METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR CONTINUOUS CONTROL AND PROTECTION OF MEDIA CONTENT

Abstract: A novel method and apparatus for protection of streamed media content is disclosed. The apparatus includes control means for governance of content streams or objects, decryption means for decrypting content streams or objects under control of the control means, and feedback means for tracking actual use of content streams or objects. The control means may operate in accordance with rules received as part of the streamed content, or through a side-band channel. The rules may specify allowed uses of the content, including whether or not the content can be copied or transferred, and whether and under what circumstances received content may be "checked out" of one device and used in a second device. The rules may also include or specify budgets, and a requirement that audit information be collected and/or transmitted to an external server. The apparatus may include a media player designed to call plugins to assist in rendering content. A "trust plugin" and its use are disclosed so that a media player designed for use with unprotected content may render protected content without the necessity of requiring any changes to the media player. The streamed content may be in a number of different formats, including MPEG-4, MP3, and the RMFF format.

Description: - 1 - METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR CONTINUOUS CONTROL AND PROTECTION OF MEDIA CONTENT FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates generally to computer and/or electronic security. More particularly, this invention relates to systems and methods for protection of information in streamed format. BACKGROUND Streaming digital media consists generally of sequences of digital information received in a "stream" of packets, and designed to be displayed or rendered. Examples include streamed audio content, streamed video, etc. Digital media streams are becoming an increasingly significant means of content delivery, and form the basis for several adopted, proposed or de facto standards. The acceptance of this format, however, has been retarded by the ease with which digital media streams can be copied and improperly disseminated, and the consequent reluctance of content owners to allow significant properties to be distributed through streaming digital means. For this reason, there is a need for a methodology by which digital media streams can be protected. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Consistent with the invention, this specification describes a new architecture for protection of information provided in streamed format. This architecture is described in the context of a generic system which resembles a system to render content encoded pursuant to the MPEG-4 specification (ISO/IEC 14496.1), though with certain modifications, and with the proviso that the described system may differ from the MPEG-4 standard in certain respects. A variety of different embodiments is described, including an MPEG-4 embodiment and a system designed to render content encoded pursuant to the MP3 specification (ISO/IEC TR 11172). According to aspects ofthe invention, this architecture involves system design aspects and information format aspects. System design aspects include the incorporation of content protection functionality, control functionality, and feedback enabling control functionality to monitor the activities ofthe system. Information format aspects include the incorporation of rule/control information into information streams, and the protection of content through mechanisms such as encryption and watermarking. - 2 - Systems and methods consistent with the present invention perform content protection and digital rights management. A streaming media player consistent with the present invention includes a port designed to accept a digital bit stream. The digital bit stream includes content, which is encrypted at least in part, and a secure container including control information designed to control use ofthe content, including at least one key suitable for decryption of at least a portion ofthe content. The media player also includes a control arrangement including a means for opening secure containers and extracting cryptographic keys, and means for decrypting the encrypted portion ofthe content. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate an embodiment ofthe invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the advantages and principles ofthe invention. In the drawings, FIG. 1 shows a generic system consistent with the present invention; FIG. 2 shows an exemplary Header 201 consistent with the present invention; FIG. 3 shows a general encoding format consistent with the present invention; FIG. 4 illustrates one manner for storing a representation of a work consistent with the present invention; FIG. 5 shows an example of a control message format; FIG. 6 is a flow diagram illustrating one embodiment ofthe steps which take place using the functional blocks of FIG. 1; FIG. 7 illustrates a form wherein the control messages may be stored in Control Block 13; FIG. 8 shows MPEG-4 System 801 consistent with the present invention; FIG. 9 shows an example of a message format; FIG. 10 illustrates an IPMP table consistent with the present invention; FIG. 11 illustrates a system consistent with the present invention; FIG. 12 illustrates one embodiment ofthe DigiBox format; FIG. 13 shows an example of a Real Networks file format (RMFF); FIG. 14 shows an RNPFF format consistent with the present invention; FIG. 15 illustrates the flow of changes to data in the Real Networks file format in an architecture consistent with the present invention; FIG. 16 illustrates a standard Real Networks architecture; FIG. 17 shows an exemplary architecture in which a trust plugin operates within the overall Real Networks architecture; FIG. 18 shows a bit stream format consistent with the principles ofthe present invention; FIG. 19 shows one embodiment of protection applied to the MP3 format; FIG. 20 illustrates one embodiment of an MP3 player designed to process and render protected content; FIG. 21 illustrates the flow of data in one embodiment in which a protected MPEG- 4 file may be created consistent with the present invnetion; FIG. 22 illustrates the flow of data in one embodiment in which control may be incorporated into an existing MPEG-4 stream consistent with the present invention; FIG. 23 shows a system consistent with the principles ofthe present invention; FIG. 24 shows a system consistent with the principles ofthe present invention; FIG. 25 shows an example of an aggregate stream consistent with the present invention; FIG. 26 illustrates a Header CMPO 2601 consistent with the present invention; FIG. 27 shows exemplary Content Management Protection Objects consistent with the principles ofthe present invention; and FIG. 28 shows an example of a CMPO Data Structure 2801 consistent with the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Reference will now be made in detail to implementations consistent with the principles ofthe present invention as illustrated in the accompanying drawings. The following U.S. patents and applications, each of which is assigned to the assignee ofthe current application, are hereby incorporated in their entirety by reference: Ginter, et al., "Systems and Methods for Secure Transaction Management and Electronic Rights Protection," U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 08/964,333, filed on November 4, 1997 ("Ginter '333"); Ginter, et al., "Trusted infrastructure Support Systems, Methods and Techniques for Secure electronic commerce, Electronic Transactions, Commerce Process Control Automation, Distributed Computing, and Rights Management, " U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 08/699,712, filed on August 12, 1996 ("Ginter '712") ; Van Wie, et al, "Steganographic Techniques for Securely Delivering Electronic Digital Rights Management Information Over Insecure Communications Channels, U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 08/689,606, filed on August 12, 1996 ("Van Wie") ; Ginter, et. al "Software Tamper Resistance and Secure Communication," U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 08/706,206, filed on August 30, 1996 ("Ginter, '206"); Shear, et al, "Cryptographic Methods, Apparatus & Systems for Storage Media Electronic Rights Management in Closed & Connected Appliances, " U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 08/848,077, filed on May 15, 1997 ("Shear"); Collberg et al, "Obfuscation Techniques for Enhancing Software Security, " U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 09/095,346, filed on June 9, 1998 ("Collberg"); Shear, "Database Usage Metering and Protection System and Method," U.S. Patent No. 4,827,508, issued on May 2, 1989 ("Shear Patent"). FIG. 1 illustrates Media System 1, which is capable of accepting, decoding, and rendering streamed multimedia content. This is a generic system, though it includes elements based on the MPEG-4 specification. Media System 1 may include software modules, hardware (including integrated circuits) or a combination. In one embodiment, Media System 1 may include a Protected Processing Environment (PPE) as described in the Ginter '333 application. In FIG. 1, Bit Stream 2 represents input information received by System 1. Bit Stream 2 may be received through a connection to an external network (e.g., an Internet connection, a cable hookup, radio transmission from a satellite broadcaster, etc.), or may be received from a portable memory device, such as a DVD player. Bit Stream 2 is made up of a group of related streams of information, including Organization Stream 3, Audio Stream 4, Video Stream 5, Control Stream 6, and Info Stream 31. Each of these streams is encoded into the overall Bit Stream 2. Each of these represents a category of streams, so that, for example, Video Stream 5 may be made up of a number of separate Video Streams. These streams correspond generally to streams described in the MPEG-4 format as follows: Organization Stream 3 corresponds generally to the BIFS stream and the OD ("Object Descriptor") stream. Audio Stream 4 and Video Stream 5 correspond generally to the Audio and Video streams. Control Stream 6 corresponds generally to the IPMP stream. Audio Stream 4 includes compressed (and possibly encrypted) digital audio information. This information is used to create the sound rendered and output by Media System 1. Audio Stream 1 may represent multiple audio streams. These multiple streams may act together to make up the audio output, or may represent alternative audio outputs. Video Stream 5 includes compressed (and possibly encrypted) digital video information. This information is used to create the images and video rendered and output by Media System 1. Video Stream 5 may represent multiple video streams. These multiple streams may act together to make up the video output, or may represent alternative - 5 - video outputs. Organization Stream 3 includes organizational information and metadata related to the work to be rendered. This information may include a tree or other organizational device which groups audio and video streams into objects. This information may also include metadata associated with the entire work, the objects, or the individual streams. Control Stream 6 includes control information, divided generally into header information and messages. The header information includes an identifier for each discrete message. The content ofthe messages, which will be described further below, may include cryptographic keys and rules governing the use of content. Info Stream 31 carries additional information associated with the content in other components of Bit Stream 2, including but not limited to graphics representing cover art, text for lyrics, coded sheet music or other notation, independent advertising content, concert information, fan club information, and so forth. Info Stream 31 can also carry system management and control information and/or components, such as updates to software or firmware in Media System 1, algorithm implementations for content-specific functions such as watermarking, etc. Each of these streams is made up of packets of information. In one exemplary embodiment, each packet is 32 bytes in length. Since a single communications channel (e.g., a cable, a bus, an infrared or radio connection) contains packets from each ofthe streams, packets need to be identified as belonging to a particular stream. In a preferred embodiment, this is done by including a header which identifies a particular stream and specifies the number of following packets which are part of that stream. In another embodiment, each packet may include individual stream information. Exemplary Header 201 is shown in FIG. 2. This header may generally be used for the Organization, Audio and Video Streams. A header for the Control Stream is described below. Header 201 includes Field 202, which includes a bit pattern identifying Header 201 as a header. Field 203 identifies the particular type of stream (e.g., Audio Stream, Organization Stream, Control Stream, etc.) Field 204 contains an Elementary Stream Identifier (ES_ID), which is used to identify the particular stream, and may be used in cases where multiple streams of a particular stream type may be encountered at the same time. Field 207 contains a time stamp, which is used by the system to synchronize the various streams, including rendering ofthe streams. Composite Block 11 may, for example, keep track ofthe elapsed time from the commencement of rendering. Time Stamp 207 may be used by Composite Block 11 to determine when each object is supposed to be rendered. Time Stamp 207 may therefore specify an elapsed time from commencement of rendering, and Composite Block 11 may use that elapsed time to determine when to render the associated object. Field 205 contains a Governance Indicator. Field 206 identifies the number of following packets which are part ofthe identified stream. In each case, the relevant information is encoded in a binary format. For example, Field 202 might include an arbitrary sequence of bits which is recognized as indicating a header, and Field 203 might include two bits, thereby allowing encoding of four different stream types. Returning to FIG. 1, System 1 includes Demux 7, which accepts as input Bit Stream 2 and routes individual streams (sometimes referred to as Elementary Streams or "ESs") to appropriate functional blocks ofthe system. Bit Stream 2 may be encoded in the format illustrated in FIG. 3. In this figure, Header 301 is encountered in the bit stream, with Packet 302 following, and so on through Packet 308. When Demux 7 encounters Header 301, Demux 7 identifies Header 301 as a header and uses the header information to identify Packets 302-305 as organization stream packets. Demux 7 uses this information to route these packets to Organization Block 8. Demux 7 handles Header 306 in a similar manner, using the contained information to route Packets 307 and 308 to AV ("Audio Video") Block 9. AV Block 9 includes Decompressor 10, which accepts Elementary Streams from Audio Stream 4 and Video Stream 5 and decompresses those streams. As decompressed, the stream information is placed in a format which allows it to be manipulated and output (through a video display, speakers, etc.). If multiple streams exist (e.g., two video streams each describing an aspect of a video sequence), AV Block 9 uses the ES_ID to assign each packet to the appropriate stream. Organization Block 8 stores pointer information identifying particular audio streams and video streams contained in a particular object, as well as metadata information describing, for example, where the object is located, when it is to be displayed (e.g., the time stamp associated with the object), and its relationship to other objects (e.g., is one video object in front of or behind another video object). This organization may be maintained hierarchically, with individual streams represented at the lowest level, groupings of streams into objects at a higher level, complete scenes at a still higher level, and the entire work at the highest level. FIG. 4 illustrates one manner in which Organization Block 8 may store a representation of a work. In this Figure, Tree 401 represents an entire audiovisual work. Branch 402 represents a high-level organization ofthe work. This may include, for example, all ofthe video or possibly the audio and video associated with a particular scene. Sub-Branch 403 represents a group of related video objects. Each such object may include an entire screen, or an individual entity within the screen. For example, Sub- Branch 403 may represent a background which does not change significantly from one shot to the next. If the video is moving between two points of reference (e.g., a conversation, with the camera point of view changing from one face to the other), Sub-Branch 404 could represent a second background, used in the second point of view. Nodes 405 and 406 may represent particular video objects contained within the related group. Node 405 could, for example, represent a distant mountain range, while Node 406 represents a tree immediately behind one ofthe characters. Each ofthe nodes specifies or contains a particular ES_ID, representing the stream containing the information used by that node. Node 405, for example, contains ES_ID 407, which identifies a particular video stream which contains compressed (and possibly encrypted) digital information representing the mountain range. Composite Block 11 accepts input from Organization Block 8 and from AV Block 9. Composite Block 11 uses the input from Organization Block 8 to determine which specific audiovisual elements will be needed at any given time, and to determine the organization and relationship of those elements. Composite Block 11 accepts decompressed audiovisual objects from AV Block 9, and organizes those objects as specified by information from Organization Block 8. Composite Block 11 then passes the organized information to Rendering Device 12, which might be a television screen, stereo speakers, etc. Control Block 13 stores control messages which may be received through Control Stream 6 and or may be watermarked into or steganographically encoded in other streams, including Audio Stream 4 and Video Stream 5. One control message format is illustrated by FIG. 5, which shows Control Message 501. Control Message 501 is made up of Header 502 and Message 503. Header 502 consists of Field 508, which includes a bit pattern identifying the following information as a header; Stream Type Field 509, which identifies this as a header for the organization stream; ID Field 504, which identifies this particular control message; Pointer Field 505, which identifies those ESs which are controlled by this message; Time Stamp Field 507, which identifies the particular portion ofthe stream which is controlled by this control message (this may indicate that the entirety ofthe stream is controlled); and Length Field 506, which specifies the length (in bytes) of Message 503. Message 503 may include packets following Header 502, using the general format shown in FIG. 3. In the example shown, Control Message 501 carries the unique ID 111000, - 8 - encoded in ID Field 504. This control message controls ESs 14 and 95, as indicated by Pointer Field 505. The associated Message contains 1,024 bytes, as indicated by Length Field 506. In an alternate embodiment, the association of control to content may be made in Organization Block 8, which may store a pointer to particular control messages along with the metadata associated with streams, objects, etc. This may be disadvantageous, however, in that it may be desirable to protect this association from discovery or tampering by users. Since Control Block 13 will generally have to be protected in any event, storing the association in this block may make protection of Organization Block 8 less necessary. Control Block 13 implements control over System 1 through Control Lines 14, 15 and 16, which control aspects of Organization Block 8, AV Block 9 and Composite Block 11, respectively. Each of these Control Lines may allow two-way communication. Control Lines 14 and 15 are shown as communicating with AV Block Stream Flow Controller 18 and with Organization Block Stream Flow Controller 17. These Stream Flow Controllers contain functionality controlled by Control Block 13. In the embodiment illustrated, the Stream Flow Controllers are shown as the first stage in a two-stage pipeline, with information being processed by the Stream Flow Controller and then passed on to the associated functional block. This allows isolation ofthe control functionality from the content manipulation and display functionality ofthe system, and allows control to be added in without altering the underlying functionality ofthe blocks. In an alternate embodiment, the Stream Flow Controllers might be integrated directly into the associated functional blocks. Stream Flow Controllers 17 and 18 contain Cryptographic Engines 19 and 20, respectively. These Cryptographic Engines operate under control of Control Block 13 to decrypt and/or cryptographically validate (e.g., perform secure hashing, message authentication code, and/or digital signature functions) the encrypted packet streams received from Demux 7. Decryption and validation may be selective or optional according to the protection requirements for the stream. Cryptographic Engines 19 and 20 may be relatively complex, and may, for example, include a validation calculator that performs cryptographic hashing, message authentication code calculation, and/or other cryptographic validation processes. In addition, as is described further below, additional types of governance-related processing may also be used. In one alternative embodiment, a single Stream Flow Controller may be used for both Organization Stream 3 and Audio/Video Streams 4-5. This may reduce the cost of and space used by System 1. These reductions may be significant, since System 1 - 9 - may contain multiple AV Blocks, each handling a separate Audio or Video Stream in parallel. This alternative may, however, impose a latency overhead which may be unacceptable in a real-time system. If the Stream Flow Controllers are concentrated in a single block, they may be incorporated directly into Demux 7, which may handle governance processing prior to routing sfreams to the functional blocks. Such an embodiment would allow for governed decryption or validation ofthe entirety of Bit Stream 2, which could occur prior to the routing of streams to individual functional blocks. Encryption ofthe entirety of Bit Stream 2 (as opposed to individual encryption of individual ESs) might be difficult or impossible without incorporating stream controller functionality into Demux 7, since Demux 7 might otherwise have no ability to detect or read the header information necessary to route streams to functional blocks (that header information presumably being encrypted). As is noted above, each ofthe individual streams contained in Bit Stream 2 may be individually encrypted. An encrypted stream may be identified by a particular indicator in the header ofthe stream, shown in FIG. 2 as Governance Indicator 205. When a header is passed by Demux 7 to the appropriate functional block, the stream flow controller associated with that block reads the header and determines whether the following packets are encrypted or otherwise subject to governance. If the header indicates that no governance is used, the stream flow controller passes the header and the packets through to the functional blocks with no alteration. Governance Indicator 205 may be designed so that conventionally encoded content (e.g., unprotected MPEG-4 content) is recognized as having no Governance Indicator and therefore passed through for normal processing. If a stream flow controller detects a set governance indicator, it passes the ES_ID associated with that stream and the time stamp associated with the current packets to Control Block 13 along Control Line 14 or 15. Control Block 13 then uses the ES_ID and time stamp information to identify which control message(s) are associated with that ES. Associated messages are then invoked and possibly processed, as may be used for governance purposes. A simple governance case is illustrated by FIG. 6, which shows steps which take place using the functional blocks of FIG. 1. In Step 601, Demux 7 encounters a header, and determines that the header is part ofthe AV stream. In Step 602, Demux 7 passes the header to AV Stream Controller 18. In Step 603, AV Stream Controller 18 reads the header and determines that the governance indicator is set, thereby triggering further processing along Path 604. In Step 605, AV Stream Controller 18 obtains the ESJQ3 and - 10 - time stamp from the header and transmits these to Control Block 13, along Control Line 15. In Step 606, Control Block 13 looks up the ES ID and determines that the ES_ID is associated with a particular control message. In Step 611, Control Block 13 uses the time stamp information to choose among control messages, if there is more than one control message associated with a particular ES. In Step 607, Control