BATTERY CONSTRUCTIONS HAVING REDUCED COLLECTOR ASSEMBLY VOLUME

Abstract: An electrochemical cell is provided that includes: a can for containing electrochemically active materials including at least positive and negative electrodes and an electrolyte, the can having an open end a closed end; and a collector assembly positioned across the open end of the can, the collector assembly having a collector and a cover, the collector assembly defining a collector assembly volume. In one embodiment, the collector assembly volume is less than 5.0 percent of the total volume of the battery. In other embodiments, the collector assembly volume is less than 5.0 percent (D-sized batteries), less than 6.0 percent (AA-sized batteries) and less than 7.0 percent (C- and AAA-sized batteries) of the total internal volume. In further embodiments, the collector assembly volume is less than 2.5 cm<3> (D-sized batteries), less than 1.7 cm<3> (C-sized batteries), less than 0.50 cm<3> (AA-sized batteries) and less than 0.24 cm<3> (AAA-sized batteries).

Description: BATTERY CONSTRUCTIONS HAVING REDUCED COLLECTOR ASSEMBLY VOLUME The present invention generally relates to an electrochemical cell construction. More particularly, the present invention relates to the containers and collector assemblies used for an electrochemical cell, such as an alkaline cell. Figure 1 shows the construction of a conventional C sized alkaline cell 10. As shown, cell 10 includes a cylindrically shaped can 12 having an open end and a closed end. Can 12 is preferably formed of an electrically conductive material, such that an outer cover 11 welded to a bottom surface 14 at the closed end of can 12 serves as an electrical contact terminal for the cell. Cell 10 further typically includes a first electrode material 15, which may serve as the positive electrode (also known as a cathode). The first electrode material 15 may be preformed and inserted into can 12, or may be moulded in place so as to contact the inner surfaces of the can 12. For an alkaline cell, first electrode material 15 will typically include MnO 2 . After the first electrode 15 has been provided in can 12, a separator 17 is inserted into the space defined by first electrode 15. Separator 17 is preferably a non-woven fabric. Separator 17 is provided to maintain a physical separation of the first electrode material 15 and a mixture of electrolyte and a second electrode material 20 while allowing the transport of ions between the electrode materials. Once separator 17 is in place within the cavity defined by first electrode 15, an electrolyte is dispensed into the space defined by separator 17, along with the mixture 20 of electrolyte and a second electrode material, which may be the negative electrode (also known as the anode). The electrolyte/second electrode mixture 20 preferably includes a gelling agent. For a typical alkaline cell, mixture 20 is formed of a mixture of an aqueous KOH electrolyte and zinc, which serves as the second electrode material. Water and additional additives may also be included in mixture 20. Once the first electrode 15, separator 17, the electrolyte, and mixture 20 have been formed inside can 12, a preassembled collector assembly 25 is inserted into the open end of can 12. Can 12 is typically slightly tapered at its open end. This taper serves to support the collector assembly in a desired orientation prior to securing it in place. After collector assembly 25 has been inserted, an outer cover 45 is placed over collector assembly 25. Collector assembly 25 is secured in place by radially squeezing the can against collector assembly 25. The end edge 13 of can 12 is crimped over the peripheral lip of collector assembly 25, thereby securing outer cover 45 and collector assembly 25 within the end of can 12. As described further below, one function served by collector assembly 25 is to provide for a second external electrical contact for the electrochemical cell. Additionally, collector assembly 25 must seal the open end of can 12 to prevent the electrochemical materials therein from leaking from this cell. Additionally, collector assembly 25 must exhibit sufficient strength to withstand the physical abuse to which batteries are typically exposed. Also, because electrochemical cells may produce hydrogen gas, collector assembly 25 may allow internally generated hydrogen gas to permeate therethrough to escape to the exterior of the electrochemical cell. Further, collector assembly 25 should include some form of pressure relief mechanism to relieve pressure produced internally within the cell should this pressure become excessive. Such conditions may occur when the electrochemical cell internally generates hydrogen gas at a rate that exceeds that at which the internally generated hydrogen gas can permeate through the collector assembly to the exterior of the cell. The collector assembly 25 shown in Figure 1 includes a seal 30, a collector nail 40, an inner cover 44, a washer 50, and a plurality of spurs 52. Seal 30 is shown as including a central hub 32 having a hole through which collector nail 40 is inserted. Seal 30 further includes a V-shaped portion 34 that may contact an upper surface 16 of first electrode 15. Seal 30 also includes a peripheral upstanding wall 36 that extends upward along the periphery of seal 30 in an annular fashion. Peripheral upstanding wall 36 not only serves as a seal between the interface of collector assembly 25 and can 12, but also serves as an electrical insulator for preventing an electπcal short from occurring between the positive can and negative contact terminal of the cell Inner cover 44, which is formed of a πgid metal, is provided to increase the rigidity and support the radial compression of collector assembly 25 thereby improving the sealing effectiveness. As shown in Figure 1, inner cover 44 is configured to contact central hub portion 32 and peπpheral upstanding wall 36. By configuπng collector assembly 25 in this fashion, inner cover 44 serves to enable compression of central hub portion 32 by collector nail 40 while also supporting compression of peπpheral upstanding wall 36 by the inner surface of can 12. Outer cover 45 is typically made of a nickel-plated steel and is configured to extend from a region defined by the annular peπpheral upstanding wall 36 of seal 30 and to be m electπcal contact with a head portion 42 of collector nail 40. Outer cover 45 may be welded to head portion 42 of collector nail 40 to prevent any loss of contact. As shown in Figure 1, when collector assembly 25 is inserted into the open end of can 12, collector nail 40 penetrates deeply withm the electrolyte/second electrode mixture 20 to establish sufficient electπcal contact therewith. In the example shown m Figure 1, outer cover 45 includes a peπpheral lip 47 that extends upwardly along the circumference of outer cover 45. By forming peπpheral upstanding wall 36 of seal 30 of a length greater than that of peπpheral lip 47, a portion of peπpheral upstanding wall 36 may be folded over peπpheral lip 47 duπng the cπmpmg process so as to prevent any portion of the upper edge 13 of can 12 from coming into contact with outer cover 45. Seal 30 is preferably formed of nylon. In the configuration shown in Figure 1, a pressure relief mechanism is provided for enabling the relief of internal pressure when such pressure becomes excessive. Further, inner cover 44 and outer cover 45 are typically provided with apertures 43 that allow hydrogen gas to escape to the exteπor of cell 10. The mechanism shown includes an annular metal washer 50 and a plurality of spurs 52 that are provided between seal 30 and inner cover 44. Each spur 52 includes a pointed end 53 that is pressed against a thin intermediate portion 38 of seal 30. Spurs 52 are biased against the lower inner surface of inner cover 44 such that when the internal pressure of cell 10 increases and seal 30 consequently becomes deformed by pressing upward toward inner cover 44, the pointed ends 53 of spurs 52 penetrate through the thin intermediate portion 38 of seal 30 thereby ruptuπng seal 30 and allowing the escape of the internally-generated gas through apertures 43 Although the above-descπbed collector assembly 25 performs all the above- noted desirable functions satisf acton ly, as apparent from its cross-sectional profile this particular collector assembly occupies a significant amount of space within the inteπor of the cell 10 It should be noted that the construction shown in Figure 1 is but one example of a cell construction Other collector assemblies exist that may have lower profiles and hence occupy less space with the cell. However, such collector assemblies typically achieve this reduction in occupied volume at the expense of the sealing characteπstics of the collector assembly or the performance and reliability of the pressure relief mechanism. The measured external and internal volumes for several batteπes that were commercially available at the pπoπty date of this application are listed in the tables shown m Figures 2A and 2B The tables list the volumes (cc) for D, C, AA, and AAA sized batteπes The collector assembly volume and the percentage of the total cell volume that constitutes the collector assembly volume is provided in Figure 2B for those commercially available batteπes listed in Figure 2A Also provided in Figure 2A is a percentage of the total cell volume that constitutes the internal volume that is available for containing the electrochemically active mateπals. The "total cell volume" includes all of the volume, including any internal void spaces, of the battery. For the battery shown in Figure 1, the total volume ideally includes all of the cross-hatched area as shown in Figure 3A. The "internal volume" of the battery is represented by the cross-hatched area shown m Figure 3B. The "internal volume", as used herein, is that volume inside the cell or battery that contains the electrochemically active mateπals as well as any voids and chemically inert mateπals (other than the collector nail) that are confined with the sealed volume of the cell Such chemically inert mateπals may include separators, conductors, and any inert additives in the electrodes As descπbed herein, the term "electrochemically