BREAST CANCER ANTIGEN

Abstract: A gene encoding a polypeptide, related in sequence to retinoblastoma binding proteins 1 and 2, which is expressed in breast cancer; therapeutic and diagnostic methods relating to this gene and polypeptide.

Description: BREAST CANCER ANTIGEN The present invention relates to cancer and in particular to breast cancer. Cancer is a serious disease and a major killer. Although there have been advances in the diagnosis and treatment of certain cancers in recent years, there is still a need for improvements in diagnosis and treatment. Cancer is a genetic disease and in most cases involves mutations in one or more genes. There are believed to be around 200,000 genes in the human genome but only a handful of these genes have been shown to be involved in cancer. Although it is surmised that many more genes than have been presently identified will be found to be involved in cancer, progress in this area has remained slow despite the availability of molecular analytical techniques. This may be due to the varied structure and function of genes which have been identified to date which suggests that cancer genes can take many forms and have many different functions. Breast cancer is one of the most significant diseases that affects women. At the current rate, American women have a 1 in 8 risk of developing cancer by the age of 95 (American Cancer Society, Cancer Facts and Figures, 1992, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia, USA). Genetic factors contribute to an ill-defined proportion of breast cancer cases, estimated to be about 5% of all cases but approximately 25% of cases diagnosed before the age of 40 (Claus et al (1991) Am J. Hum. Genet. 48, 232-242). Breast cancer has been divided into two types, early-age onset and late stage onset, based on an inflection in the age- specific incidence curve at around the age of 50. Mutation of one gene, 2 BRCA1 , is thought to account for approximately 45% of familial breast cancer, but at least 80% of families with both breast and ovarian cancer (Easton et al (1993) Am. J. Hum. Genet. 52, 678-701). Ovarian cancer is the most frequent cause of death from gynaecological malignancies in the Western World, wi an incidence of 5,000 new cases every year in England and Wales. It is the fourth most common cause of cancer mortality in American women. The majority of patients with epithelial ovarian cancer present at an advanced stage of the disease. Consequently, the 5 year survival rate is only 30% after adequate surgery and chemotherapy despite the introduction of new drugs such as platinum and taxol (Advanced Ovarian Cancer Trialists Group (1991) BMJ 303, 884-893; Ozols (1995) Semin Oncol. 22, 61-66). However, patients who have stage I disease (confined to the ovaries) do better with the 5 year survival rate being 70% . It is therefore desirable to have techniques to detect the cancer before metastasis to have a significant impact on survival. Epithelial ovarian cancer constitutes 70-80% of ovarian cancer and encompasses a broad spectrum of lesions, ranging from localized benign tumours and neoplasms of borderline malignant potential to invasive adenocarcinomas. Histologically, the common epithelial ovarian cancers, are classified into several types, that is, serous, mucinous, endometrioid, clear cell, Brenner, mixed epithelial, and undifferentiated tumours. The heterogeneity of histological subtypes reflects the metaplastic potential of the ovarian surface Mullerian epithelium which shares a common embryological origin with the peritoneum and the rest of the uro-genital system. Germ cell, sex cord/stromal tumours and sarcomas represent the 3 remainder of ovarian cancers. The histogenesis and biological characteristics of epithelial ovarian cancer are poorly understood as are the molecular genetic alterations that may contribute to the development of such tumours or their progression. Epidemiological factors related to ovulation seem to be important, whereby ovarian epithelial cells undergo several rounds of division and proliferative growth to heal the wound in the epithelial surface. These lead to the development of epithelial inclusion cysts and frank malignant tumours may arise from them (Fathalla (1971) Lancet 2, 163). Despite the recent interest in the breast cancer predisposing genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2, there remains the need for further information on breast cancer, and the need for further diagnostic markers and targets for therapeutic intervention. Recently, the role of tumour-associated antigens in the biology of cancer has begun to be investigated. Probably the best studied example of tumour-associated antigens are the MAGE antigens which are involved in melanoma and certain other cancers, such as breast cancer. Therapeutic and diagnostic approaches making use of the MAGE antigens are described in Gattoni-Celli & Cole (1996) Seminars in Oncology 23, 754- 758, Itoh et al (1996) J. Biochem. 119, 385-390, WO 92/20356, WO 94/23031, WO 94/05304, WO 95/20974 and WO 95/23874. However, other tumour-associated antigens have also been implicated in breast cancer. For example, studies concerning the antigens expressed by breast cancer cells, and in particular how these relate to the antigenic profile of the normal mammary epithelial cell, have been and continue to be a major activity in breast cancer research. The role of certain antigens in breast 4 cancer, especially the role of polymorphic epithelial mucin (PEM; the product of the MUC1 gene) and the c-erbB2 protooncogene, are reviewed in Taylor-Papadimitriou et al (1993) Annals NY Acad. Sci. 698, 31-47. Other breast cancer associated antigens include MAGE-1 and CEA. Immunotherapeutic strategies and vaccines involving the MUC1 gene or PEM are described in Burchell et al (1996), pp 309-313, In Breast Cancer, Advances in Biology and Therapeutics, Calvo et al (eds), John Libbey Eurotext; Graham et al (1996) Int. J. Cancer 65, 664-670; Graham et al (1995) Tumor Targeting 1, 211-221; Finn et al (1995) Immunol. Rev. 145, 61-89; Burchell et al (1993) Cancer Surveys 18, 135- 148; Scholl & Pouillart (1997) Bull. Cancer 84, 61-64; and Zhang et al (1996) Cancer Res. 56, 3315-3319. Defeo- Jones et al (1991) Nature 352, 251-254 describes the cloning of cDNAs for cellular proteins that bind to the retinoblastoma gene product (RB); Fattaey et al (1993) Oncogene 8, 3149-3156 describes the characterisation of the retinoblastoma binding proteins RBP1 and RBP2; Wu et al (1994) Hum. Mol. Genet. 3, 153-160 describes the isolation and characterization of XE 169, a human gene that escapes X inactivation; Agulnik et al (1994) Hum. Mol. Genet. 3, 879-884 describes an X chromosome gene, with a widely transcribed Y-linked homologue, which escapes X-inactivation in mouse and human; and various expressed sequence tags (ESTs) which have been designated as being derived from a gene called RBP3 have been described in the GenBank database. None of these genes have been shown to be associated with cancer. There remains a need for the identification of further tumour-associated antigens, especially breast cancer-associated antigens since immunotherapeutic treatments may be HLA-type specific and a single tumour antigen may not be useful in all cases. I have now, surprisingly, found that a gene encoding a polypeptide which has similarity to the retinoblastoma binding proteins (RBPs), and also has similarity to the polypeptides encoded by the genes described in Wu et al supra and Agulnik et al supra, is associated with breast cancer and probably also with ovarian cancer. In particular, the mRNA and polypeptide encoded by the gene, which I have called plu-1, is present in breast cancer cells. The plu-1 antigen appears to be more ubiquitously expressed in breast tumours than some existing tumour antigens. I have isolated the full length plu-1 cDNA. Partial length and incomplete cDNAs which seem to be derived from the same gene appear to be known as expressed sequence tags (ESTs) as is described in more detail below, but the present patent application is, as far as I am aware, the first disclosure of the full length coding sequence. The plu-1 polypeptide has not, as far as I am aware, been described previously. As is discussed more fully below, the plu-1 cDNA and polypeptide share some similarity to RBP-1 and RBP-2. In addition, portions of the plu-1 cDNA share substantially complete identity with various ESTs and other sequences in the database. One particular sequence (HSU50848) has been labelled "RBP-3" in the GenBank database on the basis of its similarity to 6 RBP-1 and RBP-2; however, I have found from the complete plu-1 cDNA sequence and encoded polypeptide that the RB-binding motify (LXCXE) is absent from plu-1 and so it seems unlikely that the plu-1 polypeptide binds RB. An object of the invention is to provide a full length cDNA for plu-1 and thereby provide a polypeptide encoded by the plu-1 cDNA and gene. Further objects of the invention include the provision of peptide fragments of the plu-1 polypeptide and plu-1 polynucleotides which are useful for raising an immune response. Still further objects of the invention include the provision of antibodies which are selective for the plu-1 polypeptide, and uses of such antibodies for diagnostic and other methods; the provision of diagnostic and therapeutic methods which involve the plu-1 gene, cDNA or polypeptide or portions thereof; and cancer vaccines which make use of the plu-1 gene, cDNA or polypeptide or portions thereof. A first aspect of the invention provides a recombinant polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence shown in Figure 2 or variants or fragments or fusions or derivatives thereof, or fusions of said variants or fragments or derivatives. The amino acid sequence shown in Figure 2 is that of the plu-1 polypeptide. The invention does not include die recombinant polynucleotides per se which are disclosed in GenBank and which are related to the plu-1 cDNA. These include polynucleotides disclosed by reference to the GenBank 7 accession details shown in Figure 7 and the details of the clone described under GenBank accession no HSU50848 (called "RBP-3") and a clone related to plu-1 described in GenBank accession no KIAA0234. Figure 2 shows the amino acid sequence encoded by the cDNA insert shown in Figure 1. Throughout the specification where the term plu-1 is used, and the context does not indicate otherwise, it includes as appropriate the polypeptide which has the amino acid sequence given in Figure 2 or the cDNA whose sequence is given in Figure 1 (more particularly the coding sequence thereof which is found from positions 90 to 4724) or the gene which encodes the plu-1 polypeptide. It will be appreciated that a plu-1 -encoding cDNA may be readily obtained using the methods described in the Examples or by using a suitable probe derived from the Figure 1 nucleotide sequence to screen a human cDNA library at high stringency. The plu-1 amino acid sequence may readily be deduced from the full length cDNA sequence. Amino acid residues are given in standard single letter code or standard three letter code throughout me specification. It will be appreciated that the recombinant polynucleotides per se of me invention do not include polynucleotides which encode retinoblastoma binding protein- 1 (RBP-1) or retinoblastoma binding protein-2 (RBP-2) or the polynucleotides associated with the GenBank accession no HSU50848 designated "RBP-3" or the other polynucleotides identified above. 8 Preferably, the fragments and variants and derivatives are those that include a polynucleotide which encodes a portion or portions of plu-1 which are portions that distinguish plu-1 from RBP-1, RBP-2, the portions of "RBP-3" (as designated) which are described by reference to Figure 7 and other polypeptides encoded by the polynucleotides identified by reference to Figure 7 and which are described in more detail below and by reference to Figure 2. The polynucleotide may be DNA or RNA but it is preferred if it is DNA. The polynucleotide may or may not contain introns. It is preferred at it does not contain introns and it is particularly preferred if the polynucleotide is a cDNA. A polynucleotide of the invention includes the plu-1 gene which may be obtained using a suitable gene library (such as a human YAC or PAC or cosmid library, particularly one which includes DNA from human chromosome 1) and a probe derived from the plu-1 cDNA. By "plu-1 gene" we include elements associated with the plu-1 coding region which are involved in control of plu-1 expression, such as regions which are susceptible to methylation (eg CpG islands). A polynucleotide of the invention is one which comprises the polynucleotide whose sequence is given in Figure 1. Thus, a polynucleotide of the invention includes the one with the sequence shown in Figure 1. It is particularly preferred if the polynucleotide of the invention is one which comprises the polynucleotide whose sequence is given between positions 90 and 4724 in Figure 1 since this is believed to be the coding sequence for the plu-1 polypeptide. The invention includes a polynucleotide comprising a fragment of the recombinant polynucleotide of the first aspect of the invention. Preferably, the polynucleotide comprises a fragment which is at least 10 nucleotides in length, more preferably at least 14 nucleotides in length and still more preferably at least 18 nucleotides in length. Such polynucleotides are useful as PCR primers. A "variation" of the polynucleotide includes one which is (i) usable to produce a protein or a fragment thereof which is in turn usable to prepare antibodies which specifically bind to the protein encoded by die said polynucleotide or (ii) an antisense sequence corresponding to the gene or to a variation of type (i) as just defined. For example, different codons can be substituted which code for the same amino acid(s) as the original codons. Alternatively, the substitute codons may code for a different amino acid that will not affect the activity or immunogenicity of the protein or which may improve or otherwise modulate its activity or immunogenicity. For example, site-directed mutagenesis or other techniques can be employed to create single or multiple mutations, such as replacements, insertions, deletions, and transpositions, as described in Botstein and Shortle, "Strategies and Applications of In Vitro Mutagenesis," Science, 229: 193-210 (1985), which is incoφorated herein by reference. Since such modified polynucleotides can be obtained by the application of known techniques to the teachings contained herein, such modified polynucleotides are within the scope of the claimed invention. 10 Moreover, it will be recognised by those skilled in the art that the polynucleotide sequence (or fragments thereof) of the invention can be used to obtain other polynucleotide sequences that hybridise with it under conditions of high stringency. Such polynucleotides include any genomic DNA. Accordingly, the polynucleotide of the invention includes polynucleotides that shows at least 90 per cent, preferably 95 per cent, and more preferably at least 99 per cent and most preferably at least 99.9 per cent homology with the plu-1 polynucleotide shown in Figure 1, provided that such homologous polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide which is usable in at least some of the methods described below or is otherwise useful. It is particularly preferred that in this embodiment, the polynucleotide is one which encodes a polypeptide containing a portion or portions that distinguish plu-1 from any of RBP-1, RBP-2, and the other polypeptides encoded by the polynucleotides identified by reference to Figure 7. It is believed that plu-1 is found in mammals other than human. The present invention therefore includes polynucleotides which encode plu-1 from other mammalian species including rat, mouse, cow, pig, sheep, rabbit and so on. Per cent homology can be determined by, for example, the GAP program of the University of Wisconsin Genetic Computer Group. DNA-DNA, DNA-RNA and RNA-RNA hybridisation may be performed in aqueous solution containing between 0.1XSSC and 6XSSC and at temperatures of between 55 °C and 70 °C. It is well known in the art that the higher the temperature or the lower the SSC concentration the more 11 stringent the hybridisation conditions. By "high stringency" we mean 2XSSC and 65 °C. 1XSSC is 0.15M NaCl/0.015M sodium citrate. Polynucleotides which hybridise at high stringency are included within the scope of the claimed invention. "Variations" of the polynucleotides also include polynucleotide in which relatively short stretches (for example 20 to 50 nucleotides) have a high degree of homology (at least 90% and preferably at least 99 or 99.9%) with equivalent stretches of the polynucleotide of the invention even though the overall homology between the two polynucleotides may be much less. This is because important active or binding sites may be shared even when the general architecture of the protein is different. By "variants" of the polypeptide we include insertions, deletions and substitutions, either conservative or non-conservative, where such changes do not substantially alter the activity of the said plu-1. Variants and variations of the polynucleotide and polypeptide include natural variants, including allelic variants and naturally-occurring mutant forms. By "conservative substimtions" is intended combinations such as Gly, Ala; Val, He, Leu; Asp, Glu; Asn, Gin; Ser, Thr; Lys, Arg; and Phe, Tyr. Such variants may be made using the methods of protein engineering and site-directed mutagenesis well known in the art. 12 Preferably, the variant or variation of the polynucleotide encodes a plu-1 that has at least 30%, preferably at least 50% and more preferably at least 70% of the activity of a natural plu-1, under the same assay conditions. Analysis of the plu-1 polypeptide suggests that it may be involved in binding DNA and in modulating transcription. The polypeptide contains three PHD finger motifs (positions 309-359, 1176-1224 and 1484-1538) suggesting that it may bind to chromatin and change its structure, thereby modulating transcriptional activity. The plu-1 polypeptide may be involved in regulating the transcription of a number of genes and it may have a nuclear localization. Bipartite nuclear localisation signals are found at positions 1102-1119 and 1399-1416. A further proposed DNA binding motif, the dead ringer domain, stretches from amino acids 75-191 and is underlined in Figure 2. A review of PHD fingers is given in Aasland et al (1995) Trends Biochem. Sci. 20, 56-59. By "fragment of plu-1" we include any fragment which retains activity or which is useful in some other way, for example, for use in raising antibodies or in a binding assay. Preferably, the fragment of plu-1 is not a fragment of plu-1 which could also be a fragment of RBP-1 or RPB-2 or any other polypeptides encoded by the polynucleotides identified by reference to Figure 7. By "fusion of plu-1" we include said plu-1 fused to any other polypeptide. For example, the said plu-1 may be fused to a polypeptide such as glutathione-S-transferase (GST) or protein A in order to facilitate 13 purification of plu-1, or it may be fused to some other polypeptide which imparts some desirable characteristics on the plu-1 fusion. Fusions to any variant, fragment or derivative of plu-1 are also included in the scope of the invention. For the avoidance of doubt, I believe that a clone containing a full-length coding region for plu-1 has not been disclosed previously and that there has been no suggestion that plu-1 may be a tumour-associated antigen. Thus, in relation to all of the methods using plu-1 cDNAs or genes or polypeptides or variants or fragments or derivatives or fusions thereof, or fusions of said variants, fragments or derivatives, known materials may be used in these methods as well as the new materials disclosed herein. A further aspect of the invention provides a replicable vector comprising a recombmant polynucleotide encoding plu-1, or a variant, fragment, derivative or fusion of plu-1 or a fusion of said variant, fragment or derivative. A variety of methods have been developed to operably link polynucleotides, especially DNA, to vectors for example via complementary cohesive termini. For instance, complementary homopolymer tracts can be added to the DNA segment to be inserted to the vector DNA. The vector and DNA segment are then joined by hydrogen bonding between the complementary homopolymeric tails to form recombinant DNA molecules. Synthetic linkers containing one or more restriction sites provide an alternative method of joining the DNA segment to vectors. The DNA 14 segment, generated by endonuclease restriction digestion as described earlier, is treated with bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase or E. coli DNA polymerase I, enzymes that remove protruding, 3' -single-stranded termini with their 3'-5'-exonucleolytic activities, and fill in recessed 3'-ends with their polymerizing activities. The combination of these activities therefore generates blunt-ended DNA segments. The blunt-ended segments are then incubated with a large