GROUND ENGAGING TOOLS FOR EARTHWORKING IMPLEMENTS AND RETAINER THEREFOR

Abstract: An earthworking implement (10) has a replaceable ground engaging tool (18) retained onto a tool mounting portion (16) of the implement by an elongated retainer (22, 114). The tool mounting portion (16) has an exterior surface (26) with a first retainer pocket (28) providing a first abutment surface (32) facing in a direction substantially away from the primary direction of travel (24). The ground engaging tool (18), in turn, has an interior surface (52) with a second retainer pocket (54) positionable in alignment with the first retainer pocket (28) and provides a second abutment surface (56) disposed in a generally spaced, diametrically opposing relationship to the first abutment surface (32). An elongated retainer (22, 114) is positionable within the retainer pockets (28, 54) to restrict the tool (18) from coming off the mounting portion (16) in the direction of the primary direction of travel (24).

Description: Description Ground Engaging Tools for Earthworking Implements and Retainer Therefor Technical Field The present invention relates generally to ground engaging tools for earthworking implements and the like and, more particularly, to a compression retainer for detachably retaining a replaceable tool onto such implements. Background Art Earthworking implements, such as buckets for loaders and excavators, bulldozers blades or rippers for tractors, bowls for scrapers and other earthworking machines commonly employ ground engaging tools that engage the earth being worked or materials being excavated or loaded. Because of the highly a b rasive materials encountered, ground engaging tools wear out rapidly and need to be replaced in order to protect the parent material of the implement and to keep the implement working at peak efficiency. Because of such frequent replacement, it is desirable to be able to quickly and easily remove the worn tool and replace it with a new one. Many types of retention devices, such as pins and the like, have been used in the past to retain the tool onto the implement or a tool mounting portion provided on the implement. Some typical examples of retention devices use d for retaining bucket teeth are disclosed in U.S. Patent Number 5,068,986 issued 3 December 1991 to Larren F. Jones for Excavating Tooth Point Particularly Suited for Large Dragline Buckets; U.S. Patent Number 5,272,824 issued 28 December 1993 to Erwin D. Cornelius for Tooth Assembly with Leaf Spring Retainer; and U.S. Patent Number 5,423,138 issued 13 June 1995 to Richard E. Livesay, et al for Tip to Adapter Interface. Many such prior retention devices perform satisfactorily, but are either complex and expensive, or require special tools or the large exertion of effort to remove and replace the retainers. Other retainers may simply fail during use do the high loads exerted on such retainers during use, resulting in the loss of the tool from the implement. The present invention is directed to overcoming one or more of the problems encountered in the use of prior art tools and retention devices. Disclosure of the Invention In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, an earthworking implement adapted to normally engage the ground in a primary direction of travel includes a tool mounting portion having an exterior surface with a first retainer pocket therein. The first pocket provides a first abutment surface facing in a direction substantially away from the primary direction of travel. A replaceable ground engaging tool has an interior surface positionable along the exterior surface of the mounting portion. The interior surface has a second retainer pocket therein positionable in alignment with the first retainer pocket of the mounting portion. The second pocket provides a second abutment surface disposed in a generally spaced, diametrically opposing relationship to the first abutment surface of the first retainer pocket. An elongated retainer having a pair of opposite solid end portions is positionable within the first and second retainer pockets wherein each end portion of the retainer are oriented to abut the first and second abutment surfaces of the mounting portion and the tool, respectively, such that the end portions of the retainer restrict the tool from coming off the mounting portion in the direction of the primary direction of travel of the implement. In another aspect of the present invention, the retainer includes an elongated, generally cylindrical steel body disposed along a longitudinal axis. The body has a pair of solid opposite end portions and a compressible middle portion. Each of the end portions has a circular cross-section with centers coincident to the longitudinal axis that are capable of carrying, in compression, a high load oriented radially to the end portions. The compressible middle portion is disposed between the opposite end portions and includes a spring whereby the retainer is provided with a predetermined free length along its longitudinal axis when the spring is in a noncompressed state and a shorter compressed length when