METHOD AND COMPOSITION FOR TREATING AND PREVENTING TUBERCULOSIS

Abstract: Calanolides and analogues thereof that demonstrate potent mycobacterium activity are provided. Also provided is a method of using calanolides and analogues thereof for treating or preventing mycobacterium infections. The calanolides and analogues thereof provided are obtained via syntheses employing chromene 4 and chromanone 7 as key intermediates.

Description: METHOD AND COMPOSITION FOR TREATING AND PREVENTING TUBERCULOSIS FIELD OF INVENTION The present invention relates to a method and composition for treating and/or preventing mycobacteπum infections in patients BACKGROUND OF INVENTION Infectious diseases remain the largest cause of death in the world today, greater than cardiovascular disease or cancer ' Among infectious diseases, tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death 2 The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains and the global human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic amplify the incidence of TB Tuberculosis mainly affects the lungs but can also involve other organs TB stπkes people of all ages but is more common among the elderly The disease can also afflict animals, especially livestock such as cattle, hogs, and poultry Rod-shaped bacteπa, tubercle bacilli discovered by the German physician Robert Koch in 1882, cause the disease Tubercle bacilli belong to a genus of bacteπa called Mycobacterium This disease once ranked among the most common causes of death in the world Today improv ed methods of prevention, detection, diagnosis, and treatment hav e greatly reduced both the number of people who contract the disease and the number of people who die from it How ev er, in the last decade, the outbreaks of MDR tuberculosis (MDRTB) and TB amplified by the global HIV pandemic make TB an urgent global issue One-third of the world's population is infected with Mxcobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) a facultative intracellular bacillus After infection w ith Mtb, the lifetime nsk of developing TB is approximately 10%, while 90% of infected persons have latent infection with viable bacilli This 10% rate of TB accounts for the δ million persons reported annualh with active TB, and the resultant 3 million deaths Moreover, TB is a seπous problem faced by hemodialysis patients, and TB is the No 1 killer of women of childbeaπng age around the world with 1 2 million women dying of the disease in 1997 according to reports by the World Health Organization " a a Tuberculosis and AIDS TB infection is a seπous problem for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS) patients HlV-infected individuals are particularly susceptible to infection with Mtb and the development of TB Compared to an individual who is not infected with HIV, an individual infected with HIV has a 10 times greater πsk of developing TB In an individual infected with HIV, the presence of other infections, including TB, may allow HIV to multiply more quickly This may result in more rapid progression of HIV infection and AIDS 5 As HIV infection progresses, CD4+ lymphocytes decline in number and function The immune system is less able to prevent the growth and local spread of Mtb Even in HlV-infected patients, pulmonary TB (PTB) is still the most common form of TB The presentation depends on the degree of immunosuppression As in adults, the natural history of TB in a child infected with HIV depends on the stage of HIV disease Early in HIV infection, when immunity is strong, the signs of TB are similar to those in a child without HIV infection As HIV infection progresses and immunity declines, dissemination of TB becomes more common Tuberculous meningitis, miliary tuberculosis, and widespread tuberculous lymphadenopathy occur HIV-positive patients and staff in health units face daily exposure to TB The πsk of exposure is greatest in adult medical wards and TB wards w here there are many PTB cases From 1990-1992, the Centers for Disease Control and prev ention (CDC) investigated outbreaks of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDRTB) in sev eral hospitals and a state correctional system Almost 300 cases of MDRTB were identified in these outbreaks, most patients were HIV-seroposιtιve The mortality rate was 80%-90% and the median inter al from diagnosis of tuberculosis to death ranged from 4-16 weeks 6 In 1995, about one third of the 17 million HlV-infected people worldwide were also co-infected with Mtb (TB is the leading cause of death in AIDS patients) b Treatment of TB Isoniazid (lsomcotmic acid hydrazide) (LNH) was first reported to be effective against Mtb and M bo\ ιs in 1952 9 Isoniazid. now still a front-line therapy against TB, has been shown to be an effective prophylactic antitubercular' , and modern short-course chemotherapy is initiated with three drugs isoniazid, πfampin and pyrazinamide (PZA), often with the inclusion of a fourth drug, usually ethambutol Recently, nfapentine, a deπvative of πfamycin, was approved by the FDA for the treatment of tuberculosis ' l b The Ameπcan Thoracic Society and the CDC in the United States now recommend a treatment regimen of isoniazid, πfampin, and pyrazinamide for 2 months, followed by isoniazid and πfampin for an additional 4 months, as the standard 6-month regime Isoniazid, cheap and safe, has a wide therapeutic margin and high early bacteπcidal activity so that it kills rapidly growing bacilli in lesions, but is inefficient in ultimately steπhzing these lesions Rifampm and PZA are crucial in achieving steπhzation by killing persisting semi-dormant bacilli, and are thus responsible for shortening the duration of treatment from the earlier norm of 12-18 months to the current standard of 6 months ' 2 However, many people fail to complete the lengthy therapy, treatment failures are high, and MDR is increasing A 4-year study, led by the World Health Organization, shows that of people who had been treated for TB for less than a month, 36 percent harbored microbes that resisted at least one of the four main anti-tuberculosis drugs Moreover, 10% of infected people who had never been treated for the disease earned a strain of Mtb that resisted at least one drug b d Mechanism of Drug Action Isoniazid is a prodrug that requires activation b the mycobacteπal catalase- peroxidase enzyme (KatG) to an active form that then exerts a lethal effect on an mtracellular target or targets u ' 6 The lethal effect lies in the biosynthetic pathwav for mycohc acids, 14 17 19 alpha- branched and beta-hydroxylated fatty acids found in the envelope of mvcobactena Rifamycins (e g nfampin, nfabutin and nfapentine) are potent inhibitors of prokaryotic DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, 20 with little activity against the equivalent mammalian enzymes This group of antimicrobial agents are compounds composed of aromatic πngs linked by an aliphatic bπdge Most likely, the hpophi c properties of the molecule are important for the binding of the drug to the polymerase and aid in the penetration of the drug across the mycobacteπal cell wall Pyrazinamide (PZA) is a synthetic derivative (pyrazine analog) of nicotinamide and in combination with isoniazid is rapidly bacteπcidal for replicating forms of Mtb, with an average MIC of 20 μg/mL The activity of PZA depends on the presence of a bacteπal amidase which converts PZA to pyrazinoid acid (PZOA), the active antibacteπal molecule 21 Amidase activity is present in PZA-sensitive but not in PZA-resistant species such as M bovis, opportunistic mycobacteπa and Mtb resistant to PZA as a result of drug therapy The gene (pncA) encoding the PZA (and nicotinamide) amidase which is responsible for processing PZA into its bacteπcidal form has been identified, and the mutations in pncA that confer PZA resistance to tubercle bacilli have been recently reported ' " Ethambutol is active against Mtb, with MICs in the range of 1 to 5 μg/mL The drug has much more vaπable activity against the other species of slowly growing mycobactena and is significantly less active against rapidly growing mycobactena On the whole, ethambutol is inactive against other microorganisms The mechanisms of action of ethambutol have focused on two targets polyamine function and metabolism and cell wall synthesis Ethambutol inhibits the transfer of mycolic acid into the cell wall and stimulates trehalose dimycolate synthesis 23 e Multidrug Resistance The importance of KatG mutations in isoniazid resistance is well established, although the extent to which such mutations account for the spectrum of resistance observed in clinical isolates is arguable 24 Best estimates indicate that >50% of isoniazid-resistant clinical isolates are KatG mutants " Mycobacteπa hav e a similar enzyme, InhA, required for mvcohc acid biosynthesis ib A genetic approach revealed that InhA appeared to function as a component of a type II fatty acid synthase system responsible for the final reduction step in chain elongation to form conventional fatty acids 27 28 Sequencing of clinical isolates of Mtb has revealed mutations in putative regulatory regions upstream of the InhA gene and potential coding sequence mutations that may be directly involved in isoniazid resistance, but these occur only in a subpopulation of isoniazid-resistant, wild-type catalase-peroxidase isolates ' 4 " 5 29 Thus although the InhA protein may be inv olved in lsomazid-resistance, it probably does not represent the target whose inhibition results m hexacosanoic acid accumulation, and mutations in InhA and KatG do not appear to be sufficient to account for all of the observed resistance ' " Recently, a protein species purified from INH-treated Mtb was shown to consist of a covalent complex of isoniazid, 12-kιlodalton acyl earner protein (AcpM), and a beta- ketoacyl acyl earner protein synthase, KasA Amino acid-altenng mutations in the KasA protein were identified in isoniazid-resistant patient isolates that lacked other mutations associated with resistance to this drug 33 Most recently, the complete genome sequence of the best-characteπzed strain of Mtb, H37Rv, has been determined and analyzed 34 This will improv e our understanding of the biology of this slow-growing pathogen and to help in the conception of new prophylactic and therapeutic interventions f The Significance of the Recent TB Revival Worldwide, the recorded number of new cases of TB correlates with economic conditions, the highest incidence being seen in Africa, Asia, and Latin Ameπca In the mdustnahzed nations, including Europe, the steady drop in TB incidence began to level off in the mid-1980s and then stagnated or even reversed somewhat Much of this nse can be attπbuted to an influx of migrants from countπes with a higher incidence of TB 3<; Another element in this πsing trend is HIV The particular susceptibility and increased mortality of the disease among individuals infected with HIV pose a seπous threat to TB control programs 36 Moreover, the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of M tuberculosis (MDR-Mtb) has resulted in fatal outbreaks in manv countπes, including the Umted States Strains of MDR-Mtb, some of which are resistant to as many as seven drugs, are deadly to both HIV negativ e and HIV positive indiv iduals ' * The occurrence of MDRTB in patients with ADDS has led to significant changes in the management of tuberculosis in these patients, compared w ith tuberculosis in patients without AIDS g Prophylactic Treatment The prophylactic treatment of children with stronglv positive tuberculin test by isoniazid and nfampicin has brought a marked reduction in the incidence of pediatnc TB in high incidence geographic areas Controlled clinical studies hav e shown that isoniazid preventive treatment reduces the nsk of TB disease in HI -positive individuals also infected with Mtb 6 Since (+)-calanohde A might be used in the clinic as an anti-AIDS drug in the near future, it might demonstrate a prophylactic and therapeutic effect on TB for AIDS patients when used in AIDS treatment SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a composition and method for treating and/or preventing mycobacteπum infections, especially tuberculosis infections, in patients The method is useful for treating or preventing mycobactenum infections in immunocompnsed patients, particularly HIV infected patients Accordingly, one object of the invention is a method for treating or preventing mycobacteπum infection in a patient compπsing admimsteπng an anti-mycobacteπum effective amount of calanolide or analogues thereof Representative mycobactenal organisms include Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), Mycobacterium kansau Mycobacterium marinum, Mycobacterium phlei, Mycobacterium ulcerans, Mycobacterium xenopi, Mycobacterium gordonae Mycobacterium terrae complex, Mx cobactenum haemophύum, Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mxcobactenum laprae Mycobacterium scrofulaceum and Mycobacterium smegmatis Another object of the invention is to provide an anti-mycobactenum composition compnsing calanolide or analogues thereof, particularly (+)-calanohde A, (-)-calanohde A, (-) calanolide B (also called costatohde), (+)-calanohde A, soulattrolide, and (-)-7,8-dιhydro- soulattrohde The Applicants discovered the anti-tuberculosis activity of these compounds, especially (+)-calanohde A and (-)-calanohde A, which demonstrated inhibitory activity against Mtb H37Rv in BACTEC 12B medium using the BACTEC 460 radiometπc system with 96%o and 98% inhibition, respectively, at a concentration of 12 5 μg/mL The actual minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for (+)- calanolide A defined as the lowest concentration inhibiting 99% of the inoculum, was 8 uM (3 13 μg mL) The anti- mycobactenum composition may include one or more other pharmaceutically active agents such as anti-viral agents The present invention provides calanolide analogues obtained via syntheses employing chromene 4 and chromanone 7 as key intermediates, which is descnbed in U S Patent Application Senal Nos 09'173,143, filed October 15, 1998 08/609,537. filed March 1, 1996, and No 08 / 510,213, filed August 2, 1995, as well as U S Patent No 5.489,697, issued February 6, 1996 herein incorporated by reference in its entirety Chromene 4 is synthesized by the sequence depicted in Scheme I Thus, 5,7-dιhydroxy-4-propylcoumann. 2, ^5 was prepared quantitatively from ethyl butyrylacetate and phloroglucinol under Pechmann conditions 36 Product yield and punty were dependent on the amount of sulfunc acid used The 8-posιtιon of 5,7-dιhydroxy-4-propylcoumann, 2, was then selectively acylated at 8-10 °C by prooionyl chlonde and AICI3 in a mixture of carbon disulfide and nitrobenzene to afford 5,7-dιhydroxy-8- propιonyl-4-propylcoumann, 3 In an alternative and preferred reaction, coumaπn intermediate 3 may be produced in large scale quantities and with mimmal formation of undesirable 6-posιtιon acylated product and 6,8-bιs-acylated product by selective acylation of 5,7-dιhydroxy-4-propylcoumann 2 with a mixture of propiomc anhydride and AICI3 at about 70-75 °C The chromene nng was introduced upon treatment of compound 3 with 4,4-dιmethoxy-2- methylbutan-2-ol, providing 4 in 78% yield (Scheme I) Chlorotitanium-mediated aldol reaction of chromene 4 with acetaldehyde led to formation of (±)-8a and (+)-8b in a ratio of 95 5 The racemic syn aldol product [(±)-8a] was resolved by enzyme-catalyzed acylation Thus, in the presence of pase and vinyl acetate, (-)-8a was selectively acylated and the desired enantiomer (+)-8a was unreacted The puπfied (+)-8a was subjected to a Mιtsunobu 57a~d reaction, exclusively leading to (+)-trans-chromanone [(+)-7] Finally, Luche reduction ^ 8 on (+)-7 led to formation of (+)-calanohde A [(+)-l] which contained 10% of (+)-calanohde B (see Scheme III) (ι-)-Calanolιde A [(-t-)-l] was further separated from (--)-calanohde B by preparative normal phase HPLC and was identical with an authentic sample If desired, the racemic anti aldol product [(-)-8b] may also be resolved by enzyme- catalyzed acylation into (-)- 8b and the ester 10 from (-)-8b (Scheme IV) Mitsunobu reaction on (-r)-8b would lead to formation of the -chromanone 7a which could then be reduced to produce calanolide C The synthetic sequence for (-t-)-calanohde A was extended to the synthesis of calanolide analogues Thus, Pechmann reaction of phloroglucmol w ith vanous β-ketoesters yields substituted 5,7-dιhydroxycoumann 11 (Scheme V) Fπedel-Crafts acylation of substituted 5,7- dihydroxycoumann 11 leads to formation of 8-acylated 5,7-dιhydroxycoumann 12 Chromenylation of 12 can be achiev ed by reacting with substituted β-hydroxyaldehyde dimethylacetal, affording chromenocoumann 13 Aldol reaction of chromenocoumann 13 with carbonyl compounds in the presence of LDA with or without metal complexmg agents forms the racemic aldol product t:)-14 Cychzation of (ι)-14 under Mitsunobu conditions, by using tnphenylphosphine and diethyl azodicarboxylate (DEAD), leads to formation of chromanone analogue (+)-15. Re actor of (+)-15 with sodium borohydnde w ith or without cenum chlonde yields the 12-hydroxy analogue (±)-16 (Scheme V) Catalytic hydrogenation of both (+)-15 and (±)-16 produces 7,8-dιhydro denvatives (+)- 17 and (±)-18 (Scheme VI) Treatment of (+)-15 with hydroxylamine or alkoxyamine affords oxune denvatives (+)-19 (Scheme VI) Reduction of (+)-19 under different conditions ^ should selectively yield hydroxylammo or ammo compounds (20 and 21) Optically activ e forms of 14 - 21 would be obtained by employing enzymatic acylation, as descnbed in Scheme III for (+)-calanohde A [(+)-l] Thus, enzyme-catalyzed