molar excess of linker molecules in the presence of an enzyme that is able to catalyze the ligation of blunt-ended DNA molecules, such as bacteriophage T4 DNA ligase. Thus, the products of the reaction are DNA segments carrying polymeric linker sequences at their ends. These DNA segments are then cleaved with the appropriate restriction enzyme and ligated to an expression vector that has been cleaved with an enzyme that produces termini compatible wim those of the DNA segment. Synthetic linkers containing a variety of restriction endonuclease sites are commercially available from a number of sources including International Biotechnologies Ine, New Haven, CN, USA. A desirable way to modify the DNA encoding the polypeptide of the invention is to use the polymerase chain reaction as disclosed by Saiki et al (1988) Science 239, 487-491. This method may be used for introducing the DNA into a suitable vector, for example by engineering in suitable restriction sites, or it may be used to modify the DNA in other useful ways as is known in the art. 15 In this method the DNA to be enzymatically amplified is flanked by two specific primers which themselves become incorporated into the amplified DNA. The said specific primers may contain restriction endonuclease recognition sites which can be used for cloning into expression vectors using memods known in the art. The DNA (or in the case of retroviral vectors, RNA) is then expressed in a suitable host to produce a polypeptide comprising the compound of the invention. Thus, the DNA encoding die polypeptide constituting the compound of the invention may be used in accordance wim known techniques, appropriately modified in view of the teachings contained herein, to construct an expression vector, which is then used to transform an appropriate host cell for the expression and production of the polypeptide of the invention. Such techniques include those disclosed in US Patent Nos. 4,440,859 issued 3 April 1984 to Rutter et al, 4,530,901 issued 23 July 1985 to Weissman, 4,582,800 issued 15 April 1986 to Crowl, 4,677,063 issued 30 June 1987 to Mark et al, 4,678,751 issued 7 July 1987 to Goeddel, 4,704,362 issued 3 November 1987 to Itakura et al, 4,710,463 issued 1 December 1987 to Murray, 4,757,006 issued 12 July 1988 to Toole, Jr. et al, 4,766,075 issued 23 August 1988 to Goeddel et al and 4,810,648 issued 7 March 1989 to Stalker, all of which are incoφorated herein by reference. The DNA (or in the case of retroviral vectors, RNA) encoding the polypeptide constituting die compound of me invention may be joined to a wide variety of other DNA sequences for introduction into an appropriate host. The companion DNA will depend upon die nature of the host, the 16 manner of the introduction of die DNA into the host, and whemer episomal maintenance or integration is desired. Generally, the DNA is inserted into an expression vector, such as a plasmid, in proper orientation and correct reading frame for expression. If necessary, the DNA may be linked to die appropriate transcriptional and translational regulatory control nucleotide sequences recognised by the desired host, aldiough such controls are generally available in the expression vector. The vector is men introduced into the host through standard techniques. Generally, not all of me hosts will be transformed by me vector. Therefore, it will be necessary to select for transformed host cells. One selection technique involves incoφorating into the expression vector a DNA sequence, with any necessary control elements, that codes for a selectable trait in the transformed cell, such as antibiotic resistance. Alternatively, the gene for such selectable trait can be on another vector, which is used to co- transform me desired host cell. Host cells that have been transformed by the recombinant DNA of the invention are then cultured for a sufficient time and under appropriate conditions known to those skilled in me art in view of the teachings disclosed herein to permit the expression of the polypeptide, which can ύ en be recovered. Many expression systems are known, including bacteria (for example E. coli and Bacillus subtilis), yeasts (for example Saccharomyces cerevisiae), filamentous fungi (for example Aspergillus), plant cells, animal cells and insect cells. 17 The vectors typically include a prokaryotic replicon, such as the ColEl ori, for propagation in a prokaryote, even if the vector is to be used for expression in other, non-prokaryotic, cell types. The vectors can also include an appropriate promoter such as a prokaryotic promoter capable of directing me expression (transcription and translation) of the genes in a bacterial host cell, such as E. coli, transformed merewim. A promoter is an expression control element formed by a DNA sequence mat permits binding of RNA polymerase and transcription to occur. Promoter sequences compatible with exemplary bacterial hosts are typically provided in plasmid vectors containing convenient restriction sites for insertion of a DNA segment of the present invention. Typical prokaryotic vector plasmids are pUC18, pUC19, pBR322 and pBR329 available from Biorad Laboratories, (Richmond, CA, USA) and p7Vc99A and pKK223-3 available from Pharmacia, Piscataway, NJ, USA. A typical mammalian cell vector plasmid is pSVL available from Pharmacia, Piscataway, NJ, USA. This vector uses the SV40 late promoter to drive expression of cloned genes, the highest level of expression being found in T antigen-producing cells, such as COS-1 cells. An example of an inducible mammalian expression vector is pMSG, also available from Pharmacia. This vector uses the glucocorticoid-inducible promoter of the mouse mammary tomour virus long terminal repeat to drive expression of me cloned gene. 18 Useful yeast plasmid vectors are pRS403-406 and pRS413-416 and are generally available from Stratagene Cloning Systems, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Plasmids pRS403, pRS404, pRS405 and pRS406 are Yeast Integrating plasmids (Yips) and incoφorate the yeast selectable markers HIS3, TRPl, LEU2 and URA3. Plasmids pRS413-416 are Yeast Centromere plasmids (Ycps). Other vectors and expression systems are well known in the art for use wito a variety of host cells. From the foregoing it will be appreciated mat a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention is an expression vector which is capable of expressing in a mammalian, preferably human, cell a polypeptide having toe amino acid sequence shown in Figure 2 or variants or fragments or derivatives thereof, or fusions of said variants or fragments or derivatives. The present invention also relates to a host cell transformed with a polynucleotide vector construct of the present invention. The host cell can be either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Bacterial cells may be preferred prokaryotic host cells in some circumstances and typically are a strain of E. coli such as, for example, me E. coli strains DH5 available from Bethesda Research Laboratories Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA, and RR1 available from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) of Rockville, MD, USA (No ATCC 31343). Preferred eukaryotic host cells include yeast, insect and mammalian cells, preferably vertebrate cells such as those from a mouse, rat, monkey or human fibroblastic and kidney cell lines. Yeast host cells include YPH499, YPH500 and YPH501 which are generally available from Stratagene Cloning Systems, La Jolla, CA 92037, 19 USA. Preferred mammalian host cells include Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells available from the ATCC as CCL61, NIH Swiss mouse embryo cells NIH/3T3 available from the ATCC as CRL 1658, monkey kidney-derived COS-1 cells available from the ATCC as CRL 1650 and 293 cells which are human embryonic kidney cells. Preferred insect cells are Sf9 cells which can be transfected wito baculovirus expression vectors. Transformation of appropriate cell hosts with a DNA construct of the present invention is accomplished by well known methods that typically depend on toe type of vector used. Wito regard to transformation of prokaryotic host cells, see, for example, Cohen et al (1972) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 69, 2110 and Sambrook et al (1989) Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY. Transformation of yeast cells is described in Sherman et al (1986) Methods In Yeast Genetics, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor, NY. The method of Beggs (1978) Nature 275, 104-109 is also useful. With regard to vertebrate cells, reagents useful in transfecting such cells, for example calcium phosphate and DEAE-dextran or liposome formulations, are available from Stratagene Cloning Systems, or Life Technologies Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20877, USA. Electroporation is also useful for transforming and/or transfecting cells and is well known in toe art for transforming yeast cell, bacterial cells, insect cells and vertebrate cells. For example, many bacterial species may be transformed by the methods described in Luchansky et al (1988) Mol. Microbiol. 2, 637-646 incoφorated herein by reference. The greatest number of transformants is 20 consistently recovered following electroporation of the DNA-cell mixture suspended in 2.5X PEB using 6250V per cm at 25μFD. Methods for transformation of yeast by electroporation are disclosed in Becker & Guarente (1990) Methods Enzymol. 194, 182. Successfully transformed cells, ie cells toat contain a DNA construct of toe present invention, can be identified by well known techniques. For example, cells resulting from toe introduction of an expression construct of the present invention can be grown to produce toe polypeptide of toe invention. Cells can be harvested and lysed and their DNA content examined for toe presence of the DNA using a method such as toat described by Southern (1975) J. Mol. Biol. 98, 503 or Berent et al (1985) Biotech. 3, 208. Alternatively, toe presence of toe protein in toe supernatant can be detected using antibodies as described below. In addition to direcdy assaying for the presence of recombinant DNA, successful transformation can be confirmed by well known immunological metoods when the recombinant DNA is capable of directing toe expression of the protein. For example, cells successfully transformed wito an expression vector produce proteins displaying appropriate antigenicity. Samples of cells suspected of being transformed are harvested and assayed for toe protein using suitable antibodies. The cells which are transformed are preferably mammary epithelial cells. Thus, in addition to the transformed host cells themselves, the present invention also contemplates a culture of those cells, preferably a 21 monoclonal (clonally homogeneous) culture, or a culture derived from a monoclonal culture, in a nutrient medium. Particularly when toe plu-1 nucleic acid is a fragment of the sequence shown in Figure 1, it is preferred if the host cell is not a bacterial cell. It is particularly preferred if toe host cell is an animal cell, more preferably a mammalian cell. It is particularly preferred if the plu-1 polynucleotide is prepared into a pharmaceutical composition and is sterile and pyrogen-free. A further aspect of the invention provides a metood of making plu-1 or a variant, derivative, fragment or fusion thereof or a fusion of a variant, fragment or derivative, toe metood comprising culturing a host cell comprising a recombinant polynucleotide or a replicable vector which encodes said plu-1 or variant or fragment or derivative or fusion, and isolating said plu-1 or a variant, derivative, fragment or fusion thereof of a fusion or a variant, fragment or derivative from said host cell. Methods of cultivating host cells and isolating recombinant proteins are well known in toe art. It will be appreciated toat, depending on toe host cell, the plu-1 produced may differ from toat which can be isolated from nature. For example, certain host cells, such as yeast or bacterial cells, either do not have, or have different, post-translational modification systems which may result in the production of forms of plu-1 which may be post-translationally modified in a different way to plu-1 isolated from nature. 22 It is preferred that recombinant plu-1 is produced in a eukaryotic system, such as an insect cell. A further aspect of toe invention provides plu-1 or a variant, fragment, derivative or fusion thereof or a fusion of a variant, fragment or derivative obtainable by the methods herein disclosed. A furώer aspect of the invention provides a polypeptide comprising toe amino acid sequence shown in Figure 2 or variants or fragments or fusions or derivatives thereof or fusions of said variants or fragments or derivatives. Thus, a polypeptide of the invention includes toe polypeptide whose amino acid sequence is shown in Figure 2. It will be appreciated toat the polypeptides of the invention do not include RBP-1 or RBP-2. Preferably, the fragments and variants and derivatives are those that include a portion or portions of plu-1 which are portions toat distinguish plu-1 from RBP-1, RBP-2 or polypeptides encoded by polynucleotides identified by reference to Figure 7 and which are described in more detail below and by reference to Figure 2. A further aspect of toe invention provides antibodies which are selective for plu-1 (and do not cross react wito, for example, RBP-1, RBP-2). By "selective" we include antibodies which bind at least 10-fold more strongly to one polypeptide than to toe other (ie plu-1 vs RBP-1 or RBP- 23 2); preferably at least 50-fold more strongly and more preferably at least 100-fold more strongly. Such antibodies may be made by methods well known in toe art using toe information concerning the differences in amino acid sequence between plu-1 and RBP-1, RBP-2 and other polypeptides encoded by polynucleotides identified by reference to Figure 7 disclosed herein. In particular, the antibodies may be polyclonal or monoclonal. Suitable monoclonal antibodies which are reactive as said may be prepared by known techniques, for example those disclosed in "Monoclonal Antibodies: A manual of techniques", H Zola (CRC Press, 1988) and in "Monoclonal Hybridoma Antibodies: Techniques and Applications", SGR Hurrell (CRC Press, 1982). Polyclonal antibodies may be produced which are polyspecific or monospecific. It is preferred toat toey are monospecific. One embodiment provides an antibody reactive towards the polypeptide whose amino acid sequence is shown in Figure 2 or natural variants thereof but not reactive towards RBP-1 or RBP-2 and otoer polypeptides encoded by polynucleotides identified by reference to Figure 7. A further embodiment provides an antibody reactive towards an epitope present in toe polypeptide whose amino acid sequence is shown in Figure 2 or natural variants toereof but which epitope is not present in RBP-1, RBP-2 and otoer polypeptides encoded by polynucleotides identified by reference to Figure 7. 24 It is particularly preferred if toe antibody is reactive towards a molecule comprising any one of the peptides: QQTDRSSPVRPSSEKNDC (amino acids 1378-1395); PKDMNNFKLERERSYELVR (amino acids 1443- 1461); and CTVKDAPSRK (amino acids 1535-1544). These peptides are shown boxed in Figure 2. Figure 3 shows other peptides which may be used to distinguish plu-1 from its human homologue (boxed). Such antibodies may be made using these peptides as immunogens. These peptides themselves may be useful for raising antibodies, but selective antibodies may be made using smaller fragments of toese peptides which contain toe region of difference between plu-1 and RBP-1, RBP-2 or other polypeptides encoded by polynucleotides identified by reference to Figure 7. It may be convenient to raise antibodies using fragments of plu-1 expressed as a fusion peptide. Peptides in which one or more of toe amino acid residues are chemically modified, before or after toe peptide is synthesised, may be used providing toat the function of the peptide, namely toe production of specific antibodies in vivo, remains substantially unchanged. Such modifications include forming salts with acids or bases, especially physiologically acceptable organic or inorganic acids and bases, forming an ester or amide of a terminal carboxyl group, and attaching amino acid protecting groups such as N-t-butoxycarbonyl. Such modifications may protect toe peptide from in vivo metabolism. The peptides may be present as single copies or as multiples, for example tandem repeats. Such tandem or multiple repeats may be sufficiently antigenic themselves to 25 obviate the use of a carrier. It may be advantageous for toe peptide to be formed as a loop, with toe N-terminal and C-terminal ends joined together, or to add one or more Cys residues to an end to increase antigenicity and/or to allow disulphide bonds to be formed. If the peptide is covalently linked to a carrier, preferably a polypeptide, then the arrangement is preferably such toat the peptide of toe invention forms a loop. According to current immunological theories, a carrier function should be present in any immunogenic formulation in order to stimulate, or enhance stimulation of, the immune system. It is thought that toe best carriers embody (or, togeώer wito the antigen, create) a T-cell epitope. The peptides may be associated, for example by cross-linking, wito a separate carrier, such as serum albumins, myoglobins, bacterial toxoids and keyhole limpet haemocyanin. More recently developed carriers which induce T-cell help in the immune response include toe hepatitis-B core antigen (also called the nucleocapsid protein), presumed T-cell epitopes such as Thr-Ala-Ser-Gly-Val-Ala-Glu-Thr-Thr-Asn-Cys, beta- galactosidase and toe 163-171 peptide of interleukin-1. The latter compound may variously be regarded as a carrier or as an adjuvant or as both. Alternatively, several copies of the same or different peptides of toe invention may be cross-linked to one anotoer; in this situation there is no separate carrier as such, but a carrier function may be provided by such cross-linking. Suitable cross-linking agents include those listed as such in toe Sigma and Pierce catalogues, for example glutaraldehyde, carbodiimide and succinimidyl 4-(N-maleimidomeώyl)cyclohexane-l- carboxylate, toe latter agent exploiting toe -SH group on toe C-terminal cysteine residue (if present). 