BOVINE CELLS EXPRESSING ADENOVIRUS ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS FOR PROPAGATION OF RECOMBINANT ADENOVIRAL VECTORS

Abstract: The invention provides cell lines capable of supporting the replication of a defective recombinant virus vector. In one aspect, bovine cell lines expressing adenovirus E1 functions are provided. The cell lines are useful for the propagation of adenovirus vectors with mutations and/or deletions in E1 and other essential regions of the adenovirus genome.

Description: BOVINE CELLS EXPRESSING ADENOVIRUS ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS FOR PROPAGATION OF RECOMBINANT ADENOVIRAL VECTORS CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority to U.S. provisional patent application Serial No. 60/155,219, filed on November 2, 1998. TECHNICAL FIELD The invention is in the fields of recombinant cell lines, recombinant animal viral vectors, defective adenovirus vectors, subunit vaccines and gene therapy. BACKGROUND Adenoviruses have recently begun to be used as vectors for gene expression, recombinant subunit vaccines and gene therapy. Yeh et al (1997) FASEB J. 11:615-623; and lmler (1998) Vaccine 13:1143-1151. They have been detected in many animal species, exhibit minimal pathogenicity, and are non- integrative. Adenoviruses are capable of infecting a wide variety of cell types, both dividing and quiescent, and have a natural tropism for airway epithelial cells. The advantages to the use of adenoviruses as vectors include suitability for genetic manipulation, ability to replicate to high titers, stability and ease of production. Adenoviruses have been used as live enteric viral vaccines for many years with an excellent safety profile. Adenoviruses are distinguished according to the species of animal which they infect (e.g., human, bovine, canine, etc.). Particular species of adenoviruses are further characterized serologically, according to type. The adenovirus El region encodes several functions that are essential to viral replication. The El A region is responsible for encoding functions that activate early and late transcription, stimulate progression of infected cells into the S phase of the cell cycle, and antagonize the effects of α- and β-interferons. The E1B region encodes functions involved in stimulating cell-cycle progression of infected cells, blocking apoptosis in infected cells, and blocking nucleocytoplasmic transport of host cell mRNA. In addition, part or all of the El region is responsible for cell transformation. See, for example, Shenk, Adenoviridae: The viruses and their replication. In "Virology" (B. Fields, ed.) Chapter 67, Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, 1996, pp. 2111-2148. Ideally (for safety considerations), one or more essential regions of the adenovirus genome are inactivated in the genome of an adenoviral vector. For example, the El region, encoding several essential functions (see above) as well as potential adenovirus transforming functions, will be inactivated in many types of adenovirus vector. However, since the El regions are essential for normal virus replication, propagation of adenovirus vectors lacking all or part of the El regions requires a helper cell line that provides El functions. Heretofore, such helper cell lines have provided El function by including El sequences from the same adenovirus type that is propagated in the cell line. For example, the human 293 cell line, containing human adenovirus type 5 El sequences, can be used for the propagation of human adenovirus with a mutated El region. Graham et al. (1977) J. Gen. Virol. 36:59-72. Similarly, cell lines suitable for the propagation of E2- and E4-mutant adenoviruses have been described. Klessig et al. (1984) Mol. Cell. Biol. 4:1354-1362; Weinberg et al. (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:5383-5386. Homologous recombination occurs readily between adenoviruses of the same type, both in the wild and during coinfection of cultured cells. Ginsberg et al. The Genetics of Adenoviruses. In: Fraenkel-Conrat H and Wagner RR eds., "Comprehensive Virology" volume 9, New York, Plenum Press, 1977; Takemori (1972) Virology 47:157-167; and Williams et al. (1975) Cell 4:113-119. Consequently, when a mutant adenovirus is passaged through a helper cell line containing homologous adenovirus sequences, homologous recombination can result in the generation of wild-type adenoviruses. For example, when replication-defective adenoviruses containing El deletions were passaged in a complementing cell line containing adenovirus El sequences, replication- competent viruses emerged, in which the deleted El region had been restored through recombination with homologous El sequences present in the helper cell. See, for example, Hehir et al. (1996) J. Virol. 70:8459-8467; Fallaux et α/. (1998) Human Gene Therapy 9:1909-1917. Accordingly, there is a need for an adenovirus vector-helper cell system in which vectors deleted for El can be propagated in a cell line providing El function, without the likelihood that wild-type virus will be generated by recombination between the vector genome and viral sequences in the helper cell. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the invention to provide a system for the growth and propagation of replication-defective adenovirus vectors, wherein the system does not have the potential to produce recombinant, replication-competent adenoviruses. Accordingly, the invention provides host cells, preferably bovine, that are permissive for the replication of a defective adenovirus vector, in particular, a recombinant adenovirus that is mutated in the El region of the adenovirus genome (i.e., the EIA region, the EIB region or both). The El mutation can be a deletion, insertion, substitution, one or more point mutation(s), a rearrangement, or any other type of in vivo or in vitro genetic change. Such defective adenovirus vectors will often comprise heterologous sequences. In adenovirus genomes with deletions in El, the heterologous sequences can be inserted at or near the site formerly occupied by the deleted El sequences, and/or at any other region of the genome. Adenovirus genomes that are mutant in their El region can also contain mutations in other regions of the genome, such as the E3 region or the region between E4 and the right end of the genome. In one embodiment, host cells comprise El sequences from an adenovirus of a different type or a different species than the adenovirus vector that is propagated in the host cells. In a preferred embodiment, the host cells comprise human adenovirus El sequences and the vector that is propagated in the host cells is a bovine adenovirus. In one embodiment, the bovine host cells are derived from fetal bovine retina. In a preferred embodiment, fetal bovine retina cells comprise adenovirus El sequences that have been introduced into the cells by transfection. In a more preferred embodiment, the El sequences are derived from a human adenovirus, for example, human adenovirus type 5 (HAd-5). In a still more preferred embodiment, fetal bovine retina cells, comprising HAd-5 sequences are used for the propagation of replication-defective bovine adenovirus (BAV) vectors having one or more mutations in their El region and, optionally, one or more mutations in other regions of their genome. In an even more preferred embodiment, the replication-defective BAV vectors comprise heterologous sequences, wherein the heterologous sequences can be located in the El region of the genome of the defective BAV vector and/or at other regions of the genome. The invention provides host cells as described above, as well as host cells comprising defective BAV vectors mutated in their El region, wherein the defective BAV vectors optionally comprise inserted heterologous sequences. In addition, the invention provides methods for the propagation of replication-defective recombinant BAV vectors using the host cells of the invention, as well as vectors and vector genomes that have been propagated using the host cells of the invention. Defective recombinant BAV vectors and their genomes, produced using the methods and compositions of the invention, are useful as immunogenic compositions. Such immunogenic compositions can be used both prophylactically and therapeutically. Prophylactically, the immunogenic compositions are used for purposes of vaccination to elicit a protective immune response. In their therapeutic uses, the immunogenic compositions are used to induce or boost an immune response to an infection, thereby preventing or ameliorating the symptoms of disease. In addition, defective recombinant BAV vectors and their genomes, produced using the methods and compositions of the invention, are useful for the introduction of heterologous genes into recipient mammalian cells. When such heterologous genes are in operative linkage with appropriate transcriptional regulatory elements, expression of the heterologous gene in the recipient cell is accomplished. Such expression is useful in the provision of therapeutic gene(s) and/or gene product(s) and thus will play a role in certain aspects of in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo genetic intervention in the treatment of disease, and in gene therapy. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 shows a map of plasmid TG4671. Sequences from the human Adenovirus type 5 El region are indicated by the thick black line. Figure 2 contains micrographs showing cellular morphology. Figure 2A shows fetal bovine retina cells (FBRC). Figure 2B shows VIDO-R2 cells (FBRC transformed by pTG4671). Figure 3 shows analysis of El A expression in FBRC and VIDO-R2 cells by protein immunoblot analysis. Human 293 cells, which express human adenovirus type 5 EIA and EIB, are used as a positive control. Lane 1 : molecular weight markers; lane 2: 293 cells; lane 3: FBRC; lane 4: VIDO-R2 cells. Figure 4 shows analysis of EIB expression in FBRC and VIDO-R2 cells by protein immunoblot analysis. Human 293 cells, which express human adenovirus type 5 EIA and EIB, are used as a positive control. Lane 1 : molecular weight markers; lane 2: 293 cells; lane 3: FBRC; lane 4: VIDO-R2 cells. Figure 5 shows a map of plasmid TG5435, comprising a BAV genome. BAV genes are designated by the thick arrows inside the circle. Figure 6 is a schematic diagram showing the construction of BAV3.500. See Example 4. Figure 7 is a schematic diagram showing the construction of BAV3.501. See Example 5. Figure 8 is a schematic diagram showing the construction of BAV3.502. See Example 6. Figure 9 is a schematic diagram showing the construction of BAV3.304. See Example 7. Figure 10 shows titers of wild-type and recombinant BAVs after infection of FBRC and VIDO R2 cells. See Example 8. Figure 11 shows expression of BHV gD in BAV3.501 -infected cells. See Example 9. 