acylation of the racemic aldol product (±)-14 would selectively acylate one enantiomer [I e (-)-14] and leave the other enantiomer [I e (-•-)- 14] unreacted, which would be easily separated by conventional methods such as silica gel column chromatography The acylated enantiomer [I e (-)-14] may be hydrolyzed to form the pure enantiomer [I e (-)-14] The optically pure enantiomers thus obtamed [(+)-14 and (-)-14] will be cychzed to (-r)-15 and (-)-15, respectiv ely, by Mitsunobu reaction Reduction of (+)-15 and (-)-15 would lead to formation of (~)-16 and (-)-16 Hydrogenation of optically active forms of 15 and 16 would provide pure enantiomers of 17 and 18 [(+)-and (-)-17, (- -and (-)-18] Treatment of pure enantiomers of 15 with hydroxylamine and alkoxylamine affords enantiomencally pure oxime 19 [(+)-and (-)-19] If desired, (ι-)-19 and (-)-19 may be reduced to produce enantiomencally pure 20 and 21 [(+)-and (-)-20, (÷)-and (- )-21]. The 12-hydro\yl group in compound 1, 16, and 17 as well as their optically active forms can be epimenzed by a number of methods including acidic conditions, neutral Mitsunobu conditions 573"4 , or with DAST 5 ' d An example showing conversion of (-)-calanohde A [(-)-l] into (-)-calanohde B is depicted in Scheme VII The process may be utilized to prepare a wide vanety of calanolide analogues such as Formulas i-v shown in Scheme VIII and Formulas vi-vu shown in Scheme IX Additional exemplary calanolide analogues include but are not limited to Fomiulas 15 and 16 For Formula i, R, and R 2 are independently ■■.IMIIII or — -^* For Formula /;, R 1 ; R 2ι and R 3 are independently H or CH 3 For Formula in, Rj is C r C 6 linear or branched alkyl For Formula iv, R l is propyl or phenyl and R 2 is ■••■miOH "W QII For Formula vi, R ] is C r C 6 linear or branched alkyl For Formula vu, R. is propyl or phenyl and R 2 is ■•.uiiiOH or ■—OH shown m Scheme V, and Formulas 17 and 18 shown in Scheme VI Methods for treating and/or preventing viral infections using compounds of the invention are also descnbed Representative viral infections include HIV, hepatitis B, heφes simplex type 1 and 2, cytomegalovims, vancella zoster virus, Epstein Barr vims, influenza A and B, paramfluenza, adenovirus, measles, and respiratory syncytial virus Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide calanolide analogues obtained via syntheses employing chromene 4 and chromanone 7 as key intermediates A further object of the in ention is to provide a method for treating or preventing mycobactenum infections using calanolide analogues of the formula I wherein Ri is H, halogen, hydroxyl, amino, Cι. 6 alkyl, aryl-C|. 6 alkyl. mono-or poly- fluorinated Cι. 6 alkyl, hydroxy-C|. 6 alkyl, Cι -6 alkoxy, ammo-C | . 8 alkyl, Cι- 6 alkyl amino, di(Cι -6 alkyl)amino, Cι -8 alkylamino-Ci-s alkyl. di(C) -6 alkyl) amino-Cι- 8 alkyl, cyclohexyl, aryl, or heterocycle, wherein aryl or heterocycle may each be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of the following: C \ . 6 alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy-Cj- 4 alkyl, hydroxyl, amino, C ] -6 alkylamino, di(Cι-6 alkyl) amino, amino-Ci.g alkyl, Cι -8 alkylamino-Ci-s alkyl, di(Cι-6 alkyl )amino-C ι-8 alkyl, nitro, azido or halogen; R 2 is H, halogen, hydroxyl, Cι -6 alkyl, aryl-C;. 6 alkyl, mono- or poly- fluorinated Cι -6 alkyl, aryl or heterocycle; R 3 and R 4 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, hydroxyl, amino, Cι -6 alkyl, aryl-Cι-6 alkyl, mono- or poly- fluorinated Cι_ 6 alkyl, hydroxy-Ci -6 alkyl, amino-Ci.g alkyl, Cι -8 alkylamino-Ci-s alkyl, di(Cι_6 alkyl) amino-Cι -8 alkyl, cyclohexyl, aryl or heterocycle; and R and R 4 can be taken together to form a 5-7 membered saturated cycle nng or heterocyclic ring; R 5 and Rζ are independently selected from the group consisting of H, Cι -6 alkyl. aryl-Cι- 6 alkyl, mono- or poly-fluorinated C- . fc alkyl. aryl or heterocycle: and R and P , can be taken together to form a 5-7 membered saturated cycle ring or heterocycle ring; R 7 is H, halogen, methyl, or ethyl; Rg and R 9 are independently selected from the group consisting of H. halogen, C 1 -6 alkyl, aryl-Cι- 6 alkyl, mono- or poly- fluorinated Cι . 6 alkyl, hydroxy-Cι. 6 alkyl, amino-Ci.g alkyl, Cι- alkylamino-Ci.g alkyl, di(Cι. 0 alkyl)amino-Cι_g alkyl, cyclohexyl, aryl or heterocycle; and Rg and Rq can be taken together to form a 5-7 membered saturated cycle ring or heterocyclic ring; Rio is halogen, O, ORn, NOR, ,, NHOR u , NORi;. NHOR, 2 , NR π R, 2 , NR l , or NR, 2 R 13 ; wherein R„ is H, acyl, P(O)(OH) 2 , S(0)(OH) 2 , CO(C 0 alkyl)CO 2 H, (Ci-g alkyl)C0 2 H, CO(C,., 0 alkyl)NR, 2 R 1 , (C,. 8 alkyl) NR 12 R 1 ; R 12 and R 13 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, Cι -6 alkyl, aryl, and aryl- Cι- alkyl; and R 12 and R !3 can be taken together to form a 5-7 membered saturated heterocyclic ring containing said nitrogen; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. These and other objects of the invention will be clear in light of the detailed descriptions below: C 2 H 5 C0C1 or SCHEME I SCHEME II Lφast CH,=CHOCOCH, (+)-βι Ph,P*DEAD I*)- ' ' < + H SCHEME III (->-7a Calanolide C SCHEME IV SCHEME V 16 16 17 SCHEME VI (-VCilanolidt A (-VCa πolide B SCHEME VII SCHEME IX DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 illustrates a representativ e example of inventive compounds that were evaluated in the in vitro assay of example 38 in vitro MTT assay results, as descnbed in Example 37, using G910-6 HIV viral strain which is AZT-resistant These and other objects of the invention would be clear in light of the detailed descπption below DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION All patents, patent applications, and references cited herein are incoφorated by reference in their entirety (+)-Calanohde A, an anti-HIV agent cunently undergoing Phase I/II clinical tnals, was oπginally isolated from the rain forest tree, Calophvllum lanigerum, in Sarawak, Malaysia Due to the scarce supply of (-)-calanolιde A from natural resources, the applicants developed synthetic routes for both ( + ) and (+)-calanohde A 40"43 The processes have been employed for kilogram-scale production of (+)-calanohde A See, for instance, U S Patent No. 5489697, WO96/04263, U S Patent Application Nos 08/510213 and 08/609,537 which are incoφorated by reference in their entirety The synthetic matenal has been utilized for vaπous studies that include virological, pharmacological, toxicological, and pharmacokinetic evaluations in animals as well as in humans (-)-Calanohde A, an enantiomer of (+)-calanohde A, displayed strong anti- tuberculosis activity with 98% inhibition against Mtb H37Rv at a drug concentration of 12 5 μg mL Since both (+)-and (-)-calanolιde A demonstrated potent anti-tuberculosis activity, ( + )-Calanohde A might result m stronger activity than (+)- and (-)-calanohde A due to a positive synergetic effect In addition, ( ± )-calanohde A has the advantage of being more easily synthesized The present invention relates to calanolide and analogues thereof and methods of using such compounds for treating or preventing mycobactenum infections In one embodiment, the invention provides calanolide analogues obtamed via syntheses employing chromene 4 and chromanone 7 as key intermediates, as shown in Schemes I and III According to this synthetic scheme, chromene 4 may be prepared from 5,7-dιhydro\y-4-propylcoumann, 2, as shown in Scheme I According to this synthetic scheme, 5,7-dιhydroxy-4-propylcoumann, 2,^ was prepared quantitatively from ethyl butyrylacetate and phloroglucinol under Pechmann conditions 56 In conducting this reaction, a volume of a concentrated acid is added in a dropwise manner to a stirπng mixture of ethyl butyrylacetate and phloroglucinol with a molar ratio ranging between about 3 1 and about 1 3, with a preferable range being about 0 9 1 0 The dropwise addition of an acid was conducted at a rate such that the temperature of the reaction mixture is maintained at a temperature ranging between about 0 °C and about 120 °C, preferably about 90 °C. Suitable, but not limiting, examples of concentrated acid include sulfunc acid, tπfluoroacetic acid, and methanesulfomc acid In making compounds of the invention, concentrated sulfunc acid is particularly prefened As the product yield and punty appear to be dependent on the amount of concentrated sulfunc acid used, it is preferred that the amount of concentrated sulfunc acid ranges between about 0 5 and 10 mole, most preferably ranging between about 2 and about 3 5 mole, per mole of ethyl butyrylacetate The reaction mixture is then heated to a temperature ranging between about 40 °C and about 150 °C, preferably about 90 °C, until the reaction reaches completion as determined by TLC analysis The reaction mixture is then poured onto ice and the precipitated product is collected by filtration and dissolved in an organic solvent Suitable, but non-limiting, examples of organic solvents include ethyl acetate, chloroform, and tetrahydrofuran A preferred solvent is ethyl acetate The resulting solution is then washed with bnne and dπed ov er a suitable drying agent, e g , sodium sulfate The yields of this reaction are generally quantitative Thereafter, 5,7-dιhydroxy-8-propιonyl-4-propylcoumann, 3, w as prepared by selectiv ely acylating the 8-posιtιon of 5,7-dιhydroxy-4-propylcoumann, 2, with propionyl chloπde in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst (Fnedal-Crafts acylation) In conducting this reaction, a solution of propionyl chlonde in a suitable solvent, e g , carbon disulfide, was added in a dropwise manner to a vigorously stirred solution of 5,7-dιhydro\y-4-propvlcoumann, 2 a Le is acid and an organic solvent cooled in an ice bath Dropwise addition of propionyl chlonde is conducted such that the temperature of the reaction mixture is maintained at a temperature ranging between 0 °C and about 30 °C, preferably between about 8 °C and 10 °C In making compounds of the invention, the amount of propionyl chlonde used generally ranges between about 0 5 and about 6 moles, preferably ranging between about 1 and about 2 moles, per mole of 5,7-dιhydroxy-4-propylcoumann, 2 Non-limiting examples of Lewis acid catalysts useful in the acylation reaction include A1C1 3 , BF 3 , SnC , ZnCl 2 , POCl 3 and T1CI4 A preferred Lewis acid catalyst is A1CL The amount of Lewis acid catalyst relative to 5,7-dιhydroxy-4-propylcoumann, 2, ranges between about 0.5 and about 12 moles, preferably ranging between about 2 and about 5 moles, per mole of 5,7-dιhydroxy-4-propylcoumann, 2 Non-limiting examples of organic solvent for use in prepaπng the 5,7-dιhydroxy-4- propylcoumaπn, 2, solution include nitrobenzene, nitromethane, chlorobenzene, or toluene and mixtures thereof A preferred organic solvent for use in this invention is nitrobenzene Upon completion of the addition of propionyl chlonde. the vigorously stirred reaction mixture is maintained at a temperature ranging between about 0 °C and about 120 °C, preferably ranging between about 25 °C and 80 °C, until the reaction reaches completion as monitored by conventional means such as TLC analysis The reaction mixture is then poured onto ice and extracted several times with a suitable solvent such as ethyl acetate, chloroform, methylene chlonde, tetrahydrofuran, or a mixture of chloroform/methanol A prefened solvent for this extraction is ethyl acetate The extracts are then dned ov er a suitable drying agent, e g , sodium sulfate, and the product may be punfied by conventional means such as silica gel column chromatography On small scale (<1 gram), the yield of 5,7-dιhydroxv-8-propιonvl-4-propylcoumann 3, produced by the above descnbed reaction is generally quantitati e However, on larger scale (>1 gram), the reaction was very difficult to control and did not exclusively afford the desired product as the desired 8-posιtιon acylated product 3 was accompanied by the formation of undesired 6-posιtιon acylated product and 6,8-bιs-acylated product Thus, an alternativ e and preferred route for prepanng 5,7-dιhydroxy-8-propιonyl-4-propylcoumann 3 in large scale quantities was devised Preparation of 8-acylated coumaπn 3 on a 5 gram scale as a single product (45% yield) has been achieved by adding a mixture of propionic anhydnde, a Lewis acid, e g , AlCl , and suitable solvent, e g , 1 ,2-dichloroethane, into a vigorously stirnng pre-heated mixture of coumann, a Lewis acid, e g . AlCl , and suitable solvent, e g , 1 ,2-dichloroethane, at a ~>~> temperature ranging between about 40 °C and about 160 °C, preferably ranging between about 70 °C and about 75 °C Dropwise addition of the propionic anhydnde solution is conducteJ at a rate such that the temperature of the reaction mixture is maintained within the desired temperature range The amount of propiomc anhydnde used in the reaction generally ranges between about 0.5 and about 10 moles, preferably ranging between about 1 and about 2 moles, per mole of 5,7- dιhydroxy-4-propylcoumann 2 Non-limiting examples of Lewis acid catalysts useful in the acylation reaction include A1C1 3 , BF , POCI3, SnCU, ZnCl 2 and T1CI4 A preferred Lewis acid catalyst is A1C1 3 The amount of Lewis acid catalyst relative to 5 -dιhydroxy-4-propylcoumaπn, 2, ranges between about 0 5 and about 12 moles, preferably ranging between about 2 and about 4 moles, per mole of 5,7-dιhydroxy-4-propylcoumann, 2 Suitable but nonlimiting examples of solvents for use in making compounds of the invention include diglyme, mtromethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, and 1 ,2-dichloroethane (preferred) Upon completion of the addition of propionvl anhydnde, the vigorously stirred reaction mixture is maintained at a temperature ranging between about 40 °C and about 160 °C, preferably ranging between about 70 °C and 75 °C, until the reaction reaches completion as monitored by conventional means such as TLC analysis The workup procedure is the same as descnbed above The product was punfied without the use of column chromatography to afford the desired product 3 This procedure has been scaled-up to 1 7 kg of coumann (for details see expenmental section) and the yield for 8-acylated coumann 3 w as 29% after recrystallization The yield for 8-acylated coumann 3 may be further improved by changing the punfication processing For example, the crude product may be recrystalhzed from solvent(s) other than dioxane, or a simple washing with an appropnate solvent may lead to product pure enough for the next reaction step Thereafter chromene 4 was prepared by introducing the chromene nng into 5,7- dιhydroxy-8-propιonyl-4-propylcoumann 3, using 4,4-dιmethoxy-2-rnethylbutan-2-ol A solution of 5,7-dιhydroxy-8-propιonyl-4-propylcoumaπn, 3, and 4.4-dιmethoxy-2-methylbutan- 2-ol in a suitable organic solvent in the presence of a base was reacted at a temperature ranging between about 40 °C and about 180 °C, preferably ranging between about 100 °C and about 120 °C, until the reaction reached completion as determined by conventional means such as TLC analysis Water and methanol formed during the reaction were removed azeotropically via a Dean-Stark trap In making compounds of the mvention, the amount of 4,4-dιmethoxy-2-methylbutan-2-ol employed in the reaction generally ranges between about 0 5 and about 8 moles, preferably ranging between about 2 and about 4 moles, per mole of 5,7-dιhydroxy-8-propιonyl-4- propylcoumann 3 Suitable, but not limiting examples of organic solvents include pyndine, tnethylamine, N,N-dιmethylformamιde (DMF), toluene, tetrahydrofuran (THF) or 1 ,2-dichloroethane Suitable, but non-hmmng examples of the bases include pyndine, 4-drmethylamιnopyndιne, tnethylamine, N,N-dιethylanιlιne, l,5-dιazabιcyclo-[4,3,0]-non-5-ene (DBN), 1 ,8-dιazabιcyclo- [5,4,0]undec-7-ene (DBU), sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate Pyndine was used as both base and solvent in this invention on a small scale, for scale-up, however, pyndine was used as a base and toluene was used as a solvent Upon completion of the reacnon, the solvent is removed under reduced pressure and the reaction product is dissolved in a suitable sol ent, e g , ethyl acetate The solution is then washed sequentially with water and bnne and dned over a suitable drying agent, e g , sodium sulfate Thereafter, the crude chromene 4 product can be punfied by conventional means such as silica gel column chromatography using 25% ethyl acetate/hexane as the elution solvent The yields of chromene 4 generally fall with the range of about 60% and about 85%, usually resulting in about 78%o yield Chromene 4 was then used to prepare chromanone 7 A number of alternative routes were devised for prepanng chromanone 7 from chromene 4 in large scale quantities These routes w ere descnbed in U S Patent Application Seπal No 08/510,213, filed August 2, 1995, the disclosure which is incoφorated herein in its entirety For instance, U S Patent Application Senal No 08 510,213 descnbes a one-step reaction process (paraldehyde one-step reaction), shovvn in Scheme II, and a tw o-step reaction process (LDA sulfunc acid process or LD A Mitsunobu process) for prepanng chromanone 7 from chromene 4 Examples of these reactions are provided in the Examples below In this invention, a new route for prepanng chromanone 7 from chromene 4 was devised, shown in Scheme III, which introduces a chiral resolution step between the two step LDA/Mitsunobu process descnbed in the 08/510,213 application and illustrated below One of the benefits for including the enzyme acylation/resolution step at this stage of the process is that it provides a more practical and economical means fcr producing large scale amounts of chromanone ( J -)-7, which would lead to formation of (+)-calanohde A after reduction without the subsequent need for chiral HPLC resolution of the racemic calanolide A According to Scheme III, (+)-chromanone 7 was prepared by a chlorotitamum-mediated aldol condensation reaction of chromene 4 with acetaldehyde which led to formation of aldol products (±)-8a and (+)-8b in a ratio of 95 5, respectively In conducting the aldol condensation reaction, a solution of LDA was added dropwise to a solution of chromene 4 dissolved in a solvent at a temperature ranging between about -78 °C and about 0 °C, preferably about -30 °C and about -78 °C Thereafter, a solution of titanium tetrachlonde was added dropwise to the stirring reaction mixture The resulting solution was then warmed to a temperature ranging between about -78 °C and about 40 °C, preferably about -40 °C, and allowed to stir for about 45 minutes to allow for transmetallation Thereafter, the solution was recooled to -78 °C The amount of LDA added per mole of chromene 4 ranged between about 1 and about 4 moles, preferably ranging between about 2 and about 3 per mole of chromene 4 Dropwise addition LDA is conducted such that the reaction temperature is maintained within the desired range The amount of titanium tetrachlonde ranges between about 0 5 and about 10 moles, preferably ranging between about 2 and about 4 moles per mole of chromene 4 Suitable, but not limiting examples of solvent include methylene chlonde, THF, diethyl ether, dioxane. etc Acetaldehyde was then added dropwise to the reaction mixture in amounts ranging between about 1 and about 12 moles, preferably ranging between about 4 and about 6 moles per mole of chromene 4 Dropwise addition of acetaldehyde is conducted such that the reaction temperature is mamtained within the aforementioned range The reaction was monitored by conventional means, e g . TLC analysis, until it reached completion The aldol reaction of chromene 4 ith acetaldehyde may be earned out under conditions which employs bases other than LDA For example, metal hydroxides such as NaOH. KOH and Ca(OH) 2 , metal alkoxides such as MeONa, EtONa and r-BuOK, and amines such as pyrrolidine. pipendine, dusopropylethylamine, l,5-dιazabιcyclo[4,3,0]non-5-ene (DBV). 