the spring is in a compressed state. In yet another aspect of the present invention, the ground engaging tool includes an elongated body tapering from a wide mounting end portion to a narrow ground engaging end portion. The mounting end portion has an open cavity facing generally away from the primary direction of travel. The cavity is defined by legs including a first leg. The first leg has an interior surface and an exterior surface. The interior surface has an elongated pocket formed therein having providing an abutment facing in a direction of the primary direction of travel. The exterior surface has an opening adapted to allow the passage of the retainer therethrough into the pocket. Brief Description of the Drawings Fig. 1 is a fragmentary perspective view of an implement with a tool mounted onto a mounting portion thereof and being retained by a compression retainer embodying the principles of the present invention; Fig. 2 is an enlarged perspective view of the tool shown in Fig. 1 with portions broken away to better shoe the mounting portion and the retainer; Fig. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken generally along line 3-3 of Fig. 2; Fig. 4 is a perspective view of the mounting lug for mounting the tool shown by itself; Fig. 5 is an enlarged fragmentary cross- sectional view of the tool by itself taken generally along line 5-5 of Fig. 2; Fig. 6 is an enlarged fragmentary cross- sectional view of the mounting lug by itself taken generally along line 6-6 of Fig. 4; Fig. 7 is a cross-sectional view through the rear of the mounting lug and tool taken generally along line 7-7 of Fig. 3; Fig. 8 is an enlarged perspective view of one embodiment of the retainer by itself; Fig. 9 is an enlarged perspective view similar to Fig. 8, but of another embodiment of the retainer; Fig. 10 is an exploded perspective with of the retainer of Fig. 9; and Fig. 11 is a perspective view of an alternate spring for the retainer of Fig. 9. Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention Referring to the drawings, one exemplary embodiment of the present invention is disclosed in Fig. 1 where an earthworking implement is shown at (10), which in the embodiment depicted is a bucket. The bucket (10) has a cutting edge (12) upon which is mounted, preferably by welding, a plurality of mounting lugs (14); best shown in Figs. 2 and 4. Each mounting lug (14) has a tool mounting portion (16) for mounting a replaceable ground engaging tool (18) , which in the embodiment depicted in Fig. 1 is a cutting edge protecting shroud (20) . The shroud (20) is detachably retained on the mounting portion (16) by an elongated retainer (22) , as will be more fully described below. It should be appreciated that the exemplary embodiments depicted in the drawings and described herein are merely for illustrative purposes, as it is contemplated that the present invention be used for other closely related ground engaging tools and implement applications. Examples of related implements include shovels, bulldozer and motor grader blades, rippers, scraper bowls and the like. Examples of tools for such implements include bucket tips, cutting edges, corner and side protectors, tooth couplers and adapters and the like. Such implements, mounting members and tools therefor are all well known in the art and all of such uses are intended to be covered by the present invention even though they have not been specifically shown or described herein, as those skilled in the art are readily able to incorporate the teachings of the present invention into such other applications. Earthworking implements, such as bucket (10) , are adapted to normally engage the ground in a primary direction of travel. In other words, they are manipulated to dig or scoop material in a particular direction by the earthworking machine and/or the operator of such machine. In the case of bucket (10), for instance, the primary direction of travel is typically parallel to and in a direction away from the cutting edge (12) of the bucket, as designated by arrow 24 in Fig. 1. Mounting lugs (14) are carried in a spaced side-by-side relationship on the cutting edge (12) . The tool mounting portion (16) (Fig. 4) of each mounting lug (14) has an exterior surface (26) with a first retainer pocket (28) therein. The exterior surface (26) with the first retainer pocket (28) is preferably located on an upper leg (29) of the mounting lug 14. Such upper leg (29) is adapted to angle upwardly over and embrace the beveled front edge (30) of the cutting edge (12) . The first pocket (28) provides a first abutment surface (32) (Fig. 6) facing in a direction substantially away from said primary direction of travel (24) . Each mounting lug (14) includes a nose portion (34) having a first planar force receiving end surface (36) thereon oriented normal to the direction of travel and a pair of spaced second and third force receiving surfaces (38,40), each normal to and adjoining the first force receiving surface and parallel to the direction of travel. The mounting lug (14) also has an elongated lower leg (42) having a distal end (44) opposite the nose portion (34). The lower leg (42) has opposite sides (46,48), each of such sides being provided with an outwardly beveled flange (50) thereon adjacent the distal end (44). The replaceable ground engaging tool (18) has an interior surface (52) (Fig. 5) positionable along the exterior surface (26) of the mounting portion (16) of lugs (14). Such interior surface (52) has a second retainer pocket (54) therein positionable in alignment with the first retainer pocket (28) of the mounting portion (16). The second pocket (54) provides a second abutment surface (56) disposed in a generally spaced, diametrically opposing relationship to the first abutment surface (32) of the first retainer pocket (28) . The ground engaging tool (18) also has a cavity (58) opening in a direction opposite to the primary direction of travel (24) , the cavity (58) being adapted to receive the tool mounting portion (16) for mounting the tool 18 onto the mounting portion (16) . In the present embodiment, as noted earlier, the ground engaging tool (18) is a lip protecting shroud (20) (Fig. 2) adapted to be mounted on the mounting lug (14) for protecting a bucket cutting edge (12) . Shroud (20) has an elongated body (60) tapering down from a wide mounting end portion (62) to a narrower ground engaging end portion (64) . The mounting end portion (62) has a first leg (66) and a second leg (68) spaced from the first leg (66) so as to define the open cavity (58) therebetween. The first leg (66) has the aforementioned interior surface (52) and also has an opposite exterior surface (72) (Fig. 5), the exterior surface (72) having a retainer opening (74) therein through to the second retainer pocket (54) . The cavity (58) further has a first force transferring surface (76) at the juncture of the legs (66,68) and a pair of opposing second and third force transferring surfaces (78,80). The first force transferring surface (76) is preferably oriented normal to the direction of travel. The pair of opposing force transferring surfaces (78,80) are each normal to and adjoin the first force transferring surface (76) and are parallel to the primary direction of travel. The first force transferring surface (76) is positionable in force transferring abutment with the first force receiving surface (36) on the nose portion (34) of the mounting lug (14), while each of the opposing force transferring surfaces (78,80) is positionable in force transferring abutment with a respective one of spaced second and third force receiving surfaces (38,40) on the nose portion (34) of the mounting lug. The second leg (68) of the shroud (20) has a distal end (82) and a pair of inner flanges (84,86) (Fig. 7) along a respective one of its opposite sides (88,90). Each of the flanges (84,86) have an inwardly beveled portion (92) thereon adjacent the distal end (82) that are adapted to receive a respective one of the outwardly beveled flanges (50) of the lower leg (42) of the mounting lug (14). As mentioned earlier, the compression retainer (22) (Fig. 8) is for use in detachably retaining replaceable ground engaging tool (18) onto an earthworking implement (10). Retainer (22) includes an elongated, generally cylindrical steel body (94) disposed along a longitudinal axis (96) and has a pair of solid opposite end portions (98,100) and a compressible middle portion (102) . Each of the end portions (98,100) have a circular cross-section with centers coincident to the longitudinal axis (96) and are capable of carrying, in compression, a high load oriented radially to the end portions (98,100). The compressible middle portion (102) is disposed between the opposite end portions (98,100) and is axially compressible along longitudinal axis (96), whereby the retainer (22) is provided with a predetermined free length along its longitudinal axis (96) when the spring (104) is in a noncompressed state and a shorter compressed length when the spring (104) is in a compressed state. The retainer (22) is positionable within the first and second retainer pockets (28,54) (Fig. 5 and 6) wherein the end portions (98,100) are oriented to abut the first and second abutment surfaces (32,56) of the mounting portion (16) and the tool (18), respectively, such that the end portions (98,100) of the retainer (22) restrict the tool (18) from coming off the mounting portion (16) in the direction of the primary direction of travel of the implement. It should be noted at this point that the retainer opening (74) in the shroud (20) is provided with a predetermined length that is less than the free length but greater than the compressed length of the retainer (22) in order to permit the insertion of the retainer (22) through the opening (74) when in the compressed state but to prevent the escape of the retainer therethrough when in the noncompressed state. It should also be noted that the' first abutment surface (32) of the tool mounting portion (16) and the second abutment surface (56) of the ground engaging tool (18) each preferably have cylindrical portions (106,108), respectively, thereon. Each such cylindrical portion (106,108) is also