26 If toe peptide is prepared by expression of a suitable nucleotide sequence in a suitable host, then it may be advantageous to express the peptide as a fusion product wito a peptide sequence which acts as a carrier. Kabigen's "Ecosec" system is an example of such an arrangement. The peptide of the invention may be linked to other antigens to provide a dual effect. A furtoer aspect of toe invention provides a metood of making an antibody which is selectively reactive towards the polypeptide whose amino acid sequence is shown in Figure 2 or a natural variant toereof, the metood comprising the steps of, where appropriate, immunising an animal wito a peptide which distinguishes plu-1 from other polypeptides and selecting an antibody which binds plu-1 but does not substantially bind otoer polypeptides. It is preferred if toe antibodies do not substantially bind RBP-1 or RBP-2 or otoer polypeptides identified by reference to toe polynucleotides referred to in Figure 7. Suitable peptides are disclosed above. It will be appreciated that, wito the advancements in antibody technology, it may not be necessary to immunise an animal in order to produce an antibody. Synthetic systems, such as phage display libraries, may be used. The use of such systems is included in toe methods of toe invention. Monoclonal antibodies which will bind to plu-1 antigens can be prepared. The antigen-binding portion may be a part of an antibody (for example a Fab fragment) or a synthetic antibody fragment (for example a single chain 27 Fv fragment [ScFv]). Suitable monoclonal antibodies to selected antigens may be prepared by known techniques, for example those disclosed in "Monoclonal Antibodies: A manual of techniques " , H Zola (CRC Press, 1988) and in "Monoclonal Hybridoma Antibodies: Techniques and Applications ", J G R Hurrell (CRC Press, 1982). Chimaeric antibodies are discussed by Neuberger et al (1988, 8th International Biotechnology Symposium Part 2, 792-799). Suitably prepared non-human antibodies can be "humanized" in known ways, for example by inserting the CDR regions of mouse antibodies into toe framework of human antibodies. The variable heavy (V H ) and variable light (V L ) domains of the antibody are involved in antigen recognition, a fact first recognised by early protease digestion experiments. Furώer confirmation was found by "humanisation" of rodent antibodies. Variable domains of rodent origin may be fused to constant domains of human origin such toat toe resultant antibody retains the antigenic specificity of toe rodent parented antibody (Morrison et al (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 6851-6855). That antigenic specificity is conferred by variable domains and is independent of the constant domains is known from experiments involving ώe bacterial expression of antibody fragments, all containing one or more variable domains. These molecules include Fab-like molecules (Better et al (1988) Science 240, 1041); Fv molecules (Skerra et al (1988) Science 240, 1038); single-chain Fv (ScFv) molecules where ώe V H and V L partner domains are linked via a flexible oligopeptide (Bird et al (1988) Science 28 242, 423; Huston et al (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 5879) and single domain antibodies (dAbs) comprising isolated V domains (Ward et al (1989) Nature 341, 544). A general review of ώe techniques involved in ώe synώesis of antibody fragments which retain ώeir specific binding sites is to be found in Winter & Milstein (1991) Nature 349, 293-299. By "ScFv molecules" we mean molecules wherein ώe V H and V L partner domains are linked via a flexible oligopeptide. Fab, Fv, ScFv and dAb antibody fragments can all be made and expressed in and secreted from, for example, E. coli, ώus allowing ώe facile production of large amounts of ώe said fragments. Whole antibodies, and F(ab') 2 fragments are "bivalent". By "bivalent" we mean ώat ώe said antibodies and F(ab') 2 fragments have two antigen combining sites. In contrast, Fab, Fv, ScFv and dAb fragments are monovalent, having only one antigen combining sites. Before ώe present invention it was not possible to make use of ώe differences in amino acid sequence between RBP-1, RBP-2, oώer polypeptides and plu-1 in order to make antibodies which are useful in distinguishing plu-1 and RBP-1, RBP-2, and oώer polypeptides since it was not known ώat plu-1 and RBP-1, RBP-2 and oώer polypeptides had significant differences in structure or what ώose differences were. As is discussed in more detail below, such antibodies are useful in cancer diagnosis. It will also be appreciated ώat such antibodies which distinguish plu-1 and RBP-1, RBP-2 and oώer polypeptides are also useful research reagents. Suitably, ώe antibodies of ώe invention are detectably 29 labelled, for example ώey may be labelled in such a way ώat ώey may be directly or indirectly detected. Conveniently, ώe antibodies are labelled wiώ a radioactive moiety or a coloured moiety or a fluorescent moiety, or ώey may be linked to an enzyme. Typically, ώe enzyme is one which can convert a non-coloured (or non-fluorescent) substrate to a coloured (or fluorescent) product. The antibody may be labelled by biotin (or streptavidin) and ώen detected indirecdy using streptavidin (or biotin) which has been labelled wiώ a radioactive moiety or a coloured moiety or a fluorescent moiety, or ώe like or ώey may be linked to an enzyme of ώe type described above. Anti-plu-1 antibodies or fragments or derivatives ώereof such as humanised antibodies or ScFv fragments or dAbs or oώer fragments which retain antigen-binding specificity may be useful for imaging, such as imaging of tumours in ώe patient using, for example, radioimmunoscintigraphy. Conveniently, ώe antibodies or fragments or derivatives ώereof are labelled wiώ a moiety which allows detection. Suitably, ώe label is a radioactive moiety and, preferably, it contains ""Tc, or oώer suitable isotopes of technetium, or suitable isotopes of yttrium, indium, iodine or ώe like, all of which are well known in ώe art. Preferably, ώe antibody is a monoclonal antibody or fragment ώereof. Anti-plu-1 antibodies or fragments or derivatives ώereof may be used therapeutically. For example, unconjugated antibodies or fragments or derivatives ώereof may be used to induce an anti-idiotype response. Alternatively, antibodies or fragments or derivatives ώereof may be conjugated to a moiety which is direcdy or indirecdy cytotoxic. Direcdy cytotoxic agents include, for example, radioisotopes and toxins such as 30 ricin; indirectly cytotoxic agents include, for example, enzymes which can convert a relatively non-toxic prodrug into a cytotoxic drug. It is particularly preferred if peptides are made, based on ώe amino acid sequence of plu-1, which allow for specific antibodies to be made. Thus, a -furώer aspect of ώe invention provides a molecule which, following immunisation of an animal if appropriate, gives rise to antibodies which are reactive towards ώe polypeptide whose sequence is shown in Figure 2 or natural variants ώereof but not reactive towards oώer polypeptides such as RBP-1, RBP-2. The molecule is preferably a peptide but may be any molecule which gives rise to ώe desired antibodies. The molecule, preferably a peptide, is conveniendy formulated into an immunological composition using meώods well known in ώe art. The peptides disclosed above form part of ώese aspects of ώe invention. Peptides derived from plu-1 are not only useful for raising antibodies but are also useful for binding MHC (HLA) molecules. Preferred peptides are shown in Figure 12. Figure 12 shows searches for HLA-B27, HLA- A2, HLA-A3, and HLA-A11 MHC epitopes. Searches for peptides predicted to bind oώer class I epitopes may be performed using computer program. For example, a suitable program is available on ώe World Wide Web at http://bimas.dcrt.gov/molbio/hla_bind/, and is described in Parker et al (1994) J. Immunol. 152, 163. The frequencies of ώe HLA antigens in Caucasian populations are: 6.7%, 49.4%, 24.7% and 12.2%, 31 respectively (Baur et al (1984) "Population analysis on ώe basis of deduced haplotypes from random families". In "Histocompatibiiity Testing", eds, Albert, Baur & Mayr, Springer Verlag, Berlin. Suitable Class I epitopes are shown in Figure 3. Their positions (starting position in ώe amino acid sequence) are listed, wiώ ώose particularly preferred marked wiώ an asterisk (*): HLA-B27:229, 234, 251, 257, 258, 283, 298, 669, 824, 1031, 1252, 1412, 1425 and 1454; HLA-A2:711*, 861, 906*, 1009, 1055, 1058*, 1166, 1274, 1338*; HLA-A3:198, 631, 712, 1359, 1445, 1458 and 1536; HLA-A11:72, 234, 258, 1062, 1099, 1268, 1365, 1401 and 1536. The peptides are preferably nonamers. The peptides marked (*) are distinguished from RBP-2. These peptides, and ώe peptides listed in Figure 12, are believed to be particularly useful in cancer vaccines or in oώer cancer immunoώerapeutic approaches. It may be useful to introduce alanine substitutions into ώe peptides in order to improve binding affinity wiώout abrogating peptide-specific CTL recognition as is described in Collins et al (1989) J. Immunol. 162, 331- 337. Peptides may be synώesised by ώe Fmoc-polyamide mode of solid-phase peptide synώesis as disclosed by Lu et al (1981) J. Org. Chem. 46, 3433 and references therein. Temporary N-amino group protection is afforded by ώe 9-fluorenylmeώyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) group. Repetitive cleavage of ώis highly base-labile protecting group is effected using 20% piperidine in N,N-dimeώylformamide. Side-chain functionalities may be protected as ώeir butyl eώers (in ώe case of serine threonine and tyrosine), butyl esters (in ώe case of glutamic acid and aspartic acid), butyloxycarbonyl derivative (in ώe case of lysine and histidine), trityl derivative (in ώe case 32 of cysteine) and 4-meώoxy-2,3,6-trimeώylbenzenesulphonyl derivative (in ώe case of arginine). Where glutamine or asparagine are C-terminal residues, use is made of ώe 4,4'-dimeώoxybenzhydryl group for protection of toe side chain amido functionalities. The solid-phase support is based on a polydimethyl-acrylamide polymer constituted from toe three monomers dimethylacrylamide (backbone-monomer), bisacryloyletoylene diamine (cross linker) and acryloylsarcosine methyl ester (functionalising agent). The peptide-to-resin cleavable linked agent used is the acid-labile 4-hydroxymeώyl-phenoxy acetic acid derivative. All amino acid derivatives are added as their preformed symmetrical anhydride derivatives wiώ ώe exception of asparagine and glutamine, which are added using a reversed N,N-dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide/l- hydroxybenzotriazole mediated coupling procedure. All coupling and deprotection reactions are monitored using ninhydrin, trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid or isotin test procedures. Upon completion of synώesis, peptides are cleaved from ώe resin support wiώ concomitant removal of side-chain protecting groups by treatment wiώ 95% trifluoroacetic acid containing a 50% scavenger mix. Scavengers commonly used are eώanediώiol, phenol, anisole and water, ώe exact choice depending on ώe constiment amino acids of ώe peptide being synώesised. Trifluoroacetic acid is removed by evaporation in vacuo, wiώ subsequent trituration wiώ dieώyl eώer affording ώe crude peptide. Any scavengers present are removed by a simple extraction procedure which on lyophilisation of ώe aqueous phase affords ώe crude peptide free of scavengers. Reagents for peptide synώesis are generally available from Calbiochem-Novabiochem (UK) Ltd, Nottingham NG7 2QJ, UK. Purification may be effected by any one, or a combination of, techniques such as size exclusion chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography and 33 (principally) reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Analysis of peptides may be carried out using ώin layer chromatography, reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography, amino-acid analysis after acid hydrolysis and by fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometric analysis. By "peptides" we include compounds which function in ώe same way as peptides in raising an immune response. For example, ώe term "peptide" specifically includes molecules which may have ώe same side chains of amino acids in ώe peptide but wherein, for example, ώe peptide linkage has been replaced by anoώer linkage which, whilst having ώe same geometry as a peptide bond, is less susceptible to degradation. Thus, peptidomimetics are included in ώe definition of "peptides" . By "peptide" we also include not only molecules in which amino acid residues are joined by peptide (-CO-NH-) linkages but also molecules in which ώe peptide bond is reversed. Such retro-inverso peptidomimetics may be made using meώods known in ώe art, for example such as ώose described in Meziere et al (1997) /. Immunol. 159, 3230-3237, incoφorated herein by reference. This approach involves making pseudopeptides containing changes involving ώe backbone, and not ώe orientation of side chains. Meziere et al (1997) show ώat, at least for MHC class II and T helper cell responses, ώese pseudopeptides are useful. Retro-inverse peptides, which contain NH-CO bonds instead of CO-NH peptide bonds, are much more resistant to proteolysis. Similarly, ώe peptide bond may be dispensed wiώ altogeώer provided ώat an appropriate linker moiety which retains ώe spacing between ώe Cα 34 atoms of ώe amino acid residues is used; it is particularly preferred if ώe linker moiety has substantially ώe same charge distribution and substantially ώe same planarity of a peptide bond. It will be appreciated ώat ώe peptide may conveniently be blocked at its N- or C-terminus so as to help reduce susceptibility to exoproteolytic digestion. It is now possible to make polynucleotides which can distinguish plu-1 mRNA, cDNA or gene and oώer RNAs, cDNAs and genes and such polynucleotides are believed to be useful in ώe diagnosis and prognosis of cancer. In particular, ώe polynucleotide distinguishes plu-1 mRNA, cDNA or gene from RBP-1 or RBP-2 RNAs, cDNAs or genes. A furώer aspect of ώe invention provides a polynucleotide which distinguishes a polynucleotide which encodes ώe polypeptide whose sequence is shown in Figure 2 or a natural variant ώereof and which encodes anoώer polypeptide such as RBP-1, RBP-2 or polypeptides which are encoded by polynucleotides identified by reference to Figure 7. A yet still furώer aspect of ώe invention provides a polynucleotide which hybridises to a polynucleotide which encodes ώe polypeptide whose sequence is shown in Figure 2 or a natural variant ώereof but not to a polynucleotide which encodes anoώer polypeptide such as RBP-1, RBP-2 or polypeptides which are encoded by polynucleotides identified by reference to Figure 7. 35 Such polynucleotides can be designed by reference to Figures 1 and 2 and ώe known sequence of RBP-1, RBP-2 and ώe Figures of ώis patent application, in particular Figure 7, and may be synώesised by well known meώods such as by chemical synώesis or by using specific primers and template, a DNA amplification technique such as ώe polymerase chain reaction. The polynucleotide may be any polynucleotide, wheώer DNA or RNA or a synώetic nucleic acid such as a peptide nucleic acid, provided ώat it can distinguish polynucleotides which encode plu-1 and polynucleotides, which encode oώer polypeptides as said. It is particularly preferred if ώe polynucleotide is an oligonucleotide which can serve as a hybridisation probe or as a primer for a nucleic acid amplification system. Thus, ώe polynucleotide of ώis aspect of ώe invention may be an oligonucleotide of at least 10 nucleotides in lengώ, more preferably at least 14 nucleotides in lengώ and still more preferably at least 18 nucleotides in lengώ. It is particularly preferred ώat ώe polynucleotide hybridises to a mRNA (or cDNA) which encodes plu-1 but does not hybridise to anoώer mRNA (or cDNA), for example, one which encodes RBP-1 or RBP-2. Preferably, ώe polynucleotides of ώe invention are detectably labelled. For example, ώey may be labelled in such a way ώat ώey may be directly or indirectly detected. Conveniently, ώe polynucleotides are labelled wiώ a radioactive moiety or a coloured moiety or a fluorescent moiety or some oώer suitable detectable moiety such as digoxygenin and luminescent or chemiluminescent moieties. The polynucleotides may be linked to an enzyme, or ώey may be linked to biotin (or streptavidin) and detected in a similar way as described for antibodies of ώe invention. Also preferably 36 ώe polynucleotides of ώe invention may be bound to a solid support (including arrays, beads, magnetic beads, sample containers and ώe like). The polynucleotides of ώe invention may also incoφorate a "tag" nucleotide sequence which tag sequence can subsequently be recognised by a furώer nucleic acid probe. Suitable labels or tags may also be used for ώe selective capture of ώe hybridised (or non-hybridised) polynucleotide using meώods well known in ώe art. A furώer aspect of ώe invention provides a meώod for deteπnining ώe susceptibility of a patient to cancer comprising ώe steps of (i) obtaining a sample containing nucleic acid from ώe patient; and (ii) contacting ώe said nucleic acid wiώ a nucleic acid which hybridises selectively to plu-1 nucleic acid. A still furώer aspect of ώe invention provides a meώod of diagnosing cancer in a patient comprising ώe steps of (i) obtaining a sample containing nucleic acid from ώe patient; and (ii) contacting ώe said nucleic acid wiώ a nucleic acid which hybridises selectively to plu-1 nucleic acid. A yet still further aspect of ώe invention provides a meώod of predicting ώe relative prospects of a particular outcome of a cancer in a patient comprising ώe steps of (i) obtaining a sample containing nucleic acid from ώe patient; and (ii) contacting ώe said nucleic acid wiώ a nucleic acid which hybridises selectively to plu-1 nucleic acid. Preferably, ώe nucleic acid in ώe sample is mRNA. 37 It will be appreciated ώat detecting ώe presence of an increased level of plu-1 mRNA in a cell compared to ώe level present in a normal (non- tumorigenic) cell may suggest ώat ώe patient will benefit from a particular form of treatment, such as treatment wiώ a plu-1 tumour vaccine as herein disclosed. Transcription of plu-1 seems to be substantially completely repressed in normal adult tissue wiώ ώe exception of ώe testis and wiώ some expression in placenta, ovary and tonsil. This repression is absent in breast tumours, causing plu-1 to be expressed. The derepression of plu-1 transcription may be caused by meώylation defects in cancer cells. Increased plu-1 mRNA in a sample compared to ώat found in a normal (non-tumorigenic) tissue sample is indicative of carcinogenesis. Typically, ώe level in a tumorigenic sample is at least 2-fold, preferably at least 5-fold and more preferably at least 10-fold more in a tumorigenic sample compared to a known, normal (non-tumorigenic) tissue sample. It may also be advantageous to measure ώe presence (tumour) versus absence (normal) of plu-1 mRNA in some circumstances, such as when assessing breast tissue. By "selectively hybridising" is meant ώat ώe nucleic acid has sufficient nucleotide sequence similarity wiώ ώe said plu-1 nucleic acid ώat it can hybridise under moderately or highly stringent conditions. As is well known in ώe art, ώe stringency of nucleic acid hybridization depends on factors such as lengώ of nucleic acid over which hybridisation occurs, degree of identity of the hybridizing sequences and on factors such as temperature, ionic strengώ and CG or AT content of ώe sequence. Thus, 38 any nucleic acid which is capable of selectively hybridising as said is useful in ώe practice of ώe invention. Nucleic acids which can selectively hybridise to ώe said plu-1 nucleic acid (eg mRNA) include nucleic acids which have >95% sequence identity, preferably ώose wiώ > 98%, more preferably ώose wiώ > 99% sequence identity, over at least a portion of ώe nucleic acid wiώ ώe said nucleic acid (eg mRNA). It is preferred if ώe nucleic acid which hybridises selectively to plu-1 nucleic acid does not hybridise to any oώer nucleic acid (eg mRNA), such as RBP-1 nucleic acid (eg mRNA) or RBP-2 nucleic acid (eg mRNA). Typical moderately or highly stringent hybridisation conditions which lead to selective hybridisation are known in ώe art, for example ώose described in Molecular Cloning, a laboratory manual, 2nd edition, Sambrook et al (eds), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA, incoφorated herein by reference. An example of a typical hybridisation solution when a nucleic acid is immobilised on a nylon membrane and ώe probe nucleic acid is ≥ 500 bases or base pairs is: 6 x SSC (saline sodium citrate) 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) 100 μg/ml denatured, fragmented salmon sperm DNA 39 The hybridisation is performed at 68 °C. The nylon membrane, wiώ ώe nucleic acid immobilised, may be washed at 68° C in 1 x SSC or, for high stringency, 0.1 x SSC. 20 x SSC may be prepared in ώe following way. Dissolve 175.3 g of NaCl and 88.2 g of sodium citrate in 800 ml of H 2 0. Adjust ώe pH to 7.0 wiώ a few drops of a 10 N solution of NaOH. Adjust ώe volume to 1 litre wiώ H 2 0. Dispense into aliquots. Sterilize by autoclaving. The assay of plu-1 mRNA may be by an indirect means. An example of a typical hybridisation solution when a nucleic acid is immobilised on a nylon membrane and ώe probe is an oligonucleotide of between 15 and 50 bases is: 3.0 M trimeώylammonium chloride (TMAC1) 0.01 M sodium phosphate (pH 6.8) 1 mm EDTA (pH 7.6) 0.5% SDS 100 μg/ml denatured, fragmented salmon sperm DNA 0.1 % nonfat dried milk The optimal temperatore for hybridization is usually chosen to be 5°C below ώe Tj for ώe given chain lengώ. Tj is ώe irreversible melting temperatore of ώe hybrid formed between ώe probe and its target sequence. Jacobs et al (1988) Nucl. Acids Res. 16, 4637 discusses ώe determination of T s s. The recommended hybridization temperatore for 17- 40 mers in 3 M TMAC1 is 48-50°C; for 19-mers, it is 55-57 °C; and for 20- mers, it is 58-66°C. By "nucleic acid which selectively hybridises" is also included nucleic acids which will amplify DNA (for example, copied from plu-1 mRNA by, for example, reverse transcription) by any of ώe well known amplification systems such as ώose described in more detail below, in particular ώe polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Suitable conditions for PCR amplification include amplification in a suitable 1 x amplification buffer: 10 x amplification buffer is 500 mM KCl; 100 mM Tris.Cl (pH 8.3 at room temperatore); 15 mM MgCl 2 ; 0.1 % gelatin. A suitable denaturing agent or procedure (such as heating to 95 °C) is used in order to separate ώe strands of double-stranded DNA. Suitably, ώe annealing part of ώe amplification is between 37 °C and 60°C, preferably 50°C. Alώough ώe nucleic acid which is useful in ώe meώods of ώe invention may be RNA or DNA, DNA is preferred. Alώough ώe nucleic acid which is useful in ώe meώods of ώe invention may be double-stranded or single-stranded, single-stranded nucleic acid is preferred under some circumstances such as in nucleic acid amplification reactions. As is described more fully below, single-stranded DNA primers, suitable for use in a polymerase chain reaction, are particularly preferred. 