1,8- dιazabιcyclo[5,4,0]undec-7-ene (DBU), NaNTL and LiHMDS as well as hydndes such as NaH and KH can all be employed for the aldol reactions ω Also, aldol reactions can be mediated by metal complexes of Al, B, Mg, Sn, Zn, Zr and other Ti compounds such as (ι-PrO) 3 TιCl, (1- PrO) 4 Tι, PhBCl 2 , (n-Bu) 2 BCl, BF,, (n-Bu) 3 SnCl, SnCL, ZnCl 2 MgBr 2 , Et 2 AlCl with or without chiral auxihanes such as l,l'-bιnaphthol, norephednnesulfonate, camphanediol, diacetone glucose and dialkyl tartrate 61"61 Thereafter, the reaction mixture was quenched at -30 °C to -10 °C with saturated aqueous ammonium chlonde solution and extracted with a suitable solvent, e g , ethyl acetate The pooled extracts were washed with bnne and dried over a suitable drying agent, e g , sodium sulfate The yields of aldol product generally range between about 40% and about 80%, usually about 70% It should be noted that the aldol reaction of chromene 4 results m a product having two asymmetric centers which in turn would result in a diastereomenc mixture of two sets of enantiomers (four optically active forms) The mixture may be separated by conventional means to produce racemic syn aldol product (+)-8a and racemic anti aldol product (+)-8b which may be resolved into optically active forms Conventional resolution methods may be used such as chromatography or fractional crystallization of suitable diastereoisomenc denvatives such as salts or esters with optically active acids (e g , camphor- 10-sulfonιc acid, camphonc acid, methoxyacetic acid, or dibenzoyltartanc acid) or enzymaticalK catalyzed acylation or hydrolysis of the racemic esters The resultant or synthetic enantiomer may then be transformed to enantioselective synthesis of (+)-calanohde A and its congeners In one method, the racemic aldol product may be resolv ed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with orgamc solv ent system as a mobile phase HPLC is performed on a column packed with chiral packing matenal Suitable but not limiting, examples of chiral packing matenal include amylose carbamate, D-phenylglycine L-phenylglycine, D-leucme, L- leucine, D-naphthylalamne, L-naphthylalanine, or L-naphthvlleucine These matenals may be bounded, either lonically or cov alently, to silica sphere w hich particle sizes ranging betw een about 5 microns and about 20 microns Suitable, but non-limiting, mobile phase includes hexane, heptane, cyclohexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, ethanol, or isopropanol and mixtures thereof The mobile phase may be employed in isocratic, step gradient or continuous gradient systems at flow rates generally ranging bet een about 0 5 mL mm and about 50 mL/min In making compounds of the invention, the racemic product, 1 e , svn aldol product [(+)- 8a], is resolved preferably by enzyme-catalyzed acylation Enzymatic resolution may employ enzymes such as hpase CC (Candida cyhndracea), hpase AK {Candida cylindracea), hpase AY (Candida cylindracea), hpase PS (Pseudomonas Species), hpase AP (Aspergillus niger), hpase N (Rhizopus nieveius), hpase FAP (Rhizopus nieveus), hpase PP (Porcine Pancrease). pig (porcine) liver esterase (PLE), pig liver acetone powder (PLAP), or subtihsin IrnmobilLzed forms of the enzyme on celhte. molecular sieves, or ion exchange resin are also contemplated for use in this method The amount of enzyme used in the reaction depends on the rate of chemical conversion desired and the activity of the enzyme The preferred enzyme for use in the enzyme- catalyzed acylation reaction is hpase The enzymatic acylation reaction is earned out in the presence of an acylating agent Suitable, but not limiting, examples of acylating agents include vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vmyl butyrate, vinyl stearate, acetic anhydnde, propionic anhydnde, phthalic anhydnde, acetic acid, propionic acid, hexanoic acid or octanoic acid The enzymatic reaction employs at least one mole of acylating agent per mole of aldol product Acylating agent can be used as a solvent in the acylation reaction or in solution with another solvent such as hexanes, chloroform, benzene, tert-butylmethyl ether, and THF The preferred solv ent and acylating agent for use in the enzyme-catalyzed acylation are tert-butylmethyl ether and v lnyl acetate, respectively Suitable, but not limiting examples of solvents for use in the enzymatic hydrolysis reaction include water, suitable aqueous buffers such as sodium phosphate buffers, or alcohols such as methanol or ethanol One skilled in the art will appreciate that racemic esters of aldol products can be made by conventional estenfication means and selectively hydrolyzed by enzymes so as to produce, in high enantiomenc excess, optically active aldol product, 1 e , (+)-8. in free or estenfied form The punfied (~)-8a was subjected to a neutral Mitsunobu reaction, selectively leading to (+)-trans-chromanone [( -)-7] In performing this reaction diethyl azodicarboxylate (DEAD) was added dropwise to a solution contaimng (+)-8a and tnphenylphosphine at a temperature ranging between about -10 °C and about 40 °C, preferably about ambient temperature The amount of DEAD used in the reaction generally ranges betw een about 1 mole and about 10 moles preferably about 1 mole and about 4 moles, per mole of aldol (τ)-8a The amount of tnphenylphosphine used in the reaction generally ranged between about 1 mole and about 10 moles, preferably ranging between about 1 mole and about 4 moles, per mole of aldol (+)-8a Instead of DEAD, other suitable azo reagents reported in the literature can be employed such as diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (DIAD), dibutyl azodicarboxylate (DBAD), dipipendinoazodicarboxamide, bis^-methylpiperazin-l-y azodicarboxamide, dimoφhohnoazodicarboxamide, N,N,N ,N -tetramethylazodicarboxamide (TMAD) 64 Also, in addition to tnphenylphosphine, other phosphine denvatives such as tn-n-butylphosphine, 64 tnethylphosphme, tnmethylphosphine and tπs(drmethylamιno)phosphιne may be used Thereafter, the reaction was quenched with saturated ammonium chlonde upon completion and extracted with a suitable solvent, e g , ethyl acetate The pooled orgamc layers were washed with bnne, concentrated in vacuo and the crude chromanone (+)-7 w as punfied by conventional means as discussed above The yields of chromanone (+)-7 from the Mitsunobu reaction generally range between about 60% and about 80%, usually about 70% Finally, mild borohydnde reduction of chromanone (+)-7 in the presence of CeCl 3 (H 2 O)- (Luche reduction) produced (-ι-)-calanohde A with the desired stereochemical arrangement In conducting the reduction reaction, a solution of chromanone (+)-7 was added dropwise mto a solution of reducing agent, e g , sodium borohydnde and a metal additive, e g , CeCl 3 (H 2 O) 7 in ethanol The rate of addition is such that the reaction mixture temperature is mamtamed within a range of between about -40 °C and about 60 °C, preferably ranging between about -10 °C and about -30 °C Thereafter, the reaction mixture was stirred at a temperature ranging between about -40 °C and about 60 °C In general, the amount of metal additive, e g , CeCl,(H 2 0)- present in the reaction mixture ranged between about 0 1 and about 2 moles, preferably ranging beuveen bout 0 5 and about 1 mole, per mole of sodium borohydnde In addition, the amount of reducing agent, e g , sodium borohydnde employed in the reaction generally ranged between about 0 1 and about 12 moles, preferably ranging between about 2 and about 4 moles, per mole of chromanone (+)-7 Suitable, but non-limiting, examples of reducing agents include NaBFL LιAlH 4 ,(/-Bu) 2 AlH,(n- Bu) 3 SnH,9-BBN, Zn(BH4) 2 , BH 3 , DlP-chlonde, selectndes and enzymes such as baker yeast Suitable, but non-limiting, examples of metal additives include CeCl,, ZnCL, AICI 3 , T1CI4, SnCb, and LnCh and their mixture with tnphenylphosphine oxide In practicing this invention, sodium borohydnde as reducing agent and CeCh(H 2 O)- as metal additive are preferred Thereafter, the reduction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with a suitable solvent, e.g., ethyl acetate. The extract was dried over a suitable drying agent, e.g., sodium sulfate, and concentrated. The resulting residue was then purified by conventional means such as silica gel chromatography, using ethyl acetate/hexane solvent mixtures. Luche reduction on (+)-7 led to formation of (+)-calanolide A [(+)-l] which contained 10% of (+)-calanolide B. (+)- Calanolide A [(+)-l] was further separated from (+)-calanolide B by preparative normal phase HPLC and was identical with an authentic sample. Thus, (+)-calanolide A, 1, was successfully prepared with the desired stereochemical arrangement by treatment of the key intermediate chromene 4 with chlorotitanium catalyzed aldol reaction to produce (±)-8a, enzyme resolution of the racemate to produce (+)-8a, and neutral Mitsunobu reaction of (+)-8a to produce chromanone (-0-7, followed by Luche reduction via chromanone (+)-7 (see Scheme III). Enzyme resolution of trans-(+)-8b racemate with vinyl acetate and lipase allowed for the separation of (+)-8b, which, following treatment under neutral Mitsunobu reaction with tnphenylphosphine and DEAD and subsequent Luche reduction, would result in calanolide C (Scheme IV). In another embodiment of the invention, analogues of calanolide A are provided by extension of the aforementioned synthetic sequence for (-^-calanolide A. Pechmann reaction of phloroglucinol with substituted β-ketoesters yields substituted 5.7-dihydroxycoumarin 11 as shown in Scheme V. The conditions and reagents used in the Pechmann reaction are described above. Suitable, but non-limiting, β-ketoesters include those of formula a: O ,CO,Et a R, R, wherein Ri is H, halogen, hydroxyl, amino, C|- 6 alkyl, aryl-Cι-6 alkyl. mono- or poly- fluorinated Ci- 6 alkyl, alkyl, Cι_ 6 alkoxy, amino-C..s alkyl. Cι- 6 al ylamino, di(Cι- 6 alkyl)amino, Cι- 8 alkylamino-Ci-s alkyl, di(C !-t , alkyl) amino-Ci.g alkyl, cyclohexyl, aryl, or heterocycle. wherein aryl or heterocycle may each be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of the following C^ alkyl, Ci 6 alkoxy, hydroxy-Cι- 4 alkyl, hydroxyl, amino, Ci 6 alkylamino, dι(Cι-6 alkyl)amιno, amino-Ci 8 alkyl, Ci-s alkylamino-Ci 8 alkyl, dι(Cι 6 alkyl-amino-Ci 8 alkyl, nitro, azido or halogene, and R 2 is H, halogen, hydroxyl, 6 alkyl, aryl-Ci 6 alkyl, mono- or poly-fluonnated Ci- 6 alkyl, aryl or heterocycle Fπedel-Crafts acylation of substituted 5,7-dιhydroxycoumann 11 leads to formation of 8- acylated 5,7-dιhydroxycoumann 12 The conditions and reagents used in the Fnedel-Crafts acylation reaction are descnbed above Non-limiting examples of carboxylic acid anhydndes and hahdes include formula b carboxylic acid anhydndes and hahdes wherein X is halogen (e g chloro) or OCOCHR 3 R4 wherein Ri and R 4 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, hydroxyl, C !-6 alkyl, alkyl, mono- or poly-fluonnated ^ alkyl, hydroxy-Ci 6 alkyl, amino-Ci 8 alkyl, Ci g alkylamino-Ci g alkyl, dι(Cι- 6 alkyl)amιno-Cι 8 alkyl, cyclohexyl, aryl or heterocvcle, and R, and R 4 can be taken together to form a 5-7 membered saturated cycle nng or heterocvchc nng Chromenylation of 12 can be achiev ed by reacting with substituted β-hydroxyaldehyde dimethylacetal, affording chromenocoumann 13 The conditions and amounts of reagents are descnbed above Representative examples of substituted β-hydroxyaldehyde dimethylacetals of formula c compnse HO. \ OMe R< R- wherein R 5 and R* are independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, aryl-Ci. 6 alkyl, mono- or poly-fluorinated Ci-6 alkyl, aryl or heterocycle; R 5 and R 6 can be taken together to form a 5-7 membered saturated cycle ring or heterocycle nng; and R 7 is H, halogen, methyl, ethyl. Aldol condensation reaction of chromene 13 with carbonyl compounds in the presence of LDA forms the racemic aldol product (±)-14. According to the present invention, a solution of LDA in THF was added dropwise to a solution of chromene 13 in THF at a temperature ranging between about -78 °C and about 0 °C, preferably about -30 °C and about -78 °C. The amount of LDA added per mole of chromene 13 ranged between about 1 and about 4 moles, preferably ranging between about 2 and about 3 moles per mole of chromene 13. Dropwise addition of LDA is conducted such that the reaction temperature is maintained within the desired range. A carbonyl compound of formula iv was then added dropwise to the reaction mixture in amounts ranging between about 1 and about 12 moles, preferably ranging between about 4 and about 6 moles per mole of chromene 13. Dropwise addition of carbonyl compound is conducted such that the reaction temperature is maintained within the aforementioned range. The reaction was monitored by conventional means, e.g., TLC analysis, until it reached completion. Representative examples of formula d carbonyl compounds comprise: O : d R g ' R wherein Rg and R 9 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, Q- 6 alkyl, aryl-C^ alkyl, mono- or poly-fluorinated Ci-6 alkyl, hydroxy-Cι-6 alkyl, amino-Ci.g alkyl, C).g alkylamino-Cι_g alkyl, di(Cι_ 6 alkyl)amino-Cι_g alkyl, cyclohexyl, aryl or heterocycle; and Rg and R 9 can be taken together to form a 5-7 membered saturated cycle ring or heterocyclic ring. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the aldol reaction of chromene 13 with carbonyl compounds of formula d to form 14 can be carried out under conditions which employs bases other than LDA. For example, metal hydroxides such as NaOH. KOH and Ca(OH) 2 , metal alkoxides such as MeONa, EtONa and /-BuOK, and amines such as pyrrolidine, piperidine, diisopropylethylamine, l ,5-diazabicyclo[4,3,0]non-5-ene (DBN), l ,8-diazabicyclo[5,4,0]undec- 7-ene (DBU), NaNFL and LiHMDS as well as hydrides such as NaH and KH can all be employed for the aldol reactions 10 Also, aldol reactions can be mediated by metal complexes of Al, B, Mg, Sn, Ti, Zn and Zr compounds such as T1CI 4 , (ι-PrO) ,TιCl, (ι-PrO) 4 Tι, PhBCl 2 , (n- Bu) 2 BCl, BF 3 , (n-Bu)3SnCl,SnCL, ZnCb, MgBr 2 , Et 2 AlCl with or without chiral auxihanes such as l,l'-bιnaphthol, norephednnesulfonate, camphanediol, diacetone glucose and dialkyl tartrate " 13 Thereafter, the reaction mixture was quenched at -30 °C to -10 °C with saturated aqueous ammonium chlonde solution and extracted with a suitable solvent, e g , ethyl acetate The pooled extracts were washed with bnne and dried over a suitable drying agent, e g , sodium sulfate The yields of aldol product (+)-14 generally range between about 40% and about 80%, usually about 70% Cychzation of (+)-14 under neutral Mitsunobu conditions, by using tnphenylphosphine and diethyl azodicarboxylate (DEAD), leads to formation of chromanone analogue (±)-15. Reduction of (+)-15 with sodium borohydnde with or without metal additives such as cenum chlonde yields the 12-hydroxy analogue (±)-16 (Scheme V) The conditions and amounts of reagents used m the Mitsunobu and borohydnde reduction reactions are descnbed above Catalytic hydrogenation of both (+)-15 and (±)-16 produces 7,8-dιhydro denvatives (+)- 17 and (±)-18 (Scheme VI) To a solution of (+)-15 or (+)-16 in ethanol or ethanol/methylene chlonde mixtures in a conventional Parr apparatus under H 2 , hydrogenation catalyst was added at ambient temperature The mixture was shaken under hydrogen for a time sufficient to complete the hydrogenation reaction The solution was then grav ity filtered to remov e catalyst and solv ent was evaporated Suitable, but non-limiting, hydrogenation catalysts for use in the inv ention include Pd ; C, Ptθ 2 and Rh C, Raney-Ni In making compounds of the inv ention, 10° o palladium/carbon is preferred The amount of catalyst employed generally ranges betw een about 0 01 and about 0 5 mole, preferably ranging between about 0 05 and about 0 1 mole per mole of (r)-15 or ( )-16 In yet another embodiment of the inv ention, intermediate chxomanones (±)-7, (-)-7 *)- 7a and (+)-15 can be used to prepare oxime, hydroxy amino, alkoxy ammo or amino calanolide denvatives Treatment of the said chromanones with hydroxylamine or alkoxyamine affords oxime denvatives (±)-19 (Scheme VI) Representative amines for prepanng oxime denv ativ es compnse NFLORio wherein Rio is H, Ci g alkyl, phenyl, benzyl, acyl P(O)(OH) 2 , S(O)(OH) 2 , CO(C, , 0 alkyl)CO 2 H, (C, g alkyl)CO 2 H, CO(C,., 0 alkyl)NR !2 R13, (C,.g alkyl) NR 12 R 13 ; wherein R !2 and R 13 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, d- 6 alkyl; and R t2 and R 13 can be taken together to form a 5-7 membered saturated heterocyclic ring containing said nitrogen. Examples of useful alkoxyamines include methoxyamine and benzyloxyamine. The oxime derivatives may be prepared by refluxing a methanolic solution of the chromanone with hydroxyl amine or alkoxyamine in the presence of a metal carbonate such as potassium carbonate or pyridine until the reaction reaches completion. The amount of amine generally ranges between about 1 and about 20 moles, preferably between about 3 and about 6 moles, per mole of chromanone. Upon completion of the reaction, filtration of the solution to remove solids and removal of solvent resulted in an oil which was purified via silica gel chromatography. The yields of oximes generally range between about 30% and about 80%, usually about 50%. If desired, oxime derivatives (±)-19 may be reduced under different conditions 59 to yield hydroxyamino or amino compounds (20 and 21). Thus, optically active forms of 14 - 21 (Scheme V and VI) would be obtained by employing enzymatic acylation, as described above, in the procedure outlined in Scheme III for (+)-calanolide A [(+)-l]. Enzyme-catalyzed acylation of the racemic aldol product (+)-14 would selectively acylate one enantiomer [i.e. (-)-14] and leave the other enantiomer [i.e. (+)-I4] unreacted, which would be easily separated by conventional methods such as silica gel column chromatography. The acylated enantiomer [i.e. (-)-14] may be hydrolyzed to form the pure enantiomer [i.e. (-)-14]. The optically pure enantiomers thus obtained [(-")-14 and (-)-14] will be cyclized to (+)-15 and (-)-15, respectively, by the Mitsunobu reaction as described above. Subsequent reduction of (+)-15 and (-)-15 would lead to formation of (+)-16 and (-)-16, respectively. Hydrogenation of optically active forms of 15 and 16 would provide pure enantiomers of 17 and 18 [(÷)-and (-)-17; (+)-and (-V18], respectively. Treatment of pure enantiomers of 15 with hydroxylamine or alkoxyamine, as described above, should afford enantiomerically pure oxime 19 [(+)-and (-)-19]. Reduction of (-»-)-19 and (-)-19 would lead to formation of enantiomerically pure 20 and 21 [(+)-and (-)-20; (+)-and (-)-21]. The 12-hydroxyl group in compound 1, 16, and 17 as well as their optically active forms can be epimenzed under a variety of conditions including acidic conditions, neutral Mitsunobu or with DAST 57 An example showing conversion of (-)-calanolιde A [(-)-l] into (-)-calanolιde B using DAST 57 is depicted in Scheme VII Thus, the process used to produce compounds of the present invention may be utilized to prepare a wide vanety of calanolide analogues such as Formulas shown in Scheme Mil and Formulas vi-vu shown in Scheme IX For Formula i, R] and R 2 are independently mil or — ^"ϋ For Formula it, R l s R 2 and R 3 are independently H or CH 3 For Formula in, R ] is C r C 6 linear or branched alkyl For Formula n , R] is propyl or phenyl and R 2 is ■nuiiOH or '—OH For Formula vi, R, is C r C 6 linear or branched alkyl For Formula vu, R, is propyl or phenyl and R 2 is ...miioH or —OH Additional exemplary calanolide analogues include but are not limited to Formulas 15 and 16 shown in Scheme V, and Formulas 17 and 18 shown in Scheme In another embodiment of the invendon, (-)-calanohde B, obtained via conversion of (-)- calanolide A, is provided It has been discovered that (-)-calanohde A may be converted readily to (-)-calanolιde B using diethylamidosulfur tnfluonde (DAST) or the Mitsunobi reaction, e g , diethyl azodicarboxylate and tnphenylphosphine, under the conditions and ranges descnbed above The amount of DAST employed in the inv ersion reaction generally ranges between about 0 5 and about 5 0 moles, preferably ranging betw een about 1 and about 2 0 moles. per mole of (-)-calanohde A Suitable, but non-limiting, reaction solvents for use m the invention include methylene chlonde THF, diethyl ether, or chloroform hi practicing the invention, the prefened solv ent is methylene chlonde The reaction may be conducted at a temperature ranging between about -78 °C and about 50 °C preferably about -78 °C, until the reaction is complete as determined by usual methods such as thin layer chromatography The calanolide compounds of the invention may be formulated as a solution ot lyophilized powders for parenteral administration Powders may be reconstituted by addition of a suitable diluent or other pharmaceutically acceptable earner pnor to use The liquid formulation is generally a buffered, lsotonic, aqeuous solution Examples of suitable diluents are normal isotonic saline solution, standard 5% dextrose in water or in buffered sodium or ammonium acetate solution Such formulation is especially suitable for parenteral administration, but may also be used for oral administration It may be desirable to add excipients such as polyvinylpyrrohdone, gelatin, hydroxy cellulose, acacia, polyethylene glycol, mannitol, sodium chonde or sodium citrate Alternatively, the compounds of the present invention may be encapsulated, tableted or prepared in an emulsion (oil-in-water or water-in-oil) syrup for oral administration Pharmaceutically acceptable solids or liquid earners, which are generally known in the pharmaceutical formulary arts, may be added to enhance or stabilize the composition or to facilitate preparation of the composition Solid earners include starch (com or potato), lactose, calcium sulfate dihydrate, terra alba, croscarmellose sodium, magnesium stearate or steanc acid, talc, pectin, acacia, agar, gelatin, maltodextnns and microcrystalline cellulose, or collodial silicon dioxide Liquid earners include syrup, peanut oil, olive oil, com oil, sesame oil, saline and water The earner may also include a sustained release matenal such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate, alone or with a wax The amount of solid earner vanes but, preferably, will be between about 10 mg to about 1 g per dosage unit The dosage ranges for administration of the calanolide compounds of the invention are those to produce the desired affect whereby symptoms of infection are amehoratec For example, as used herein, a pharmaceutically effective amount for an mycobactenum infection refers to the amount administered so as to maintain an amount which suppresses or inhibits mycobactenum infection as evidenced by standard assay The dosage will also be determined by the existence of any adverse side effects that may accompany the compounds It is always desirable, henever possible, to keep adverse side effects to a minimum One skilled in the art can easily determine the appropnate dosage schedule, and method of administration for the exact formulation of the composition being used in order to achieve the desired effective concentration in the individual patient However, the dosage can varv from between about 0001 mg/kg/day to about 150 mg/kg/day, but preferably between about 0 01 to about 20 0 mg/lg/day The pharmaceutical composition may contain other pharmaceuticals in conjunction with the antimycobactenal calanolide analogues of the invention For example, other pharmaceuticals may include, but are not limited to. antiviral compounds (e g , AZT, ddC, ddl, D4T, 3TC, acyclovir, gancyclovir, fluonnated nucleosides and nonnucleoside analog compounds such as TD3O denvatives and nevirapine, α-interfon and recombinant CD4), protease inhibitors (e g , indinavir, saquinavir, ntonavir, and nelfinavir), immunostimulants (e g , vanous interleukins and cytokines), lmmunomodulators, (antimicrobials such as anti-TB agents isomazid, nfampin, πfabutin, nfapentine, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol, antibactenal, antifungal, anti-pneumocysitis agents) and chemokine inhibitors Administration of the inhibitory compounds with anti- retroviral agents that act against other HTV proteins such as protease, intergrase and TAT will generally inhibit most or all rephcative stages of the viral life cycle The calanolides and analogues thereof descnbed herein can be used either alone or in conjunction with other pharmaceutical compounds to effectively combat a single infection For example, calanolides and analogues of the invention can be used either alone or combined with acyclovir in a combination therapy to treat HSV-1 Calanolides and analogues can also be used either alone or in conjunction with other pharmaceutical compounds to combat multiple infections For example, calanolides and analogues thereof can be used in combination with one or more anti-mycobactenal acents agents such as anti-TB agents such as Isoniazid, nfamycins (e g , πfampin, nfabutin and nfapentme), pyrazinamide, and ethambutol as a prophylatic or therapeutic treatment Calanolides and analogues thereof can also be used in combination with Intron A and or a biflavanoid for treating Hepatitis B, with gancyclovir, progancyclovir, famcyclovir, foscarnet, vidarabine, cido ir, and or acyclovir for treating heφes viruses, and with πbavann, amantidine, and or nmantidine for treating respiratory v lruses The following example is illustrative of the invention but does not serve to limit its scope EXPERIMENTAL All chemical reagents and solvents referred to herein are readily available from a number of commercial sources including Aldnch Chemical Co or Fischer Scientific NMR spectra were run on a Hitachi 60 MHz R-1200 NMR spectrometer or a Vaπan VX-300 NMR spectrometer ER spectra were obtained using a Midac M senes FT-IR instrument Mass spectral data were obtamed using a Finnegan MAT 90 mass spectrometer All melting points are corrected EXAMPLE 1 : 5,7-Dibydroxy-4-propylcoumarin' 5 (2) Concentrated sulfunc acid (200 mL) was added into a mixture of phloroglucinol dihydrate (150 g, 0 926 mol) and ethyl butyrylacetate (161 g, 1 02 mol) The resulting mixture was stirred at 90°C for two hours whereupon it was poured onto ice The solid product was collected by filtration, and then dissolved in ethyl acetate The solution was washed with bnne and dned over Na 2 SO 4 After removal of the solvent in \acuo, the residue was tnturated with hexane to provide essentially pure compound 2 (203 g) in quantitativ e yield, mp 233-235°C (Lit 5 ' 236-238°C) Η-NMR (DMSO-d*) δ 0 95 (3H, t, J=6 9 Hz, CH ), 1 63 (2H, apparent sextet, J=7 0 Hz, CH 2 ), 2 89 (2H, t, J=7 5Hz,CH 2 ), 5 85 (1H, s, H 3 ), 6 22 (1H, d, J=2 0 Hz, H ), 6.31 (1H, d, J=2 0 Hz, H 8 ), 10 27 (1H, s, OH), 10 58 (1H, s, OH), MS (El), 220(100, M + ), 205 (37.9, M-CH 3 ), 192 (65 8, M-C2H4), 177 (24 8, M-C3H7), 164 (60 9, M-CHCO 2 +l), 163 (59 6 M-CHCO 2 ), IR (KBr) 3210 (vs and broad, OH), 1649 (vs, sh), 1617 (vs, sh), 1554 (s) cm ', Anal, calcd for d 2 H 24 O 4 C, 65 45, H, 5 49, Found C, 65 61 , H, 5 44 EXAMPLE 2: 5,7-Dihydrox>-8-propionyl-4-propylcoumaπn (3) A three-neck flask (500 mL) equipped with an efficient methamcal stirrer, thermometer and addition funnel was charged with 5,7-dιhvdroxv-4-propvlcoumann 2, (25 0 g 0 113 mol) aluminum chlonde (62 1 g, 0 466 mol), and nitrobenzene ( 150 L) and the mixture was stirred until a solution was obtained, which was cooled to 0 °C in an ice bath A solution of propionyl chlonde (15 2 g, 0 165 mol) in carbon disulfide (50 mL) was added dropw ise at such a rate that the reaction temperature was maintained at 8-10 °C Addition was completed over a peπod of 1 hour with vigorous stirπng The reaction was monitored by TLC using a mobile phase of 50% ethyl acetate hexane After three hours, an additional portion of propionyl chlonde (2 10 g, 0 0227 mol) in carbon disulfide (10 mL) was added Immediately after the TLC analysis indicated the total consumption of starting matenal, the reaction mixture w as poured onto ice, and allowed to stand overnight The nitrobenzene was remo ed by steam distillation, and the remaining solution was extracted several times with ethyl acetate The extracts were combined and dned over Na 2 SO 4 The crude product obtained by evaporation in \acuo was punfied by chromatography on a silica gel column eluting with 50% ether/hexane to provide the desired propionylated coumarin 3, mp 244-246 °C. Η-NMR (DMSO-cL δ 0.96 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz, CH 3 ); 1.10 (3H, t, J=7.2 Hz, CH 3 ); 1.60 (2H, m, CH 2 ); 2.88 (2H, t, J= 7.7 Hz, CH:); 3.04 (2H, q, J=7.2 Hz, CH 2 ); 5.95 (1H, s, H ); 6.31 (1H, s, H 6 ); 11.07 (1H, s, OH); 1 1.50 (1H, s, OH); MS (El): 277 (6.6, M+l); 276 (9.0, M + ); 247 (100, M-C 2 H 5 ); K. (KBr): 3239 (s and broad, OH); 1693 (s, C=O), 1625 and 1593 (s) cm "1 ; Anal, calcd. for Cι 5 Hι 6 O 5 : C, 65.21 ; H, 5.84; Found: c, 64.92; H, 5.83. The isomer assignment was made by analogy to precedent. 65 EXAMPLE 3:2,2-Dimethyl-5-hydroxy-6-propionyl-10-propyl-2H,8H-benzo[l,2-b:3,4- b']dipyran-8-one (4) A mixture of 3 (2.60 g, 9.42 mmol) and 4,4-dimethoxy-2-methylbutan-2-ol (5.54 g, 37.7 mmol) were dissolved in anhydrous pyridine (6.5 mL). The mixture was refluxed under nitrogen for three days. After removal of the solvent in vacuo, the residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate was washed several times with 1 N ΗC1 and brine. It was then dried over Na 2 SO . The crude product obtained by evaporation in vacuo was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluting with 25% ethyl acetate hexane to afford 2.55 g of 4 in 78.6% yield, mp 96-98 °C. ' Η-NMR (CDC1 ) δ 1.05 (3Η, t, J=7.3 Hz, CH 3 ); 1.22 (3H, t, J=7.5 Hz, CH 3 ); 1.53 (6H, s, 2 CH 3 ); 1.75 (2H, m, CH 2 ); 2.92 (2H, t, J=7.1 Hz, CH 2 ); 3.35 (2H, q, J=7.1 Hz, CH 2 ); 5.56 (1H, d, J=10.0 Hz, H 3 ); 5.98 (1H, s, H 9 ); 6.72 (1H, d, J=10.0 Hz, H 4 ); MS (El): 343 (5.7, M-rl); 342 (22.5, M + ); 327 (100, M-CH 3 ); IR (KBr): 1728 (vs. C=0) cm "1 ; Anal, calcd. for C 20 H 22 O 5 : C 70.16; H, 6.48; Found: C, 70.45; H, 6.92. EXAMPLE 4:10,l l-Didehydro-12-oxocalanolide A (5) A mixture of 4 (1.76 g, 5.1 1 mmol) and sodium acetate (0.419 g, 5.1 1 mmol) in acetic anhydride (12 mL) were refluxed for 10 hours whereupon the solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, elutmg first with 25% ethyl acetate/hexane followed by 50% ethyl acetate/hexane to provide 1.16 g (62% yield) of enone 5 (6,6,10, 1 l-tetramethyl-4-propyl-2H,6H,12H-benzo[l ,2-b:3,4-b':5,6-b"]tnpyτan-2,12-dione) as a white solid, mp 209-209.5 °C. Η-NMR (CDCI3) δ 1.05 (3H. t, J=6.6 Hz, CH 3 ); 1.56 (6H. s, 2 CH 3 ); 1.73 (2H, m, CH 2 ); 1.98 (3H, s, CH 3 ); 2.38 (3H, s, CH 3 ); 2.91 (2H, t, J=7.5 Hz, CH : ); 5.69 (1H, d, J=10.0 Hz, H 7 ); 6.1 1 (1H, s, H 3 ); 6.71 (1H, d, J=10 Hz, H 8 ); MS (El): 366 (29.6, M ~ ); 351 (100, M-CH 3 ); 323 (16.5, M-C 3 H 7 ); IR (KBr): 1734 (vs, CO), 1657, 1640, 1610, and 1562 cm "1 ; Anal, calcd. for C 22 H 22 O 5 : 72.12; H, 6.05; Found C, 72 14, H. 6 15 EXAMPLE 5:10,11-Didehydrocalanolide A (6) A mixture of enone 5 (160 mg, 0.437 mmol) and tn-n-butyltm hydnde (0.318 g, 1.09 mmol) in dry dioxane (2.0 mL) was refluxed under mtrogen for 12 hours The solvent was then removed in vacuo and the residue was punfied by preparative TLC using 25% ethyl acetate in hexane as the mobile phase. The product exhibited an R f of about 0.4. Enol 6 (12-hydroxy- 6,6,10,1 l-tetramethyl-4-propyl-2H,6H,12H-benzo[1.2-b:3,4-b':5,6-b"]tπpyran-2-one) (13.3 mg, 8%) was isolated as an oil from the plate by ethyl acetate elution This elution may have been inefficient, and the actual yield higher, as indicated by analytical TLC of the crude product. ! H- NMR (CDC1 3 ) δ 0.92 (3H, t, J=6.0 Hz, CH 3 ); 1.26 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.39 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.63 (2H, m, CH 2 ); 1.96 (3H, s, CH 3 ); 2.36 (3H, s, CH 3 ); 2.45 (2H, t, J=6 0 Hz, CH 2 ), 3.65 (1H, s, H (2 ); 5.51 (1H, d, J=10.0 Hz, H 7 ); 6.06 (1H, S, H 3 ); 6.67 (1H, d, J = 10 0 Hz, H 8 ), 13 25 (1H, br s, OH); MS (El): 369 (3.8, M+l), 368 (4.4, M + ), 367 (8.3, M-l) 366 (28.4, M-2), 351 (100, M-OH); IR(KBr). 