preferably disposed about a central axis (110) (Fig. 3) oriented generally transverse to the primary direction of travel (24) and arranged such that the cylindrical portions (106,108) of the first and second abutment surfaces (32, 56) contact the end portions (98,100) of the retainer (22) in diametrically opposed relationship to each other, whereby the retainer (22) is caused to be loaded in compression, rather that in shear. The axially compressible middle portion of the retainer is preferably a helical spring (112). The helical spring (112) is also preferably constructed integral with the opposite end portions (98,100). This may be accomplished by casting the retainer (22) through a suitable steel metal casting process, with the helical spring (112) being cast in a double helix configuration as shown in Fig. 8. In such as case, the entire retainer (22) is preferably made of a suitable spring steel material. Alternately as shown in Figs. 9 and 10, a retainer (114) may be constructed with separate end portions (116,118) and a separate spring element, such as a die spring (120), for ease of manufacture of the retainer. As another alternative, a round wire spring (122), as shown in Fig. 11, could be used. The use of a non-metallic spring element, such as rubber or plastic, is also contemplated and may be employed in place of the steel springs shown herein. Each of the end portions (98,100) or (116,118) of the retainer have a distal end (124) having a reduced diameter with a concave end face (126) formed therein. While not shown in the drawings, the retainer disclosed herein may be employed with a bucket equipped with tooth adapters in place of mounting lugs (14). Such tooth adapters mount ground engaging teeth. In such a case, the retainer (22) would be used to detachably mount the teeth onto the adapters in the same fashion as described herein. On some larger buckets, a coupler may be employed between the tooth and adapter. In such a case, the retainer (22) may be used to detachably retain both the tooth onto the coupler and the coupler onto the adapter. Also, the earthworking implement could be a ripper, rather than a bucket. In this application, the retainer (22) would be employed to retain a ripper tip onto the ripper shank of the ripper. Industrial Applicability The earthworking implement (10) constructed in accordance with the present invention affords many advantages of prior devices. For instance, the present retainer (22) is easily assembled into and removed from the retainer pockets (32,54) of the tool mounting portion (16) and the ground engaging tool (18) through retainer opening (74) without the use of special tools and without the exertion of a large amount of effort. To install, the retainer (22) is compressed to its compressed length so as to pass through the retainer opening (74) into the pockets (32,54) . This may be accomplished by angling one end of the retainer (22) in the retainer opening and tapping the other end with a hammer to compress the compressible middle portion (102) of the retainer. Once in the pockets (32,54), the retainer (22) will re-expand to its longer noncompressed length so as to prevent its escape out of the pockets through the retainer opening (74). Once in the pockets, the solid end portions (98,100) are adapted to abut the first and second abutment surfaces (32,56) of the mounting portion (14) and ground engaging tool (18), respectively, to prevent the tool from coming off the mounting portion in the primary direction of travel (24). Because all of the load bearing surfaces are cylindrical and concentric about the longitudinal axis (96) of the retainer (22) and the retainer (22) is free to rotate about such longitudinal axis, the resultant loads exerted on the end portions (98,100) are oriented normal to circular periphery of the end portions. Thus, the end portions are loaded in compression, rather than in shear. This loading characteristic enables the retainer (22) to carry greater loads. The reduced diameter distal ends (124) and the concave end faces (126) on the end portions (98,100) of the retainer (22) are provided to facilitate the removal of the retainer when desired. Such features provide niches for the end of a pry tool (not shown) to work against in order to re-compress the retainer to its compressed length so that the retainer (22) can be removed through the retainer opening (74) . Another advantage of the present invention resides in the particular construction of the mounting lug (14) and shroud (20). In such regard, the opposite sides (46,48) of lower leg (42) of the mounting lug (14) are provided with outwardly beveled flanges (50) adjacent the distal end (44) . Such beveled flanges (50) are received within the mating inwardly beveled portions (92) of the second leg (68) of the shroud (20) for securing the second leg (68) to the mounting lug (14) and for transferring torsional loads on the shroud (20) to the mounting lug (14) . Other aspects and advantages of the present invention of this invention can be obtained through a study of the drawings, the disclosure and the appended claims .

