a) obtaining progenitor hemopoietic cells from a patient; (b) providing the cells ex vivo with conditions for cell proliferation and, at the same time, for reducing a capacity of the cells in utilizing transition metals, thereby expanding a population of the cells, while at the same time, inhibiting differentiation of the cells; and (c) transplanting the cells to the patient. According to further features in preferred embodiments of the invention described below, there is provided a method of mobilization of bone marrow stem cells into the peripheral blood of a donor for harvesting the cells comprising the step of (a) administering to the donor an agent for reducing a capacity of the cells in utilizing transition metals, thereby expanding a population of stem cells, while at the same time, inhibiting differentiation of the stem cells; and (b) harvesting the cells by leukapheresis. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the method further comprising the step of administering the donor a cytokine, e.g., an early acting cytokine, such as, but not limited to, stem cell factor, FLT3 7 ligand, interleukin-6, thrombopoietin and interleukin-3, and/or/in combination with a late acting cytokine, such as, but not limited to, granulocyte colony stimulating factor, granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor and erythropoietin. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the agent is selected from the group consisting of a transition metal chelator and Zinc. According to further features in preferred embodiments of the invention described below, there is provided a method of decelerating maturation/differentiation of erythroid precursor cells for the treatment of β- hemoglobinopathic patients comprising the step of administering to the patient an agent for reducing a capacity of the cells in utilizing transition metals, thereby expanding a population of stem cells, while at the same time, inhibiting differentiation of the stem cells, such that upon natural removal of the agent from the body, the cells undergo accelerated maturation resulting in elevated production of fetal hemoglobin. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the agent is selected from the group consisting of a transition metal chelator and Zinc. According to further features in preferred embodiments of the invention described below, there is provided a therapeutical ex vivo cultured cell preparation comprising ex vivo cells propagated in presence of an agent, the agent reducing a capacity of the cells in utilizing transition metals, thereby expanding a population of the cells, while at the same time, inhibiting differentiation of the cells. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the agent is selected from the group consisting of a transition metal chelator and Zinc. According to another embodiment of the present invention there is provided a method of preservation of stem cells comprising the step of handling the stem cell in at least one of the steps selected from the group consisting of harvesting, isolation and storage, in a presence of a transition metal chelator. Respectively, further according to the present invention there are provided stem cells collection bags, separation and washing buffers supplemented with an effective amount or concentration of a transition metal chelator, which inhibits cell differentiation. 8 The present invention successfully addresses the shortcomings of the presently known configurations by providing a method of propagating cells, yet delaying their differentiation by transition metals deficiency. Additional features and advantages of the method according to the present invention are described hereinunder. BRTF.F DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention herein described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein: FIG. 1 shows the short-term effect of TEPA on the clonlogenic potential of CD34 cells. Cord blood-derived CD34 cells were plated in liquid culture, at 3 x 10 * 4 cell/ml, in the presence of low dose cytokines: FLT3 - 5ng/ml, SCF - lOng/ml, IL-6 - lOng/ml, with or without different concentrations of TEPA. On day 7, aliquots of 0.1 ml were assayed for colony forming cells by cloning the cells in semi-solid medium and scoring colonies after 14 days. Results of two independent experiments are presented. FIG. 2 shows the short-term effect of TEPA on total and CD34 cells. Cord blood-derived CD34 cells were plated in liquid culture in the presence of FL - 5ng/ml, SCF - lOng/ml, IL-6 - lOng/ml, with or without of TEPA (20μM). On day 7, the wells were demi-depopulated by removal of one half the culture volume and replacing it with fresh medium and IL-3 (20ng/ml). On day 14, the percentage of CD34 cells (right) and the total cell number (left) multiplied by the dilution factor were determined. FIG. 3 shows the long-term effect of TEPA on cell number and clonogenic potential of CD34 cells. Cord blood-derived CD34 cells were plated in liquid culture, at 3 x 10 * 4 cells/ml, in the presence of high dose cytokines: FL - 50ng/ml, SCF - 50ng/ml, IL-6 - 50ng/ml, IL-3 - 20ng/ml, G-CSF - lOng/ml, EPO - lU/ml, with or without TEPA (20μM). On day 4, the cultures were diluted 1:10 with 0.9 ml fresh medium supplemented with cytokines and TEPA. On day 7, 14 and 21, the cultures were demi-depopulated by removal of one half the culture volume and replacing it with fresh medium, cytokines and TEPA, as indicated. Cells of the harvested medium were count and aliquots equivalent to 1 x 10- initiating cells were cloned in semi-solid medium. The numbers of cells (up) in the liquid culture and of colonies (down) in the semi-solid culture, multiplied by the dilution factors, are represented. * denotes small colonies and cell clusters. FIG. 4 shows the long-term effect of TEPA on CD34 cells cultured with early cytokines. Cord blood-derived CD34 cells were plated in liquid culture in the presence of: FL - 50ng/ml, SCF - 50ng/ml and thrombopoietin (TPO) - 9 20ng/ml, with or without TEPA (lOμM). At weekly intervals, the cultures were demi-depopulated by removal of one half the culture volume and replacing it with fresh medium, cytokines and TEPA, as indicated. Cells of the harvested medium were count and aliquots equivalent to 1 x 10^ initiating cells were cloned in semi-solid medium. The numbers of cells (down) in the liquid culture and of colonies (up) in the semi-solid culture, multiplied by the dilution factors, are represented. * denotes that no colonies developed. FIG. 5 shows the effect of TEPA on development of erythroid precursors. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells, obtained from an adult normal donor, were cultured in the erythroid two-phase liquid culture system (23-25). The second phase of the culture was supplemented either without or with 10 μM of TEPA. Cultures were analyze for total cells and hemoglobin-containing [benzidine positive (B + )] cells after 14 days. FIGs. 6a-d show the effect of TEPA on cell maturation. Morphology of cells in long-term (7 weeks) cultures in the absence (6a and 6c) and presence (6b and 6d) of TEPA is shown. Cytospin prepared slides were stained with May- Grunwald Giemsa. Magnifications: 6a and 6b x 600; 6c and 6d x 1485. FIG. 7 shows the effect of transition metal chelators on cell number and clonogenic of CD34 cells initiated cultures. Cord blood-derived CD34 cells were plated in liquid cultures in the presence of FL - 20ng/ml, SCF - 20ng/ml, IL-3 - 20ng/ml, IL-6 - 20ng/ml, and either TEPA - 10 μM, captopril (CAP) - 10 μM or Penicillamine (PEN) - 10 μM, as indicated. On day 7, cells were counted and culture aliquots equivalent to 1 x 10- initiating cells were plated in semi-solid medium. The bars present the total cell number (xlO^/ml) on day 7 and the number of colonies per plate 14 days following cloning. FIG. 8 shows the effect of Copper on the clonogenic potential and total cell number of CD34 cells. Cord blood-derived CD34 cells were plated in liquid cultures in the presence of cytokines: FL - lOng/ml, SCF - lOng/ml, IL-3 - lOng/ml, IL-6 - lOng/ml. Cultures were supplemented with Copper-sulfate - 5μ M and TEPA - 20μM, as indicated. On day 7, cells were counted (down) and aliquots equivalent to 1 x 10- initiating cells were plated in semi-solid medium. Colonies were scored after 14 days (up). FIG. 9 shows the effect of ions on the clonogenic potential of cultured CD34 cells. Cord blood-derived CD34 cells were plated in liquid cultures in the presence of FL - lOng/ml, SCF - lOng/ml, IL-3 - lOng/ml, IL-6 - lOng/ml, and either with or without TEPA - 10 μM. The cultures were supplemented with Copper-sulfate - 5mM, sodium selenite - 5mM or iron-saturated transferrin 0.3 10 mg/ml, as indicated. On day 7, culture aliquots