PROTEIN INTERACTION AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR TRAP

Abstract: Methods are provided which make use of a combination of gene trap and two-hybrid methodologies for the identification and characterization of unknown genes according to protein-protein interactions of the gene product or for the identification and characterization of unknown genes encoding transcriptional activator domains (AD). Interaction of an exon-encoded protein domain with a known protein, or functioning of the exon-encoded domain as an AD, is detected by reconstituting the activity of a transcriptional activator. Suitable gene trap vectors are also provided.

Description: PROTEIN INTERACTION AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR TRAP Field of Invention This invention relates to the use of gene trapping methods for the identification of genes and two-hybrid methodology for the identification of protein-protein interactions . Background of the Invention Virtually all cellular responses, including growth and differentiation, are stringently controlled by physiological signals in the form of growth factors, hormones, nutrients, and contact with neighbouring cells. These various signals are processed and interpreted by signal transduction mechanisms which ultimately induce the cell to mount an appropriate response. Signalling pathways stimulated by physiological signals involves a network of specific protein-protein interactions which function to transmit the signal to downstream effector molecules that execute the response. Thus, specific interactions between proteins are critical for signal transduction mechanisms as well as regulation of cellular architecture and responses to physiological signals. Given that specific protein-protein interactions are involved in execution of virtually all cellular functions, technologies which simplify and facilitate detection and analysis of specific protein-protein interactions will be valuable for the discovery, design and testing of drugs that target highly specific biological processes. Eukaryotic gene expression is regulated by a class of proteins variously known as transcriptional activators, or enhancer binding proteins and are referred to herein as "transcriptional regulatory proteins". These molecules, bind to specific sequences on DNA within the promoters of genes they regulate, and function by recruiting the general transcriptional initiation complex to the site where - 2 - transcription of DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA) begins. The general eukaryotic transcriptional initiation complex may consist of two large protein complexes represented by transcription factor IID (TFIID) , which contains the TATA-element binding protein that functions to position the general initiation complex at a precise location on the promoter, and the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme, which contains the catalytic function necessary to unwind the double stranded DNA and transcribe a copy of the DNA template into mRNA. Known transcriptional activators are understood to function by forming direct protein-protein interactions with parts of TFIID and/or the RNA polymerase holoenzyme, and catalysing their assembly into an initiation complex at TATA-element of the promoter. Transcriptional regulatory proteins typically possess two functional elements, a site-specific DNA-binding domain and a transcriptional activation domain which can interact with either TFIID or the RNA polymerase holoenzyme. Eukaryotic transcriptional regulatory proteins are typified by the Saccharomyces yeast GAL4 protein, which was one of the first eukaryotic transcriptional activators on which these functional elements were characterized. GAL4 is responsible for regulation of genes which are necessary for utilization of the six carbon sugar galactose. Galactose must be converted into glucose prior to catabolism; in Saccharomyces this process typically involves four reactions which are catalysed by five different enzymes. Each enzyme is encoded by a GAL gene (GAL 1, 2, 5, 7, and 10) which is regulated by the transactivator GAL4 in response to the presence of galactose. Each GAL gene has a cis-element within the promoter, termed the upstream activating sequence for galactose (UAS G ) , which contains 17 base-pair sequences to which GAL4 specifically binds. The GAL genes are repressed when galactose is absent, but are strongly and rapidly induced by the presence of - 3 - galactose. GAL4 is prevented from activating transcription when galactose is absent by a regulatory protein GAL80. GAL80 binds directly to GAL4 and likely functions preventing interaction between GAL4's activation domains and the general transcriptional initiation factors. When yeast are given galactose, transcription of the GAL genes is induced. Galactose causes a change in the interaction between GAL4 and GAL80 such that GAL4 ' s activation domains become exposed to allow contact with the general transcription factors represented by TFIID and the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme and catalyse their assembly at the TATA-element which results in transcription of the GAL genes. The functional regions of GAL4 have been defined by a combination of biochemical and molecular genetic strategies. GAL4 binds as a dimer to its specific cis-element within the UAS G of the GAL genes. The ability to form tight dimers and bind specifically to DNA is conferred by an N-terminal DNA-binding domain. This fragment of GAL4 (amino acids 1-147) can bind efficiently and specifically to DNA but cannot activate transcription. Two parts of the GAL4 protein are necessary for activation of transcription, called activating region 1 and activating region 2. The activating regions are thought to function by interacting with the general transcription factors. The large central portion of GAL4 between the two activating regions is required for inhibition of GAL4 in response to the presence of glucose. The C-terminal amino acids of GAL4 bind the negative regulatory protein GAL80; deletion of this segment causes constitutive induction of GAL transcription. An important contribution towards development of two-hybrid methodology was the discovery that a transcriptional activator protein, the Herpes viral protein 16 (VP16) , is indirectly recruited to DNA through interaction with sequence specific DNA binding protein. VP16 activates transcription by forming a complex with the cellular proteins Oct-1 and HCF; the 0ct-l/HCF/VP16 complex bind to enhancer elements of the Herpes immediate early genes. It was subsequently shown that the negative regulatory protein GAL80 could be converted into a GAL4-dependent transactivator by fusion of a short negatively-charged transcriptional activating sequence B17. The GAL80-B17 fusion protein, when