Block 13 accesses the appropriate control message, and obtains a cryptographic key or keys for decryption and/or validation. In Step 608, Control Block 13 passes the cryptographic key(s) along Control Line 15 to AV Stream Controller 18. In Step 609, AV Stream Controller 18 uses the cryptographic key as an input to Cryptographic Engine 20, which decrypts and/or validates the packets following the header as those packets are received from Demux 7. In Step 610, the decrypted packets are then passed to AV Block 9, which decompresses and processes them in a conventional manner. Time stamp information may be useful when it is desirable to change the control message applicable to a particular ES. For example, it may be useful to encode different portions of a stream with different keys, so that an attacker breaking one key (or even a number of keys) will not be able to use the content. This can be done by associating a number of control messages with the same stream, with each control message being valid for a particular period. The time stamp information would then be used to choose which control message (and key) to use at a particular time. Alternatively, one confrol message may be used, but with updated information being passed in through the Control Stream, the updates consisting of a new time stamp and a new key. In an alternative embodiment, Control Block 13 may proactively send the appropriate keys to the appropriate stream flow controller by using time stamp information to determine when a key will be will be needed. This may reduce overall latency. Control Line 16 from FIG. 1 comes into play once information has been passed from Organization Block 8 and AV Block 9 to Composite Block 11, and the finished work is prepared for rendering through Rendering Device 12. When Composite Block 11 sends an object to Rendering Device 11, Composite Block 11 sends a start message to Control Block 13. This message identifies the object (including any associated ES_IDs), and specifies the start time ofthe display (or other rendering) of that object. When an object is no longer being rendered, Composite Block 11 sends an end message to Control Block 13, specifying that rendering ofthe object has ended, and the time at which the ending occurred. Multiple copies of a particular object may be rendered at the same time. For this reason, start and stop messages sent by Composite Block 11 may include an assigned instance ID, which specifies which instance of an object is being rendered. - 11 - Control Block 13 may store information relating to start and stop times of particular objects, and/or may pass this information to external devices (e.g., External Server 30) through Port 21. This information allows Control Block 13 to keep track not only of which objects have been decrypted, but of which objects have actually been used. This may be used, since System 1 may decrypt, validate, and/or decompress many more objects than are actually used. Control Block 13 can also determine the length of use of objects, and can determine which objects have been used together. Information of this type may be used for sophisticated billing and auditing systems, which are described further below. Control Line 16 may also be used to control the operation of Composite Block 11. In particular, Control Block 13 may store information specifying when rendering of a particular object is valid, and may keep track ofthe number of times an object has been rendered. If Control Block 13 determines that an object is being rendered illegally (i.e., in violation of rules controlling rendering), Control Block 13 may terminate operation of Composite Block 11, or may force erasure ofthe illegal object. In an alternate embodiment, the level of control provided by Control Line 16 may at least in part be provided without requiring the presence of that line. Instead, Control Block 13 may store a hash ofthe organization information currently valid for Organization Block 8. This hash may be received through Control Stream 6, or, alternatively, may be generated by Control Block 13 based on the information contained in Organization Block 8. Confrol Block 13 may periodically create a hash ofthe information currently resident in Organization Block 8, and compare that to the stored hash. A difference may indicate that an unauthorized alteration has been made to the information in Organization Block 8, thereby potentially allowing a user to render information in a manner violative of the rules associated with that information. In such an event, Control Block 13 may take appropriate action, including deleting the information currently resident in Organization Block 8. If System 1 is designed so that Organization Block 8 controls the use of content by Composite Block 11, so that content cannot be rendered except as is specified by the organization information, Control Block 13 may be able to control rendering of information through verifying that the current Organization Block contents match the hash which has been received by Control Block 13, thereby eliminating at least one reason for the presence of Control Line 16. Control Block 13 may also be responsible for securely validating the origin, integrity, authenticity, or other properties of received content, through cryptographic - 12 - validation means such as secure hashing, message authentication codes, and/or digital signatures. System 1 may also include an Inter-Rights Point, indicated as IRP 22. IRP 22 is a protected processing environment (e.g., a PPE) in which rules/controls may be processed, and which may store sensitive information, such as cryptographic keys. IRP 22 may be incorporated within Control Block 13, or may be a separate module. As is illustrated, IRP 22 may include CPU 23 (which can be any type of processing unit), Cryptographic Engine 24, Random Number Generator 25, Real Time Clock 26, and Secure Memory 27. In particular embodiments, some of these elements may be omitted, and additional functionality may be included. Governance Rules Control messages stored by Control Block 13 may be very complex. FIG. 7 illustrates the form in which the control messages may be stored in Control Block 13, consisting of Array 717. Column 701 consists ofthe address at which the control messages are stored. Column 702 consists ofthe identifier for each confrol message. This function may be combined with that of Column 701, by using the location information of Column 701 as the identifier, or by storing the message in a location which corresponds to the identifier. Column 703 consists ofthe ES_IDs for each stream controlled by the control message. Column 704 consists ofthe message itself. Thus, the control message stored at location 1 has the ID 15, and controls stream 903. In a simple case, the message may include a cryptographic key, used to decrypt the content associated with the sfream(s) controlled by the message. This is illustrated by Cryptographic Key 705 from FIG. 7. Cryptographic keys and/or validation values may also be included to permit cryptographic validation ofthe integrity or origin ofthe stream. In a more complex case, the message may include one or more rules designed to govern access to or use of governed content. Rules may fall into a number of categories. Rules may require that a particular aspect of System 1, or a user of System 1, be verified prior to decryption or use ofthe governed content. For example, System 1 may include System ID 28, which stores a unique identifier for the system. A particular rule contained in a control message may specify that a particular stream can only be decrypted on a system in which System ID 28 contains a particular value. This is illustrated at row 2 in FIG. 7, in which the message is shown as consisting of a rule and commands. The rule may be implicit, and therefore may not be stored explicitly in the table (e.g. the table may store only the rule, the rule - specific functions (commands) invoked by the rule, or only the functions). - 13 - In this case, when Stream Controller 18 encounters a Header for stream 2031 containing a set governance indicator, Stream Controller 18 passes the associated ES_ID (2031) to Control Block 13. Control Block 13 then uses the ESJD to identify Control Message 20 which governs stream 2031. Control Message 20 includes Rule 706, which includes (or invokes) Commands 707, and an Authorized System ID 708. Authorized System ID 708 may have been received by System 1, either as part of Control Message 20, or as part of another control message (e.g., Control Message 9), which Control Message 20 could then reference in order to obtain access to the Authorized System ID. Such a case might exist, for example, if a cable subscriber had pre-registered for a premium show. The cable system might recognize that registration, and authorize the user to view the show, by sending to the user an ID corresponding to the System ID. When Rule 706 is invoked, corresponding Commands 707 access System ID 28 and obtain the system ID number. The commands then compare that number to Authorized System ID 708, specified by Rule 706. If the two numbers match, Commands 707 release Cryptographic Key 709 to Stream Controller 18, which uses Cryptographic Key 709 to decrypt the sfream corresponding to ES_ID 2031. If the two numbers do not match, Commands 707 fail to release Cryptographic Key 709, so that Stream Controller 18 is unable to decrypt the stream. In order to carry out these functions, in one embodiment, Control Block 13 includes, or has access to, a processing unit and memory. The processing unit is preferably capable of executing any ofthe commands which may be included or invoked by any ofthe rules. The memory will store the rules and association information (ID ofthe control message and IDs of any governed ESs). Since the functions being carried out by Control Block 13 are sensitive, and involve governance of content which may be valuable, Control Block 13 may be partially or completely protected by a barrier which resists tampering and observation. As is described above, the processing unit, secure memory, and various other governance-related elements may be contained in IRP 22, which may be included in or separate from Control Block 13. Control Block 13 may also carry out somewhat more complex operations. In one example, a control message may require that information from System 1 not only be accessed and compared to expected information, but stored for future use. For example, a control message might allow decryption of a Stream, but only after System ID 28 has been downloaded to and stored in Control Block 13. This would allow a control message to check the stored System ID against System ID 28 on a regular basis, or perhaps on every - 14 - attempted re- viewing of a particular Stream, thereby allowing the control message to insure that the Stream is only played on a single System. Control Block 13 may also obtain information dynamically. For example, System 1 may include User Interface 29, which can include any type of user input functionality (e.g., hardware buttons, information displayed on a video screen, etc.) A particular rule from a control message may require that the user enter information prior to allowing decryption or use of a stream. That information may, for example, be a password, which the Rule can then check against a stored password to insure that the particular user is authorized to render the stream. Information obtained from the user might be more complicated. For example, a rule might require that the user input payment or personal information prior to allowing release of a cryptographic key. Payment information could, for example, constitute a credit card or debit card number. Personal information could include the user's name, age, address, email address, phone number, etc. Entered information could then be sent through Port 21 to External Server 30 for verification. Following receipt of a verification message from External Server 30, the Rule could then authorize release of a cryptographic key. Alternatively, Control Block 13 may be designed to operate in an "off-line" mode, storing the information pending later hookup to an external device (or network). In such a case, Control Block 13 might require that a connection be made at periodic intervals, or might limit the number of authorizations which may be obtained pending the establishment of an external connection. In a somewhat more complex scenario, a control message may include conditional rules. One particular example is illustrated by row 4 ofthe table shown in FIG. 7, in which Control Message 700 is shown as controlling streams 49-53. Control Message 700 further consists of Rule 710, Commands 711 and Cryptographic Keys 712-716. There could, of course, be a number of additional cryptographic keys stored with the message. In this case, Rule 710 specifies that a user who agrees to pay a certain amount (or provide a certain amount of information) may view Stream 49, but all other users are required to view Stream 50, or a combination of Streams 49 and 50. In this case, Stream 49 may represent a movie or television program, while Stream 50 represents advertisements. In one embodiment, different portions of Stream 49 may be decrypted with different keys so that, for example, a first portion is decrypted with Key 712, a second portion is decrypted with Key 713, a third portion is decrypted with Key 714, and so on. Rule 710 may include all keys used to decrypt the entirety of Stream 49. When the user initially attempts to access the video encoded in Stream 49, Rule 710 could put up a - 15 - message asking if the user would prefer to use pay for view mode or advertising mode. If the user selects pay for view mode, Rule 710 could store (or transmit) the payment information, and pass Cryptographic Key 712 to Stream Controller 18. Stream Controller 18 could use Cryptographic Key 712 to decrypt the first stream until receipt of a header indicating that a different key is needed to decrypt the following set of packets. Upon request by Stream Controller 18, Control Block 13 would then check to determine that payment had been made, and then release Cryptographic Key 713, which would be used to decrypt the following packets, and so on. Rule 710 could additionally release Cryptographic Key 716, corresponding to Organization Stream 52, which corresponds to video without advertisements. If, on the other hand, the user had chosen the advertising mode, Rule 710 could release Cryptographic Key 712 to Stream Controller 18 to allow decryption of Stream 49. Rule 710 could also authorize decryption of Stream 50 which contains the advertisements. Rule 710 could further release Cryptographic Key 715 to Organization Block 8. Cryptographic Key 715 matches Organization Stream 51. Organization Stream 51 references the video from Stream 49, but also references advertisements from Stream 50. Rule 710 would refuse to release Cryptographic Key 716, which corresponds to Organization Stream 52, which corresponds to the video without advertisements. In operation, Control Block 13 could monitor information from Composite Block 11 over Confrol Line 16. That information could include the identity of each object actually rendered, as well as a start and stop time for the rendering. Control Block 13 could use this information to determine that an advertisement had actually been rendered, prior to releasing Cryptographic Key 713 for decryption ofthe second portion of video from Stream 49. This feedback loop allows Control Block 13 to be certain that the advertisements are not only being decrypted, but are also being displayed. This may be necessary because Composite Block 11 may be relatively unprotected, thereby allowing an unscrupulous user to remove advertisements before viewing. A variety of additional relatively complex scenarios are possible. For example, rules from Control Block 13 could customize the programming for a particular geographic location or a particular type of viewer, by using information on the location or the viewer to control conditional decryption or use. This information could be stored in System 1 or entered by the user. In another example, shown at row 5 of Array 717, Rule 719 may specify Budget 718, which may include information relating to the number of uses available to the user, the amount of money the user has to spend, etc. In operation, Rule 719 may require that - 16 - Budget 718 be securely stored and decremented each time a budgeted activity occurs (e.g., each time the associated work is played). Once the budget reaches zero, Rule 719 may specify that the work may no longer be played, or may display a message to the user indicating that the user may obtain additional budget by, for example, entering a credit card number or password, or contacting an external server. In another example, a rule may control the ability of a user to copy a work to another device. The rule may, for example, specify that the user is authorized to use the governed work on more than one device, but with only one use being valid at any time. The rule may specify that an indication be securely stored regarding whether the user has "checked out" the work. If the user copies the work to another device (e.g., through Port 21), the rule may require that the work only be transmitted in encrypted form, and that the relevant control messages be transmitted along with it. The rule can further require that an indicator be securely set, and that the indicator be checked each time the user attempts to use or copy the work. If the indicator is set, the rule might require that the work not be decrypted or used, since the user only has the right to use the work on one device at a time, and the indicator establishes that the work is currently "checked out" to another device and has not been checked back in. The receiving device may include the same type of indicator, and may allow the user to use the work only as long as the indicator is not set. If the user desires to use the work on the original device, the two devices may communicate, with the indicator being set in the second and reset in the first. This allows the work to be stored in two locations, but only used in one. In another embodiment, the same result may be reached by copying the relevant control message from one device to the other, then erasing it from the original device. Because the control message includes keys used for decryption, this would insure that the work could only be used in one device at a time. In one embodiment, this technique may be used to communicate digital media files (e.g., music, video, etc.) from a personal computer to a consumer electronics device without allowing the user to make multiple choices for simultaneous use. Thus, a larger, more sophisticated device (e.g., a personal computer), could download a file, then "check out" the file to a portable device lacking certain functions present in the personal computer (e.g., a hand-held music player). Rules may also be used to specify that an initial user may transfer the file to another user, but only by giving up control over the file. Such rules could operate similarly to the - 17 - technique described above for transferring a file from one device to another, or could require that the original file be entirely erased from the original device after the transfer. Rules in Control Block 13 may be added or updated through at least two channels. New rules may be obtained through Control Stream 6. If a control message contains an identifier corresponding to a control message already present in Control Block 13, that control message (including contained rules) may overwrite the original control message. A new rule may, for example, be identical to an existing rule, but with a new time stamp and new keys, thereby allowing decryption of a stream which had been encrypted with multiple keys. System 1 may be designed so that certain rules may not be overwritable. This may be enforced by designating certain positions in Array 717 as non-overwritable, or by providing a flag or other indicator to show that a particular rule cannot be overwritten or altered. This would allow for certain "types of superdistribution models, including allowing a downstream distributor to add rules without allowing the downstream distributor to remove or alter the rules added by upstream distributors. In addition, new rules may be encoded into Organization Stream 3, Audio Stream 4, or Video Stream 5, in the form of a watermark or steganographic encoding. New rules may also be obtained through Port 21. Port 21 may connect to an external device (e.g., a smart card, portable memory, etc.) or may connect to an external network (e.g., External Server 30). Rules may be obtained through Port 21 either in an ad hoc manner, or as a result of requests sent by Control Block 13. For example, Control Message 14 (FIG. 7, row 6) may include a rule specifying that a new rule be downloaded from a particular URL, and used to govern Stream 1201. Confrol messages, including rules, may be encoded using secure transmission formats such as DigiBoxes. A DigiBox is a secure container means for delivering a set of business rules, content description information, content decryption information and/or content validation information. One or more DigiBoxes can be placed into the headers of the media content or into data streams within the media. FIG. 12 illustrates one embodiment ofthe DigiBox format and the manner in which that format is incorporated into a control message. Control Message 1201 is made up of Control Message Header 1202 and Control Message Contents 1203. As is described elsewhere, Control Message Header 1202 may include information used by Demux 7 (FIG. 1) to appropriately route the message to Control Block 13. Control Message Contents 1203 of Control Message 1201 consists of DigiBox 1204, and may also include additional information. DigiBox 1204 consists of DigiBox Header 1205, Rules 1206 and Data 1207. Rules 1206 may include one or more rules. Data - 18 - 1207 may include various types of data, including ES_ID 1208, Cryptographic Key 1209, and Validation Data 1210. Data 1207 may also include cryptographic information such as a specification ofthe encryption algorithm, chaining modes used with the algorithm, keys and initialization vectors used by the decryption and chaining. Initialization vectors contained within Data 1207 are similar to cryptographic keys, in that they constitute input to the original encryption process and therefore are necessary for decryption. In one well-known prior art embodiment, the initialization vectors may be generated by starting with a base initialization vector (a 64 bit random number) and xor'ing in the frame number or start time for the content item. Validation Data 1210 contained within Data 1207 may include cryptographic has or authentication values, cryptographic keys for calculating keyed authentication values (e.g., message authentication codes), digital signatures, and/or public key certificates used in validating digital certificates. Thus, the DigiBox may incorporate the information described above as part ofthe control message, including the rules, the stream ID and the cryptographic keys and values. In an alternative embodiment, DigiBox Header 1205 may be designed so that it can be read by Demux 7 and routed to Control Block 13. In such an embodiment, DigiBox 1204 would itself constitute the entirety ofthe control message, thus obviating the need to nest DigiBox 1204 within Control Message 1201. Some or all ofthe contents of DigiBox 1204 will generally be encrypted. This may include Rules 1206, Data 1207, and possibly some or all of Header 1205. System 1 may be designed so that a DigiBox may only be decrypted (opened) in a protected environment such as IRP 22. In an alternate embodiment, Control Block 13 may directly incorporate the functionality of IRP 22, so that the DigiBox may be opened in Control Block 13 without the necessity of routing the DigiBox to ERP 22 for processing. In one embodiment, the cryptographic key used to decrypt DigiBox 1204 may be stored in IRP 22 (or Control Block 13), so that the DigiBox can only be opened in that protected environment. Rules 1206 are rules governing access to or use of DigiBox Data 1207. In one embodiment, these rules do not directly confrol the governed sfreams. Since Cryptographic Key 1209 can only be accessed and used through compliance with Rules 1206, however, Rules 1206 in fact indirectly control the governed streams, since those streams can only be decrypted through use ofthe key, which can only be obtained in compliance with the rules. In another embodiment, Data 1207 may include additional rules, which may be extracted from the DigiBox and stored in a table such as Array 717 of FIG. 7. - 19 - The rules governing access to or use of a DigiBox may accompany the DigiBox, (as shown in FIG. 12) or may be separately transmitted, in which event Rules 1206 would contain a pointer or reference to the rules used to access Data 1207. Upon receipt of a DigiBox, Control Block 13 may receive rules separately through Control Sfream 6, or may request and receive rules through Port 21. Pipelined Implementation One potential drawback to the system illustrated in FIG.l consists ofthe fact that the system introduces complexity and feedback into a pipelined system