1651 (s), 1589 (m)cm "1 . EXAMPLE 6:12-OxocalanoIide A [(+)-(7) A solution containing chromene 4 (344 mg. 1 0 mmol), acetaldehyde diethylacetal (473 mg, 4.0 mmol), tnfluoroacetic acid (1.5 mL, 19.4 mmol) and anhydrous pryidine (0 mL) was heated at 140 °C under N 2 . The reaction was monitored by TLC analysis After 4 hours, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted ith ethyl acetate and washed several times with 10% aqueous NaHC0 3 and bnne. The organic layer was separated and dned over Na 2 SO . The solvent was removed in vacuo and the crude product was punfied by silica gel column chromatography eluting with ethyl acetate hexane (2 3 ) Chromanone (-r)-7 (10,1 1- /ra/w-dihydro-4-propyl-6,6, 10, 1 1 -tetramethyl-2H,6H, 12H-benzo[ 1 ,2-b 3,4-b'.5,6-b"]-tπpyran- 2,12-dione) (110 mg, 30% yield) was obtained m.p 176-177 °C. (Lit " 130-132 °C) ! ΗNMR 5 (CDCI 3 ) δ 1.02 (3H, t, J=7 5 Hz, CH 3 ); 1.21 (3H, d. J=6 8 Hz, CH 3 ), 1 51 (3H, d, J=7 0 Hz, CH ); 1.55 (6H, 2s, 2 CH 3 ), 1.63 (2H, sextet, J=7.0 Hz, CH : ), 2 55 (1H, dq, J=6.9 Hz, J=l 1.0 Hz, Hπ); 2.88 (2H, t, J=7.6 Hz, CH 2 ); 4.28 (1H, dq, J=6.3 Hz, J=11.0 Hz, H, 0 ); 5.60 (1H, d, J=9.9 Hz, H 7 ); 6.04 (1H, s, IL); 6.65 (1H, d, J=l 1.8 Hz, Hg); MS (CI): 369 (100, M+l ). EXAMPLE 7:(+)-Calanolide A (1): To a solution of chromanone (+)-7 (11 mg, 0.03 mmol) in ethanol (0.4 mL) was added sodium borohydride (2.26 g, 0.06 mmol) and CeCl3(H 2 O) 7 (11.2 mg, 0.03 mmol) in ethanol (5 mL) at room temperature. After stirring for 45 minutes, the mixture was diluted with H 2 O and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was dried over Na 2 SO and concentrated. The crude product was purified by preparative TLC eluting with ethyl acetate/hexane (1 :1) to afford (±)-calanolide A (1) (10.5 mg, 94%). m.p. 52-54 °C, which increased to 102 °C after it was dried thoroughly (Lit 55 . 56-58 °C). Η NMR (CDC1 3 ): δ 1.03 (3H, t, J=7.3Hz, CH 3 ), 1.15 (3H, d, J=6.8Hz, CH 3 ), 1.46 (3H, d, J=6.8Hz, CH 3 ), 1.47 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.51 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.66 (2H, m. CH 2 ), 1.93 (1H, m, H,,), 2.89 (2H, m, CH 2 ), 3.52 (1H, broad-s, OH), 3.93 (1H, m, H 10 ), 4.72 (1H, d, J=7.8Hz, H, 2 ), 5.54 (1H, d, J=10.0Hz, H 7 ), 5.94 (1H, s, H 3 ), 6.62 (1H, d, J=9.9Hz, H 8 ); MS (CI): 371 (75.4, M+l), 370 (16.1, M + ), 353 (100, M-OH); Anal, calcd. for C 22 H 25 O 5 : C, 71.33; H, 7.07; Found: C, 71.63; H, 7.21. EXAMPLE 8:5,7-Dihydroxy-4-propylcoumarin (2): In this Example, kilogram scale preparation of intermediate 2 is described. Into a stirring suspension of phloroglucinol (3574.8 g, 28.4 mol, pre-dned to constant weight) and ethyl butyrylacetate (4600 mL, 28.4 mol) was added concentrated sulfunc acid dropwise at such a rate that the internal temperature did not exceed 40 °C. After 100 mL of sulfuric acid was added, the temperature rose to 70 °C and the suspension turned into a yellow solid. Analysis of TLC indicated that the reaction had proceeded to completion. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (10 L) and stirred at ambient temperature overnight. The precipitated product was collected by filtration and then rinsed with water until the filtrate was neutral. A quantity of 4820 g (77% yield) of 5,7-dihydroxy-4-propylcoumarin 2 was obtained after being dried, which was identical with an authentic sample by comparsion of TLC, melting point and spectroscopic data. EXAMPLE 9: 5,7-Dihydroxy-8-propionyl-4-propylcoumarin (3) In this Example, kilogram quantities of intermediate 3 were synthesized using propionic anhydride instead of propionyl chloride. 5,7-dihydroxy-4-propylcoumarin 2 (1710 g, 7.77 mol) and AlCh (1000 g, 7.77 mol) were mixed in 1 ,2-dichloroethane (9 L). The resulting orange suspension was stirred and heated to 70 °C until a solution was obtained. Then, a mixture of propionic anhydride (1010 g. 7.77 mol) and AICI 3 (2000 g, 15.54 mol) in 1 ,2-dichloroethane (3.4 L) was added dropwise over 3 h. The reaction was allowed to stir at 70 °C for an additonal hour. After being cooled down to room temperature, the reaction mixture was poured into a rapidly stirring mixture of ice water and IN HC1. The precipitated product was taken into ethyl acetate (30 L) and the aqueous solution was extracted with the same solvent (10 L x 2). The combined extracts were successively washed with 1 N HC1 (10 L), saturated aq. NaHC0 3 (10 L), and water (10 L). After being dried over MgSO and concentrated in vacuo. a solid product (1765 g) was obtained which was washed with ethyl acetate (15 L) and recrystallized from dioxane (9.5 L) to provide 514 g of pure compound 3. From the ethyl acetate washings, an additional 100 g of compound was obtained after recrystallization from dioxane. Thus, the combined yield for compound 3, which was identical with an authentic sample by comparison of TLC, melting point and spectroscopic data, was 29%>. EXAMPLE 10: 2,2-Dimethyl-5-hydroxy-6-propionyl-10-propyl-2H,8H-benzo[l,2- b:3,4-b']dipyran-8-one (4): In this Example, intermediate 4 was prepared in half kilogram quantities from 3 via modification of the reaction conditions described in Example 3. A mixture of compound 3 (510.6 g, 1.85 mol) and 4,4-dimethoxy-2-methylbutan-2-ol (305.6 g, 2.06 mol) were dissolved in a mixture of toluene (1.5 L) and dry pyridine (51 mL). This mixture was stirred and refluxed; water and methanol formed during the reaction were removed azeotropically via a Dean-Stark trap. The reaction was monitored by TLC. After 6 days, the reaction had proceeded to completion. The mixture was then cooled to ambient temperature and diluted with ethyl acetate (2 L) and 1 N ΗC1 (1 L). The ethyl acetate solution was separated and washed with IN ΗC1 (500 mL) and brine (1 L). After being dried over Na 2 SO and evaporated in vacuo, a quantity of 590 g (93% > yield) of compound 4 was obtained which was greater than 95% pure without further purification and was compared with an authentic sample by TLC and spectroscopic data. EXAMPLE 11: 12-OxocalanoIide A ((+>7): In this Example, chromanone (+)-7 was prepared from two alternative pathways involving either a one-step paraldehyde reaction (procedure A) or a two-step reaction process (procedures B and C). Procedure A. Paraldehyde One-Step Reaction: To a stirring solution of chromene 4 (350 mg, 1.0 mmol) and PPTS (250 mg, 1.0 mmol) in 1 ,2-dichloroethane (2 mL) at ambient temperature under N 2 was added 3 mL paraldehyde (22.5 mmol). The resulting mixture was refluxed for 7 h. Then, CF 3 CO 2 H (1 mL), an additional equivalent of PPTS and 1 mL of paraldehyde were added; the mixture was refluxed overnight. The reaction mixture was neutralized with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 and extracted with ethyl acetate (50 mL x 3). The cmde product obtained by evaporation under reduced pressure was washed with hexane. The residue was purified by column chromatography eluting with ethyl acetate/hexane (1 :2) to afford 100 mg (27% yield) of chromanone (+)-7 and 30 mg (8% yield) of (+)-7a. Chromanone (^)-7 ( 10,11 -/ran^-dihydro-4- ρropyl-6,6,10,l l-tetramethyl-2H,6H,12H-benzo[l,2-b:3,4-b':5,6-b"]tripyran-2,12-dione) obtained by this method was identical with an authentic sample by comparison of TLC, ΗPLC and spectroscopic data. Procedure B LDA/Sulfuric Acid Two-Step Reaction: To a stirring solution of chromene 4 (5.0 g, 14.6 mmol) in TΗF (75 mL) at -30 °C under N 2 was added 18.3 mL (36.5 mmol) of 2 M LDA in TΗF. After 15 min at the same temperature, acetaldehyde (5.0 mL, 89.5 mmol) was added via syringe. The reaction was monitored by TLC analysis. After 1 h. the reaction mixture was quenched at -10 °C with saturated aqueous NTLCl (75 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (125 mL x 3). The combined extracts were washed with brine (125 mL) and dried over Na 2 SO 4 . Removal of solvents in vacuo afforded a reddish oil of (+)-8a and (+)-8b (8.5 g). The cmde (+)-8a and (±)-8b was dissolved in acetic acid (100 mL) and then 50% Η SO (100 mL) was added with stirring. The resulting mixture was heated at 75 °C for 2.5 h and then at 50 °C for 4 h. TLC analysis indicated that the starting material had been consumed. The reaction mixture was determined to contain both chromanone (+ 7 and 10, 11 -cw-dimethyl derivative (±)-7a in a 1 :1 ratio. After cooling to ambient temperature, the reaction mixture was poured into a mixture of ice water (500 mL) and ethyl acetate (500 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (200 mL x 3). The ethyl acetate solutions were combined and washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 and brine. After being concentrated in vacuo, the product was purified by chromatography on a silica gel column eluting with ethyl acetate/hexane (2:3) to provide 850 mg (16% yield) of chromanone (+)-7. which was further purified by recrystallation from ethyl acetate/hexane and was identical with an authentic sample by comparison of TLC, HPLC and spectroscopic data. Procedure C. LDA/Mitsunobu Two-Step Reaction: Into a stirring solution of THF (10 mL) containing triphenylphosphine (1.27 g, 4.80 mmol) and the cmde mixture of (+)-8a and (+)-8b, obtained from chromene 4 (1.0 g, 2.34 mmol), 2.5 equivalents of LDA and 6.0 equivalents of acetaldehyde by the procedure described above, was added dropwise diethyl azodicarboxylate (DEAD, 0.77 mL, 4,89 mmol). The resulting reddish solution was stined at ambient temperature under N for 1 h, after which the reaction mixture was quenched with saturated aqueous NFLC1 and extracted with ethyl acetate (50 mL x 3). The extracts were washed with brine and dried over Na 2 SO . After removal of solvents, the cmde product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel eluting with ethyl acetate/hexane (2:3) to provide 412 mg (48%o yield, based on chromene 4) of chromanone (+)-7, the predominant product of the reaction, which was identical with an authentic sample by comparison of TLC, HPLC and spectroscopic data. EXAMPLE 12: (±)-Calanolide A (1): In this Example, (±)-calanolide A was prepared in multi-gram scale using the procedure described in Example 7. To a stirring solution of chromanone (÷)-7 ( 51.5 g, 0.14 mol) in ethanol (1.5 L) was added CeCl 3 (H 2 0) 7 (102 g, 274 mmol). The mixture was stirred for 1.5 h at room temperature under N 2 and then cooled to -30 °C with an ethylene glycoLFLO (1:2 w/w) dry ice bath. After the temperature was equilibrated to -30 °C, NaBH (21.3 g, 563 mmol) was added and stirred at the same temperature for 8.5 h, at which time the reaction was quenched with H O (2 L) and extracted with ethyl acetate (2 L x 3). The extracts were combined, washed with brine (2 L) and dried over Na 2 SO . The cmde product obtained by removal of solvent under reduced pressure was passed through a short silica gel column to provide 53 g of mixture which contained 68% of (±)-calanolide A, 14% of calanolide B and 13% of chromanone (+)-7 as shown by HPLC. This material was subjected to further purification by preparative HPLC to afford pure (±)-calanolide A (1). EXAMPLE 13: Chromatographic Resolution of Synthetic (±)-Calanolide A The synthetic (±)-l was resolved into enantiomers, (+)-calanolide A and (-)-calanolide A, by preparative HPLC 66 . Thus, using a normal phase silica gel HPLC column (250 mm x 4.6 mm I.D. Zorbasil, 5 μm particle size, MAC-MOD Analytical, Inc., PA, USA), the synthetic (±)-l appeared as one peak with a retention time of 10.15 minutes when hexane/ethyl acetate (70:30) was used as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min and a wavelength of 290 nm was used as the uv detector setting. However, on a chiral HPLC column packed with amylose carbamate (250 mm x 4.6 mm I.D. Chiralpak AD, 10 μm particle size, Chiral Technologies, Inc., PA, USA), two peaks with retention times of 6.39 and 7.15 minutes in a ratio of 1 :1 were observed at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. The mobile phase was hexane/ethanol (95:5) and the uv detector was set at a wavelength of 254 nm. These two components were separated using a semi-preparative chiral HPLC column, providing the pure enantiomers of calanolide A. The chemical structures of the separated enantiomers, which were assigned based on their optical rotations and compared with the reported natural product, were characterized by spectroscopic data. HPLC chromatograms of (+)-calanolide A and its optical forms are shown in Figure 6. (+)-Calanolide A (1): mp 47-50 °C (Lit. 67 45-48 °C);[α] *5 D = ÷68.8° (CHC1 3 , c 0.7) (Lit. 6' [α] 25 D = +66.6°) (CHCL; c 0.5); Η NMR (CDC1 3 ) δ 1.03 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.15 (3H, d. J=6.8 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.46 (3H, d, J=6.4 Hz. CH 3 ), 1.47 (3H. s, CH 3 ), 1.51 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.66 (2H, m, CH 2 ), 1.93 (1H, m, H u ), 2.89 (2H, m, CH 2 ), 3.52 (1H, d, J=2.9 Hz, OH), 3.93 (1H, m, H, 0 ), 4.72 (1H, dd, J=7.8 Hz, J=2.7 Hz, H, 2 ), 5.54 (1H, d, J=9.9 Hz, H 7 ), 5.94 (1 H, s, H 3 ), 6.62 (1H. d, J=9.9 Hz, H 8 ); 13 C NMR (CDCh) 13.99 (CH 3 ), 15.10 (CH 3 ), 18.93 (CH 3 ), 23.26 (CH;), 27.38 (CH 3 ), 28.02 (CH 3 ), 38.66 (CH : ), 40.42 (CH), 67.19 (CH-OH), 77.15 (CH-O), 77.67 (C-O). 104.04 (C 4a ), 106.36 (Cg a and C, 2a), 1 10.14 (C 3 ), 1 16.51 (Cg), 126.97 (C 7 ). 151.14 (C 4b ). 153.10 (C 8b ), 154.50 (Ci2 b ), 158.88 (C 4 ), 160.42 (CO); CIMS: 371 (100, M+l ), 370 (23.6.M " ), 353 (66.2, M-OH); IR: 361 1 (w) and 3426 (m, broad, OH), 1734 (vs. CO), 1643 (m), 1606 (m) and 1587 (vs) cm ', UV λ (methanol) 204 (32,100), 228 (23,200), 283 (22,200), 325 (12,700) nm, Anal calcd for C 22 H 26 O-, L4H 2 O C, 70 47, H, 7 12, Found C, 70 64, H, 7 12 (-)-Calanolide A (1) mp 47-50 °C,[α D =-75 6° (CHC1 3 , c 0 7) Lit b [a] 2 D =-66 6° (CHCI 3 , c 0.5), Η NMR (CDC1 3 ) δ 1 03 (3H, t, J=7 4 Hz, CH 3 ), 1 15 (3H, d, J=6 8 Hz, CH 3 ), 1 46 (3H, d, J=6.3 Hz, CH 3 ), 1 47 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1 51 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1 66 (2H, m, CH 2 ). 1 93 (1H, m, H n ), 2 89 (2H, m, CH 2 ), 3 50 (1H, d, J=2 9 Hz, OH), 3 92 (1H, m, H 10 ), 4 72 (1H, dd, J=7 8 Hz, J=2 7 Hz, H 12 ), 5 54 (1H, d, J=10 0 Hz, H 7 ), 5 94 (1H, s, H 3 ), 6 62 (1H, d, J=10 0 Hz, H 8 ), 13 C NMR (CDCI3) δ 13 99 (CH 3 ), 15 10 (CH 3 ), 18 93 (CH 3 ), 23 36 (CH 2 ), 27 38 (CH,), 28 02 (CH 3 ), 38 66 (CH 2 ), 4042 (CH), 67 19 (CH-OH), 77 15 (CH-O), 77 67 (C-O), 104 04 (C 4a ), 106 36 (C 8a and Ci 2a ), 1 10 14 (C 3 ), 1 16 51 (Cg). 126 97 (C 7 ), 151 14 (C 4b ), 153 1 1 (C M ,), 154 50 (C !2b ), 158 90 (C 4 ), 160 44 (CO), C S 371 (95 2, M+l), 370 (41 8,M + ), 353 (100, M-OH), IR 3443 (m, broad, OH), 1732 (vs, CO), 1643 (m), 1606 (m) and 1584 (vs) cm ', U\ ^ (methanol) 200 (20,500), 230 (19,400), 283 (22,500), 326 (12,500) nm, Anal calcd for (C 22 H 26 O 5 l/4H 2 O C, 70.47, H, 7 12, Found C, 70 27, H, 7 21 EXAMPLE 14: Enzymatic Resolution of (±)-Calanolide A To a magnetically stirred suspension of (+)-calanohde A, prepared by the method of the present invention, and vinyl butyrate (0 1 mL) in hexane (0 5 mL) at ambient temperature was added 1 mg of hpase PS-13 (Pseudomonas Species) (Sigma Coφorations St Louis, MO, USA) The reaction mixture was stiπed and monitored by conventional means such as TLC analysis At 10 days, an additional 1 mg of hpase PS-13 as added After stirnng for a total of 20 days, the reaction was stopped because there was no obvious increase in ester formation The enzyme was filtered out and the filtrate w as concentrated to dryness The residue w as analyzed by HPLC (see Example 13), which showed that 21% of (-)-calanolιde \ had been converted into its butyrate ester form The enriched (+)-calanohde A and the butyrate ester of (-)-calanohde A can be easily separated by conventional means such as column chromatography The enπched (+)- calanolide A may be repeatedly treated with vinyl butyrate and hpase PS-13 as descnbed above so as to obtain high e e of (+)-calanohde A EXAMPLE 15 : Aldol Reaction (Scheme III) of Ch romene 4 in the Presence of LDA To a stirring solution of chromene 4 (1.0 g, 2.9 mmol) in THF (15 mL) at -78 °C under N 2 was added 2 M LDA in THF (3.2 mL, 6.4 mmol). After 1 h at the same temperature, acetaldehyde (1.0 mL, 17.5 mmol) was added via syringe. The reaction was monitored by TLC analysis. After 1 h, the reaction mixture was quenched with a precooled 2 N HC1 in methanol (15 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (30 mL x 3). The combined extracts were washed with brine and dried over Na 2 SO 4 . Removal of solvents in vacuo afforded a reddish oil, which was purified by silica gel column chromatography eluting with a discontinuous gradient of 5%, 10%, 15%, 25% and 30% of ethyl acetate in hexane to obtain 780 mg (70% yield) of a mixture of (+)-8a and (+)-8b in a ratio of 1 : 1, as indicated by Η NMR. Pure samples of (+)-8a and (±)-8b were obtained by carefully collecting the front fractions and later fractions from column chromatography, analytical data of which were described below: 6,6-Dimethyl-9-hydroxy-10-[2(5*)-methyl-3(Λ*)-hydroxybutyro]-4-propyl-2H,6H- benzo[l,2-b:3,4-b']dipyran-2-one [sy«-(+)8a]. m.p. 66-67 °C; Η NMR (CDC1 3 ): 1.05 (3Η, t, J=7.3 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.30 (3H, d, J=6.0 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.33 (3H, d, J=6.6 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.54 (6H, s, 2 CH 3 ), 1.67 (2H, m, CH 2 ), 2.62 (1H, broad-s, OH), 2.91 (2H, t, J=7.7 Hz, CH 2 ), 3.98 (1H, dq, J=2.7 Hz, J= 7.0 Hz, H r ), 4.29 (1H, m, H r ), 5.59 (1H, d, J=10.0 Hz, H 7 ), 6.01 ( 1H, s, H 3 ), 6.73 (1H, d, J=10.0 Hz. Hg), 14.1 1 (lH, s, OH); lH NMR (DMSO-d6): 1.00 (3H, t. J=7.3 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.13 (3H. d, J-6.6 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.16 (3H, d. J=6.8 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.49 (3H, s, CH 3 ). 1.50 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.60 (2H, apparent sextet, J=7.6 Hz, CH 2 ), 2.88 (2H, apparent dd, J=6.3 Hz, J=9.0 Hz, CH 2 ), 3.39 (1H, broad-s, OH), 3.68 (1H, dq, J=5.2 Hz, J=6.7 Hz, H 2 ), 3.97 ( 1H, apparent quintet, J=5.8 Hz, H 3 ), 5.78 (1H, d, J=10.1 Hz, H : ), 6.1 1 (1H, s, H 3 ), 6.63 (1H, d, J=10.1 Hz, Hg), 13.25 (1H, s, OH); MS (CI): 388 (36.5, M+2), 387 (100, M+l), 386 (6.6, M " ), 369 (21.6, M-OH), 343 (50.7, M- C 3 H 7 ); UV λ,™ (methanol) nm: 199 (41,000), 270 (25,700), 306 (21 ,900); IR (KBr) cm "1 : 3395 (broad, m, OH), 1734 (s) and 1707 (vs) (CO), 1644 (m), 1608 (vs), 1578 (vs) and 1547 (vs): Anal. Calcd. for C 22 H 26 O 6 .l/3H 2 O: C, 67.33; H, 6.84; Found: C, 67.43; H, 6.93. 