active mateπals" includes the positive and negative electrodes and the electrolyte The "collector assembly volume" includes the collector nail, seal, inner cover, washer, spurs and any void volume between the bottom surface of the negative cover and the seal (indicated by the cross-hatched area in Figure 3C) The "container volume" includes the volume of the can, label, negative cover (outer cover 45), void volume between the label and negative cover, positive cover, and void volume between the positive cover and can (shown by the cross-hatched area in Figure 3D) If the label extends onto and into contact with the negative cover, the void volume present between the label and negative cover is included the container volume, and therefore is also considered as part of the total volume Otherwise, that void volume is not included in either of the container volume or the total volume It should be appreciated that the sum total of the "internal volume", "collector assembly volume", and "container volume" is equal to the "total volume" Accordingly, the internal volume available for electrochemically active mateπals can be confirmed by measuπng the collector assembly volume and container volume and subtracting the collector assembly volume and the container volume from the measured total volume of the battery. Because the exteπor dimensions of the electrochemical cell are generally fixed by the Ameπcan National Standards Institute (ANSI) or other standards organisations, the greater the space occupied by the collector assembly, the less space that there is available within the cell for the electrochemical mateπals. Consequently, a reduction in the amount of electrochemical mateπals that may be provided withm the cell results in a shorter service life for the cell. It is therefore desirable to maximise the inteπor volume within an electrochemical cell that is available for the electrochemically active components. We have now found that this may be achieved by constructing an electrochemical cell where the space occupied by the collector assembly and the space occupied by the container volume are minimised while still maintaining adequate sealing characteπstics and allowing a reliable pressure relief mechanism Accordingly, it is an aspect of the present invention to solve the above problems by either eliminating the collector assembly from the cell while retaining its functions, or by providing a collector assembly having a significantly lower profile and thereby occupying significantly less space withm an electrochemical cell Another aspect of the present invention is to provide cell constructions exhibiting lower water loss over time than pπor assemblies, thereby increasing the cell's shelf life An additional aspect of the invention is to provide a battery having a reliable pressure relief mechanism that does not occupy a significant percentage of the available cell volume. Still yet another aspect of the present invention is to provide cell constructions that are simpler to manufacture and that require less mateπals, thereby possibly having lower manufactuπng costs. Another aspect of the invention is to provide cell constructions that require less radial compressive force to be applied by the can to adequately seal the cell, thereby allowing for the use of a can having thinner side walls, and thus resulting m greater internal cell volume. To achieve the above aspects and advantages, a battery of the present invention compπses a can for containing electrochemically active mateπals including at least positive and negative electrodes and an electrolyte, the can having an open end and a closed end; and a collector assembly positioned across the open end of the can, the collector assembly having a collector and a cover, characteπsed that the collector assembly defines a collector assembly volume of less than 5.0 percent of the total volume of the battery. These and other features, advantages, and objects of the present invention will be further understood and appreciated by those skilled in the art by reference to the following specification, claims, and appended drawings The present invention will be further understood by reference to the drawings, in which: Figure 1 is a cross section of a conventional C sized alkaline electrochemical cell; Figure 2A is a table showing the relative total battery volumes and internal cell volumes available for electrochemically active materials, as measured for those batteries that were commercially available at the time this application was filed; Figure 2B is a table showing the relative total battery volumes and collector assembly volumes as measured for those batteries that were commercially available as provided in Figure 2A; Figures 3A-3D are cross sections of a conventional C sized alkaline electrochemical cell that illustrate the total battery and various component volumes; Figure 4 is a cross section of a C sized alkaline electrochemical cell having a low profile seal constructed in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention; Figure 5 is a partial cross section of an adaptation of the first embodiment for use in an AA sized battery shown in comparison with a partial cross section of an adaptation of the conventional construction as currently used in an AA sized battery; Figure 6 is a cross section of a C sized alkaline electrochemical cell having an ultra low profile seal according to a second embodiment of the present invention; Figure 7 is a cross section of a C sized alkaline electrochemical cell having an ultra low profile seal and a formed positive cover protrusion according to a third embodiment of the present invention; Figure 8A is a cross section of a C sized alkaline electrochemical cell constructed in accordance with a fourth embodiment of the present invention having a rollback cover, an annular L-shaped or J-shaped seal, and a pressure relief mechanism formed in the can bottom surface; Figure 8B is a cross section of the top portion of a C sized alkaline electrochemical cell constructed in accordance with the fourth embodiment of the present invention having a rollback cover and further including an L-shaped annular seal; Figure 8C is an exploded perspective view of the electrochemical cell shown in Figure 8A illustrating assembly of the collector seal and cover assembly; Figure 9 is a bottom view of a battery can having a pressure relief mechanism formed in the closed end of the can, Figure 10 is a cross-sectional view taken along line X-X of the can vent shown in Figure 9, Figure 11 is a cross section of a C sized alkaline electrochemical cell having a beverage can-type construction according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention, Figure 12A is a partially exploded perspective view of the battery shown in Figure 11 , Figures 12B and 12C are cross-sectional views of a portion of the battery shown in Figure 11 illustrating the process for forming the beverage can-type construction, Figure 12D is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a portion of the battery shown in Figure 11 ; Figure 13 is a cross section of a C sized alkaline electrochemical cell having a beverage can-type construction according to a sixth embodiment of the present invention; Figure 14A is a table showing the calculated total and internal cell volume for vaπous batteπes constructed in accordance with the present invention; Figure 14B is a table showing the calculated total volume and collector assembly volume for vaπous batteπes constructed in accordance with the present invention; Figure 15 is a cross section of a C sized alkaline electrochemical cell having a collector feed through construction according to a seventh embodiment of the present invention; Figure 16 is an exploded assembly view of the electrochemical cell shown in Figure 15; and Figure 17 is a flow diagram illustrating a method of assembly of the electrochemical cell shown in Figures 15 and 16. As descπbed above, a pπmary objective of the present invention is to increase the internal volume available m a battery for containing the electrochemically active mateπals to volumes previously not obtained. To achieve this objective without detπmentally decreasing the reliability of the pressure relief mechanism provided in the battery and without increasing the likelihood that the battery would otherwise leak, various novel modifications are suggested below to the construction of batteries of various sizes. The modifications described below may be implemented separately or in combination in a battery to improve its volume efficiency. As described in further detail below, the various modifications of the present invention that achieve greater internal volume for containing the electrochemically active materials, include a low profile seal (Figure 4), an ultra low profile seal (Figure 5), a positive outer cover protrusion formed directly in the closed end of the can used in combination with the ultra low profile seal (Figure 6) or the low profile seal, a can vent formed in the closed end of the battery can (Figures 7-9) including an L-shaped and J- shaped annular seal (Figures 8A-8C), a beverage can-type construction used in combination with a can vent (Figure 11), and a beverage can-type construction with a collector feed through (Figures 15-17). Additionally, through the use of the constructions noted above, the battery can may be made with thinner walls, on the order of 0.10-0.20 mm (4-8 mils), since the construction techniques outlined below do not require the thicker walls that are required in conventional batteries to ensure a sufficient crimp and seal. Further, in accordance with the present invention, a label may be lithographed directly onto the exterior surface of the battery can. By making the can walls thinner and lithographing the label directly onto the exterior of the can, the internal volume of the cell may be further increased since one does not have to account for the thickness of the label substrate to construct a cell that meets the ANSI exterior size standards. The total battery volume, collector assembly volume, and internal volume available for electrochemically active material for each battery are determined by viewing a Computer Aided Design (CAD) drawing, a photograph, or an