equivalent to 1 x 10^ initiating cells were plated in semi-solid medium. Colonies were scored after 14 days. FIG. 10 shows the effect of Zinc on the proliferative potential of CD34 cells. Cord blood-derived CD34 cells were plated in liquid cultures in the presence of FL - lOng/ml, SCF - lOng/ml, IL-3 - lOng/ml, IL-6 - lOng/ml, and either TEPA - 10 μM or Zinc-sulfate - 5mM or both. On day 7, aliquots equivalent to 1 x 10^ initiating cells were plated in semi-solid medium. Colonies were scored after 14 days. FIGs. l la-c show the effect of TEPA on long-term CD34 cultures. Cultures were initiated with 10 * 4 cord blood-derived CD34 cells by plating purified cells in liquid medium in the presence of SCF, FLT3 and IL-6 (50ng/ml each) and IL-3 (20ng/ml) with or without TEPA (lOμM). At weekly intervals, the cultures were demi-depopulated by removal of half the cells followed by addition of fresh medium, cytokines and TEPA. At the indicated weeks, cells were counted and assayed for colony forming cells (CFUc) by cloning in semi- solid medium. CFUc frequency was calculated as number of CFUc per number of cells. Cloning of purified CD34 cells on day 1 yielded 2.5x10-* CFUc per 10 * 4 initiating cells. * denotes that no colonies developed. FIGs. 12-14 show the effect of TEPA on cell proliferation, CFUc and CFUc frequency in the presence of different combination of early cytokines. Cord blood-derived CD34 cells were cultured as detailed in Figures l la-c in liquid medium in the presence of SCF, FLT3 and IL-6 (SCF, FLT, 11-6), each at 50ng/ml, with or without TEPA (lOμM). In addition, cultures were supplemented with either IL- 3 (20ng/ml), TPO (50ng/ml) or both, as indicated. At weekly intervals, the cultures were demi-depopulated and supplemented with fresh medium, cytokines and TEPA. At the indicated weeks, the cells were counted (Figure 12), assayed for CFUc (Figure 13) and the CFUc frequency calculated (Figure 4). * denotes that no colonies developed. FIG. 15 shows the effect of G-CSF and GM-CSF on CFUc frequency of control and TEPA-supplemented CD34 cultures. Cord blood-derived CD34 cells were cultured as detailed in Figures l la-c. After one week, half of the control and TEPA cultures were supplemented with the late-acting cytokines G-CSF and GM-CSF (lOng/ml each). At weekly intervals, the cultures were demi- depopulated and supplemented with fresh medium, cytokines and TEPA. At weeks 3, 4 and 5, cells were counted, assayed for CFUc and CFUc frequency calculated. FIGs. 16-17 show the effect of partial or complete medium + TEPA change on long-term cell proliferation and CFUc production. Cord blood-derived 11 CD34 cells were cultured as detailed in Figures l la-c. At weekly intervals, the cultures were demi-depopulated and supplemented with fresh medium, cytokines and TEPA. At weekly intervals, half of the culture content (cells and supernatant) was removed and replaced by fresh medium, cytokines with or without TEPA (partial change). Alternatively, the whole content of the culture was harvested, centrifuged, the supernatant and half of the cells discarded and the remaining cells recultured in fresh medium, cytokines with or without TEPA (complete change). At the indicated weeks the number of cells (Figure 16) and CFUc (Figure 17) were determined. FIG. 18 show the effect of TEPA on CD34 cell expansion. Cord blood- derived CD34 cells were cultured as detailed in Figures 1 la-c. At weeks 1, 2 and 3, CD34 + cells were enumerated by flow cytometry. * denotes that no colonies developed. FIG. 19 shows the effect of delayed addition of TEPA on CFUc frequency. Cord blood-derived CD34 cells were cultured as detailed in Figures l la-c. TEPA (lOμM) was added at the initiation of the cultures (day 1) or 6 days later. At weekly intervals, the cultures were demi-depopulated and supplemented with fresh medium, cytokines and TEPA. At weeks 3, 4 and 5, cells were counted, assayed for CFUc and the CFUc frequency was calculated. FIG. 20 show the effect of short-term preincubation with a single cytokine on long-term CFUc production. Cord blood-derived CD34 cells were cultured as detailed in Figures l la-c. Cultures were supplemented on day 1 with or without TEPA (10 μM) and with SCF, FLT3, IL-6, (50ng/ml each) and IL-3 (20ng/ml). Alternatively, cultures were supplemented on day 1 with TEPA (10 μM) and FLT3 (50 ng/ml) as a single cytokine. SCF, IL-6 (50ng/ml each) and IL-3 (20ng/ml) were added to these cultures at day2. At weekly intervals, the cultures were demi-depopulated and supplemented with fresh medium, cytokines and TEPA. At the indicated weeks cells were assayed for CFUc. FIGs. 21a-b show the effect of polyamine chelating agents on CD34 cell cultures. Cord blood-derived CD34 cells were cultured as detailed in Figures l la-c. The polyamine chelating agents tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA), penta- ethylenehexamine (PEHA), ethylenediamine (EDA) or triethylene-tetramine (TETA) were added, at different concentrations. At weekly intervals, the cultures were demi-depopulated and supplemented with fresh medium, cytokines and chelators. At weeks 3, 4, 6 and 7, cells were counted and assayed for CFUc. The results presented are for concentrations with optimal activity: TEPA - 40 μM, PEHA - 40 μM, EDA - 20 μM and TETA - 20μM. 12 FIGs. 22a-b show the effect of transition metal chelating agents on CD34 cell cultures. Cord blood-derived CD34 cells were cultured as detailed in Figures l la-c. The chelators Captopril (CAP), Penicilamine (PEN) and TEPA were added, at different concentrations. At weekly intervals, the cultures were demi- depopulated and supplemented with fresh medium, cytokines and chelators. At the weeks 4, 5 and 7, cells were counted and assayed for CFUc. The results presented are for concentrations with optimal activity: TEPA - 10 μM, PEN - 5 μ M and CAP - 40 μM. FIGs. 23a-b show the effect of Zinc on CD34 cell cultures. Cord blood- derived CD34 cells were cultured as detailed in Figures l la-c. Zinc (Zn) was added, at different concentrations, on day 1. At weekly intervals, the cultures were demi-depopulated and supplemented with fresh medium, cytokines and Zn. At the weeks 4, 5 and 7, cells were counted and assayed for CFUc. FIG. 24 shows the effect of TEPA on peripheral blood derived CD34 cell cultures. Peripheral blood-derived CD34 cells were cultured as detailed in Figures l la-c. Cultures were supplemented with or without TEPA. At weekly intervals, the cultures were demi-depopulated and supplemented with fresh medium and TEPA. At weeks 1 and 4, and, cells were assayed for CFUc. * denotes that no colonies developed. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The present invention is of a method of controlling proliferation and differentiation of stem and progenitor cells which can be used to provide a therapeutical ex vivo cultured cell preparation which includes a large population of cells, in which differentiation was inhibited while expansion propagated. Specifically, the present invention can be used to provide stem cells, as well as progenitor cells, for hematopoietic cell transplantations, stem cells suitable for genetic manipulations, which may be used for gene therapy, and new treatment means for diseases, such as, but not limited to, β-hemoglobinopathia. The present invention relates to a method of controlling proliferation and differentiation of stem and progenitor cells. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method of imposing proliferation yet restricting differentiation of stem and progenitor cells by modifying the availability of transition metals, Copper in particular. The principles and operation of a method according to the present invention may be better understood with reference to the drawings and accompanying descriptions and examples. 