A METHOD TO CLEAN FLUE GAS

Abstract: The present invention concerns a method to reach an efficient cleaning of flue gases from combustion. The main components to be eliminated are sulphur oxides, hydrochloric acid and dust (fly ash). If desirable, residual energy can be regained by a regenerative heat exchange process. The apparatus consists of a reactor unit (1) with a number of unit cells (2) where the flue gases are intermittently cleaned and, if desirable, the residual heat regained.

Description: TITLE; fl method to clean flue gas. BACKGROUND OF THE IHUEHTIQN 1. Field of the invention: The present invention concerns a method to reach an efficient cleaning of flue gases from combustion. The main components to be eliminated are sulphur oxides, hydrocloric acid and dust (fly ash). If desirable, residual energy can be regained by a regenerative heat exchange process. The apparatus consist of a reactor unit with a number of unit cells where the flue gases are intermittently cleaned and, if desirable, the residual heat regained. 2. Background information: The demands of cleaning of flue gases that are let out from combustion plants have been drastically strengthened in the last years. The fuel contains among other substances sulphur and chlorine that must be taken care of. The same thing concerns fly ash and dust. Fuels are often moisty, and the moisture, together with the hydrogen content of fuel create a water vapour content of the flue gas of roughly 10-20 % by volume. The sulphur from the fuel forms sulphur oxides upon combustion and on cooling below the acid dew point, 3ulphurou3 acid and sulphuric acid, which are very corrosive and aggressive to the plant, prcipitate. fl similar reaction occurs with chlorine, which forms hydrocloric acid on combustion. If too much water vapour, return flue gases and even other contaminants are intoduced into the combus ion air, the combustion may be violated. The Swedish patent Ho 412777 describes a plant for desulphuriβa ion of flue gases and preheating of combustion air. The flue gases are intermittent ly passing two flue gas cleaning reactors. The sulphur i3 precipitated on limestone in one reactor when residual heat, which is built up in the limestone of the other reactor is transferred to the combustion air. The flue gas cleaning is not done according to the counter flow tech- nicque. In such a case, moisture and acidic components may very well remain in the flue gas after the passage of the reactor and the plant can be seriously damaged by corrosion. Cleaning by the counter flow technique means that flue gas entering the reactor comes first in contact with material which has been taking up contaminent3 for the longest time, then they pass through a reaction layer of even thickness and they leave the reactor in contact with clean, regenerated limestone which has ju3t been transported into the reactor. In modern technique, it is hardly possible to use another technique than the counter flow process when demands on low emissions are high. It has also been shown that flue ga3 cleaners with only two separate limestone beds give problems at the interchange of air and flue gas. The valve system will be complicated and expensive, and at each interchange, a quantity of flue gas will mix into the combus ion air and may cause disturbances in the combustion process. In some cases it is a great problem that the air takes up more and more moisture which condenses from the flue gases. The moisture is returned to the combustion chamber, the flue gas water content increases still more and eventually the high water content disturbes the combustion process seriously, fl very high moisture content in the air and in the flue gas cause serious corrosion in the equipment. The heat of the flue gases is not always used for heating of the combustion air, fls an example, it may be mentioned that the flue gases which have been cooled and cleaned in one bed may be reheated in the second bed. In this case, the gas are not as corrosive after the elimination of acids in the first step and the drying by the reheating in the second 3tep. The futher processing of the flue gases is simplified by this processas as they are heated above their dew point. R futher problem with the double bed systems is that it causes great temperature variations of both ga3 and combustion air. It is sometimes advantageous to lead more than two gas flows through stone beds, fls an example one could cool flue gas, reheat flue gas and heat combustion air simultaneously. In this way the flue gas can be cooled to a lower temperature, which is sometimes desirable when contami- nats shall be condensed. The reheating reduces the corrosivity of the flue gas and the hea ing of combustion air saves energy and improves the co - bust ion. sunriERV OF THE IHUEHT I OH Surprisingly it has now appeared that an almost ideal reactor without the disadvantages of the double bed system can be built in a simple manner. The two 301 i d material beds are divided into several chambers that can be successively blown with the different gases. In some chambers the flue gases are cleaned and the beds are simultaneously heated. In some other chambers, combustion air is heated. In a few other chambers, flue gas is flushed with