co-expressed with GAL4 , was found to cause activation of a GAL4-dependent reporter gene to a greater extent than GAL4 alone. The standard two-hybrid assay relies upon the fact that many eukaryotic transcriptional regulatory systems consist of the separate domains discussed above: the DNA-binding domain (DNA-BD) that binds to a promoter or other cis-transcriptional regulatory element; and, the activation domain (AD) that directs RNA polymerase II to transcribe a gene downstream from the site on the DNA where the DNA-BD is bound. The DNA binding domain and the activation domain may be separate proteins but will function to activate transcription as long as the AD is in proximity to a DNA-BD bound to the transcriptional regulatory element. Where each of the AD and the DNA-BD is fused to members of a pair of interacting proteins, the AD will function via the link to the DNA-BD created by the interacting proteins. Thus, the two-hybrid assay may be used to investigate whether interaction occurs between two proteins (termed "bait" and "prey") expressed as fusion products with DNA-BD and AD peptides, respectively. A positive event is identified by activation of a reporter gene having an upstream promoter to which the DNA-BD binds . The two-hybrid assay may be carried out in a variety of eukaryotic cells including yeast (see: Fields, S. and Song. 0. 1989 A Novel Genetic System to Detect Protein- Protein Interactions Nature 340:245-247; and - 5 - Fields, S. 1993. The Two-hybrid System to Detect Protein-Protein Interactions . Methods: A Companion to Meth. Enzymol . 5:116-124.) and mammalian cells (see: Luo, Y. et al . 1997. Mammalian Two-Hybrid System : A Complementary Approach to the Yeast Two-Hybrid System. Biotechnics 22:350-52; and, Feron, E.R. et al . 1992. Karyoplasmic Interaction Selection Strategy: A General Strategy to Detect Protein-Protein Interactions in Mammalian Cells Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89:7958-62). Commercial yeast and mammalian two-hybrid assay kits are available from Clontech Laboratories, Inc., 1020 East Meadow Circle, Palo Alto, California, 94303-4230, U.S.A. A variant of the two-hybrid method, called the "interaction trap" system, employs the principle of using separate fusions with DNA-binding and transactivation domains, except that the bait is fused to LexA, which is a sequence-specific DNA binding protein from E. coli , and an artificial transactivation domain known as B42 (31) is used for the "prey" fusions. Interaction between the bait and prey fusions is detected by expressed of a LexA-responsive reporter gene . A modification of the standard two-hybrid system known as "Reverse Two-Hybrid" (Erickson et al . U.S. Pat No. 5,535,490; Vidal et al . International Application Number PCT/US96/04995) has been described which is intended for use in identifying specific inhibitors of a standard two-hybrid protein-protein interaction. The reverse two- hybrid system operates by driving the expression of relay gene, such as the GAL80 gene, that encodes a protein that bind to and masks the activation domain of a transcriptional activator such as GAL4. Expression of the reporter gene is made dependent upon the functioning of the activation domain of the transcriptional activator. Only when the level of the masking protein is reduced because a compound interferes with the two-hybrid interaction will the activation domain of the transcriptional activator be unmasked and allowed to function. Specific protein-protein interactions are the basis for many biological processes. Standard two-hybrid techniques make use of specialized cDNA expression libraries as a source of protein sequences used in screening for specific interactions between proteins (for example in drug screening programs) . However, cDNA expression libraries possess some intrinsic disadvantages. For example, cDNA libraries produce a bias toward cloning of highly expressed genes and rare gene transcripts are unlikely to be discovered. The source of the mRNA for the generation of the cDNA library is critical since many tissue restricted genes and developmentally or temporally regulated genes are not represented by a particular cDNA library. Gene trap vectors target the prevalent introns of the eukaryotic genome. These vectors may consist of either a splice-acceptor (SA) site upstream of a reporter sequence, or an unpaired splice-donor (SD) site downstream from a reporter sequence. Preferably, on the latter vector comprising a SD, the reporter sequence is driven by an appropriate transcriptional regulatory element (eg. promoter) . Integration of the above-described gene trap vectors into an intron results in production of m-RNA in which a transcript of the vector is joined to an transcript of an adjacent exon. (see:* Skarnes, W.C. et al . 1992. A Gene Trap Approach in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells : The lacZ Reporter is Activated by Splicing, Reflex Endogenous Gene Expression and is Mutagenic in Mice . Genes Dev. 6:903-918; W.C. Skarnes 1993 The Identification of New Genes : Gene Trapping in Transgenic Mice . Current Opinion in Biotechnology 4:684-89; and, United States Patent - 7 - No. 5,652,128 July 29, 1997.). A form of gene trapping (termed "tagging") may also be accomplished by using a vector comprising a peptide encoding segment and both an upstream SA and a downstream SD (see United States Patent No. 5,652,128 of Jarvik) . Features of gene trapping include : (a) random integration into the genome; (b) splice acceptor or splice donor containing vectors result in fusion of a transcript of a reporter gene from the vector with endogenous gene transcripts; (c) the full repertoire of genes are represented in the genome without a bias towards highly expressed genes; (d) gene trapping can provide information about coding regions of most genes that is independent of their transcription status; and (e) gene trapping is independent of the source of mRNA (therefore, rare as well as tissue specific genes and developmental temporally regulated genes may be trapped) . A full strategy for genome-wide analysis as well as for drug discovery and assessment, should include a systematic strategy for identification and characterization of gene products according to their protein-protein interaction characteristics. - 8 - Summary of Invention Gene trap methodologies provide a repertoire of protein domains encoded by exon sequences found within the genome. Two-hybrid techniques permit identification of protein-protein interactions. This invention makes use of a combination of gene trap and two-hybrid methodologies for the identification and characterization of genes according to protein-protein interactions of the gene product or for the identification of genes encoding transcriptional activator domains (AD) . Interaction of an exon-encoded