designed to render content in real time. The rendering pipeline generally consists of Demux 7, Organization Block 8 and AV Block 9, Composite Block 11 and Rendering Device 12. Because content is received in a streamed fashion, and must be rendered in real time, pipelined processing must occur in a highly efficient manner, under tight time constraints. A failure to process within the time available may mean that output to Rendering Device 12 may be interrupted, or that incoming Bit Sfream 2 may overflow available buffers, thereby causing the loss of some portion of the incoming data. An alternative embodiment of System 1 is designed to address these problems, although at a possible cost in the ability to use standard system components and a possible cost in overall system security. This alternative embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 11, which shows System 1101. System 1101 is similar to System 1 from FIG. 1 in many respects. It receives Bit Stream 1102, which consists of Organization Stream 1103, Audio Stream 1104, Video Stream 1105 and Control Stream 1106. These sfreams are received by Demux 1107, which passes Organization Stream 1103 to Organization Block and passes Audio Stream 1104 and Video Stream 1105 to AV Block 1109. Organization Block 1108 and AV Block 1109 operate similarly to their counterparts in FIG. 1, and pass information to Composite Block 1110, which organizes the information into a coherent whole and passes it to Rendering Device 1111. Streams sent to Organization Block 1108 are decrypted and/or validated by Stream Flow Controller 1112, and streams sent to AV Block 1109 are decrypted and/or validated by Stream Flow Controller 1113. System 1101 differs from System 1, however, in that control and feedback are distributed, and integrated directly into the processing and rendering pipeline. System 1101 thus lacks a separate control block, and also lacks a feedback path back from the Composite Block 1110. In System 1101, confrol is exercised directly at Organization Block 1108 and AV Block 1109. As in System 1, cryptographic keys are received through Control Stream 1106 - 20 - ( in an alternative embodiment, the keys could be incorporated directly into header or other information in Organization Stream 1103 or Audio/Video Streams 1104 and 1105). Those keys are included in a data format which includes information regarding the stream type of the encrypted content and, if multiple stream types are possible, an identifier for the particular controlled stream. When Demux 1107 encounters a key in Confrol Sfream 1106, it reads the information relating to the stream type, and routes the key to the appropriate stream flow controller. If Demux 1107 encounters a key designated for decryption or validation of Organization Stream 1103, for example, it routes that key to Stream Flow Controller 1112. Stream Flow Controller 1112 stores received keys in Storage Location 1114. Storage Location 1114 stores the keys and also stores an indicator ofthe controlled stream ID. Stream Flow Controller 1112 includes Cryptographic Engine 1115, which uses the received keys to decrypt and/or validate encrypted and/or protected portions of Organization Stream 1103. The keys may themselves be received in an encrypted manner, in order to provide some degree of security. In such a case, Stream Flow Controller may use a variety of techniques to decrypt the key, including using stored information as a key, or as a key seed. That stored information could, for example, constitute a "meta-key" provided earlier through Bit Stream 1102 or through a separate port. Stream Flow Controller 1113, associated with AN Block 1109, contains a corresponding Storage Location 1116 and Cryptographic Engine 1117, and operates in a manner similar to the operation described for Stream Flow Controller 1112. This implementation avoids the latency penalty which may be inherent in the necessity for communication between stream flow controllers and a separate control block. This alternate implementation may also eliminate the feedback channel from the composite block (FIG.l, Control Line 16). This feedback channel may be used in order to insure that the content being passed from Composite Block 11 to Rendering Device 12 is content that has been authorized for rendering. In the alternate embodiment shown in FIG.l 1, this feedback channel does not exist. Instead, this implementation relies on the fact that Composite Block 1110 depends upon information from Organization Block 1108 to determine the exact structure ofthe information being sent to Rendering Device 1111. Composite Block 1110 cannot composite information in a manner contrary to the organization dictated by Organization Block 1108. In one embodiment, this control by Organization Block 1108 may be sufficient to obviate the need for any feedback, since Organization Block 1108 may be designed so that - 21 - it accepts information only through Stream Controller 1112, and Stream Controller 1112 may be designed so that it only decrypts or validates information under the control of rules stored in Storage Location 1114. In such an embodiment, security may be further increased by incorporating Secure Memory 1118 into Organization Block 1108. Secure Memory 1118 may store a copy or hash ofthe organization tree validly decrypted by Stream Controller 1112, and in current use in Main Organization Block Memory 1119. Organization Block 1108 may be used to periodically compare the organization tree stored in Main Organization Block Memory 1119 to the tree stored in Secure Memory 1118. If a discrepancy is spotted, this may indicate that an attacker has altered the organization tree stored in Main Organization Block 1119, thereby possibly allowing for the rendering of content in violation of applicable rules. Under such circumstances, Organization Block 1108 may be used to take protective measures, including replacing the contents of Main Organization Block Memory 1119 with the contents of Secure Memory 1118. MPEG-4 Implementation The generic system described above may be embodied in an MPEG-4 system, as illustrated in FIG. 8, which shows MPEG-4 System 801. MPEG-4 System 801 accepts MPEG-4 Bit Stream 802 as input. MPEG-4 Bit Stream 802 includes BIFS Stream 803, OD Stream 804, Audio Stream 805, Video Stream 806 and IPMP Stream 807. These streams are passed to Demux 808, which examines header information and routes packets as appropriate, to BIFS 809, AVO 810, OD 811 or IPMP System 812. IPMP System 812 receives IPMP messages through IPMP Stream 807. Those messages may include header information identifying the particular message, as well as an associated IPMP message. The IPMP message may include control information, which may include a cryptographic key, validation information, and/or may include complex governance rules, as are described above. Stream Controllers 813, 814 and 815 act to decrypt, validate, and/or govern streams passed to BIFS 809, AVO 810 and OD 811, respectively. OD 811 holds object descriptors, which contain metadata describing particular objects. This metadata includes an identifier ofthe particular Elementary Stream or streams which include the object, and may also include a pointer to a particular IPMP message which governs the object. Alternatively, the relationship between IPMP messages and particular objects or streams may be stored in a table or other form within IPMP System 812. - 22 - IPMP System 812 may exercise control over other functional blocks through Control Lines 816, 817, 818 and 819, each of which may transmit control/governance signals from IPMP System 812 and information or requests from other functional blocks to IPMP System 812. The information requests may include an ES_ID and a time stamp, which IPMP System 812 may use to determine which particular message (e.g., key) should be used and when. In an alternative embodiment, IPMP System 812 may exercise control over Composite and Render 821 by receiving a hash ofthe currently valid BIFS tree (possibly through IPMP stream 807), and periodically checking the hash against the BIFS tree stored in BIFS 809. Because BIFS 809 controls the manner in which Composite and Render 821 renders information, if IPMP System 812 confirms that the current BIFS tree is the same as the authorized tree received through BIFS Stream 803, IPMP System 812 can confirm that the proper content is being rendered, even without receiving feedback directly from Composite and Render 821. This may be necessary, since BIFS 809 may communicate with Port 822, which may allow a user to insert information into BIFS 809, thereby creating a possibility that a user could insert an unauthorized BIFS tree and thereby gain unauthorized access to content. When a stream controller receives encrypted or otherwise governed information, it may send the ES ID and time stamp directly to IPMP System 812. Alternatively, it may send this information to OD 811, which may reply with the ID ofthe IPMP message which governs that object or stream. The stream controller can then use that IPMP message ID to request decryption, validation, and/or governance from IPMP System 812. Alternatively, OD 811 can pass the IPMP ID to IPMP System 812, which can initiate contact with the appropriate stream controller. IPMP System 812 may obtain IPMP information through two channels other than IPMP Stream 807. The first of these channels is Port 820, which may be directly connected to a device or memory (e.g., a smart card, a DVD disk, etc.) or to an external network (e.g., the Internet). An IPMP message may contain a pointer to information obtainable through Port 812, such as a URL, address on a DVD disk, etc. That URL may contain specific controls needed by the IPMP message, or may contain ancillary required information, such as, for example, information relating to the budget of a particular user. IPMP System 812 may also obtain IPMP information through OD updates contained in OD Stream 804. OD Stream 804 contains metadata identifying particular objects. A particular OD Message may take the format shown in FIG. 9. In this figure, OD Message 901 includes Header 902, which identifies the following packets as part ofthe OD - 23 - stream, and indicates the number of packets. OD Message 901 further consists of Message 903, which includes a series of Pointers 904 and associated Metadata 905. Each Pointer 904 identifies a particular Elementary Stream, and the associated metadata is applicable to that stream. Finally, OD Message 901 may contain an IPMP Pointer 906, which identifies a particular IPMP message. In aggregate, the information contained in OD Message 901 constitutes an object descriptor, since it identifies and describes each elementary stream which makes up the object, and identifies the IPMP message which governs the object. OD Message 901 may be stored in OD 811, along with other messages, each constituting an object descriptor. Object descriptors stored in OD 811 may be updated through OD Stream 804, which may pass through a new object descriptor corresponding to the same object. The new object descriptor then overwrites the existing object descriptor. This mechanism may be used to change the IPMP message which controls a particular object, by using a new object descriptor which is identical to the existing object descriptor, with the exception of the IPMP pointer. OD Stream 804 can also carry IPMP_DescriptorUpdate messages. Each such message may have the same format as IPMP messages carried on the IPMP stream, including an IPMP ID and an IPMP message. IPMP DescriptorUpdate messages may be stored in a table or array in OD 811, or may be passed to IPMP System 812, where they may overwrite existing stored IPMP messages, or may add to the stored messages. Since IPMP information may be separately conveyed through the OD stream or the IPMP stream, MPEG-4 System 801 may be designed so that it only accepts information through one or the other of these channels. In another embodiment, the existence ofthe two channels may be used to allow multi-stage distribution, with governance added at later stages, but with no risk that later alterations may override governance added at an earlier stage. Such a system is illustrated in FIG. 10. In this Figure, IPMP System 812 includes IPMP Table 1002, which has slots for 256 IPMP messages. This table stores the IPMP_ID implicitly, as the location at which the information is stored, shown in Column 1003. The IPMP message associated with IPMP_ID 4, for example, is stored at slot 4 of IPMP Table 1002. Each location in IPMP Table 1002 includes Valid Indicator 1004 and Source Indicator 1005. Valid Indicator 1004 is set for a particular location when an IPMP message is stored at that location. This allows IPMP System 812 to identify slots which are - 24 - unfilled, which otherwise might be difficult, since at start-up the slots may be filled with random information. This also allows IPMP System 812 to identify messages which are no longer valid and which may be replaced. Valid Indicator 1004 may store time stamp information for the period during which the message is valid with IPMP System 812 determining validity by checking the stored time stamp information against the currently valid time. Source Indicator 1005 is set based on whether the associated IPMP message was received from IPMP Stream 807 or from OD Stream 804. These indicators allow IPMP System 812 to establish a hierarchy of messages, and to control the manner in which messages are added and updated. IPMP System 812 may be designed to evaluate the indicators for a particular location once a message is received corresponding to that location. If the valid indicator is set to invalid, IPMP System 812 may be designed to automatically write the IPMP message into that slot. If the valid indicator is set to valid, IPMP System 812 may then be designed to check the source indicator. If the source indicator indicates that the associated message was received through OD Stream 804, IPMP System 1812 may be designed to overwrite the existing message with the new message. If, however, the source indicator indicates that the associated message was received through IPMP Sfream 807, IPMP System 812 may be designed to check the source ofthe new message. That check may be accomplished by examining the header associated with the new message, to determine if the new message was part of OD Stream 804 or part of IPMP Stream 807. Alternatively, IPMP System 812 may derive this information by determining whether the message was received directly from Demux 808 or through OD 811. If the new message came through IPMP Stream 807, IPMP System 812 may be designed to store the new message in Table 1002, overwriting the existing message. If the new message came through OD Stream 804, on the other hand, IPMP System 812 may be designed to reject the new message. This message hierarchy can be used to allow for a hierarchy of control. A studio, for example, may encode a movie in MPEG-4 format. The studio may store IPMP messages in the IPMP sfream. Those messages may include a requirement that IPMP System 812 require that a trailer for another movie from the same studio be displayed prior to the display ofthe feature movie. IPMP System 812 could be used to monitor the beginning and end of rendering ofthe trailer (using feedback through Control Line 819) to ensure that the entire trailer plays, and that the user does not fast- forward through it. - 25 - The movie studio could encrypt the various elementary streams, including the IPMP sfream. The movie studio could then provide the movie to a distributor, such as a cable channel. The movie studio could provide the distributor with a key enabling the distributor to decrypt the OD stream (or could leave the OD stream unencrypted), and the ability to insert new messages in that stream. The cable channel could, for example, include a rule in the OD stream specifying that the IPMP system check to determine if a user has paid for premium viewing, decrypt the movie if premium viewing has been paid for, but insert advertisements (and require that they be rendered) if premium viewing has not been paid for). The cable channel would therefore have the ability to add its own rules into the MPEG-4 Bit Stream, but with no risk that the cable channel would eliminate or alter the rules used by the movie studio (e.g., by changing the trailer from a movie being promoted by the studio to a rival movie being promoted by the cable channel). The studio's rules could specify the types of new rules which would be allowed through the OD stream, thereby providing the studio a high degree of control. This same mechanism could be used to allow superdistribution of content, possibly from one user to another. A user could be provided with a programming interface enabling the insertion of messages into the OD stream. A user might, for example, insert a message requiring that a payment of $1.00 be made to the user's account before the movie can be viewed. The user could then provide the movie to another user (or distribute it through a medium whereby copying is uncontrolled, such as the Internet), and still receive payment. Because the user's rules could not overrule the studio's rules, however, the studio could be certain that its rules would be observed. Those might include rules specifying the types of rules a user would be allowed to add (e.g., limiting the price for redistribution). MPEG-4 System 801 may also be designed to include a particular type of IPMP system, which may be incompatible with IPMP systems that may be designed into other MPEG-4 systems. This may be possible because the MPEG-4 standard does not specify the format ofthe information contained in the IPMP stream, thereby allowing different content providers to encode information in differing manners. IPMP System 812 in MPEG-4 System 801 may be designed for an environment in which differing IPMP formats exist. That system may scan the IPMP stream for headers that are compatible with IPMP System 812. All other headers (and associated packets) may be discarded. Such a mechanism would allow content providers to incorporate the same IPMP message in multiple formats, without any concern that encountering an unfamiliar format would cause an IPMP system to fail. In particular, IPMP headers can - 26 - incorporate an IPMP System Type Identifier. Those identifiers could be assigned by a central authority, to avoid the possibility that two incompatible systems might choose the same identifier. IPMP System 801 might be designed to be compatible with multiple formats. In such a case, IPMP System 801 might scan headers to locate the first header containing an IPMP System Identifier compatible with IPMP System 801. IPMP System 801 could then select only headers corresponding to that IPMP System Identifier, discarding all other headers, including headers incorporating alternate IPMP System Identifiers also recognized by the IPMP system. Such a design would allow a content provider to provide multiple formats, and to order them from most to least preferred, by including the most preferred format first, the second most preferred format second, and so on. Since IPMP System 801 locks onto the first compatible format it finds, this ordering in IPMP Stream 801 would insure that the IPMP system chose the format most desired by the content provider. Even if different IPMP formats are used, content will probably be encoded (and encrypted) using a single algorithm, since sending multiple versions of content would impose a significant bandwidth burden. Thus, ordinarily it will be necessary for content to be encrypted using a recognized and common encryption scheme. One such scheme could use the DES algorithm in output feedback mode. This method of screening IPMP headers, and locking onto a particular format may also be used to customize an MPEG-4 bit Stream for the functional capabilities of a particular MPEG-4 system. Systems capable of rendering MPEG-4 content may span a considerable range of functionality, from high-end home theaters to handheld devices. Governance options suitable for one type of system may be irrelevant to other systems. For example, MPEG-4 System 801 may include a connection to the Internet through Port 820, whereas a second MPEG-4 system (for example a handheld Walkmanlike device) may lack such a connection. A content provider might want to provide an option to a viewer, allowing the viewer to see content for free in return for providing information about the viewer. The content provider could insert a rule asking the user whether the user wants to view the content at a cost, or enter identification information. The rule could then send the information through a port to the Internet, to a URL specified in the rule. A site at that URL could then evaluate the user information, and download advertisements targeted to the particular user. Although this might be a valuable option for a content provider, it obviously makes no sense for a device which is not necessarily connected to the Internet. It would make no - 27 - sense to present this option to the user of a non-connected device, since even if that user entered the information, the rule would have no way to provide the information to an external URL or download the advertisements. In such a case, the content provider might prefer to require that the user watch preselected ads contained in the original MPEG-4 bit stream. Header information in the IPMP stream could be used to customize an MPEG-4 bit stream for particular devices. As with the IPMP System Type information, IPMP Header information could include MPEG-4 System Types. These could include 8 or 16-bit values, with particular features represented by bit maps. Thus, the presence of a bit at position 2, for example, could indicate that a device includes a persistent connection to the Internet. An IPMP system could then evaluate the headers, and lock on to the first header describing functionality less than or equal to the functionality contained in the MPEG-4 device in which the IPMP system is embedded. If the header constituted a complete match for the functionality ofthe MPEG-4 device, the IPMP system could then cease looking. If the header constitutes less than a complete match (e.g., a header for a system which has an Internet connection, but lacks a digital output port, when the system includes both), the IPMP system can lock on to that header, but continue to scan for closer matches, locking on to a closer match if and when one is found. The IPMP messages identified by a particular header would be those suited for the particular functionality ofthe MPEG-4 device, and would allow for customization ofthe MPEG-4 bit stream for that functionality. In the context ofthe example given above, the IPMP system for an MPEG-4 device containing an Internet connection would lock on to a particular header, and would download the IPMP messages characterized by that header. Those messages would prompt the user for information, would provide that information to the URL, and would authorize decryption and rendering ofthe movie, with the advertisements inserted at the appropriate spot. In the case of an MPEG-4 device without an Internet connection, on the other hand, the IPMP system would lock onto a set of headers lacking the bit indicating an Internet connection, and would download the rules associated with that header. Those rules might not provide any option to the user. The rules might allow decryption ofthe content, but would also specify decryption of an additional ES from the MPEG-4 sfream. That additional ES would contain the advertisements, and the IPMP system would require decryption and rendering ofthe advertisements, checking Control Line 819 to make certain that this had occurred. In the case ofthe system with the Internet connection, however, the rules allowing decryption and requiring rendering ofthe ES containing the advertisements - 28 - would never be loaded, since those rules would be contained within messages identified by the wrong type of header. The advertisement ES would therefore never be decrypted and would be ignored by the MPEG-4 device. FIG. 21 illustrates one manner in which a protected MPEG-4 file may be created. In this figure, CreateBox 2101 represents a DigiBox creation utility, which accepts keys and rules. In one embodiment, CreateBox 2101 may pass these keys and rules to IRP 2102 and receive DigiBox 2103 from IRP 2102. In another embodiment, IRP 2102 may be incorporated into CreateBox 2101, which accepts keys and rules and outputs DigiBox 2103. DigiBox 2103 contains governance rules, initialization vectors and keys. DigiBox 2103 is passed from CreateBox 2101 to Bif Encoder 2104. Bif Encoder 2104 may be conventional, with the exception that it is designed to accept and process DigiBoxes such as DigiBox 2103. Bif Encoder 2104 also accepts a .txt file containing a scene graph, and initial object descriptor commands. Bif Encoder 2104 outputs a .bif file, containing the scene graph stream (in compressed binary form) and a .od file, containing the initial object descriptor commands, the object descriptor stream, and DigiBox 2103. Bif Encoder 2104 passes the .bif file and the .od file to Mux 2105. Mux 2105 also accepts compressed audio and video files, as well as a .ser file that contains the stream description. Mux 2105 creates IPMP