13 Before explaining at least one embodiment of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of the components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments or of being practiced or carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. In the course of the present study it was found that a series of chemical agents that bind (chelate) Copper and other transition metals, or that interfere with Copper metabolism can reversibly inhibit (delay) the process of differentiation of stem cells as well as intermediate and late progenitor cells and thereby stimulate and prolong the phase of active cell proliferation. This newly discovered effect of transition metal depletion was utilized for maximizing the ex vivo expansion of various types of hemopoietic cells. Such ex vivo expanded cells can be applied in several clinical situations. The following lists few. Hemopoietic cell transplantation: Transplantation of hemopoietic cells has become the treatment of choice for a variety of inherited or malignant diseases. While early transplantation procedures utilized the entire bone marrow (BM) population, recently, more defined populations, enriched for stem cells (CD34 + cells) have been used (1). In addition to the marrow, such cells could be derived from other sources such as peripheral blood (PB) and neonatal umbilical cord blood (CB) (2). Compared to BM, transplantation with PB cells shortens the period of pancytopenia and reduces the risks of infection and bleeding (3-5). An additional advantage of using PB for transplantation is its accessibility. The limiting factor for PB transplantation is the low number of circulating pluripotent stem/progenitor cells. To obtain enough PB-derived stem cells for transplantation, these cells are "harvested" by repeated leukapheresis following their mobilization from the marrow into the circulation by treatment with chemotherapy and cytokines (3-4). Such treatment is obviously not suitable for normal donors. The use of ex vivo expended stem cells for transplantation has the following advantages (2, 6-7). It reduces the volume of blood required for reconstitution of an adult hemopoietic system and may obviate the need for mobilization and leukapheresis (3). 14 It enables storage of small number of PB or CB stem cells for potential future use. In the case of autologous transplantation of patients with malignancies, contaminating tumor cells in autologous infusion often contribute to the recurrence of the disease (3). Selecting and expanding CD34+ stem cells will reduce the load of tumor cells in the final transplant. The cultures provide a significant depletion of T lymphocytes, which may be useful in the allogeneic transplant setting for reducing graft-versus-host disease. Clinical studies have indicated that transplantation of ex vivo expanded cells derived from a small number of PB CD34 "1" cells can restore hemopoiesis in patients treated with high doses of chemotherapy, although the results do not allow yet firm conclusion about the long term in vivo hemopoietic capabilities of these cultured cells (3-4). For successful transplantation, shortening of the duration of the cytopenic phase, as well as long-term engraftment, is crucial. Inclusion of intermediate and late progenitor cells in the transplant could accelerate the production of donor- derived mature cells and shortens the cytopenic phase. It is important, therefore, that ex vivo expanded cells will include, in addition to stem cells, more differentiated progenitors in order to optimize short-term recovery and long term restoration of hemopoiesis. Expansion of intermediate and late progenitor cells, especially those committed to the neutrophilic and megakayocytic lineages, concomitant with expansion of stem cells, should serve this purpose (8). Such cultures may be useful not only in restoring hematopoiesis in completely bone marrow ablated patients but also as supportive measure for shortening bone marrow recovery following conventional radio- or chemotherapies. Prenatal diagnosis of genetic defects in scarce cells: Prenatal diagnosis involved the collection of embryonic cells from a pregnant woman and analysis thereof for genetic defects. A preferred, non-invasive, way of collecting embryonic cells involves separation of embryonic nucleated red blood cell precursors that infiltrated into the maternal blood circulation. However, being very scarce, such cells should undergo cell expansion prior to analysis. The present invention therefore offers means to expand embryonic cells for prenatal diagnosis. Gene Therapy: For a successful long-term gene therapy a high frequency of transduced stem cells that have integrated the transgene into their genome is an obligatory requirement. In the BM tissue, while the majority of the cells are 15 cycling progenitors and precursors, the stem cells constitute only a small fraction of the cell population and most of them are in a quiescent, non-cycling state. Viral-based (e.g., retroviral) vectors require active cell division for integration of the transgene into the host genome. For these reasons gene transfer into fresh BM stem cells is very inefficient. The ability to expand a purified population of stem cells and to regulate their cell division ex vivo would permit increased probability of their transduction (9). Adoptive Immunotherapy: Ex vtvo-expanded, defined lymphoid subpopulations have been studied and used for adoptive immunotherapy of various malignancies, immunodeficiency, viral and genetic diseases (10-12). The treatment enhances the required immune response or replaces deficient functions. This approach was pioneered clinically by Rosenberg et al. (13) using a large number of autologous ex vivo expanded non-specific killer T cells, and subsequently ex vivo expanded specific tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. It was also shown that functionally active antigen-presenting cells can be grown from a starting population of CD34 + PB cells in cytokine-supported cultures. These cells can present soluble protein antigens to autologous T cells in vitro and, thus, offer new prospects for the immunotherapy of minimal residual disease after high dose chemotherapy. Ex vivo expansion of antigen-presenting dendritic cells was also studied (14-16). Ex vivo expansion of non-hemopoietic stem and progenitor cells: For example, ex vivo expansion of neural stem cells or oligodendrocyte progenitors. Myelin disorders form an important group of human neurological diseases that are as yet incurable. Progress in animal models, particularly in transplanting cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage, has resulted in significant focal remyelination and physiological evidence of restoration of function (36). Future therapies could involve both transplantation and promotion of endogenous repair, and the two approaches could be combined with ex vivo manipulation of the donor tissue. U.S. Pat. No. 5,486,359 teaches isolated human mesenchymal stem cells which can differentiate into more than one tissue type (e.g. bone, cartilage, muscle or marrow stroma) and a method for isolating, purifying, and culturally expanding human mesenchymal stem cells. U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,396 teaches methods for in vitro or ex vivo lineage- directed induction of isolated, culture expanded human mesenchymal stem cells comprising the steps of contacting the mesenchymal stem cells with a bioactive factor effective to induce differentiation thereof into a lineage of choice. Further disclosed is a method which also includes introducing such culturally expanded 16 lineage-induced mesenchymal stem cells into a host from which they have originated for purposes of mesenchymal tissue regeneration or repair. U.S. Pat. No. 4,642,120 teaches compositions for repairing defects of cartilage and bones. These are provided in gel form either as such, or embedded in natural or artificial bones. The gel comprises certain types of cells. These may be committed embryonal chondocytes or any kind of mesenchyme originated cells which potentially can be converted to cartilage cells, generally by the influence of chondrogenic inducing factors, in combination with fibrinogen, antiprotease and thrombin. U.S. Pat. No. 5,654,186 teaches that blood-borne mesenchymal cells proliferate in culture, and in vivo, as demonstrated in animal models, are capable of migrating into wound sites from the blood to form skin. U.S. Pat. No. 5,716,411 teaches to a method of skin regeneration of a wound or burn in an animal or human. This method comprises the steps of initially covering the wound with a collagen glycosaminoglycan matrix, allowing infiltration of the grafted GC matrix by mesenchymal cells and blood vessels from healthy underlying tissue and applying a cultured epithelial autograft sheet grown from epidermal cells taken from the animal or human at a wound-free site on the animal's or human's body surface. The resulting graft has excellent take rates and has the appearance, growth, maturation and differentiation of normal skin. U.S. Pat. No. 5,716,616 teaches methods of treating patients who are suffering from a disease, disorder or condition characterized by a bone cartilage or lung defects. The methods comprising the step of intravenous administration of stromal cells isolated from normal syngeneic individuals or intravenous administration of stromal cells isolated from the patient subsequent to correction of the genetic defect in the isolated cells. Methods of introducing genes into a recipient individual are also disclosed. The methods comprise the steps of obtaining a bone marrow sample from either the recipient individual or a matched syngeneic