protein domain with a given protein, or functioning of the exon-encoded domain as an AD, is detected by reconstituting the activity of a transcriptional activator. This invention also provides gene trap vectors adapted for use in a two-hybrid assay and methodologies for identification of genes encoding proteins capable of interacting with a selected protein. This invention also provides gene trap vectors and methodologies for the selective identification of genes encoding transcription activator domains. This invention provides a DNA construct comprising a DNA sequence encoding a transcriptional regulatory protein moiety selected from the group consisting of a DNA-BD and a AD; and, a m-RNA splice site. The term "m-RNA" splice site is defined herein as being a splice acceptor sequence (SA) , an unpaired splice donor sequence (SD) . This invention also provides a DNA construct comprising a DNA sequence encoding a transcriptional regulatory protein moiety selected from the group consisting of a DNA-BD and an AD; and, a downstream SD . This DNA construct preferably contains no nucleic acid sequence which would encode a protein that will interact - 9 - with a test protein employed in this invention. Preferably, the only protein encoded by the construct or the portion of the construct between the 5' end of the sequence encoding the transcriptional regulatory protein moiety and the 3 ' end of the SD is the transcriptional regulatory protein moiety itself. Preferably, this construct will have a transcriptional regulatory element (eg. a promoter) operably linked to the sequence encoding the transcriptional regulatory protein moiety. This invention also provides a DNA construct comprising a DNA sequence encoding a transcription regulatory protein moiety selected from the group consisting of a DNA-BD and an AD, together with an upstream SA and a downstream SD. Alternatively, this DNA construct may comprise an SA upstream of a transcriptional regulatory protein moiety selected from the group consisting of a DNA-BD and an AD; and, a downstream poly-adenylation signal. Preferably, these DNA constructs will not encode any protein which will interact with a test protein as used on this invention. Preferably, the only protein encoded by the construct or the portion of the construct between the SA and the SD or the SA and the poly-adenylation signal, will be the transcriptional regulatory protein moiety. This invention also provides a method of making the DNA constructs of this invention comprising the step of joining a DNA sequence encoding a transcriptional regulatory protein moiety as defined above with one or both of a SA and a SD . Preferably, at least three such DNA constructs are made in three different reading frames. This invention also provides cells comprising the DNA constructs of this invention obtainable by the method of transforming eucaryotic cells with one or more DNA constructs of this invention. - 10 - This invention also provides kits that comprise the above-described DNA construct of this invention. The DNA constructs may be in the form of plasmids. The kits may also comprise host cells, two-hybrid vectors or reporter gene constructs as described herein. The two-hybrid vectors of the kit may be plasmids constructed (eg. presence of suitable restriction sites) to permit insertion of a test protein sequence to be part of a two-hybrid vector as described herein. The kits may also comprise materials and reagents useful for DNA insertions, reporter gene activity assays, or sequencing of inserts (eg. primers) . This invention also provides host cells whose genome optionally comprises a reporter gene as described herein and wherein the cell expresses a two-hybrid vector as described herein. The two-hybrid vector may include a sequence encoding a test protein. This invention also provides a method for detecting interaction between an endogenous protein of a cell and a test protein, wherein said cell contains a first DNA sequence encoding a reporter under transcriptional control of a transcriptional regulatory element, and a second DNA sequence that is expressed by the cell and which encodes a first hybrid protein comprising: (a) a first transcriptional regulatory protein moiety selected from the group consisting of: a DNA-BD that recognizes a binding site on the transcriptional regulatory element controlling the first DNA sequence and, a AD functional in the cell; and (b) a test protein; - 11 - wherein the method comprises the steps of : (a) placing into the cell or an ancestor of the cell, a DNA construct comprising one or more m-RNA splice sites, and a third DNA sequence encoding a second transcriptional regulatory protein moiety which, when combined with the first transcriptional regulatory protein moiety will reconstitute a transcriptional regulatory protein capable of binding to and activating the transcriptional regulatory element controlling transcription of the first DNA sequence; and, (b) determining whether the reporter is expressed by the cell or a descendant of the cell, as an indicator of expression of a second hybrid protein comprising the second transcriptional regulatory protein moiety and an endogenous protein of the cell capable of interaction with the test protein. The DNA construct comprising a third DNA sequence described in the method above may be selected from the following group, in which it is preferable that the only protein encoded by the construct or the portion of the construct described above, be the transcriptional regulatory moiety itself : (I) a gene trap vector comprising the third DNA sequence to reconstitute a transcriptional regulatory protein, followed by a SD; and preferably, a transcriptional regulatory element operably linked to the third DNA sequence; (II) a gene trap vector without a transcriptional regulatory element and comprising a SA upstream - 12 - of the third DNA sequence to reconstitute a transcriptional regulatory protein; and preferably, the third DNA sequence is followed by a poly-adenylation signal; and (III) a gene trap vector comprising the third DNA sequence to reconstitute a transcriptional regulatory protein, with an upstream SA and a downstream SD. In embodiments of the method described above in which the second DNA sequence encodes a DNA-BD that recognizes a binding site on the transcriptional regulatory element controlling the reporter, the DNA construct comprising the third DNA sequence will encode an AD. Where the second DNA sequence encodes an AD, the DNA construct will comprise a DNA-BD capable of binding to the transcriptional regulatory element controlling the reporter. When the second nucleotide sequence is expressed in a cell in which the third DNA sequence is also expressed (resulting in a hybrid protein containing an endogenous portion that interacts with the test