35 S labeled proteins from cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with anti-gD monoclonal antibodies and separated under reducing conditions on a 10% polyacrylamide-SDS gel. Figure 11 A shows results in VIDO R2 cells; Figure 11B shows results in MDBK cells. Lane 1 : mock-infected; Lane 2: BAV3- infected; Lane 3: BHV-1 -infected; Lanes 4-6: BAV3.501 -infected and harvested at 12 hours (lane 4), 24 hours (lane 5) and 36 hours (lane 6) after infection. Molecular weight markers, in kDa, are indicated at the left side of the figure. Figure 12 shows expression of BCV HE in BAV3.502-infected VIDO R2 cells. See Example 10. S labeled proteins from cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with polyclonal anti-BCV serum and separated under reducing conditions on a 10% polyacrylamide-SDS gel. Lane 1: mock-infected; Lane 2: BAV3-infected; Lane 3: BCV-infected; Lanes 4-6: BAV3.502-infected and harvested at 12 hours (lane 4), 24 hours (lane 5) and 36 hours (lane 6) after infection. Molecular weight markers, in kDa, are indicated at the left side of the figure. Two different autoradiographic exposures of the gel are shown. Figure 13 shows expression of GFP in BAV3.304-infected MDBK cells. Infected cell lysates were separated by gel electrophoresis, and the gels were blotted and probed with anti-GFP serum. Lanes 1-3: BAV3.304-infected cells harvested as 12 (lane 1), 24 (lane 2) and 36 (lane 3) hours after infection; Lane 4: mock-infected; Lane 5: wild-type BAV-3 -infected. DETAILED DESCRIPTION A. General Methods The practice of the present invention employs, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques of microbiology, immunology, virology, molecular biology, and recombinant DNA which are within the skill of the art. These techniques are fully explained in the literature. See, e.g., Maniatis et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (1982); DNA Cloning: A Practical Approach, vols. I & II (D. Glover, ed.); Oligonucleotide Synthesis (N. Gait, ed. (1984)); Nucleic Acid Hybridization (B. Hames & S. Higgins, eds. (1985)); Transcription and Translation (B. Hames & S. Higgins, eds. (1984)); Animal Cell Culture (R. Freshney, ed. (1986)); Perbal, A Practical Guide to Molecular Cloning (1984); Ausubel, et al, Current Protocols In Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons (1987, and annual updates; and Sambrook et ah, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2 nd Edition); vols. I, II & III (1989). B. Definitions Operably linked or operatively linked refers to a juxtaposition of components (usually sequence elements) wherein the components are configured so as to perform their usual function. Thus, for example, a control sequence operably linked to a coding sequence is capable of affecting the expression of the coding sequence. The components need not be contiguous to one another so long as the control sequence is capable of exerting its normal regulatory function on the coding sequence. Transformation or transfection refers to the process by which exogenous nucleic acid is introduced into a cell. Methods for introduction of nucleic acids into cells are well-known to those of skill in the art and include, for instance, microinjection, electroporation, CaPO 4 co-precipitation, DEAE-dextran-mediated transfer, lipid-mediated transfer, particle bombardment, etc. Heterologous sequences refer to non-BAV sequences inserted into a recombinant BAV genome. In some cases, heterologous sequences will be sequences encoding all or part of a protein or polypeptide. In some cases, heterologous sequences will comprise a gene of interest or a fragment thereof. The terms host cell and helper cell are used interchangeably to denote a cell or clone of cells capable of supporting the replication of an otherwise replication-defective adenovirus vector. Host cells generally provide an essential viral function for which the adenovirus vector is deficient. The term cell line can be used to refer to a clone of host cells. C. Host Cells and Cell lines The invention includes a cell or cell line which provides an essential viral function, such that a viral vector lacking that function can be propagated in the cell or cell line. In one embodiment, the viral vector is an adenovirus vector and the essential viral function provided by the cell line is an adenoviral function. Thus, in one embodiment, a cell or cell line is capable of producing at least some of the proteins required for replication of a defective adenoviral vector which the vector itself cannot produce. The protein provided by the cell or cell line can also be a structural protein, required for maturation and/or assembly of the viral particle. The protein can be involved in replication, transcription, regulation of these processes or any other essential viral function. The viral function provided by the cell line does not necessarily have to encode a protein, it could also encode an essential RNA. The essential function, in one embodiment, is encoded by a fragment of an adenovirus genome, which can be modified by mutation, such as deletion and/or addition of nucleotides, point mutation, translocation, inversion, or rearrangement, as long as the mutation does not impair the capacity of the adenoviral genome fragment to complement a deficiency in a defective adenoviral vector. The adenoviral genome fragment can be present in the cell of the invention in a plasmid or viral vector or, preferably, can be integrated into the genome of the cell. Methods for introducing a fragment of an adenoviral genome into a vector, vectors suitable for such purposes, methods for introducing a vector or a nucleic acid fragment into a cell, and methods for directing integration of a nucleic acid fragment into a cellular genome are conventional techniques that are well-known to those of skill in the art. Thus, a stable helper cell line, expressing adenovirus functions encoded by adenovirus nucleic acid fragment(s) can be established. In the construction of such cell lines, co-transfection (of an adenoviral genome fragment or a vector containing an adenoviral genome fragment) with a selectable marker (such as a gene conferring antibiotic resistance) can be used to aid in detection of transfected cells. In some cases, the helper cell line can be established without the use of a separate selectable marker, based on the transforming capabilities of the products expressed by the adenoviral genome fragment. See, for example, Figure 2. In a preferred embodiment, the adenoviral function is El function and the adenoviral vector comprises a defective El region. The defect can be a point mutation, substitution, deletion, insertion, sequence rearrangement or any other type of genetic modification resulting in loss of function. Preferably, the defect is a deletion in the El region. Thus, in one embodiment, the cells and cell lines of the invention are capable of providing EIA, EIB or both EIA and EIB functions of an adenovirus. In a preferred embodiment, the cells and cell lines of the invention comprise adenoviral sequences encoding the aforementioned functions. More preferably, the cells and cell lines of the invention express EIA and EIB functions encoded by a human adenovirus, such as, for example, human adenovirus type 5 (HAd-5). In these embodiments, human adenovirus El sequences can extend from the initiation (ATG) codon of the most upstream E 1 A-encoded polypeptide through the stop codon of the most downstream ElB-encoded polypeptide. However, the El sequences can also comprise additional adenoviral sequences at either of the 5' or 3' extremities, or both. In a preferred embodiment, the cells and cell lines of the invention comprise El sequences extending from nucleotides 505-4034 of the HAd-5 genome. In another embodiment, the cells and cell lines of the invention comprise El sequences extending from nucleotides 505-3510 of the HAd-5 genome. The complete sequence of the HAd-5 genome is known to those of skill in the art. Chroboczek et al. (1992) Virology 186:280-285. Adenoviral sequences, present in a cell of the invention, can be placed in operative linkage with suitable control elements, both transcriptional and/or translational. Control elements can include those normally associated with the adenoviral sequences, or heterologous sequences. For example, adenoviral sequences present in a cell of the invention can retain the El A promoter sequences and the EIB polyadenylation signal. In another embodiment, the adenoviral sequences are placed under the control of a suitable heterologous promoter which is functional in a helper cell line of the invention. The use of a heterologous polyadenylation site is also contemplated. Heterologous regulatory elements can be isolated from any eukaryotic or viral genome. Transcriptional regulatory elements, such as promoters, can be constitutive or regulatable. A regulatable control element can be either positively or negatively regulated, or both. In one embodiment of the invention, recombinant cell lines are produced by constructing an expression cassette comprising an adenoviral El region and transforming host cells therewith to provide complementing cell lines or cultures expressing El function. These recombinant complementing cell lines are capable of allowing a defective recombinant adenovirus with deleted El sequences to replicate and express a desired foreign gene or fragment thereof which is optionally encoded within the recombinant adenovirus. The replication of defective recombinant adenoviruses with deleted El sequences and inserted heterologous sequences in a cell or cell line of the invention results in the production of infectious virions capable of expressing the heterologous sequence. Recombinant complementing cell lines according to the invention are capable of allowing a defective recombinant BAV, having a deleted El gene region, wherein the deleted sequences are optionally replaced by heterologous nucleotide sequences, to replicate and express one or more foreign genes or fragments thereof encoded by the heterologous nucleotide