donor, isolating adherent cells from the sample, transfecting the adherent cells that were isolated from the recipient or a matched syngeneic donor with a gene and administering the transfected adherent cells to the recipient individual intravenously. Compositions that comprise isolated stromal cells that include exogenous genes operably linked to regulatory sequences are disclosed. In each of the above examples, non-hemopoietic stem and progenitor cells are used as an external source of cells for replenishing missing or damaged cells of an organ. Such use requires cell expansion prior to differentiation in order to first obtain the required cell mass. It is in this step where the method of the 17 present invention can become highly effective and useful while implementing any of the methods disclosed in the above U.S. patents. Additional examples for both ex vivo and in vivo applications: skin regeneration, hepatic regeneration, muscle regeneration and bone growth in osteoporosis. Mobilization of bone marrow ste cells into the peripheral blood (peripheralization) : The discovery of the effect of transition metal chelators could also be applied in vivo. As mentioned above, PB-derived stem cells for transplantation are "harvested" by repeated leukapheresis following their mobilization from the marrow into the circulation by treatment with chemotherapy and cytokines (3-4). The use of chemotherapy is, of course, not suitable for normal donors. Administration of transition metal chelators, such as TEPA, into the donor could increase the marrow stem cell pool, which is then mobilized into the periphery by endogenous or injected G-CSF. Leukemia: Unlike normal hematopoiesis, in leukemia, the processes of proliferation and differentiation are uncoupled; the malignant cells are unable to differentiate and consequently maintain continuous proliferation ability. Understanding of the molecular events driving the uncoupling of the proliferation and differentiation processes of normal progenitors following transition metals depletion, in particular Copper, may shed light on the cellular processes involved in the development of leukemia. Stimulation of fetal hemoglobin production: Increased fetal hemoglobin has been shown to ameliorate the clinical symptoms in patients with β- hemoglobinopathies such as sickle cell anemia and β-thalassemia (38). Fetal hemoglobin, which normally comprises about 1 % of the total hemoglobin, becomes elevated in accelerated erythropoiesis (e.g., following acute hemolysis or hemorrhage or administration of erythropoietin) (35). It has been suggested that this phenomenon is associated with acceleration of the maturation/differentiation process of the erythroid precursors (37). Administration of transition metal chelators such as TEPA to patients with β -hemoglobinopathies might first increase and synchronize their early erythroid progenitor pool (by blocking differentiation). Following cessation of administration of the drug and its removal from the body, this early population then might undergo accelerated maturation which may result in elevated production of fetal hemoglobin. Thus, according to the present invention there is provided a method of expanding a population of cells, while at the same time inhibiting differentiation 18 of the cells. The method includes the step of providing the cells with conditions for cell proliferation and, at the same time, reducing a capacity of the cells in utilizing transition metals, such as Copper. Reducing the capacity of the cells in utilizing transition metals may be effected, for example, either by depletion thereof (e.g., via suitable chelators) or by interference in their metabolism (e.g., via addition of Zinc ions). As used herein the term "inhibiting" refers to slowing, decreasing, delaying, preventing or abolishing. As used herein the term "differentiation" refers to change from relatively generalized to specialized kinds during development. Cell differentiation of various cell lineages is a well documented process and requires no further description herein. According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention the cells to be expanded are present in vivo. In this case the conditions for cell proliferation are naturally provided. Whereas, reducing the capacity of the cells in utilizing transition metals, such as, but not limited to, Copper is effected by administering a transition metal, e.g., Copper, chelator, Zinc ions, or both. Administration of the transition metal chelator and/or Zinc ions may be by a pharmaceutical composition including same, which may further include thickeners, carriers, buffers, diluents, surface active agents, preservatives, and the like, all as well known in the art. The pharmaceutical composition may be administered in either one or more of ways depending on whether local or systemic treatment is of choice, and on the area to be treated. Administration may be done topically (including ophtalmically, vaginally, rectally, intranasally), orally, by inhalation, or parenterally, for example by intravenous drip or intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intramuscular or intravenous injection. Formulations for topical administration may include but are not limited to lotions, ointments, gels, creams, suppositories, drops, liquids, sprays and powders. Conventional pharmaceutical carriers, aqueous, powder or oily bases, thickeners and the like may be necessary or desirable. Compositions for oral administration include powders or granules, suspensions or solutions in water or non-aqueous media, sachets, capsules or tablets. Thickeners, diluents, flavorings, dispersing aids, emulsifiers or binders may be desirable. Formulations for parenteral administration may include but are not limited to sterile solutions which may also contain buffers, diluents and other suitable additives. 19 Dosing is dependent on severity and responsiveness of the condition to be treated, but will normally be one or more doses per day, with course of treatment lasting from several days to several months or until a cure is effected or a diminution of disease state is achieved. Persons ordinarily skilled in the art can easily determine optimum dosages, dosing methodologies and repetition rates. Slow release administration regime may be advantageous in some applications. According to another preferred embodiment of the present invention the cells to be expanded are present ex vivo. As used herein the term "ex vivo" refers to cells removed from a living organism and are propagated outside the organism (e.g., in a test tube). As used herein, the term "ex vivo", however, does not refer to cells known to propagate only in vitro, such as various cell lines (e.g., HL-60, HeLa, etc.). Providing the ex vivo grown cells with the conditions for cell proliferation include providing the cells with nutrients and preferably with one or more cytokines. Again, reducing the capacity of the cells in utilizing transition metals, such as Copper is effected by a suitable transition metal chelator and/or Zinc ions. Final concentrations of the chelator and/or Zinc ions may be, depending on the specific application, in the micromolar or milimolar ranges. For example, within about 0.1 μM to about 100 mM, preferably within about 4 μM to about 50 mM, more preferably within about 5 μM to about 40 mM. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention the chelator is a polyamine chelating agent, such as, but not limited to ethylendiamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, triethylenediamine, tetraethylenepentamine, aminoethylethanolamine, aminoethylpiperazine, pentaethylenehexamine, triethylenetetramine-hydrochloride, tetraethylenepentamine-hydrochloride, pentaethylenehexamine-hydrochloride, tetraethylpentamine, captopril or penicilamine, preferably tetraethylpentamine. The chelator may also be a suitable peptide having a transition metal binding motif. The above listed chelators are known in their high affinity towards Copper ions. However, these chelators have a substantial affinity also towards other transition metals (39). The latter is incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. According to another preferred embodiment of the invention the cytokines are early acting cytokines, such as, but not limited to, stem cell factor, FLT3 ligand, interleukin-6, thrombopoietin and interleukin-3, and/or late acting cytokines, such as, but not limited to, granulocyte colony stimulating factor, granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor and erythropoietin. 