protein) reconstitution of the transcriptional regulatory protein occurs . Binding of the latter protein by means of the DNA-BD to the transcriptional regulatory element controlling the reporter results in expression of the reporter. In the method described above, the third DNA sequence will preferably encode an AD, not a DNA-BD. This may minimize false positives resulting from reconstitution of a transcriptional regulatory protein when the third DNA sequence is expressed with an exon that encodes an endogenous protein that itself is capable of functioning as an AD. - 13 - This invention also provides a method for detecting an endogenous transcription activator domain (AD) of a cell, wherein the cell contains a first DNA sequence encoding a reporter under transcriptional control of a transcriptional regulatory element, wherein the method comprises the steps of: (a) placing into the cell or an ancestor of the cell, a DNA construct comprising a m-RNA splice site and a second DNA sequence encoding a DNA-BD that recognizes a binding site on the transcriptional regulatory element controlling transcription of the first DNA sequence; and (b) detecting expression of the reporter in the cell or a descendant of the cell, as an indicator of expression of a hybrid protein comprising the DNA-BD and an endogenous protein of the cell capable of functioning as an activator domain. The DNA construct comprising a second DNA sequence as used in the above-described method for detecting an endogenous transcription activator domain may be selected from the following group in which it is preferred that the only protein encoded by the construct or the portion of the construct described above, be the transcriptional regulatory moiety itself : (IV) a gene trap vector comprising the second DNA sequence, followed by a SD; and preferably, a transcriptional regulatory element is operably linked to the second DNA sequence; (V) a gene trap vector without a transcriptional regulatory element and comprising a SA upstream of the second DNA sequence; and preferably, the - 14 - second DNA sequence is followed by a poly-adenylation signal; and (VI) a gene trap vector comprising the second DNA sequence, with an upstream SA and a downstream SD. Detailed Description of the Invention The terms "host cell" and "cell" are used interchangeably herein. It is understood that such terms refer not only to the particular subject cell but to the progeny or potential progeny of such a cell . Because certain modifications may occur in succeeding generations due to either mutation or environmental influences, such progeny may not, in fact, be identical to the parent or ancestor cell, but are still included within the scope of the terms as used herein. A cell as used in the method of this invention is a eukaryotic cell . A "DNA construct" is a deoxynucleic acid (DNA) molecule, either single- or double-stranded, that has been modified through human intervention to contain segments of DNA combined and juxtaposed in an arrangement not existing in nature. A "reporter" as used herein, may refer to a polynucleotide sequence (structural sequence) encoding a reporter protein or the term may refer to the reporter protein itself, depending upon the context. The term "operably linked" is intended to mean that a DNA sequence is linked to a regulatory sequence in a manner which allows expression of the DNA sequence. Such a regulatory sequence includes promoters, enhancers and other expression control elements. - 15 - The terms "polypeptide" , "peptide" and "protein" as used herein refer to a polymer of amino acid residues. The term "endogenous" refers to that which is produced or arises from within a cell or organism. The term "plasmid" refers to a circular, double stranded, extrachromosomal bacterial DNA into which additional DNA segments may be ligated and which replicates automatically. Methodologies for selection and construction of vectors, plasmids and DNA constructs may be found, for example in: Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual ; (2d), Sambrook et al . 1989, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. Suitable host cells are discussed further in Goeddel; "Gene Expression Technology" in: Methods in Enzymology 185, Academic Press, San Diego, California (1990) . In the present invention, DNA constructs are introduced into a host cell and expressed in the host cell in sufficient quantities for a reporter gene to be activated. The host cell may be any eukaryotic cell, including yeast, zebrafish, C. eleqans , Drosophila and mammalian cells having a genome one would like to screen for interactive protein encoding exons or AD encoding exons . The host cell is constructed to contain and ultimately express a reporter gene having a transcription regulatory element known to include a binding site for the DNA-BD to be employed. The reporter gene product produces a detectable signal when the reporter gene is transcriptionally activated. Thus, a reporter is a moiety whose transcription is detectable, or which expresses a detectable protein or a protein the expression of which may otherwise be determined by monitoring an effect of - 16 - expression of the protein. Examples of reporter gene products that are readily detectable are well-known and include: /3-galactosidase, green fluorescent protein, luciferase, alkaline phosphatase, and chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) as well as other enzymes and proteins that are also known as selectable markers. Other examples of detectable signals include cell surface markers such as CD4. In the exemplified embodiment, the reporter gene used is the pac gene which encodes the puromycin resistance marker. In yeast cells, the reporter gene may be homologous the yeast URA3 gene, the yeast CAN1 gene, the yeast GAL1 gene, the yeast HIS3 gene, or the E. coli LacZ gene. In mammalian cells, the reporter gene may be homologous to the CAT gene, the LacZ gene, the SEAP gene, the Luciferase gene, the GFP gene, the BFP gene, the CD2 gene, the Flu HA gene, or the tPA gene. The reporter gene in the host cell will be driven by a transcriptional regulatory element (including promoters and enhancers) that is capable of binding the DNA-BD employed in the assay and is functional in the host cell . Many examples of suitable regulatory elements are well- known, particularly, promoters including those described below. The assay may make use of host cells in which the reporter gene has been previously incorporated, or a construct containing the reporter gene may be introduced to the cell at the same time as other vectors used in the assay. Other vectors used in the assay include a gene trap vector and a two-hybrid vector. The gene-trap vector is employed for random insertion of a transcriptional - 17 - regulatory protein moiety into the genome