streams, descriptors and messages, encrypts the content streams, interleaves the received streams, and outputs Protected MPEG-4 Content File 2106, consisting of Initial Object Descriptor 2107 and Encrypted Content 2108. Initial Object Descriptor 2107 contains DigiBox 2103, as well as other information. Encrypted Content 2108 may include a scene graph sfream (i.e., a BIFS stream), an object descriptor stream, IPMP streams, and encrypted content streams. If DigiBox 2103 contains all keys and rules necessary to render all ofthe content, it may be unnecessary for Mux 2105 to create any IPMP streams. If additional keys or rules may be necessary for at least a portion ofthe content, Mux 2105 may incorporate those rules and keys into one or more additional DigiBoxes, and incorporate those DigiBoxes either in the IPMP stream or in the OD update stream. FIG. 22 illustrates one manner in which control may be incorporated into an existing MPEG-4 stream. In this figure, Unprotected MPEG-4 Content File 2201 includes Initial Object Descriptor 2202 and Content 2203. The content may include a scene description stream (or BIF sfream), an object descriptor stream, a video stream, an audio stream, and possibly additional content streams. - 29 - Unprotected MPEG-4 Content File 2201 is passed to Repackager 2204, which also accepts keys and rules. Repackager 2204 passes the keys and rules to IRP 2205, and receives DigiBox 2206 in return, containing keys, rules and initialization vectors. In an alternate embodiment, IRP 2205 may be incorporated directly into Repackager 2204. Repackager 2204 demuxes Unprotected MPEG-4 Content File 2201. It inserts DigiBox 2206 into the Initial Object Descriptor and encrypts the various content streams. Repackager 2204 also adds the IPMP stream, if this is necessary (including if additional DigiBoxes are necessary). Repackager 2204 outputs Protected MPEG-4 Content File 2207, consisting of Initial Object Descriptor 2208 (including DigiBox 2206) and Encrypted Content 2209 (consisting of various streams, including the IPMP streams, if necessary). Real Networks Implementation In one embodiment, the elements described above may be used in connection with information encoded in compliance with formats established by Real Networks, Inc. The Real Networks file format (RMFF) is illustrated in FIG. 13. This format includes a block of headers at the beginning (Header 1301), followed by a collection of content packets (Content 1302), followed by an index used for seek and goto operations (Index 1303). Each file can contain several streams of different types. For each stream, there is a "Media Properties Header" (1304) used to describe the format ofthe media content (e.g., compression format) and provide stream specific information (e.g., parameters for the decompressor). Real Networks streams can be protected by inserting a DigiBox into Header 1301 and encrypting the data packets contained in Content 1302. The altered format is illustrated in FIG.14, which shows Header 1401, including Media Properties Headers 1402 and 1403, which in turn contain DigiBoxes 1404 and 1405, respectively. The format also includes encrypted Content 1406 and Index 1407. In one embodiment, the declared type ofthe data is changed from the standard Real Networks format to a new type (e.g., RNWK_Protected.) The old type is then saved. Changing the type forces the Real Networks player to load a "Trust Plugin," since this Plugin is registered as the only decoder module that can process streams of type "RNWK- Protected." The Trust Plugin opens the DigiBox, gets approval from the user, if it is needed, determines the original content type, loads a decoder plugin for the original content, and then decrypts and/or validates the content, passing it to the content decoder plugin to be decompressed and presented to the user. - 30 - In one embodiment, the specific alterations made to the Real Networks file format are the following: • Increase the preroll time to force larger buffers on playback. In a current embodiment, an increase of 3 seconds is used. Larger buffers are needed because ofthe extra steps needed to decrypt the content. • Modify each stream-specific header by changing the mime type to "RNWK-Protected", saving the old mime type in the decoder specific information and adding a content identifier and DigiBox to the decoder specific information. The DigiBox contains the key, initialization vector (IV), version information, and watermarking instructions. The key, IV and content identifier are generated automatically, or can be provided as command-line parameters. The same key, IV and content identifier are used for every stream. • Content packets are selectively encrypted. In one embodiment, content packets whose start time in milliseconds is in the first half-second of each 5 seconds (i.e., starttime % 5000 < 500) are encrypted. This encrypts approximately one-tenth ofthe content reducing encryption and decryption costs, and damages the content, sufficiently to prevent resale. The encryption algorithm can be DES using output-feedback mode or any similar algorithm. The initialization vector is computed for each packet by xoring the stream's IV with the packet's start time in milliseconds. Some information unique to the stream should also be xored into the TV. In one embodiment, the same IN is used for multiple packets whenever two or more streams have packets with the same start time. This usually happens for the first packet in each sfream since they usually have start time 0. Other than the first packet, it is rare to have two packets have the same start time. In one embodiment, these changes to the Real Networks file format are accomplished as is shown in FIG. 15. As is illustrated, RMFF file 1501 is formatted in the standard Real Networks RMFF format. This file is passed to Packager 1502. Also passed to Packager 1502 is Rights File 1503. Packager 1503 generates Protected RMFF File 1504, which includes various alterations as described above and as listed in FIG. 15, including the incorporation of one or more DigiBoxes in the header, encryption ofthe content, modification ofthe mime type, etc. In one embodiment, the trust plugin described above is illustrated in FIGs. 16 and 17. FIG. 16 illustrates the standard Real Networks architecture. File 1601 (e.g., a streaming audio file in Real Networks format) is provided to Real Networks G2 Client - 31 - Core 1602. File 1601 may be provided to RealNetworks G2 Client Core 1602 from Server 1603, or through Direct Connection 1604. Upon receipt of File 1601, Real Networks G2 Client Core 1602 accesses a rendering plugin appropriate to File 1601, based on information which is obtained from the header associated with File 1601. Rendering Plugins 1605 and 1606 are shown. If File 1601 is of a type which cannot be rendered by either Rendering Plugin 1605 or Rendering Plugin 1606, Real Networks G2 Client Core 1602 may attempt to access an appropriate plugin, e.g., by asking for the user's assistance or by accessing a site associated with the particular file type. Rendering Plug-In 1605 or 1606 processes File 1601 in a conventional manner. This processing most likely includes decompression of File 1601, and may include other types of processing useful for rendering the content. Once this processing is complete (keeping in mind that the content is streamed, so that processing may be occurring on one set of packets at the same time that another set of packets is being rendered), File 1601 is passed back to Real Networks G2 Client Core 1602, which then passes the information to Rendering Device 1607. Rendering Device 1607 may, for example, be a set of stereo speakers, a television receiver, etc. FIG. 17 illustrates the manner in which a trust plugin operates within the overall Real Networks architecture. Much ofthe architecture illustrated in FIG. 17 is the same as that illustrated in FIG. 16. Thus, File 1701 is provided to Real Networks G2 Client Core 1702 through Server 1703 or through Direct Connection 1704. The file is processed by Real Networks G2 Client Core 1702, using plugins, including Rendering Plugins 1705 and 1706, and is then passed to Rendering Device 1707. FIG. 17 differs from FIG. 16 in its incorporation of Trust Plugins 1708 and 1709, and IRP 1710. When initially registered with Real Networks G2 Client Core 1702, Trust Plugins 1708 and 1709 inform Real Networks G2 Client Core 1702 that they can process content of type RNWK-Protected. Whenever Real Networks G2 Client Core 1702 encounters a stream of this type, it is then enabled to create an instance ofthe trust plugin to process the stream, e.g., Trust Plugin 1708. It then passes the stream to the trust plugin. The stream passed to Trust Plugin 1708 may be in the format shown in FIG. 14. In such a case, Trust Plugin 1708 extracts DigiBox 1404 from Media Properties Header 1402. It also extracts the content id and original mime type from Media Properties Header 1402. The Trust Plugin first checks to see if any other stream with the same content identifier has been opened. If so, then DigiBox 1404 is not processed further. Instead, the key and IN from the box for this other stream are used. This avoids the time cost of opening a second - 32 - box. Also, this ensures that a user is only asked to pay once even if there are multiple protected sfreams. By sharing content ids, keys, and TVs, several files can be played with the user only paying once. This is useful when SMIL is used to play several RMFF files as a single presentation. In an alternate and possibly more secure embodiment, this check is not performed, and the key and IV from the current DigiBox are used even if another stream with the content identifier has already been opened. If no other stream has been identified with the same content identifier, Trust Plugin 1708 passes DigiBox 1404 to IRP 1710. IRP 1710 may be a software process running on the same computer as Real Networks G2 Client Core and Trust Plugin 1708. IRP 1710 may run in a protected environment or may incorporate tamper resistance techniques designed to render IRP 1710 resistant to attack. IRP 1708 may process DigiBox 1404 and extract a cryptographic key and an IV, which may then be passed to Trust Plugin 1708. Trust Plugin 1708 may then use this information to decrypt Encrypted Contents 1406. Trust Plugin 1708 uses the original mime type information extracted from Media Properties Header 1402 to create an instance ofthe rendering plugin to be used for the content (e.g., Rendering Plugin 1705). Once this is done, Trust Plugin 1708 behaves like an ordinary rendering plugin to the Real Networks G2 Client Core 1702, in that Real Networks G2 Client Core 1702 passes streamed information to Trust Plugin 1708, which decrypts that information and passes it to Rendering Plugin 1705. From the perspective of Real Networks G2 Client Core 1702, Trust Plugin 1708 constitutes the appropriate rendering pluin, and the core is not aware that the information is being passed by Trust Plugin 1708 to a second plugin (e.g., Rendering Plugin 1705). Similarly, from the point of view of Rendering Plugin 1705, Trust Plugin 1708 behaves like Real Networks G2 Client Core 1702. Thus although Rendering Plugin 1705 receives decrypted stream information from Trust Plugin 1708, Rendering Plugin 1705 operates exactly as if the information had been received directly from Real Networks G2 Client Core 1702. In this manner, content formatted for Rendering Plugin 1705 may instead be first processed by Trust Plugin 1708, without requiring any alteration to Real Networks G2 Client Core 1702 or Rendering Plugin 1705. Trust Plugin 1708 may also perform other processing that may be helpful for security purposes. For example, Trust Plugin 1708 may watermark the decrypted file prior to passing it to Rendering Plugin 1705, keeping in mind that the watermark algorithm must be such that it will survive decompression ofthe file by Rendering Plugin 1705. - 33 - MP3 Embodiment The techniques described above can also be applied to MP3 streaming content. The MP-3 specification does not define a standard file format, but does define a bit stream, which is illustrated in FIG.18. In FIG. 18, MP-3 Bit Stream 1801 includes Content 1802. Content 1802 is divided into frames, shown as Frame 1803, Frame 1804 and Frame 1805. The dots between Frame 1804 and 1805 symbolize the fact that Content 1802 may include a large number of frames. Each frame includes its own small header, shown in FIG. 18 as Headers 1806, 1807 and 1808. Many MP3 players support a small trailer defined by the ID3 VI specification, shown as Trailer 1809. This is a 128 byte trailer for carrying fields like artist, title and year, shown as Fields 1810, 1811 and 1812. The ID3 VI trailer is ignored by players not designed to read such trailers, since it does not appear to be valid MP3 data. FIG. 19 shows one embodiment of protection applied to the MP3 format. This protected format constitutes File 1908 and includes the following items: • Unencrypted MP3 Content 1912. This is the first information encountered by a player, and will be rendered by any standard MP3 player. It can include a message to the user indicating that the content is protected and providing instructions as to how the content can be accessed (e.g., a URL for a trust plugin, instructions on payment mechanisms, etc.) Unencrypted MP3 Content 1912 may include a "teaser," consisting of an initial portion ofthe content (e.g., 30 seconds), which is rendered at no cost, thereby allowing a user to sample the content prior to making a decision to purchase it. • Encrypted MP-3 Content 1901, which may include thousands of MP-3 frames. In one embodiment, the first eight frames out of every 32 frames are encrypted. Thus, one- quareter ofthe frames are rendered unuseable unless a player is able to decrypt them. In practice, this may render the content un-sellable or unuseable, without imposing excessive encryption or decryption costs. To further reduce encryption and decryption costs, only 32 bytes in each frame are encrypted. In a current embodiment, these are the first 32 bytes after the header and CRC information. In a different embodiment, a different 32 bytes may be encrypted in every frame. In a current embodiment, the content is encrypted with the DES using algorithm output-feedback mode. The initial IV for the file is randomly generated and then xored with the frame number to generate a unique IV for each frame. Many alternate embodiments may exist, including encrypting more or less information, and using different encryption algorithms. • ID3 VI Trailer 1902, including 128 bytes. - 34 - Content ID 1903, including 16 bytes. This is used by the player application to avoid opening DigiBoxes which it has already opened. • DigiBox 1904, which may comprise approximately 18K bytes. It includes Key 1909, IV 1910 and Watermarking Instructions 1911. Watermarking Instructions 1911 may be used in a process of watermarking the associated content. • Address 1905, which contains the address in the file of Content ID 1903 and consists of 4 bytes. • Trust ID 1906, which identifies this trusted MP-3 file and consists of 16 bytes. • ID3 VI Trailer 1907, which is a copy of Trailer 1902. A conventional MP3 player encountering File 1908 would be unable to render Content 1901, since at least a portion of that content is encrypted. Such a player would most likely read through to Trailer 1902 and cease processing at that point. A conventional player looking for the ID3 trailer information will seek to the end and find it. FIG. 20 illustrates one embodiment of an MP3 player designed to process and render protected content. This figure shows MP3 Player 2001, which includes Buffer 2006 and Decompressor 2007, and renders content to Rendering Device 2008. In one embodiment, this is a modified version of a player distributed by Sonique. Player 2001 obtains Protected MP3 File 2002 through any standard interface. Protected MP3 File 2002 may have the format illustrated in FIG. 19. When Player 2001 is asked to play Protected MP3 File 2002, Player 2001 first calls Trust Plug-In 2003, which includes Approval Function 2009 and Decrypt Function 2005. Trust Plugin 2003 calls Approval Function 2009 to determine if Protected MP3 File 2002 is protected and whether authorization exists to play the file. Approval Function 2009 is first given a pointer to Protected MP3 File 2002. It then checks Protected MP3 File 2002 for the presence of Trust ID 1906. If Trust ID 1906 is not found, Approval Function 2009 returns an indicator that the file is not protected. Player 2001 then proceeds to render the file as a normal MP3 file. If Trust ID 1906 is found, Approval Function 2009 checks Content ID 1903 to see if it matches the Content ID of a file that has already been opened. If Protected MP3 File 2002 has not been previously opened, DigiBox 1904 is retrieved by Approval Function 2009, and is passed to IRP 2004, which may include software running in a protected environment, or incorporating tamper resistance. IRP 2004 attempts to open DigiBox 1904 in compliance with the rules associated with that DigiBox. One such rule may require, for example, that the user indicate assent to pay for use ofthe content. If DigiBox 1904 cannot be opened (e.g., the user refuses to pay) a value is - 35 - returned to Approval Function 2009 indicating that the file is protected and may not be played. If DigiBox 1904 is opened in compliance with applicable rules, the key and IN are retrieved and passed to Decrypt Function 2005. The key and IV are stored with the content id for later re-use and Decrypt Function 2005 is initialized. This may improve overall system performance, since it reduces the number of times a DigiBox must be opened. Each such action may introduce significant latency. On the other hand, storing this information in unprotected memory may reduce overall system security. Security may be enhanced either by not storing this information (thereby requiring that each DigiBox be opened, even if the corresponding file has already been opened through another DigiBox), or by storing this information in a protected form or in a secure location. The stored key, IV and content id are referenced when Approval Function 2009 first checks Content ED 1903 to determine if it matches the Content ID of an already opened file. If the new Content ID matches a stored Content ID, Decrypt Function 2005 is reinitialized using the stored key and IV corresponding to the matching content id an> value indicating that this is a protected file for which play is authorized is returned to Approval Function 2009. Once Protected MP3 File 2002 has been opened, each time Player 2001 needs a packet, Player 2001 reads it into Buffer 2006, strips off the header and CRC and passes the remaining data and a frame number to Decrypt Function 2005, which decrypts the frame if necessary, and returns it to Player 2001. In a current embodiment, although audio content is encrypted, headers or trailers are not encrypted. This allows the Player 2001 to process information in headers or trailers without intervention from Approval Function 2009 or Decrypt Function 2005. This allows Player 2001 to place information such as playing time, artist and title into a playlist display, and initialize Decompressor 2007, without any action required from Trust Plugin 2003. Commerce Appliance Embodiment This section will describe an embodiment, comprising a Commerce Appliance architecture designed to allow persistent control of digital works in consumer electronics devices. Although this is described as a separate embodiment, it should be understood that the features of this embodiment may be combined with, or supplant, the features of any of the embodiments provided elsewhere in this description. In one embodiment, this section will describe modifications to the MPEG-4 standard designed to support the association of persistent rules and controls with MPEG-4 - 36 - content, as well as elements necessary for a Commerce Appliance to use such content. This is intended, however, merely as an example. In one embodiment, shown in FIG. 23, each Commerce Appliance 2301 includes a CMPS ("Content Management and Protection System") 2302. Each CMPS is responsible for governing the use of controlled content, including decrypting the content and ensuring that the content is only used as permitted by associated rules. Each governed digital work is associated with one or more CMPOs (Content Management Protection Object), e.g., CMPOs 2303. Each CMPO may specify rules governing the use ofthe digital work, and may include keys used to decrypt the work. CMPOs may be organized in an hierarchical fashion. In one embodiment, a content aggregator (e.g., a cable channel, a web site, etc.) may specify a Channel CMPO ("CCMPO") used to associate certain global rules with all content present on that channel. Each independent work may in turn have an associated Master CMPO ("MCMPO") used to associate rules applicable to the work as a whole. Each object (or Elementary Stream, in MPEG-4) may have associated with it a CMPO containing rules governing the particular object. In one exemplary application, Commerce Appliance 2301 may be an MPEG-4 player containing CMPS 2302. Upon receipt of a user command to play a particular work, CMPS 2302 may download a MCMPO associated with the work and obtain rules, which may include conditions required for decryption and viewing ofthe work. If the rules are satisfied, CMPS 2302 may use keys from the MCMPO to decrypt any Elementary Streams ("ES"), and may pass the decrypted ESs into the buffers. Composition and rendering ofthe MPEG-4 work may thereafter proceeds according to the MPEG-4 standard, except that any storage location or bus which may contain the work in the clear must be secure, and CMPS 2302 may have the ability to govern downstream processing, as well as to obtain information regarding which AVOs were actually released for viewing. In a variation, the process of obtaining and governing the work may include downloading a CCMPO which applies rules governing this and other works. If rules contained in the CCMPO are satisfied, CMPS 2302 may obtain a key used to decrypt the MCMPO associated with the particular work to be viewed. In another variation, a CMPO may be associated with each ES. In this variation, the MCMPO supplies one or more keys for decryption of each CMPO, and each CMPO may in turn supply a key for decryption ofthe associated ES. Commerce Appliance 2301 is a content-rendering device which includes the capability of supporting distributed, peer management of content related rights by securely - 37 - applying rules and controls to govern the use of content. Commerce Appliance 2301 may include general-purpose functions devoted to acquisition and managed rendering of content (e.g., a DVD (and/or any other optical disk format) player is able to play a DVD (and/or any other optical disk format) disk and output content to a television.) Commerce Appliance 2301 may make use of any ofthe means for protecting and using digital content on high capacity optical disk, in one non-limiting example, a DVD disk, as described in the aforementioned Shear patent application. Commerce Appliance 2301 also includes special-purpose functions relating to other management and protection of content functions. These special-purpose functions may be supported by one or more embedded or otherwise included CMPS 2302 in the form of a single CMPS or a cooperative CMPS arrangement, and may include a user interface (e.g., User Interface 2304) designed to display control-related information to the user and/or to receive control-related information and directions from the user. Commerce Appliance 2301 may also be designed so that it is networkable with other Commerce Appliances (e.g., a set-top box connected to a DVD player and a digital television) and/or with other devices, such as a computer arrangement, which may also include one or more CMPSs. An important form of Commerce Appliance specifically anticipates secure coupling on a periodic or continual fashion with a computer managed docking environment (e.g., a standalone computer or other computer managed device which itself may be a Commerce Appliance) where the one or more CMPSs ofthe Commerce Appliance interoperate with the docking environment to form a single user arrangement whose performance of certain functions and/or certain content usage events is enabled by such inter-operation through, at least in part, cooperation between CMPSs and content usage management information of the Commerce Appliance and the trust environment capabilities ofthe docking environment, (e.g., further one or more CMPSs and content usage management information, such as, for example, information provided by use of Cl). An exemplary Commerce Appliance may be designed to comply with the emerging MPEG-4 standard for the formatting, multiplexing, transmission, compositing, and rendering of video and other types of information. Commerce Appliance 2301 may be any computing device, one non-limiting example of which is a Personal Computer (PC) that includes MPEG-4 software (and/or hardware) for rendering content. In accordance with the present invention, the PC may also use one or more CMPSs as described herein. The commerce appliance function is not restricted to streamed