20 The cells may be of any cell lineage including, but not limited to, hematopoietic cells, neural cells, oligodendrocyte cells, skin cells, hepatic cells, muscle cells, bone cells, mesenchymal cells, pancreatic cells, chondrocytes and stroma cells. Depending on the application, hematopoietic cells may be obtained for ex vivo expansion according to the method of the present invention from bone marrow, peripheral blood, or neonatal umbilical cord blood. Preferably, the hematopoietic cells are enriched for hemopoietic CD34+ cells (i.e., stem cells). Enriching the fraction of stem cells may be effected by cell sorting, as well known in the art. The cells expanded according to the present invention may be either non- differentiated stem cells or committed progenitor cells. Stem cells are known for many cell lineages. These cells are characterized by being the most undifferentiated cells of the lineage. Progenitor cells, on the other hand, are more differentiated, as they are already committed to a differentiation path within the cell lineage. Further according to the present invention there is provided a method of hemopoietic cells transplantation. The method includes the following steps. First, hemopoietic cells to be transplanted are obtained from a donor. Second, the cells are provided ex vivo with conditions for cell proliferation and, at the same time, reducing a capacity of the cells in utilizing transition metals, Copper in particular, thereby expanding a population of the cells, while at the same time, inhibiting differentiation of the cells. Finally, the cells are transplanted to a patient. In a case of an autologous transplantation the donor and the patient are a single individual. The cells may be obtained from peripheral blood, bone marrow or neonatal umbilical cord blood. They are preferably enriched for stem cells or for progenitor cells (e.g., by cell sorting). Further according to the present invention there is provided a method of transducing (transfecting, transforming) stem cells with an exogene (transgene). The method includes the following steps. First, stem cells to be transduced are obtained. Second, the cells are provided ex vivo with conditions for cell proliferation and, at the same time, for reducing a capacity of the cells in utilizing transition metals, Copper in particular, thereby expanding a population of the cells, while at the same time, inhibiting differentiation of the cells. Third, the cells are transduced with the exogene. Transduction methods are well known in the art and require no further description herein. Examples of transduction protocols are found in many laboratory manuals including Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E.F., Maniatis, T. (1989) Molecular Cloning. A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring 21 Harbor Laboratory Press, New York. Transduction is preferably effected by a vector including the exogene. Further according to the present invention there is provided a method of adoptive immunotherapy. The method includes the following steps. First, progenitor hemopoietic cells from a patient are obtained. Second, the cells are provided ex vivo with conditions for cell proliferation and, at the same time, for reducing a capacity of the cells in utilizing transition metals, Copper in particular, thereby expanding a population of the cells, while at the same time, inhibiting differentiation of the cells. Finally, the cells are transplanted into the patient. Further according to the present invention there is provided a method of mobilization of bone marrow stem cells into the peripheral blood of a donor for harvesting the cells. The method includes the following steps. First, the donor is administered with an agent for reducing a capacity of the cells in utilizing transition metals, Copper in particular, thereby expanding a population of stem cells, while at the same time, inhibiting differentiation of the stem cells. Second, the cells are harvested by leukapheresis. Administering the donor a cytokine (early and/or late acting cytokine) is preferred to enhance mobilization. The agent is preferably a transition metal chelator and/or Zinc ions. Further according to the present invention there is provided a method of decelerating maturation/differentiation of erythroid precursor cells for the treatment of β-hemoglobinopathic patients. The method includes the step of administering to the patient an agent for reducing a capacity of the cells in utilizing transition metals, Copper in particular, thereby expanding a population of stem cells, while at the same time, inhibiting differentiation of the stem cells, such that upon natural removal of the agent from the body, the stem cells undergo accelerated maturation resulting in elevated production of fetal hemoglobin. Further according to the present invention there is provided a therapeutical ex vivo cultured cell preparation. The preparation includes ex vivo cells propagated in presence of an agent for reducing a capacity of the cells in utilizing transition metals, Copper in particular, thereby expanding a population of the cells, while at the same time, inhibiting differentiation of the cells. Reference is now made to the following examples, which together with the above descriptions, illustrate the invention in a non limiting fashion. 22 EXAMPLE 1 Experimental Procedures CD34 cells selection: Peripheral blood "buffy coat" cells derived from a whole blood unit, peripheral blood cells obtained following leukapheresis, or cord blood cells were layered on Ficoll-Hypaque (density 1.077 g/ml) and centrifuged at 1,000 x g for 20 min. at room temperature. The interphase layer of mononuclear cells were collected, washed three times with Ca/Mg free phosphate buffered saline containing 1 % bovine serum albumin (BSA). The cells were incubated for 30 min. at 4 °C with murine monoclonal anti CD34 antibody (0.5 μ g/lθ6 mononuclear cells) and thereafter isolated using the miniMACS apparatus (Miltenyi-Biotec, Bergisch, Gladbach, Germany) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Culture procedures: For the expansion of progenitor cells, CD34+ enriched fractions or unseparated mononuclear cells were seeded at about 1- 3x10 * 4 cells/ml in either alpha minimal essential medium containing 10 % preselected fetal calf serum (FCS) (both from GIBCO, Grand Island, NY), or serum-free medium (Progenitor-34 medium, Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY). The media were supplemented with a mixture of growth factors and transition metal chelators. The cultures were incubated at 37 °C in an atmosphere of 5 % CO2 in air with extra humidity. Half of the medium was changed weekly with fresh medium containing all the supplements. Cloning potential evaluations: The cloning potential of cells developed in the liquid culture was assayed, at different intervals, in semi-solid medium. The cells were washed and seeded in 35 mm dishes in methylcellulose containing alpha medium supplemented with recombinant growth factors (SCF, G-CSF, GM-CSF and EPO). Following 2 weeks incubation, the cultures were scored with an inverted microscope. Colonies were classified as blast, mixed, erythroid, myeloid, and megakaryocytic, according to their cellular composition. Morphological assessment: In order to characterize the resulting culture populations, aliquots of cells were deposited on a glass slide (cytocentrifuge, Shandon, Runcorn, UK), fixed and stained in May-Grunwald Giemsa. Other aliquots were stained by benzidine for intracellular hemoglobin. Immunofluorescence staining: At different intervals, cells from the liquid cultures were assayed for CD34 antigen. Aliquots were harvested, washed and incubated on ice with FITC-labeled anti CD45 monoclonal antibody and either PE-labeled anti CD34 (HPCA-2) monoclonal antibody or PE-labeled control mouse Ig. After incubation, red cells were lysed with lysing solution, while the remaining cells were washed and analyzed by flow cytometer. 