actual cross section of the battery which has been encased in epoxy and longitudinally cross- sectioned. The use of a CAD drawing, photograph, or actual longitudinal cross section to view and measure battery dimensions allows for inclusion of all void volumes that might be present in the battery. To measure the total battery volume, the cross-sectional view of the battery taken through its central longitudinal axis of symmetry is viewed and the entire volume is measured by geometπc computation To measure the internal volume available for electrochemically active mateπals, the cross-sectional view of the battery taken through its central longitudinal axis of symmetry is viewed, and the components making up the internal volume, which includes the electrochemically active mateπals, void volumes and chemically inert mateπals (other than the collector nail) that are confined withm the sealed volume of the cell, are measured by geometπc computation. Likewise, to determine volume of the collector assembly, the cross- sectional view of the battery taken through its central longitudinal axis of symmetry thereof is viewed, and the components making up the collector assembly volume, which include the collector nail, seal, inner cover, and any void volume defined between the bottom surface of the negative cover and the seal, are measured by geometπc computation. The container volume may likewise be measured by viewing the central longitudinal cross section of the battery and computing the volume consumed by the can, label, negative cover, void volume between the label and negative cover, positive cover, and void volume between the positive cover and the can. The volume measurements are made by viewing a cross section of the battery taken through its longitudinal axis of symmetry. This provides for an accurate volume measurement, since the battery and its components are usually axial symmetπc. To obtain a geometπc view of the cross section of a battery, the battery was first potted in epoxy and, after the epoxy solidified, the potted battery and its components were ground down to the central cross section through the axis of symmetry. More particularly, the battery was first potted in epoxy and then ground short of the central cross section. Next, all internal components such as the anode, cathode, and separator paper were removed in order to better enable measurement of the finished cross section. The potted battery was then cleaned of any remaining debπs, was air dπed, and the remaining void volumes were filled with epoxy to give the battery some mtegπty before completing the gπndmg and polishing to its centre. The battery was again ground and polished until finished to its central cross section, was thereafter traced into a drawing, and the volumes measured therefrom Pπor to pott g the battery in epoxy, battery measurements were taken with callipers to measure the overall height, the cπmp height, and the outside diameter at the top, bottom, and centre of the battery In addition, an identical battery was disassembled and the components thereof were measured These measurements of components of the disassembled battery include the diameter of the current collector nail, the length of the current collector nail, the length of the current collector nail to the negative cover, and the outside diameter of the top, bottom, and centre of the battery without the label present. Once the battery was completely potted in epoxy and ground to centre through the longitudinal axis of symmetry, the cross-sectional view of the battery was used to make a drawing. A Mitutoyo optical comparator with QC-4000 software was used to trace the contour of the battery and its individual components to generate a drawing of the central cross section of the battery. In doing so, the battery was securely fixed in place and the contour of the battery parts were saved in a format that could later be used in solid modeling software to calculate the battery volumes of interest. However, before any volume measurements were taken, the drawing may be adjusted to compensate for any battery components that are not aligned exactly through the centre of the battery. This may be accomplished by using the measurements that were taken from the battery before cross sectioning the battery and those measurements taken from the disassembled identical battery. For example, the diameter and length of the current collector nail, and overall outside diameter of the battery can be modified to profile the drawing more accurately by adjusting the drawing to include the corresponding known cross-sectional dimensions to make the drawing more accurate for volume measurements. The detail of the seal, cover, and cπmp areas were used as they were drawn on the optical comparator. To calculate the volume measurements, the drawing was imported into solid modeling software. A solid three-dimensional volume representation was generated by rotating the contour of the cross section on both the left and πght sides by one-hundred- eighty degrees (180°) about the longitudinal axis of symmetry Accordingly, the volume of each region of interest is calculated by the software and, by rotating the left and πght sides by one-hundred-eighty degrees (180°) and summing the left and πght volumes together an average volume value is determined, which may be advantageous in those situations where the battery has non-symmetπcal features The volumes which include any non-symmetπcal features can be adjusted as necessary to obtain more accurate volume measurements. Low Profile Seal Figure 4 shows a battery constructed using a low profile seal m accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention Similar to the battery shown in Figure 1, battery 100 includes an electrically conductive can 112 having a closed end 114 and an open end in which a collector assembly 125 and negative cover 145 are secured in place. Also, battery 100 includes a positive electrode 115 in contact with the teπor walls of can 112 and in contact with a separator layer 117 that lies between positive electrode 115 and a negative electrode 120. Further, battery 100 includes a positive outer cover 111 attached to a bottom surface of the closed end of can 112. The difference between batteπes 10 and 100 lies in the construction of collector assembly 125 and cover 145. While seal 130 is similar to seal 30 in that it includes an upstanding wall 136 and a central hub 132, which has an aperture formed therein for receiving the head portion 142 of a collector nail 140, seal 130 differs from seal 30 in that the V portion 34 of seal 30 is inverted to extend upward toward inner cover 144, as indicated by reference numeral 134. By inverting this V portion, collector assembly 125 may rest more squarely upon an upper surface 116 of positive electrode 115. Further, the volume occupied by the V portion 34 of battery 10 may then be used for the electrochemically active mateπals. To also reduce the internal volume occupied by collector assembly 125, inner cover 144 is constructed to more closely conform to the inner surface of outer cover 145 so as to eliminate the void space between outer cover 45 and inner cover 44 in battery 10. Additionally, by resting collector assembly 125 firmly on top surface 116 of positive electrode 115, the peπpheral edge 147 of outer cover 145 may be flat rather than extend upward, as in the case for battery 10. By laying peripheral edge 147 flat, collector assembly 125 may be positioned even closer to the end of battery 100. Collector assembly 125 of battery 100 further differs from collector assembly 25 of battery 10 in that spurs 52 and washer 50 are eliminated. Collector assembly 125, nevertheless, has a reliable pressure relief mechanism by the provision of a thinned-out section 138 formed in seal 130 immediately adjacent hub 132. A thickened ring portion 139 of seal 130 is provided adjacent thinned-out portion 138 such that thinned-out portion 138 lies between thickened ring portion 139 and the relatively thick hub 132. Thus, when the internal pressure of cell 100 becomes excessive, seal 130 rips open in the location of thinned-out portion 138. As with the construction shown for battery 10, the internally-generated gas then escapes through apertures 143 formed in inner cover 144 and outer cover 145. The internal volume available for containing electrochemically active materials in a D sized battery having the conventional construction shown in Figure 1, is 44.16 cc, which is 87.7 percent of the total volume of 50.38 cc. (See the corresponding entry in the table of Figure 2A.) If the same cell were constructed using the low profile seal construction shown in Figure 4, the internal cell volume may be increased to 44.67 cc, which represents 89.2 percent of the total volume, which is 50.07 cc. The internal and external volumes for the cell constructed with the low profile seal of the present invention are for a cell having a 10 mil can thickness. Further, by decreasing the can wall thickness, even greater internal cell volumes may be achieved. The low profile seal described above is disclosed in commonly-assigned U.S. Patent Application No. 08/882,572 entitled "A V-SHAPED GASKET FOR GALVANIC CELLS," filed on June 27, 1997, by Gary R. Tucholski, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. Figure 5 shows a modified adaptation of the low profile seal as used in an AA sized battery 100' in comparison with a commercial adaptation of the construction shown in Figure 1 as used for an AA sized battery 10'. Like the collector assembly of battery 100 (Figure 4), the collector assembly of battery 100' includes a seal 130 having an inverted-V portion 134, a hub portion 132, and a thinned-out portion 138 provided between hub 132 and a thickened portion 139. The pπmary difference between the collector assemblies of batteπes 100 and 100' is the elimination of inner cover 144 of battery 100 To ensure sufficient radial compressive force against upstanding leg 136 of seal 130, battery 100' uses a rollback cover 145' in place of the flanged cover 145 used in battery 100 and also utilises a retainer 150. As will be apparent from a compaπson of Figures 4 and 5, a rollback cover differs from a flanged cover in that the peπpheral edge 147 