channel content but may include various browser-type applications consisting of aggregated composite content - 38 - such as still imagery, text, synthetic and natural video and audio and functional content such as applets, animation models and so on. these devices include browsers, set-top boxes, etc. Content Management and Protection System (CMPS) Each commerce appliance includes one or more CMPS (e.g., CMPS 2302). The CMPS is responsible for invocation and application of rules and controls, including the use of rules and controls to govern the manner in which controlled content is used. Particular functions of CMPS 2302 include the following: (a) Identification and interpretation of rules. CMPS 2302 must determine which rules are to be applied, and must determine how those rules are to be interpreted in light of existing state information. In one embodiment, this requires that CMPS 2302 obtain and decrypt one or more CMPOs 2303 associated with a work. (b) Identification of content associated with particular rules. CMPS 2302 must determine which content is governed by particular one or more rules. This may be accomplished by obtaining information from one or more CMPOs 2303 and/or other CL In one embodiment, a CCMPO may identify a set of works, a MCMPO may identify a particular work and a CMPO may identify a particular ES or Audio Visual Object ("AVO"). (c) Decryption of content as allowed by the rules. CMPS 2302 may be designed so that all content is routed through CMPS 2302 for decryption, prior to reinsertion into the data flow required by the relevant standard. In the case of MPEG-4, for example, the output from Demux 2305 may be fed into CMPS 2302. CMPS 2302 may then decrypt the content and, if relevant rules and controls are satisfied, feed the content into the MPEG-4 buffers. From that point, the data flow associated with the content may be as described by MPEG-4. (d) Control of content based on rules. CMPS 2302 may be used to control usage of content after the initial decryption, for example, through the use of secure event management as described in the incorporated Ginter '333 patent application. In the case of MPEG-4 systems, this may require that CMPS 2302 exercise control over hardware and/or software which performs the following functions: demuxing (performed by Demux 2305), decompression/buffering/decode into AVOs (performed by Scene Descriptor Graph 2306, AVO Decode 2307 and Object Descriptors 2308), scene rendering (performed in Composite and Render 2309). - 39 - CMPS 2302 may also be used to control use and consequences according to: (1) generational copy protection rules such as the CGMS and/or SGMS standards; (2) various Conditional Access control methods, such as those proposed and/or implemented by NDS as described in MPEG-4 document M2959, DAVIC "Copyright Control Framework" document, and in other publications; (3) a Rights Management Language, such as those proposed in the Ginter '333 patent application and/or as described by U.S. Patent No. 5,638, 443 to Stefik, et al.; (4) use policies described in accordance with AT&T's Policy Maker, as described by Blaze, Feigenbaum, and Lacy; (5) the CCI layer bits for IEEE 1394 serial bus transmission as specified by the DTDG subgroup ofthe DVD Copy Protection Technical Working Group and/or as implemented by the Hitachi, Intel, Matsushita, Sony and Toshiba proposed standard (hereafter "the five company proposal"); (6) controls transmitted using any secure container technology such as, for example, IBM Cryptolope; (7) any other means for specifying use rules and consequences. (e) Monitoring use of content. CMPS 2302 may be used to monitor content to: (i) ensure that rules are being complied with; (ii) ensure that no attempts are being made to tamper with the system or protected content; and (iii) record information used by rules, including usage information needed for payment purposes. (f) Updating user budgets. CMPS 2302 may be used to update user or other budgets to reflect usage. (g) Exhaust information. CMPS 2302 may be used to output payment and usage information ("exhaust information") to external processes, including one or more Commerce Utility Systems, (h) Hardware identification and configuration. (i) Obtaining new, additional, and/or augmented rules from an external process, one non-limiting example of which is a Rights and Permission Clearinghouse as described in the incorporated Shear patent application. (j) Receiving keys, digital credentials, such as certificates, and/or administrative information, from certifying authorities, deployment managers, clearinghouses, and/or other trusted infrastructure services. (k) Securely sending and/or receiving user and/or appliance profiling and/or attribute information. (1) Securely identifying a user or a member of a class of users who requests content and/or CMPO and/or CMPS usage. - 40 - (m) Securely certifying or otherwise guaranteeing the authenticity of application code, for example certifying within CMPO 2301 and/or CMPS 2302 that application code containing rules and/or other application information, such as information written in Java code for conditional execution within a Commerce Appliance, and/or that executes at least in part outside of CMPO 2301 and/or CMPS 2302, has not been altered and/or has been delivered by a guaranteed (e.g., trusted) party. (n) Securely processing independently delivered Cl, such as described in the incorporated Ginter '333 patent application, to perform content usage control that protects the rights of plural, independent parties in a commerce value chain. (o) Securely performing watermarking (including, for example fingerprinting) functions, for example as described in the Ginter '333 patent application and as incorporated herein, for example including interpreting watermarking information to control content usage and/or to issue an event message, wherein such event message may be reported back to a remote authority, such as, for example, a MCMPO rights clearinghouse management location. CMPS 2302 may be used to identify and record the current hardware configuration ofthe Commerce Appliance and any connected devices (e.g., which loudspeakers are available, identification of attached monitors, including whether particular monitors have digital output ports, etc.) If attached devices (such as loudspeakers) also include CMPSs, the CMPSs may be used to communicate for purposes of coordination (e.g., a CMPS in a set-top box and or loudspeaker arrangement may communicate with a CMPS in a downstream digital television or other display device to establish which CMPS will be responsible for governance or the nature of cooperative governance through a virtual rights process, said process optionally involving a rights authority server that may find, locate, provide, aggregate, distribute, and/or manage rights processes, such as described in the aforementioned Shear patent application, for employing plural CMPSs, for example, for a single user content processing and usage arrangement). The present invention includes arrangements comprising plural Commerce Appliances and/or CMPSs in one or more user locations, non-limiting examples of which include a home, apartment, loft, office, and/or vehicle, such as a car, truck, sports utility vehicle, boat, ship, or airplane, that may communicate among themselves at least occasionally and may comprise a virtual network that operates in a logically cooperative manner, through at least in part the use of such CMPSs, to ensure optimal commercial flexibility and efficiency and the enforcement of rights of commerce value chain participants, including financial and copyright rights of providers, infrastructure rights of - 41 - appliance providers, societal rights of government and/or societal bodies, and privacy rights of all parties, including consumers. Information related to interaction among such a network of value chain participants, including content usage auditing, content usage consequence, and Cl specification, can be securely, variably reported to parties having right to such information, through, at least in part, use of such CMPSs, for example, as described in the aforementioned Ginter '712 patent application regarding the information reporting functioning of VDE nodes. In one embodiment, shown in FIG. 24, CMPS 2401 consists of special-purpose hardware and resident software or firmware. These include the following: (a) One or more processors or microcontrollers e.g. CPU 2402. CPU 2402 controls the overall processing of CMPS 2401, including execution of any necessary software. (b) One or more external communications ports, e.g., Port 2403. Port 2403 communicates with External Network 2404, which may include LANs, WANs or distributed networks such as the Internet. External communications ports may also include one or more IEEE 1394 serial bus interfaces. (c) Memory 2405. Types of memories which may be included in Memory 2405— and examples ofthe information they may store ~ are the following: i. ROM 2406. ROM 2406 may include any information which is permanently stored in CMPS 2401, such as (1) CMPS Operating System 2407 and/or CMPS BIOS 2408, (2) Rules/Controls 2409 which are permanently stored in the CMPS; (3) Control Primitives 2410 which may be used to build rules or controls; (4) Keys 2411 associated with the CMPS, including a Public/Private Key Pair; (5) one or more Certificates 2412 designed to identify CMPS 2401 and/or the device, including version information; (6) Hardware Signature Information 2413 used to check for tampering (e.g., a hashed signature reflecting the expected hardware state ofthe device). ii. RAM 2414. RAM 2414 may hold current state information needed by CMPS 2401, as well as information temporarily stored by CMPS 2401 for later use. Information stored in RAM 2414 may include the following: (1) Software 2415 currently executing in CPU 2402; (2) CMPOs 2416 which are currently active; (3) Content Object Identification 2417 of those content objects which are cuπently active (in an MPEG 4 system this would constitute, for example, an identification of active AVOs); (4) Rules 2418 which are currently active; (5) State Information 2419 regarding the cuπent state of use of content, including an identification of any higher-order organization (in an MPEG-4 system this would constitute an identification ofthe scene descriptor tree and the cuπent - 42 - state of composition and rendering); (6) Stored Exhaust Information 2420 relating to use and/or the user, designed for external transmission; (7) Updated Budget Information 2421; (8) Content 2422; (9) Active Content Class Information 2423; and (10) Active User Identification 2424, including identification characteristic information. iii. NVRAM 2425 (e.g., flash memory). This type of memory may hold information which is persistent but changeable, including at least some: (1) Budget Information 2426; (2) User Information 2427, such as identification, credit card numbers; prefeπed clearinghouses and other Commerce Utility Systems; (3) User Preferences 2428, such as preferences, profiles, and/or attribute information; and (4) Appliance Information 2429, such as attribution and or state information. The types of information described above and stored in CMPS Memory 2405 may be stored in alternative ofthe above memory types, for example, certain budget information may be located in ROM, information regarding specific one or more clearinghouses may be stored in ROM, certain active information may be moved into NVRAM, etc. Budget information may include stored budgets made up of, for example: (1) electronic cash; (2) pre-authorized uses (e.g., based on a prepayment, the user has the right to watch 12 hours of programming). (3) Security budgets related to patterns reflecting abnormal and/or unauthorized usage, for example, as described in the incorporated Shear patent, wherein such budgets restrict and/or report certain cumulative usage conduct. (4) electronic credit, including credit resulting from usage events such as attention to promotional material and/or the playing of multiple works from one or more classes of works (e.g., certain publisher's works) triggering a credit or cash refund event and/or a discount on future playing of one or more of such publisher's works, such as other works provided by such publisher. User information may include the following types of information for one or more authorized users ofthe Commerce Appliance: (1) Name, address, telephone number, social security number or other identifier (2) Information used to authenticate the user, which may include a user selected password and/or biometric data, such as fingerprints, retinal data, etc. (3) User public/private key pair - 43 - (4) User attribute and/or profiling information. iv. Removable Memory 2430. This may include any type of removable memory storage device, such as smart cards, floppy disks or DVD disks. If the commerce appliance is designed to play content received on removable memory devices (e.g., a DVD player), that capability may be used for purposes ofthe CMPS. Memory 2405 may include a protected database, in which certain control, budget, audit, security, and/or cryptographic information is stored in secure memory, with complete information stored in an encrypted fashion in unsecure memory. (d) Encryption/Decryption Engine 2431. CMPS 2401 must include a facility for decrypting received information, including content and CMPOs and/or other. CMPS 2401 may also include a facility for encrypting information if such information is to be transmitted outside the secure boundaries of CMPS 2401. This may include exhaust sent to clearinghouses or other external repositories; and content sent across unsecured buses for usage, such as content sent across IEEE 1394 Serial Bus 2432 to a computer central processing aπangement or to a viewing device such as a monitor, wherein a receiving CMPS may be employed to control such content's usage, including, for example, decrypting such content, as appropriate. Encryption/Decryption Engine 2431 may include a Random Number Generator 2433 used for the creation of keys or key pairs that can be used to identify and assure the uniqueness of CMPSs and support the opening of secure communication channels between such secure content control secure encryption/decryption arrangements. (e) Secure Clock/Calendar 2434. CMPS 2401 may include Secure Clock/Calendar 2434 designed to provide absolute information regarding the date and time of day, information regarding elapsed absolute time, and/or relative timing information used to determine the elapsed time of operations performed by the system. Secure Clock/Calendar 2434 may include Battery Back Up 2435. It may further include Sync Mechanism 2436 for synchronization with outside timing information, used to recover the coπect time in the event of a power loss, and/or to check for tampering. (f) Interface 2437 to blocks used for content rendering and display. This interface is used for controlling rendering and display, based on rules, and for obtaining feedback information, which may be used for budgeting purposes or for providing information to outside servers (e.g., information on which content was actually displayed, which choices the user invoked, etc.) In the case of an MPEG-4 player such as is shown in - 44 - FIG. 23, this may include control over Commerce Appliance circuitry which handles, for example, buffering, the scene descriptor graph, AVO decode, object descriptors and composite and rendering (e.g., Control Lines 2310, 2311 and 2312). Feedback Path 2313 from Composite and Render block 2309 may allow CMPS 2302 to determine whether and when content has actually been released to the viewer. For example, Composite and Render block 2309 can issue a start event to CMPS 2302 when an AVO object is released for viewing, and can issue a stop event to CMPS 2302 when the AVO object is no longer being viewed. Feedback from Composite and Render block 2309 may also be used to detect tampering, by allowing CMPS 2302 to match the identification ofthe objects actually released for viewing with the identification ofthe objects authorized for release. Start and end time may also be compared with the expected elapsed time, with a mismatch possibly indicative ofthe occuπence of an unauthorized event. In one embodiment, the following protocol may be used for feedback data: start <id>, T, <instance numberxclock timexrendering options> Sent if elementary stream <id> is reachable in the SD-graph at time T, but not at time T-l. end <id>, T, <instance numberxclock timexrendering options> T constitutes presentation time, clock time constitutes the wall clock time, including day and date information, and rendering options may include such information as QoS and rate of play (e.g., fast forward). Sent if elementary stream <id> is reachable in the SD-graph at time T-l but not at time T. A SD-graph sfream is reachable if, during traversal ofthe SD-graph for display update, the Tenderer encounters a node that the SD-graph update stream <id> created or modified. This implies that all nodes in the tree need an update history list. This list need not be as large as the number of streams. Further, it can be labeled to indicate if the CMPS will be watching for stream, if not labeled it will not record them. An AV elementary stream is reachable if the stream's content was rendered. For SD-graph update streams, the object instance number is ignored. For AV streams, the instance number can be used to disambiguate the case where the display shows two or more instances ofthe same data sfream simultaneously. Instance numbers do not have to count up. In this case, they are simply a unique id that allows the CMPS to match a start event with an end event. In a second embodiment, CMPS 2302 may include some special purpose hardware in combination with general purpose hardware which is also used for other functions ofthe - 45 - device. In this embodiment, care must be taken to ensure that commercially trusted CMPS functions are performed in a secure and tamper-resistant manner, despite the use of general purpose hardware. Each ofthe elements recited above may include dedicated CMPS functions and general purpose device functions: (a) CPU/microcontroller. This may include one or more devices. If more than one device is included (e.g., a CPU and a DSP, a math coprocessor or a commerce coprocessor), these devices may be included within the same package, which may be rendered tamper-resistant, or the devices may communicate on a secure bus. The CPU may include two modes: a secure CMPS mode, and an unsecure general purpose mode. The secure CMPS mode may allow addressing of secure memory locations unavailable to the processor in general purpose mode. This may be accomplished, for example, by circuitry which remaps some ofthe available memory space, so that, in unsecure mode, the CPU cannot address secure memory locations. (b) External communications ports. If the device, for example, a Commerce Appliance, is capable of receiving content or other information through a communications port (e.g., a cable connection, an Internet connection), this communications port can be used for CMPS purposes. In such a case, CMPS accesses to the external communications port is preferably designed to avoid or minimize interference with the use of such port for receipt of content. (c) Memory. In some applications and embodiments, it is possible to operate a Commerce Appliance without NVRAM, wherein information that may be needed for CMPS operation that would employ NVRAM would be loaded into RAM, as required. ROM, RAM and NVRAM may be shared between CMPS uses and general uses. This can be accomplished in any ofthe following ways, or in a combination of these ways: (1) Some memory space may be rendered off-limits to general purpose uses, for example by remapping; (2) the entirety ofthe memory may be rendered secure, so that even portions of the memory being used for non-secure purposes cannot be observed or changed except in a secure and authorized manner; (3) CMPS information may be stored in an encrypted fashion, though this requires at least some RAM to be secure, since the CMPS will require direct access to unencrypted information stored in RAM. (d) Encryption/decryption engine. Encryption and decryption functions, including key generation, may be handled by special purpose software running on a general purpose processor aπangement, particularly, for example, a floating point processor or DSP aπangement. That processor aπangement may also be used for purposes of decompressing and displaying content and/or for handling watermarking/fingerprinting - 46 - insertion and/or reading. Alternatively, the device may include native encryption and decryption functions. For example, various emerging standards may require at least some degree of encryption and decryption of content designed to be passed across unsecure buses within and among devices such as DVD players, such as the "five company proposal" and other IEEE 1394 related initiatives. Circuitry designed to perform such encryption and decryption may also be usable for CMPS applications. (e) Secure clock/calendar. The underlying device may already require at least some clock information. MPEG-4, for example, requires the use of clock information for synchronization of Elementary Streams. A secure CMPS clock can also be used for such purposes. In a third embodiment, CMPS 2302 can be primarily software designed to run on a general purpose device which may include certain minimal security-related features. In such a case, CMPS 2302 may be received in the same channel as the content, or in a sideband channel. An I-CMPO and or other Cl may specify a particular type of CMPS, which Commerce Appliance 2301 must either have or acquire (e.g., download from a location specified by the I-CMPO), or CMPS 2302 may be included, for example, with an I-CMPO. A software CMPS runs on the CPU ofthe Commerce Appliance. This approach may be inherently less secure than the use of dedicated hardware. If the Commerce Appliance includes secure hardware, the software CMPS may constitute a downloadable OS and/or BIOS which customizes the hardware for a particular type of commerce application. In one embodiment, a software CMPS may make use of one or more software tamper resistance means that can materially "harden" software. These means include software obfuscation techniques that use algorithmic means to make it very difficult to reverse engineer some or all of a CMPS, and further make it difficult to generalize from a reverse engineering of a given one or more CMPS. Such obfuscation is preferably independent of source code and object code can be different for different CMPSs and different platforms, adding further complexity and separation of roles. Such obfuscation can be employed "independently" to both Cl, such as an CMPO, as well as to some or all ofthe CMPS itself, thus obscuring both the processing environment and executable code for a process. The approach is also applicable for integrated software and hardware implementation CMPS implementations described above. Other tamper resistance means can also be employed, including using "hiding places" for storing certain state information in obscure and unexpected locations, such as locations in NV memory used for other purposes, and data hiding techniques such as watermarking/fingerprinting. - 47 - Association of CMPS With a Commerce Appliance A CMPS may be permanently attached to a particular device, or may be partially or fully removable. A removable CMPS may include software which is securely loaded into a Commerce Appliance, and/or removable hardware. A removable CMPS may be personalized to one or more particular users, including user keys, budget information, preferences, etc., thereby allowing different users to use the same Commerce Appliance without commingling budgets and or other rights, etc. A CMPS may be designed for operation with certain types of content and/or for operation with certain types of business models. A Commerce Appliance may include more than one type of CMPS. For example, a Commerce Appliance designed to accept and display content pursuant to different standards may include one CMPS for each type of format. In addition, a Commerce Appliance may include a CMPS provided by a particular provider, designed to preferentially display certain types of content and to preferentially bill for such content through a particular channel (e.g., billing to one or more particular credit cards and/or using a particular one or more clearinghouses). Source of Rules The CMPS must recognize those rules which are to be applied to particular content. Such rules may be received by the CMPS from a variety of sources, depending on the particular embodiment used: (a) CMPO. The rules may be included within a CMPO (e.g., CMPO 2303) and/or other CL The CMPO and/or other Cl may be incorporated within a content object or sfream (as, e.g., a header on an MPEG-4 ES), and/or may be contained within a dedicated content object or stream encoded and received as per the underlying standard (e.g., an MPEG-4 CMPO ES), and/or may be received outside the normal content stream, in which event it may not be encoded as per the underlying standard (e.g., a CMPS received as an encrypted object through a sideband channel). (b) CMPS. Rules