sequences. BAV vectors with El deletions, wherein heterologous sequences are inserted in regions other than El, can also be propagated in these complementing cell lines, and will express the heterologous sequences if they are inserted downstream of a BAV promoter or are inserted in operative linkage with a eukaryotic regulatory sequence. For example, cells and cell lines of the invention are useful in generating recombinant adenoviruses additionally comprising an E3 gene deletion, with the heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding a foreign gene or fragment thereof inserted in place of the deleted E3 region. Preferred helper cell lines include VIDO-R2 cells, as described in Example 1, infra. Briefly, the VIDO R2 cell line is a fetal bovine retinal cell line that has been transfected with DNA from the human adenovirus type 5 (HAd-5) El region, and which supports the growth of El -deleted BAV vectors and El- deleted human adenoviruses. The present invention shows that the human adenovirus El polypeptides produced by VIDO-R2 cells are capable of complementing bovine adenoviruses deficient in El function. However, the risk of generating replication-competent, recombinant virus is reduced due to the differences in nucleotide sequence between the HAd and BAV El regions. Therefore, El -deleted BAV vectors can be grown in VIDO-R2 cells without the risk of generating wild-type BAV by recombination. More generally, defective recombinant BAV vectors, lacking one or more essential functions, can be propagated in appropriate complementing cell lines, wherein a particular complementing cell line provides a function or functions that is (are) lacking in a particular defective recombinant BAV vector. Complementing cell lines can provide viral functions through, for example, co- infection with a helper virus which expresses the function that the vector lacks, or by integrating or otherwise maintaining in stable form a fragment of a viral genome encoding a particular viral function. The invention also includes a BAV vector that has been constructed using the host cells of the invention, and expression systems comprising said BAV vectors. In certain embodiments, a BAV vector constructed using the host cells of the invention will comprise one or more heterologous nucleotide sequences. That is, non-BAV sequences can replace part or all of the E3 region, part or all of the El region, part or all of the E2 region, part or all of the E4 region, part or all of the region between E4 and the right end of the genome, part or all of the late regions (L1-L7) and/or part or all of the regions occupied by the 33 kD, 52 kD, 100 kD, DBP, pol, pTP and penton genes, and genes IIIA, pV, pVI, pVII, pVIII and pX. Any of the aforementioned regions of the genome can be mutated or deleted, along with or instead of the El region. The expression system can be used wherein the heterologous nucleotide sequences are optionally under the control of any other heterologous promoter. BAV vectors can also comprise inverted terminal repeat (ITR) sequences and packaging sequences. The BAV 33 kD, 52 kD, 100 kD, DBP, pTP, penton (III), pIIIA, pIVa2, pV, pVI, pVII, pVIII and pX genes are essential for viral replication. BAV vectors comprising deletions in any of these genes, or which lack functions encoded by any of these genes, can be used in the practice of the invention. However, such vectors must be grown in an appropriate complementing host cell (i.e., a helper cell line) providing the essential viral function(s) missing in the vector. In human adenoviruses, certain open reading frames in the E4 region (ORF 3 and ORF 6/7) are essential for viral replication. Deletions in analogous open reading frames in the E4 region of BAV-3 could necessitate the use of a helper cell line for growth of the viral vector. Accordingly, host cells providing any of the functions encoded by the genes described above are useful in the practice of the invention. Preferred host cell lines comprise sequences encoding the human adenovirus counterparts of these BAV genes. The cell lines and host cells of the invention can be derived from any tissue of any mammalian species. A preferred species of cell is bovine cells. Preferred among bovine cells are those from kidney and fetal retina. D. Adenoviral Vectors In one embodiment of the invention, a recombinant expression cassette can be introduced within a BAV vector by cleaving a wild-type BAV genome with one or more appropriate restriction enzyme(s) to produce a BAV restriction fragment comprising El or E3 region sequences, respectively. The BAV restriction fragment can be inserted into a cloning vehicle, such as a plasmid, and thereafter at least one heterologous sequence (which may or may not encode a foreign protein), optionally in operative linkage with eukaryotic transcriptional and/or translational regulatory sequences, can be inserted into the El or E3 region. The resulting plasmid or linearized fragment is contacted with a BAV genome and, through homologous recombination or other conventional genetic engineering methods, the desired recombinant is obtained. The general methodology is described, for example, in Chartier et al. (1996) J. Virol. 70:4805- 4810. Recombination between the expression cassette and a BAV genome can occur within an appropriate helper cell line such as, for example, a procaryotic cell or an El -transformed cell line, such as that described by Graham et al. (1991) In Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol. 7, Humana Press, pp. 109-128. Heterologous sequences can also be introduced into the BAV genome at sites other than the El and E3 regions. It is within the skill of the art to isolate a restriction fragment bearing a region of the BAV genome into which insertion of heterologous sequences is desired, to clone heterologous sequences into such an isolated fragment of the BAV genome, and to reintroduce an isolated BAV fragment containing heterologous sequences into a BAV genome to generate a BAV vector, either before or after transformation or transfection of an appropriate host cell. Suitable host cells for construction of a BAV vector include any cell susceptible to transfection by BAV sequences (including a BAV genome) that will support recombination between a BAV genome and a plasmid containing BAV sequences (optionally comprising heterologous sequences), or between two or more plasmids, each containing BAV sequences (one or both of which optionally comprises heterologous sequences). Recombination is preferably performed in procaryotic cells, such as E. coli, while transfection of a viral genome (optionally contained in a plasmid) to generate virus particles is conducted in eukaryotic cells, preferably mammalian cells, more preferably bovine cells, still more preferably MDBK or PFBR cells, most preferably VIDO-R2 cells. The growth of bacterial cell cultures, as well as culture and maintenance of eukaryotic cells and mammalian cell lines are procedures which are well-known to those of skill in the art. One or more heterologous sequences can be inserted into one or more regions of a BAV genome to generate a recombinant BAV vector, limited only by the insertion capacity of the BAV genome and ability of the recombinant BAV vector to express the inserted heterologous sequences. Regions of the BAV genome suitable for insertion of heterologous sequences include part or all of the E3 region, part or all of the El region, part or all of the E2 region, part or all of the E4 region, part or all of the region between E4 and the right end of the genome, part or all of the late regions (L1-L7) and/or part or all of the regions occupied by the 33 kD, 52 kD, 100 kD, DBP, pol, pTP and penton genes, and genes IIIA, pV, pVI, pVII, pVIII and pX. In general, adenovirus genomes of approximately 105%) of normal genome length remain capable of being packaged into virus particles. The insertion capacity can be increased by deletion of non- essential regions and/or deletion of essential regions whose function is provided by a helper cell line or a helper virus. Accordingly, the insertion capacity of a vector can depend upon the nature and extent of the viral function(s) provided in trans: in the sense that the greater the number of essential viral functions provided by the helper cell line or helper virus, the larger the portion of the vector genome that can be deleted; hence, the higher the capacity of the vector. In one embodiment of the invention, insertion can be achieved by constructing a plasmid containing the region of the BAV genome into which insertion is desired. The plasmid is then digested with one or more restriction enzymes having a recognition sequence in the BAV portion of the plasmid, and a heterologous sequence is inserted at the site of restriction digestion. The plasmid (or a linear fragment), containing a portion of the BAV genome with an inserted heterologous sequence, is co-transformed, along with a BAV genome or a linearized fragment containing a BAV genome, into a bacterial cell (such as, for example, E. coli), wherein the BAV genome can be a full-length genome or can contain one or more deletions. Homologous recombination between the plasmids (and/or fragments) generates a plasmid (or a fragment) comprising a recombinant BAV genome containing inserted heterologous sequences. In another embodiment of the invention, a recombinant expression cassette can be obtained by cleaving a BAV genome with an appropriate restriction enzyme to produce a DNA fragment representing the left end or the right end of the genome comprising Εl or Ε3 sequences, respectively, and inserting the left- or right-end fragment into a cloning vehicle, such as a plasmid, and thereafter inserting at least one heterologous DNA sequence into the El or E3 sequence, the heterologous sequence optionally in operative linkage with an exogenous transcriptional regulatory sequence. The recombinant expression cassette is contacted with a BAV genome within an appropriate cell and, through homologous recombination or other conventional genetic engineering methods, a recombinant BAV genome is obtained. Appropriate cells include both prokaryotic cells, such as, for example, E coli, and eukaryotic cells. Examples of suitable eukaryotic cells include, but are not limited to, MDBK cells, MDBK cells expressing adenovirus El function, primary fetal bovine retina cells, primary fetal bovine retina cells expressing adenovirus El function (such as