of the host cell and may comprise DNA encoding either a AD or a DNA-BD and either: an upstream splice acceptor (SA) ; or, an upstream transcriptional regulatory element (eg. a promoter) capable of functioning in the host cell for transcription of the downstream AD or DNA-BD which in turn is followed by an unpaired splice donor sequence (SD) . In an alternate embodiment, the gene trap vector has both an upstream SA and a downstream SD. Incorporation of the gene trap vector within an intron will permit processing of a chimeric message comprising a transcript of a flanking endogenous exon joined to the transcript for the DNA-BD or AD. Use of a gene trap vector having a downstream SD and an upstream promoter is preferred since transcription of the chimeric message will not be dependent upon endogenous expression of the host cell gene. A splice donor (SD) is defined as a nucleotide moiety having an ability to effect m-RNA splicing to a splice acceptor site. Conversely, a splice acceptor (SA) is defined by its ability to effect mRNA splicing to a splice donor site. Generally, an unpaired splice donor includes the 3' end of an exon and the 5' end of an intron, and a splice acceptor includes the 3' end of an intron and the 5' end of an exon (eg. as defined by Alberts, B. et al . , at page 373 of Molecular Biology of the Cell (1994) , (3d) Garland Publishing, N.Y. Sequences that may be used as splice acceptors and donors are known and include the examples of SA and SD sequences as set out in the Examples herein. The two-hybrid vector will comprise an upstream transcriptional regulatory element (eg. a promoter) capable of a functioning in the host cell and driving transcription - 18 - of a sequence intended to reconstitute the transcriptional regulatory protein. Thus, the two-hybrid vector will express either a DNA-BD or a AD as the case may be, depending upon the makeup of the gene trap vector. Preferably, the two-hybrid vector will express DNA-BD. The two-hybrid vector also contains a nucleotide sequence which is under the control of the regulatory element and which encodes a selected protein (including a peptide or a polypeptide) of interest (test protein) in respect of which protein-protein interactions are to be determined. Expression of the two-hybrid vector in the host cell results in the translation of a chimeric protein comprising the transcriptional regulatory protein moiety (eg. DNA-BD) fused with the test protein. Incorporation of the gene trap vector into a gene encoding a protein capable of interaction with the selected protein will result in production in the cell of a reconstituted transcription regulatory protein via interaction of the test protein and the protein product of the trapped gene. Activation of the reporter gene occurs as a result of binding of the DNA-BD to the reporter gene promoter. Reference herein to "interaction" of proteins (such as an endogenous protein with a test protein) means any interaction whereby proteins tend to be associated in proximity. Such interaction includes any known form of chemical bonding occurring between proteins that are found to be interacting. In an alternate embodiment used for detecting exons encoding endogenous transcription activator domains (protein capable of functioning as an AD) , the gene trap vector comprising a DNA-BD is used without a two-hybrid vector. When the gene trap vector integrates into a gene containing an exon that encodes a protein capable of - 19 - functioning as an AD in the cell, the resulting gene product is a chimeric protein that joins both the DNA-BD coded for by the vector DNA and the AD coded for by the endogenous exon. Thus, a transcriptional regulatory protein is constituted, capable of activating the reporter gene in the cell. A DNA-BD and a AD employed in DNA constructs for use in this invention may be derived from a single known transcriptional regulatory protein having separate DNA-binding and transcriptional activation domains (for example, the yeast GAL4 and GEN4 proteins) . Alternatively, the DNA-BD and AD moieties may be derived from separate known sources. For example, the DNA-BD may be derived from LexA in E. coli . The DNA-BD may be from DNA binding proteins other than activators (eg. repressers) . The AD could be derived from amino acids 147-238 of GAL4. The moieties may also be synthetic, such as the B42 activation domain. Preferably, the DNA-BD and the AD are from different proteins. In any case, the DNA-BD should not be capable of functioning significantly as an activator domain on its own and the AD should not be capable of binding to the promoter of the reporter gene . In the exemplified embodiment, the DNA-binding domain is derived from the N-terminal region of the yeast GAL4 protein (eg. amino acids 1-147) and the transcriptional activation domain is derived from the transcriptional activator of Herpes Simplex Virus VP16 (eg. amino acids 411-455 of VP16) which is known not bind to DNA but will function as a transcriptional activator. The reporter gene may be present in the genome of the host cell at the time of introduction of the first and/or second DNA constructs. Alternatively, a construct comprising the reporter gene may be introduced into the - 20 - host cell genome at the same time as the first and/or second DNA constructs. Also, further DNA constructs to be used in this invention may be introduced to the cell and made part of the host cell genome before further constructs are introduced, or such constructs may be introduced at the same time. DNA constructs, plasmids and the like, as used in this invention can be delivered or placed in cells in vivo using methods known in the art and the methods referred to in the Examples herein. Such methods include direct injection of DNA, receptor-mediated DNA uptake or viral-mediated transfection. Direct injection has been used to introduce named DNA into cells in vivo (see eg. Acsadi et al . (1991) Nature 332:815-818; Wolff et al . (1990) Science 247:1465- 1468) . A delivery apparatus (eg. a "gene gun") for injecting DNA into cells in vivo can be used. Such an apparatus is commercially available (eg. from BioRad) . Naked DNA can also be introduced into cells by complexing the DNA to a cation, such as polylysine, which is coupled to a ligand for a cell-surface receptor (see for example Wu, G. and Wu, CH. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 263:14621; Wilson et al . (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267:963-967; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,166,320). Binding of the DNA-ligand complex to the receptor facilitates uptake of the DNA by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Additionally, a DNA-ligand complex linked to adenovirus capsids which naturally disrupt endosomes, thereby releasing material into the cytoplasm can be used to avoid degradation of the complex by intracellular lysosomes (see for example Curiel et al . (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:8850; Cristiano et al . (1993) Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:2122-2126). Endogenous genes into which the gene trap vector has integrated may be cloned and sequenced, for example by the 5' RACE method of PCR (polymerase chain reaction) . - 21 - Furthermore, undifferentiated embryonic stem (ES) cells can be further used to generate mice mutated from the endogenous gene . Heterologous DNA can be inserted into the site of the endogenous gene by known methods including homologous recombination and site directed to recombination . 5' Rapid PCR amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) may be carried out (for example, as described by Skarnes, et al . at (1992) Genes and Development 6, 903-918) to clone a portion of the endogenous gene flanking a gene trap vector insertion. This provides fragments for sequencing and to probe for genes. The source of reagents may be the 5' RACE kit commercially available from Gibco-BRL. Examples of ES cell lines which may be used in this invention are: porcine (eg. U.S. Patent 5523226 Transgenic Swine Compositions and Methods); murine (eg. D3 , Rl, CGR8, AB1 ES cell lines) ; primate (eg. rhesus monkey) ; rodent; marmoset; avian (eg. chicken); bovine; rabbit; sheep; and horse . Murine Rl ES cells from A. Nagy [Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1993) 90, 8424-8428] may be grown on Primary Embryonic Fibroblast feeder layers or on gelatinized dishes in the presence of 1000 U/ml murine leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) , ESGRO™ (GIBCO BRL) . Selection conditions can be: 150 μg/ml G418, 1.0 μg/ml puromycin, 110 μg/ml Hygromycin B. Rl cells (eg. 2 x 10 7 cells) may be electroporated with, for example, 100 μg linearized DNA in 0.8 ml PBS at 500 μF and 240 V with a BioRad Gene Pulser™ at room temperature. - 22 - Example I: Protein Interaction Trap This aspect of the invention may be conveniently practiced by modification of standard commercial two-hybrid assay components. In the following example, the Clontech Mammalian Matchmaker™ two-hybrid assay kit is modified and supplemented to provide a reporter gene as a selectable marker (pac) for puromycin resistance; a DNA-BD from GAL4 (as provided in the commercial kit) ; and an AD from Herpes Simplex Virus VP16 (as provided in the kit) . In this example, all DNA constructs, including the reporter gene are introduced into a murine Rl ES cell line host cell . The first DNA construct (two-hybrid vector) comprises a sequence encoding a GAL4 DNA-BD which recognizes a binding site on the reporter gene and further comprises a sequence encoding p53 protein (Clontech, pM-53 plasmid) . The second DNA construct (gene trap vector) is novel and comprises a promoter capable of operation in the host cell, driving a VP16 AD upstream of a splice donor sequence. In an alternate embodiment, the novel gene trap vector does not contain a promoter and has a splice acceptor sequence upstream of the VP16 AD followed by a poly-adenylation signal. When the gene trap is integrated into an intron adjacent to an exon of the host cell encoding a protein domain capable of interaction with p53 protein, a transcriptional regulatory protein comprising GAL4 BD and the VP16 AD is constituted. Expression of the reporter gene in a host cell as a result of binding by the DNA-BD is detected by culturing the transformed cells in the presence of puromycin. Cells in which the reporter gene has been activated will survive. Alternatively, the reporter used in the assay could remain as CAT and determination of - 23 - reporter gene activity may be carried out according to standard assay procedures, for example as taught in the Clontech kit instructions. Host cells are transformed by any of the well-known methods, selected as being suitable for the particular cell type. Electroporation or calcium phosphate mediated transfection are suitable for mammalian cells . Transfection procedures as taught in the Clontech kit instructions may be used. A preferred method known for ES cells is electroporation. The following plasmids are constructed and/or employed in this example. The reporter (pGSPuro) is a modified version of the GAL4 responsive CAT reporter construct from the Clontech Matchmaker™ kit (pG5CAT) . In this example, the CAT reporter gene is replaced by the selectable marker pac, generating a reporter construct containing the puromycin resistance gene under the control of the adenovirus Elb minimal promoter used in the Clontech plasmid. Upstream, are five copies of the 17 nucleotide consensus GAL4 binding site (galactose upstream activating sequence : UAS G ) . The second plasmid is the pM-53 vector from the Matchmaker™ kit which is an expression plasmid containing the SV40 promoter driving a GAL4 DNA-BD. The commercial construct encodes p53 protein, but the multiple cloning site downstream from the DNA-BD may be used to insert different bait proteins. This functions as the two-hybrid vector. A gene trap vector plasmid is constructed by inserting an oligomer sequence encoding a consensus SD sequence in frame into a Sall/BspMI digested pVP16 plasmid (Clontech) simultaneously deleting the stop codons and - 24 - poly-adenylation signal. Thus, a gene trap vector is generated comprising an SV40 promoter driving expression of the AD. Three versions of this vector were created resulting in splicing in all three potential reading frames . The following are examples of consensus SD sequences : AGGTAAGT (SEQ ID N0:1) AGGTGAGT (SEQ ID NO: 2) each of which may be preceded by C or A. An alternate gene trap vector plasmid may be constructed containing the VP16 AD downstream of a SA sequence. Three constructs should be generated, each resulting in splicing in each of three possible reading frames . SA sequences comprise a polypyri idine tract followed by a nucleotide, T or C, AG, and at least G or A. Examples are the murine En-2 splice acceptor and the splice acceptors from human 3-globin and rabbit b-globulin. The following methods may be used for construction of VP16 gene trap vectors : (I) To construct the gene trap vector consisting of the SV40 promoter driving the expression of VP16 fused to an unpaired splice donor sequence: (a) Digest pVP16 (Clontech) with Sail and BspMI ; (b) Isolate and purify the 3.0 kb fragment; (c) Ligate the 3.0 kb pVP16 fragment with each of the following pairs of oligomers to create fusions of VP16 with unpaired splice - 25 - donor sequences in all three possible reading frames : Pair #1: 5' tcgacaggtaagt 3' (SEQ ID NO : 3 ) 5' tcatacttacctg 3' (SEQ ID NO: 4) Pair #2 5' tcgaccaggtaagt 3' (SEQ ID NO: 5) 5' tcatacttacctgg 3' (SEQ ID NO: 6) Pair #3 5' tcgacccaggtaagt 3' (SEQ IDNO:7) 5' tcatacttacctggg 3' (SEQ ID NO: 8) (II) To construct an alternate gene trap vector comprising the En-2 SA sequence fused 5' of the VP16 transcriptional activator: (A) (1) digest pGT4SA vector (Gossler et al . 