41 The nucleic acid for use in ώe meώods of ώe invention is a nucleic acid which hybridises to plu-1 nucleic acid (eg mRNA). cDNAs derivable from ώe plu-1 mRNA are preferred nucleic acids for use in ώe meώods of ώe invention. The plu-1 gene and plu-1 cDNA are similar to, but distinct from, ώe RBP-1 gene and cDNA, and ώe RBP-2 gene and cDNA and certain oώer cDNA portions described in ώe application. Preferred nucleic acids for use in ώe invention are ώose ώat selectively hybridise to ώe plu-1 nucleic acid (eg mRNA) and do not hybridise to oώer nucleic acids such as RBP-1 mRNA and RBP-2 mRNA. Such selectively hybridising nucleic acids can be readily obtained, for example, by reference to wheώer or not ώey hybridise to plu-1 cDNA as shown in Figure 1 and by reference to wheώer or not ώey hybridise to known sequences, such as ώe RBP-1 and RBP-2 sequences. The meώods may be suitable in respect of any cancer but it is preferred if the cancer is cancer of ώe ovary or breast. It is preferred if ώe cancer is not testicular cancer or colon cancer. The meώods are most suitable in respect of breast cancer. It will be appreciated ώat ώe meώods of ώe invention include meώods of prognosis and meώods which aid diagnosis. It will also be appreciated ώat ώe meώods of ώe invention are useful to ώe physician or surgeon in determining a course of management or treatment of ώe patient. The diagnostic and prognostic meώods of ώe invention are particularly suited to female patients. 42 Although it is believed ώat any sample containing nucleic acid derived from ώe patient may be useful in ώe meώods of ώe invention, it is preferred if ώe nucleic acid is derived from a sample of ώe tissue in which cancer is suspected or in which cancer may be or has been found. For example, if ώe tissue in which cancer is suspected or in which cancer may be or has been found is breast, it is preferred if ώe sample containing nucleic acid is derived from ώe breast of ώe patient. Breast samples may be obtained by excision, "true cut" biopsies, needle biopsy, nipple aspirate or image-guided biopsy. The sample may be directly derived from ώe patient, for example, by biopsy of ώe tissue, or it may be derived from ώe patient from a site remote from ώe tissue, for example because cells from ώe tissue have migrated from ώe tissue to oώer parts of ώe body. Alternatively, ώe sample may be indirectly derived from ώe patient in ώe sense ώat, for example, ώe tissue or cells therefrom may be cultivated in vitro, or cultivated in a xenograft model; or ώe nucleic acid sample may be one which has been replicated (wheώer in vitro or in vivo) from nucleic acid from ώe original source from ώe patient. Thus, alώough ώe nucleic acid derived from ώe patient may have been physically within ώe patient, it may alternatively have been copied from nucleic acid which was physically wiώin the patient. The tomour tissue may be taken from ώe primary tomour or from metastases. The sample may be lymph nodes, lymph or blood and ώe spread of disease detected. 43 Conveniently, ώe nucleic acid capable of selectively hybridising to ώe said plu-1 mRNA and which is used in ώe meώods of ώe invention furώer comprises a detectable label. By "detectable label" is included any convenient radioactive label such as 32 P, 33 P or 35 S which can readily be incoφorated into a nucleic acid molecule using well known meώods; any convenient fluorescent or chemiluminescent label which can readily be incoφorated into a nucleic acid is also included. In addition ώe term "detectable label" also includes a moiety which can be detected by virtoe of binding to anoώer moiety (such as biotin which can be detected by binding to streptavidin); and a moiety, such as an enzyme, which can be detected by virtoe of its ability to convert a colourless compound into a coloured compound, or vice versa (for example, alkaline phosphatase can convert colourless o- mtrophenylphosphate into coloured σ-nitrophenol). Conveniendy, ώe nucleic acid probe may occupy a certain position in a fixed assay and wheώer ώe nucleic acid hybridises to ώe said region of human DNA can be determined by reference to the position of hybridisation in toe fixed assay. The detectable label may also be a fluorophore-quencher pair as described in Tyagi & Kramer (1996) Nature Biotechnology 14, 303-308. Otoer types of labels and tags are disclosed above. The nucleic acid may be branched nucleic acid (see Urdea et al (1991) Nucl. Acids Symposium Series 24, 197-200). It will be appreciated toat ώe aforementioned meώods may be used for presymptomatic screening of a patient who is in a risk group for cancer. High risk patients for screening include patients over 50 years of age or 44 patients who carry a gene resulting in increased susceptibility (eg predisposing versions of BRCA1, BRCA2 or p53); patients wiώ a family history of breast/ovarian cancer; patients wiώ affected siblings; nulliparous women; and women who have a long interval between menarche and menopause. Similarly, ώe meώods may be used for ώe paώological classification of tumours such as breast tumours. As is described in more detail in ώe Examples, plu-1 mRNA is absent or weakly expressed in benign breast tumours. There is some expression in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) which is an early stage of carcinogenesis. Increased expression of plu-1 mRNA is seen in invasive breast carcinomas. There is some expression of plu-1 mRNA in ovarian tumours, and some plu-1 expression is seen in foetal tissue, consistent wiώ a postulated role in development. Conveniently, in ώe meώods of ώe invention ώe nucleic acid which is capable of ώe said selective hybridisation (wheώer labelled wiώ a detectable label or not) is contacted wiώ nucleic acid (eg mRNA) derived from ώe patient under hybridising conditions. Suitable hybridising conditions include ώose described above. The presence of a complex which is selectively formed by ώe nucleic acid hybridising to plu-1 mRNA may be detected, for example ώe complex may be a DNA: RNA hybrid which can be detected using antibodies. Alternatively, ώe complex formed upon hybridisation may be a substrate for an enzymatic reaction ώe product of which may be detected (suitable enzymes include polymerases, ligases and endonucleases). 45 It is preferred ώat if ώe sample containing nucleic acid (eg mRNA) derived from ώe patient is not a substantially pure sample of ώe tissue or cell type in question ώat ώe sample is enriched for ώe said tissue or cells. For example, enrichment for breast cells in a sample such as a blood sample may be achieved using, for example, cell sorting meώods such as fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS) using a breast cell-selective antibody, or at least an antibody which is selective for an epiώelial cell. For example, anti-MUCl antibodies such as HMFG-1 and HMFG-2 may be used (Taylor-Papadimitriou et al (1986) J. Exp. Pathol. 2, 247-260); oώer anti-MUCl antibodies which may be useful are described in Cao et al (1998) Tumour Biol. 19, (Suppl 1), 88-99. The source of ώe said sample also includes biopsy material as discussed above and tomour samples, also including fixed paraffin mounted specimens as well as fresh or frozen tissue. The nucleic acid sample from ώe patient may be processed prior to contact wiώ ώe nucleic acid which selectively hybridises to plu-1 mRNA. For example, ώe nucleic acid sample from the patient may be treated by selective amplification, reverse transcription, immobilisation (such as sequence specific immobilisation), or incoφoration of a detectable marker. It will be appreciated ώat plu-1 mRNA may be identified by reverse- transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using meώods well known in ώe art. Primers which are suitable for use in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR; Saiki et al (1988) Science 239, 487-491) are preferred. Suitable PCR primers may have ώe following properties: 46 It is well known ώat ώe sequence at ώe 5' end of ώe oligonucleotide need not match ώe target sequence to be amplified. It is usual ώat the PCR primers do not contain any complementary structores wiώ each oώer longer ώan 2 bases, especially at ώeir 3' ends, as ώis feature may promote ώe formation of an artifactual product called "primer dimer". When ώe 3' ends of ώe two primers hybridize, ώey form a "primed template" complex, and primer extension results in a short duplex product called "primer dimer". Internal secondary structure should be avoided in primers. For symmetric PCR, a 40-60% G+C content is often recommended for boώ primers, wiώ no long stretches of any one base. The classical melting temperatore calculations used in conjunction wiώ DNA probe hybridization studies often predict ώat a given primer should anneal at a specific temperatore or ώat ώe 72 °C extension temperatore will dissociate ώe primer/template hybrid prematurely. In practice, ώe hybrids are more effective in ώe PCR process ώan generally predicted by simple T m calculations. Optimum annealing temperatores may be determined empirically and may be higher ώan predicted. Taq DNA polymerase does have activity in ώe 37-55 °C region, so primer extension will occur during ώe annealing step and ώe hybrid will be stabilized. The concentrations of ώe primers are equal in conventional (symmetric) PCR and, typically, within 0.1- to 1- μM range. Any of ώe nucleic acid amplification protocols can be used in ώe meώod of ώe invention including ώe polymerase chain reaction, QB replicase and 47 ligase chain reaction. Also, NASBA (nucleic acid sequence based amplification), also called 3SR, can be used as described in Compton (1991) Nature 350, 91-92 and AIDS (1993), Vol 7 (Suppl 2), S108 or SDA (strand displacement amplification) can be used as described in Walker et al (1992) Nucl. Acids Res. 20, 1691-1696. The polymerase chain reaction is particularly preferred because of its simplicity. When a pair of suitable nucleic acids of ώe invention are used in a PCR it is convenient to detect ώe product by gel electrophoresis and eώidium bromide staining. As an alternative to detecting ώe product of DNA amplification using agarose gel electrophoresis and eώidium bromide staining of ώe DNA, it is convenient to use a labelled oligonucleotide capable of hybridising to ώe amplified DNA as a probe. When ώe amplification is by a PCR ώe oligonucleotide probe hybridises to ώe inteφrimer sequence as defined by ώe two primers. The oligonucleotide probe is preferably between 10 and 50 nucleotides long, more preferably between 15 and 30 nucleotides long. The probe may be labelled wiώ a radionuclide such as 32 P, 33 P and 35 S using standard techniques, or may be labelled wiώ a fluorescent dye. When ώe oligonucleotide probe is fluorescently labelled, ώe amplified DNA product may be detected in solution (see for example Balaguer et al (1991) "Quantification of DNA sequences obtained by polymerase chain reaction using a bioluminescence adsorbent" Anal. Biochem. 195, 105-110 and DiCesare et al (1993) "A high-sensitivity electrochemiluminescence-based detection system for automated PCR product quantitation" BioTechniques 15, 152-157. Amplification products can also be detected using a probe which may have a fluorophore-quencher pair or may be attached to a solid support or may 48 have a biotin tag or ώey may be detected using a combination of a captore probe and a detector probe. Fluorophore-quencher pairs are particularly suited to quantitative measurements of PCR reactions (eg RT-PCR). Fluorescence polarisation using a suitable probe may also be used to detect PCR products. Oligonucleotide primers can be synώesised using meώods well known in ώe art, for example using solid-phase phosphoramidite chemistry. The present invention provides ώe use of a nucleic acid which selectively hybridises to plu-1 nucleic acid (eg mRNA) in a meώod of diagnosing cancer or prognosing cancer or determining susceptibility to cancer; or in the manufacture of a reagent for carrying out ώese meώods. Oώer meώods of detecting mRNA levels are included. Meώods for determining ώe relative amount of plu-1 mRNA include: in situ hybridisation (In Situ Hybridization Protocols. Meώods in Molecular Biology Volume 33. Edited by K H A Choo. 1994, Humana Press Ine (Totowa, NJ, USA) pp 480p and In Situ Hybridization: A Practical Approach. Edited by D G Wilkinson. 1992, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 163), in situ amplification, norώerns, nuclease protection, probe arrays, and amplification based systems; The mRNA may be amplified prior to or during detection and quantitation. 'Real time' amplification meώods wherein ώe product is measured for each amplification cycle may be particularly useful (eg Real 49 time PCR Hid et al (1996) Genome Research 6, 986-994, Gibson et al (1996) Genome Research 6, 995-1001; Real time NASBA Oehlenschlager et al (1996 Nov 12) PNAS (USA) 93(23), 12811-6. Primers should be designed to preferentially amplify from an mRNA template raώer ώan from ώe DNA, or be designed to create a product where ώe mRNA or DNA template origin can be distinguished by size or by probing. NASBA may be particularly useful as ώe process can be arranged such ώat only RNA is recognised as an initial substrate. Detecting mRNA includes detecting mRNA in any context, or detecting ώat ώere are cells present which contain mRNA (for example, by in situ hybridisation, or in samples obtained from lysed cells). It is useful to detect ώe presence of mRNA or ώat certain cells are present (eiώer generally or in a specific location) which can be detected by virtoe of ώeir expression of plu-1 mRNA. As noted, ώe presence versus absence of plu- 1 mRNA may be a useful marker, or low levels versus high levels of plu-1 mRNA may be a useful marker, or specific quantified levels may be associated wiώ a specific disease state. It will be appreciated ώat similar possibilities exist in relation to using ώe plu-1 polypeptide as a marker. Since it is believed ώat plu-1 expression is derepressed in ώe carcinogenic state it is desirable to assess ώe state of activation (or derepression) of ώe plu-1 gene. Suitably, ώe meώylation statos of ώe plu-1 gene is assessed and in ώis case nucleic acids probes which hybridise to ώe plu-1 gene are useful in ώe practice of ώe invention. Changes in ώe meώylation statos of ώe plu-1 gene in a sample, compared to ώe meώylation status in a normal (non-tumourigenic) sample may be indicative of carcinogenesis. 50 Runs of CpG dinucleotides are found clustered in regions of l-2kb called CpG islands, which are located in ώe promoter regions near ώe 5' ends of many genes. Meώylation of cytosine to 5-meώylcytosine in ώese dinucleotides is a form of expression regulation sometimes referred to as 'silencing' or 'transcriptional inactivation' . Hypermeώylation at ώese sites results in gene silencing and loss of expression, whereas hypomethylation is permissive for gene expression. In ώe case of Plu-1, it is suggested ώat in normal tissues ώe gene may be silenced as a result of hypermeώylation, whereas in cancer cells ώis hypermeώylation has been reversed allowing expression of ώe gene to occur in response to ώe activity of various transcription factors. As an alternative to detecting actual expression of plu-1 in cells, it may be useful to determine ώe meώylation statos of ώe regulatory regions of plu-1. The following are some of ώe meώods for determining ώe meώylation status of a gene. Genomic DNA is digested wiώ meώylation sensitive and insensitive restriction enzymes which cut in ώe CpG islands. The digested DNA is ώen used for a Southern blot, which is probed wiώ a probe derived form ώe first exon or at least ώe 5' coding region. The meώylation statos of ώe gene is deduced from ώe pattern of bands obtained. Suitable meώylation sensitive enzymes include Eagl and Hpaϊl (Herman et al (1997) Cancer Research 57, 837-841). Meώylation specific PCR (MSP). Genomic DNA is treated wiώ sodium bisulfite resulting in conversion of 5-meώylcytosines into uracil residues. PCR primer sets which are specific to ώe original sequence (containing C 51 residues), or specific to modified sequence (containing uracil residues) are used to perform PCR reactions. The meώylation status of ώe original sample is deduced from ώe formation of ώe relevant PCR products (Herman et al (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 9821-9826). Sequencing of sodium bisulfite treated DNA. Genomic DNA is treated wiώ sodium bisulfite as above, ώen amplified and sequenced using suitable primers (Myohanen et al (1994) DNA Sequence 5, 1-8). Genomic DNA samples are cleaved by meώylation sensitive restriction enzyme which cleaves in ώe CpG island, eg Hpall. A meώylation insensitive enzyme, eg Mspl, may be used as a control. Hpall and Mspl both recognise and cleave at CCGG sites. The digested DNA is ώen used as ώe substrate for a PCR reaction using primers flanking ώe restriction site. When Hpall is used a PCR product is only formed when meώylation is present (Lee et al (1997) Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 6, 443-450). A furώer aspect of ώe invention provides a meώod for determining ώe susceptibility of a patient to cancer comprising ώe steps of (i) obtaining a sample containing protein derived from ώe patient; and (ii) determining ώe relative amount, or intracellular location, of ώe plu-1 polypeptide. A still furώer aspect of ώe invention provides a meώod of diagnosing cancer in a patient comprising ώe steps of (i) obtaining a sample containing protein derived from ώe patient; and (ii) determining ώe relative amount, or intracellular location, of ώe plu-1 polypeptide. 52 A yet still furώer aspect of ώe invention provides a meώod of predicting ώe relative prospects of a particular outcome of a cancer in a patient comprising ώe steps of (i) obtaining a sample containing protein derived from ώe patient; and (ii) determining ώe relative amount, or intracellular location, of ώe plu-1 polypeptide. An increased level of plu-1 in a sample compared wiώ a known normal (non-tomourigenic) tissue sample is suggestive of a tumorigenic sample. Typically, ώe level in a tumorigenic sample is at least 2-fold, preferably at least 5-fold and more preferably or at least 10-fold more in a tumorigenic sample compared to a known normal tissue sample. It may also be useful to measure ώe presence (tomour) versus absence (normal) of plu-1 polypeptide in some circumstances, such as when assessing breast tissue. It will be appreciated ώat detecting ώe presence of an increased level of plu-1 in a cell compared to ώe level present in a normal cell may suggest ώat ώe patient will benefit from a particular form of treatment, such as treatment wiώ a plu-1 tomour vaccine as herein disclosed. The meώods of ώe invention also include ώe measurement and detection of ώe plu-1 polypeptide in test samples and ώeir comparison in a control sample. The sample containing protein derived from ώe patient is conveniently a sample of ώe tissue in which cancer is suspected or in which cancer may be or has been found. These meώods may be used for any cancer, but ώey are particularly suitable in respect of cancer of ώe breast or ovary, 53 ώe meώods are especially suitable in respect of cancer of ώe breast. Meώods of obtaining suitable samples are described in relation to earlier meώods. The sample may also be blood, serum or lymph nodes which may be particularly useful in determining wheώer a cancer has spread. The meώods of ώe invention involving detection of ώe plu-1 polypeptide are particularly useful in relation to historical samples such as ώose containing paraffin-embedded sections of tomour samples. The relative amount of ώe plu-1 polypeptide may be determined in any suitable way. It is preferred if ώe relative amount of ώe plu-1 polypeptide is determined using a molecule which selectively binds to plu-1 polypeptide. Suitably, ώe molecule which selectively binds to plu-1 is an antibody. The antibody may also bind to a natural variant or fragment of plu-1 polypeptide. Antibodies which selectively bind plu-1 polypeptide but which do not substantially bind any oώer polypeptide such as RBP-1 or RBP-2 are described above. The antibodies for use in ώe meώods of ώe in invention may be monoclonal or polyclonal. By "ώe relative amount of plu-1 polypeptide" is meant ώe amount of plu- 1 polypeptide per unit mass of sample tissue or per unit number of sample cells compared to ώe amount of plu-1 polypeptide per unit mass of known 54 normal tissue or per unit number of normal cells. The relative amount may be determined using any suitable protein quantitation meώod. In particular, it is preferred if antibodies are used and ώat ώe amount of plu- 1 is determined using meώods which include quantititative western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) or quantitative immunohistochemistry . As noted above, an increased level of plu-1 in a sample compared wiώ a known normal tissue sample is suggestive of a tumorigenic sample. In relation to breast tissue, ώe presence of plu-1, compared to its absence, is suggestive of carcinogenesis. In a preferred embodiment of ώe invention, antibodies will immunoprecipitate plu-1 proteins from solution as well as react wiώ plu-1 protein on western or immunoblots of polyacrylamide gels. In anoώer preferred embodiment, antibodies will detect plu-1 proteins in paraffin or frozen tissue sections, using immunocytochemical techniques. Preferred embodiments relating to meώods for detecting plu-1 include enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), radioimmunoassay (RIA), immunoradiometric assays (IRMA) and immunoenzymatic assays (IEMA), including sandwich assays using monoclonal and/or polyclonal antibodies. Exemplary sandwich assays are described by David et al in US Patent Nos. 4,376,110 and 4,486,530, hereby incoφorated by reference. Meώods for detection also include immuno-fluoresence. Automated and semi-automated image analysis systems may be of use. 55 Several formats for quantitative immunoassays are known. Such systems may incoφorate: more than one antibody which binds ώe antigen; labelled or unlabelled antigen (in addition to any contained in ώe sample); and a variety of detection systems including radioisotope, colourimetric, fluorimetric, chemiluminescent, and enhanced chemiluminescent; enzyme catalysis may or may not be involved. Immunoassays may be homogenous systems, where no separation of bound and unbound reagents takes place, or heterogeneous systems involving a separation step. Such assays are commonly referred to as eg enzyme-linked luminescent immunoassays (ELLIA), fluorescence enzyme immunoassay (FEIA), fluorescence immunoassay (FIA), enzyme immunoassay (EIA), luminescent immunoassay (LIA), latex photometrix immunoassay (LPIA). In a furώer embodiment, ώe intracellular location of plu-1 is measured. If ώe intracellular location in a tissue sample is significantly different from ώat in a normal (non-tumorigenic) tissue sample, ώis may be indicative of a cancerous change in ώe sample. A furώer aspect of ώe invention provides ώe use of a molecule which selectively binds to plu-1 polypeptide or a natural fragment or variant ώereof in a meώod of diagnosing cancer; or in ώe manufacture of a reagent for diagnosing cancer. The following ώerapeutic meώods are particularly suited to, alώough not limited to, female patients. 