may be permanently and/or persistently stored within a CMPS, e.g., Rules 2409. A CMPS may include default rules designed to handle certain situations, for example, where no CMPO and/or other necessary Cl is received (e.g., content encoded under an earlier version ofthe standard which did not incorporate CMPOs, including MPEG-4 version 1). Complete rules which are stored within the CMPS may be directly or indirectly invoked by a CMPO and/or other CL This may occur through the Cl identifying particular rules through a pointer, and/or it may occur through the Cl identifying itself and the general class of control it requires, with the CMPS then applying particular rules specific to that CMPS. - 48 - Rule "primitives" may also be stored within the CMPS (e.g., Control Primitives 2410). The CMPO and/or other Cl may invoke these primitives by including a sequence of macro-type commands, each of which triggers a sequence of CMPS primitives. (c) User. The user may be given the ability to create rules relating to the particular user's preferences. Such rules will generally be allowed to further restrict the use of content, but not to expand the use of content beyond that which would otherwise be allowed. Examples include: (a) rules designed to require that certain types of content (e.g., adult movies) only be accessible after entry of a password and/or only to certain CMPS users (e.g. adults, not children, as, for example, specified by parents and/or a societal body such as a government agency); (b) rules designed to require that only particular users be allowed to invoke operations requiring payment beyond a certain limit and/or aggregate payment over a certain amount. The user may be allowed to create templates of rules such as described in the aforementioned Ginter '333 patent application (and incorporated herein). In addition, a CMPS aπangement, and or a particular CMPO and or other Cl, may restrict the rules the user is allowed to specify. For example, a Cl may specify that a user can copy a work, but cannot add rules to the work restricting the ability of a recipient to make additional copies (or to be able to view, but only after a payment to the first user). User supplied one or more rules may govern the use of- including privacy restrictions related to — payment, audit, profiling, preference, and/or any other kind of information (e.g., information result as a consequence ofthe use of a CMPS aπangement, including, for example, use of secured content). Such user supplied one or more rules can be associated with the user and/or one or more Commerce Appliances in a user aπangement, whether or not the information is aggregated according to one or more criteria, and whether or not user and/or appliance identification information is removed during aggregation and/or subsequent reporting, distribution, or any other kind of use. The ability to allow the user to specify rules allows the CMPS to subsume (and thereby replace) V-chips, since a parent can use content rating information to specify precisely what types of information each viewer will be allowed to watch (e.g., violent content can only be displayed after entry of a certain password and/or other identifier, including, for example, insertion of a removable hardware card (smart or rights card) possessed by a user). (d) External network source. The rules may be stored on an external server. Rules may be addressed and downloaded by the CMPS if necessary (e.g., either the CMPO and/or other Cl and/or the CMPS contains a pointer to certain rules location(s), such as one - 49 - or more URLs). In addition, content providers and/or clearinghouses may broadcast rules designed for general applicability. For example, a content provider might broadcast a set of rules providing a discount to any user participating in a promotional event (e.g., by providing certain user information). Such rules could be received by all connected devices, could be received by certain devices identified as of interest by the content provider (e.g., all recent viewers of a particular program, as identified by exhaust information provided by the CMPS to a clearinghouse and/or all members having certain identity characteristics such as being members of one or more classes) and/or could be posted in central locations. Example Embodiment In one embodiment, a set of MPEG-4 Elementary Streams may make up a work. The Elementary Streams may be encrypted and multiplexed together to form an Aggregate Stream. One or more CMPOs may be present in such stream, or may otherwise be associated with the stream. Options are as follows: 1. Content may be streamed or may be received as static data structures. 2. A Work may be made up of a single stream or data structure, or of many separately addressable streams or data structures, each of which may constitute an Object. 3. If a Work is made up of separately addressable streams or data structures, those streams or data structures may be multiplexed together into an Aggregate Stream, or may be received separately. 4. If sfreams or data structures are multiplexed together into an Aggregate Stream, the streams or data structures may be encrypted prior to such multiplexing. The Aggregate Stream itself may be encrypted, whether or not the underlying streams or data structures are encrypted. The following possibilities therefore exist: (a) individual streams/data structures are unencrypted (in the clear), the Aggregate Stream is unencrypted; (b) individual streams/data structures are unencrypted prior to multiplexing, the Aggregate Stream is encrypted following multiplexing; (c) individual streams/data structures are encrypted prior to multiplexing, the Aggregate Stream is not encrypted following multiplexing; or (d) individual streams/data structures are encrypted prior to multiplexing, the Aggregate Stream is encrypted following multiplexing. 5. A CMPO may be associated with a channel (CCMPO), a work (MCMPO) or an individual Object (CMPO). 6. A CMPO may be received prior to the controlled data, may be received contemporaneously with the data, or may be received after the data (in which event use of the data must wait until the CMPO has been received). 7. A CMPO may be received as part of an Aggregate Stream or separately. - 50 - 8. If a CMPO is received as part ofthe Aggregate Stream, it may be multiplexed together with the individual sfreams or data structures, or may constitute a separate stream or data structure. 9. If a CMPO is multiplexed within the Aggregate Stream, it may be encrypted or nonencrypted. If encrypted, it may be encrypted prior to multiplexing, and/or encrypted after multiplexing, if the entire Aggregate Stream is encrypted. 10. If a CMPO is received as part ofthe Aggregate Sfream, it may be (a) a part of the stream or data structure which holds the content (e.g., a header); (b) a separate stream or data structure encoded pursuant to the same format as the streams or data structures which hold the content (e.g., an MPEG-4 ES) or (c) a separate sfream or data structure encoded under a different format designed for CMPOs. 11. If a CMPO is a part ofthe stream or data structure which holds the content, it may be (a) a header which is received once and then persistently maintained for control of the content; (b) a header which is received at regular intervals within the stream or data structure; or (c) data distributed throughout the stream or data structure. These various scenarios give rise to different requirements for demultiplexing and decryption ofthe CMPOs. FIG. 25 illustrates the following embodiment: 1. Aggregate Stream 2501 is made up of multiplexed ESs (e.g., ES 2502 and 2503). A combination of such ESs makes up a single work. Aggregate Stream 2501 is generated by a cable aggregator and received by a user's set-top box as one of a number of channels. 2. CCMPOs 2504 coπesponding to each channel are sent along the cable in Header 2505 at regular intervals (e.g., once per second). When the set-top box is turned on, it polls each channel, and downloads all cuπent CCMPOs. These are stored persistently, and are changed only if a new CCMPO is received which differs from prior CCMPOs. 3. When the user selects a channel, the set-top box addresses the associated CCMPO. The CCMPO may specify, for example, that content in this particular channel may only be accessed by subscribers to the channel. A CMPS within the set-top box accesses a user profile persistently stored in NVRAM and determines that the user is a subscriber. The CMPS deems the CCMPO rule to have been satisfied. 4. The CMPS obtains an identifier for the MCMPO associated with the work (video) cuπently streaming on the channel and a key for the MCMPO. If works are received serially on the channel (e.g., a television channel in which one work is provided at a time), the received MCMPO identifier may include don't care bits so that it can address any MCMPO cuπently on the channel. - 51 - 5. The CMPS begins demuxing of Aggregate Stream 2501 (this may occur in parallel with the preceding step), and obtains the MCMPO, which is encoded into an ES multiplexed within the Aggregate Stream (e.g., MCMPO 2506). Although each ES within Aggregate Sfream 2501 has been encrypted, Aggregate Stream 2501 was not encrypted following multiplexing. This allows the CMPS to demultiplex Aggregate Sfream 2501 without decrypting the entire Aggregate Stream. 6. The CMPS identifies the ES which constitutes the MCMPO (e.g., ES 2503). The CMPS downloads one complete instance of MCMPO 2506 into an internal buffer, and uses the key received from CCMPO 2504 to decrypt MCMPO 2506. 7. The CMPS determines which rules are applied by MCMPO 2506. MCMPO 2506 might, for example, include a rule stating that the user can view the associated work with advertisements at a low fee, but must pay a higher fee for viewing the work without advertisements. 8. The CMPS generates an options menu, and displays that menu on the screen for the user. The menu specifies the options, including the cost for each option. Additional options may be specified, including payment types. 9. The user uses a remote control pointing device to choose to view the work at a lower cost but with advertisements. The user specifies that payment can be made from an electronic cash budget stored in the CMPS. 10. The CMPS subtracts the specified amount from the budget persistently stored in NVRAM, and generates and encrypts a message to a server associated with the cable. The message transfers the required budget to the server, either by transferring electronic cash, or by authorizing a financial clearinghouse to transfer the amount from the user's account to the cable provider's. This message may be sent immediately, or may be buffered to be sent later (e.g., when the user connects the device to the Internet). This step may be taken in parallel with decryption ofthe content.) 11. The CMPS obtains from MCMPO 2506 a set of keys used to decrypt the Elementary Streams associated with the work (e.g., ES 2502). The CMPS also obtains identifiers for the specific ESs to be used. Since the user has indicated that advertisements are to be included, the MCMPO identifies ESs associated with the advertisements, and identifies a Scene Descriptor Graph which includes advertisements. A Scene Descriptor Graph which does not include advertisements is not identified, and is not passed through by the CMPS. 12. The CMPS passes the decrypted ESs to the MPEG-4 buffers. The normal process of MPEG-4 decoding, compositing and rendering then takes place. The Composite - 52 - and Render block outputs Start and Stop events for each object released for viewing. The CMPS monitors this information and compares it to the expected events. In particular, the CMPS confirms that the advertisements have been released for viewing, and that each operation has occupied approximately the expected amount of time. In another embodiment, a set-top box containing a CMPS (e.g., CMPS 2302 from FIG. 23) may have a cable input (e.g., carrying M4 Bit Streams 2314 and CMPOs 2303). The cable may carry multiple channels, each made up of two sub-channels, with one subchannel carrying MPEG-4 ESs (e.g., M4 Bit Streams 2314), and the other sub-channel carrying CMPOs (e.g., CMPOs 2303). The sub-channel carrying CMPOs 2303 could be routed directly to CMPS 2302, with the ES channel being routed to a decryption block (operating under control ofthe CMPS, e.g., CR&D 2315), and then to the MPEG-4 buffers (e.g., buffers associated with Scene Descriptor Graph 2306, AVO Decode 2307 and Object Descriptors 2308). In this case, if the ESs are not encrypted, they proceed unchanged through the decryption block and into the buffers. This may occur, for example, if the ESs are being broadcast for free, with no restrictions, and/or if they are public domain information, and/or they were created prior to inclusion of CMPOs in the MPEG-4 standard. Such an embodiment might include timing synchronization information in the CMPO sub-channel, so that CMPOs can be synchronized with the associated ESs. The concept of incorporating two separate streams, one consisting of control information and connected directly to the CMPS, and the other consisting of ESs, may support a high degree of modularization, such that the formats of CMPOs, and particular types of CMPS's, may be changed without alteration to the underlying ES format. For example, it may be possible to change the CMPO format without the necessity for reformatting content ESs. To take another example, it may be possible to upgrade a Commerce Appliance by including a new or different CMPS, without the necessity for any changes to any ofthe circuitry designed to demultiplex, composite and render the content ESs. A user might obtain a CMPS on a smart card or other removable device, and plug that device into a Commerce Appliance. This could be done to customize a Commerce Appliance for a particular application or for particular content. CMPS Interface to a CE Device A CMPS may be designed to present a standardized interface between the general- purpose functionality of a consumer electronics device and any relevant CMPOs and/or other Cl and protected content. For example, a CMPS could be designed to accept Cl and encrypted ESs, and output decrypted ESs into the device's buffers. In such a case, the -53- manufacturer ofthe device would be able to design the device in compliance with the specification (e.g., MPEG-4), without concern about commerce-related extensions to the standard, which extensions might differ from provider to provider. All such extensions would be handled by the CMPS. Initialization 1. Initialization ofthe CMPS. A CMPS may be used to identify the capabilities ofthe Commerce Appliance in which a CMPS is installed. A CMPS permanently associated with a particular Commerce Appliance may have such information designed-in when the CMPS is initially installed (e.g., stored in ROM 2406 shown in FIG.24). A CMPS which is removable may be used to run an initialization operation in order to obtain information about the device's capabilities. Such information may be stored in a data structure stored in NVRAM 2425. Alternatively, some or all of such information may be gathered each time the device is turned on, and stored in RAM 2414. For example, a DVD player may or may not contain a connection to an external server and/or process. A CMPO and/or other Cl stored on a DVD (and/or any other format optical disk) inserted into a DVD (or any other format optical disk) player may include rules predicated on the possibility of outputting information to a server (e.g., content is free if user identification information is output), or may require a direct connection in order, for example, to download keys used to decrypt content. In such a case, the CMPS aπangement may determine the hardware functionality which is expected by or required by the CMPO, and compare that to the hardware actually present. If the CMPS determines that the CMPO and/or other Cl requires a network connection , and that the DVD player does not include such a connection, the CMPS may take a variety of steps, including: (1) if the network connection is required for some options but not others, causing only those options which are possible to be displayed to the user; (2) informing the user that necessary hardware is missing; or (3) causing a graceful rejection ofthe disk, including informing the user ofthe reason for the rejection. To take another example, a CMPO and/or other Cl may include a business model which allows the user to choose among quality levels (or other forms of variations of a given work, for example, longer length and/or greater options), with a higher price being charged if the user selects a higher level of quality (e.g., music may be played at low resolution for free, but requires a payment in order to be played at a higher resolution). In such a case, the Commerce Appliance may not include loudspeakers which are capable of outputting sound at the higher resolution. The CMPS aπangement preferably identifies this situation, and either eliminates the higher resolution output as an option for the user, or - 54 - informs the user that this option costs more but provides no additional benefit given the Commerce Appliance's cuπent functionality or given the Commerce Appliance not being docked in a user aπangement that provides higher quality loudspeakers. If the Commerce Appliance may be hooked up to external devices (e.g., loudspeakers, display, etc.), the CMPS will require some mechanism for identifying and registering such devices. Each device may be used to make standard ID and capability information available at all times, thereby allowing the CMPS to poll all connected devices at regular intervals, including, for example, authenticating CMPS aπangements within one or more of each such connected devices. Using another approach, all devices could be used to output CMPS identification information upon power-on, with later connected devices being used to output such information upon establishment ofthe connection. Such identification information may take the form, for example, of authentication information provided under the "five company aπangement", such authentication methods are herein incorporated by reference. As discussed earlier, a Commerce Appliance may be connected to multiple devices each containing its own CMPS aπangement (e.g., a DVD player may be connected to a digital TV) In such cases, the CMPSs must be able to initiate secure communication (e. g., using a scheme, for example, like the "five company proposal" for IEEE 1394 serial bus) and determine how the CMPSs will interact with respect to content communication between CMPSs and, in certain embodiments, regarding cooperative governance of such content such as describing in the incorporated Shear patent application. In one embodiment, the first CMPS aπangement to receive content might govern the control process by downloading an initial CMPO and/or other Cl, and display one or more ofthe rules to the user, etc. The second CMPS aπangement might recognize that it has no further role to play, either as a result of a communication between the two CMPS aπangements, or as a result of changes to the content stream created by the first CMPS aπangement (which decrypted the content, and may have allowed demuxing, composition and rendering, etc.) The relationship between upstream and downstream CMPSs aπangements may be complicated if one device handles certain aspects of MPEG-4 rendering, and the other handles other aspects. For example, a DVD player might handle demuxing and buffering, transfeπing raw ESs to a digital TV, which then handles composition and rendering, as well as display. In such a case, there might be no back-channel from the composition and rendering block to the upstream CMPS aπangement. CMPS aπangements are preferably designed to handle stand-alone cases (a DVD (or any other optical disk) player with a CMPS aπangement attached to a dumb TV with no CMPS), multiple CMPS aπangement - 55 - cases in which one CMPS aπangement handles all ofthe processing (a DVD (or other optical disk) player which handles everything through composition and rendering, with a video stream output to the digital TV (in one non-limiting example, via an IEEE 1349 serial bus) (that output stream would be encrypted as per the "five company proposal" for copy protection using IEEE 1394 serial bus transmission)) and/or shared processing between two or more CMPSs aπangements regarding some, or in certain cases, all, of such processing. 2. Initialization of a particular content stream. The CMPS may be designed so that it can accept initialization information which initializes the CMPS for a particular content stream or channel. This header, which may be a CMPO and/or other Cl, may contain information used by the CMPS to locate and/or interpret a particular content stream as well as Cl associated with that stream. This initial header may be received through a sideband channel, or may be received as a Cl ES such as a CMPO ES. In one example, shown in FIG. 26, Header CMPO 2601 may include the following information: (a) Stream/Object/CMPO ID 2602, which identifies the content streams/objects governed by Header CMPO 2601 and/or identification of CMPOs associated with each such content stream or object. In one embodiment, Header CMPO 2601 identifies other CMPOs which contain rules and keys associated with particular content streams. In another embodiment, Header CMPO 2601 directly controls all content streams, by incorporating the keys and rules associated with such streams. In the latter case, no other CMPOs may be used. In one embodiment, Header CMPO 2601 may be one or more CMPOs, CCMPOs, MCMPOs, and/or other CL (b) One or CMPO Keys 2603 for decrypting each identified CMPO. (c) Work-Level Control 2604, consisting of basic control information associated with the work as a whole, and therefore potentially applicable to all ofthe content streams which make up the work. This basic control information may include rules governing the work as a whole, including options to be presented to the user. (d) In one embodiment of this embodiment, a header CMPO may be updatable to contain User/Site Information 2605 regarding a particular user or site cuπently authorized to use certain content, as well as one or more rule sets under which the user has gained such authorization. A header CMPO associated with a work cuπently being viewed may be stored in RAM or NVRAM. This may include updated information. In one - 56 - embodiment, the CMPO may also store header CMPOs for certain works viewed in the past. In one embodiment, header CMPOs may be stored in non-secure memory, with information sufficient to identify and authenticate that each header CMPO had not been changed. In one such header CMPO embodiment of this embodiment, the header CMPO operates as follows: (a) The header CMPO is received by a CMPS aπangement. In the case of previously unreceived content which has now become available, the header CMPO may be received at an input port. In the case of content which is already available, but is not cuπently being used (e.g., a set-top box with 500 channels, of which either 0 or 1 are being displayed at any given time), CCMPOs for each channel may be buffered by the CMPS aπangement for possible use if the user invokes particular content (e.g., switches to a particular channel). In either case, the header CMPO must include information which allows a CMPS aπangement to identify it as a header CMPO. (b) The CMPS aπangement obtains business-model information held in the clear in the header CMPO. Business-model information may include, for example, a statement that content can be viewed for free if advertisements are included, or if the user authorizes Nielson-type information, user and/or audience measurement information, for example, content may be output to a server or otherwise copied once, but only at a price. (c) The CMPS aπangement either accepts the business model, if the user has authorized it to accept certain types of models (e.g., the user has programmed the CMPS aπangement to always accept play with advertisements for free), rejects the business model, if the user has instructed that the particular model always be rejected, or displays the business model to the user (e.g., by presenting options on the screen). (d) If a business model has been accepted, the CMPS aπangement then decrypts the remainder ofthe header CMPO. If the Commerce Appliance contains a live output connection to an external server (e.g., Internet connection, back-channel on a set-top box, etc.), and if latency problems are handled, decryption of these keys can be handled by communicating with the external server, each side authenticating the other, establishment of a secure channel, and receipt of a key from the server. If the Commerce Appliance is not at least occasionally connected to an external server, decryption may have to be based on one or more keys securely stored in the Commerce Appliance. (e) Once a header CMPO has been decrypted, the CMPS aπangement acquires information used to identify and locate the streams containing the content, and - 57 - keys which are used to decrypt either the CMPOs associated with the content, or to directly decrypt the content itself. (f) In one embodiment of this header embodiment, the