air and air is flushed with flue gas. The chambers are placed in a cirkle around a valve system. The chambers and the valve system are built in such a way that they can be rotated one against the other. The valve system is built to allow the chambers to be successively blown with gas, flushed with air and flushed with flue gas when the system makes one rotation. The flushing system is designed to transfer flue gas from one chamber to a chamber placed diagonally and vice versa. The flue gas cleaning is naturally arranged according to the counter flow principle, which has been described above. Normally crushed limestone is used as bed material, but also other basic stone material like dolomit and magnesia carbonate and basic waste material can be used. The reaction properties of limestone is enhanced at the presence of chlorides which may come from the flue gaees or may be added during the process for example at the tumbling of the stones. The inven ion is not necessarily restricted to a succesive dividing of the chambers for flue gases, combustion air and flush gases, fls βhown in example 3below still more gases can flow through the reactor simultaneously. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRRUINGS The invention will be described below with 3 examples, in the claims and with the 3 figures below wherein: Figure 1 describes a plant in perspective and partly cut open where the chambers are rotating while the valve system is fixed. Figure 2 describes the same plant i a more schematic form and Figure 3 shows a plant in a more schematic form where the valve system is rotating while the chambers are fixed. Figure 4 shows the valve unit 3een from below and Figure 5 shows the central duct seen from above. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBOD 1HEHT EXAMPLE 1: The example describes a reactor, fig 1-2, for cleaning of flue gases and heating of combustion air. The reactor consists of a cylindrical unit, 1, with a vertical axis. The reactor i3 divided into 24 similar chambers ,2, by vertical walls ,3. The walls ,3, extend from the mantle surface ,4, of the cylindrical unit ,1, radially towards the vertical covering of a centrally placed tubular valve unit ,5. The cylindrial unit ,1, and consequently its chambers ,2, are covered with a lid ,6. fl feed tube ,7, ends in the lid ,6. The feed tube ,7, feeds granular limestone, which constitutes the bed ,8, into the chambers ,2. The bed matrial is transported through the feed tubes ,7, down into the chambers ,2, from an open feed chute ,9, that is connected to all the feed tubes ,7. The chambers ,2, continue downwards into hollow cones ,10, with the point downwards, The points are connected to exit feed tubes ,11, for feeding spent granular limestone from the beds ,8, in the chambers ,2, for reconditioning. Insiodes the cones ,10, there are guide vanes ,12, to guide the granular limestone in the bed ,8, in 3uch a way that an even downward movement is maintained in the whole cross-section of the bed ,8. From the exit feed tube ,11, the granular limestone of the bed ,8, i3 fed out on a plane ,13, just below the end of the exit feed tube ,11. fl not moving scraper ,H, causes the stone to fall down into a tumbler ,15, as a consequence of the rotation of the cylindrical unit ,1. It is obvious that the flow of granular material through the chambers ,2, is controlled by the rotation velocity of the cylindrical unit ,1, and of how much gra- nuIαr material that the scraper ,14. removes on each rotation. The stone flow can be controlled in a simple way by moving the scraper ,14, in a radial direction from the valv unit ,5. In the tumbler ,15, gypsum, sulphite and flyash on the surface of the limestone is separated from the stones and the cleaned stones are broughht back to the bed ,8, by a vertical transporter ,16, the feed chute ,9, and the feed tubes ,7, and can again take part in the gas cleaning process together with new 3tone material that is fed from a container ,17. Each chamber ,2, has a lower ga3 port ,18, just below the upper end of the hollow cone ,10. flt intervals, hot flue gas flows radially into the chambers ,2, through the lower gas port ,18, from the valve unit ,5, and at next intervals hot air flows out of the same port into the valve unit ,5. From the lower gas port ,18, the gas flows outwards in a space between the hollow cone ,10, and the vertical walls ,3, of the chamber ,2, towards the mantle surface ,4, and futher up in the hollow cone ,10, into a gas duct. The duct is open on the bottom side, allowing gas to flow out into the 3tone bed ,8. Of coarse, air can flow in the opposite direction from the bed ,8, through the duct down through the lower gas port ,18, out into the valv unit ,5. Correspondingly there is an upper gas port ,20, in each chamber ,2, above the be ,8, and close to the lid ,6, where cleaned flue gas can be led out of the camber ,2, into an exit flue gas duct ,21, in the valv unit ,5, but also cold combustion air for heating can be led into the chamber ,2. The hot flue gases from the combustion are led to entrance flue gas duct ,23, of the valve unit ,5, through the lower gasport ,18, into the chamber ,2. The entrance flue gas duct ,23, is made to open to 9 other chambers ,2, placed one after