1989 Science 244:463-465) with Xbal; (2) fill in ends with T4 DNA polymerase to generate blunt ends; (3) digest with Ndel; and (4) Isolated and purify the 2.0 kb fragment encoding the En-2 splice acceptor sequence . (B) (1) digest pVP16 (Clontech) with Nhel; (2) fill in ends with T4 DNA polymerase to generate blunt end; (3) digest with Ndel; and (4) isolated and purify the 2.8 kb fragment encoding the VP16 transcriptional activator sequence. - 26 - (C) Ligate 2.0 kb En-2 splice acceptor fragment to 2.8 kb VP16 containing vector. (D) To generate SA-VP16 in the other two potential reading frames : (1) digest the above vector with SexAI and Bglll; (2) ligate the following pairs of oligomers to generate fusions in the other two possible reading frames : Pair #1 5' ccaggtcgca 3' (SEQ ID NO: 9) 5' gatctgcga 3' (SEQ ID NO: 10) Pair #2 5' ccaggtgca 3' (SEQ ID NO: 11) 5' gatctgca 3' (SEQ ID NO: 12) The three forms of the gene trap vector representing all three potential reading frames are placed in a head to tail tandem array allowing the use of alternate promoters to generate three hybrid mRNAs fusing the VP16 domain in all three possible reading frames to a adjacent exon upon integration into a gene within the host cell genome. The following protocol may be followed: 1. Construct a reporter murine embryonic stem (ES) cell line using standard methods by co-electroporation of linearized pG5Puro, pM-53 and pPGKHyg into the murine Rl ES cell line. Hygromycin resistance is used to monitor transfection efficiency. 2. Characterize the reporter cell lines for its ability to detect protein-protein interactions by electroporating with pVP16T (Clontech) as a positive control and pVP16-CP - 27 - (Clontech) as a negative control for protein-protein interaction. pVP16T expresses a fusion of the VP16 activation domain to the SV40 large T antigen, which is known to interact with p53. The pVP16-CP negative control plasmid expresses a fusion of the VP16 activation domain to a viral coat protein, which does not interact with p53. 3. Upon electroporation of positive or negative control plasmids, cells are then placed under 1.0 ug/ml puromycin selection. 4. Select appropriate reporter cell clones that confer puromycin resistance in the presence of VP16T but not with pVP16-CP (cells express pG5Puro and pM-53) . 5. Electroporate gene trap vectors into reporter cell line and select for puromycin resistance with 1.0 ug/ml puromycin. 6. Pick individual puromycin resistant colonies and isolate RNA from each clone. 7. Isolate and sequence trapped exon/gene by rapid amplification of cDNA end (RACE) PCR (eg. see: Skarnes, et al . 1992. Genes and Development 6:903-18). Clontech sequencing primers for VP16 may be used. Example II: Transcriptional Activator Domain Trap In this example, the methods employed in the preceding example are used in an assay employing the ES host cell, the same reporter gene construct (pG5CAT) employed in the preceding example, and a gene trap vector plasmid designed to trap genes expressing endogenous protein capable of functioning as a transcriptional activator domain (AD) in conjunction with the DNA-BD expressed by the gene trap - 28 - vector. Expression of chimeric proteins comprising the DNA-BD fused to an endogenous protein capable of functioning as a AD will result in activation of the reporter gene which comprises a binding site for the DNA-BD. The gene trap vector plasmid is constructed by inserting an oligomer sequence encoding the consensus SD sequence in frame into the Sall/BspMI digested pM plasmid (Clontech) resulting a vector comprising of the SV40 promoter driving the GAL4 DNA-binding domain linked to a SD sequence. Three versions of this vector are created resulting in splicing in each of the three potential reading frames, respectively. A consensus splice donor sequence domain contains the following: Exon....AGGTAAGT...Intron (SEQ ID N0:1) To construct the vector consisting of the SV40 promoter driving the expression of the GAL4 DNA binding domain fused to an unpaired splice donor sequence: (a) digest pM (Clontech) with Sail and BspMI; (b) isolate and purify the 3.2kb fragment; and (c) ligate the 3.2 kb pVP16 fragment with each of the following pairs of oligomers to create fusions of VP16 with SD sequences in all three possible reading frames: Pair #1 5' tcgacaggtaagt 3' (SEQ ID NO: 3) 5' tcatacttacctg 3' (SEQ ID NO: 4) Pair #2 5' tcgaccaggtaagt 3' (SEQ ID NO: 5) 5' tcatacttacctgg 3' (SEQ ID NO: 6) - 29 - Pair #3 5' tcgacccaggtaagt 3' (SEQ ID NO: 7) 5' tcatacttacctggg 3' (SEQ ID NO: 8) The three forms of the gene trap are then placed in a head-to-tail tandem array allowing the use of alternative promoters to generate three hybrid mRNAs fusing the GAL4 DNA domain in all three possible reading frames to the next endogenous exon upon integration into a gene within the genome . The following protocol may be used: 1. Construct a reporter murine embryonic stem (ES) cell line using standard methods by co-electroporation of linearized pG5Puro, and pPGKHyg into the murine Rl ED cell line . 2. Select, and expand several clones which contain pG5Puro . 3. Characterize the reporter cell line for ability to express transcriptional activator domains by electroporating with pM3-VP16 (Clontech) as a positive control and pM-53 (Clontech) as a negative control for transcriptional activator domains. pM3-VP16 expresses a fusion of the VP16 activation domain to the GAL4 DNA binding domain which is known transactivate the GAL4 responsive promoter in pG5Puro. The pm-53 negative control plasmid expresses a fusion of the VP16 activation domain to p53, which does not transactivate the GAL4 responsive promoter in pG5Puro. 4. Upon electroporation of positive or negative control plasmids, cells are then placed under 1.0 ug/ml puromycin selection. - 30 - 5. Select appropriate reporter cell clones that confer puromycin resistance in the presence of pM3-VP16 but not with pM-53. 6. Electroporate gene trap vector into reporter cell line and select puromycin resistance with 1.0 ug/ml puromycin. 7. Pick individual puromycin resistant colonies and isolate RNA from each clone. 8. Isolate and sequence trapped exon/gene by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE-PCR) . All publications and patents cited in this specification are incorporated herein by reference. Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, it will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in light of the teachings of this invention that changes and modification may be made thereto without departing from the spirit or scope of the appended claims.