56 A furώer aspect of ώe invention provides a meώod of treating cancer, ώe method comprising administering to ώe patient an effective amount of plu- 1 polypeptide or a fragment or variant or fusion ώereof, or an effective amount of a nucleic acid encoding plu-1 polypeptide or a fragment or variant or fusion ώereof, wherein ώe amount of said polypeptide or amount of said nucleic acid is effective to provoke an anti-cancer cell immune response in said patient. The peptide or peptide-encoding nucleic acid constitutes a tomour or cancer vaccine. It may be administered directly into ώe patient, into ώe affected organ or systemically, or applied ex vivo to cells derived from ώe patient or a human cell line which are subsequently administered to ώe patient, or used in vitro to select a subpopulation from immune cells derived from ώe patient, which are ώen re-administered to ώe patient. If ώe nucleic acid is administered to cells in vitro, it may be useful for ώe cells to be transfected so as to co-express immune-stimulating cytokines, such as interleukin-2. The plu-1 polypeptide or peptide fragment may be substantially pure, or combined wiώ an immune-stimulating adjuvant such as Detox, or used in combination wiώ immune-stimulatory cytokines, or be administered wiώ a suitable delivery system, for example liposomes. The plu-1 polypeptide or peptide fragment may also be conjugated to a suitable cancer such as keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) or mannan (see WO 95/18145 and Longenecker et al (1993) Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 690, 276-291). The peptide may also be tagged, or be a fusion protein. The nucleic acid may be substantially pure, or contained in a suitable vector or delivery system. Suitable vectors and delivery systems include viral, such as systems based on adenovirus, vaccinia virus, retroviruses, heφes virus, adeno-associated virus or hybrids containing elements of more ώan one 57 virus. Non-viral delivery systems include cationic lipids and cationic polymers as are well known in ώe art of DNA delivery. Physical delivery, such as via a "gene-gun" may also be used. The peptide or peptide encoded by ώe nucleic acid may be a fusion protein, for example wiώ β2-microglobulin. The peptide fragment for use in a cancer vaccine may be any suitable lengώ fragment of ώe plu-1 polypeptide. In particular, it may be a suitable 9-mer peptide or a suitable 7-mer or 8-mer peptide. Longer peptides may also be suitable, but 9-mer peptides are preferred. Multiple epitopes, derived from ώe plu-1 polypeptide, may also be used. As noted previously, ώe term peptide includes a peptidomimetic. It also includes glycopeptides. Suitably, any nucleic acid administered to ώe patient is sterile and pyrogen free. Naked DNA may be given intramuscularly or intradermally or subcutaneously. The peptides may be given intramuscularly, intradermally or subcutaneously. It is particularly useful if ώe cancer vaccine is administered in a manner which produces a cellular immune response, resulting in cy toxic tomour cell killing by NK cells or cytotoxic T cells (CTLs). Strategies of administration which activate T helper cells are particularly useful. It may also be useful to stimulate a humoral response. It may be useful to co- adminster certain cytokines to promote such a response, for example interleukin-2, interleukin-12, interleukin-6, or interleukin-10. In addition, it may be useful to combine vaccination wiώ strategies which increase MHC presentation on ώe surface of tomour cells, for example by co- 58 administration of interferon-gamma or retinoic as is described in Nouri et al (1992) Eur. J. Cancer 28A, 1110-1115 and Seliger et al (1997) Scand. J. Immunol. 46, 625-632. It may also be desirable to make modifications to ώe antigen (plu-1 polypeptide or part ώereof) to enhance its presentation to ώe immune system, for example which directs plu-1 presentation via ώe Class II paώway. It may also be useful to target ώe vaccine to specific cell populations, for example antigen presenting cells, eiώer by ώe site of injection, use of targeting vectors and delivery systems, or selective purification of such a cell population from ώe patient and ex vivo administration of ώe peptide or nucleic acid (for example dendritic cells may be sorted as described in Zhou et al (1995) Blood 86, 3295-3301; Roώ et al (1996) Scand. J. Immunology 43, 646-651). For example, targeting vectors may comprise a tissue- or tumour-specific promoter which directs expression of ώe antigen at a suitable place. Patients to whom ώe ώerapy is to be given, may have ώeir tumours typed for overexpression or abnormal expression of plu-1 , or particularly in relation to breast tissue, expression of plu-1. Expression of plu-1 is substantially absent from normal breast tissue. A furώer aspect of ώe invention ώerefore provides a vaccine effective against cancer or cancer or tomour cells comprising an effective amount of plu-1 polypeptide or a fragment or variant ώereof, or comprising a nucleic acid encoding plu-1 polypeptide or a fragment or variant ώereof. 59 It is particularly preferred if ώe vaccine is a nucleic acid vaccine. It is known ώat inoculation wiώ a nucleic acid vaccine, such as a DNA vaccine, encoding a polypeptide leads to a T cell response. In particular, MHC class I and class Il-mediated interactions can be elicited. Peptide products derived by cytosolic degradation of fragments of tumour- specific proteins, expressed de novo, are believed to gain access to ώe presentational paώways, mimicking ώe presentation of, for example, viral proteins, in infected cells. Presentation as neo-antigens or surrogate antigens in ώis novel context is believed to be a means of breaking immunological tolerance, and may lead to ώe generation of a tumour- specific immune response. Conveniently, ώe nucleic acid vaccine may comprise any suitable nucleic acid delivery means. The nucleic acid, preferably DNA, may be naked (ie wiώ substantially no oώer components to be administered) or it may be delivered in a liposome or as part of a viral vector delivery system. It is believed ώat uptake of ώe nucleic acid and expression of ώe encoded polypeptide by dendritic cells may be ώe mechanism of priming of ώe immune response. It is preferred if ώe vaccine, such as DNA vaccine, is administered into ώe muscle. It is also preferred if ώe vaccine is admimstered onto ώe skin. It is preferred if ώe nucleic acid vaccine is administered wiώ an adjuvant such as BCG or alum. Oώer suitable adjuvants include Aquila's QS21 60 stimulon (Aquila Biotech, Worcester, MA, USA) which is derived from saponin, mycobacterial extracts and synώetic bacterial cell wall mimics, and proprietory adjuvants such as Ribi's Detox. Quil A, anoώer saponin- derived adjuvant, may also be used (Superfos, Denmark). Oώer adjuvants such as Freund's may also be useful. It may also be useful to give ώe plu-1 antigen conjugated to keyhole limpet haemocyanin, preferably also wiώ an adjuvant. Polynucleotide-mediated immunization ώerapy of cancer is described in Conry et al (1996) Seminars in Oncology 23, 135-147; Condon et al (1996) Nature Medicine 2, 1122-1127; Gong et al (1997) Nature Medicine 3, 558-561; Zhai et al (1996) J. Immunol. 156, 700-710; Graham et al (1996) Int J. Cancer 65, 664-670; and Burchell et al (1996) pp 309-313 In: Breast Cancer, Advances in biology and ώerapeutics, Calvo et al (eds), John Libbey Eurotext, all of which are incoφorated herein by reference. The plu-1 polypeptide is an appropriate target for a cell-mediated response to cancer or tomour cells which express ώe plu-1 polypeptide. Therapeutic response to a cancer vaccine may usefully be monitored. Suitably, plu-1 specific antibody and CTL responses are monitored using meώods well known in ώe art to assess ώe efficacy of ώe ώerapeutic response. Lymphoblastic transformation assays, lymphokine release assays, CTL response assays and serologic assays may be used as disclosed in Example 4. 61 Detection of antigen-specific T lymphocytes by fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS) may also be used and is described in Airman et al (1996) Science 214, 94-96 and in WO 96/26962. A furώer aspect of ώe invention provides a meώod for producing activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in vitro, ώe meώod comprising contacting in vitro CTL wiώ antigen-loaded human class I MHC molecules expressed on ώe surface of a suitable cell for a period of time sufficient to activate, in an antigen specific manner, said CTL wherein ώe antigen is an antigenic peptide derived from ώe plu-1 polypeptide. Suitably, ώe CTL are CD8 + cells but ώey may be CD4 + cells. The MHC class I molecules may be expressed on ώe surface of any suitable cell and it is preferred if ώe cell is one which does not naturally express MHC class I molecules (in which case ώe cell is transfected to express such a molecule) or, if it does, it is defective in ώe antigen-processing or antigen-presenting paώways. In ώis way, it is possible for ώe cell expressing ώe MHC class I molecule to be primed substantially completely wiώ a chosen peptide antigen before activating ώe CTL. The antigen is any antigenic peptide derived from ώe plu-1 polypeptide. Peptides which are believed to bind to MHC class I molecules are shown in Figure 15; however, any suitable peptides derived from plu-1 may be used. It is preferred if ώe peptides are nonapeptides; it is furώer preferred if the nonapeptides are specific for plu-1 and are peptides which are not found in any of RBP-1 , RBP-2 or any oώer polypeptide. The antigen-presenting cell (or stimulator cell) typically has an MHC class I molecule on its surface and preferably is substantially incapable of itself 62 loading said MHC class I molecule wiώ ώe selected antigen. As is described in more detail below, ώe MHC class I molecule may readily be loaded wiώ ώe selected antigen in vitro. Conveniently, said antigen-presenting cell is a mammalian cell defective in ώe expression of a peptide transporter such ώat, when at least part of said selected molecule is a peptide, it is not loaded into said MHC class I molecule. Preferably ώe mammalian cell lacks or has a reduced level or has reduced function of ώe TAP peptide transporter. Suitable cells which lack ώe TAP peptide transporter include T2, RMA-S and Drosophila cells. TAP is ώe Transporter Associated wiώ antigen Processing. Thus, conveniently ώe cell is an insect cell such as a Drosophila cell. The human peptide loading deficient cell line T2 is available from ώe American Type Culture Collection, 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA under Catalogue No CRL 1992; ώe Drosophila cell line Schneider line 2 is available from ώe ATCC under Catalogue No CRL 19863; ώe mouse RMA-S cell line is described in Karre and Ljunggren (1985) J. Exp. Med. 162, 1745, incoφorated herein by reference. In a preferred embodiment ώe stimulator cell is a host cell (such as a T2, RMA-S or Drosophila cell) transfected wiώ a nucleic acid molecule capable of expressing said MHC class I molecule. Alώough T2 and 63 RMA-S cells do express before transfection HLA class I molecules ώey are not loaded wiώ a peptide. Mammalian cells can be transfected by meώods well known in ώe art. Drosophila cells can be transfected, as described in Jackson et al (1992) proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 12117, incoφorated herein by reference. Conveniently said host cell before transfection expresses substantially no MHC class I molecules. It is also preferred if ώe stimulator cell expresses a molecule important for T cell costimulation such as any of B7.1, B7.2, ICAM-1 and LFA 3. The nucleic acid sequences of numerous MHC class I molecules, and of ώe costimulator molecules, are publicly available from ώe GenBank and EMBL databases. It is particularly preferred if substantially all said MHC class I molecules expressed in ώe surface of said stimulator cell are of ώe same type. The term HLA may be used interchangeably wiώ MHC in relation to human class I molecules. HLA class I in humans, and equivalent systems in oώer animals, are genetically very complex. For example, ώere are at least 110 alleles of ώe HLA-B locus and at least 90 alleles of ώe HLA- A locus. Alώough any HLA class I (or equivalent) molecule is useful in ώis aspect of ώe invention, it is preferred if ώe stimulator cell presents at least part of ώe 64 selected molecule in an HLA class I molecule which occurs at a reasonably high frequency in ώe human population. It is well known ώat the frequency of HLA class I alleles varies between different eώnic groupings such as Caucasian, African, Chinese and so on. At least as far as ώe Caucasian population is concerned it is preferred ώat HLA class I molecule is encoded by an HLA-A2 allele, or an HLA-A1 allele or an HLA- A3 allele or an HLA-B27 allele. HLA-A2 is particularly preferred. In a furώer embodiment, combinations of HLA molecules may also be used. For example, a combination of HLA-A2 and HLA-A3 covers 74% of ώe Caucasian population. In a still furώer embodiment, multiple epitopes, such as multiple plu-1 epitopes, or combinations of plu-1 epitopes wiώ epitopes from oώer tomour antigens such as MUC-1 or CEA may be used. The use of recombinant polyepitope vaccines for ώe delivery of multiple CD8 CTL epitopes is described in Thomson et al (1996) J. Immunol. 157, 822-826 and WO 96/03144, boώ of which are incoφorated herein by reference. It will be appreciated ώat alώough Class I epitopes may be used in a vaccine, it is also desirable to use Class II epitopes derived from ώe plu-1 polypeptide. Examples of meώods for predicting Class II binding peptides are disclosed in Hammer et al (1994) J. Exp. Med. 180, 2353- 2358 and Roberts et al (1996) AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 12, 593-610. A convenient meώod of activating CTL (CD8 + cells) is described in WO 93/17095, incoφorated herein by reference. 65 A number of oώer methods may be used for generating CTL in vitro. For example, ώe meώods described in Peoples et al (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 432-436 and Kawakami et al (1992) J. Immunol. 148, 638- 643 use autologous tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes in ώe generation of CTL. Plebanski et al (1995) Eur. J. Immunol. 25, 1783-1787 makes use of autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes (PLBs) in ώe preparation of CTL. Jochmus et al (1997) J. Gen. Virol. 78, 1689-1695 describes ώe production of autologous CTL by employing pulsing dendritic cells wiώ peptide or polypeptide, or via infection wiώ recombinant virus. Hill et al (1995) J. Exp. Med. 181, 2221-2228 and Jerome et al (1993) . Immunol. 151, 1654-1662 make use of B cells in ώe production of autologous CTL. In addition, macrophages pulsed wiώ peptide or polypeptide, or infected wiώ recombinant virus, may be used in ώe preparation of autologous CTL. Allogeneic cells may also be used in ώe preparation of CTL. For example, in addition to Drosophila cells and T2 cells, oώer cells may be used to present antigens such as CHO cells, baculovirus-infected insects cells, bacteria, yeast, vaccinia-infected target cells. In addition plant viruses may be used (see, for example, Porta et al (1994) Virology 202, 449-955 which describes ώe development of cowpea mosaic virus as a high-yielding system for ώe presentation of foreign peptides. MHC Class II responses may be induced by linkage of plu-1 peptides to carriers such as keyhole limpet haemocyanin and tetanus toxin, which induces a T helper response, or by linkage to lysosomal-associated membrane protein (LAMP-1) to direct ώe antigen into ώe MHC Class II 66 paώway (see, for example, Wu et al (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 11671-11675). Exogenously applied plu-1 peptides may be linked to a HIV tat peptide to direct ώem into ώe MHC Class I paώway for presentation by CTL (see, for example, Kim et al (1997) J. Immunol. 159, 1666-1668. The activated CTL which are directed against plu-1 polypeptide are useful in ώerapy. A furώer aspect of ώe invention provides a meώod of specifically killing target cells in a human patient which target cells express ώe plu-1 polypeptide, ώe meώod comprising (1) obtaining a sample containing precursor CTL from said patient, (2) contacting, in vitro, said CTL wiώ antigen-loaded human class I MHC molecules expressed on ώe surface of a suitable cell for a period of time sufficient to activate, in an antigen specific manner, said CTL wherein ώe antigen is an antigenic peptide derived from ώe plu-1 polypeptide. Preferably, ώe human patient is a patient wiώ a cancer ώat expresses ώe plu-1 polypeptide. Most preferably ώe patient to be treated is one wiώ breast cancer or ovarian cancer. A still furώer aspect of ώe invention provides a meώod of treating a patient wiώ cancer, ώe meώod comprising obtaining dendritic cells from said patient, contacting said dendritic cells wiώ an antigenic peptide derived from ώe plu-1 polypeptide, or wiώ a polynucleotide encoding said antigenic peptide, ex vivo, and reintroducing ώe so treated dendritic cells into ώe patient. 67 Suitably, ώe dendritic cells are autologous dendritic cells which are pulsed wiώ an antigenic peptide derived from ώe plu-1 polypeptide. The antigenic peptide may be any suitable antigenic peptide which gives rise to an appropriate T cell response. T-cell ώerapy using autologous dendritic cells pulsed wiώ peptides from a tomour associated antigen is disclosed in Muφhy et al (1996) The Prostate 29, 371-380 and Tjua et al (1997) The Prostate 32, 272-278. In a furώer embodiment ώe dendritic cells are contacted wiώ a polynucleotide which encodes an antigenic peptide derived from plu-1. The polynucleotide may be any suitable polynucleotide and it is preferred ώat it is capable of transducing ώe dendritic cell ώus resulting in ώe presentation of plu-1 peptides and induction of immunity. It will be appreciated ώat ώe "antigenic peptide" may be complete plu-1 or any suitable fragment ώereof. Conveniently, ώe polynucleotide may be comprised in a viral polynucleotide or virus. For example, adenovirus-transduced dendritic cells have been shown to induce antigen-specific antitomour immunity in relation to MUC1 (see Gong et al (1997) Gene Ther. 4, 1023-1028). Similarly, adenovirus-based systems may be used (see, for example, Wan et al (1997) Hum. Gene Ther. 8, 1355-1363); retroviral systems may be used (Specht et al (1997) /. Exp. Med. 186, 1213-1221 and Szabolcs et al (1997) Blood 90, 2160-2167); particle-mediated transfer to dendritic cells may also be used (Tuting et al (1997) Eur. J. Immunol. 27, 2702-2707); and RNA may also be used (Ashley et al (1997) J. Exp. Med. 186, 1177- 1182). 