the other in the cylindrical unit ,1.The flue gas flows, evenly distributed from lower gas port ,18, up through the chamber , 2, and out through the upper gas port ,20, to an exit flue gas duct ,21, and leawes the plant by a ductsyste (not shown). The combustion air is also led into the valve unit ,5, through an air intake ,22, and is simultaneously connected to 9 other chambers ,2, at their upper gas port , 20, and flow downwards through the bed ,8, under heating and are taken out through the lower gas port ,18, to an air exit duct ,24, and futher to the combustion chamber. Between these two groups of chambers ,2, those for flue gas cleaning ond those for combustion air heating, there are four chambers ,2, for flushing. These for chambers ,2, are connected by a diagonal duct in the bottom of thr valv unit ,5. On rotation of the cylindrical unit ,1, two chambers ,2, filled with flue gas will 3uccessivly come to the diagonal duct for flushing and two chambers ,2, filled with heated air will come to the opposite side of the diagonal flushing duct. If no measures are taken, the rotation will bring flue gases into the air flow and air into the ga3 flow. If this happens, the gas cleaning as well as the combustion could be disturbed. To avid this, a quantity of air is blown into one of the flush chambers ,2, to empty the chamber , 2, from flue gas. This cause the flue gaβeβ to be moved through the connection duct to the other flush chambers ,2, which 3hall be filled with fluee gases, flir that has been heated is led out through the air exit duct ,24. In this way, mixing of air and flue gas is minimised. On futher rotation of the cylindrical unit ,1, fluβh chambers ,2, which have been filled with air move in among the chambers ,2, which are blown with air, and the chambers , 2, that have been flushed with flue gas move in among the flue gas chambers ,2. The whole rotating system is carried by a bearing ,25, and is equip- ped with a drive system (not shown). The bearing ,25, and the drive system rest upon a fondation ,26. The valve unit ,5, is anchored to the foundation ,26. EXAMPLE 2: Th i s p.yπmn I p.. f i π λ . ill list rπt P.S hnw f I UP. ΠΠS is πl p.πnp.ri m i t h πn intermediate cooling and condensation of water vapour, fls the plant is big and contains a large amount of limestone with a considerable weight, the cylindrical unit ,1, with the chambers ,2, are fixed while the central valve unit ,5, rotates. There are 24 chambers ,2, 10 of which are in a position of flue gas cleaning, 4 chambers ,2, are in a position of flushing with two on each side of the first cleaning chambers ,2, and the remaining 10 are in a position for a second flue gas cleaning and for cooling of the bed ,8. Simul aneously, the temperature of the flue gases leaving the plant is rasised to a level well above the dew point. Between the two passages of groups of chambers ,2, the flue gas is cooled in a recuperator (not βhown) . In the recuperator the flue gas is cooled in order to be used as a cooling media for the chambers ,2, on the secong passage of the cylindrical unit ,1. flt the cooling in the recuperator water vapour is condensed from the flue ga3 and the condensed water is separated from the gas and led away. The heat that is liberated on condensation is U3βd for preheating of combustion air for the boiler. The air which is heated in the recuperator will not take up water vapour like the cooling air in example 1. In 3ome cases, too much moisture can be taken up by the air in the bed ,8, and be brought into the combustion chamber, causing disturbances in said combustion chamber and even prevent an efficient combustion. The chambers ,2, are similar to those in example 1. The flue gases flow upwards through the chambers ,2, during their first passage and counter to the stone that flowβ 3 lo ly downwards in the bed ,8. On the second passage, when the flue gas has been cooled and serves as a cooling media for the 3tones, the gas flows downwards in the 3ame direction as the stones. The exid feed tubes, 11, from the bottom cones ,10, slope towards the centre of the cylindrical unit ,1. The exid feed is controlled jointly for all exit tubes ,11, when the granular material is fed down into a tumbler j!5, for regeneration and to the vertical transporter ,16, up to the feed chute ,9, which in this case i3 wider and equipped with a rotating 3crape ,19, for distrubution of limestone to all the chambers ,2. The flow of the flue gas in and out of the plant goes through four external ducts through a central distribution centre ,28, which is equip- ped with four pipe joints ,29-32, in four levels, one over the other. Un- c leaned flue gas enters the plant through the top joint ,29, Cleaned and reheated gas leaves the plant through the second joint ,30. Flue gas that has passed the chambers , 2, once and has been cleaned leave the plant through the third joint ,31, to be futher cooled in a recuperator (not shown) and gas, that has been cooled in the recuperator, enter the plant by the fourth joint ,32, to be heated when they flows downwards in the chambers ,2, before they leave the plant through the second joint ,30. Each joint, 29-32, is connected to ring chambers ,33-36. The distribution centre ,28, consists of four concentric