6,6-DimethyI-9-hydroxy-10-[2r5*)-methyl-3(5 ' *)-hydroxybuty rol-4-propyl-2H,6H- benzo[l,2-b:3,4-b')dipyran-2-one [anti-{±)-8b]. m.p. 1 15 °C; Η NMR (CDCI 3 ): 1.05 (3Η. t, J=7 4 Hz, CH 3 ), 1 25 (3H, d, J=6 4 Hz, CH 3 ), 1 29 (3H, d, J=6 9 Hz, CH,), 1 54 (6H, s, 2 CH 3 ), 1 66 (2H, apparent sextet, J=7 6 Hz, CH 2 ), 2 92 (2H, t, J=7 8 Hz, CH 2 ), 2 95 (1H, d, J-5 5 Hz, OH), 3 98 (1H, dq, J=6 1 Hz, J=6 8 Hz, H 2 ), 4 22 (1H, apparent sextet, J=62 Hz, H 3 ), 5 59 (1H, d, J=10 1 Hz, H 7 ), 6 03 (1H, s, H,), 6 73 (1H, d, J=10 1 Hz, H 8 ), 1425 (1H, s, OH), ! H NMR (DMSO-c ) 1 00 (3H, t, J=7 3 Hz, CH 3 ), 1 11 (6H, d, J=6 7 Hz, 2 CH 3 ), 1 49 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1 50 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1 60 (2H, apparent sextet, J=7 3 Hz, CH 2 ), 2 85, 2 90 (2H, t-AB type, J=7 7 Hz, J AB =21 4 Hz, CH 2 ), 3 59 (1H, apparent quintet, J=7 1 Hz, H 2 ), 3 96 (1H, apparent qumtet, J=7 0 Hz, H 3 ), 4 97 (1H, broad-s, OH), 5 78 (1H, d, J=10 1 Hz, H 7 ), 6 10 (1H, s, H 3 ), 663 (1H, d, J=100 Hz, Hg), 12 69 (1H, s, OH), MS (El) 387 (2 8, M+l), 386 (94, M + ), 371 (5 3, M-CH 3 ), 369 (1 5, M-OH), 353 (54 0, M-CFL-H 2 O), 342 (22 5, M-C 3 H 7 -1), 327 (100, M- C 3 H 7 -OH+l), UV λ^ (methanol) nm 199 (41,000), 270 (25 700), 306 (21,900), IR (KBr) cm ' 3478 (broad, m, OH), 1736 (vs) and 1707 (vs) (CO), 1645 (m), 1603 (vs), 1584 (vs, sh), Anal Calcd for C 22 H 26 O 6 l/3H 2 O C, 67 33, H, 6 84, Found C, 67 34, H, 6 45 EXAMPLE 16: Aldol Reaction (Scheme III) of Chromene 4 in the Presence of LDATiCL* In this Example, two procedures are provided for effecting the Aldol reaction Procedure B was found to be more suitable for scale-up because of simplification of temperature control Procedure A. To a stirnng solution of chromene 4 (200 mg, 0 58 mmol) in dry methylene chlonde (10 mL) at -78 °C under N 2 was added 2 M solution of LDA in heptane/THF/ethyl benzene (0 64 mL, 1 28 mmol) The reaction mixture was stmed at -78 °C for 30 min and then T1CI 4 (0 13 mL, 1 17 mmol) was added The resulting yellow solution was warmed to -40 °C and stmed for 45 min The mixture was recooled to -78 °C, and acetaldehyde (150 mg, 3 5 mmol) was added via synnge After 4 h, the reaction was quenched by slow addition of pre- cooled saturated NH4CI (10 mL) Water (3 mL) was added to dissolve the oily solid The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (50 mL x 3) The combined extracts were washed with bnne (100 mL) and dned over MgS0 The cmde product obtained by evaporation was punfied by silica gel column chromatography, eluting with hexane/ethyl acetate (5 1) to afford unreacted chromene 4 (30 mg, 15% yield) and syn-(±)-8a (140 mg, 61% yield), which contained 7% of antι-(±)-$b as shown by HPLC Procedure B. To a stirring solution of chromene 4 (20 g, 58.4 mmol) in dry methylene chloride (300 mL) at -40 °C u der N-. was added TiC (19 mL, 175 mmol). The mixture was then cooled to -78 °C, followed by slow addition of 2 M solution of LDA in heptane/THF/ethyl benzene (64 mL, 128 mmol). After 30 min at the same temperature, acetaldehyde (9 mL, 175 mmol) was added via syringe. The reaction mixture was stirred at -78 °C for 2 h. TLC analysis (hexane/ethyl acetate, 5:1) indicated that approximately 90% chromene 4 had been converted. The mixture was then poured into pre-cooled saturated NFLjCl (240 mL). Water (120 mL) was added to dissolve the oily solid and the mixture was stirred for 20 min. Layers were separated and the aqueous solution was extracted with ethyl acetate (600 mL x 3). The combined extracts were washed with brine (600 mL) and dried over MgSO 4 . Removal of solvents in vacuo afforded a reddish oil (23 g), which was taken up into ether (250 mL). The undissolved residue was filtered and the etheral solution was concentrated to half volume and then slowly added into rapidly stirring hexane cooled at -78 °C. Precipitates thus formed were collected by filtration to afford syn-(+)-$a (11.1 g, 49% yield), which contained 4% of (+)-8b as shown by HPLC. EXAMPLE 17: Enzymatic Resolution of yy«-(+)-8a (Scheme III) Into a stirring solution of v«-(+)-8a (7.6 g, 19.7 mmol) in methyl ether (130 mL) at ambient temperature under N 2 were added successively vinyl acetate (33 mL), 4 A molecular sieves (17 g) and Lipase PS-30 (3.8 g) (Amano Enzyme U.S.A. Co., Ltd., Troy, VA). The resulting mixture was vigorously stirred at ambient temperature for 4 days, whereupon it was filtered through celite and the celite was washed with ethyl acetate (20 mL). The cmde product obtained from evaporation was subjected to silica gel column chromatography eluting with a discontinuous gradient of 5%, 10%, 15%, 25%, 30% and 40% of ethyl acetate in hexane to afford 4.8 g (63% yield) of the acetate (9), which was contaminated by over-acylation product of (+)-8a, and 2.8 g (37% yield) of pure wι-(+)-8a. 6,6-DimethyI-9-hydrox>-10-[2( ?)-methyl-3(^-hydrox>butyro]-4-propyl-2H,6H-benzo[l,2- b:3,4-b']dipyran-2-one [s n-( + )-8a]. m.p. 82-85 °C; [α] 25 D =0° (CΗCk c 0.7; [α] :5 D =0° (CΗC1 3 . c 0.35); Η NMR (CDCI3): 1.05 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.31 (3H, d, J=5.6 HZ, CH 3 ). 1.33 (3H, d, J=6.9 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.54 (6H, s. 2 CH 3 ), 1.67 (2H, apparent sextet, J=7.6 Hz, CH 2 ), 2.75 (1H, broad-s, OH), 2.91 (2H, t, J=7.8 Hz, CH 2 ), 3.98 (1H, dq, J=2.7 Hz, J=7.0 Hz, H ), 4.30 (1H, dq. J=2.7 Hz, J=6.5 Hz, H 3 ), 5.59 (1H, d, J=10.2 Hz, H 7 ), 6.01 (1H, s, H 3 ), 6.72 (1H, d, J=10.3 Hz, Hg), 14.10 (1H, s, OH); 13 C NMR (CDC1 3 ); 10.42 (CH 3 ), 14.00 (CH 3 ), 20.61 (CH 3 ), 23.32 (CH 2 ), 28.31 (2 CH 3 ), 39.05 (CH 2 ), 50.93 (CHCO), 68.03 (CH-O), 79.92 (C-O), 102.95 (C 8a ), 103.69 (C 4a ), 106.12 (C, 0 ), 1 10.60 (C 3 ), 1 15.80 (C 8 ), 126.51 (C 7 ), 157.03 and 157.1 1 (C 9 and Cio a ), 158.58 (C 4b ), 159.01 (C 4 ), 163.13 (CO 2 ), 210.61 (CO); MS (CI): 388 (33.4, M+2), 387 (100, M+l), 386 (8.5, M + ), 369 (36.3, M-OH), 343 (97.2, M-C 3 H 7 ); Anal, calcd. for C 22 H 26 0 6 : C, 68.38; H, 6.78; Found: C, 68.02; H, 6.62. EXAMPLE 18: 10(R),ll(RHrα/ιs-Dihydro-6,6,10,H-tetramethyl-4-propyl- 2H,6H,12H-benzo-[l,2-b:3,4-b':5,6-b"]tripyran-2,12-dione [Scheme III, (+>7] Into a stirring solution of sv«-(+)-8a (2.0 g, 5.2 mmol) in TΗF (50 mL) were added tnphenylphosphine (1.9 g, 7.2 mmol) and diethyl azodicarboxylate (DEAD, 1.2 mL, 7.6 mmol). The resulting reddish solution was stirred at ambient temperature under N 2 for 5 h, after which the reaction mixture was quenched with saturated aqueous NFL.C1 (20 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (50 mL x 3). The combined extracts were washed with brine (50 mL) and dried over Na 2 SO 4 . The cmde product (5.8 g) obtained by evaporation was purified by column chromatography on silica gel eluting with a discontinuous gradient of 10%, 20%), 30% and 40% of ethyl acetate in hexane to afford 1.2 g (63% yield) of pure (+)-7. mp 171-175 °C; [α] 25 D = +37.9° (CΗC1 3 . c 0.73); Η NMR [CDCI 3 /CD3OD (3:1)]: 1.06 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.22 (3H, d, J=7.0 Hz, CH ), 1.54 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.57 (3H, d, J=6.0 Hz. CH 3 ), 1.58 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.67 (2H, apparent sextet, J=7.6 Hz, CH 2 ), 2.59 (1H, dq, J=6.9 Hz, J=l 1.1 Hz, H, ,), 2.92 (2H, t, J=7.8 Hz, CH 2 ), 4.37 (1H. dq, J=6.3 Hz, J=l l .l Hz, H, 0 ), 5.66 (1H, d. J=10.1 Hz, H 7 ), 6.05 (1H, s, H 3 ), 6.67 (1H, d, J=10.1 Hz, H 8 ); 13 C NMR [CDCl 3 /CD 3 OD (3:1)]: δ 9.87 (CH ), 13.34 (CH 3 ), 18.97 (CH 3 ), 22.85 (CH 2 ), 27.40 and 27.73 (2 CH ), 38.38 (CH 2 ), 46.82 (CHCO), 79.17 (CH-O and C- O), 102.91 (C 8a ), 104.1 1 (C 4a ), 105.46 (C i2a ), 11 1.09 (C 3 ), 1 15.21 (C 8 ), 126.90 (C-), 154.83 and 155.86 (C 8b and C, 2b ), 157.89 (C 4b ), 158.99 (C 4 ), 160.27 (CO 2 ), 190.50 (CO); MS (CI): 370 (49.0, M+2), 369 (100, M+l), 368 (17.2, M"); Anal. Calcd. for C 22 H 24 O 5 : C, 71.72; H, 6.57; Found: C, 71.46; H, 6.60. (+)-Calanolide A: To a stirring solution of (+)-7 (660 mg, 1.79 mmol) in ethanol (18 mL) were added CeCl 3 (H 2 O) 7 (2.7 g, 7.17 mmol) and triphenylphosphine oxide (2.0 g, 7.17 mmol). The mixture was stirred for 1 h at ambient temperature under N 2 and then cooled to -30 °C with an ethylene glycol/H 2 O (1:2 w/w) dry ice bath. After the temperature was equilibrated to -30 °C, NaBEL, (271 mg, 7.17 mmol) was added and stirred at the same temperature for 5.5 h, at which time the reaction was quenched with saturated NH4CI (20 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (30 mL x 3). The combined extracts were washed with brine (50 mL) and dried over Na 2 SO . The cmde product obtained by removal of solvent under reduced pressure was purified by column chromatography on silica gel eluting with 20% of ethyl acetate in hexane to afford 520 mg (78% yield) of a mixture containing 90% of (+)-calanolide A [(+)-l] and 10% of (+)- calanolide B. (+)-Calanolide A [(+)-l] was further separated from (→-)-calanolide B by normal phase HPLC and was identical with an authentic sample. EXAMPLE 19: Enzymatic Resolution (Scheme IV) of anti-(+)-8b Into a stirring solution of anti-(±)-8b (3.0 g, 7.8 mmol) in rer/-butyl methyl ether (78 mL) at ambient temperature under N 2 were added successively vinyl acetate (26 L), 4 A molecular sieves (3.0 g) and Lipase PS-30 (1.5 g) (Amano Enzyme U.S.A. Co., Ltd., Troy, VA). The resulting mixture was vigorously stirred at ambient temperature for 41 h, whereupon it was filtered through the celite and the celite was washed with ethyl acetate (20 mL). The cmde yellowish solid product (3.2 g) obtained from evaporation was punfied by silica gel column chromatography eluting with a discontinuous gradient of 5%, 10%, 15%, 25%, 30% and 40% of ethyl acetate in hexane to afford 1.68 g (50%> yield) of the acetate (10) and 1.37 g (46% yield) of anti-(+)-Sb. 6,6-Dimethyl-9-hydrox\-10-[2(^methyl-3(^-bydroxybut\ro]-4-propyl-2H,6H-benzo-[l,2- b:3,4-b']dipyran-2-one [anti-(+)-8b]. m.p. 131-134 °C; [α] 25 D = +45.3° (CΗC1 3 , c 0.72); Η NMR (CDCI 3 ): 1.06 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.25 (3H, d, J=6.6 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.29 (3H, d, J=6.7 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.55 (6H, s, 2 CH 3 ), 1.67 (2H, apparent sextet, J=7.6 Hz, CH 2 ), 2.92 (2H, t, J=7.8 Hz, CH 2 ), 2.96 (1H, d, J=7.1 Hz, OH). 3.98 (1H, apparent quintet, J=6.1 Hz, H 2 -), 4.22 (1H, apparent sextet, J=6.0 Hz, Hy), 5.60 (1H, d, J=10.1 Hz, H 7 ), 6.03 (1H, s. H 3 ), 6.73 (1H, d, J=10.1 Hz, Hg), 14.25 (1H, s, OH); MS (CI): 388 (41.4. M+2), 387 (100, M+l ), 386 (13.0, M , 369 (42.8, M- OH), 343 (63.8, M-C 3 H 7 ); Anal, calcd. for C 22 H 26 O 6 : C, 68.38; H, 6.78; Found: C, 68.50; H, 6.91. 6,6-Dimethyl-9-hydroxy-10-(2(R)-methyl-3(R)-acetoxybutyro]-4-propyl-2H,6H-benzo-[l,2- b:3,4-b']dipyran-2-one [anti-(+)-10]. m.p. 61-64 °C; [α] 25 D = +30.0° (CΗC1 3 , c 0.73); Η NMR (CDC1 3 ): 1.06 (3H, t, J=7.2 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.29 (3H, d, J=6.2 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.32 (3H, d, J=6.7 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.54 (6H, s, 2 CH 3 ), 1.67 (2H, apparent sextet, J=7.6 Hz, CH 2 ), 1.93 (3H, s, CH 3 CO), 2.91 (2H, m, CH 2 ), 4.18 (1H, dq, J=8.3 Hz, J=6.9 Hz, H 2 '), 5.34 (1H, dq, J=8.2 Hz, J=6.4 Hz, H 3 '), 5.59 (1H, d, J=10.1 Hz, H 7 ), 6.02 (1H, s, H 3 ), 6.73 (1H, d, J=10.1 Hz, H 8 ), 14.02 (1H, s, OH); MS (CI): 430 (37.1, M+2), 429 (95.2, M+l), 428 (7.2, Nf ), 369 (100, M-AcO); Anal, calcd. for C 2 H 2 gO 7 : C, 67.28; H, 6.59; Found: C, 67.75: H, 6.90. EXAMPLE 20: 5,7-Dihydroxy^-trifluoromethyIcoumarin (Scheme V, 11a, R,OF 3 , R:=H) Into a mixture of anhydrous phloroglucinol (8 g, 63.0 mmol) and ethyl 4,4,4- trifluoroacetoacetate (12 g, 65.0 mmol) was added concentrated H 2 SO 4 (1 1 mL). The resulting mixture was heated at 100 °C and stirred for 2h, whereupon the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. Ice (100 g) and H 2 O (150 mL) were then added while cooling with ice bath. The precipitated product was collected and dissolved in AcOEt (100 mL), which was washed with H 2 O and dried over Na SO 4 . The cmde product (16 g) obtained by evaporation under vacuum was chromatographed in methylene chloride-ethanol (95:5) to furnish 11a (6 g, 39% yield) along with another unidentified product. 11a: mp 250-252 °C after recrystallization from methylene chloride-hexane. Η NMR (DMSO-d δ ): 6.30 (1H, s, H 3 ), 6.33 and 6.54 (2H, 2 s, H and H 8 ), 10.68 and 10.99 (2H, 2 s, 2 OH); MS (CI) m/z: 246 (100, M * ). 226 (14.6, M-HF), 218 (10.0, M-CO), 198 (59.6, M-HF-CO); IR (KBr) cm "1 : 3537(m, sh) and 3384 (s, broad, OH), 1709 (s, CO), 1618 (s, CO-CO), 1 154 (s, C-F); Anal. Calcd. for C, 0 H 5 F 3 O 4 : C, 48.80; H, 2.05; Found, C, 48.83; H, 2.10. EXAMPLE 21 : 5,7-Dihydroxy-8-isobutyryl-4-propylcoumarin (Scheme V, 12a, Rι=n- Pr, R 2 =H, R 3 =R,=Me) Into a flame-dried 500 mL 3-necked round-bottom flask was placed 5,7-dihydroxy-4- propylcoumarin (2, 10.0 g, 48.1 mmol) and AICI3 (12.0 g, 90 mmol) under N 2 . Dichloroethane (120 mL) was then added, and the solution warmed to 75 °C with a water bath with mechanical stirring. After stirring 15 min at 75 °C, a homogenous solution was obtained. To this solution was added a mixture of isobutyric anhydride (7.61 g, 48.1 mmol) and AICI 3 (12.0 g) in dichloroethane (60 mL) dropwise over 1 h. After addition was completed, the solution was stirred for an additional 1 h at 75 °C, then cooled to room temperature. The solution was poured into a mixture of crushed ice (100 g) and 2 N HCl (100 mL), at which point a white precipitate formed. The mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (1.8 L), and the organic layer separated. The organic solution was washed sequentially with 1 N HCl (500 mL) and saturated brine (500 mL), dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporated to provide an orange powder. The powder was triturated with acetone (80 mL), collected on a Bϋchner funnel, rinsed with diethyl ether (80 mL) and dried to provide a cream colored solid (4.22 g). The product was further purified via recrystallization from ethanol (200 mL) to give colorless plates (3.63 g, 26.0 %>); mp 263-265 °C, with softening at 250 °C (Lit. 65 272-273 °C); Η NMR (DMSO-c ,): 0.95 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.08 (6H, d, J=ό.9 Hz, 2 CH 3 ), 1.59 (2H, sextet, J=7.4 Hz, CH 2 ). 2.87 (2H, t, J=7.4 Hz, CH 2 ). 3.24 (1H, heptet, J=6.9 Hz, CH), 5.93 (1H, s, H 3 ), 6.37 ( 1H, s, H 6 ), 1 1.16 and 11.44 (2H, 2 s, 2 OH); EMS: 290 (23.2, M"), 247 (100, M-C 3 H 7 ). 219 (11.1, M-C 3 H,CO); TR (KBr) cm "1 : 3216 (s, OH), 1684 (s, CO); Anal, calcd. for d^O,: C, 66.20; H. 6.25. Found: C, 66.15; H, 6.21. EXAMPLE 22: 6,6-DimethyI-9-hydroxy-10-isobutyryl-4-propyl-2H,6H-benzo[l,2- Λ:3,4-6']dipyran-2-one (Scheme V, 13a, R,=«-Pr, R 2 =R 7 =Η, R 3 =R 4 =R 5 =Me) To a solution of 12a (2.90 g, 10.0 mmol) in pyridine (5 mL) was added 4,4-dimethoxy-2- methylbutan-2-ol (1.49 g, 10.1 mmol), and the solution heated to reflux. After heating for 40 h, TLC indicated complete consumption of starting material. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and the pyridine removed in vacuo. The dark colored residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (50 mL) and washed sequentially with 2 N HCl (50 mL x 2). 5% NaHCO 3 (50 mL) and saturated brine (50 mL). The solution was dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporated to provide a dark orange solid, which was chromatographed on a silica gel column (125 g) and eluted with ethyl acetate/hexane (1 :4) to afford the pure product as a bright orange crystalline solid (2.51 g, 70.5%); mp 70-72 °C; Η NMR (CDC1 3 ): 1.05 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.26 (6H, d, J=6.7 Hz, 2 CH 3 ), 1.54 (6H, s, 2 CH 3 ), 1.66 (2H, sextet, J=7.7 Hz, CH 2 ), 2.91 (2H, t, J=7.7 Hz, CH 2 ), 4.06 (1H, heptet, J=6.7 Hz, CH), 5.58 (1H, d, J=9.9 Hz, H 7 ), 6.01 (1H, s, H 3 ), 6.73 (1H, d, J=9.9 Hz, H 8 ), 14.45 (1H, s, OH); EMS: 356 (48.0, Nf), 341 (100, M-CH 3 ), 313 (65.0, M- C 3 H 7 ); IR (KBr) cm "1 : 1732; Anal, calcd. for C 2 ιH 24 O 5 : C, 70.77; H, 6.79. Found: C, 70.73; H, 6.78. EXAMPLE 23 : (+)-6,6-Dimethyl-l 0-(2,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxybutyro)-9-hydroxy-4- propyl-2H,6H-benzo[l,2-6:3,4-Λ']dipyran-2-one (Scheme V, 14a, R,=«-Pr, R 2 =R 7 =R 8 =Η, R 3 =R,=R 5 =R 6 =R 9 =Me) To a solution of 13a (1.25 g, 3.51 mmol) in anhydrous THF (20 mL) under N 2 at -78 °C was added LDA (2.0 M in heptane/THF/ethyl benzene, 4.39 mL, 8.78 mmol) dropwise, and the resulting red solution stirred for 1 h. A solution of acetaldehyde ( 1.54 g, 35.1 mmol) in THF (6 mL) was added dropwise, and the reaction mixture stiπed at -78 °C for 3 hours whereupon the reaction was quenched by slowly adding 2.5 M ethanolic HCl ( 10 mL), and the solution then allowed to warm to room temperature. The solvent was ev aporated in vacuo and the residue partitioned between ethyl acetate (100 mL) and saturated aHCO (100 mL). The organic layer was collected and washed with saturated brine (100 mL), dned over magnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporated to provide a brown solid. The product was tπturated with ethyl acetate/hexane (1 : 1, 15 mL), collected on a Bϋchner funnel, rinsed with fresh solv ent and air dried to giv e the desired product as a white powder (654 mg, 46.6%). An analytical sample was obtained via recrystallization from ethyl acetate/hexane (1 : 1); mp 190-191 °C; Η NMR (CDC1 3 ): 1.04 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.25 (3H, s, CH ), 1.29 (3H, d, J=6.4 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.33 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.48 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.52 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.66 (2H, sextet, J=7.5 Hz, CH 2 ), 2.39 (1H, broad-s, OH), 2.88 (m. 2H, CH 2 ), 4.47 (1H, q, J=6.4 Hz, CH), 5.56 (1H, d, J=10.0 Hz. H-), 5.92 ( 1 H, s, H 3 ), 6.64 (1H, d, J=10.0 Hz, H 8 ), 8.99 (1H, s, OH): EMS: 400 (1.1. M~), 356 (37.5, M-C : H 4 O), 341 (100, M- CH 3 -C 2 H 4 O), 313 (68.2, M-C 3 H 7 -C 2 H 4 O); IR (KBr) cm " 1 . 