23 Flow cytometry: Cells were analyzed and sorted using FACStarpl us flow cytometer (Becton-Dickinson, Immunofluorometry systems, Mountain View, CA). Cells were passed at a rate of 1,000 cells/second through a 70 mm nozzle, using saline as the sheath fluid. A 488 nm argon laser beam at 250 mW served as the light source for excitation. Green (FITC-derived) fluorescence was measured using a 530±30 nm band-pass filter and red (PE-derived) fluorescence - using a 575±26 nm band filter. The PMTs was set at the appropriate voltage. Logarithmic amplification was applied for measurements of fluorescence and linear amplification - for forward light scatter. At least 10 * 4 cells were analyzed. EXAMPLE 2 Experimental Results In an effort to develop culture conditions which stimulate proliferation and inhibit differentiation of hemopoietic progenitor cells, CD34 + cells were cultured with the following supplements: Transition metal chelators such as - tetraethylpentamine (TEPA), captopril (CAP) penicilamine (PEN) or other chelators or ions such as Zinc which interfere with transition metal metabolism; Early-acting cytokines - stem cell factor (SCF), FLT3 ligand (FL), interleukin-6 (IL-6), thrombopoietin (TPO) and interleukin-3 (IL-3); Late-acting cytokines - granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and erythropoietin (EPO). TEPA effects on proliferation and clonahility of short term CD3J+ cultures: Addition of TEPA to CD34 + cells cultured with low doses of early- acting cytokines resulted in a significant increase in total cell number, in the number of CD34 + cells (measured by flow cytometry utilizing fluorescence labeled specific antibodies, Figure 2) and in cell clonability (measured by plating culture aliquots in semi-solid medium and scoring colonies that develop two weeks later, Figure 1), compared to cultures supplemented only with cytokines. The colonies which developed in semi-solid medium in the presence of TEPA were of myeloid, erythroid and mixed phenotype. The effects of TEPA were further assessed in cultures supplemented with either high doses of early cytokines (Table 1) or with a combination of early- and late-acting cytokines (Figure 3). The results indicated that TEPA significantly increased the clonability and the percentage of CD34 + cells in these cultures. As for total cell number it was increased by TEPA in cultures supplemented with 24 early cytokines (Table 1 ; Figure 2), whereas in cultures supplemented with both early and late cytokines, TEPA caused a marginal inhibition (Figure 3). TABLE 1 The short-term effect of TEPA on CD 34 cells TEPA 11-3 Cells/ml CD34 cells Colonies CFU (xlO 4 ) (%) (Per 1x103 expansion initiating cells) (fold) - - 1 1 16 0.3 + - 2 11.5 140 2.8 - + 5 5 165 3.3 + + 11 20 850 17 Cord blood-derived CD34 cells were plated in liquid culture in the presence of: FL - 50ng/ml, SCF - 50ng/ml, IL-6 - 50ng/ml, with or without IL-3 - 20ng/ml, with or without TEPA - 10 μM. On day 7, the percentage of CD34 cells and the total cell number were determined. Aliquots equivalent to lxl 0^ initiating cells were assayed on days 0 and 7 for colony forming cells (CFU) by cloning in semi-solid medium. CFU expansion represents the ratio of CFU present on day 7 to CFU present on day 0. TEPA effects on proliferation and clonability of long-term CDr^ cultures: Long-term cultures were maintained for 3-5 weeks by weekly demi- depopulation (one half of the culture volume was removed and replaced by fresh medium and cytokines). Addition of TEPA resulted in a higher clonability in long-term cultures supplemented with either early cytokines (Figure 4) or both early and late cytokines (Figure 3), as compared to cultures supplemented only with cytokines. After three weeks in culture, there was a sharp decrease in clonability in cultures supplemented only with cytokines, whereas cultures treated with TEPA in combination with cytokines maintained high clonability, which was even higher than that of short-term cultures. The effect of TEPA on the maturation of hematopoietic cells: The effect of TEPA on the maturation of hematopoietic cells was tested on several models: 25 Mouse erythroleukemic cells (MEL): MEL cells are erythroblast like cells. Following treatment with several chemicals (differentiation inducers) the cells undergo erythroid differentiation and accumulate hemoglobin. MEL cells were cultured in the presence of the differentiation inducer hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA) and the chelators TEPA or Captopril. At day 3 of the culture, the total number of cells and the percentage of hemoglobin-containing cells were determined (Table 2). The results indicated that both TEPA and captopril inhibited the HMBA-induced differentiation of MEL cells. Human erythroid cell cultures: Normal human erythroid cells were grown according to the two-phase liquid culture procedure, essentially as described in references 23-26. In the first phase, peripheral blood mononuclear cells were incubated in the presence of early growth factors for 5-7 days. In the second phase, these factors were replaced by the erythroid specific proliferation/differentiation factor, erythropoietin. The cultures were supplemented with TEPA at the initiation of the second phase. The total cell number and the percentage of hemoglobin-containing cells were determined after 14 days. The results (Figure 5) showed that in the presence of TEPA there was a sharp decrease in hemoglobin-containing cells, while the total number of cells decreased only slightly. These results suggest that TEPA inhibits erythroid differentiation, but does not significantly affect the proliferation ability of the progenitor cells. TABLE 2 The effect of TEPA and captopril on growth and differentiation of erythroleukemia cells Cells/ml (xlO 4 ) Benzidine Positive Cells (%) Control 31 <1 HMBA 32 - 46 HMBA + TEPA 5 μM 35 24 HMBA + TEPA 10 μM 35 16 HMBA + TEPA 20 μM 47 16 HMBA + Captopril 20 μM 34 29 HMBA + Captopril 40 μM 34 12 26 Murine erythroleukemia cells (MEL), were cultured in liquid medium supplemented with the differentiation inducer - hexamethylene-bisacetamide (HMBA, 4 mM), with or without different concentrations of TEPA or captopril. On day 3, total cell number and hemoglobin containing (benzidine positive) cells were determined. CD3 1+ initiated cultures: Long term liquid cultures initiated with CD34+ cells were maintain with different cocktails of cytokines. Half of the cultures were continuously supplemented with TEPA. In order to test the status of cell differentiation, cytospin preparation were stained with May-Grunwald Giemsa (Figures 6a-d). The results showed that cultures which were maintained for 4-5 weeks without TEPA contained only fully differentiated cells, while with TEPA the cultures contained, in addition to fully differentiated cells, a subset of 10 % - 40 % of undifferentiated blast-like cells. These results strongly suggest that TEPA induces a delay in CD34 + cell differentiation which results in prolonged proliferation and accumulation of early progenitor cells in long-term ex vivo cultures. TEPA 's mechanism of activity: In order to determine whether TEPA affects CD34 + cells via depletion of transition metals, such as Copper, two approaches were taken. The first was to assess the effect of different transition metal chelators: tetra-ethylpentamine (TEPA), captopril (CAP) or penicilamine (PEN). The results demonstrated that all these compounds share the same effects on CD34 + cells as TEPA (Figure 7). The second approach was to supplement TEPA-treated cultures with Copper. The results indicated that TEPA activities were reversed by Copper (Figure 8), while supplementation with other ions, such as iron and selenium, did not (Figure 9), at least in the short to medium term cultures employed herein. Zinc, which is known to interfere with transition metal metabolism, e.g., with Copper metabolism, expand the clonability of the cultures by itself. This effect was even more pronounced in the presence of both Zinc and TEPA (Figure 10). In the above examples it is demonstrated that by supplementing CD34 cell cultures with early-acting cytokines and the polyamine agent tetraethylenepentamme (TEPA), for example, it is possible to maintain long term cultures (LTC) without the support of stroma. Three phenomena were evident in these cultures: (i) continuos cell proliferation; (2) expansion of clonogenic cells (CFUc); and (iii) maintenance of cells at their undifferentiated status. 27 In contrast, control, TEPA-untreated cultures ceased to proliferate and to generate CFUc and their cells underwent differentiation much earlier. Thus, TEPA and other transition metal chelators sustains long-term cultures by inhibiting/delaying cellular differentiation through chelation of transition metals, Copper in particular. The following Example No. 3 further substantiate the results described hereinabove; teaches optimal culture conditions for long-term cultures, teaches additional chelating agents that affect hemopoietic cell differentiation and sheds more light on the mechanism of activity of TEPA and other chelators on their target cells. EXAMPLE 3 CD34 + cells derived from human neonatal cord blood were purified by immunomagnetic method and then cultured in liquid medium supplemented with cytokines either with or without transition metal chelators. At weekly intervals, the cultures were demi-depopulated by removing half of the culture content (supernatant and cells) and replacing it with fresh medium, cytokines and the chelators. At the indicated weeks the cellular content of the cultures were quantitated for total cells (by a manual microscopic/hemocytometric method), for CD34 + cells (by immuno-flow cytometry) and for clonogenic cells (by cloning the cells in cytokine-supplemented semi-solid medium). The cultures were initiated with lxlO 4 cells, 50-80 % of which were CD34+ and 25-50 % of which were CFUc. The results presented in Figures 11 to 24 were calculated per lxl 0 4 initiating cells (the numbers were multiplied by the dilution factors). Figure 11 shows the effect of TEPA on long-term CD34 cultures. Cultures initiated with CD34 cells in liquid medium supplemented with early- acting cytokines (in the absence of stromal cells) could be maintained by TEPA for a long time (>6 weeks). In such cultures, TEPA supported, in combination with the cytokines, maintenance and expansion of clonogenic cells (CFUc): The cultures were started with 2.5x10^ CFUc. Upon termination after 6 weeks, TEPA-treated cultures contained 300x10^ CFUc, (i.e., a 120-fold expansion) while control cultures contained no CFUc. Figures 12-14 show the effect of TEPA on cell proliferation, CFUc and CFUc frequency in the presence of different combination of early cytokines. The combination of the early-acting cytokines TPO, SCF, FLT, IL-6 and TEPA was found to be the optimal combination for the maintenance and long term expansion of cells with clonogenic potential. 