VIDO-R2 cells) and cells expressing functions that are equivalent to those of the previously- recited cells. Restriction fragments of the BAV genome other than those comprising the El and E3 regions are also useful in the practice of the invention and can be inserted into a cloning vehicle such that heterologous sequences may be inserted into sequences other that the El and E3 regions. These DNA constructs can then undergo recombination in vitro or in vivo, with a BAV genome, either before or after transformation or transfection of a suitable host cell as described above. For the purposes of the present invention, a BAV genome can be either a full-length genome or a genome containing a deletion in a region other than that deleted in the fragment with which it recombines, as long as the resulting recombinant BAV genome contains BAV sequences required for replication and packaging. Methods for transfection, cell culture and recombination in procaryotic and eukaryotic cells such as those described above are well-known to those of skill in the art. Deletion of BAV sequences, to provide a site for insertion of heterologous sequences or to provide additional capacity for insertion at a different site, can be accomplished by methods well-known to those of skill in the art. For example, for BAV sequences cloned in a plasmid, digestion with one or more restriction enzymes (with at least one recognition sequence in the BAV insert) followed by ligation will, in some cases, result in deletion of sequences between the restriction enzyme recognition sites. Alternatively, digestion at a single restriction enzyme recognition site within the BAV insert, followed by exonuclease treatment, followed by ligation will result in deletion of BAV sequences adjacent to the restriction site. A plasmid containing one or more portions of the BAV genome with one or more deletions, constructed as described above, can be co-transfected into a bacterial cell along with a BAV genome (full-length or deleted) or a plasmid containing either a full-length or a deleted BAV genome to generate, by homologous recombination, a plasmid containing a recombinant BAV genome with a deletion at one or more specific sites. BAV virions containing the deletion can then be obtained by transfection of mammalian cells (including, but not limited to, MDBK, PFBR and VIDO-R2 cells and their equivalents) with the plasmid containing the recombinant BAV genome. In one embodiment of the invention, insertion sites are adjacent to and downstream (in the transcriptional sense) of BAV promoters. Locations of BAV promoters, and restriction enzyme recognition sequences downstream of BAV promoters, for use as insertion sites, can be easily determined by one of skill in the art from the BAV nucleotide sequence provided in co-owned International Patent Applications PCT/CA94/00678 and PCT/CA98/00624. Alternatively, various in vitro techniques can be used for insertion of a restriction enzyme recognition sequence at a particular site, or for insertion of heterologous sequences at a site that does not contain a restriction enzyme recognition sequence. Such methods include, but are not limited to, oligonucleotide-mediated heteroduplex formation for insertion of one or more restriction enzyme recognition sequences (see, for example, Zoller et al. (1982) Nucleic Acids Res. 10:6487-6500; Brennan et α/. (1990) Roux 's Arch. Dev. Biol. 199:89-96; and Kunkel et al. (1987) Meth. Enzymology 154:367-382) and PCR-mediated methods for insertion of longer sequences. See, for example, Zheng et al. (1994) Virus Research 31:163-186. It is also possible to obtain expression of a heterologous sequence inserted at a site that is not downstream from a BAV promoter, if the heterologous sequence additionally comprises transcriptional regulatory sequences that are active in eukaryotic cells. Such transcriptional regulatory sequences can include cellular promoters such as, for example, the bovine hsp70 promoter and viral promoters such as, for example, herpesvirus, adenovirus and papovavirus promoters and DNA copies of retroviral long terminal repeat (LTR) sequences. In another embodiment, homologous recombination in a procaryotic cell can be used to generate a cloned BAV genome comprising an El deletion; and the cloned, El -deleted BAV genome can be propagated as a plasmid. Infectious virus can be obtained by transfection of VIDO-R2 cells, or their equivalents, with the cloned, El -deleted BAV genome rescued from plasmid-containing cells. The host cells of the invention, which provide essential viral functions, can be used for expression of proteins or peptides encoded by heterologous sequences included in recombinant BAV vectors. Methods for expression and purification of recombinant proteins and peptides are well-known to those of skill in the art; e.g., Ausubel et al., supra. Additional methods for preparation of recombinant adenoviral genomes, including BAV genomes, by recombination in a procaryotic cell, and transformation of mammalian cells (including bovine cells) with the recombinant genomes so generated, to generate recombinant adenovirus vectors, are described in co-owned International applications PCT/CA94/00678 and PCT/CA98/00624, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. E. Therapeutic genes and polypeptides BAV vectors that are propagated using the cells and cell lines of the invention can be used for the expression of therapeutic polypeptides and nucleic acids in applications such as in vitro polypeptide production, vaccine production, nucleic acid immunization and gene therapy, for example. In one embodiment, BAV vectors propagated in the host cells of the invention will contain heterologous sequences encoding protective determinants of various mammalian pathogens, for use in subunit vaccines and nucleic acid immunization. Representative mammalian pathogen antigens include, but are not limited to, bacterial pathogens, such as Pasteurella sp. and Hemophilus sp. ; and viral pathogens, such as herpesviruses, influenzaviruses, parainfluenzaviruses, rotaviruses, coronaviruses, viral diarrhea viruses, picornaviruses, adenoviruses, retroviruses, lentiviruses, etc. BAV vectors can also include genes encoding cytokines, such as interferons, interleukins and colony-stimulating factors (either instead of or in addition to sequences encoding protective determinants) and therapeutic polypeptides such as the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and coagulation factor IX, for example. Various foreign genes or nucleotide sequences or coding sequences (prokaryotic or eukaryotic) can be inserted into a BAV vector that is propagated in accordance with the present invention, particularly to provide protection against a wide range of diseases. Protection can be provided by way of subunit vaccines, nucleic acid immunization and/or gene therapy, using recombinant vectors propagated according to the methods of the invention. A heterologous (i.e., foreign) nucleotide sequence can consist of one or more gene(s) of interest, and preferably of therapeutic interest. In the context of the present invention, a gene of interest can encode a structural RNA, a ribosomal RNA, an antisense RNA, a ribozyme or it can encode an mRNA which will then be translated into a protein of interest. A gene of interest can be of genomic type, of complementary DNA (cDNA) type or of mixed type (i.e., a minigene, in which at least one intron is deleted). It can code for a mature protein; a precursor of a mature protein, in particular a precursor intended to be secreted and accordingly comprising a signal peptide; a chimeric protein originating from the fusion of sequences of diverse origins; or a mutant of a natural protein displaying improved or modified biological properties. Such a mutant can be obtained by deletion, substitution and/or addition of one or more nucleotide(s) of the gene coding for the natural protein, or any other type of change in the sequence encoding the natural protein, such as, for example, transposition or inversion. A gene of interest can be placed under the control of regulatory sequences suitable for its expression in a host cell. Suitable regulatory sequences are understood to mean the set of elements needed for transcription of a gene into RNA (structural, ribosomal, ribozyme, antisense RNA or mRNA), for processing of RNA, and for the translation of an mRNA into protein. Among the elements needed for transcription, the promoter assumes special importance. It can be a constitutive promoter or a regulatable promoter, and can be isolated from any gene of eukaryotic, prokaryotic or viral origin, and even adenoviral origin. Alternatively, it can be the natural promoter of the gene of interest. Generally speaking, a promoter used in the present invention can be chosen to contain cell- specific regulatory sequences, or modified to contain such sequences. For example, a gene of interest for use in the present invention is placed under the control of an immunoglobulin gene promoter when it is desired to target its expression to lymphocytic host cells. There may also be mentioned the HSV-1 TK (herpesvirus type 1 thymidine kinase) gene promoter, the adenoviral MLP (major late promoter), in particular of human adenovirus type 2, the RSV (Rous Sarcoma Virus) LTR (long terminal repeat), the CMV (Cytomegalovirus) early promoter, and the PGK (phosphoglycerate kinase) gene promoter, for example, permitting expression in a large number of cell types. In addition to promoters, enhancer sequences are also important in regulating the degree of expression of a gene or coding sequence to which they are operatively linked. A heterologous gene or coding sequence can be regulated by an endogenous adenoviral enhancer present in the vector, or can be regulated by a non- vector enhancer. A non- vector enhancer can be an enhancer normally associated with the heterologous gene in its natural state, or one that is not normally associated with the gene or coding sequence, but is placed in operative linkage with the gene or coding sequence by in vitro techniques. Alternatively, targeting of a recombinant BAV vector to a particular cell type can be achieved by constructing recombinant hexon and/or fiber genes. The protein products of these genes are involved in host cell recognition; therefore, the genes can be modified to contain peptide sequences that will allow the virus to recognize alternative host cells. Among genes of interest