68 A furώer aspect of ώe invention provides a meώod of treating a patient with cancer ώe meώod comprising administering to ώe patient an effective amount of a plu-1 antisense agent. By "plu-1 antisense agent" is included agents which bind to plu-1 mRNA and, preferably, inhibit its translation; also included are agents which bind to ώe plu-1 gene and inhibit its transcription. Antisense agents can be designed by reference to ώe plu-1 sequences disclosed herein. Preferably, ώe antisense agent is an oligonucleotide. Oligonucleotides are subject to being degraded or inactivated by cellular endogenous nucleases. To counter ώis problem, it is possible to use modified oligonucleotides, eg having altered internucleotide linkages, in which ώe naturally occurring phosphodiester linkages have been replaced wiώ anoώer linkage. For example, Agrawal et al (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 7079-7083 showed increased inhibition in tissue culture of HIV-1 using oligonucleotide phosphoramidates and phosphoroώioates. Sarin et al (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 7448-7451 demonstrated increased inhibition of HIV-1 using oligonucleotide meώylphosphonates. Agrawal et al (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 7790-7794 showed inhibition of HIV-1 replication in boώ early-infected and chronically infected cell cultures, using nucleotide sequence-specific oligonucleotide phosphoroώioates. Leiώer et al (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 3430-3434 report inhibition in tissue culture of influenza virus replication by oligonucleotide phosphoroώioates. Oligonucleotides having artificial linkages have been shown to be resistant to degradation in vivo. For example, Shaw et al (1991) in Nucleic Acids 69 Res. 19, 747-750, report ώat otherwise unmodified oligonucleotides become more resistant to nucleases in vivo when ώey are blocked at ώe 3' end by certain capping structores and ώat uncapped oligonucleotide phosphoroώioates are not degraded in vivo. A detailed description of ώe H-phosphonate approach to synthesizing oligonucleoside phosphoroώioates is provided in Agrawal and Tang (1990) Tetrahedron Letters 31, 7541-7544, ώe teachings of which are hereby incoφorated herein by reference. Syntheses of oligonucleoside meώylphosphonates, phosphorodiώioates, phosphoramidates, phosphate esters, bridged phosphoramidates and bridge phosphorothioates are known in ώe art. See, for example, Agrawal and Goodchild (1987) Tetrahedron Letters 28, 3539; Nielsen et al (1988) Tetrahedron Letters 29, 2911; Jager et al (1988) Biochemistry 27, 7237; Uznanski et al (1987) Tetrahedron Letters 28, 3401; Bannwarώ (1988) Helv. Chim. Ada. 71, 1517; Crosstick and Vyle (1989) Tetrahedron Letters 30, 4693; Agrawal et al (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 1401-1405, ώe teachings of which are incoφorated herein by reference. Oώer meώods for synώesis or production also are possible. In a preferred embodiment ώe oligonucleotide is a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), alώough ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequences may also be synώesized and applied. The oligonucleotides useful in ώe invention preferably are designed to resist degradation by endogenous nucleolytic enzymes. In vivo degradation of oligonucleotides produces oligonucleotide breakdown products of reduced lengώ. Such breakdown products are more likely to engage in non-specific hybridization and are less likely to be effective, relative to ώeir full-length counteφarts. Thus, it is desirable to use oligonucleotides ώat are resistant 70 to degradation in ώe body and which are able to reach ώe targeted cells. The present oligonucleotides can be rendered more resistant to degradation in vivo by substituting one or more internal artificial internucleotide linkages for ώe native phosphodiester linkages, for example, by replacing phosphate wiώ sulphur in ώe linkage. Examples of linkages ώat may be used include phosphoroώioates, meώylphosphonates, sulphone, sulphate, ketyl, phosphorodiώioates, various phosphoramidates, phosphate esters, bridged phosphoroώioates and bridged phosphoramidates. Such examples are illustrative, raώer ώan limiting, since oώer internucleotide linkages are known in ώe art. See, for example, Cohen, (1990) Trends in Biotechnology. The synώesis of oligonucleotides having one or more of ώese linkages substituted for ώe phosphodiester internucleotide linkages is well known in ώe art, including synώetic paώways for producing oligonucleotides having mixed internucleotide linkages. Oligonucleotides can be made resistant to extension by endogenous enzymes by "capping" or incoφorating similar groups on ώe 5' or 3' terminal nucleotides. A reagent for capping is commercially available as Amino- Link II™ from Applied BioSystems Ine, Foster City, CA. Meώods for capping are described, for example, by Shaw et al (1991) Nucleic Acids Res. 19, 747-750 and Agrawal et al (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88(17), 7595-7599, ώe teachings of which are hereby incoφorated herein by reference. A furώer meώod of making oligonucleotides resistant to nuclease attack is for ώem to be "self-stabilized" as described by Tang et al (1993) Nucl. Acids Res. 21, 2729-2735 incoφorated herein by reference. Self-stabilized oligonucleotides have haiφin loop structores at ώeir 3' ends, and show 71 increased resistance to degradation by snake venom phosphodiesterase, DNA polymerase I and fetal bovine serum. The self-stabilized region of ώe oligonucleotide does not interfere in hybridization wiώ complementary nucleic acids, and pharmacokinetic and stability studies in mice have shown increased in vivo persistence of self-stabilized oligonucleotides wiώ respect to their linear counteφarts. In accordance wiώ ώe invention, ώe inherent binding specificity of antisense oligonucleotides characteristic of base pairing is enhanced by limiting ώe availability of ώe antisense compound to its intend locus in vivo, permitting lower dosages to be used and minimizing systemic effects. Thus, oligonucleotides are applied locally to achieve ώe desired effect. The concentration of ώe oligonucleotides at ώe desired locus is much higher ώan if ώe oligonucleotides were administered systemically, and ώe ώerapeutic effect can be achieved using a significandy lower total amount. The local high concentration of oligonucleotides enhances penetration of ώe targeted cells and effectively blocks translation of ώe target nucleic acid sequences. The oligonucleotides can be delivered to ώe locus by any means appropriate for localized administration of a drug. For example, a solution of ώe oligonucleotides can be injected directly to ώe site or can be delivered by infusion using an infusion pump. The oligonucleotides also can be incoφorated into an implantable device which when placed at ώe desired site, permits ώe oligonucleotides to be released into ώe surrounding locus. The oligonucleotides are most preferably administered via a hydrogel material. The hydrogel is noninflammatory and biodegradable. Many such 72 materials now are known, including ώose made from natural and synώetic polymers. In a preferred embodiment, ώe meώod exploits a hydrogel which is liquid below body temperatore but gels to form a shape-retaining semisolid hydrogel at or near body temperatore. Preferred hydrogel are polymers of eώylene oxide-propylene oxide repeating units. The properties of ώe polymer are dependent on ώe molecular weight of ώe polymer and ώe relative percentage of polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide in ώe polymer. Preferred hydrogels contain from about 10 to about 80% by weight eώylene oxide and from about 20 to about 90% by weight propylene oxide. A particularly preferred hydrogel contains about 70% polyethylene oxide and 30% polypropylene oxide. Hydrogels which can be used are available, for example, from BASF Coφ., Parsippany, NJ, under ώe tradename Pluronic R . In ώis embodiment, ώe hydrogel is cooled to a liquid state and ώe oligonucleotides are admixed into ώe liquid to a concentration of about 1 mg oligonucleotide per gram of hydrogel. The resulting mixture ώen is applied onto ώe surface to be treated, for example by spraying or painting during surgery or using a caώeter or endoscopic procedures. As ώe polymer warms, it solidifies to form a gel, and ώe oligonucleotides diffuse out of ώe gel into ώe surrounding cells over a period of time defined by ώe exact composition of ώe gel. The oligonucleotides can be admimstered by means of oώer implants ώat are commercially available or described in ώe scientific literature, including liposomes, microcapsules and implantable devices. For example, implants made of biodegradable materials such as poly anhydrides, polyorώoesters, polylactic acid and polyglycolic acid and copolymers ώereof, collagen, and 73 protein polymers, or non-biodegradable materials such as eώylenevinyl acetate (EVAc), poly vinyl acetate, eώylene vinyl alcohol, and derivatives ώereof can be used to locally deliver ώe oligonucleotides. The oligonucleotides can be incoφorated into ώe material as it is polymerized or solidified, using melt or solvent evaporation techniques, or mechanically mixed wiώ ώe material. In one embodiment, ώe oligonucleotides are mixed into or applied onto coatings for implantable devices such as dextran coated silica beads, stents, or caώeters. The dose of oligonucleotides is dependent on ώe size of ώe oligonucleotides and ώe puφose for which is it administered. In general, ώe range is calculated based on ώe surface area of tissue to be treated. The effective dose of oligonucleotide is somewhat dependent on ώe lengώ and chemical composition of ώe oligonucleotide but is generally in ώe range of about 30 to 3000 μg per square centimetre of tissue surface area. The oligonucleotides may be administered to ώe patient systemically for boώ ώerapeutic and prophylactic puφoses. The oligonucleotides may be administered by any effective meώod, for example, parenterally (eg intravenously, subcutaneously, intramuscularly) or by oral, nasal or oώer means which permit ώe oligonucleotides to access and circulate in ώe patient's bloodstream. Oligonucleotides admimstered systemically preferably are given in addition to locally administered oligonucleotides, but also have utility in ώe absence of local administration. A dosage in ώe range of from about 0.1 to about 10 grams per administration to an adult human generally will be effective for ώis puφose. 74 It will be appreciated from ώe foregoing ώat ώe invention contemplates ώe use of a polynucleotide, or antibody, to detect a cell expressing plu-1. The invention also includes ώe use of plu-1 polypeptide or an active variant or fragment or derivative or fusion ώereof or an active fusion of a variant or fragment or derivative ώereof in an assay for identifying compounds which modulate ώe activity of ώe plu-1 polypeptide. As noted above, ώe plu-1 polypeptide contains a domain which is similar to DNA binding domains from oώer polypeptides (see, for example, Takeuchi et al (1995) Genes Develop. 9, 1211-1222 which describes ώe mouse jumonji gene; Gregory et al (1996) Mol. Cell. Biol. 16, 792-799 which describes ώe Drosophila dead ringer gene; and Cote et al (1994) Science 265, 53-60 which describes ώe yeast SWI/SNF protein complex), ώus, in a preferred embodiment of ώe assay a portion of DNA containing a plu-1 DNA binding site is immobilised on a solid support such as a filter, a multi- welled plastic plate, or a bead using meώods well known in ώe art. Recombinant plu-1 protein, or a fragment ώereof containing ώe DNA binding motif (amino acids 75-191) is produced using techniques meώods well known in ώe art (described earlier in ώe application). The recombinant plu-1 protein is labelled using antibodies, fluorescent molecules, biotin, radioactivity or oώer suitable meώod. The labelled recombinant plu-1 protein is ώen applied to ώe immobilised DNA in ώe presence or absence of a test compound. The reaction is washed to remove non-specific binding activity and standard detection techniques are used to determine ώe relative quantity of labelled protein which remains associated wiώ ώe DNA on ώe solid support. The degree of binding inhibition exerted by ώe test compound can ώus be determined. The 75 specificity of ώe inhibition can be determined by using ώe same compound in a control assay which contains an unrelated DNA binding protein and its DNA binding site. The above assay can also be performed in reverse wiώ unlabelled plu-1 protein immobilised on a solid support and labelled DNA added to ώis in ώe presence or absence of ώe test compound. Alternatively, a plu-1 DNA binding site may be cloned upstream of a reporter gene such as luciferase and ώe vector introduced into a suitable host cell such as yeast or bacteria. A vector encoding plu-1 protein, or a fragment ώereof is introduced into ώe same cell in ώe presence or absence of a test compound and ώe level of transcription of ώe reporter gene is monitored. High ώroughput screens which make use of, for example, a scintillation proximity assay or a solid-phase, non-separation assay are described in Lerner & Saiki (1996) Anal. Biochem. 240, 185-196 and Carlsson & Haggbled (1995) Anal. Biochem. 232, 172-179. These, and oώer suitable, meώods may be adapted for use wiώ plu-1 polypeptide in ώe practice of ώe present invention. Similarly, ώe DNA binding assay described in Gregory et al (1996) Mol. Cell Biol. 16, 792-799 may be adapted for use wiώ plu-1 polypeptide in ώe practice of ώe present invention. 76 Small molecule drugs which specifically modulate (inhibit or enhance) ώe binding of plu-1 to its DNA binding site(s) may be useful in ώe treatment of cancer, particularly breast cancer. Furώer aspects of ώe invention provide polypeptides, antibodies and nucleic acids of ώe invention for use in medicine. A furώer aspect of ώe invention provides a kit of parts comprising an antibody of ώe invention and a control sample comprising plu-1 polypeptide or an immunoreactive fragment ώereof. The kit may usefully furώer comprise a component for testing for a furώer cancer-related polypeptide such as antibodies which are reactive wiώ one or more of ώe following cancer-related polypeptides, all of which are well known in ώe art: MAGE-1, MAGE-3, BAGE, GAGE-1, CAG-3, CEA, p53, oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), MUCl, p52 trefoil peptide, Her2, PCNA, Ki67, cyclin D, p90 rak3 , pl70 glycoprotein (mdr-1) CA-15-3, c-erbBl, caώepsin D, PSA, CA125, CA19-9, PAP, myc, cytokeratins, bcl-2, telomerase, glutathione S transferases, rad51, VEGF, ώymidine phosphorylase, Flkl or Flk2. A still furώer aspect of ώe invention provides a kit of parts comprising a nucleic acid which hybridises selectively to plu-1 nucleic acid and a control sample comprising a plu-1 nucleic acid. The kit may usefully furώer comprise a nucleic acid which selectively hybridises to a furώer cancer-related nucleic acid such as a gene or mRNA which encodes any of ώe cancer-related polypeptides as described above. In addition, useful nucleic acids which may be included in ώe kit are ώose which selectively hybridise wiώ ώe genes or mRNAs: ras, APC, BRCA1, BRCA2, ataxia 77 telangiectasia (ATM), hMSH2, hMCHl, hPMS2 or hPMSl. It is preferred if ώe furώer nucleic acid is one which selectively hybridises to ώe gene or mRNA of any of erbB2, p53, BRCA1, BRCA2 or ATM. It is preferred if ώe nucleic acid does not hybridise to genes or mRNA for CA- 125, CA19-9 or Cal5-3. The kits usefully may contain controls and detection material, (for example, for immunohistochemistry, secondary antibodies labelled fluorophores, or enzymes, or biotin, or digoxygenin or ώe like). For immunoassays, additional components to ώe kit may include a second antibody to a different epitope on plu-1 (optionally labelled or attached to a support), secondary antibodies (optionally labelled or attached to a support), plu-1 polypeptide, positive and negative controls, and dilution and reaction buffers. Similar additional components may usefully be included in all of ώe kits of ώe invention. A furώer aspect of ώe invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising plu-1 polypeptide or a variant or fragment or derivative or fusion ώereof or a fusion of a variant or fragment or derivative ώereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. A still furώer aspect of ώe invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a nucleic acid encoding plu-1 polypeptide or a variant or fragment or derivatives or fusion ώereof or a fusion of a variant or fragment or derivative ώereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 78 The pharmaceutical compositions are sterile and pyrogen-free and conveniently ώey may include suitable stabilizers and preservatives. The invention will be described in more detail wiώ reference to ώe following Examples and Figures wherein Figure 1 shows ώe nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding ώe plu-1 polypeptide sequence; Figure 2 shows the amino acid sequence of ώe plu-1 polypeptide. This is a translation of ώe cDNA sequence given in Figure 1 from positions 90 to 4724. Peptides used for antibody production are boxed and ώe DNA binding motif is underlined; Figure 3 shows an alignment of ώe plu-1 polypeptide amino acid sequence wiώ various, known human amino acid sequences. Peptides useful for raising antisera are boxed, and peptides useful for immunoώerapy are marked *→ (MHC molecules to which ώey may bind are indicated). None of ώe plu-1 homologues shown in ώis Figure have been shown to have tissue restricted expression: ώey are all ubiquitously expressed; Rbp-2 is a cellular protein which binds to ώe retinoblastoma gene product (see Fattaey et al (1993) Oncogene 8, 3149-3156. Humxel69a is a human X-linked gene which is widely expressed in adult tissues and escapes X- chromosome inactivation (see Wu et al (1994) Hum. Mol. Genet. 3, 153- 160). The term hssmcy means ώe human homologue of mouse smcy gene; ώe mouse smcy gene is a Y chromosome gene encoded by a region 79 essential for spermatogenesis and expression of male-specific MHC antigens (see Agulnik et al (1994) Hum. Mol. Genet. 3, 873-878); Figure 4 shows an alignment of ώe plu-1 polypeptide amino acid sequence wiώ various, known amino acid sequences from non-human species; Mmsmcx3 is a mouse X-linked gene which escapes X-chromosome inactivation (see Agulnik et al (1994) Hum. Mol. Genet. 3, 879-884); Dmac 1714 is a Drosophila melanogaster subclone l-a4 from PI DSOS973 (D122) sequence (see Martin et al, GenBank Accession AC 001714); C. elegans cosmid ZK 593 is described in Wilson et al (1994) Nature 368, 32-38. Scyjrl l9c is described in Rose et al GenBank accession Z49619. Figure 5 shows ώe alignments of ώe 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) of humxel69a, rbp-2 and hssmcy genes wiώ plu-1 (lower sequence ώroughout); Figure 6 shows an alignment between part of ώe plu-1 cDNA sequence and ώe sequence of HSU50848 (designated as human retinoblastoma binding protein 3); Figure 7 gives tables of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) which show homology to ώe open reading frame (ORF) plu-1 cDNA. The table on 80 ώe first page gives all ESTs whereas ώe tables on pages 2 and 3 list ώe human and mouse clones, respectively; Figure 8 is a norώern blot showing hybridisation of probes for ώe plu-1 gene (probe from original 253g2 clone), c-erbB2 and GAPDH wiώ RNA from ώe eel cell line wiώ and wiώout treatment wiώ an anti-c-erbB2 monoclonal antibody and wiώ ώe MCF7 breast carcinoma cell line; Figure 9 is a norώern blot showing hybridisation of probes for ώe plu-1 gene (probe from original 253g2 clone), c-erbB2 and GAPDH wiώ RNA from ώe non-tumorigenic breast epiώelial cell line MTSV1-7 and from various breast carcinoma cell lines; Figure 10 is a norώern blot showing hybridisation of probes for ώe plu-1 gene (probe from original 253g2 clone), c-erbB2 and GAPDH wiώ RNA from colon carcinoma cell lines (SW1222, LoVo, SW480, HCT116 and SW837) and wiώ RNA from primary cultures of breast carcinoma explants (4P2 and 9BP11). The MCF7 breast carcinoma cell line is included as control; Figure 11 is a multi-tissue norώern blot (commercially obtained) hybridised wiώ a probe from ώe plu-1 gene. Sources of RNA are as shown; For all of ώe norώern blots shown in Figures 8 to 11 a probe which contains nucleotides 3633-5559 of ώe plu-1 cDNA (ie mainly 3' untranslated region was used as a probe. The probe is called 253g2. 