Claims: - 31 - WE CLAIM : 1. A method for detecting interaction between an endogenous protein of a cell and a test protein, wherein said cell contains a first DNA sequence encoding a reporter under transcriptional control of a transcriptional regulatory element , and a second DNA sequence that is expressed by the cell and which encodes a first hybrid protein comprising: (a) a first transcriptional regulatory protein moiety selected from the group consisting of: a DNA-BD that recognizes a binding site on the transcriptional regulatory element controlling transcription of the first DNA sequence and, a AD functional in the cell; and (b) a test protein; wherein the method comprises the steps of: (a) placing into the cell or an ancestor of the cell, a DNA construct comprising one or more m-RNA splice sites, and a third DNA sequence encoding a second transcriptional regulatory protein moiety which, when combined with the first transcriptional regulatory protein moiety will reconstitute a transcriptional regulatory protein capable of binding to and activating the transcriptional regulatory element controlling transcription of the first DNA sequence; and, (b) determining whether the reporter is expressed by the cell or a descendant of the cell, as an indicator of expression of a second hybrid protein comprising the second transcriptional - 32 - regulatory protein moiety and an endogenous protein of the cell capable of interaction with the test protein. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the DNA construct comprises the third DNA sequence upstream of a SD. 3. The method of claim 2 wherein a transcriptional regulatory element is operably linked to the third DNA sequence. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the DNA construct comprises a SA upstream from the third DNA sequence and does not comprise a transcriptional regulatory element . 5. The method of claim 4 wherein the DNA construct comprises a poly-adenylation signal downstream from the third DNA sequence. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the DNA construct comprises the third DNA sequence, an upstream SA, and a downstream SD. 7. The method of any one of claims 1-6 wherein the third DNA sequence encodes an AD. 8. The method of any one of claims 1-7 wherein the DNA construct encodes only a transcriptional regulatory protein moiety between a first position on the construct defined as a 5' end of the third DNA sequence or a SA, and a second position on the construct defined as a SD or a poly-adenylation signal. 9. A method for detecting an endogenous transcription activator domain (AD) of a cell, wherein the cell contains a first DNA sequence encoding a reporter under - 33 - transcriptional control of a transcriptional regulatory element, wherein the method comprises the steps of: (a) placing into the cell or an ancestor of the cell, a DNA construct comprising a m-RNA splice site and a second DNA sequence encoding a DNA-BD that recognizes a binding site on the transcriptional regulatory element controlling transcription of the first DNA sequence; and (b) detecting expression of the reporter in the cell or a descendant of the cell, as an indicator of expression of a hybrid protein comprising the DNA-BD and an endogenous protein of the cell capable of functioning as an activator domain. 10. The method of claim 9 wherein the DNA construct comprises the second DNA sequence upstream of a SD. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein a transcriptional regulatory element is operably linked to the second DNA sequence . 12. The method of claim 9 wherein the DNA construct comprises a SA upstream from the second DNA sequence and no transcriptional regulatory element. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein the DNA construct comprises a poly-adenylation sequence downstream from the second DNA sequence. 14. The method of claim 9 wherein the DNA construct comprises the second DNA sequence, with an upstream SA and a downstream SD. - 34 - 15. The method of any one of claims 9-14 wherein the DNA construct encodes only a transcriptional regulatory protein moiety between a first position on the construct defined as a 5' end of the second DNA sequence or a SA, and a second position on the construct defined as a SD or a poly-adenylation signal. 16. A DNA construct as defined in claim 8. 17. A DNA construct as defined in claim 15. 18. A cell as defined in claim 1 or 9. 19. The cell of claim 18 transformed with a DNA construct of claim 16 or 17. 20. A method of making an array of DNA constructs of claims 16 or 17, comprising the steps of joining a DNA sequence encoding a transcriptional regulatory protein moiety in each of three possible reading frames with a DNA sequence encoding a splice acceptor (SA) or a splice donor (SD) .

Inventors: JIRIK FRANK R, ONG CHRISTOPHER J, JIRIK, FRANK, R., ONG, CHRISTOPHER, J.
Applicants: JIRIK FRANK R, ONG CHRISTOPHER J, UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA, JIRIK, FRANK, R., ONG, CHRISTOPHER, J., THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
Application year: 1999
Main classification: C12Q1
IPC codes: C12N15, C12Q1