which are useful in the context of the present invention, there may be mentioned: - genes coding for cytokines such as interferons and interleukins; - genes encoding lymphokines; - genes coding for membrane receptors such as the receptors recognized by pathogenic organisms (viruses, bacteria or parasites), preferably by the HIV virus (human immunodeficiency virus); - genes coding for coagulation factors such as factor VIII and factor IX; - genes coding for dystrophins; - genes coding for insulin; - genes coding for proteins participating directly or indirectly in cellular ion channels, such as the CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) protein; - genes coding for antisense RNAs, or proteins capable of inhibiting the activity of a protein produced by a pathogenic gene which is present in the genome of a pathogenic organism, or proteins (or genes encoding them) capable of inhibiting the activity of a cellular gene whose expression is deregulated, for example an oncogene; - genes coding for a protein inhibiting an enzyme activity, such as o. ! - antitrypsin or a viral protease inhibitor, for example; - genes coding for variants of pathogenic proteins which have been mutated so as to impair their biological function, such as, for example, trans- dominant variants of the tαt protein of the HIV virus which are capable of competing with the natural protein for binding to the target sequence, thereby preventing the activation of HIV; - genes coding for antigenic epitopes in order to increase the host cell's immunity; - genes coding for major histocompatibility complex classes I and II proteins, as well as the genes coding for the proteins which are inducers of these genes; - genes coding for antibodies; - genes coding for immunotoxins; - genes encoding toxins; - genes encoding growth factors or growth hormones; - genes encoding cell receptors and their ligands; - genes encoding tumor suppressors; - genes coding for cellular enzymes or those produced by pathogenic organisms; and - suicide genes. The HSV-1 TK suicide gene may be mentioned as an example. This viral TK enzyme displays markedly greater affinity compared to the cellular TK enzyme for certain nucleoside analogues (such as acyclovir or gancyclovir). It converts them to monophosphorylated molecules, which can themselves' be converted by cellular enzymes to nucleotide precursors, which are toxic. These nucleotide analogues can be incorporated into replicating DNA molecules, hence incorporation occurs chiefly in the DNA of dividing cells. This incorporation can result in specific destruction of dividing cells such as cancer cells. Although any gene or coding sequence of therapeutic relevance can be used in the practice of the invention, certain genes, or fragments thereof, are particularly suitable. For example, genes encoding immunogenic polypeptides, toxins, immunotoxins and cytokines are useful in the practice of the invention. Cytokine genes of use in the invention include, but are not limited to, those encoding α, β or γ interferon (IFN), interleukins (IL) such as IL-2, IL-6, IL-10 or IL-12, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), colony stimulating factors such as GM-CSF, C-CSF, M-CSF, and other cytokines as are known to those of skill in the art. Additional genes include those encoding cell or nuclear receptors and their ligands (e.g., fas ligand), coagulation factors (for example, FVIII, FIX), growth hormones, growth factors such as fibroblast growth factors (FGF), vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF), nerve growth factors (NGF), epidermal growth factors (EGF), platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF) and other growth factors as are known to those of skill in the art. Genes suitable for use in the practice of the invention can encode enzymes (such as, for example, urease, renin, thrombin, metalloproteases, nitric oxide synthase, superoxide dismutase, catalase and others known to those of skill in the art), enzyme inhibitors (such as, for example, αl -antitrypsin, antithrombin III, cellular or viral protease inhibitors, plasminogen activator inhibitor- 1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases, etc.), the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein, insulin, dystrophin, or a Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) antigen of class I or II. Also useful are genes encoding polypeptides that can modulate/regulate expression of corresponding genes, polypeptides capable of inhibiting a bacterial, parasitic or viral infection or its development (for example, antigenic polypeptides, antigenic epitopes, and transdominant protein variants inhibiting the action of a native protein by competition), apoptosis inducers or inhibitors (for example, Bax, Bcl2, BclX and others known to those of skill in the art), cytostatic agents (e.g., p21, pl6, Rb, etc.), apolipoproteins (e.g., ApoAI, ApoAIV, ApoE, etc.), angiogenesis inhibitors (e.g., angiostatin, endostatin, etc.), oxygen radical scavengers, polypeptides having an anti-tumor effect, antibodies, toxins, immunotoxins, markers (e.g., β-galactosidase, luciferase, etc.) or any other genes of interest that are recognized in the art as being useful for treatment or prevention of a clinical condition. For example, with respect to treating hereditary dysfuncitons, one may use a functional copy of a defective gene, for example a gene encoding factor VIII or IX in the context of haemophilia A or B, dystrophin (or minidystrophin) in the context of myopathies, insulin in the context of diabetes, or CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator) in the context of cystic fibrosis. Suitable genes of interest to delay or inhibit tumor or cancer progression, include but are not limited to those encoding an antisense RNA, a ribozyme, a cytotoxic product such as thymidine kinase of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1 TK), ricin, a bacterial toxin, the products of the yeast genes FCY1 and/or FUR1 having CDase (cytosine deaminase) and UPRTase (uracil phosphoribosyl transferase) activities respectively, an antibody, a polypeptide inhibiting cellular division or signal transduction, a tumor suppressor gene (such as, for example, p53, Rb, p73), a polypeptide which activates the host immune system, a tumor-associated antigen (e.g., MUC-1, BRCA-1, an HPV early or late antigen such as E6, E7, LI, L2, etc), optionally in combination with a cytokine gene. Finally, in the context of anti- HIV therapy, one may use a gene encoding an immunoprotective polypeptide, an antigenic epitope, an antibody (2F5; Buchacher et al, 1992, Vaccines 92:191— 195), the extracellular domain of CD4 (sCD4; Traunecker et al, 1988, Nature 331:84-86), an immunoadhesin (i.e., a CD4-IgG hybrid, CD4-2F5 fusion; Capon et al, 1989, Nature 337:525-531; Byra et al, 1990, Nature 344:667-670), an immunotoxin (i.e., resulting from fusion between angiogenin and 2F5 or CD4- 2F5; Kurachi et al, 1985, Biochemistry 24:5494-5499), a trans-dominant variant (EP 0614980, WO95/16780), a cytotoxic product (see above) or IFNα or β. In addition, a gene of interest may also encode all or part of a selective marker, allowing the selection of transfected and transduced cells. Such genes include but are not limited to the neo gene (encoding neomycin phosphotransferase) conferring resistance to G418, dhfr (Dihydrofolate Reductase), CAT (Chloramphenicol Acetyl Transferase), pac (Puromycin Acetyl- Transferase) and gpt (Xanthine Guanine Phosphoribosyl Transferase). Genes encoding selective markers are known in the art. The above-mentioned genes and coding regions, as well as others known to those of skill in the art, are suitable for use in any aspect of the invention, including protein production, vaccination, nucleic acid immunization and/or gene therapy, among others. This above list is not restrictive, and any other gene of interest can be used in the context of the present invention. In some cases the gene for a particular antigen can contain a large number of introns or can be from an RNA virus, in these cases a complementary DNA copy (cDNA) of the gene transcript or of the viral genome can be used. It is also possible that only fragments of nucleotide sequences of genes can be used (where these are sufficient to generate a protective immune response or a specific biological effect) rather than the complete sequence as found in the wild-type organism. Where available, synthetic genes or fragments thereof can also be used. However, the present invention can be used with a wide variety of genes, fragments and the like, and is not limited to those set out above. Recombinant BAV vectors propagated in the host cells of the invention can be used to express antigens for provision of, for example, subunit vaccines. Antigens used in the present invention can be either native or recombinant antigenic polypeptides or fragments. They can be partial sequences, full-length sequences, or fusions (e.g., having appropriate leader sequences for the recombinant host, or with an additional antigen sequence for another pathogen). The preferred antigenic polypeptide to be expressed by the virus systems of the present invention contains full-length (or near full-length) sequences encoding antigens. Alternatively, shorter sequences that are antigenic (i.e., encode one or more epitopes) can be used. The shorter sequence can encode a "neutralizing epitope," which is defined as an epitope capable of eliciting antibodies that neutralize virus infectivity in an in vitro assay. Preferably the peptide should encode a "protective epitope" that is capable of raising in the host a "protective immune response;" i.e., a humoral (i.e. antibody-mediated), cell-mediated, and/or mucosal immune response that protects an immunized host from infection. F. Therapeutic applications With the recombinant viruses produced using the host cells of the present invention, it is possible to provide protection against a wide variety of diseases affecting mammals. Any of the recombinant antigenic determinants or recombinant live virus vectors propagated according to the methods of the invention can be formulated and used in substantially the same manner as described for antigenic determinant vaccines or live vaccine vectors. Antigens expressed by vectors propagated according to the methods of the present invention, particularly when comprised of short oligopeptides, can be conjugated to a vaccine carrier. Vaccine carriers