of a flanged cover 145 is flat whereas the peπpheral edge 147' of a rollback cover 145' extends axially downward and is folded to also extend axially upward. Rollback cover 145' provides a sufficient spπng force in the radial direction to maintain compression of upstanding leg 136 of seal 130 against the inner wall of can 112 duπng normal use. Retainer 150 is provided over and around the upper portion of hub 132 of seal 130 to compress hub 132 against collector nail 140. Also, by configuπng retainer 150 to have a J- or L-shaped cross section, the lower radial extension of retainer 150 can ensure that seal 130 will rupture the vicinity of thinned-out portion 138 when the internal pressure reaches an excessive level. Ultra Low Profile Seal Figure 6 shows a battery constructed in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention, which utilises an ultra low profile seal. Like the conventional cell 10 shown in Figure 1, cell 200 also includes a cy ndπcal can 212 made of an electπcally conductive mateπal. Also, a first electrode 215 is formed against the inner walls of can 212 preferably by moulding. A separator 217 is likewise inserted within the cavity defined by first electrode mateπal 215, and a mixture 220 of a second electrode and electrolyte are provided withm a cavity defined by the separator 217. As shown in Figure 6. collector assembly 225 includes an integral seal/inner cover assembly 228 and a collector 240 that passes through a central hole 236 provided in the integral seal/inner cover assembly 228. Collector 240 is preferably a brass nail including a head 242 and a retainer flange 241 that is provided to cooperate with a speed nut 250 to secure collector nail 240 within central hole 236 of integrated seal/inner cover assembly 228. Integrated seal/inner cover assembly 228 includes a rigid inner cover 210 and a seal 230 that is formed directly on rigid inner cover 210 by moulding or lamination. Seal 230 is preferably made of neoprene, butyl, or ethylene propylene rubber, and rigid inner cover 210 is preferably formed of low-carbon steel 1008 or 1010. Because rubber is more compressible than the nylon or polypropylene materials often used in such collector assemblies, the radial compressive strength of the rigid inner cover 210 need not be as great. Thus, the inner cover could be made of thinner and/or softer metals. Further, materials other than metal may be used. Also, seal 230 may be formed of other materials provided such materials are chemically inert, water impervious, compressible, and exhibit the ability to bond to the material used to form rigid inner cover 210. Additionally, by decreasing the radial force required to compress the peripheral upstanding wall of the seal, the thickness of the can walls may be decreased from 0.25 mm (0.010 inch) to approximately 0.15 mm (0.006 inch) or possibly even 0.10 mm (0.004 inch). By providing a structure that enables rubber materials such as neoprene and butyl rubber to be used as the seal material, the water permeability of the collector assembly is significantly reduced. By reducing the water permeability of the cell, the service maintenance of the battery should be increased. Rigid inner cover 210 is generally disk shaped and has a central aperture 218 formed at its centre as well as a plurality of additional apertures 217. Central aperture 218 and additional apertures 217 extend through rigid inner cover 210 from its upper surface to its bottom surface. If formed of metal, rigid inner cover 210 is preferably produced by stamping it from a sheet of metal Inner cover 210 may, however, be formed using other known manufactuπng techniques Subsequently, πgid inner cover 210 may be subjected to a surface roughening process, such as sandblasting or chemical etching, to enhance the strength of the bond that is subsequently formed between πgid inner cover 210 and seal 230. For a C sized cell, πgid inner cover 210 is preferably 0.38 to 0.76 mm (0.015 to 0.030 inch) thick. After πgid inner cover 210 has been stamped and surface treated, it is preferably inserted into a transfer mould press into which the rubber that forms seal 230 is subsequently supplied. The transfer mould is preferably formed to allow the supplied rubber to form a layer 232 across the bottom surface of πgid inner cover 210. The thickness of layer 232 is between 0.25 and 0.50 mm (0.010 and 0.020 inch) thick, and is preferably about 0.46 mm (0.016 inch) thick. The rubber also flows into apertures 217 to form plugs 238. Also, the rubber flows withm central aperture 218 so as to line the surfaces of central aperture 218 but without completely filling the aperture so as to provide a central hole 236 into which collector nail 240 may subsequently be inserted. The diameter of central hole 236 is preferably sufficiently smaller than the diameter of collector nail 240 such that the rubber lining in central aperture 218 is significantly compressed within aperture 218 when collector nail 240 is dπven place through central hole 236. By providing a retainer 241 on collector 240 that is pressed against bottom layer 232 of seal 230, when collector nail 240 has been dπven m place, its speed nut 250 and retainer 241 cooperate to also vertically compress the portion of rubber layer 232 lying therebetween. By compressing the rubber seal in the vicinity of collector nail 240 m this manner, the possibility of a leak occurπng in the interface between the collector nail 240 and integrated seal/inner cover assembly 228 is significantly reduced. By filling apertures 217 with rubber seal plugs 238 in the manner shown, a pressure relief mechanism is provided that not only works reliably, but which may effectively reseal after internal pressure has been released. When the internal pressure reaches levels considered to be excessive, the excessive pressure ruptures at least one of plugs 238 to allow the expedited release of internally generated gasses. The pressure at which such ruptuπng occurs is controllable based upon the mateπals selected for the seal, the thickness of the seal mateπal, and the diameter of apertures 217 Further, because of the elasticity of the rubber seal mateπal, the rubber plug 238 substantially assumes its oπginal state once the pressure has been released Thus, unlike other venting mechanisms used in conventional collector assemblies, the pressure relief mechanism of the present invention does not create a permanent hole within the collector assembly through which electrochemical mateπals may subsequently leak. Also, such reseahng minimises deteπoration of the cell's internal components, thereby possibly extending the useful cell life. Although only one aperture 217 in plug 238 need be provided to serve as a pressure relief mechanism, added reliability is obtained by providing a plurality of such plugged apertures Unlike pπor art relief mechanism structures, the present invention allows for a plurality of independently operable pressure relief mechanisms. Even the pressure relief mechanism illustrated m Figure 1, which includes a plurality of spurs, relies upon the inversion of washer 50 for any one of the spurs to penetrate the seal. Each of the plugged apertures provided in the collector assembly of the present invention, however, is not dependent upon one another, and therefore provide for a more reliable pressure relief mechanism as a whole. As shown in Figure 6, seal 230 has an upstanding wall 235 formed directly on a peπpheral edge of πgid inner cover 210 By providing this upstanding wall 235, a sufficient seal may be created when collector assembly 225 is inserted into can 212. This seal is further enhanced by forming the outer diameter of seal 230 to be greater than the inside diameter of can 212 so that inner cover 210 compresses upstanding wall 235 against the inner surface of can 212. Seal 230 may additionally be formed to include an extended portion 237 of upstanding wall 235 that extends vertically upward past the upper surface of inner cover 210 By providing extension 237, seal 230 may be used as an electπcal insulator between the cπmped end 224 of can 212 and a peπpheral edge of outer cover 245. Although seal 230 is shown as including a continuous layer 232 across the entire bottom surface of inner cover 210, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that seal 230 need not be formed over the entire bottom surface of inner cover 210, particularly if inner cover 210 is formed of an inert plastic mateπal Depending upon the characteπstics of the mateπals used to form seal 230 and inner cover 210, a bonding agent may be applied to the surfaces of inner cover 210 that will come into contact and be bonded to seal mateπal 230 Once seal 230 has been moulded to inner cover 210 and collector nail 240 is inserted through central hole 236 of integrated seal/mner cover assembly 228 and through retainer 240, outer cover 245 is placed on the upper surface of collector assembly 225 and is preferably welded to head 242 of collector nail 240 Subsequently, the collector assembly 225 with the outer cover 245 attached thereto is inserted into the open end of cell can 212 To hold collector assembly 225 m place pπor to cπmpmg, the bottom surface of collector assembly 225 is rested upon an upper surface 216 of first electrode 215 Thus, collector assembly 225 may be inserted with some degree of force to ensure that the bottom layer 232 of seal 230 rests evenly withm the cell can opening on upper surface 216 of electrode 215 If first electrode 215 is formed by moulding it in place withm can 212, first electrode 215 is preferably constructed in the manner disclosed in commonly-assigned U.S Patent Application No. 09/036,115 entitled "ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL STRUCTURE EMPLOYING ELECTRODE SUPPORT FOR THE SEAL," filed on March 6, 1998, by Gary R Tucholski et al. to prevent any flashing resulting from the moulding of first electrode 215 from mterfeπng with the proper alignment and seal provided by the collector assembly The disclosure of U.S Patent Application No 09/036,115 is incorporated by reference herein. By resting collector assembly 225 on electrode 215, can 212 could be cπmped at its open end so as to provide a downward force that is countered by electrode 215 Thus, the