header CMPO may contain a data structure for the storage of information added by the CMPS aπangement. Such information may include the following: (1) Identification of user and/or Commerce Appliance and/or CMPS aπangement. In this embodiment, such information may be stored in a header CMPO in order to provide an audit trail in the event the work (including the header CMPO) is transfeπed ( this only works if the header CMPO is transfeπed in a writable form). Such information may be used to allow a user to transfer the work to other Commerce Appliances owned by the user without the payment of additional cost, if such transfers are allowed by rule information associated with the header CMPO. For example, a user may have a subscription to a particular cable service, paid for in advance by the user. When a CMPS aπangement downloads a header CMPO from that cable service, the CMPS aπangement may store the user's identification in the header CMPO. The CMPS aπangement may then require that the updated header CMPO be included if the content is copied or transfeπed. The header CMPO could include a rule stating that, once the user information has been filled in, the associated content can only be viewed by that user, and/or by Commerce Appliances associated with that user. This would allow the user to make multiple copies ofthe work, and to display the work on multiple Commerce Appliances, but those copies could not be displayed or used by non-authorized users and/or on non-authorized Commerce Appliances. The header CMPO might also include a rule stating that the user information can only be changed by an authorized user (e.g., if user 1 transfers the work to user 2, user 2's CMPS aπangement can update the user information in the header CMPO, thereby allowing user 2 to view the work, but only if user 2 is also a subscriber to the cable channel). (2) Identification of particular rules options governing use. Rule sets included in header CMPOs may include options. In certain cases, exercise of a particular option might preclude later exercise of a different option. For example, a user might be given the choice to view an unchanged work for one price, or to change a work and view the changed work for a higher price. Once the user decides to change the work and view the changed work, this choice is preferably stored in the header CMPO, since the option of viewing the original unchanged work at the lower price is no longer available. The user might have further acquired the right, or may now be presented with the option for the right, to further distribute the changed work at a mark-up in cost resulting in third party - 58 - derived revenue and usage information flowing to both the user and the original work stakeholder(s). (3) Historical usage information. The header CMPO may include information relating to the number and types of usages. For example, if the underlying work is copied, the header CMPO may be updated to reflect the fact that a copy has been made, since a rule associated with the work might allow only a single copy (e.g., for backup and/or timeshifting purposes). To take another example, a user might obtain the right to view a work one time, or for a certain number of times. The header CMPO would then be updated to reflect each such use. Usage information may be used to determine if additional uses are authorized by rules associated with the header CMPO. Such information may also be used for audit purposes. Such information may also be provided as usage information exhaust, reported to an external server. For example, a rule may specify that a work may be viewed for free, but only if historical usage information is downloaded to a server. Content Management Protection Objects (CMPO) The Content Management and Protection Object ("CMPO") is a data structure which includes information used by the CMPS to govern use of certain content. A CMPO may be formatted as a data structure specified by a particular standard (e.g., an MPEG-4 ES), or may be formatted as a data structure not defined by the standard. If the CMPO is formatted as a data structure specified by the standard, it may be received in the channel utilized by the standard (e.g., as part of a composite MPEG-4 stream) or may be received through some other, side-band method. If the CMPO is formatted as a data structure not specified by the relevant standard, it is provided and decoded using some side-band method, which may include receipt through the same port as formatted content and/or may include receipt through a separate port. Content may be controlled at virtually any level of granularity. Three exemplary levels will be discussed herein: "channel," "work," and "object." A "channel" represents an aggregation of works. The works may be available for selection by the user (e.g., a web site, or a video library) or may be received serially (e.g., a cable television channel). A "work" represents a single audio-visual, textual or other work, intended to be consumed (viewed, read, etc.) by a user as an integrated whole. A work may, for example, be a movie, a song, a magazine article, a multimedia product such, for example, as sophisticated videogame. A work may incorporate other works, as, for example, in a multimedia work which incorporates songs, video, text, etc. In such a case, rights may be - 59 - associated An "object" represents a separately addressable portion of a work. An object may be, for example, an individual MPEG-4 AVO, a scene descriptor graph, an object descriptor, the soundtrack for a movie, a weapon in a videogame, or any other logically definable portion. Content may be controlled at any of these levels (as well as intermediate levels not discussed herein). The prefeπed embodiment mechanism for such control is a CMPO or CMPO aπangement (which comprises one or more CMPOs, and if plural, then plural, cooperating CMPOs). CMPOs and CMPO aπangements may be organized hierarchically, with a Channel CMPO aπangement imposing rules applicable to all contained works, a MCMPO or an SGCMPO imposing rules applicable to all objects within a work, and a CMPO aπangement imposing rules applicable to a particular object. In one embodiment, illustrated in FIG. 27, a CMPS may download CCMPO 2701. CCMPO 2701 may include one or more Rules 2702 applicable to all content in the channel, as well as one or more Keys 2703 used for decryption of one or more MCMPOs and/or SGCMPOs. MCMPO 2704 may include Rules 2705 applicable to a single work and/or works, one or more classes and/or more users and/or user classes, and may also include Keys 2706 used to decrypt CMPOs. CMPO 2707 may include Rules 2708 applicable to an individual object, as well as Key 2709 used to decrypt the object. As long as all objects are subject to control at some level, there is no requirement that each object be individually controlled. For example, CCMPO 2701 could specify a single rule for viewing content contained in its channel (e.g., content can only be viewed by a subscriber, who is then might be free to redistribute the content with no further obligation to the content provider). In such a case, rules would not necessarily be used for MCMPOs (e.g. Rules 2705), SGCMPOs, or CMPOs (e.g., Rules 2708). In one embodiment, MCMPOs, SGCMPOs, and CMPOs could be dispensed with, and CCMPO 2701 could include all keys used to decrypt all content, or could specify a location where such keys could be located. In another embodiment, CCMPO 2701 would supply Key 2703 used to decrypt MCMPO 2704. MCMPO 2704 might include keys used to decrypt CMPOs (e.g., Keys 2706), but might include no additional Rules 2705. CMPO 2707 might include Key 2709 used to decrypt an object, but might include no additional Rules 2708. In certain embodiments, there may be no SGCMPOs. A CMPO may be contained within a content data structure specified by a relevant standard (e.g., the CMPO may be part of a header in an MPEG-4 ES.) A CMPO may be contained within its own, dedicated data structure specified by a relevant standard (e.g., a - 60 - CMPO ES). A CMPO may be contained within a data structure not specified by any content standard (e.g., a CMPO contained within a DigiBox). A CCMPO may include the following elements: (a) ID 2710. This may take the following form: <channel ID>< CMPO typexCMPO IDxversion number>. In the case of hierarchical CMPO organization (e.g., CCMPOs controlling MCMPOs controlling CMPOs), CMPO ID 2711 can include one field for each level ofthe hierarchy, thereby allowing CMPO ID 2711 to specify the location of any particular CMPO in the organization. ID 2710 for a CCMPO may, for example, be 123-000-000. ID 2712 for a MCMPO of a work within that channel may, for example, be 123-456-000, thereby allowing the specification of 1,000 MCMPOs as controlled by the CCMPO identified as "123." CMPO ID 2711 for a CMPO associated with an object within the particular work may, for example, be 123-456-789, thereby allowing the specification of 1,000 CMPOs as associated with each MCMPO. This method of specifying CMPO IDs thereby conveys the exact location of any CMPO within a hierarchy of CMPOs. For cases in which higher levels ofthe hierarchy do not exist (e.g., a MCMPO with no associated CCMPO), the digits associated with that level ofthe hierarchy may be specified as zeroes. (b) Rules 2702 applicable to all content in the channel. These may be self- contained rules, or may be pointers to rules obtainable elsewhere. Rules are optional at this level. (c) Information 2713 designed for display in the event the user is unable to comply with the rules (e.g., an advertisement screen informing the user that a subscription is available at a certain cost, and including a list of content available on the channel). (d) Keys 2703 for the decryption of each MCMPO controlled by this CCMPO. In one embodiment, the CCMPO includes one or more keys which decrypt all MCMPOs. In an alternate embodiment, the CCMPO includes one or more specific keys for each MCMPO. (e) A specification of a CMPS Type (2714), or of hardware/software necessary or desirable to use the content associated with this channel. The contents of a MCMPO may be similar to those of a CCMPO, except that the MCMPO may include rules applicable to a single work, and may identify CMPOs associated with each object. The contents of each CMPO may be similar to those ofthe MCMPO, except that the CMPO may include rules and keys applicable to a single object. - 61 - The contents of an SGCMPO may be similar to those ofthe CCMPO, except that the MCMPO may include rules applicable to only certain one or more classes of rights, certain one or more classes of works, and/or to one or more certain classes of users and/or user aπangements (e.g. CMPO aπangements and/or their devices). In another embodiment, shown in FIG. 28, CMPO Data Structure 2801 may be defined as follows: CMPO Data Structure 2801 is made up of elements. Each element includes a self- contained item of information. The CMPS parses CMPO Data Structure, one element at a time. Type Element 2802 identifies the data structure as a CMPO, thereby allowing the CMPS to distinguish it from a content ES. In an exemplary embodiment, this element may include 4 bits, each of which may be set to "1 " to indicate that the data structure is a CMPO. The second element is CMPO Identifier 2803, which is used to identify this particular CMPO and to convey whether the CMPO is part of a hierarchical organization of CMPOs and, if so, where this CMPO fits into that organization. CMPO Identifier 2803 is divided into four sub-elements, each of three bits. These are shown as sub-elements A, B, C and D. The first sub-element (2803 A) identifies the CMPO type, and indicates whether the CMPO is governed or controlled by any other CMPO: 100: this is a top-level CMPO (associated with a channel or an aggregation of works) and is not controlled by any other CMPO. 010: this is a mid-level CMPO (associated with a particular work) and is not controlled by any other CMPO. 110: this is a mid-level CMPO, and is controlled by a top-level CMPO. 001 : this is a low- level CMPO (associated with an object within a work) and is not controlled by any other CMPO. This case will be rare, since a low-level CMPO will ordinarily be controlled by at least one higher-level CMPO. 011: this is a low-level CMPO, and is controlled by a mid-level CMPO, but not by a top-level CMPO. I l l : this is a low-level CMPO, and is controlled by a top-level CMPO and by a mid-level CMPO. The second sub-element of CMPO ID 2803 (sub-element B) identifies a top-level CMPO. In the case of a top-level CMPO, this identifier is assigned by the creator ofthe CMPO. In the case of a mid-level or low-level CMPO which is controlled by a top-level - 62 - CMPO, this sub-element contains the identification ofthe top-level CMPO which performs such control. In the case of a mid-level or low-level CMPO which is not controlled by a top-level CMPO, this sub-element contains zeroes. The third sub-element of CMPO ID 2803 (sub-element C) identifies a mid-level CMPO. In the case of a top-level CMPO, this sub-element contains zeroes. In the case of a mid-level CMPO, this sub-element contains the identification ofthe particular CMPO. In the case of a low-level CMPO which is controlled by a mid-level CMPO, this sub-element contains the identification ofthe mid-level CMPO which performs such control. In the case of a low-level CMPO which is not controlled by a mid-level CMPO, this sub-element contains zeroes. The fourth sub-element of CMPO ID 2803 (sub-element D) identifies a low-level CMPO. In the case of a top-level or mid-level CMPO, this sub-element contains zeroes. In the case of a low-level CMPO, this sub-element contains the identification ofthe particular CMPO. Following the identifier element is Size Element 2804 indicating the size ofthe CMPO data structure. This element contains the number of elements (or bytes) to the final element in the data structure. This element may be rewritten if alterations are made to the CMPO. The CMPS may use this size information to determine whether the element has been altered without permission, since such an alteration might result in a different size. For such purposes, the CMPS may store the information contained in this element in a protected database. This information can also be used to establish that the entire CMPO has been received and is available, prior to any attempt to proceed with processing. Following Size Element 2804 are one or more Ownership/Control Elements containing ownership and chain of control information (e.g., Ownership/Control Elements 2805, 2806 and 2807). In the first such element (2805), the creator ofthe CMPO may include a specific identifier associated with that creator. Additional participants may also be identified in following elements (e.g., 2806, 2807). For example, Element 2805 could identify the creator ofthe CMPO, Element 2806 could identify the publisher ofthe associated work and Element 2807 could identify the author ofthe work. A specific End Element 2808 sequence (e.g., 0000) indicates the end ofthe chain of ownership elements. If this sequence is encountered in the first element, this indicates that no chain of ownership information is present. Chain of ownership information can be added, if rules associated with CMPO 2801 permit such additions. If, for example, a user purchases the work associated with CMPO 2801, the user's identification may be added as a new element in the chain of ownership - 63 - elements (e.g., a new element following 2807, but before 2808). This may be done at the point of purchase, or may be accomplished by the CMPS once CMPO 2801 is encountered and the CMPS determines that the user has purchased the associated work. In such a case, the CMPS may obtain the user identifier from a data structure stored by the CMPS in NVRAM. Following the ownership element chain are one or more Handling Elements (e.g., 2809, 2810) indicating chain of handling. These elements may contain the identification of any CMPS which has downloaded and decoded CMPO 2801, and/or may contain the identification of any user associated with any such CMPS. Such information may be used for audit purposes, to allow a trail of handling in the event a work is determined to have been circulated improperly. Such information may also be reported as exhaust to a clearinghouse or central server. Chain of handling information preferably remains persistent until reported. If the number of elements required for such information exceeds a specified amount (e.g., twenty separate user identifiers), a CMPS may refuse to allow any further processing of CMPO 2801 or the associated work until the CMPS has been connected to an external server and has reported the chain of handling information. The last element in the chain of handling elements (e.g., 2811) indicates the end of this group of elements. The contents of this element may, for example, be all zeroes. Following the chain of handling elements may be one or more Certificate Elements (e.g., 2812, 2813) containing or pointing to a digital certificate associated with this CMPO. Such a digital certificate may be used by the CMPS to authenticate the CMPO. The final element in the digital certificate chain is all zeroes (2814). If no digital certificate is present, a single element of all zeroes exists in this location. Following the Certificate Elements may be a set of Governed Object Elements (e.g., 2815, 2816, 2817, 2818) specifying one or more content objects and/or CMPOs which may be governed by or associated with CMPO 2801. Each such governed object or CMPO is identified by a specific identifier and/or by a location where such object or CMPO may be found (e.g., these may be stored in locations 2815 and 2817). Following each such identifier may be one or more keys used to decrypt such CMPO or object (e.g., stored in locations 2816 and 2818). The set of identifiers/keys ends with a termination element made up of all zeroes (2819). Following the set of elements specifying identifiers and/or keys may be a set of Rules Elements (e.g., 2820, 2821, 2822) specifying rules/controls and conditions associated with use ofthe content objects and/or CMPOs identified in the Governed Objects chain (e-g- > locations 2815 and 2817). Exemplary rules are described below. Elements may - 64 - contain explicit rules or may contain pointers to rules stored elsewhere. Conditions may include particular hardware resources necessary to use associated content objects or to satisfy certain rules, or particular types of CMPS's which are necessary or prefeπed for use ofthe associated content objects. Following the rules/controls and conditions elements may be a set of Information Elements 2823 containing information specified by the creator ofthe CMPO. Among other contents, such information may include content, or pointers to content, programming, or pointers to programming. The CMPO ends with Final Termination Element 2824. In one embodiment, the rules contained in Rules Elements 2820-2822 of CMPO 2801 may include, for example, the following operations: (1) Play. This operation allows the user to play the content (though not to copy it) without restriction. (2) Navigate. This allows the user to perform certain types of navigation functions, including fast forward/rewind, stop and search. Search may be indexed or unindexed. (3) Copy. Copy may be allowed once (e.g., time-shifting, archiving), may be allowed for a specified number of times and/or may be allowed for limited period of time, or may be allowed for an unlimited period of time, so long as other rules, including relevant budgets, are not violated or exceeded. A CMPS aπangement may be designed so that a Copy operation may cause an update to an associated CMPO (e.g., including an indication that the associated content has been copied, identifying the date of copying and the site responsible for making the copy), without causing any change to any applicable content object, and in particular without requiring that associated content objects be demuxed, decrypted or decompressed. In the case of MPEG-4, for example, this may require the following multi-stage demux process: (i) the CMPS aπangement receives a Copy instruction from the user, or from a header CMPO. (ii) CMPO ESs associated with the MPEG-4 stream which is to be copied are separated from the content stream in a first demux stage. (iii) CMPOs are decrypted and updated by the CMPS aπangement. The CMPOs are then remuxed with the content ESs (which have never been demuxed from each other), and the entire stream is routed to the output port without further alteration. This process allows a copy operation to take place without requiring that the content streams be demuxed and decrypted. It requires that the CMPS aπangement include - 65 - two outputs: one output connected to the digital output port (e.g., FIG. 23 line 2316, connecting to Digital Output Port 2317), and one output connected to the MPEG-4 buffers (e.g., FIG. 23, lines 2310, 2311, 2312), with a switch designed to send content to one output or the other (or to both, if content is to be viewed and copied simultaneously) (e.g., Switch 2319). Switch 2319 can be the only path to Digital Output Port 2317, thereby allowing CMPS 2302 to exercise direct control over that port, and to ensure that content is never sent to that port unless authorized by a control. If Digital Output Port 2317 is also the connector to a digital display device, CMPS 2302 will also have to authorize content to be sent to that port even if no copy operation has been authorized. In one example embodiment, the receiving device receiving the information through Digital Output Port 2317 may have to authenticate with the sending device (e.g., CMPS 2302). Authentication may be for any characteristic ofthe device and/or one or more CMPSs used in conjunction with that device. Thus, for example, a sending appliance may not transmit content to a storage device lacking a compatible CMPS. In another non-limiting example, CMPS 2302 can incorporate session encryption functionality (e.g., the "five company aπangement" ) which establishes a secure channel from a sending interface to one or more external device interfaces (e.g., a digital monitor), and provided that the receiving interface has authenticated with the sending interface, encrypts the content so that it can only be decrypted by one or more authenticated 1394 device interfaces. In that case, CMPS 2302 would check for a suitable IEEE 1394 serial bus interface , and would allow content to flow to Digital Output Port 2317 only if (a) an authorized Play operation has been invoked, a secure channel has been established with the device and the content has been session-encrypted, or (b) an authorized Copy or Retransmit operation has been invoked, and the content has been treated as per the above description (i.e., the CMPO has been demuxed, changed and remuxed, the content has never been decrypted or demuxed). This is only possible if CMPOs are separately identifiable at an early demux stage, which most likely requires that they be stored in separate CMPO ESs. If the CMPOs are stored as headers in content ESs, it may be impossible to identify the CMPOs prior to a full demux and decrypt operation on the entirety ofthe stream. (4) Change. The user may be authorized to change the content. (5) Delete. This command allows the user to delete content which is stored in the memory ofthe Consumer Appliance. This operation operates on the entire work. If the user wishes to delete a portion of a work, the Change operation must be used. (6) Transfer. A user may be authorized to transfer a work to a third party. - 66 - This differs from the Copy operation in that the user does not retain the content or any rights to the content. The Transfer operation may be caπied out by combining a Copy operation and a Delete operation. Transfer may require alteration ofthe header CMPO associated with the work (e.g., adding or altering an Ownership/Control Element, such as Elements 2805-2807 of FIG. 28), so as to associate rights to the work with the third party. These basic operations may be subject to modifications, which may include: i. Payment. Operations may be conditioned on some type of user payment. Payment can take the form of cash payment to a provider (e.g., credit card, subtraction from a budget), or sending specified information to an external site (e.g., Nielson-type information). ii. Quality of Service. Operations may specify particular quality of service parameters (e.g., by specifying a requested QoS in MPEG-4), including: requested level of decompression, requested/required types of display, rendering devices (e.g., higher quality loudspeakers, a particular type of game controller). iii. Time. Operations may be conditioned such that the operation is only allowed after a particular time, or such that the price for the operation is tied to the time (e.g., real-time information at a price, delayed information at a lower price or free, e.g., allowing controlled copies but only after a particular date). iv. Display of particular types of content. Operations may be conditioned on the user authorizing display of certain content (e.g., the play operation may be free if the user agrees to allow advertisements to be displayed). In all of these cases, a rule may be modified by one or more other rules. A rule may specify that it can be modified by other rules or may specify that it is unmodifiable. If a rule is modifiable, it may be modified by rules sent from other sources. Those rules may be received separately by the user or may be aggregated and received together by the user. Data types which may be used in an exemplary MPEG-4 embodiment may include the following: a. CMP Data Stream. The CMP-ds is a new elementary stream type that has all ofthe properties of an elementary stream including its own CMPO and a reference in the object descriptors. Each CMP-ds stream has a series of one or more CMP Messages. A CMP Message has four parts: 1. Count: [\...n] CMPS types supported by this IP ES. Multiple CMPS systems may be supported, each identified by a unique type. (There may have - 67 - to be a central registry of types.) 