3246 (broad-s, OH), 1686 (s, CO); Anal, calcd. for C 23 H 28 0 6 : C. 68.98; H, 7.05. Found. C. 69.03; H, 6.99. EXAMPLE 24: (+)-6.6-Dimethyl-l 0-(2,3-dimethyl-3-hydroxybutyro)-9-hydroxy-4- propyI-2H,6H-benzo[l,2-A:3,4- >'ldipyran-2-one (Scheme V, 14b, R,=«-Pr, R 2 =R 3 =R 7 =Η, R 4 =R 5 =R 6 =R 8 =R 9 =Me) To a suspension of 4 (1.2 g, 3.50 mmol) in THF (16 mL) at -78 °C was added a solution of LDA in heptane/THF/ethyl benzene (2 M, 5.0 mL, 10.0 mmol) dropwise under N 2 . The solution was stirred at -78 °C for 1 h and acetone (2.0 mL, 27.2 mmol) was added quickly via syringe. The solution was stirred at -78 °C for 3 h, quenched with methanolic HCl (2 M, 15 mL) at -78 °C, then allowed to warm to room temperature. The reaction mixture was concentrated and partitioned between ethyl acetate (150 mL) and saturated NaHCO 3 (100 mL). The organic layer was collected and washed with saturated brine (50 mL), dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to provide a red oil (1.36 g), an analytical sample of which was obtained via silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane, 1 :4) as an off-white solid: mp 99-102 °C; Η NMR (CDCh): 1.05 (3H, t, J-7.3 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.29 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.32 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.39 (3H, d, J=6.8 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.55 (6H, s, 2 CH 3 ), 1.67 (2H, sextet, J=7.7 Hz, CH 2 ), 2.91 (2H, t, J=7.7 Hz, CH 2 ), 3.52 (IH, broad-s, OH), 4.03 (IH, q, J=6.8 Hz, CH), 5.60 (IH, d, J=9.9 Hz, H 7 ), 6.03 (IH, s, H 3 ), 6.73 (IH, d, J=10.1 Hz, Hg), 13.81 (IH, s, OH); EMS: 401 (5.1, M+l), 400 (21.5, M + ), 385 (6.2, M-CH 3 ), 342 (38.9, M-C 3 H7O+I), 327 (100, M-CH 3 -C 3 H 7 O+l); LR (KBr) cm "1 : 3547 (w, OH), 3449 (vw, broad, OH), 1734 (vs, CO); Anal, calcd. for C 23 H 2 gO 0 : C, 68.98; H, 7.04. Found: C, 68.98; H, 7.04. EXAMPLE 25: (±)-syn and (+)-flHft-6,6-Dimethyl-9-hydroxy-10-(2-methyl-3- hydroxypentanoyI)-4-propy -2H.6H-benzo[l,2-b:3,4-b']dipyran-2- one (Scheme V, 14c, R 9 =Et) To a solution of 4 (1.75 g, 5.1 1 mmol) in THF (27.0 mL) at -78 °C was added dropwise a solution of LDA in heptane/THF/ethyl benzene (2 M, 7.0 mL, 14.0 mmol) under N 2 . The solution was stiπed at -78 °C for 1 h, and propionaldehyde (2.2 mL, 31.2 mmol) was added quickly via syringe. The solution was stiπed at -78 °C for 3 h, quenched with methanolic HCl (2 M, 25 mL) at -78 °C, then warmed to room temperature. The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (350 mL), washed sequentially with 150 mL each of saturated NaHCO 3 and saturated brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to provide a diastereomeric mixture of the product as a red oil (2.44 g, 100%), which was not further purified and used for the next step. EXAMPLE 26: (+)-10,ll-Dihydro-6,6,10,ll,l l-pentamethyl-4-propyl-2H,6H, 12H- benzo[l,2-6:3,4- > , :5,6-6"jtripyran-2,12-dione (Scheme V, 15a, Rj=«- Pr, R 2 =R 7 =R 8 =Η, R 3 =R,=R 5 =R 6 =R 9 =Me) To a solution of 14a (0.5 g, 1.25 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (492 mg, 1.88 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added a solution of diethyl azodicarboxylate (327 mg, 1.88 mmol) in THF (2 mL) dropwise under N 2 . The reaction mixture was stiπed for 2.5 h, after which it was poured into saturated NFLCl (100 mL). The solution was extracted with ethyl acetate (100 mL), and the separated organic layer washed sequentially with H 2 O (100 mL) and saturated brine (100 mL). After drying over magnesium sulfate, the solution was filtered and concentrated in vacuo to provide a yellow oil. Column chromatography through 75 g silica gel (ethyl acetate/hexane, 1 :2) provided the desired product as a white crystalline solid (449 mg, 94.0%). An analytical sample was obtained via recrystallization from ethyl acetate/hexane (2: 1): mp 157 °C; Η NMR (CDC1 3 ): 1.03 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.09 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.19 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.43 (3H, d, J=6.5 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.53 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.55 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.64 (2H, sextet, J=7.7 Hz, CH 2 ), 2.88 (2H, t, J=7.7 Hz, CH 2 ), 4.34 (IH, q. J=6.4 Hz, H 10 ), 5.60 (IH, d, J=10.0 Hz. H 7 ). 6.04 ( I H, s, H 3 ), 6.66 (IH, d, J=10.0 Hz, H 8 ); EMS: 382 (60.8, M + ), 367 (100, M-CH 3 ). 312 (50.3 (M-C 5 H, 0 ), 297 (74.5, M- CH 3 -C 5 H 10 ); IR (KBr) cm "1 : 1730 (vs, CO); Anal, calcd. for C 23 H 26 O 5 : C, 72.23; H, 6.85. Found: C, 72.35; H, 6.90. EXAMPLE 27: (+)-10,l l-Dihydro-6,6,10,10,l l-pentamethyl-4-propyl-2H, 6H, 12H- benzo[l,2-6:3,4-Λ':5,6-A"]tripyran-2,12-dione (Scheme V, 15b, Rι=«- To a solution of cmde 14b (980 mg, 2.19 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (859.0 mg, 3.28 mmol) in THF (15 mL) was slowly added diethyl azodicarboxylate (DEAD, 0.50 mL, 3.17 mmol) under N 2 . The red solution was stiπed for 2.5 h at room temperature, then quenched with saturated NH 4 CI ( 10 mL). The solution was extracted with ethyl acetate (200 mL), washed sequentially with 50 mL each of H 2 O and saturated brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to provide a yellow residue (2.37 g). Purification by silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane, 1 : 10) provided, after overnight drying under high vacuum in the presence of P 2 Os, the desired product as an off-white solid (373.7 mg, 44.6%): mp 140- 141 °C; Η NMR (CDC1 3 ): 1.03 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.19 (3H, d, J=7.0 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.34 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.53 (6H, s. 2 CH 3 ), 1.55 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.65 (2H, sextet, J=7.8 Hz, CH 2 ), 2.72 (IH, q, J=7.0 Hz, H, , 2.85-2.91 (2H, m, CH 2 ), 5.60 (IH, d, J=10.1 Hz, H 7 ), 6.03 (IH, s, H 3 ), 6.65 (IH, d, J=10.0 Hz, H 8 ); EIMS: 382 (61.2, Ivt), 367 (82.0, M-CH 3 ), 312 (46.0, M-C 5 H, 0 ), 297 (100, M-CH 3 -C 5 H 10 ); IR (KBr) cm "1 : 1728 (vs, CO); Anal, calcd. for C 23 H 26 O 5 : C, 72.23; H, 6.85. Found: C, 71.95; H, 6.88. EXAMPLE 28: (+)-10,ll-rr ιs-10,ll-Dihydro-10-ethyl-4-propyl-6,6,ll-trimethyl- 2H,6H,12H-benzo[l,2-6:3,4-6"]tripyran-2,12-dione (15c) and (+)- 10,ll-ci$-10,ll-dihydro-10-ethyl-4-propyl-6,6,ll-trimethyl- 2H,6H,12H-benzo[l,2-Z»:3,4-6':5,6- »' , ]tripyran-2,12-dione (15d, Scheme V) To a solution of 14c (2.44 g, 5.11 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (1.96 mg, 7.48 mmol) in TΗF (30.0 mL) was slowly added diethyl azodicarboxylate (DEAD, 1.16 mL, 7.37 mmol) under N 2 . The red solution was stiπed for 2.5 h at room temperature, then quenched with saturated NFLCl (22 mL). The solution was warmed to room temperature and extracted with ethyl acetate (400 mL), washed with Η 2 O (100 mL) and brine (100 mL) and dried over magnesium sulfate. After filtration, the solution was concentrated in vacuo to provide a yellow residue (5.75 g). The cmde product was purified by repetitive silica gel column chromatography (3X) using ethyl acetate/hexane (1 :4.5) as eluent. The desired fractions were combined, concentrated in vacuo and dried under high vacuum overnight in the presence of P1O 5 to afford 15c (765.4 mg, 39.2%) and 15d (350.4 mg, 17.9%). 15c (R,=«-Pr, R 2 =R 4 =R 7 =R 8 =H, R 3 =R 5 =R <5 =Me, R 9 =Et): mp 155-158 °C; Η NMR (CDC1 3 ): 1.03 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.13 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.22 (3H, d, J=6.9 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.53 (3H. s, CH 3 ), 1.56 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.64 (2H, sextet, J=7.6 Hz, CH 2 ), 1.78-1.95 (2H, m, CH 2 ), 2.62 (IH. dq, J=10.4 Hz, J=7.0 Hz, H,,), 2.88 (2H, t, J=7.7 Hz,CH 2 ). 4.14 (IH, ddd, J=3.5 Hz, J=7.8 Hz, J=10.7 Hz. H 10 ), 5.61 (IH, d, J=10.0 Hz, H 7 ), 6.04 (IH, s. H 3 ), 6.66 (IH, d, J=10.0 Hz, H g ); EMS: 382 (37.2, T), 367 (100, M-CH 3 ), 297 (47.2, M-CH 3 -C 5 H, 0 ); IR (KBr) cm "1 : 1738 (vs, CO); Anal, calcd. for C 2 3H 26 O 5 : C, 72.23; H, 6.85. Found: C. 71.75; H, 7.02. 15d (R,=«-Pr, R 9 =Et): mp 100-102 °C; Η NMR (CDC1 3 ): 1.03 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.07 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.14 (3H, d, J=7.3 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.54 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.55 (3H, CH 3 ). 1.65 (2H, sextet, J=7.6 Hz, CH 2 ), 1.83-1.98 (2H, m, CH 2 ), 2.70 (IH, dq, J=3.2 Hz, J=7.3 Hz, H π ), 2.88 (2H, t, J=7.6 Hz, CH 2 ), 4.39 (I H, ddd, J=3.4 Hz, J=5.3 Hz, J=8.8 Hz, H 10 ), 5.60 (IH, d, J=10.0 Hz, H 7 ), 6.05 (IH, s, H 3 ), 6.66 (IH, d. J=10.0 Hz, H 8 ); EMS: 382 (55.0, M , 367 (100, M-CH3), 297 (52.7, M-CH 3 -C 5 H 10 ); IR (KBr) cm "1 : 1732 (vs, CO); Anal, calcd. for C 23 H 26 O 5 : C, 72.23; H, 6.85. Found: C, 71.80; H, 6.97. EXAMPLE 29: (+ 10,12-αs-10,ll-Dihydro-12-hydrox -6,6,10,l 1,1 l-pentamethyl-4- propyl-2H, 6H, 12H-benzo[l,2-ό:3,4-ό':5,6-ό"]tripyran-2-one (16a) and (+)-10,12-frα ιs-10,ll-dihydro-12-hydroxy-6,6,10,ll,ll- pentamethyl-4-propyl-2H,6H,12H-benzo[l,2-6:3,4-6':5,6- .V'jtripyran-2-one (16b, Scheme V) To a solution of 15a (252 mg, 0.661 mmol) in ethanoL'TΗF ( 1 : 1. 8 mL) was added sodium borohydnde (25.1 mg, 0.661 mmol) and the solution stiπed at room temperature for 30 minutes. The reaction was quenched by the addition of water (1 mL), and the solvent then removed in vacuo. The residue was partitioned between 20 mL each of ethyl acetate and 1 M ΗC1, and the organic phase separated and washed sequentially with 5% NaΗCθ 3 and saturated brine. After drying over magnesium sulfate, the solution was evaporated to give the product as a pale-yellow foam. TLC analysis (ethyl acetate hexane. 1 :2) showed the two epimeric alcohols 16a and 16b at Rr 0.30 and 0.25, as well as a minor impuπty at R t - 0.55. Separation via column chromatography (75 g silica gel, ethyl acetate/hexane, 1 :2) provided 16a ( 127.7 mg, 50.3%) and 16b (18.8 mg, 7.4%) as a white foam and an off-white waxy solid, respectively. 16a Η NMR (CDC1 3 ): 1.04 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.06 (6H, s, 2 OL), 1.40 (3H, d. J=6.7 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.47 (3H, s. CH,), 1.50 (3H. s, CH 3 ), 1.66 (2H, sextet. J=7.3 Hz, CH 2 ), 2.80-2.99 (2H. m. CH 2 ), 3.39 ( I H, d. J=3.2 Hz, OH), 3.99 (IH, q, J=6.7 Hz, Hio), 4.70 (IH, d, J-3.2 Hz, H, 2 ), 5.54 (IH, d. J=9.9 Hz, H-), 5.94 (IH, s, H ). 6.63 (IH, d, J=9.9 Hz, Hg); EMS: 384 (59.0, M~). 369 ( 100. M-CH 3 ), 314 (44.7. M-C 5 H, 0 ). 299 (88.8, M-CH,-C 5 H 10 ); IR (KBr) cm "1 : 3432 (broad-s, OH). 1734 (vs. CO); Anal, calcd. for C 23 H 2 gO 5 : C, 71.85; H, 7.34. Found: C, 71.74; H, 7.43. 16b Η NMR (CDC1 3 ): 0.78 (3H, s, CH ), 1.04 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.11 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.36 (3H, d, J=6.5 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.49 (6H, s, 2 CH 3 ), 1.64 (2H, m, CH 2 ), 2.47 (IH, broad-s, OH), 2.89 (2H, m, CH 2 ), 4.35 (IH, q, J=6.5 Hz, H 10 ), 4.63 (IH, broad-s, H 12 ), 5.54 (IH, d, J=9.8 Hz, H 7 ), 5.96 (IH, s, H 3 ), 6.65 (IH, d, J=9.8 Hz, H 8 ); EMS: 384 (40.7, M + ), 369 (100, M-CH 3 ), 314 (13.5, M-C 5 H 10 ), 299 (48.4, M-CH 3 -C 5 H 10 ); Anal, calcd. for C 23 H 2 gO 5 : C, 71.85; H, 7.34. Found: C, 71.79; H, 7.49. EXAMPLE 30: (+)-l l,12-c s-10,ll-Dihydro-12-hydroxy-6,6,10,10,ll-pentamethyl-4- propyI-2H, 6H, 12H-benzo[l,2-6:3,4-A':5,6-6"]tripyran-2-one " (16c) and (+)-ll,12-fr «s-10,l l-dihydro-12-hydroxy-6,6,10,10,ll- pentamethyl-4-propyl-2H,6H,12H-benzo[l,2-6:3,4-6':5,6- ft"]tripyran-2-one (16d, Scheme V) To a solution of 15b (289.7 mg, 0.75 mmol), triphenylphosphine oxide (927.0 mg, 3.33 mmol) and CeCl (Η 2 0) 7 (842.0 mg, 2.25 mmol) in ethanol ( 15 mL) at 0 °C was slowly added NaBFU (195.0 mg, 5.15 mmol) under N 2 . The suspension was stiπed for 1 h at room temperature, then quenched with saturated NFLCl (30 mL). The solution was extracted with ethyl acetate (200 mL), washed with brine (50 mL), dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to afford a pink crystalline solid (1.38 g). Silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane, 1 :5) provided 16c (100.0 mg, 34.3%) as off-white foam and 16d which was further purified by preparative TLC (silica gel, diethyl ether hexane, 2: 1 ) as off-white foam (56.0 mg, 19.2%). 16c (R|=«-Pr, mp 44-45 °C: Η NMR (CDC1 3 ): 1.04 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.24 (3H, d, J=7.1 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.38 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.45 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.47 (3H, s, CH ), 1.51 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.66 (2H, sextet, J=7.3 Hz, CH 2 ), 1.96-2.04 (IH, m, H M ), 2.8- 3.0 (2H. m, CH 2 ), 3.02 (IH, d, J=4.0 Hz, OH), 4.94 (IH, t, J=4.2 Hz, H, 2 ), 5.53 (IH. d, J=10.0 Hz, H 7 ), 5.94 (IH, s, H 3 ), 6.65 (IH, d, J=9.9 Hz, H 8 ); EMS: 385 (22.1. M-t-1 ), 384 (61.8, M ~ ). 369 (71.1. M-CH 3 ), 351 (29.5, M-CH 3 -H 2 O), 299 (100, M-CH 3 -C 5 H- 0 ); IR (KBr) cm "1 : 3451 (broad-m, OH), 1709 (s, CO); Anal, calcd. for C 23 H 28 θ 5 : C, 71.85; H, 7.33. Found: C, 71.63; H, 7.64. 16d mp 40-42 °C; Η NMR (CDC1 3 ): 1.04 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.13 (3H, d, J=7.0 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.21 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.46 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.48 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.52 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.67 (2H, sextet, J=7.6 Hz, CH 2 ), 2.03 (IH, quintet, J=7.2 Hz, H„), 2.8-3.0 (2H, m, CH 2 ), 3.66 (IH, s, OH), 4.69 (IH. d, J=7.4 Hz. H 12 ), 5.54 (IH, d, J=10.0 Hz, H 7 ), 5.94 (IH, s, H 3 ), 6.63 (IH, d, J=9.9 Hz, H 8 ); ELMS: 385 (8.7, M+l), 384 (36.0, M + ), 369 (65.8, M-CH3), 351 (17.6, M-CH 3 -H 2 O), 299 (100, M-CH3-C 5 H 10 ); IR (KBr) cm "1 : 3437 (w, OH), 1734 (s, CO); Anal, calcd. for C 23 H 2 g0 5 : C, 71.85; H, 7.33. Found: C, 71.70; H, 7.56. EXAMPLE 31: (+)-10,ll-frα/ιs-ll,12- -10,l l-Dihydro-10-ethyl-12-hydroxy-4- propyl-6,6,ll-trimethyl-2H,6H,12H-benzo[l,2-6:3,4-A':5,6- Λ"]tripyran-2-one (16e) and (+ 10,ll-frα/ιs-ll,12-frα«s-10,ll- dihydro-10-ethyl-l 2-hydroxy-4-propyI-6,6,l 1 -trimethyl-2H,6H,l 2H- benzo[l,2-6:3,4-6':5,6-6'"]tripyran-2-one (16f, Scheme V) To a suspension of 15c (454.7 mg, 1.19 mmol). triphenylphosphine oxide (1.38 g, 4.96 mmol) and CeCl 3 (Η 2 O) 7 (1.21 g, 3.25 mmol) in ethanol (10 mL) at 0 °C was slowly added NaBILi (312.0 mg, 8.25 mmol) under N 2 . The suspenion was stiπed for 3 h at room temperature. The reaction mixture was quenched with saturated NFLCl (15 mL), extracted with ethyl acetate (100 mL x 3), washed with brine (50 mL), dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to provide pink crystals (1.97 g). Silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane, 1 :4) afforded a yellow oil, which consisted of mixture of 16e and 16f (261.0 mg). The compounds were separated using preparative HPLC (normal phase, ethyl acetate/hexane, 3:7). The desired fractions were combined and concentrated in vacuo and dried overnight under high vacuum in the presence of P 2 Os to afford 16e (yellow oil, 46.5 mg, 10.1%) and 16f (white solid, 137.6 mg, 30.1%). 16e ! H NMR (CDC1 3 ): 1.03 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.10 (3H, t, J=7.6 Hz, CH ). 1.13 (3H, d, J=6.8 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.48 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.49 (3H, s, CH3), 1.65 (2H, sextet, J=7.4 Hz, CH 2 ), 1.76-1.98 (3H, m, CH 2 +H U ), 2.80-2.92 (3H, m, CH 2 +OH), 4.10 (IH, ddd, J=2.9 Hz, J=7.9 Hz, J=10.7 Hz. H 10 ), 4.98 (IH, d, J=3.3 Hz, H, 2 ), 5.54 (IH, d, J=9.9 Hz, H 7 ), 5.94 (IH, s, H 3 ). 