higher profile cπmp used in the conventional cell construction shown in Figure 1 may be replaced with a lower profile crimp, thereby creating about 1.52 mm (0.060 inch) more space inside the cell. A collector assembly 225 having the construction shown in Figure 6 has a much lower profile than the conventional collector assembly as illustrated in Figure 1. Thus, a cell 200 utilizing collector assembly 225 may include greater amounts of electrochemical materials 215 and 220, and the service life of the cell is increased accordingly. Despite its lower profile, collector assembly 225 nevertheless exhibits sufficient sealing and electrical insulation. Additionally, the collector assembly of the present invention provides a pressure relief mechanism that is not only reliable, but which provides the advantages of multiple independently-operable pressure relief mechanisms and partial resealing after venting to prevent the subsequent leakage of electrochemical materials from the cell. Further, the collector assembly of the present invention offers improved water permeability characteristics, thereby increasing the service maintenance of the battery. The calculated total volumes (cc) and internal volumes (cc) available for containing electrochemically active materials for batteries of various sizes constructed using the ultra low profile seal shown in Figure 6, are provided in the table shown in Figure 14A. As apparent from the table in Figure 14A, the internal cell volumes for such cells are generally greater than any of the prior commercially available cells. For example, a D sized battery employing the ultra low profile seal has an internal volume available for containing electrochemically active materials of 45.53 cc, which is 90.9 percent of the total volume of 50.07 cc. This is greater than the internal volume measured on any of the conventional cells listed in Figure 2A. Further, for cells having a can thickness of 0.20 mm (8 mils) or 0.15 mm (6 mils), the internal cell volume may be further significantly increased. The calculated total volumes (cc) are further shown in the table presented in Figure 14B, in comparison with the collector assembly volumes for batteries of various sizes constructed using the ultra low profile seal shown in Figure 6. The collector assembly volume as defined herein includes the collector nail, seal, inner cover, and any void volume between the bottom surface of the negative cover and the seal. The container volume as defined herein includes the volume used by the can, label, negative cover, void volume between the label and the negative cover, positive cover, and the void volume between the positive cover and can It should be appreciated that the total volume of the battery is equal to the summation of the internal volume available for electrochemically active mateπals, the collector assembly volume, and the container volume The total volume of the battery, collector assembly volume and container volume are determined by viewing a CAD drawing of the central longitudinal cross-sectional view of the battery As is apparent from the table in Figure 14B, the collector assembly volume is generally less than any of the pπor commercially available cells It should be appreciated that the collector assembly volume is decreased by using the ultra low profile seal construction. For example, the collector assembly volume consumed in the ultra low profile seal is 1 89 cc, which is 3 8 percent of the total volume of 50.07 cc as shown in Figure 14B In contrast, this is less than any of the collector assembly volumes measured from the conventional batteπes as listed in Figure 2B. The container volume may also be decreased. Similarly, for cells having a reduced can thickness of 0.20 mm (8 mils) or 0 15 mm (6 mils), the internal cell volume may be further significantly increased, while the container volume is decreased. The ultra low profile seal descπbed above, and several alternative embodiments of the ultra low profile seal, are disclosed in commonly-assigned U.S. Patent Application No. 09/036,208 entitled "COLLECTOR ASSEMBLY FOR AN ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL INCLUDING AN INTEGRAL SEAL/INNER COVER," filed on March 6, 1998, by Gary R. Tucholski, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. Low Profile Seal and Ultra Low Profile Seal With Formed Positive Protrusion As shown in Figure 7, the second embodiment shown in Figure 6 may be modified to have the protrusion 270 for the positive battery terminal formed directly in the closed end 214' of can 212 In this manner, the void space existing between the closed end 214 of can 212 and positive outer cover 211 (Figure 6) may be used to contain electrochemically active mateπals or otherwise provide space for the collection of gasses, which otherwise must be provided with the cell It will further be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the first embodiment shown in Figure 4 may similarly be modified, such that the positive outer cover protrusion is formed directly in the bottom of can 112 Although the increase in cell volume obtained by forming the protrusion directly in the bottom of the can is not provided in the table in Figure 14A, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the internal volume is typically one percent greater than the volumes listed for the ultra low profile seal or low profile seal listed in the table, which are formed with a separate cover Pressure Relief Mechanism Formed in Can Bottom with L-Shaped Seal An electrochemical battery 300 constructed in accordance with a fourth embodiment of the present invention is shown in Figures 8A through 8C Battery 300 differs from the pπor battery constructions in that a pressure relief mechanism 370 is formed in the closed end 314 of can 312. As a result, complex collector/seal assemblies may be replaced with collector assemblies that consume less volume and have fewer parts Thus, a significant improvement in internal cell volume efficiency may be obtained. As shown in Figures 8A, 8B, 9, and 10, the pressure relief mechanism 370 is formed by providing a groove 372 in the bottom surface of can 312. This groove may be formed by coining a bottom surface of can 312, cutting a groove m the bottom surface, or moulding the groove the bottom surface of the can at the time the positive electrode is moulded. For an AA sized battery, the thickness of the metal at the bottom of the coined groove is approximately 0 05 mm (2 mils). For a D sized battery, the thickness of the metal at the bottom of the coined groove is approximately 0.076 mm (3 mils). The groove may be formed as an arc of approximately 300 degrees. By keeping the shape formed by the groove slightly open, the pressure relief mechanism will have an effective hinge The size of the area circumscπbed by the groove 372 is preferably selected such that upon rupture due to excessive internal pressure, the area withm the groove 372 may pivot at the hinge within the positive protrusion of outer cover 311 without interference from outer cover 311. In general, the size of the area defined by the groove 372, as well as the selected depth of the groove, depends upon the diameter of the can and the pressuie at which the pressure relief mechanism is to rupture and allow internally- generated gasses to escape Unlike pressure relief mechanisms that have been descπbed in the pπor art as being formed in the side or end of the can, the pressure relief mechanism 370 of the present invention is positioned beneath outer cover 311 so as to prevent the electrochemical mateπals from dangerously spraying directly outward from the battery upon rupture Also, if the battery were used in seπes with another battery such that the end of the positive terminal of the battery is pressed against the negative terminal of another battery, the provision of outer cover 311 over pressure relief mechanism 370 allows mechanism 370 to bow outwardly under the positive protrusion and ultimately rupture If outer cover 311 was not present in such circumstances, the contact between the two batteπes may otherwise prevent the pressure relief mechanism from ruptuπng. Further, if outer cover 311 were not provided over pressure relief mechanism 370, the pressure relief mechanism at the positive end of the battery would be more susceptible to damage Outer cover 311 also shields pressure relief mechanism 370 from the corrosive effects of the ambient environment and therefore reduces the possibility of premature venting and/or leaking. Thus, by forming the pressure relief mechanism under the outer cover, the present invention overcomes the problems associated with the pπor art constructions, and thus represents a commercially feasible pressure relief mechanism for a battery. Because the formation of a pressure relief mechanism in the bottom surface of a battery can eliminates the need for a complex collector/seal assembly, the open end of the battery can may be sealed using construction techniques that were not previously feasible due to the need to allow gasses to escape through the pressure relief mechanism to the exteπor of the battery. For example, as shown in Figures 8A and 8B, the open end of can 312 may be sealed by placing either a nylon seal 330 having a J-shaped cross section or a nylon seal 330' having an L-shaped cross section in the open end of can 312, inserting a negative outer cover 345 having a rolled back peπpheral edge 347 within nylon seal 330 or 330', and subsequently cπmping the outer edge 313 of can 312 to hold seal 330 or 330' and cover 345 in place To help hold seal 330 or 330' in place, a bead 316 may be formed around the circumference of the open end of can 312. Nylon seal 330 or 330' may be coated with asphalt to protect it from the electrochemically active materials and to provide a better seal. Referring particularly to Figures 8A and 8C, the annular nylon seal 330 is shown configured with a J-shaped cross section which includes an extended vertical wall 332 at the outermost perimeter thereof, a shorter vertical wall 336 at the radially inward side of the seal and has a horizontal base member 334 formed between the vertical walls 332 and 336. With the presence of the short vertical section 336, the annular seal is referred