Claims: Claims 1. In an earthworking implement (10) adapted to normally engage the ground in a primary direction of travel (24), the improvement comprising: a tool mounting portion (16) having an exterior surface (26) with a first retainer pocket (28) therein, said first pocket (28) providing a first abutment surface (32) facing in a direction substantially away from said primary direction of travel; a replaceable ground engaging tool (18) having an interior surface (52) positionable along said exterior surface (26) of said mounting portion (16) , said interior surface (52) having a second retainer pocket (54) therein positionable in alignment with said first retainer pocket (28) of said mounting portion (16), said second pocket (54) providing a second abutment surface (56) disposed in a generally spaced, diametrically opposing relationship to said first abutment surface (32) of said first retainer pocket (28) ; and an elongated retainer (22,114) having a pair of opposite solid end portions (98,100,116,118) said retainer (22,114) being positionable within said first and second retainer pockets (28,54) wherein said end portions (98,100,116,118) are oriented to abut said first and second abutment surfaces (32,56) of said mounting portion (16) and said tool, respectively, such that said end portions (98,100,116,118) of said retainer (22,114) restrict said tool from coming off said mounting portion (16) in said direction of the primary direction of travel (24) of said implement (10) . 2. The earthworking implement (10) of claim 1 wherein said elongated retainer (22,114) has a longitudinal axis (96) and an axially compressible middle portion (102) between said opposite end portions (98,100,116,118) whereby said retainer (22,114) has a predetermined free length along said longitudinal axis (96) of said retainer (22,114) when in a noncompressed state and a shorter compressed length when said retainer (22,114) in a compressed state . 3. The earthworking implement (10) of claim 2 wherein said axially compressible middle portion (102) of said retainer (22,114) is a helical spring (104) . 4. The earthworking implement (10) of claim 3 wherein said helical spring (104) is integral with said opposite end portions (98,100). 5. The earthworking implement (10) of claim 4 wherein said retainer (22,114) is constructed from spring steel. 6. The earthworking implement (10) of claim 2 wherein said end portions (98,100,114,116) of said elongated retainer (22,114) each have a cylindrical surface portion thereon and wherein said first abutment surface (32) of said tool mounting portion (16) and said second abutment surface (56) of said ground engaging tool each have cylindrical portions (106,108) thereon, each such cylindrical portion (106,108) being disposed about a central axis (110) oriented generally transverse to said primary direction of travel (24) and arranged such that the cylindrical portions (106,108) of the first and second abutment surfaces (32,56) contact the retainer (22,114) in diametrically opposed relationship to each other, whereby said retainer (22,114) is loaded in compression, rather than in shear. 7. The earthworking implement (10) of claim 6 wherein said ground engaging tool (18) has a cavity (58) opening in a direction opposite to said primary direction of travel (24), said cavity (58) being adapted to receive said tool mounting portion (16) for mounting said tool (18) onto said mounting portion (16) . 8. The earthworking implement (10) of claim 7 wherein said cavity (58) has a leg (66) with said interior surface (52) and an opposite exterior surface (72), said exterior surface (72) having a retainer opening (74) therein through to said second retainer pocket (54), said retainer (74) opening having a predetermined length that is less than the free length but greater than the compressed length of said retainer (22,114) in order to permit the insertion of said retainer (22,114) through said opening (74) when in said compressed state but to prevent the escape of said retainer (22,114) therethrough when in said noncompressed state. 9. The earthworking implement (10) of claim 2 wherein said implement (10) is a bucket (10 10. The earthworking implement (10) of claim 2 wherein said tool mounting portion (16) is an adapter and said tool is a bucket tooth. 11. The earthworking implement (10) of claim 2 wherein said implement (10) includes a coupler and said tool mounting portion (16) is on said coupler . 12. The earthworking implement (10) of claim 2 wherein said implement (10) is a ripper and said tool mounting portion (16) is a ripper shank and said tool (18) is a ripper tip. 13. The earthworking implement (10) of claim 9 wherein said bucket (10) has a cutting edge (12) and wherein said tool mounting portion (16) is provided on a mounting lug (14) carried on said cutting edge (12) and said ground engaging tool (18) is a lip protecting shroud (20) adapted to be mounted on said mounting lug (14). 14. The earthworking implement (10) of claim 13 wherein said mounting lug (14) includes a nose portion (34) having a first planar force receiving end surface (36) thereon oriented normal to said direction of travel (24) and a pair of spaced force receiving surfaces (38,40), each normal to and adjoining said first force receiving surface (36) and parallel to the direction of travel. 