are well known in the art: for example, bovine serum albumin (BSA), human serum albumin (HSA) and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). A preferred carrier protein, rotavirus VP6, is disclosed in EPO Pub. No. 0259149, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. Genes for desired antigens or coding sequences thereof which can be inserted include those of organisms which cause disease in mammals, particularly bacterial and viral pathogens. Genes encoding antigens of human pathogens are also useful in the practice of the invention. Representative mammalian pathogen antigens include, but are not limited to, bacterial pathogens, such as Pasteurella sp. and Hemophilus sp. ; and viral pathogens, such as herpesviruses, influenzaviruses, parainfluenzaviruses, rotaviruses, coronaviruses, viral diarrhea viruses, picomaviruses, adenoviruses, retroviruses, lentiviruses, etc. BAV vectors can also include genes encoding cytokines, such as interferons, interleukins and colony-stimulating factors (either instead of or in addition to sequences encoding protective determinants) and therapeutic polypeptides such as the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and coagulation factor IX, for example. The present invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a recombinant vector, recombinant virus or recombinant protein, prepared according to the methods of the invention, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle and/or an adjuvant. Such a pharmaceutical composition can be prepared and dosages determined according to techniques that are well-known in the art. The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention can be administered by any known administration route including, but not limited to, systemically (for example, intravenously, intratracheally, intraperitoneally, intranasally, parenterally, enterically, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, intratumorally or intracranially) or by aerosolization or intrapulmonary instillation. Administration can take place in a single dose or in doses repeated one or more times after certain time intervals. The appropriate administration route and dosage will vary in accordance with the situation (for example, the individual being treated, the weight of the individual, the disorder to be treated or the gene or polypeptide of interest), but can be determined by one of skill in the art. The vaccines of the invention carrying foreign genes or fragments can be orally administered in a suitable oral carrier, such as in an enteric-coated dosage form. Oral formulations include such normally-employed excipients as, for example, pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharin cellulose, magnesium carbonate, and the like. Oral vaccine compositions may be taken in the form of solutions, suspensions, tablets, pills, capsules, sustained release formulations, or powders, containing from about 10% to about 95%o of the active ingredient, preferably about 25%> to about 70%. An oral vaccine may be preferable to raise mucosal immunity (which plays an important role in protection against pathogens infecting the gastrointestinal tract) in combination with systemic immunity. In addition, the vaccine can be formulated into a suppository. For suppositories, the vaccine composition will include traditional binders and carriers, such as polyalkaline glycols or triglycerides. Such suppositories may be formed from mixtures containing the active ingredient in the range of about 0.5%> to about 10% (w/w), preferably about 1 % to about 2%. Protocols for administering to mammals the vaccine composition(s) of the present invention are within the skill of the art in view of the present disclosure. Those skilled in the art will select a concentration of the vaccine composition in a dose effective to elicit antibody, cell-mediated and/or mucosal immune responses to the antigenic fragment. Within wide limits, the dosage is not believed to be critical. Typically, the vaccine composition is administered in a manner which will deliver between about 1 to about 1,000 micrograms of the subunit antigen in a convenient volume of vehicle, e.g., about 1-10 ml. Preferably, the dosage in a single immunization will deliver from about 1 to about 500 micrograms of subunit antigen, more preferably about 5-10 to about 100-200 micrograms (e.g., 5-200 micrograms). The timing of administration may also be important. For example, a primary inoculation preferably may be followed by subsequent booster inoculations, for example, several weeks to several months after the initial immunization, if needed. To insure sustained high levels of protection against disease, it may be helpful to readminister booster immunizations at regular intervals, for example once every several years. Alternatively, an initial dose may be administered orally followed by later inoculations, or vice versa. Preferred vaccination protocols can be established through routine vaccination protocol experiments. A problem that has beset the use of adenovirus vectors for immunization and gene therapy in humans is the rapid development of an immunological response (or indeed in some cases existing immunity) to human adenoviruses (HAds). Recombinant BAV vectors are likely to be less immunogenic in humans and, for this and other reasons, will be useful either as a substitute for HAd vectors or in combination with HAd vectors. For example, an initial immunization with a HAd vector can be followed by booster immunizations using BAV vectors; alternatively, initial immunization with a recombinant BAV vector can be followed by booster immunizations with HAd and/or BAV vectors. The dosage for all routes of administration of in vivo recombinant virus vaccine depends on various factors including, the size of patient, nature of infection against which protection is needed, carrier and the like and can readily be determined by those of skill in the art. By way of non-limiting example, a dosage of between approximately 10 3 pfu and 10 13 pfu, preferably 10 3 to 10 10 pfu, more preferably, 10 to 10 pfu can be used. As with in vitro subunit vaccines, additional dosages can be given as determined by the clinical factors involved. The invention also encompasses a method of treatment, according to which a therapeutically effective amount of a BAV vector, recombinant BAV, or host cell of the invention is administered to a mammalian subject requiring treatment. G. Gene Therapy Recombinant adenovirus vectors and their genomes, produced using the host cells of the invention, can be used in methods for providing gene therapy to a mammal, to control a gene deficiency. In one embodiment, these methods comprise administering to said mammal a live recombinant BAV containing a heterologous nucleotide sequence encoding a non-defective form of a deficient gene, under conditions wherein the recombinant virus vector genome is incorporated into the mammalian genome or is maintained independently and extrachromosomally, to provide expression of the non-defective gene in a particular target organ or tissue. These and related techniques can also be used to replace a defective gene or portion thereof. Non- limiting examples of foreign genes, heterologous nucleotide sequences, or portions thereof that can be incorporated for use in gene therapy have been discussed above in section E, entitled "Therapeutic genes and polypeptides." In particular, use of adenovirus vectors propagated in the host cells of the invention in regard to gene therapy in humans is intended for the prevention or treatment of diseases including, but not limited to, genetic diseases (for example, hemophilia, thalassemias, myopathies, muscular dystrophy, diabetes, emphysema, Gaucher's disease, cystic fibrosis, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Duchenne's or Becker's myopathy, etc.), cancers, viral diseases (for example, AIDS, herpesvirus infection, Cytomegalovirus infection and papillomavirus infection), immune deficiency diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and the like. For the purposes of the present invention, the vectors, cells and viral particles prepared by the methods of the invention can be introduced into a subject either ex vivo, (i.e., in a cell or cells removed from the patient) or directly in vivo into the body to be treated, into any type of cell. Preferably, the host cell is a human cell and, more preferably, is a lung cell, an airway epithelial cell, a fibroblast, a muscle cell (including smooth muscle, striated muscle and cardiac muscle), a liver cell, a lymphocytic cell, a cell of the hematopoietic lineage, an endothelial cell or a malignantly transformed descendant of these or any other cell. Described below are examples of the present invention. These examples are provided for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention in any way. In light of the present disclosure, numerous embodiments within the scope of the claims will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. The contents of the references cited in the specification are incorporated by reference herein. EXAMPLES General Methods BAV-3 was cultured in Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells or VIDO R2 cells grown in Eagle's minimal essential medium supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum. Viral DNA was extracted from virus-infected cell monolayers by the method of Hirt (1967) J. Mol. Biol. 26:365-369. Recombinant plasmids were constructed by standard proceudures using restriction endonucleases and other DNA modifying enzymes according to the manufacturers' instructions. Example 1: Construction and properties of the VIDO-R2 cell line Primary cultures of fetal bovine retina cells (FBRC) were transfected with 10 μg of plasmid pTG4671 (Transgene) by calcium phosphate co-precipitation. This plasmid contains the entire EIA and EIB sequences (nucleotides 505-4034) of human adenovirus-5 (GenBank Accession No. M73260), with EIA transcription under the control of the constitutive mouse phosphogly cerate kinase promoter and EIB transcription under the control of its natural promoter and a β-globin polyadenylation signal. Chroboczek et al. (1992) Virology 186:280-285; Adra et al. (1987) Gene 60:65-74. A gene encoding the selectable marker puromycin acetyl transferase (pad), under the control of the constitutive SV40 early promoter and a SV40 polyadenylation signal, is also present in plasmid TG4671. See Figure 