to herein as having either a J-shaped or L-shaped cross section. It should be appreciated that the J-shaped nylon seal 330 could also be configured absent the short vertical section 336 to form a plain L-shaped cross section as shown in Figure 8B. With particular reference to Figure 8C, the assembly of the electrochemical cell shown in Figure 8A is illustrated therein. The cylindrical can 312 is formed with side walls defining the open end and bead 316 for receiving internally disposed battery materials prior to closure of the can. Disposed within can 312 are the active electrochemical cell materials including the positive and negative electrodes and the electrolyte, as well as the separator, and any additives. Together, the outer cover 345, with the collector nail 340 welded or otherwise fastened to the bottom surface of cover 345, and annular nylon seal 330 are assembled and inserted into the open end of can 312 to seal and close can 312. The collector nail 340 is preferably welded via spot weld 342 to the bottom side of outer cover 345. Together, collector nail 340 and cover 345 are engaged with seal 330 to form the collector assembly, and the collector assembly is inserted in can 312 such that the rolled back peripheral edge 347 of outer cover 345 is disposed against the inside wall of annular seal 330 above bead 316 which supports seal 330. The collector assembly is forcibly disposed within the open end of can 312 to snuggly engage and close the can opening. Thereafter, the outer edge 313 of can 12 is crimped inward to axially force and hold seal 330 and outer cover 345 in place. Referring back to Figure 8B, the inside surface of outer cover 345 and at least a top portion of collector nail 340 are further shown coated with an anti -corrosion coating 344 Anti -corrosion coating 344 includes mateπals that are electrochemically compatible with the anode Examples of such electrochemically compatible mateπals include epoxy, Teflon ® , polyolefins, nylon, elastomeπc mateπals, or any other inert mateπals, either alone or in combination with other mateπals Coating 344 may be sprayed or painted on and preferably covers that portion of the inside surface of outer cover 345 and collector nail 340 which is exposed to the active mateπals in the void region above the positive and negative electrodes of the cell It should also be appreciated that the inside surface of cover 345 could be plated with tin, copper, or other similarly electrochemically compatible mateπals By providing the anti-corrosion coating 344, any corrosion of the outer cover 345 and collector nail 340 is reduced and/or prevented, which advantageously reduces the amount of gassing which may otherwise occur with the electrochemical cell Reduction in gassing within the cell results in reduced internal pressure buildup. As shown m Figure 14A the rows referenced "Pressure Relief in Can Bottom" and "Pressure Relief in Can Bottom With Thm Walls," a D sized battery constructed using the construction shown in Figure 8A, has an internal volume that is 93 5 volume percent when the can walls are 0 25 mm (10 mils) thick, and an internal volume that is 94.9 volume percent when the can walls are 0.20 mm (8 mils) thick As shown in Figure 14B, a D sized battery constructed using the construction shown in Figure 8A, has a collector assembly volume that is 2 percent of the total volume when the can walls are 0.25 mm (10 mils) thick and 0.20 mm (8 mils) thick The C, AA, and AAA sized batteπes having similar construction also exhibited significant improvements in internal volume efficiency, as is apparent from the table in Figures 14A. Beverage Can-Type Construction The use of the pressure relief mechanism illustrated in Figures 8 A- 10, further allows the use of the beverage can-type construction shown Figure 11 The beverage can-type construction shown differs from other forms of battery seal constructions in that it does not require any form of nylon seal to be inserted into the open end of can 412 Instead, negative outer cover 445 is secured to the open end of can 412 using a sealing technique commonly used to seal the top of a food or beverage can to the cyhndπcal portion of the can Such sealing constructions had not previously been considered for use in sealing battenes because they would not readily allow for the negative outer cover to be electπcally insulated from the can The method of making a battery having the construction shown in Figure 11 is descπbed below with reference to Figures 12A-12D. Pπor to attaching negative outer cover 445 to the open end of can 412, a collector nail 440 is welded to the inner surface of cover 445 Next, as shown in Figure 12A, the inner surface of cover 445, as well as the peπpheral portion of the upper surface of cover 445, is coated with a layer 475 of electπcal insulation mateπal, such as an epoxy, nylon, Teflon®, or vinyl. The portion of collector nail 440 that extends within the void area between the bottom of cover 445 and the top surface of the negative electrode/electrolyte mixture 120, is also coated with the electπcal insulation. Additionally, the inner and outer surfaces of can 412 are also coated in the region of the open end of can 412 Such coatings 475 may be applied directly to the can and cover by spraying, dipping, or electrostatic deposition. By providing such a coating, negative outer cover 445 may be electπcally insulated from can 412. By applying the insulation coating to the areas of the can, cover, and collector nail within the battery that are proximate the void area with the battery's internal volume, those areas may be protected from corrosion While a coating consisting of a single layer of the epoxy, nylon, Teflon®, or vmyl mateπals noted above will function to prevent such corrosion, it is conceivable that the coating may be applied using layers of two different mateπals or made of single layers of different mateπals applied to different regions of the components. For example, the peπpheral region of the cover may be coated with a single layer of matenal that functions both as an electπcal insulator and an anti -corrosion layer, while the central portion on the inner surface of the cover may be coated with a single layer of a mateπal that functions as an anti -corrosion layer but does not also function as an electπcal insulator. Such mateπals may include, for example, asphalt or polyamide. Alternatively, either one of the can or cover may be coated with a mateπal that functions as both an electπcal insulator and anti-corrosion layer, while the other of these two components may be coated with a mateπal that functions only as an anti-corrosion layer In this manner, the electπcal insulation would be provided where needed (i e , between the cover/can interface), while the surfaces partially defining the void area in the internal volume of the cell will still be protected from the corrosive effects of the electrochemical mateπals withm the cell Further, by utilizing different mateπals, mateπals may be selected that are lower m cost or exhibit optimal characteπstics for the intended function To assist in the sealing of outer cover 445 to can 412, a conventional sealant 473 may be applied to the bottom surface of peπpheral edge 470 of cover 445 Once the sealing procedure is complete, sealant 473 migrates to the positions shown in Figure 12D Once collector nail 440 has been attached to outer cover 445 and the electπcal insulation coating has been applied, outer cover 445 is placed over the open end of can 412 as shown in Figure 12B Preferably, can 412 has an outward extending flange 450 formed at its open end Further, outer cover 445 preferably has a slightly curved peπpheral edge 470 that conforms to the shape of flange 450 Once outer cover 445 has been placed over the open end of can 412, a seaming chuck 500 is placed on outer cover 445, such that an annular downward extending portion 502 of seaming chuck 500 is received by an annular recess 472 formed in outer cover 445 Next, a first seaming roll 510 is moved in a radial direction toward the peπpheral edge 470 of outer cover 445. As first seaming roll 510 is moved toward peπpheral edge 470 and flange 450, its curved surface causes peπpheral edge 470 to be folded around flange 450. Also, as first seaming roll 510 moves radially mward, seaming chuck 500, can 412, and outer cover 445 are rotated about a central axis, such that peπpheral edge 470 is folded around flange 450 about the entire circumference of can 412 Further, as first seaming roll 510 continues to move radially ward, flange 450 and peπpheral edge 470 are folded downward to the position shown m Figure 12C After peπpheral edge 470 and flange 450 have been folded into the position shown in Figure 12C, first seaming roll 510 is moved away from can 412, and a second seaming roll 520 is then moved radially mward toward flange 450 and peπpheral edge 470 Second seaming roll 520 has a different profile than first seaming roll 510 Second seaming roll 520 applies sufficient force against flange 450 and peπpheral edge 470 to press and flatten the folded flange and peπpheral edge against the exteπor surface of can 412, which is supported by seaming chuck 500 As a result of this process, the peπpheral edge 470 of can 412 is folded around and under flange 450 and is cπmped between flange 450 and the exteπor surface of the walls of can 412, as shown in Figures 11 and 12D A hermetic seal is thus formed by this process To illustrate the hermetic nature of this type of seal, a D sized can constructed in accordance with this embodiment of the present invention was filled with water as was a D sized can constructed with a conventional seal, such as that illustrated m Figure 1. The two cans were maintained at 71°C and weighed over time to determine the amount of water lost from the cans. The conventional construction lost 270 mg per week, and the construction m accordance with the present mvention did not lose any weight over the same time peπod. These results were confirmed using KOH electrolyte, with the conventional construction losing 50 mg per week and the inventive construction again not losing any weight. As will be apparent to those skilled m the art, the beverage can-type construction utilises minimal space in the