28 Figure 15 shows the effect of G-CSF and GM-CSF on CFUc frequency of control and TEPA-supplemented CD34 cultures. Supplementing the cultures with the late-acting cytokines G-CSF and GM-CSF, which stimulate cell differentiation, resulted in rapid loss of clonogenic cells. This differentiation stimulatory effect is blocked by TEPA. Figures 16-17 show the effect of partial or complete medium + TEPA change on long-term cell proliferation (Figure 16) and CFUc production (Figure 17). The results obtained indicate that for maintaining maximal expansion, TEPA should be completely replaced, at least, at weekly intervals. Figure 19 shows the effect of delayed addition of TEPA on CFUc frequency. It is evident that early exposure of CD34 cells to TEPA was crucial for long-term maintenance and expansion of CFUc, suggesting that TEPA affects differentiation of progenitors at various stages of differentiation. Figure 20 shows the effect of short-term preincubation with a single cytokine on long-term CFUc production. The results indicate that LTC-CFC are more preserved in TEPA-treated cultures when supplemented for the first 24 hours with a single cytokine rather than the full complement of cytokines, suggesting that under the former conditions cells are blocked more efficiently. Figures 21a-b show the effect of polyamine chelating agents on CD34 cell cultures. Polyamine chelating agents sustained cell proliferation and expanded CFUc during long term cultures. Among the compounds tested, the long-chain poly amines, TEPA and PEHA, were found to be more effective than the short- chain poly amines. Figures 22a-b show the effect of transition metal chelating agents on CD34 cell cultures. Penicilamine (PEN) and captopril (CAP), which are known transition metal chelators, sustained cell proliferation and expansion of clonogenic cells during long-term cultures. Figure 23a-b show the effect of Zinc on CD34 cell cultures. Zinc, which is known to interfere with transition metal metabolism, Copper in particular, mimicked the effect of the chelating agents in long term cultures, but to a smaller extent than the chelators themselves. Thus, ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic progenitor cells is limited by the progression of these cells into non-dividing differentiated cells. This differentiation process can be delayed by cultivating the progenitor cells on stroma cell layer. Since the stroma supports continuous cell proliferation and long-term generation of CFUc, it is believed that the stroma inflict an anti differentiation effect on the progenitor cells. 29 We have developed a novel system which sustains continuous cell proliferation and long-term generation of CFUc in stroma-free cultures (Figure 11). The system combines the use of early-acting cytokines, such as stem cell factor (SCF), FLT3, interleukin-6 (IL-6), thrombopoietin (TPO) with or without interleukin-3, and transition metal chelating agents (Figures 12-14). The early cytokines support the survival and proliferation of the progenitors with reduced stimulus for differentiation compared to late-acting cytokines, such as G-CSF and GM-CSF (Figure 15). The chelators inhibit differentiation through chelation of transition metals, Copper in particular. Complete medium change at weekly intervals, as compared to partial change, improved LTC-CFC maintenance, suggesting that the TEPA-transition metal complex, e.g., TEPA-Copper complex, may not be stable (Figures 16-17). Several lines of evidence suggest that TEPA inhibits differentiation of early progenitors (Figure 18). For example, when TEPA addition was delayed until day 6 of the culture its effects were reduced as compared to cultures supplemented with TEPA from day 1 (Figure 19). While optimal results were obtained when TEPA was added on day 1, it was advantageous to add the full complement of cytokines on day 2. Thus, TEPA-treated cultures which were supplemented for one day with only one cytokine, e.g., FLT3, followed by addition of the other cytokines (SCF, TPO and IL-3) were maintained longer than cultures where all the cytokines were added at day 1 (Figure 20). We hypothesize that since cell differentiation is driven by the cytokines and is dependent on Copper and other transition metals, inhibition of differentiation requires depletion thereof prior to exposure to the full complement of cytokines. A single cytokine does not support rapid activation (proliferation and differentiation) but maintains cell viability, thus allowing TEPA to efficiently chelate transition metals in quiescent undifferentiated CD34 cells prior to activation. Following screening, various chelating agents have been found to support continuous cell proliferation and long-term generation of CFUc and to delay cell differentiation. Among them are the polyamines such as, but not limited to, TEPA, EDA, PEHA and TETA (Figures 21a-b) or chelators such as, but not limited to, penicilamine (PEN) and captopril (CAP) (Figures 22a-b). Zinc which interfere with transition metals (Copper in particular) metabolism also supported LTC-CFC (Figures 23a-b). 30 EXAMPLE 4 According to another embodiment of the present invention there is provided a method of preservation of stem cells, such as, but not limited to, cord blood derived stem cells, peripheral blood derived stem cells and bone marrow- derived stem cells. The method is effected by handling the stem cell while being harvested, isolated and/or stored, in a presence of a transition metal chelator, e.g., TEPA. Cord blood-derived cells were collected and stored (unseparated) for 24 hours, at 4 °C, either in the presence or absence of 10 μM TEPA. CD34 + cells were then separated using either 10 μM TEPA-PBS buffer or TEPA free PBS buffer, respectively. Then, cells were grown in long-term cultures in the presence of 10 μM TEPA. The results indicated that cultures which were initiated with cells that were handled in the presence of TEPA expanded for 8 weeks, whereas cultures initiated from cells stored without TEPA stopped expanding after 5 weeks only. It is well known that it takes usually at least several hours between cell collection and either freezing or transplantation. These results indicate that addition of a transition meta chelator, such as TEPA, to the collection bags and the separation and washing buffers increase the yield of stem cells and improve their potential for long-term growth, thus facilitate the short-term take and the long-term repopulation following transplantation of either "fresh", cryopreserved or ex- vivo expanded hemopoietic cells. Thus, further according to the present invention there are provided stem cells collection bags and separation and washing buffers supplemented with an effective amount or concentration of transition metal chelator, which inhibits differentiation. Although the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims. 31 T ST OF REFERENCES CITED 1. Van Epps DE, et al. Harvesting, characterization, and culture of CD34+ cells from human bone marrow, peripheral blood, and cord blood. Blood Cells 20:411, 1994. 2. Emerson SG. Ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic precursors, progenitors, and stem cells: The next generation of cellular therapeuties. Blood 87:3082, 1996. 3. Brugger W, et al. Reconstitution of hematopoiesis after high-dose chematotherapy by autologus progenitor cells generated in vivo. N Engl J Med 333:283, 1995. 4. Williams SF, et al. Selection and expansion of peripheral blood CD34+ cells in autologous stem cell transplantation for breast cancer. Blood 87: 1687, 1996. 