ring chambers ,33-36, each with a joint ,29-32, placed one above the other. Inside the ring chambers ,33-36, there is a rotating valv unit ,fig 4, in the form of a vertical tube device streching throuh the four ring chambers, 33-36. The vertical device consists of two concentric tubeβ, 37-38, one outher ,37, which extends only from the second ,34, of the four ring chambers, 33-36, and downwards, and an inner tube, 38, which extends from the top ring chamber ,33, and downwards. The outher tube ,37, and the inner tube ,38, are each divided in two halves by separating walls, 41, forming two ducts in form of two halves ,39-40, in each tube ,37-38. Each halv ,39-40, ha3 openings, 42, in its periphery leading to each ring chambers ,33-36. In this way, one of the halves ,39, of the inner tube ,38, will always have an opening ,42, to the top joints ,29, for incoming flue gas, the second halves ,40, will have an opening ,42, to the second joint ,30, for outgoing, reheated gas, one second halves ,40, of the outher tube ,37, will have contact with the third joint ,31. for flue gases which have passed the chambers ,2, only once, and the second second halves ,40, of the outher tube ,38, will have contact with the fourth joint ,32, for gas that comes from the recuperator after cooling. Uhen the valve unit ,5, rotates, each of the four ducts ,39-40, will be in contact with the same joint ,29-32. The bottom end of the rotating valve unit ,5, just below the fourth r ing chamber ,36, i3 a horizontal surface, which leaves the four ducts ,39-40, exposed. This bottom end is shown on fig. 4. There is a vertical round gas duct ,43, below the rotating valve unit ,5, which is divided by vertical walls into the same numbers of sectors as there are chambers ,2, in the cylindrical unit ,1. The duct ,43, i3 shown from above on fig. 5. Each lower gas port ,18, is connected to the correspnding duct of the round gas duct ,43, that has the same diameter as the inner tube ,38, of the rotating valve unit ,5, and it ends upwards in a horisontal surface which lies very close to the bottom surface of the rotating valve unit ,5,. In the same way the top gas ports ,20, of the cylindrical unit ,1, ore connected to that part of the vertical round gaβ duct ,43, that has the 3αme diameter as that of the outher tube ,37, of the rotating valve unit ,5. Uhen the valve unit ,5, rotates, its four ducts ,39-40, will 3uces- sively be connected to new sectors in the cylindrical unit ,1, and the chambers ,2, will get the 3ame succession of gas flows as in the cylindrical unit ,1, with a fixed valve unit ,5. EXAMPLE 3: In this case, there will be two passes of flue gaseβ through the chambers ,2, as well as one passage for heating of combustion air for the combustion plant. This arrangement can be used for instance for refuse burning plants. There is a great advantage that the gases are cleaned in two set3 of chambers ,2, with intermediate cooling of the beds ,8, in the chambers ,2, with air. The cleaning will be made in two different tern- peratur regions. The equipment can be compared with that from example 2, with the chambers ,2, divided in three groups. In the first group un- cleaned gases flow through the chambers ,2, in the second combustion air and in the third the flue gases, which are cleaned a second time.

Claims: CLAIMS 1. fl method to clean flue gases from combustion plants and regain heat from 3a id gases caracterized in that a number of similar chambers (2) are filled with granular material (8) and arranged in a circle around a valve unit (5) that the chamber cirkel (2) and the valve unit (5) are rotating in relation to each other and that the granular material (8) is lead in horisontal sec ion an even flow downward through the chambers (2) and exit for regenerating and then to the top of the chambers (2) together with new material that the flue gas is directed from the bottom upwards for cleaning and cooling in one group of chambers (2) and cooling ga3 in another grop of chambers (2) from the top downwards. 2. Fl method according to claim 1 caracterized in that a few chambers (2) between the two main groups are successively connected diagonally for flushing of the chambers (2) 3. fl method according to claim 1 or 2 caracterized in that the cooling gas is air, 4. fl method according to claim 1 or 2 caracterized in that the cooling gas consists of cleaned gas that has been cooled in a heat exchanger. 5. fl method according to claim 1 caracterized in that the cooling gas has been cleaned in a second step. 6. fl method according to claim 1 caracterized in that the valv unit (5) rotates inside the the chamber circle (2). 7. fl method according to claim 1 caracterized in that the chambers (2) rotates round the valve unit (5). 8. fl method according to claim 1-7 caracterized in that the chambers (2) are filled with limestone. 9. Fl method according to claim 1-8 caracterized in that clorides are added to the bed atrial (8).

Inventors: BERGMAN JONAS, MORSING MAGNUS, TIBERG LARS, BERGMAN, JONAS, MORSING, MAGNUS, TIBERG, LARS
Applicants: BERGMAN JONAS, FAGERSTA INTERVEX AB, MORSING MAGNUS, TIBERG LARS, BERGMAN, JONAS, MORSING, MAGNUS, TIBERG, LARS
Application year: 1999
Main classification: B01D53
IPC codes: B01D53, F23J15, F23L15