battery inteπor, reduces the number of process steps required to manufacture a battery, and significantly reduces the cost of mateπals and the cost of the manufactuπng process. Further, the thickness of the can walls may be significantly reduced to 0.15 mm (6 mils) or less. As a result, the internal volume available for containing the electrochemically active mateπals may be increased. For example, for a D sized battery, the percentage of the total battery volume that may be used to contain the electrochemically active mateπals may be as high as 97 volume percent, while collector assembly volume may be as low as 1.6 volume percent. The volumes of batteπes of other sizes are included in the table shown in Figures 14A and 14B By utilizing the inventive sealing constructions, not only can the can wall thickness be deci eased, but also the number of possible mateπals used to form the can may be increased due to the lessened strength requirements that must be exhibited by the can. For example, the inventive constructions noted above may enable aluminum or plastics to be used for the can rather than the nickel-plated steel currently used. A vanation of the beverage can construction is shown in Figure 13 In the illustrated embodiment, the battery can is first formed as a tube with two open ends. The tube may be extruded, seam welded, soldered, cemented, etc.. using conventional techniques. The tube may be formed of steel, aluminum, or plastic. As shown in Figure 13, the tube defines the side walls 614 of can 612. A first open end of the tube is then sealed by secuπng an inner cover 616 thereto using the beverage can sealing technique outlined above, with the exception that no electπcal insulation is required between inner cover 616 and side walls 614. A positive outer cover 618 may be welded or otherwise secured to the outer surface of inner cover 616. The battery may then be filled and a negative outer cover 645 may be secured to the second open end of can 612 in the same manner as descπbed above. Pnnted Label on Can As noted above, the inventive battery constructions may be used in combination with a pnnted label, rather than the label substrates currently used. Current label substrates have thicknesses on the order of 0.076 mm (3 mils). Because such label substrates overlap to form a seam running along the length of the battery, these conventional labels effectively add about 0.25 mm (10 mils) to the diameter and 0.33 mm (13 mils) to the cπmp height of the battery. As a result, the battery can must have a diameter that is selected to accommodate the thickness of the label seam in order to meet the ANSI size standards. However, by pπntmg a lithographed label directly on the extenor surface of the can in accordance with the present invention, the diameter of the can may be correspondingly increased approximately 0.25 mm (10 mils). Such an increase in the diameter of the can significantly increases the internal volume of the battery. All of the batteπes listed in the tables of Figures 14A and 14B, with the exception of the beverage can constructions, include substrate labels The internal volume of the battenes with substrate labels can be further increased 2 percent (1 02 cc) for a D sized battery, 2 6 percent (0 65 cc) for a C sized battery, 3 9 percent (0 202 cc) for an AA sized cell, and 5 5 percent (0 195 cc) for an AAA sized battery, if the labels were pnnted directly on the extenor of the can Labels may also be pnnted on the can using transfer pnntmg techniques in which the label image is first pnnted on a transfer medium and then transferred directly onto the can exteπor. Distorted lithography may also be used whereby intentionally distorted graphics are pnnted on flat matenal so as to account for subsequent stress distortions of the flat mateπal as it is shaped into the tube or cylinder of the cell can. Pπor to pnnting the lithographed label, the exteπor surface of the can is preferably cleaned To enhance adherence of the pπnt to the can, a base coat of pnmer may be applied to the exteπor surface of the can. The pnnted label is then applied directly on top of the base coat on the can by known lithography pnnting techniques A varnish overcoat is preferably applied over the pnnted label to cover and protect the pnnted label, and also to serve as an electrical insulating layer The pnnted label may be cured with the use of high temperature heating or ultraviolet radiation techniques. With the use of the pnnted label, the thickness of a conventional label substrate is significantly reduced to a maximum thickness of approximately 0.5 mil In particular, the base coat layer has a thickness in the range of about 0 1 to 0.2 mil, the pπnt layer has a thickness of approximately 0.1 mil, and the varnish overcoat layer has a thickness in the range of about 0.1 to 0.2 mil. By reducing the label thickness, the can can be increased in diameter, thereby offeπng an increase in available volume for active cell matenals while maintaining a predetermined outside diameter of the battery. Beverage Can With Feed Through Collector Referπng to Figure 15, an electrochemical cell 700 is shown constructed with a feed through collector according to a seventh embodiment of the present invention Similar to the electrochemical cell 400 with beverage can-type construction shown in Figure 11, electrochemical cell 700 includes an electπcally conductive can 712 having a closed end 314 and an open end in which a low volume collector assembly 725 and outer negative cover 750 are assembled Electrochemical cell 700 includes a positive electrode 115 in contact with the mtenor walls of can 712 and in contact with a separator 117 that lies between a positive electrode 115 and a negative electrode 120 The positive electrode 115 is also referred to herein as the cathode, while the negative electrode 120 is also referred to herein as the anode It should be appreciated that the type of matenals and their location internal to the electrochemical cell may vary without departing from the teachings of the present invention. Electrochemical cell 700 also includes a pressure relief mechanism 370 formed in the closed end 314 of can 712 This allows for employment of the low volume collector assembly 725, which consumes less volume than conventional collector assemblies, and therefore achieves enhanced internal cell volume efficiency. The pressure relief mechanism 370 may be formed as a groove as descπbed herein in connection with Figures 8 A, 8B, 9, and 10 In addition, a positive outer cover 311 is connected to the closed end of can 712 and overlies the pressure relief mechanism 370 The assembly and location of positive outer cover 311 is provided as shown and descπbed herein in connection with Figure 8A. Electrochemical cell 700 includes a collector assembly 725 which closes and seals the open end of can 712 Collector assembly 725 includes a collector nail 740 disposed in electncal contact with the negative electrode 120 Also included m the collector assembly 725 is a first or inner cover 745 having a central aperture 751 formed therein. The collector nail 740 is disposed and extends through the aperture 751 in inner cover 745. A dielectπc insulating mateπal 744 is disposed between collector nail 740 and first cover 745 to provide dielectπc insulation therebetween. Accordingly, the collector nail 740 is electπcally isolated from inner cover 745. Dielectπc insulating matenal 744 is an organic macromolecular mateπal, such as an organic polymer, and may include an epoxy, rubber, nylon, or other dielectπc mateπal that is resistant to attack by KOH and is non-corrosive in the presence of potassium hydroxide in an alkaline cell. The dielectπc insulating mateπal is assembled as explained hereinafter Inner cover 745 in turn is connected and sealed to the open top end of can 712 Inner cover 745 may be inserted into can 712 and sealed to can 712 by forming a double seam closure at the peπpheral edges 450 and 470 as explained herein in connection with Figures 11-13 While a double seam can-to-cover closure is shown in connection with the seventh embodiment of the present invention, it should be appreciated that other can-to-cover closures may be employed, without departing from the teachings of the present invention. The electrochemical cell 700, according to the seventh embodiment allows for a direct connection between can 712 and inner cover 745, which preferably provides a pressure seal therebetween, but does not require electπcal isolation between inner cover 745 and the side walls of can 712. Instead, the collector nail 740 is dielectically insulated from inner cover 745 such that the negative and positive terminals of the electrochemical cell are electπcally isolated from one another. While there is no requirement of maintaining electπcal isolation between the can 712 and inner cover 745, it is preferred that a sealant be applied at the closure joining the can to the cover to adequately seal the can. A suitable sealant may be applied as explained in connection with the battery shown and descπbed herein in connection with Figures 11-12D. It should be appreciated that the sealed closure along with the insulating mateπal should be capable of withstanding internal pressure buildup greater than the venting pressure at which pressure release mechanism 370 releases pressure To provide an acceptable outer battery terminal in accordance with well accepted battery standards, the electrochemical cell 700 further includes an outer cover 750 in electπcal contact with collector nail 740. Outer cover 750 may be welded by spot weld 742 or otherwise electπcally connected to collector nail 740 To insure proper electncal insulation between outer cover 750 and inner cover 745, a dielectπc mateπal such as annular pad 748 is disposed between outer negative cover 750 and inner cover 745 Suitable dielectπc mateπals may include nylon, other elastomenc mateπals, rubber, and epoxy applied on the top surface of inner cover 745 or on the bottom surface of outer cover 750. Accordingly, an acceptable standard battery terminal may be provided at the negative end of electrochemical cell 700 The assembly of electrochemical cell 700 according to the seventh embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in