2. CMPS_type_identifiers: [1...n] identifiers, each with an offset in the stream and a length. The offset points to the byte in the CMPO where the data for that CMPS type is found. The length is the length in bytes of this data. 3. Data segments: One segment for each ofthe n CMPS types encoded in a format that is proprietary to the CMPS supplier. 4. CMP_Message_URL: That references another CMP_Message. (This is in keeping with the standard of using URLs to point to streams.) b. CMPO. The CMPO is a data structure used to attach detailed CMP control to individual elementary streams. Each CMPO contains: 1. CMPO_ID: An identifier for the content under control. This identifier must uniquely identify an elementary stream. 2. CMPO_count: [l...n] CMPS types supported by this CMPO. 3. CMPS_type_identifiers: [1...n] identifiers, each with an offset in the stream and a length. The offset points to the byte in the CMPO where the data for that CMPS type is found. The length is the length in bytes of this data. 4. Data segments: n data segments. Each data segment is in a format that is proprietary to the CMPS supplier. 5. CMPO_URL: An optional URL that references an additional CMPO that adds information to the information in this CMPO. (This is a way of dynamically adding support for new CMPSs.) c. Feedback Event The feedback events come in two forms: start and end. Each feedback event contains three pieces of information: 1. EIementary_stream_ID 2. Time: in presentation time 3. Object_instance_number User Interface. Commerce Appliance 2301 may include User Interface 2304 designed to convey control-related information to the user and to receive commands and information from the user. This interface may include special purpose displays (e.g., a light which comes on if a cuπent action requires payment), special purpose buttons (e.g., a button which accepts the payment or other terms required for display of content), and/or visual information presented on screen. - 68 - Example of Operation in an MPEG-4 Context 1. User selects a particular work or channel. The user may, for example, use a remote control device to tune a digital TV to a particular channel. 2. Selection ofthe channel is communicated to a CMPS aπangement, which uses the information to either download a CCMPO or to identify a previously downloaded CCMPO (e.g., if the CMPS aπangement is contained in a set-top box, the set-top box may automatically download CCMPOs for every channel potentially reachable by the box). 3. The CMPS aπangement uses the CCMPO to identify rules associated with all content found on the channel. For example, the CCMPO may specify that content may only be viewed by subscribers, and may specify that, if the user is not a subscriber, an advertisement screen should be put up inviting the user to subscribe. 4. Once rules specified by the CCMPO have been satisfied, the CCMPO specifies the location of a MCMPO associated with a particular work which is available on the channel. The channel CMPO may also supply one or more keys used for decryption ofthe MCMPO. 5. The CMPS aπangement downloads the MCMPO. In the case of an MPEG-4 embodiment, the MCMPO may be an Elementary Stream. This Elementary Stream must be identifiable at a relatively early stage in the MPEG-4 decoding process. 6. The CMPS aπangement decrypts the MCMPO, and determines the rules used to access and use the content. The CMPS aπangement presents the user with a set of options, including the ability to view for free with advertisements, or to view for a price without advertisements. 7. The user selects view for free with advertisements, e.g., by highlighting and selecting an option on the screen using a remote control device. 8. The CMPS aπangement acquires one or more keys from the MCMPO and uses those keys to decrypt the ESs associated with the video. The CMPS aπangement identifies two possible scene descriptor graphs, one with and one without advertisements. The CMPS aπangement passes the scene descriptor graph with advertisements through, and blocks the other scene descriptor graph. 9. The CMPS aπangement monitors the composite and render block, and checks to determine that the advertisement AVOs have actually been released for viewing. If the CMPS aπangement determines that those AVOs have not been released for viewing, it puts up an eπor or warning message, and terminates further decryption. CMPS Rights Management In Provider And Distribution Chains In addition to consumer aπangements, in other embodiments one or more CMPSs - 69 - may be used in creating, capturing, modifying, augmenting, animating, editing, excerpting, extracting, embedding, enhancing, coπecting, fingerprinting, watermarking, and/or rendering digital information to associate rules with digital information and to enforce those rules throughout creation, production, distribution, display and/or performance processes. In one non-limiting example, a CMPS, a non-exhaustive example of which may include a least a secure portion of a VDE node as described in the aforementioned Ginter et al., patent specification, is incorporated in video and digital cameras, audio microphones, recording, playback, editing, and/or noise reduction devices and/or any other digital device. Images, video, and/or audio, or any other relevant digital information may be captured, recorded, and persistently protected using at least one CMPS and/or at least one CMPO. CMPSs may interact with compression/decompression, encryption/decryption, DSP, digital to analog, analog to digital, and communications hardware and/or software components of these devices as well. In another non-exhaustive example, computer animation, special effects, digital editing, color coπecting, noise reduction, and any other applications that create and/or use digital information may protect and/or manage rights associated with digital information using at least one CMPS and/or at least one CMPO. Another example includes the use of CMPSs and/or CMPOs to manage digital assets in at least one digital library, asset store, film and/or audio libraries, digital vaults, and/or any other digital content storage and management means. In accordance with the present applications, CMPSs and/or CMPOs may be used to manage rights in conjunction with the public display and/or performance of digital works. In one non-exhaustive example, flat panel screens, displays, monitors, TV projectors, LCD projectors, and/or any other means of displaying digital information, may incorporate at least one hardware and/or software CMPS instance that controls the use of digital works. A CMPS may allow use only in conjunction with one or more digital credentials, one example of which is a digital certificate, that warrant that use ofthe digital information will occur in a setting, location, and/or other context for public display and/or performance. Non-limiting examples of said contexts include theaters, bars, clubs, electronic billboards, electronic displays in public areas, or TVs in airplanes, ships, trains and/or other public conveyances. These credentials may be issued by trusted third parties such as certifying authorities, non- exhaustive examples of which are disclosed in the aforementioned Ginter '712 patent application. - 70 - Additional MPEG-4 Embodiment Information This work is based on the MPEG-4 description in the version 1 Systems Committee Draft (CD), cuπently the most complete description ofthe evolving MPEG-4 standard. This section presents the structural modifications to the MPEG-4 player architecture and discusses the data lines and the concomitant functional changes. Figure 23 shows the functional components ofthe original MPEG-4 player. Content aπives at Player 2301 packaged into a serial stream (e.g., MPEG-4 Bit Stream 2314). It is demultiplexed via a sequence of three demultiplexing stages (e.g., Demux 2305) into elementary streams. There are three principle types of elementary streams: AV Objects (AVO), Scene Descriptor Graph (SDG), and Object Descriptor (OD). These streams are fed into respective processing elements (e.g., AVO Decode 2307, Scene Descriptor Graph 2306, Object Descriptors 2308). The AVOs are the multimedia content streams such as audio, video, synthetic graphics and so on. They are processed by the player's compression/coding subsystems. The scene descriptor graph stream is used to build the scene descriptor graph. This tells Composite and Render 2309 how to construct the scene and can be thought of as the "script." The object descriptors contain description information about the AVOs and the SD-graph updates. To accommodate a CMPS (e.g., CMPS 2302) and to protect content effectively, the player structure must be modified in several ways: • Certain data paths must be rerouted to and from the CMPS • Certain buffers in the SDG, AVO decode and Object descriptor modules must be secured • Feedback paths from the user and the composite and render units to the CMPS must be added In order for CMPS 2302 to communicate with the MPEG-4 unit, and for it to effectively manage content we must specify the CMPO structure and association protocols and we must define the communication protocols over the feedback systems (from the compositor and the user.) The structural modifications to the player are shown in Figure 23. The principal changes are: • All elementary streams are now routed through CMPS 2302. • Direct communication path between Demux 2305 and CMPS 2302. • A required "Content Release and Decrypt" Module 2315 in CMPS 2302. - 71 - • The addition of a feedback loop (e.g., Line 2313) from Composite and Render 2309 to CMPS 2302. • Bi-directional user interaction directly with the CMPS 2302, through Line 2316. Furthermore, for M4v2P, CMP-objects are preferably associated with all elementary streams. Elementary streams that the author chooses not to protect are still marked by an "unprotected content" CMPO. The CMPOs are the primary means of attaching rules information to the content. Content here not only refers to AVOs, but also to the scene descriptor graph. Scene Descriptor Graph may have great value and will thus need to be protected and managed by CMPS 2302. The direct path from Demux 2305 to CMPS 2302 is used to pass a CMPS specific header, that potentially contains business model information, that communicates business model information at the beginning of user session. This header can be used to initiate user identification and authentication, communicate rules and consequences, and initiate up- front interaction with the rules (selection of quality-of-service (QoS), billing, etc.) The user's communication with CMPS 2302 is conducted through a non-standardized channel (e.g., Line 2316). The CMPS designer may provide an independent API for framing these interactions. Feedback Path 2313 from Composite and Render block 2309 serves an important purpose. The path is used to cross check that the system actually presented the user with a given scene. Elementary streams that are processed by their respective modules may not necessarily be presented to the user. Furthermore, there are several fraud scenarios wherein an attacker could pay once and view multiple times. The feedback path here allows CMPS 2302 to cross check the rendering and thereby perform a more accurate accounting. This feedback is implemented by forcing the Composite and Render block 2309 to issue a start event that signals the initiation of a given object's rendering that is complemented by a stop event upon termination. The feedback signaling process may be made optional by providing a CMP-notification flag that may be toggled to indicate whether or not CMPS 2302 should be notified. All CMPOs would be required to cany this flag. The final modification to the structure is to require that the clear text buffers in the AVO, SDG and Object Descriptor processors and in the Composite-and-Render block be secured. This is to prevent a pirate from stealing content in these buffers. As a practical matter, this may be difficult, since tampering with these structures may well destroy synchronization ofthe streams. However, a higher state of security would come from placing these buffers into a protected processing environment. CMPS 2302 governs the functioning of Player 2301, consistent with the following: - 72 - • Communication mechanism between CMPS 2302 and the MPEG-4 player (via CMPOs) • A content release and decryption subsystem • Version authentication subsystem • Sufficient performance so as not to interfere with the stream processing in the MPEG-4 components CMPS 2302 may have a bi-directional side-channel that is external to the MPEG-4 player that may also be used for the exchange of CMP information. Furthermore, the CMPS designer may choose to provide a user interface API that provides the user with the ability to communicate with the content and rights management side ofthe stream management (e.g., through Line 2316). Encrypted content is decrypted and released by CMPS 2302 as a function ofthe rules associated with the protected content and the results of user interaction with CMPS 2302. Unencrypted content is passed through CMPS 2302 and is governed by associated rules and user interaction with CMPS 2302. As a consequence of these rules and user interaction, CMPS 2302 may need to transact with the SDG and AVO coding modules (e.g., 2310, 2311) to change scene structure and/or the QoS grade. Ultimately, the CMPS designer may choose to have CMPS 2302 generate audit trail information that may be sent to a clearinghouse authority via CMPS Side Channel Port 2318 or as encrypted content that is packaged in the MPEG-4 bit stream. The MPEG-4 vl Systems CD uses the term "object" loosely. In this document, "object" is used to specifically mean a data structure that flows from one or more ofthe data paths in Figure 23. Using multiple SD-graph update streams, each with its own CMPO, allows an author to apply arbitrarily specific controls to the SD-graph. For example, each node in the SD-graph can be created or modified by a separate SD-graph update stream. Each of these streams will have a distinct CMPO and ID. Thus, the CMPS can release and decrypt the creation and modification of each node and receive feedback information for each node individually. The practical implications for controlling release and implementing consequences should be comparable to having a CMPO on each node ofthe SD-graph, without the costs of having a CMPO on each SD-graph node. Principles consistent with the present invention may be illustrated using the following examples: In the first example, there is a bilingual video with either an English or French soundtrack. The user can choose during playback to hear either the English or French. The - 73 - basic presentation costs $1. If the French soundtrack is presented there is a $0.50 surcharge. If the user switches back and forth between French and English, during a single viewing of the presentation, the $0.50 surcharge will occur only once. In this example, there will be four elementary streams: The Scene Description Graph Update stream will have a CMPO. The CMPO will imply a $1.00 fee associated with the use ofthe content. The scene description graph displays the video, English audio and puts up a button that allows the user to switch to French. If the user clicks that button, the English stops, the French picks up from that point and the button changes to a switch-to-English button. (Optionally, there may be a little dialog at the beginning to allow the user to select the initial language. This is all easy to do in the SD graph.) The Video Stream with the CMPO will say that it can only be released if the scene description graph update stream above is released. The English Audio Stream will be similar to the Video stream. The French Audio Stream will be similar to the Video stream but there is a $.50 charge it if is seen in the feedback channel. (The CMPS must to not count twice if the user switches between the two in a single play ofthe presentation.) An important requirement is that the ID for the SD-graph update stream appears in the feedback path (e.g., Feedback Path 2313). This is so CMPS 2302 knows when the presentation stops and ends so that CMPS 2302 can coπectly bill for the French audio. The rules governing the release ofthe video and audio streams may include some variations. The rules for these streams, for example, may state something like "if you don't see the id for the scene description graph update stream X in the feedback channel, halt release of this stream." If the main presentation is not on the display, then the video should not be. This ties the video to this one presentation. Using the video in some other presentation would require access to the original video, not just this protected version of it. In a second example, an author wants to have a presentation with a free attract sequence or "trailer". If the user clicks the coπect button the system moves into the for-fee presentation, which is organized as a set of "acts". Multiple SD-graph update streams may update a scene description graph. Multiple SD-graph update streams may be open in parallel. The time stamps on the ALUs in the streams are used to synchronize and coordinate. The trailer and each act are represented by a separate SD-graph update stream with a separate CMPO. There is likely an additional SD-graph update stream that creates a simple - 74 - root node that is invisible and silent. This node brings in the other components ofthe presentation as needed. The foregoing description of implementations ofthe invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not exhaustive and does not limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Modifications and variations are possible in light ofthe above teachings or may be acquired from practicing ofthe invention. For example, the described implementation includes software but the present invention may be implemented as a combination of hardware and software or in hardware alone. The invention may be implemented with both object-oriented and non-object-oriented programming systems. The scope ofthe invention is defined by the claims and their equivalents.

Claims: - 75 - We claim: 1. A streaming media player providing content protection and digital rights management, including: a port configured to receive a digital bit stream, the digital bit stream including: content which is encrypted at least in part, and a secure container including control information for controlling use ofthe content, including at least one key suitable for decryption of at least a portion ofthe content; and a control aπangement including: means for opening secure containers and extracting cryptographic keys, and means for decrypting the encrypted portion ofthe content. 2. The player of Claim 1 in which the digital bit stream includes at least two sub-streams which have been muxed together, at least one ofthe sub-streams including compressed information, and wherein the player further includes: a demux designed to separate and route the sub-streams; a decompression unit configured to decompress at least one ofthe sub-streams, the decompression unit and the demux being connected by a pathway for the transmission of information; and a rendering unit designed to process decompressed content information for rendering. 3. The player of Claim 2, further including: a stream controller operatively connected to the decompression unit, the stream controller including decryption functionality configured to decrypt at least a portion of a sub-stream and pass the decrypted sub-stream to the decompression unit. 4. The player of Claim 3 , further including: a path between the control aπangement and the stream controller to enable the control aπangement to pass at least one key to the stream controller for use with the stream controller's decryption functionality. 5. The player of Claim 4, further including: a feedback path from the rendering unit to the control aπangement to allow the control aπangement to receive information from the rendering unit regarding the identification of objects which are to be rendered or have been rendered. 6. The player of Claim 1 , wherein the digital bit stream is encoded in MPEG-4 format. - 76 - 7. The player of Claim 1 , wherein the digital bit stream is encoded in MP3 format. 8. The player of Claim 4, wherein the control aπangement contains a rule or rule set associated with governance of at least one sub-stream or object. 9. The player of Claim 8, wherein the rule or rule set is delivered from an external source. 10. The player of Claim 9, wherein the rule or rule set is delivered as part ofthe digital bit stream. 11. The player of Claim 8, wherein the rule or rule set specifies conditions under which the governed sub-stream or object may be decrypted. 12. The player of Claim 8, wherein the rule or rule set governs at least one aspect of access to or use ofthe governed sub-stream or object. 13. The player of Claim 12, wherein the governed aspect includes making copies ofthe governed sub-stream or object. 14. The player of Claim 12, wherein the governed aspect includes transmitting the governed sub-stream or object through a digital output port. 15. The player of Claim 14, wherein the rule or rule set specifies that the governed sub-stream or object can be transfeπed to a second device, but rendering ofthe governed sub-stream or object must be disabled in the first device prior to or during the transfer. 16. The player of Claim 15, wherein the second device includes rendering capability, lacks at least one feature present in the streaming media player, and is at least somewhat more portable than the streaming media player. 17. The player of Claim 11, wherein the control aπangement contains at least two rules governing access to or use ofthe same governed sub-stream or object. 18. The player of Claim 17, wherein a first of the two rules was supplied by a first entity, and the second ofthe two rules was supplied by a second entity. 19. The player of Claim 18, wherein the first rule controls at least one aspect of operation ofthe second rule. 20. The player of Claim 12, wherein the governed aspect includes use of at least one budget. 21. The player of Claim 12, wherein the governed aspect includes a requirement that audit information be provided. 22. The player of Claim 1 , wherein the control aπangement includes tamper resistance. - 77 - 23. A digital bit stream including: content information that is compressed and at least in part encrypted; and a secure container including governance information for the governance of at least one aspect of access to or use of at least a portion ofthe content information; and a key for decryption of at least a portion ofthe encrypted content information. 24. The digital bit stream of Claim 23, wherein the content information is encoded in MPEG-4 format. 25. The digital bit stream of Claim 23, wherein the content information is encoded in MP3 format. 26. A method of rendering a protected digital bit stream including: receiving the protected digital bit stream, passing the protected digital bit stream to a media player, the media player reading first header information identifying a plugin used to process the protected digital bit stream, the first header information indicating that a first plugin is required; the media player calling the first plugin; the media player passing the protected digital bit stream to the first plugin; the first plugin decrypting at least a portion ofthe protected digital bit stream; the first plugin reading second header information identifying a second plugin necessary in order to render the decrypted digital bit stream; the first plugin calling the second plugin; the first plugin passing the decrypted digital bit stream to the second plugin; the second plugin processing the decrypted digital bit stream, the processing including decompressing at least a portion ofthe decrypted digital bit stream; the second plugin passing the decrypted and processed digital bit stream to the media player; and the media player enabling rendering ofthe decrypted and processed digital bit stream, whereby the first plugin may be used in an architecture not designed for multiple stages of plugin processing.

Inventors: HILL RALPH D, HWA JOHN P, RADCLIFFE CHRIS D, SHAMOON TALAL G, HILL, RALPH, D., HWA, JOHN, P., RADCLIFFE, CHRIS, D., SHAMOON, TALAL, G.
Applicants: INTERTRUST TECH CORP, INTERTRUST TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION
Application year: 1999
Main classification: H04N7
IPC codes: H04L9, H04N7