1. Transformed cells were cultured without selection for puromycin resistance. Four weeks after transfection, foci of transformed cells were observed. The transformed cells were smaller and rounder than untransformed cells. See Figure 2. Transformed cells expressed vimentin, but not cytokeration, indicating that they are of mesenchymal origin. Cell foci were subjected to single cell cloning. One of the clones obtained was named VIDO R2. Expression of El mRNA was examined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis, using pairs of primers specific for the EIA- and EIB regions of HAV-5. RT-PCR using R2 cell RNA generated products that matched the size of PCR products generated from an El DNA template using the same primers. When reverse transcriptase was omitted from the RT-PCR reaction using R2 cell RNA, no product was observed, indicating that the amplification products were derived from El mRNAs and not residual DNA. Expression of EIA and EIB proteins was analyzed by immunological analysis of protein blots (Western blotting), using mouse monoclonal antibody M73 to detect EIA proteins, and antibody 3D11 (Calbiochem, La Jolla, CA) to detect the 19kDa HAV EIB protein. Both EIA (Figure 3) and EIB (Figure 4) polypeptides were produced by the VIDO-R2 cell line, and were not detected in the parental FBRC line. Doubling time in cell culture was also determined for the R2 cell line. Visual inspection of cultures showed that VIDO-R2 cells formed monolayers within 2-3 days after plating a 1:3 dilution of confluent cells, while the parent PFBR cells required 10-15 days to form monolayers under the same conditions. PCR experiments, using VIDO-R2 cell genomic DNA as template, indicated that the El sequences present in VIDO-R2 were integrated into the cellular genome. Example 2: Complementing properties of VIDO R2 cells To investigate the complementing properties of the VIDO R2, the cells were infected with an EIA deletion mutant of HAV-5 (Ad5dlEl AlacZ). Zheng et al. (1994) Virus Res. 31:163-186. This cell line supported the growth of the deletion mutant to 10 7 pfu/ml. To determine whether the VIDO R2 cell line could support plaque formation, cells cultured in 35-mm-diameter dishes were infected with BAV-3 or HAV-5 and incubated in a CO 2 incubator. Clear plaque formation was evident on day 5 and 7 postinfection with HAV-5 and BAV-3, respectively. A substantially more rapid onset of viral cytopathic effect was observed in El- expressing cell lines as opposed to MDBK and FBRC lines. In addition, the R2 cell line supported formation of clear plaques by recombinant BAV-3. Example 3: Transfection ability of VIDO R2 cells To test the ability of the cells to take up large DNA, MDBK and VIDO R2 cells, in 35 mm-diameter dishes, were transfected with 1-3 ug of Pad-restricted plasmid pFBAV304 using Lipofectin (GIBCO/BRL). This plasmid contains the entire BAV-3 genome with the E3 region replaced by a green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene under the control of a cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter. See Example 7. When observed by fluorescence microscopy 24 hours following transfection, more than 3% of VIDO R2 cells showed fluorescence, as opposed to less than 0.1% of the cells in MDBK cultures. Further incubation of the transfected VIDO R2 cells for 10- 14 days resulted in production of a recombinant virus (BAV 304) expressing GFP. These observations suggest that VIDO R2 cells are well-suited for generation of recombinant BAV-3, perhaps in part owing to higher transfection efficiency and/or the presence of HAV-5 EIA and EIB sequences. Example 4: Construction of BAV3.500, a replication-defective, recombinant BAV with deletions in El and E3 A BAV3 with a genome having deletions in the El A and E3 regions was constructed as follows. The plasmid pTG5435 (Figure 5), comprising a full-length BAV-3 genome in a ppolyIIsnl4 plasmid backbone (Lathe et al. (1987) Gene 57:193- 201) was digested with Hindlll, and a 4.9 kb fragment harboring the terminal BAV-3 sequences was isolated and religated, creating plasmid pLt-Rt.Hind (pBAV-101). The plasmid pLt-Rt.Hind was digested with Accl and Spel, generating 2 fragments, which were treated with T4 DNA polymerase to generate blunt ends. The larger fragment (4.4 kbp) was isolated and ligated to a Xbal linker to create plasmid pLR.Hind-XbaI (pBAV-102), containing a deletion in El with the deleted sequences replaced by an Xbal site. This plasmid was digested with Hindlll, dephosphorylated, and the linear dephosphorylated fragment was gel-purified. The gel-purified fragment was recombined with genomic DNA of recombinant BAV.E3d (a BAV genome containing a 1.245 kb deletion in the E3 region) by co-transformation of E. coli, to create plasmid pBAV3.500 (pFBAV500). See Figure 6. Pad-digested pFBAV500 DNA was transfected into VIDO-R2 cells (5-10 μg per 60 mm diameter dish of cell monolayer) using Lipofectin (GIBCO/BRL). After incubation at 37°C, cells showing cytopathic effects were collected and subjected to two cycles of freeze-thawing, and recombinant virus (BAV3.500) was plaque-purified on VIDO R2 cells. Example 5: Construction of BAV3.501, a replication-defective recombinant BAV with an insertion of the bovine herpesvirus type 1 glycoprotein D gene in the EIA region A BAV3 genome containing deletions in the El A and E3 regions, with an insertion of BHV-1 gD in place of the deleted EIA sequences was constructed as follows. See Figure 7. Plasmid pBAV-102 (See Example 4) was digested with Xba I, treated with T4 DNA polymerase, dephosphorylated and gel-purified. A blunt-ended 1.8 kb fragment, containing the bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) glycoprotein D (gD) gene, including a 137-nucleotide chimeric intron and flanked upstream by the SV40 early promoter and downstream by the SV40 late polyadenylation site, was ligated to the gel-purified Xbal fragment to create a plasmid. pLR.Hb.gD (pBAV-102gD), containing a deletion in El A with the deleted sequences replaced by the BHV-1 gD gene. This plasmid was recombined with genomic DNA of recombinant BAV.E3d (a BAV genome containing a 1.245 kb deletion in the E3 region) by co-transfection of E. coli BJ5183, to create plasmid pBAV3.501 (pFBAV501). Pad-digested pFBAV501 DNA was transfected into VIDO-R2 cells (5-10 μg per 60 mm diameter dish of cell monolayer) using Lipofectin (GIBCO/BRL). After incubation at 37°C, cells showing cytopathic effects were collected and subjected to two cycles of freeze-thawing, and recombinant virus (BAV3.501) was plaque-purified on VIDO R2 cells. The presence of the gD insert was confirmed by Cla I digestion, which indicated the loss of a 2.5 kb fragment characteristic of BAV3.500 and its replacement by a fragment of 4.4 kb. Southern blot analysis with a gD probe confirmed that gD sequences were present in the 4.4 kb fragment. Example 6: Construction of BAV3.502, a replication-defective recombinant BAV with an insertion of the bovine coronavirus HE gene in the E3 region A recombinant BAV genome, containing an insertion of the bovine coronavirus (BCV) hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) gene in the E3 region, in the same transcriptional orientation as E3, was constructed as follows. See Figure 8. The BCV HE gene insert contained a 137-nucleotide chimeric intron and was flanked by the SV40 early promoter and a SV40 polyadenylation site. This recombinant genome was introduced into E. coli BJ5183, along with Hindlll- digested pBAV-102. In vivo recombination between these two DNA molecules generated pFBAV502. Pad-digested pFBAV502 DNA was transfected into VIDO-R2 cells (5-10 μg per 60 mm diameter dish of cell monolayer) using Lipofectin (GIBCO/BRL). After incubation at 37°C, cells showing cytopathic effects were collected and subjected to two cycles of freeze-thawing, and recombinant virus (BAV3.502) was plaque-purified on VIDO R2 cells. The presence of the HE insert was confirmed by Cla I digestion, which indicated the loss of a 12.2 kb fragment characteristic of BAV3.500 and its replacement by a fragment of 14.1 kb. Southern blot analysis with a HE probe confirmed that HE sequences were present in the 14.1 kb fragment. Example 7: Construction of BAV3.304, a recombinant BAV with an insertion of the green fluorescent protein gene in the E3 region A green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene, under the control of the cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter and the bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal, was obtained from the plasmid pQBI 25 (Quantum Biotechnologies) by Bgl II and Dra III digestion followed by treatment with T4 DNA polymerase to generate blunt ends. This fragment was then inserted into the Srf I site of pBAV-301, with the GFP gene in the same transcriptional orientation as E3, to generate pBAV-301.gfp. pBAV-301 was constructed by ligating a 7,635 base-pair Kpn I-Ssp I fragment of pFBAV302 to Kpn I/Not I digested PpolyIIsnl4. pFBAV302 is a BAV genome with with an E3 deletion in which the deleted E3 sequences are replaced by a Srf I site. A Kpn I/Sma I fragment of pBAV301.gfp, encompassing the modified E3 region, was introduced into E. coli BJ 5183, along with Srf I-digested pFBAV.302. In vivo recombination between these two DNA molecules generated pFBAV.304, a BAV genome containing a GFP gene in a deleted E3 region. See Figure 9. Pad-digested pFBAV.304 DNA was transfected into VIDO-R2 cells (5-10 μg per 60 mm diameter dish of cell monolayer) using Lipofectin (GIBCO/BRL). After incubation at 37°C, cells showing cytopathic effects were collected and subjected to two cycles of freeze-thawing, and recombinant virus (BAV3.304) was plaque-purified on VIDO R2 cells. pFBAV.304 viral DNA was analyzed by Bam HI digestion followed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Bam HI digestion of pFBAV.304 produced a 2.3 kb fragment that was not present in the parental BAV.E3d genome. Southern blot analysis with a GFP probe confirmed that GFP sequences were present in the 2.3 kb Bam HI fragment. Example 8: Abortive infection of noncomplementing cell lines with El mutant viruses FBRC and R2 cells were infected with wild-type or recombinant BAV at a MOI of less than one, cultured for one week, subjected to two freeze-thaw cycles,and titrated on VIDO R2 cells. Wild-type BAV-3, an E3 deletion (BAV- 3.E3d) and BAV3.304 grew to high titers (up to 10 9 pfu/ml) in all cell lines tested, whereas replication-defective recombinant viruses containing deletions in El and E3 (BAV3.500, BAV3.501 and BAV3.502) grew only in VIDO R2 cells, generating titers of approximately 10 pfu ml. See Figure 10. Example 9: Kinetics of gD expression from recombinant viruses Kinetics of gD expression by BAV3.501 (Example 5) were determined, by immunoprecipitation, at three time points after infection of VIDO R2 or MDBK cells (Figure 11). For immunoprecipitation analysis, confluent monolayers of VIDO R2 cells in six- well dishes were infected with virus at a MOI of greater than 5. Cells were preincubated for 2 h in minimal essential medium lacking methionine and cysteine prior to labeling for 4 h with 50 μCi of [ 35 S]methionine (Tran 35 S-label, phosphate-buffered saline, 1,000 Ci/mmol, ICN Radiochemicals, Inc. Irvine, CA). The cells were washed with phosphate-buffered saline, harvested by scraping, then lysed with ice-cold modified radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer. Radiolabeled proteins were immunoprecipitated with a pool of anti-BHV- 1 gD monoclonal antibodies (Hughes et al. (1988) rcb. Virol. 