81 Figure 12 shows predicted peptides from ώe plu-1 polypeptide which may bind to the human class I alleles B27, A2, A3 and Al l . The peptides were predicted using ώe MTF118 program and ώe HLA binding peptide predictions are ranked (scored) based on a predicted half-time of dissociation to HLA class I molecules. Figure 13 shows ώe chromosomal location of ώe plu-1 gene as human chromosome band lq32.1. The plasmid clone 253G-2 was used as a probe (see above). Fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) was performed and ώe probe was detected wiώ one round of avidin- fluoroisoώiocyanate (FITC). At least 20 cells were examined. Hybridisation efficiency was low (only approximately 50% of cells examined showed a signal) because ώe insert size was small at approximately 2kb. However, ώe signal was small and discrete and could be localised to human chromosome band lq32.1. Figure 14 shows an alignment of ώe conserved DRI (dead ringer) domain wiώin plu-1 and related proteins. The sequences are listed in descending order of overall similarity, ώe following list provides ώe amino acid residues ranges and appropriate database accession number for each protein: brightjnouse (259 - 336; TREMBL:Q62431) drUl_human (254 - 331 ; TREMBL:Q99856) dri_dos (296 - 374; TREMBL:Q24573) t23d8.8_caeel (23 - 100; TREMBL.O02326) jumonji human (637 - 714; TREMBL:Q92833) jumonjijnous (635 - 712; Swissprot:Q62315) 82 mrfl iuman (91 - 168; TREMBL:Q03989) mrf2_human (33 - 110; TREMBL:Q14865) smcx_human (94 - 170; Swissprot:P41229) smcx_horse (59 - 135; TREMBL:P79352) smcx mouse (59 - 132; Swissprot:P41230) smcy_human (94 - 170; TREMBL:Q92809) smcy_horse (59 - 132; TREMBL:P79353) smcy mouse (72 -151; TREMBL:Q62240) rbp2_human (99 - 175; Swissprot:P29375) plu-l_human (112 - 188) dmacl714 (87 - 163 EMBL:AC001714) c8bl l .3_caeel (40 - 117; Swissprot:Q09441) yp83_caeel (40 - 117; TREMBL:Q09441) bl20_human (650 - 726; TREMBL:D 1024146) ym42_yeast (202 - 280; Swissprot:Q03214) c01g8.8_caeel (278 - 356; TREMBL:P91019) rbpl human (325 - 402; TREMBL:P29374) swil_yeast (422 - 494; Swissprot:P09547) zk593_caeel (136 - 219; TREMBL:Q23541) The sequences were aligned using ClustalX, wiώ gaps indicated by full stops. The consensus line and shading were created wiώ BoxShade 3.2, conserved residues are shown as white on black, conservative substitotions are indicated as black on grey. The consensus line shows conservative substitotions as full stops and conserved positions as asterisks. Figure 15 shows ώe results of in situ hybridisation of breast tissue using a plu-1 probe. Figure 15(a) (45-96C (human breast grade 1 ductal tumour)) 83 shows increased plu-1 mRNA in invasive tissue. Figure 15(b) (199 96C (human breast grade 3 ductal tumour)) shows presence of low levels of plu-1 mRNA in a cyst, increased levels of plu-1 mRNA in a DCIS region, and furώer increased levels of plu-1 mRNA in invasive tissue. For each pair of tissue sections ώe top panel has been stained wiώ Giemsa, while ώe bottom panel has been processed for in situ hybridisation using ώe 253g2 clone as a probe. Figure 16 shows nuclear localisation of ώe plu-1 gene product. Cos cells were transiently transfected wiώ ώe myc-tagged plu-1 gene and stained wiώ ώe 9E10 antibody and or DAPI after 3 days (panels A-E). At three days, ώe G418 selectable marker was added and ώe cells stained 17 days later (panel F). Staining wiώ DAPI (A), wiώ Ab 9E10, or wiώ boώ reagents (C) illustrates ώe nuclear but not nucleolar localisation of ώe plu- 1 product. An individual cell stained wiώ ώe 9E10 antibody (D) was analysed by confocal microscopy and a composite image assembled demonstrating ώe presence of ώe tagged plu-1 product in discrete foci in ώe nucleus. Loss of expression of plu-1 wiώ time after transfection and selection is illustrated by comparing panels E and F, boώ stained wiώ DAPI and 9E10. Figure 17 shows in situ analysis of plu-1 mRNA expression in a Grade 3 ductal carcinoma (A,C), and in a grade 1 ductal carcinoma. Paired light and dark field photomicrographs of tomour sections hybridized wiώ a plu- 1 riboprobe. In light field illumination reduced silver over ώe hybridized 84 mRNA is seen as a black deposit (AB), whilst under dark field illumination ώe silver appears white (C,D). Invasive grade III ductal carcinoma of ώe breast (A,B ->3) shows a very strong signal for plu-1 mRNA as does ductal carcinoma in situ [DCIS → 4]. There is a weak signal over epiώelium lining ώe large cyst (--► 2) representing attenuated DCIS epiώelium. Invasive grade I ductal carcinoma shows a strong signal for plu-1 mRNA (C,D --► 3) in contrast to ώe weaker signal over ώe benign acini (→ 1), particularly when remote from ώe malignant tissue. Example 1: Isolation and identification of the plu-1 cDNA and its relationship to the breast Isolation of a partial cDNA coding for the plu-1 gene The breast epiώelial cell line MTSV1-7 developed from cultored human milk epiώelial cells (Bartek et al (1991) PNAS 88, 3520-24) was transfected wiώ ώe c-erbB2 oncogene (D'Souza et al (1993) Oncogene 8, 1797-1806). Such cells exhibit a similar phenotype to breast cancer cells. The transfected cell line (eel) was treated for 2 days wiώ an antibody to down regulate ώe phosphorylation of ώe c-erbB2 and ώus inhibit signalling. cDNAs were prepared from mRNA isolated from ώe untreated eel cells, and ώe eel cells treated wiώ antibody, and ώese cDNAs were used as probes to screen a foetal brain library. A clone (23G2) was isolated which, in norώern analysis, bound to a band of approximately 6 kb expressed at high levels by eel cells, but not by ώe parental MTSV1-7 cell line. The level of ώe 6 kb mRNA was reduced in eel cells treated with ώe antibody. 85 As is described in more detail below, several ESTs in ώe data base showed homology wiώ ώe 23G2 sequence. Translation in one reading frame showed homology wiώ ώe RBP-2 (retinoblastoma binding protein-2) gene but ώe LFCDE (LxCxE) sequence in ώe encoded polypeptide, believed to be required for RB binding was not present. Homology wiώ ώe huxel69 gene was also noted. Isolation of full length cDNA sequence • Furώer sequence for ώe plu-1 gene was obtained by screening a library from ώe breast cancer cell line ZR75. • The full lengώ cDNA nucleotide sequence is shown in Figure 1, and ώe amino acid sequence is in Figure 2. Homologies wiώ oώer genes and known ESTs are shown in Figures 3 to 7. Expression ofthe plu-1 gene Using ώe 25G2 probe ώe plu-1 gene was seen to be expressed in all breast cancer cell lines examined (Fig 9) by norώern analysis, but not in colon cancer cell lines (Fig 10). There appears to be no correlation between ώe level of expression of c-erbB2 and ώe level of expression of plu-1. Expression was also seen in two early cultores of a primary breast cancer. 86 Using in situ analysis ώe plu-1 gene was shown to be expressed in primary breast cancers, but not in colon cancers. Normal adult tissues were examined by norώern analysis and plu-1 was found to be expressed at high levels only in testis, wiώ low levels being detected in placenta ovary and tonsil. Figure 8 to 11 show various norώern blots. The plu-1 gene has been located on chromosome lq32.1. Conclusion The sequence of a gene (plu-1) has been obtained which appears to be overexpressed in breast cancers, and which is normally silent in most adult tissues. The gene has at least two potential applications :- • as a marker for breast cancer • as a target antigen for ώe immune system in immunoώerapy of breast cancer. Materials and Methods Cell culture Cell lines: MTSV1-7, eel, T47D, and ZR75 cells were grown in DMEM supplemented wiώ 10% FCS (Gibco) and 0.3 μg/ml glutamine. This medium was supplemented wiώ 5 μg/ml of hydrocortisone (Sigma) and 10 μg/ml of insulin (Sigma) for MTSV1-7 cells and ce-1. For ce-1 cells, ώe 87 selectable marker G418 (Gibco) was also added at a concentration of 500 μg/ml. The SKBR-3 and MCF-7 cells were grown in RPMI containing 3.7% bicarbonate, 10% FCS (Gibco) and glutamine. The same medium wiώ added insulin was used for MCF-7. The BT20 cell line was maintained in MENBic wiώ 15% FCS plus insulin and glutamine. Culture of Primary Breast Carcinomas: Two samples of invasive breast carcinomas (numbers 4 and 9) provided by ώe Hedley Atkins/ICRF Breast Paώology Group at Guy's Hospital were cut into 1.2 mm 3 sections and digested wiώ 20 ml of collagenase (Sigma) at 450 units/ml in E4 10% FCS overnight on a rotary shaker. After washing wiώ E4 in decreasing concentrations of FCS (10, 5, 2%), ώe cells were grown in 1.05 mM Ca ++ E4/F12 (1:1) supplemented wiώ 2% FCS depleted of Ca ++ and growώ factors. After 1-2 days ώe medium was replaced wiώ medium of identical composition but wiώ lower Ca + + (0.06 mM) (Shearer et al (1992) Int. J. Cancer 51, 602-612). Cultores were passaged by trypsinization and total cellular RNA was extracted from tomour number 4 at passage 2. Cells from tumour number 9 were transduced wiώ ώe bcl-2 gene using a recombinant retrovirus (Lu et al (1995) J. Cell Biol. 129, 1363-1378), and RNA was extracted at passage 11. Isolation of cDNA coding for the novel plu-1 gene Isolation of the first partial clone: ce-1 cells were grown to approximately 50% confluence and ώen grown for 48 hrs in ώe presence or absence of 50 ng/ml of an antibody which inhibits phosphorylation of c- erbB-2 on tyrosine residues. Poly A+ RNA was isolated from total RNA from ώe treated and untreated cells using oligo (dT) chromatography 88 according to ώe poly A Quik kit (Stratagene), ώen converted to cDNA using ώe Superscript II reverse transcriptase (Gibco). The cDNAs were subsequently used as probes labelled wiώ [α- 33 P] dCTP by random priming. Filters carrying 10 5 clones from a cDNA library made from human foetal brain were hybridized wiώ ώe above labelled probes. The labelling was evaluated by computerized analysis wiώ a phosphorlmager. Differentially expressed clones were selected and expression verified by norώern blot of ώe eel cells. Analysis of 7 clones, demonstrated a novel sequence in clone 253G2 which gave a weaker signal wiώ ώe probe from ώe antibody treated cells. Isolation of clones covering the full plul gene: For isolation of furώer sequences of ώe gene containing ώe 253G2 sequences, 3 cDNA libraries were used, namely a ZR75 phage library, a Jurkat plasmid library and a testis phage library. The cDNA library from ώe human breast carcinoma cell line ZR75 was oligo/dT primed and cDNA sequences were cloned into ώe uni-ZAP XR vector (Stratagene) wiώ Xhol at ώe 3' and EcoRI at ώe 5' end (Cavailles et al (1995) EMBO J. 14, 3741-3751). 10 6 plaques from ώe ZR75 library were screened initially using a fragment of 253G2 sequence and subsequently wiώ 5' sequence obtained from ώe longer clones. Three consecutive screenings were performed and 22, 27, and 12 plaques picked respectively from ώe original plates. The plaques containing ώe largest clones wiώ most 5' sequence were determined by toutdown and semi-nested PCR on ώe original plaques. Plaques were ώen purified by secondary and tertiary screens and pBS-SK(-) plasmids obtained by in vivo excision. 89 Since ώe 5 ' end of ώe gene was not obtained in ώe three screens of ώe ZR75 library, a Jurkat cDNA library was screened. This library was prepared by priming cDNA from ώe human T-leukemia cell line J6 wiώ random hexamers (Dunne et al (1995) Genomics 30, 207-223). The whole library was screened by PCR using a sequence from ώe ZR75 clones containing ώe most 5' sequence. The PCR product was purified using a JET-sorb DNA Extraction kit and sequenced. 450 bp of new 5' sequence was ώus obtained and used as a probe for a 4 th screen of ώe ZR75 library from which ώe clone 1.2 was isolated. 280 bp of sequence was covered by only one clone (between consensus sequence 665-937). This piece of ώe sequence was furώer confirmed by screening a human Testis 5 '-STRETCH PLUS cDNA Library from Clontech and isolating clones covering ώe sequence. Sequencing was performed using an ABI Prism Dye Terminator Automated cycle Sequencer. The entire sequence was obtained from at least two individual clones covering ώe same region and boώ were sequenced in each direction. Analysis of ώe consensus cDNA sequence revealed a single long ORF of 4635 nucleotides, starting at position 90 and ending wiώ a TAA termination codon at 4724. The sequence encodes a 1545 amino acid protein wiώ a predicted size of 170 KD. The untranslated 3' is 1569nt, and contains a terminal polyA region of 65 As. Assembly of full length plul cDNA Construction of the full length plu-1 cDNA: Three overlapping clones (ZR75 1.2, 3.1 and 14) containing unique restriction enzyme sites were 90 used for construction of ώe full lengώ cDNA. The most 5' clone (clone 1.2) in the Bluescript plasmid was cut wiώ Bgl II/XhoI at base 466 and at ώe 3' end cloning site respectively, leaving ώe 5' 466 bp in ώe plasmid vector. The 2 nd clone (3.2) was digested wiώ Bglll/Avr II and ώe 2435 bp fragment isolated. The 3 rd clone (14) was cut wiώ Avr Il/Xho I and ώe 3476 bp fragment comprising ώe rest of ώe 3' sequence was separated. The 3 purified fragments were joined togeώer in one reaction wiώ T4 DNA ligase. The recombinant clones were sequenced over ώe join regions, and ώe final construct wiώ a 6.4 kb insert is referred to as pBS-SK(-)/plul . Development of plul cDNA with Myc-His tag: Based on ώe analysis of ώe restriction enzymes in ώe sequence and ώe amino acid coding sequence, ώe mammalian expression vector pcDNA 3.1 (-)/Myc-His A (Invitrogen) wiώ a C-terminal Myc-His tag driven by ώe CMV promoter was selected for constructing ώe tagged gene. A 3' plu-1 coding fragment (632 bp) was generated by PCR where, at ώe 3' end, ώe TAA stop codon was replaced to give an Xho I site flanked by a Hindlll site. [The Hindlll site at ώe 3' end allowed ώe cloning into ώe pcDNA vector, while ώe Xho site allowed ώe whole plu-1 sequence to be retrieved if required]. The 3 ' sequence on ώe coding strand generated by ώe p3HindIII antisense primer is aligned below wiώ ώe wild type sequence. GAC GCA CCA AGC CGA AAG TAA AAA CAC AAA AAC AGA (WT) GAC GCA CCA AGC CGA AAG CTC GAG AAG CTT AAC AG Xho I Hindlll The 5' primer included an Ncol site to link ώe PCR fragment to ώe rest of ώe plu-1 sequence which was excised as a 4106 bp Xbal/Ncol fragment 91 from ώe pBS-SK(-)plu-l construct. The PCR product, (cut wiώ Ncol and Hindlll) ώe Xba/Ncol fragment and ώe pcDNA 3.1 Myc-HisA vector, linearized wiώ Xbal and Hindlll were ώen ligated in one reaction. The recombinant clones were sequence over ώe joins and PCR regions and ώe final construct wiώ a 4.781 kb insert is referred as plul-ORF/Myc-His A. Transient transfection Electroporation: The expression of ώe recombinant protein wiώ ώe tagged plul-ORF/Myc-His A construct was first checked by transient expression of Cos cells. The cells were grown to 70% confluence, trypsinized, washed wiώ PBS, and 5 x 10 6 cells resuspended in 1 ml PBS wiώ 20 μg DNA eiώer from ώe Myc-His construct of ώe empty vector as control. The cells were electroporated wiώ a Gene pulser (Bio Rad) using 250 μF wiώ 450V and ώen resuspended in 30 ml growώ medium and plated on 9 cm dishes and glass cover slips for western blot analysis and immunostaining. Calcium phosphate mediated transfection: Breast cancer cell lines (T47D, MCF-7, BT.20, ZR.75 and ώe HT1080 cell line) were grown on 3 cm dishes to approximately 60% confluence and transfected direcdy wiώ ώe calcium phosphate coprecipitate overnight as previously described (D'Souza et al (1993) Oncogene 8, 1797-1806). Two to three days after ώe removal of ώe DNA precipitates, cells were used for indirect immunofluorescent staining. 92 Immunofluorescent staining Cells on cover slips or 3 cm dishes were washed wiώ PBS, fixed wiώ 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 minutes, and permeabilized wiώ 0.1 % Triton for 5 min. After blocking wiώ 20% FCS/PBS for 30 min, cells were incubated wiώ ώe 9E10 mAb to ώe Myc tag (10 ug/ml) and ώen wiώ FITC conjugated rabbit anti-mouse Ig 1 :50 (Dako). Western blot analysis The level of inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation of ώe c-erbB2 gene product wiώ ώe c-erbB2 antibody, and ώe expression of ώe Myc-tagged plu-1 gene product from transiently transfected Cos cells was assessed by subjecting 100 μg of total lysates to immunoblot analysis wiώ ώe respective Abs. Confluent ce-1 cells, (treated or not treated wiώ c-erbB2 Ab) in 9 cm tissue culture dishes were washed ώree times wiώ cold phosphate- buffered saline (PBS) containing 1 mM sodium orώovanadate and ώen lysed wiώ 1 ml of lysis buffer (D'Souza et al (1993) Oncogene 8, 1797- 1806). For detection of ώe recombinant Myc-tagged plul gene product, ώe transiently transfected cos cells were lysed in HNET buffer (50 mM Hepes, pH 7.5, 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM EGTA, 1 % Triton X-100, lmMDTT, and ImMPMSF). After clarification of ώe lysates by centrifugation at 15,000 g for 10 min at 4°C ώe protein concentration of ώe lysates was estimated using ώe Bio-Rad protein assay kit. Samples were ώen electrophoretically separated on a 5% stacking/7.5% running SDS-PAGE, and transferred to Hybond-C membrane (Amersham). 93 Immunoblots were blocked with 3% BSA or 5% skimmed milk/0.1 % Tween-20 in PBS for 2 hrs, probed wiώ antiphosphotyrosine mAb PY20, 1:100 (Upstate Biotechnology) or 1 μg/ml anti-Myc mAb, 9E10, for 2 hrs. The immune complexes were detected wiώ 125 I-labelled sheep anti- mouse Ig 0.5 μci/ml (Amersham) for PY20 or peroxidase-conjugated rabbit anti-mouse 1 :2000 (Dako) for 1 hr. The band was developed using ώe enhanced chemiluminescence detection kit (Amersham). Northern analysis of RNA from cell lines and strains Total cellular RNA from ώe cell lines or cultores of primary breast cancers was isolated according to ώe meώod of Chomczynski and Sacchi (1987) Anal. Biochem. 162, 156-159. The total cellular RNA of ώe colon cancer cells was a kind gift from Helga Durbin. 20 μg RNA from each cell type was denatored in 1 x Mops, 0.66M formaldehyde and 50% (vol/vol) formamide, and subsequently size fractionated on a 1.2% agarose-formaldehyde gel. The RNA was transferred and immobilized onto Hybond-N (Amersham). The membrane-bound RNAs were hybridized wiώ ώe 32 P dCTP cDNA probes labelled by random priming, and washed to high stringency according to ώe protocol of Church and Gilbert (1984). The 1.97kb Notl/Sall cDNA fragment from ώe initial clone 253G2 (3'plul) was used for detecting plul mRNA, and ώe 4.4 kb Hindlll fragment of ώe pSV2-erbB2 for c-erbB2 mRNA. To assess ώe efficiency of loading and transfer of ώe RNA, ώe membranes were reprobed for GAPDH expression. The Human Normal Blots I, II, III (Figure 11) carried total RNA from 24 normal adult tissues, 8 on each blot (Invitrogen), and ώe control β-actin probe was provided. 94 Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) of plul for chromosomal localisation 30 metaphase spreads prepared from phytohaemaglutinin-stimulated normal human lymphcytes by standard techniques were analysed. Before hyridisation ώe slides were denatored in 70% formamide and 2 x SSC at 73 °C for 3 minutes, washed in 2 x SSC and dehydrated through an eώanol series of cold 70%, 95% and absolue eώanol. Probe DNA (either 253G2, or ώe full lengώ sequence from BS-SK(-) plu-1) was biotinylated using ώe Bionick kit (Gibco BRL). 500 ng of labelled probe was mixed wiώ 5 μg Cot-1 DNA (Gibco BRL) precipitated, resuspended in 11 μg hybridisation mix, denatored at 85 °C for 5 minutes and allowed to preanneal at 37 °C for 30 minutes. After preannealing, ώe probe was applied to a denatured slide and hybridised at 37 °C overnight. Slides were washed in 50% formamide, 2 x SSC pH 7.0 at 42°C, followed by 1 x SSC at 60°C. Blocking solution (3% BSA, 4 x SSC and 0.1 % Tween 20) was applied and slides incubated at 37 °C for 30 minutes. After incubation, avidin-FITC (diluted in 1 % BSA, 4 x SSC, 0.1 % Tween 20) was applied and slides incubated at 37 °C for 40 minutes. Slides were washed in 4 x SSC, 0.1 % Tween 20 at 42 °C and counterstained wiώ DAPI (4, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole 200 ng/ml), followed by 2 minutes in 2 x SSC. Slides were mounted in Citifluor and images captured using a Photometries KAF 1400-50 CCD camera attached to a Zeiss Axioskop epifluorescence microscope. Separate images of probe signals and DAPI banding patterns were pseudocoloured and merged using SmartCapture software (Vysis, Ine, Chicago, IL, USA). In all ώe spreads a signal was 95 observed on boώ copies of chromosome 1 band lq32.1. No oώer consistent signal was observed. Results Isolation of the plul gene The MTSV1-7 cell line was derived by immortalisation of luminal epiώelial cells cultored from human milk (Bartek et al (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 3520-3524) and ώe ce-1 cell line was developed by transfection of MTSV1-7 wiώ c-erbB2 cDNA (D'Souza et al (1993) Oncogene 8, 1797-1806). To look for genes whose expression is regulated by signals generated ώrough c-erbB2, phosphorylation of ώe receptor was down regulated by treatment wiώ ώe c-erbB2 antibody for 48 hours. The cDNAs, prepared from mRNA from eel cells treated or not treated wiώ antibody, were ώen used as labelled probes to differentially screen a foetal brain library. The clone 25G2, which showed a weaker signal wiώ cDNA from ώe antibody treated cells, was identified and ώe insert sequenced. Translation of ώe open reading frame gave an amino acid sequence which showed strong homology wiώ ώe RB binding protein RPP-2 (Defeo-Jones et al (1991) Nature 352, 251-254; Fattaey et al (1993) Oncogene 8, 3149-3156). Using 5' sequences from ώe 25G2 clone furώer clones covering and extending ώe 25G2 sequence were isolated from a cDNA library prepared from a breast cancer cell line (ZR 75). Furώer screens of ώe breast cancer library were required to obtain ώe full sequence and ώree overlapping clones were assembled (as described in Materials and Meώods) to give a full lengώ cDNA region (see Figure 1). 96 Homologies with other genes Figure 3 shows ώe translated open reading frame, optimally aligned to oώer genes in ώe data base showing homology and Figure IB summarised ώe data diagrammatically. The strongest homology was seen wiώ a human RB binding protein RBP-2, particularly in ώe first 200 amino acids and over a large domain beginning around amino acid 308. This domain has seven conserved cysteines within ώe first 50 amino acids and ώere is extensive conservation of aromatic amino acids (6 tryptophans, 5 tyrosines) as well as basic and hydrophobic residues. There is, however, no known function identified wiώ ώis region. The RB binding motif LXCXE found in RBP2 was not found in plu-1. Homology to ώese same regions is found in oώer human genes, including ώe humxl69a gene which is found on ώe X chromosome but which is not inactivated (Wu et al (1994) Hum. Mol. Genet. 3, 153-160) and which shows 90% homology to sequences found and expressed on ώe Y chromosome (Agalnik et al (1994) Hum. Mol. Genet. 