the assembly view of Figure 16 and is further illustrated in the flow diagram of Figure 17. The method 770 of assembly of electrochemical cell 700 includes providing can 712 formed with a closed bottom end and open top end. Step 774 includes disposing into can 712 the active electrochemical materials including the negative electrode, the positive electrode, and an electrolyte, as well as the separator and other cell additives. Once the active electrochemical cell materials are disposed within can 712, can 712 is ready for closure and sealing with the collector assembly 725. Prior to closing the can, the collector assembly is assembled by first disposing the collector nail 740 within aperture 751 formed in inner cover 745 along with a ring of insulating material according to step 776. Collector nail 740 is disposed in the opening 742 of insulating ring 744 which may include a ring or disk of epoxy which provides dielectric insulation and can be heated to reform and settle between the inner cover 745 and collector nail 740. Alternately, other organic macromolecular dielectric insulation materials may be used in place of epoxy, such as a rubber grommet, an elastomeric material, or other dielectric materials that may form adequate insulation between collector nail 740 and inner cover 745. Also shown formed in inner cover 745 is a recess 755 formed in the top surface and centered about aperture 751. According to the preferred embodiment, ring 744 of insulating material is disposed in recess 755 on top of inner cover 745 and the top head of collector nail 740 is disposed thereabove. In step 778, the insulating ring 744 is assembled to collector nail 740 and cover 745 and the insulating ring 744 is heated to a temperature sufficiently high enough to melt ring 744 such that ring 744 reforms and flows into the aperture 751 in cover 745 to provide continuous dielectric insulation between collector nail 740 and inner cover 745. For a ring 744 made of epoxy, a temperature of 20°C to 200°C for a time of a few seconds to twenty-four hours may be adequate to reform and cure the insulating material. Once dielectric material 744 forms adequate insulation between collector nail 740 and inner cover 745, the insulated material is preferably cooled in step 780. During the heating and cooling steps 778 and 780, the collector nail 740 is centered in aperture 751 such that nail 740 does not contact cover 745. Thereafter, in step 782, an electrical dielectric insulating pad 748 such as an annular dielectric pad is disposed on top of inner cover 745 and extends radially outward from the perimeter of nail 740. In step 784, disposed on top of collector nail 740 and pad 748 is a conductive negative cover 750 which is welded or otherwise formed in electrical contact with collector nail 740. Once the collector assembly is fully assembled, the collector assembly is then connected to the can to sealingly close the open end as provided in step 786. Can closure may employ a double seam closure or other suitable can closure technique. In addition, the assembly method 770 includes step 788 of connecting a second outer cover to the closed end of the can, preferably overlying the pressure relief mechanism 370. While the present invention has been described above as having primary applicability to alkaline batteries, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that similar benefits may be obtained be employing the inventive constructions in batteries utilizing other electrochemical systems. For example, the inventive constructions may be employed in primary systems such as carbon-zinc and lithium based batteries and in rechargeable batteries, such as NiCd, metal hydride, and Li based batteries. Further, certain constructions of the present invention may be used in raw cells (i.e., cells without a label as used in battery packs or multi-cell batteries). Additionally, although the present invention has been described above in connection with cylindrical batteries, certain constructions of the present invention may be employed in constructing prismatic cells. It will be understood that the embodiments shown in the drawings and described above are merely for illustrative purposes and not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

Claims: CLAIMS: 1. A battery comprising: a can for containing electrochemically active materials including at least positive and negative electrodes and an electrolyte, the can having an open end and a closed end; and a collector assembly positioned across the open end of the can, the collector assembly having a collector and a cover, the collector assembly defining a collector assembly volume of less than 5.0 percent of the total volume of the battery. 2. A battery according to claim 1, wherein the collector assembly defines a collector assembly volume of no greater than about 4.6 percent of the total volume of the battery. 3. A battery according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the collector assembly further comprises a seal for sealing the cover to the open end of the can. 4. A battery according to any preceding claim, wherein the collector electrically couples the cover to the negative electrode. 5. A battery according to any preceding claim, wherein the can is cylindrical. 6. A battery according to any preceding claim, wherein the battery is an alkaline battery having a positive electrode comprising MnO 2 , a negative electrode comprising Zn, and an electrolyte comprising KOH. 7. A battery according to any preceding claim, wherein the can is made of a chemically inert material. 8. A D-sized battery comprising: a can for containing electrochemically active materials including at least positive and negative electrodes and an electrolyte, the can having an open end and a closed end; and a collector assembly positioned across the open end of the can, the collector assembly having a collector and a cover, characterised in that the collector assembly defines a collector assembly volume of less than 5.0 percent, preferably no greater than 4.0 percent, more preferably no greater than 3.8 percent, and most preferably no greater than 2.0 percent, of the total volume of the battery. 9. A C-sized battery comprising: a can for containing electrochemically active materials including at least positive and negative electrodes and an electrolyte, the can having an open end and a closed end; and a collector assembly positioned across the open end of the can, the collector assembly having a collector and a cover, characterised in that the collector assembly defines a collector assembly volume of less than 7.0 percent, preferably no greater than 4.5 percent, more preferably no greater than 3.9 percent, and most preferably no greater than 3.1 percent, of the total volume of the battery. 10. An AA-sized battery comprising: a can for containing electrochemically active materials including at least positive and negative electrodes and an electrolyte, the can having an open end and a closed end; and a collector assembly positioned across the open end of the can, the collector assembly having a collector and a cover, characterised in that the collector assembly defines a collector assembly volume of less than 6.0 percent, preferably no greater than 4.6 percent, more preferably no greater than 3.2 percent, and most preferably no greater than 2.5 percent, of the total volume of the battery. 11. An-AAA sized battery comprising: a can for containing electrochemically active materials including at least positive and negative electrodes and an electrolyte, the can having an open end and a closed end; and a collector assembly positioned across the open end of the can, the collector assembly having a collector and a cover, characterised in that the collector assembly defines a collector assembly volume of less than 7.0 percent, preferably no greater than 4.1 percent, more preferably no greater than 3.4 percent, and most preferably no greater than 2.6 percent, of the total volume of the battery. 12. A D-sized battery comprising: a can for containing electrochemically active materials including at least positive and negative electrodes and an electrolyte, the can having an open end and a closed end; and a collector assembly positioned across the open end of the can, the collector assembly having a collector and a cover, characterised in that the collector assembly defines a collector assembly volume of less than 2.5 cm J , preferably no greater than 2.0 cm , and more preferably no greater than 1.0 cm 3 . 13. A C-sized battery comprising: a can for containing electrochemically active materials including at least positive and negative electrodes and an electrolyte, the can having an open end and a closed end; and a collector assembly positioned across the open end of the can, the collector assembly having a collector and a cover, characterised in that the collector assembly defines a collector assembly volume of less than 1.7 cm 3 , preferably no greater than 1.5 cm " , and more preferably no greater than 1.10 cm 3 . 14 An-AA sized battery compπsing- a can for containing electrochemically active materials including at least positive and negative electrodes and an electrolyte, the can having an open end and a closed end; and a collector assembly positioned across the open end of the can, the collector assembly having a collector and a cover, charactensed in that the collector assembly defines a collector assembly volume of less than 0.5 cm , preferably no greater than 0.40 cm , and more preferably no greater than 0.25 cm 3 . 15. An AAA-sized battery compπsing: a can for containing electrochemically active mateπals including at least positive and negative electrodes and an electrolyte, the can having an open end and a closed end; and a collector assembly positioned across the open end of the can, the collector assembly having a collector and a cover, charactensed m that the collector assembly defines a collector assembly volume of less than 0.24 cm 3 , preferably no greater than 0.15 cm 3 , and more preferably no greater than 0.12 cm 3 .

Inventors: TUCHOLSKI GARY R, TUCHOLSKI, GARY, R.
Applicants: EVEREADY BATTERY INC, EVEREADY BATTERY COMPANY, INC.
Application year: 1999
Main classification: H01M4
IPC codes: H01M2, H01M4, H01M6