103:47-60) and analyzed by SDS- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. After running, the gels were dried and labeled protein bands were visualized by autoradiography. Electrophoretic analysis of metabolically labeled immunoprecipitates from lysates of BAV3.501 -infected VIDO R2 cells revealed immunoreactive proteins with molecular weights of approximately 63 kDa and 71 kDa (Figure 11 A, lanes 5 and 6), corresponding to unglycosylated and glycosylated forms of gD, respectively. These molecular weights correspond to those of authentic gD immunoprecipitated from BHV-1 -infected cell extracts (Figure 11 A, lane 3). No proteins of corresponding molecular weight were detected in mock-infected cells (Figure 11 A, lane 1) or BAV-3 -infected cells (Figure 11 A, lane 2). In BAV3.501 -infected cells, expression of gD was first detected 24 hours after infection (Figure 11 A, lane 5) and it continued to be produced up to 36 hours post-infection (Figure 11 A, lane 6), which was the final time point used in the study. Kinetics of gD expression from BAV3.501 were similar in MDBK cells (Figure 1 IB, lanes 5 and 6). Example 10: Kinetics of HE expression from recombinant viruses Kinetics of HE expression by BAV3.502 (Example 6) were determined in VIDO R2 cells (Figure 12). Immunoprecipitation analysis was conducted as described in Example 10, except that rabbit polyclonal anti-BCV antibodies were used for immunoprecipitation. Deregt et /. (1987) Virology 161:410-420; and Deregt et al. (1989) J. Gen. Virol. 70:993-998. Anti-BCV polyclonal rabbit serum immunoprecipitated a 65 kDa polypeptide from R2 cells infected with BAV3.502 (lanes 5 and 6). This polypeptide comigrated with authentic HE protein produced from BCV-infected cells (lane 3), and no corresponding protein was immunoprecipitated from mock- infected cells (lane 1) or from wild-type BAV-3-infected cells (lane 2). Kinetics of HE expression (lanes 5 and 6) were similar to those observed for gD in BAV3.501 -infected cells. Example 11: Glycosylation of recombinant gD and HE proteins Glycosylation of recombinant gD and HE proteins was examined by immunoprecipitation following labeling of infected cells with [ 3 H]glucosamine. Results of these studies confirmed that the proteins produced by recombinant bovine adenoviruses are glycosylated and are indistinguishable in migration rate (on gels) from the authentic proteins synthesized in virus-infected cells. Example 12: Expression of GFP in BAV3.304-infected cells Lysates of cells infected with BAV3.304 were examined by protein blotting using GFP-specific polyclonal antibodies (Clontech, Palo Alto, CA). See Figure 13. Cell extracts (5 μg per lane) were separated on a 10%> polyacrylamide- SDS gel and the gel weas blotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane. Nonspecific binding sites on the membrane were blocked with 1% bovine serum albumin and the blots were incubated with anti-GFP polyclonal antibodies. After antibody binding, the blots were washed and exposed to anti-mouse or anti-rat IgG conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or alkaline phosphatase (AP), and developed using HRP or AP development kits (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). Anti-GFP serum identified a protein of 28 kDa in BAV3.304-infected cells (lanes 1-3) that was not present in mock-infected (lane 4) or wild-type BAV- infected cells (lane 5). Recombinant GFP was detected between 12 and 36 hours after infection (lanes 1-3). Deposit of Biological Materials The following materials were deposited and are maintained with the American Type Culture Collection, Gaithersburg, MD. Recombinant cell lines Primary fetal bovine retinal cells transformed with HAd-5 El sequences: Material Accession No. Deposit Date VIDO R2 ATCC PTA-156 June 1, 1999 While the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be practiced without departing from the spirit of the invention. Therefore the foregoing descriptions and examples should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention.

Claims: CLAIMS What is claimed is: 1. A bovine cell that expresses a function essential for replication of an adenovirus, wherein the cell is permissive for the replication of a recombinant adenovirus vector having a mutation in a region of its genome corresponding to the essential function provided by the host cell. 2. The cell of claim 1 wherein the essential adenoviral function is El function. 3. The cell of claim 2 wherein the genome of the recombinant adenovirus vector is mutated in the El region. 4. The cell of claim 3 wherein the mutation is a deletion. 5. The cell of claim 4, wherein genome of the recombinant adenovirus vector is further deleted for all or part of the E3 region. 6. The cell of claim 4 wherein the genome of the recombinant adenovirus vector comprises heterologous sequences. 7. The cell of claim 6, wherein the heterologous sequences are inserted at the site formerly occupied by the deleted El sequences. 8. The cell of claim 6, wherein the heterologous sequences are inserted at the site formerly occupied by the deleted E3 sequences. 9. The cell of claim 1 wherein the cell is derived from bovine kidney. 10. The cell of claim 1 wherein the cell is derived from fetal bovine retina. 11. The cell of claim 2 comprising adenovirus El sequences. 12. The cell of claim 11 wherein the El sequences are integrated in the genome of the cell. 13. The cell of claim 11 wherein the El sequences are derived from a human adenovirus. 14. The cell of claim 13 wherein the human adenovirus is human adenovirus type 5 (HAd-5). 15. The cell of claim 14 wherein the cell is derived from fetal bovine retina. 16. The cell of claim 15, wherein the genome of the adenovirus vector comprises heterologous sequences. 17. The cell of claim 13, wherein the recombinant adenovirus vector is a bovine adenovirus. 18. The cell of claim 16, wherein the recombinant adenovirus vector is a bovine adenovirus. 19. A cell according to claim 1, wherein the cell comprises the genome of a recombinant adenovirus vector, wherein the genome is deleted for all or part of the adenovirus El sequences. 20. The cell of claim 19, wherein the adenovirus genome comprises heterologous sequences. 21. A method for propagating a recombinant adenovirus genome, the method comprising growth of a recombinant adenovirus vector in a cell according to claim 1. 22. A method for propagating a recombinant adenovirus genome, the method comprising growth of a recombinant adenovirus vector in a cell according to claim 18. 23. A recombinant adenovirus genome obtained according to the method of claim 21. 24. A recombinant adenovirus genome obtained according to the method of claim 22. 25. An immunogenic composition comprising a recombinant adenovirus genome according to claim 23. 26. An immunogenic composition comprising a recombinant adenovirus genome according to claim 24. 27. A method for preventing or ameliorating the symptoms of disease, the method comprising introduction, into a mammalian subject, of an immunogenic composition according to claim 25. 28. A method for preventing or ameliorating the symptoms of disease, the method comprising introduction, into a mammalian subject, of an immunogenic composition according to claim 26. 29. A method for eliciting an immune response in a mammalian host, the method comprising administration of an immunogenic composition according to claim 25. 30. A method for eliciting an immune response in a mammalian host, the method comprising administration of an immunogenic composition according to claim 26. 31. A method for introducing a nucleotide sequence of interest into a mammalian cell, the method comprising contacting the cell with a recombinant adenovirus genome according to claim 24. 32. A method for introducing and expressing a non-adenovirus nucleotide sequence into a mammalian cell, wherein the method comprises contacting the mammalian cell with a recombinant adenovirus vector, wherein the vector comprises a recombinant adenovirus genome according to claim 24. 33. A cell that expresses a function essential for replication of a particular type or species of adenovirus, wherein the cell is permissive for the replication of a recombinant adenovirus vector of a different type or species, wherein the recombinant adenovirus vector has a mutation in a region of its genome corresponding to the essential function provided by the host cell. 34. The cell of claim 33, wherein the essential adenoviral function expressed by the cell is human adenovirus El function. 35. The cell of claim 34, wherein the cell is permissive for replication of a recombinant bovine adenovirus vector having a mutation resulting in the loss of reduction of El function. 36. The cell of claim 35, wherein the cell is a bovine cell. 37. The cell of claim 36, wherein the cell is derived from fetal bovine retina.

Inventors: BABIUK LORNE A, REDDY POLICE SESHIDHAR, TIKOO SURESH KUMAR, BABIUK, LORNE, A., REDDY, POLICE, SESHIDHAR, TIKOO, SURESH, KUMAR
Applicants: BABIUK LORNE A, REDDY POLICE SESHIDHAR, TIKOO SURESH KUMAR, UNIV SASKATCHEWAN, BABIUK, LORNE, A., REDDY, POLICE, SESHIDHAR, TIKOO, SURESH, KUMAR, UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN
Application year: 1999
Main classification: C12N15
IPC codes: A61K35, A61K38, A61K48, A61P3, A61P7, A61P9, A61P19, A61P31, A61P35, C12N5, C12N15, C12R1