5. Zimmerman RM, et al. Large-scale selection of CD34+ peripheral blood progenitors and expansion of neutrophil precursors for clinical applications. 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Claims: 35 WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. A method of expanding a population of cells, while at the same time inhibiting differentiation of the cells, the method comprising the step of providing the cells with conditions for cell proliferation and, at the same time, for reducing a capacity of said cells in utilizing transition metals. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the cells are in vivo, where said conditions for cell proliferation are naturally provided, whereas reducing said capacity of the cells in utilizing transition metals is effected by administering a transition metal chelator. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein reducing said capacity of the cells in utilizing transition metals is further effected by administering Zinc. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the cells are in vivo, where said conditions for cell proliferation are naturally provided, whereas reducing said capacity of the cells in utilizing transition metals is effected by administering Zinc. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein reducing said capacity of the cells in utilizing transition metals is further effected by administering a transition metal chelator. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein reducing said capacity of the cells in utilizing transition metals is effected by a transition metal chelator. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein said transition metal chelator is selected from the group consisting of polyamine chelating agents, ethylendiamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, triethylenediamine, tetraethylenepentamme, aminoethylethanolamine, aminoethylpiperazine, pentaethylenehexamine, triethylenetetramine-hydrochloride, tetraethylenepentamine-hydrochloride, pentaethylenehexamine-hydrochloride, tetraethylpentamine, captopril, penicilamine and transition metal binding peptides. 8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cells are ex vivo. 36 9. The method of claim 8, wherein providing the cells with said conditions for cell proliferation include providing the cells with nutrients and with cytokines. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein said cytokines are early acting cytokines. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein said early acting cytokines are selected from the group consisting of stem cell factor, FLT3 ligand, interleukin-6, thrombopoietin and interleukin-3. 12. The method of claim 9, wherein said cytokines are late acting cytokines. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein said late acting cytokines are selected from the group consisting of granulocyte colony stimulating factor, granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor and erythropoietin. 14. The method of claim 8, wherein said cells are selected from the group consisting of hematopoietic cells, neural cells and oligodendrocyte cells, skin cells, hepatic cells, muscle cells, bone cells, mesenchymal cells, pancreatic cells, chondrocytes and stroma cells. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein said cells are derived from a source selected from the group consisting of bone marrow, peripheral blood and neonatal umbilical cord blood. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein said cells are enriched for hemopoietic CD34+ cells. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein said cells are selected from the group consisting of non-differentiated stem cells and committed progenitor cells. 18. A method of hemopoietic cells transplantation comprising the steps of: (a) obtaining hemopoietic cells to be transplanted from a donor; (b) providing said cells ex vivo with conditions for cell proliferation and, at the same time, for reducing a capacity of said cells in 37 utilizing transition metals, thereby expanding a population of said cells, while at the same time, inhibiting differentiation of said cells; and (c) transplanting said cells to a patient. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein said donor and said patient are a single individual. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein obtaining said hemopoietic cells is from a source selected from the group consisting of peripheral blood, bone marrow and neonatal umbilical cord blood. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein obtaining said hemopoietic cells further includes enriching said cells for stem cells. 22. The method of claim 20, wherein obtaining said hemopoietic cells further includes enriching said cells for progenitor cells. 23. A method of transducing stem cells with an exogene comprising the steps of: (a) obtaining stem cells to be transduced; (b) providing said cells ex vivo with conditions for cell proliferation and, at the same time, for reducing a capacity of said cells in utilizing transition metals, thereby expanding a population of said cells, while at the same time, inhibiting differentiation of said cells; and (c) transducing said cells with the exogene. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein transducing is effected by a vector including the exogene. 25. A method of adoptive immunotherapy comprising the steps of: (a) obtaining progenitor hemopoietic cells from a patient; (b) providing said cells ex vivo with conditions for cell proliferation and, at the same time, for reducing a capacity of said cells in utilizing transition metals, thereby expanding a population of said cells, while at the same time, inhibiting differentiation of said cells; and 38 (c) transplanting said cells to the patient. 26. A method of mobilization of bone marrow stem cells into the peripheral blood of a donor for harvesting the cells comprising the step of: (a) administering to the donor an agent for reducing a capacity of said cells in utilizing transition metals, thereby expanding a population of stem cells, while at the same time, inhibiting differentiation of said stem cells; and (b) harvesting the cells by leukapheresis. 27. The method of claim 26, further comprising the step of administering the donor a cytokine. 28. The method of claim 27, wherein said cytokine is selected from the group consisting of stem cell factor, FLT3 ligand, interleukin-6, thrombopoietin, interleukin-3, granulocyte colony stimulating factor, granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor and erythropoietin. 29. The method of claim 26, wherein said agent is selected from the group consisting of a transition metal chelator and Zinc. 30. A method of decelerating maturation/differentiation of erythroid precursor cells for the treatment of β-hemoglobinopathic patients comprising the step of administering to the patient an agent for reducing a capacity of said cells in utilizing transition metals, thereby expanding a population of stem cells, while at the same time, inhibiting differentiation of said stem cells, such that upon natural removal of said agent from the body, the stem cells undergo accelerated maturation resulting in elevated production of fetal hemoglobin. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein said agent is selected from the group consisting of a transition metal chelator and Zinc. 32. A therapeutical ex vivo cultured cell preparation comprising ex vivo cells propagated in presence of an agent, said agent reducing a capacity of said cells in utilizing transition metals, thereby expanding a population of said cells, while at the same time, inhibiting differentiation of said cells. 39 33. The method of claim 32, wherein said agent is selected from the group consisting of a transition metal chelator and Zinc. 34. A method of preservation of stem cells comprising the step of handling the stem cell in at least one of the steps selected from the group consisting of harvesting, isolation and storage, in a presence of a transition metal chelator. 35. Stem cells collection bags, separation and washing buffers supplemented with an effective amount or concentration of a transition metal chelator, which inhibits cell differentiation.

Inventors: FIBACH EITAN, FRIEDMAN MARK M, PELED TONY, TREVES AVI, FIBACH, EITAN, FRIEDMAN, MARK, M., PELED, TONY, TREVES, AVI
Applicants: FIBACH EITAN, FRIEDMAN MARK M, GAMIDA CELL LTD, HADASIT MED RES SERVICE, PELED TONY, TREVES AVI, FIBACH, EITAN, FRIEDMAN, MARK, M., GAMIDA CELL LTD., HADASIT MEDICAL RESEARCH SERVICES AND DEVELOPMENT, PELED, TONY, TREVES, AVI
Application year: 1999
Main classification: A01N1
IPC codes: A01N1, A61K35, A61K48, A61P43, C12N5, C12N15