15. The earthworking implement (10) of claim 14 wherein said lip protecting shroud (20) has an elongated body (60) tapering down from a wide mounting end portion (62) to a narrower ground engaging end portion (64), said mounting end portion (62) having a first leg (66) and a second leg (68) spaced from said first leg (66) and defining said open cavity (58) therebetween, said cavity (58) further having a first force transferring surface (76) at the juncture of said legs and a pair of opposing force transferring surfaces (78,80), said first force transferring surface (76) being positionable in force transferring abutment with said first force receiving surface (36) and each of said opposing force transferring surfaces (78,80) being positionable in force transferring abutment with a respective one of spaced force receiving surfaces (38,40) on said nose portion (34) of said mounting lug (14). 16. The earthworking implement (10) of claim 15 wherein said mounting lug (14) has an elongated lower leg (42) having a distal end (44) opposite said nose portion (34), said lower leg (42) having opposite sides (46,48), each of such sides being provided with an outwardly beveled flange (50) thereon adjacent said distal end (44), and wherein said shroud (20) has an elongated lower leg (68) having a distal end (82), said leg (68) having a pair of inner flanges (84,86) along a respective one of its opposite sides (88,90), each of said flanges (84,86) having an inwardly beveled portion (92) adapted to receive a respective one of the outwardly beveled flanges (50) of the lower leg (42) of the mounting lug (14) . 17. A compression retainer (22,114) for use in detachably retaining replaceable ground engaging tool (18) onto an earthworking implement (10), comprising: an elongated, generally cylindrical steel body (60) disposed along a longitudinal axis (96) having a pair of solid opposite end portions (98,100,116,118) and a compressible middle portion (102), each of said end portions (98,100,116,118) having a circular cross-section with centers coincident to said longitudinal axis (96) and being capable of carrying, in compression, a high load oriented radially to said end portions (98,100,116,118), and said compressible middle portion (102) being disposed between said opposite end portions (98,100,116,118) and including a spring whereby said retainer (22,114) is provided with a predetermined free length along its longitudinal axis (96) when said spring (104) is in a noncompressed state and a shorter compressed length when said spring (104) is in a compressed state. 18. The compression retainer (22) of claim 17 wherein said spring (104) is integral with said opposite end portions (98,100). 19. The compression retainer (22,114) of claim 18, wherein each of said end portions (98,100,116,118) have a distal end (124), each distal end (124) having a reduced diameter with a concave end face (126) formed therein. 20 A replaceable ground engaging tool (18) for an earthworking implement (10) adapted to normally engage the ground in a primary direction of travel (24), said tool (18) being adapted to be detachably mounted to said implement (10) by means of a retainer (22,114), said ground engaging tool (18) comprising: an elongated body (60) tapering from a wide mounting end portion (62) to a narrow ground engaging end portion (64), said mounting end portion (62) having an open cavity (58) facing generally away from said primary direction of travel (24), said cavity (58) being defined by legs including a first leg (66), said first leg (66) having an interior surface (52) and an exterior surface (72) , said interior surface (52) having an elongated pocket (54) formed therein, said pocket (58) having providing an abutment (56) facing in a direction of said primary direction of travel (24), and said exterior surface (72) having an opening (74) adapted to allow the passage of said retainer (22,114) therethrough into said pocket. 21. The ground engaging tool (18) of claim 20 wherein said tool (18) is a shroud (20) for protecting a bucket cutting edge (12), said shroud (20) having a second leg (68) spaced from said first leg (66) and defining said open cavity (58) therebetween, said cavity (58) further having a first force transferring surface (76) oriented normal to said direction of travel (24) at the juncture of said legs and a pair of opposing force transferring surfaces (78,80), each normal to and adjoining said first force transferring surface (76) and parallel to the direction of travel (24) . 22. The ground engaging tool (18) of claim 21 wherein said second leg (68) of said shroud (20) has a distal end (82) and a pair of inner flanges (84,86) along a respective one of its opposite sides (88,90), each of said flanges (84,86) having an inwardly beveled portion (92) thereon adjacent said distal end (82) . 23. The ground engaging tool (18) of claim 22 wherein said retainer (22,114) is an elongated cylindrically shaped compression retainer and wherein elongated pocket (54) includes a cylindrical portion (108) disposed about a central axis (110) oriented in a direction generally transverse to said primary direction of travel (24) of said implement (10) .

Inventors: STICKLING CHRISTOPHER J, STICKLING, CHRISTOPHER, J.
Applicants: CATERPILLAR INC, CATERPILLAR INC.
Application year: 1999
Main classification: E02F9
IPC codes: E02F9