6.63 (IH, d, J=9.9 Hz, H 8 ); EMS: 385(10.5, M+l), 384 (35.8,M~), 369 (78.4, M-CH 3 ), 366 (43.1, M-H 2 0), 351 (39.0, M-CH 3 -H 2 O), 337 (100, M-H 2 O- C 2 H 5 ), 299 (37 7, M-CH 3 -C 5 H 10 ), IR (neat, thin film) cm "1 3432 (w, OH), 1709 (s, CO), Anal calcd. for C 23 H 28 O 5 .l/4 H 2 O. C, 71.02, H, 7 38 Found. C, 71 10, H, 7 40 16f mp 103-105 °C, *H NMR (CDCL) 1.04 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.07 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.13 (3H, d, J=6.9 Hz, CH 3 ), 1 47 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.51 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.66 (2H, sextet, J=7.6 Hz, CH 2 ), 1 79-1 90 (2H, m, CH 2 ), 2 05 (IH, m, Hπ), 2.90 (2H, m, CH 2 ), 3.53 (IH, s, OH), 3 78 (IH, dt, J=4 1 Hz, J=8.1 Hz, H I0 ), 4.73 (IH, d, J=6.7 Hz, H 12 ), 5.54 (IH, d, J=100 Hz, H 7 ), 5.95 (IH, s, H 3 ), 6 63 (IH, d, J=9 9 Hz, Hg), EMS: 385 (7.6, M+l), 384 (31.1, * ), 369 (100, M-CH 3 ), 351 (9 5, M-CH 3 -H 2 0), 337 (11.5, M-H 2 O-C 2 H 5 ), 299 (36.9, M-CH 3 -C 5 Hι 0 ), IR (KBr) cm ' • 3493, 3435 and 3250 (w, OH), 1699 (s, CO); Anal calcd for C 23 H 28 O 5 : C, 71.85, H, 7.33. Found C, 71 46, H, 7 34 EXAMPLE 32: (+)-10,ll-cw-ll,12-^α«s-10,ll-Dihydro-10-ethyl-12-hydroxy-4- propyl-6,6,ll-trimethyl-2H,6H,12H-benzoIl,2-6:3,4-Λ':5,6- >"]tripyran-2-one (16g) and (+ 10,ll,12- s-10,ll-dihydro-10-ethyl- 12-hydroxy-4-propyl-6,6,ll-trimethyl-2H,6H,12H-benzo[ 1,2-6:3,4- Z»':5,6- »"]tripyran-2-one (16h, Scheme V) To a solution of 15d (290 5 mg,0.76 mmol) m ethanol (15 mL) at 25 °C was added NaBΗi (269.0 mg, 7 11 mmol) portionwise under N 2 The suspension as stiπed for 1 h at room temperature, then quenched with saturated NFLCl (6 mL) The solution was extracted with ethyl acetate (200 mL), washed with bnne (80 mL), dned over magnesium sulfate. filtered and concentrated to provide a pink residue (455 8 mg) The cruαe product w s punfied by silica gel preparative TLC (ethyl acetate/hexane, 2 1) The desired bands w ere scraped, combined, extracted, concentrated in vacuo and dned under high vacuum overnight in the presence of P 2 0 > to afford the desired products 16g (229 mg, 78% yield) with 95% punty as indicated by ΗPLC) and 16h (55 9 mg, 19% yield) with 92% punty The analytical samples w ere obtained by further punfication via preparative ΗPLC (normal phase, ethyl acetatemexane, 3 7) 16g 'H NMR (CDCh) 1 03 (3H, t, J=74 Hz, CH 3 ), 1 04 (3H, t, J=7 3 Hz, CH 3 ),1 12 (3H, d, J=7 1 Hz, CH,), 1 49 (3H, s, CH ), 1 66 (2H. sextet, J=7 3 Hz, CH 2 ), 1 8-2 0 (2H, m, CH 2 ), 2 3-2 4 (IH, m, H, ,), 2 8-3 0 (2H, m. CH 2 ), 3 30 (IH, s, OH), 4 06 (IH, dt, J=10 1 Hz, J=3 3 Hz, H 10 ), 5 10 (IH, d, J=5 2 Hz, H, 2 ). 5 55 (IH, d, J=10.0 Hz, H 7 ), 5.94 (IH, s, H 3 ), 6.63 (IH, d, J=10.0 Hz, H 8 ); EMS: 385 (6.3, M+l), 384 (27.3, M + ), 369 (100, M-CH 3 ), 351 (6.8, M-CH 3 -H 2 O), 337 (4.2, M-H 2 O-C 2 H 5 ), 299 (34.7, M-CH 3 - C 5 H I0 ); ER (KBr) cm "1 : 3449 (m, OH), 1734 (vs, CO); Anal, calcd. for C 23 H 28 0 5 : C, 71.85; H. 7.33. Found: C, 71.79; H, 7.39. 16h (R,=«-Pr, Η NMR (CDC1 3 ): 0.79 (3H, d, J=7.3 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.04 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.11 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.49 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.51 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.67 (2H, sextet, J=7.4 Hz, CH 2 ), 1.92 (2H, m, CH 2 ), 2.10 (I H, tq, J=2.0 Hz, J= 7.3 Hz, Hπ), 2.79 (IH, s, OH), 2.81-2.90 (2H, m, CH 2 ), 4.23 (IH, ddd, J=1.9 Hz, J=5.4 Hz, J=8.7 Hz, H 10 ), 4.87 (IH, d, J=1.9 Hz, H 12 ), 5.54 (IH, d, J=10.0 Hz, H 7 ), 5.96 (IH, s, H 3 ), 6.66 (IH, d, J=9.9 Hz, Hg); EMS: 385 (6.1, M+l), 384 (26.0, M~), 369 (100, M-CFL), 351 (9.8. M-CH 3 - H 2 O), 337 (8.2, M-H 2 O-C 2 H 5 ), 299 (17.6, M-CH3-C 5 H, 0 ); IR (neat, thm film) cm "1 : 3410 (w, OH), 1732 (s, CO). EXAMPLE 33: (+)-10,ll-rrα«s-4-Propyl-7,8,10,l l-tetrahydro-6,6,10,ll-tetramethyl- 2H,6H,12H-benzo[l,2-Z>:3,4-*':5,6-A"]tripyran-2,12-dione (Scheme VI, 18a, Rι=«-Pr, R 2 =R 4 =R 7 =R g =Η, R 3 =R 5 = =R 9 =Me) To a solution of (+)-7 (534 mg, 1.45 mmol) in ethanol'methylene chloride (1:1, 50 mL, Parr apparatus) under N 2 was added 10% palladium/carbon (53.4 mg) at ambient temperature. The mixture was shaken under hydrogen (2 atm) for 1 h. then gravity filtered through Whatmann filter paper. The solvent was evaporated to give a white crystalline solid which was filtered through a short plug of silica gel, eluting with methylene chloride/methanol (97:3). The pure compound (+)-18a (441 mg, 82.2%) was obtained as white plates by recrystallization from ethyl acetate: mp 165 °C; Η NMR (CDCI3): 1.01 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.21 (3H, d, J=6.8 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.42 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.44 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.53 (3H, d, J=6.2 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.61 (2H, sextet, J=7.5 Hz, CH 2 ), 1.84 (2H, apparent dt, J=2.4 Hz, J=6.7 Hz, CH 2 ), 2.53 (IH, dq, J=l 1.2 Hz, J=6.8 Hz, H n ), 2.69 (2H, apparent dt, J=3.4 Hz, J=6.7 Hz, CH 2 ), 2.88 (2H, t, J=7.5 Hz, CH 2 ), 4.28 (IH, dq, J-11.2 Hz, J=6.2 Hz, H 10 ), 6.02 (IH, s, H 3 ); EMS: 371 (40.8. M+l ); 370 (100, M ~ ), 314 (99.3. M-C 4 H 8 ), 299 (21.6, M-C 5 H 10 -1), 286 (65.0, M-CH 3 -C 5 H,o-l), 271 (20.5, M-CH;,-C 5 H 8 0), 259 (47.5, M-C 4 H s -C3H θ-l); IR (KBr) cm "1 : 1740 (vs, CO); Anal, calcd. for C 22 H 26 0 5 : C. 71.33; H, 7.07. Found: C, 71.00; H, 7.22. EXAMPLE 34: (+)-10,l l- rα«s-10,ll-Dihydro-4-propyl-6,6,10,ll-tetramethyI-2H, 6H, 12H-benzo[l,2-Z>:3,4-6':5,6-6"ltripyran-2,12-dione-12-oxime (Scheme VI, 19a, Rι=«- Pr, R 2 =R 4 =R 7 =Rs=Η, R 3 =R 5 =R 6 =R 9 =Me, R, 0 =H) Into a 100 mL one-necked round-bottom flask was placed (+)-7 (1.47 g, 4.00 mmol) and NH 2 OH HCl (1.39 g, 20.0 mmol). To this mixture was added methanol (60 mL), and the solution heated to reflux with magnetic stirring until the ketone dissolved. Solid K CO 3 powder (1 .38 g, 10.0 mmol) was then carefully added, and the reaction allowed to stir at reflux for 4 hours. The solution was cooled at room temperature, filtered to remove the K 2 CU 3 and evaporated in vacuo, to provide a yellow solid. The residue was partitioned between 150 mL each of H 2 O and ethyl acetate. The organic phase was collected and washed sequentially with 1 N HCl and saturated brine, then dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporated to afford a thick yellow syrup, which was purified via silica gel column chromatography (75 g), eluting with methylene chloride methanol (97:3) to afford the desired product as a white solid (657 mg, 43%). An analytical sample was obtained via recrystallization from acetone/hexane (1 :3) as colorless prisms; mp 200-201 °C; Η NMR (CDC1 3 ): 1.04 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.23 (3H, d, J=7.0 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.33 (3H, d, J=6.5 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.51 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.54 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.67 (2H, sextet, J=7.4 Hz, CH 2 ), 2.82-3.01 (2H, m, CH 2 ), 3.79 (IH, dq, J=2.0 Hz, J=7.0 Hz, H, ,), 4.46 (IH, dq, J=2.0 Hz, J=6.5 Hz, Hio), 5.57 (IH, d, J=9.9 Hz, H 7 ), 6.02 (IH, s, H 3 ), 6.67 (I H, d, J=9.9 Hz, H 8 ). 9.46 (IH, broad-s, OH); EMS: 384 (12.9.M+1), 383 (49.22, M + ), 368 (100. M-CH 3 ), 366 (21.1. M- OH), 352 (15.2, M-NOH); IR (KBr) cm "1 : 3223 (broad, OH), 1740 (CO); Anal, calcd. for C 22 H 25 N0 . r4 H 2 O): C, 68.1 1 ; H, 6.63; N, 3.61. Found: C. 68.40; H, 6.59; N, 3.58. EXAMPLE 35: (+ 10,l l-frαns-10,l l-Dihydro-4-propyl-6,6,10,l l-tetramethyl-2H, 6H, 12H-benzo[l,2-ό:3,4-6':5,6-Λ"]tripyran-2,12-dione-12-methoxime (Scheme VI, 19b, Rιo=Me) Into a one-necked 100 mL round-bottom flask was placed (+)-7 (1.47 g, 4.00 mmol) and NFLOCH 3 HCI (1.67 g, 20.0 mmol). To this mixture was added methanol (60 mL). and the solution heated to reflux with magnetic stirring until the ketone dissolved. Solid K 2 CO 3 powder (1.38 g, 10.0 mmol) was then carefully added, and the reaction allowed to stir at reflux for 4 hours. The solution was cooled to room temperature, filtered to remove the K 2 C0 3 and evaporated in vacuo, to provide a yellow oil. The residue was partitioned between 150 mL H 2 0 and 150 mL ethyl acetate The organic phase was collected and washed sequentially with 1 N HCl and saturated bnne, then dned over magnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporated to afford a thick yellow syrup The product was punfied via silica gel column chromatography (75 g), eluting with ethyl acetate/hexane (1 3) to afford the desired product as a faintly yellow oil which, upon standing, formed a white solid (598 mg, 38%) An analytical sample was obtained via recrystallization from acetone/hexane (1 3) as white plates, mp 143-144 °C, *H NMR (CDCU) 1 01 (3H, t, J=7 3 Hz, CH 3 ), 1 16 (3H, d, J=7 0 Hz, CH 3 ), 1 28 (3H, d, J=6 4 Hz, CH 3 ), 1 49 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1 50 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1 64 (2H, sextet, J=7 3 Hz, CH 2 ), 2 79-2 99 (2H, m, CH 2 ), 3 57 (H, dq, J=l 9 Hz, J=7 0 Hz, Hi,), 06 (3H, s, OCH 3 ), 4 37 (IH, dq, J=l 9 Hz, J=6 4 Hz, H, 0 ) 5 54 (IH, d, J=100 Hz, H 7 ), 6 00 (IH, s, H 3 ), 662 (IH, d, J=100 Hz, H 8 ), EMS 397 (61 2, M ~ ), 382 (100, M-CH 3 ), 366 (12 9, M-OCH 3 ), IR (KBr) cm 1 1728 (vs, CO), Anal calcd for C 23 H 27 NO 5 C, 69 50, H, 6 85, N, 3 52 Found C, 69 39, H, 6 90, N, 3 59 EXAMPLE 36: Conversion of (-)-Calanolide A into (-)-Calanolide B To a solution of (-)-calanohde A (341 mg, 0 922 mmol) in anhydrous methylene chlonde (5 mL) at -78 °C under N 2 was added a solution of diethylamidosulfur tnfluonde (DAST 178 mg, 1 11 mmol) in methylene chlonde (1 mL) and the resulting yellow solution stiπed at -"8 °C for 4 hours The reaction was quenched with 0 5 mL methanol, then allowed to warm to room temperature The solution was diluted with methylene chlonde (20 mL) then washed with water (50 mL) and saturated bnne (50 mL) After drying over magnesium sulfate, the solution was filtered and evaporated to provide a light yellow solid TLC analysis (silica gel, 3% methanol in methylene chlonde) showed two components, one fast-moving and one slow The matenal was chromatographed through 80 g silica gel, eluting with 1% methanol in CH 2 C1 2 , and the fractions contaimng the respective components combined and evaporated to afford 198 mg (61% yield) of compound 22 and 75 3 mg (22%) of (-)-calanohde B 10(5)-4-propv 1-6,6, 10,11 -tetra ethy 1-2H,6H, 1 OH-benzo [ 1.2-b : 3,4-Z>' : 5,6-b" ] tripy ran-2-one (22) Η NMR (CDCI3) 1 03 (3Η, t, J=7 4 Hz, CH 3 ), 1 39 (3H. d, J=6 6 Hz, CH 3 ), 1 47 (3H, s, CH 3 ) 1 51 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1 66 (2H, sextet, J=7 4 Hz, CH 2 ), 1 85 (3H, s CH 3 ), 2 88 (2H, m, CH 2 ), 4 89 (IH, q, J=6 6 Hz. H 10 ), 5 55 (IH, d, J=10 0 Hz, H-), 5 93 (IH, s. H 3 ), 6 62 (IH, d, J=10 0 Hz, H«), 6.64 (IH, s, H 12 ); EMS: 353 (15.5, M+l), 352 (53.2, M + ), 337 (100, M-CH 3 ). IR (KBr) cm "1 : 1724 (s, CO); Anal, calcd. for C 22 H 2 O 4 : C, 74.98; H, 6.86. Found: C, 74.87; H, 7.00. (-)-Calanolide B: Η NMR (CDC1 3 ): 1.03 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.14 (3H, d, J=7.0 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.43 (3H, d, J=6.4 Hz, CH 3 ), 1.48 (3H, s, CH 3 ), 1.49 (3H, CH 3 ), 1.66 (2H, sextet, J=7.6 Hz, CH 2 ), 1.72-1.79 (IH, m, H u ), 2.60 (IH, d, J=3.8 Hz, OH), 2.89 (2H, m, CH 2 ), 4.26 (IH, dq, J=10.7 Hz, 6.3 Hz, H, 0 ), 4.97 (IH, J=3.8 Hz, H t2 ), 5.53 (IH, d, J=10.0 Hz, H 7 ), 5.95 (IH, s, H 3 ), 6.63 (IH, d, J=10.0 Hz, Hg); EMS: 370 (31.1, ivT), 355 (100, M-CH 3 ), 299 (29.7, M-CH 3 - CΛ); IR (KBr) cm "1 : 3478 (s, sharp, OH), 1703 (s, CO). EXAMPLE 37: Activity of (+)- Calanolide A against Tuberculosis In the in vitro primary screening assay against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv in BACTEC 12B medium using the BACTEC 460 radiometric system, 44 both (+)- and (-)- calanolide A demonstrated 98%> inhibition at a concentration of 12.5 μg/mL. (+)-Calanolide A was further tested at lower concentrations against M. tuberculosis H37Rv in CABTEC 460 to determine the actual minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), the lowest concentration inhibiting 99% of the inoculum. It was found that (+)- calanolide A exhibited moderate anti- TB activity, with MIC value being 3.13 μg/mL (8.4 μM), comparing with the positive control drug rifampicin which had MIC value of 0.06 μg/mL. EXAMPLE 38: In Vitro Evaluation of Calnolide Analogues In the in vitro primary screening assay against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv in BACTEC 12B medium using the BACTEC 460 radiometric system, 44 Figure 1 calanolide analogues (-)-soulattrolide, (-)-costatolide and (-)-7,8-dihydrosoulattrolide demonstrated 99% inhibition at a concentration of 12.5 μg/mL. The Calanolide anaologues were further tested at lower concentrations against M. tuberculosis H37Rv in CABTEC 460 to determine the actual minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), the lowest concentration inhibiting 99% of the inoculum. It was found that the calanolide exhibited moderate anti-TB activity, compared with the positive control d g rifampicin which had MIC value of 0.06 μg/mL. Soulattrolide may be prepared using the procedures outline for (+)-calanolide A or extracted from natural sources. See Lin et al. Pharmaceutical Biology 1999, Vol. 37(1), pp. 71-76. REFERENCES CITED 1. 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Claims: WHAT IS CLAIMED IS 1. A method of preventing or treating a mycobacterium infection comprising administering to a mammal an effective amount of at least one compound of the formula I: wherein Ri is H, halogen, hydroxyl, amino, Cι. 6 alkyl, aryl-Cι-6 alkyl, mono-or poly- fluorinated C 1.6 alkyl, hydroxy-Cι-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, amino-Ci.g alkyl, Cι -6 alkylamino, di(Ci. 6 alkyl)amino, Q.g alkylamino-Ci-g alkyl, di(Cι -6 alkyl) amino-Ci.g alkyl, cyclohexyl, aryl, or heterocycle, wherein aryl or heterocycle may each be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of the following: Cι -6 alkyl, Cι_6 alkoxy, hydroxy-Cι_ alkyl, hydroxyl, amino, Ci- 6 alkylamino, di(Cι. 6 alkyl) amino, amino-Ci.g alkyl, Cj.g alkylamino-Ci.g alkyl, di(Cι -6 alkyl)amino-Ci_g alkyl, nitro, azido or halogen; R 2 is H, halogen, hydroxyl, C]. 6 alkyl, aryl-Cι- 6 alkyl, mono- or poly- fluorinated Cι- 6 alkyl, aryl or heterocycle; R 3 and R are independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, hydroxyl, amino, Ci-6 alkyl, aryl-Cι-6 alkyl, mono- or poly- fluorinated Ci- 6 alkyl, hydroxy-Ci. 6 alkyl, amino-Ci.g alkyl, Ci-g alkylamino-Ci-g alkyl, di(d- 6 alkyl)amino-Cι.g alkyl, cyclohexyl, aryl or heterocycle; and R 3 and R 4 can be taken together to form a 5-7 membered saturated cycle ring or heterocyclic ring; R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, Cι. 6 alkyl, aryl- C 1 - 6 alkyl, mono- or poly-fluorinated Cι. 6 alkyl, aryl or heterocycle; and R 5 and R ό can be taken together to form a 5-7 membered saturated cycle ring or heterocycle ring; R 7 is H, halogen, methyl, or ethyl; Rg and R 9 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, Cι- 6 alkyl, aryl-Cι- 6 alkyl, mono- or poly- fluorinated Cι- 6 alkyl, hydroxy-Cι. 6 alkyl, amino-Ci.g alkyl, Cι.g alkylamino-Ci.g alkyl, di(Cι. 6 alkyl)amino-C].g alkyl, cyclohexyl, aryl or heterocycle; and Rg and Ro can be taken together to form a 5-7 membered saturated cycle ring or heterocyclic ring; R 10 is halogen, O. OR n , NORn, NHORu, NOR i2 , NHOR t2 , NR π Rι 2 , NR, 2 , or NRι 2 R 13 ; wherein R„ is H, acyl, P(O)(OH) 2 , S(O)(OH) 2 , CO(C o alkyl)CO 2 H, (C,.g alkyl)CO 2 H, CO(Cι-ι 0 alkyl)NRι 2 Rι 3 , (C,.g alkyl) NRι 2 R, 3 ; Rι and R u are independently selected from the group consisting of H, Cι. 6 alkyl, aryl, and alkyl; and R )2 and R 13 can be taken together to form a 5-7 membered saturated heterocyclic ring containing said nitrogen; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the mycobacterium infection is selected from the group consisting of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), Mycobacterium kansaii, Mycobacterium marinum, Mycobacterium phlei, Mycobacterium ulcerans, Mycobacterium xenopi, Mycobacterium gordonae, Mycobacterium teπae complex, Mycobacterium haemophilum, Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium laprae, Mycobacterium scrofulaceum and Mycobacterium smegmatis. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of (+)-calanolide A, (-)-calanolide A, (+)-calanolide A, (-)-calanolide B, soulattrolide, and (-)-7,8-dihydrosoulattrolide. 4. The method of claim 1, which further comprises co-administering an effective therapeutic amount of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of an antimicrobial agent, an antiviral compound, an immunostimulant, an immunomodulator, an antibiotic, or a chemokine inhibitor. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the anti-microbial agent is an anti- mycobacterial agent. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the mycobacterial agent is an anti-TB agent. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the anti-TB agent comprises isoniazid, rifampin, rifabutin, nfapentine, pyrazinamide or ethambutol. 8. The method of claim 4, wherein the antiviral compound is a protease inhibitor. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the protease inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of indinavir, saquinavir, ritonavir, and nelfinavir. 13. The method of claim 4, wherein the antiviral compound is a biflavanoid. 14 The method of claim 13, wherein the biflavanoid is selected from the group consisting of robustaflavone, amentoflavone, and a denvative or salt thereof 15 The method of claim 4, wherein the antiviral compound is selected from the group consisting of AZT, ddC, ddl, D4T, 3TC, acyclovir, gancyclovir, fluonnated nucleosides and nonnucleoside analog compounds such as delavirdine and nevirapme, and efavirenz, α- mterfon, recombinant CD4, amantadine, nmantadine, nbaviπn, and vidarabine 16 The method of claim 4, wherein the immunostimulant is an lnterleukin or cytokine 17 The method of claim 4, wherein the antibiotic is an antibactenal agent, antifungal agent, or anti-pneumocysitis agent

Inventors: FLAVIN MICHAEL, LIN YUH-MEEI, XU ZE-QI, FLAVIN, MICHAEL, LIN, YUH-MEEI, XU, ZE-QI
Applicants: FLAVIN MICHAEL, LIN YUH MEEI, SARAWAK MEDICHEM PHARMACEUTICA, XU ZE QI, FLAVIN, MICHAEL, LIN, YUH-MEEI, SARAWAK MEDICHEM PHARMACEUTICALS, INC., XU, ZE-QI
Application year: 1999
Main classification: A61K31
IPC codes: A61K31, A61K45, A61P11