3, 879-894). Anoώer gene, KIAA (Nagase et al (1996) DNA Res. 3, 321-329) shows a stronger homology wiώ ώe humxl69a and hssmcy genes ώan wiώ plu-1. The two domains in plu-1 also exhibit strong homology wiώ sequences found in oώer organisms. The mouse gene homologous to ώe human 169a gene represents ώe first gene on ώe mouse X chromosome reported to escape inactivation. The functions of most of ώe homologous genes, including ώose in C. elegans, Drosophila and S. cerevisiae, have not been defined (for accession numbers see legends to Figures 3 and 4). 97 The domain at ώe 5 ' end contains a DNA-binding motif found in several known genes and previously reported in ώe dead ringer (dri) drosophila gene (Gregory et al (1996) Mol. Cell. Biol. 16, 792-799). The sequence from dead ringer, when expressed, has been shown to bind ώe same DNA sequence in vitro as ώe engrailed (which contains a classic homeodomain), even ώough dri and engrailed show no homology. The dri motif is found in a large number of genes, many of which do not show extensive homology to plu-1. The members of ώis family may be important in ώe regulation of genes related to particular cell phenotypes. Oώer motifs of interest present in plu-1 are 3 PHD domains which are zinc binding domains ώought to be involved in transcription, and 3 nuclear import signals. Togeώer wiώ ώe homology to ώe dri motif, ώese sequences suggest ώat ώe plul gene product is a nuclear protein, possibly involved in transcriptional control. Cellular localisation of the plul gene product To determine ώe intracellular location of ώe protein, ώe cDNA was tagged wiώ a myc epitope recognised by ώe antibody 9E10 and transiently transfected into Cos cells. Western blot analysis of extracts of ώe transfected cells using ώe anti-myc antibody showed detected a single band of ώe expected size (170 kDa). Immunohistochemical staining of ώe transfected cells 3 days after transfection showed unambiguously ώat ώe protein was localised to ώe nucleus, but not ώe nucleolus (Figure 16A-C) Figure 16D, representing a composite image from con-focal microscopy, shows ώat ώe staining of ώe tagged gene product is clearly associated wiώ discrete foci in some of ώe cells. Similar patterns of staining were 98 obtained in transient transfections of oώer cell lines (-breast cancer cell lines T47D, MCF7, ZR-75, BT20, MTSV1-7, and two non epiώelial cell lines HT1080 and HB96, data not shown). The pattern of nuclear foci shown by plu-1 was compared to ώat shown by two sn RNP recognised by ώe antibodies Y12 and SC35. The larger number of foci seen wiώ plu-1 was also noted wiώ antibody SC35, while only 1-3 foci were seen in ώe Y12 stained nuclei (data not shown). The plu 1 gene is specifically expressed in breast cancers The original sequences isolated in ώe clone 253G2 were used to examine expression of plu-1 mRNA by Norώern analysis. The 253G2 clone contains some translated sequence togeώer wiώ untranslated sequence all of which shows little homology wiώ ώe oώer human genes and ώerefore ώis probe should detect only plu-1 mRNA. Figure 8 shows ώat ώe level of expression of plu-1 mRNA in ce-1 cells decreases after treatment wiώ ώe anti-c-erbB2 antibody which strongly inhibits phosphorylation of c- erbB2. To evaluate expression of plu-1 in primary breast cancers more fully, in situ hybridisation was performed using ώe 253G2 probe and sections of breast cancers and benign lesions. Fifteen malignant tumours were examined (4 Ductal Grade 1 , 4 Ductal Grade 2, 4 Ductal Grade 3 and 3 lobular carcinomas). In all the ductal carcinomas and in 2 of ώe 3 lobular carcinomas, ώe invasive component showed strong staining for plu-1, wiώ ώe Grade 3 Ductal tumours showing ώe highest level of expression. In situ components also showed strong staining wiώ ώe 253G2 probe, while benign components of ώe carcinomas were negative or weakly 99 positive except when closely bordering ώe invasive component, when ώe labelling became stronger. Fibroadenomas (3) and lactating adenomas (2) showed only a weak signal wiώ ώe plu-1 probe. Figure 17 shows examples of staining of invasive, in situ, and benign components of a grade 1 and a grade 3 ductal carcinoma. Alώough ώe numbers are small, ώe results suggest ώat plu-1 expression is upregulated in breast cancers but not in benign lesions and wiώin ώe tumours, ώe highest expression is seen in ώe invasive component. Restricted expression ofplu-1 in normal adult tissues To assess ώe expression of plu-1 in normal adult tissue, Norώern blots of mRNA from a range of tissues were probed wiώ ώe 25G2 probe. Figure 11 shows ώat ώe only tissue showing a high expression of plu-1 is testis, although low levels of expression of mRNA were detectable in placenta, ovary and tonsil. Apparently expression of plu-1 is highly restricted in normal adults, which distinguishes it from ώe homologous RBP-2 and humxel69a genes, reported to be ubiquitously expressed (Fattaey et al (1993) Oncogene 8, 3149-3156; Wu et al (1994) Genetics 3, 153-160). The chromosomal location of plu-1 also distinguishes it from ώe homologous genes as it is located on chromosome lq32.1 as shown in Figure 13. Example 2: Production of activated cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTL) using Class I molecules and plu-l antigen and their administration Activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are produced using HLA-A2 Class I molecules and any of ώe plu-l peptide antigens listed in Figure 12. 100 In particular, any of ώe 9-mer peptides starting at positions 711, 906, 1058 and 1338 in ώe plu-l polypeptide sequence are used. The meώod described in PCT patent application WO 93/17095 is used to make ώe CTLs. Drosophila cells are used to present ώe peptide antigen to CTL. The HLA-A2 molecule is expressed in ώe Drosophila cells. Antigenic plu-l peptides are obtained from naturally-occurring sources or are synώesised using known meώods. For example, peptides are synώesised on an Applied Biosystems synώesiser, ABI 431 A (Foster City, CA, USA) and subsequently purified by HPLC. As is described in detail in WO 93/17095, in order to optimize ώe in vitro conditions for ώe generation of specific cytotoxic T cells, ώe culture of stimulator cells is maintained in an appropriate medium. The stimulator cells are Drosophila cells as described in WO 93/17095, which are preferably maintained in serum-free medium (eg Excell 400). Prior to incubation of ώe stimulator cells wiώ ώe cells to be activated, eg precursor CD8 cells, an amount of antigenic peptide is added to ώe stimulator cell culture, of sufficient quantity to become loaded onto ώe human Class I molecules to be expressed on ώe surface of ώe stimulator cells. A sufficient amount of peptide is an amount ώat will allow about 200, and preferably 200 or more, human Class I MHC molecules loaded wiώ peptide to be expressed on ώe surface of each stimulator cell. The stimulator cells are typically incubated wiώ > 20 μg/ml peptide. 101 Resting or precursor CD8 cells are ώen incubated in culture wiώ ώe appropriate stimulator cells for a time period sufficient to activate ώe CD8 cells. The CD8 cells shall ώus be activated in an antigen-specific manner. The ratio of resting or precursor CD8 (effector) cells to stimulator cells may vary from individual to individual and may furώer depend upon variables such as ώe amenability of an individual's lymphocytes to culturing conditions. The lymphocyte: stimulator cell (Drosophila cell) ratio is typically in ώe range of about 30:1 to 300:1. For example, 3 x 10 7 human PBL and 1 x 10 6 live Drosophila cells are admixed and maintained in 20 ml of RPMI 1640 culture medium. The effector/stimulator culture are maintained for as long a time as is necessary to stimulate a therapeutically usable or effective number of CD8 cells. The optimum time is typically between about one and five days, wiώ a "plateau", ie a "maximum" specific CD8 activation level, generally being observed after five days of culture. In vitro activation of CD8 cells is typically detected wiώin a brief period of time after transfection of a cell line. Transient expression in a transfected cell line capable of activating CD8 cells is detectable wiώin 48 hours of transfection. This clearly indicates ώat eiώer stable or transient cultores of transformed cells expressing human Class I MHC molecules are effective in activating CD8 cells. Activated CD8 cells may be effectively separated from ώe stimulator (Drosophila) cells using monoclonal antibodies specific for ώe stimulator cells, for ώe peptides loaded onto ώe stimulator cells, or for ώe CD8 cells (or a segment ώereof) to bind ώeir appropriate complementary 102 ligand. Antibody-tagged molecules are ώen extracted from ώe stimulator- effector cell admixture via immunoprecipitation or immunoassay meώods. Effective, cytotoxic amounts of ώe activated CD8 cells can vary between in vitro and in vivo uses, as well as wiώ ώe amount and type of cells ώat are ώe ultimate target of ώese killer cells between about 1 x 10 6 and 1 x 10 12 activated CTL are used for adult humans, compared to between about 5 x 10 6 and 5 x 10 7 cells used in mice. The activated CD8 cells are harvested from ώe Drosophila cell cultore prior to administration of ώe CD8 cells to ώe individual being treated. It is important to note, however, ώat unlike oώer present and proposed treatment modalities, ώe meώod described in ώis Example uses a cell cultore system (ie Drosophila cells) ώat are not tumorigenic. Therefore, if complete separation of Drosophila cells and activated CD8 cells is not achieved, ώere is no inherent danger known to be associated wiώ ώe administration of a small number of Drosophila cells, whereas administration of mammalian tumor-promoting cells may be hazardous. Meώods of re-introducing cellular components are used such as ώose exemplified in US Patent No 4,844,893 to Honsik et al and US Patent No 4,690,915 to Rosenberg. For example, administration of activated CD8 cells via intravenous infusion is appropriate. 103 Example 3: Dendritic cells pulsed with plu-l peptide for treating breast cancer Any of ώe 9-mer peptides starting at positions 711 , 906, 1058 and 1338 in ώe plu-l polypeptide sequence are used. Breast carcinoma is potentially curable only when truly localised. The most common problem is eiώer late presentation wiώ overt metastases or, more frequendy, ώe development of systemic metastases after apparent local cure. Metastatic breast carcinoma is highly chemosensitive and effective chemoώerapy routinely induces disease remission, allowing delay in ώe onset of secondary disease or amelioration of ώe symptoms of extensive disease. Adoptive immunoώerapy is based on ώe proposition ώat tomour growώ and dissemination reflects a failure in immunological surveillance, eiώer due to reduction in antigen presentation by ώe neoplastic cells or due to generalised decline in patient immunity. There is evidence ώat boώ mechanisms occur in breast carcinoma and in particular ώat ώere are important deficiencies in dendritic cell (DC) function (Gabrilovich et al (1997) Clin. Cancer Res. 3, 483-490). Cytotoxic T cell responses are demonstrated in vitro to immunogenic peptides such as plu-l. DC are professional antigen-processing and -presenting cells which are critical to ώe development of primary MHC-restricted T-cell immunity. They originate from a CD34 + precursor in bone marrow, but can also be derived from a post colony-forming unit CD14 + intermediate in ώe peripheral blood. DC migrate to peripheral sites in skin, mucosa, spleen and thymus. They have been implicated in a variety of clinically 104 important processes, including allograft rejection, atopic disorders, autoimmunity and anti-tumour immunity. The patient is typed as HLA-A2. DC are cultored ex vivo from CD34 + stem cells or CD14 + peripheral blood monocytes using cytokines, principally GM-CSF, IL-4 and TNFα. DC from boώ ώese sources are immunocompetent and can take up exogenously presented antigen, process it and ώen present it to cytotoxic T-cells (Grabbe et al (1995) Immunology Today 16, 117-121; Girolomoni & Ricciardi-Castagnoli (1997) Immunology Today 18, 102-104). Recent stodies have demonstrated ώat DC can transfer antigen-specific tomour immunity generated in vivo (Kwak et al (1995) Lancet 345, 1016-1020) and ώat autologous DC pulsed wiώ tomour antigen ex vivo can induce a measurable anti-tumour effect (Hsu et al (1996) Nature Medicine 2, 52- 58). DC can be effectively pulsed using a crude tomour membrane lysate, purified peptides or peptide fragments. Plu-l is a polypeptide expressed by breast cancers. Alώough plu-l is expressed by normal cells, adenocarcinomas display alterations in intensity of expression. Keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) is an immunogenic protein which is used as an innocuous positive control for ώe immunocompetence of ώe patient in stodies similar to ώis (Hsu et al (1996) Nature Medicine 2, 52- 58). 105 The feasibility of using ex vivo expanded autologous dendritic cells from patients wiώ recurrent breast carcinoma, loaded wiώ a purified preparation of ώe tomour antigen plu-l and reinfused as adoptive immunoώerapy, is established in ώe following way. The work described establishes optimal meώodology for ώe generation of autologous DC by ex vivo expansion from peripheral blood of patients wiώ recurrent breast carcinoma; assesses ώe feasibility of loading DC wiώ exogenous peptides plu-l; examines acute tolerability and toxicity of autologous reinfusion; examines wheώer an immune response to plu-l or KLH develops; and examines ώe effect on measurable tomour bulk. Adoptive immunoώerapy is likely to prove most effective in ώe control or elimination of minimal residual disease raώer ώan in ώe reduction of bulk disease. It is conceivable ώat immunoώerapy may temporarily increase ώe dimensions of bulk disease due to influx of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Extent and bulk of disease will be monitored following ώerapy but not used as a formal endpoint. Patients are followed up in ώe routine manner in ώe long term to ensure ώat no long term adverse events are manifest. Dendritic cell culture from normal volunteers CD14 + peripheral blood monocytes are adhered to tissue cultore flasks and cultored in ώe presence of 1 % AB serum, GM-CSF (400 ng/ml) and IL-4 (400 IU/ml) for 7 days. This yields cells wiώ ώe moφhology of DC and a mean of 49% wiώ ώe CDla + marker which is indicative of ώe immature form of ώe DC capable of taking up and presenting antigen. These cells are ώen matured to CD83 + cells by ώe addition of TNFα (15 106 ng/ml), which enables ώe DC to present antigen to cytotoxic T-cells. 7% of ώe cells become CD83 + wiώin 1 day, but 3 days at least are required for maximum effect. It is possible ώat monocyte conditioned medium could replace ώe 1 % AB serum. Dendritic cell culture from patients with relapsed breast carcinoma DC are generated from 6 patients wiώ relapsed metastatic disease, boώ prior to and following salvage chemoώerapy (a total of 12 samples of peripheral blood, each of 50 mis). Clinical study Patients donate a single unit of autologous blood according to standard protocol. Patients are evaluated prior to donation by a blood transfusion service physician. Autologous donations are screened in ώe same way as allogeneic donations for routine virus markers (HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis) and patients give consent to ώis after appropriate counselling if ώey wish to participate. This precaution protects clinical and laboratory staff from potential infection and ώe routine blood supply from ώe possibility of cross-contamination. The blood is taken into a routine quad- pack. This allows automated separation of red cells, buffy coat and plasma. The buffy coats yields approximately 670 x 10 6 mononuclear leukocytes which give approximately 47 x 10 6 DC using current techniques. A dosage range of 8-128 x 10 6 DC per patient is used. Peripheral blood monocytes are divided into 2 aliquots and pulsed wiώ plu-l and KLH between days 1 and 10. Serum-free cultore conditions or autologous plasma is used in preference to allogeneic AB serum. Cultored 107 DCs are pooled, washed and resuspended in 100 mis saline prior to infusion over 1 hour. The autologous red cell concentrate is not returned to ώe patient oώer ώan for a standard clinical indication. The ex vivo DC cultore procedures are carried out following good manufacturing practices. Patients who donated ώe initial blood samples will, by ώis time, have received salvage chemoώerapy and may or may not be in clinical remission. Furώer patients wiώ relapsed metastatic disease receive treatment prior to receiving chemoώerapy. There are two treatment regimes: (1) metastatic relapse, standard ώerapy followed by adoptive immunoώerapy; (2) metastatic relapse, adoptive immunoώerapy followed by standard ώerapy. Criteria to include patients for treatment are: Patients wiώ localised relapse or metastatic breast carcinoma. Previous treatment wiώ cytotoxic chemoώerapy or hormonal ώerapy. Evaluable disease (UICC criteria). Survival predicted to be > 12 weeks. Fulfil criteria for autologous blood donation (including HgB > 120 g/I). Informed consent. Age between 18 years and 70 years. Criteria to exclude patients from treatment are: 108 Pregnancy. CNS metastases. Previous or concomitant metastases. Unable to give informed consent. Consent refused. Age < 18 years or >70 years. Product infusion is carried out under ώe direct supervision of an experienced physician on a ward on day bed unit where resuscitation and supportive care facilities are available if required. Example 4: Polynucleotide anti-tumour immunization to plu-l antigen in patients with breast cancer The polynucleotide anti-tomor immunization strategy employs ώe direct, intramuscular injection of naked plasmid DNA. The cDNA for human plu-l is inserted into a simplified eukaryotic expression vector which utilizes separate CMV intermediate early promoter/enhancers to regulate transcription of plu-l . The plasmids are derived from ώe commercially available eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3 (Invitrogen). The plasmid structure contains ώe cytomegalovirus early promoter/enhancer and ώe bovine growώ hormone polyadenylation signal flanking a polylinker for insertion of heterologous open reading frames. The pcDNA3 plasmid has been modified by removal of sequences encoding ώe SV40 origin of replication and ώe neomycin resistance gene. Additionally, gene sequences encoding kanamycin resistance have been added. The plasmid DNAs are grown in ώe E. coli host strain DH10B. Purification is by anion exchange, ion paired reverse phase and hydrophobic interaction 109 chromatography. Endotoxin is removed by a combination of ώe column chromatography and extraction wiώ NP-40. The identity of ώe plasmid is verified by restriction endonuclease analysis. Purity of prepared DNA is validated by gel analysis, assessment of supercoiled and linear DNA content, and residual protein content. Endotoxin and bioburden tests are also performed. A bioassay is also performed to verify expression of ώe plasmid-encoded cDNAs. Vialed plasmid DNA for polynucleotide immunization will be formulated in a citrate buffered saline solution containing 0.25% bupivacaine-HCl at a DNA concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. Immunization strategy and schedule Overall approach Patients receive progressively increasing intensity of immunization. The decision to progress to ώe next dose level for a patient receiving a single vaccination will be based on lack of acute toxicity following four weeks of follow-up; ten weeks of follow-up is required for a patient receiving three immunizations. Treatment schedule The following schedules may be performed: 1) 0.05 mg plu-l polynucleotide injection into each deltoid muscle on Day 1. 110 2) 0.15 mg plu-l polynucleotide injection into each deltoid muscle on Day 1. 3) 0.5 mg plu-l polynucleotide injection into each deltoid muscle on Day 1. 4) 0.15 mg plu-l polynucleotide injection into each deltoid muscle on Days 1, 22 and 43. 5) 0.5 mg plu-l polynucleotide injection into each deltoid muscle on Days 1, 22 and 43. Specific therapeutic plan Each patient receives bilateral intramuscular (deltoid muscle) injections of ώe plu-l polynucleotide reagent. The use of bilaterial injections for each immunization is to reduce ώe likelihood ώat a technical failure of delivery into ώe body of ώe muscle will occur since such a delivery would preclude gene expression and immune response. Secondly, gene expression has been reported to be greater if more ώan one site is used. The intramuscular injection technique utilizes standard aseptic technique utilizing a 1 ml syringe, 25 g needle and a volume of ≤ l ml for each injection. The patient is monitored (vital signs Q 15 minutes times 4 and Q hour times 3) for four hours for local pain, discomfort or signs of inflammation and be re-examined 24 hours later to monitor for any local or systemic signs of inflammation or toxicity. The patient is monitored by phone conversations at 48 and 72 hours and retorn for visits/exams weekly times 2 for evaluation for toxicity and blood samples. 111 Humoral and cellular immunity to plu-l is detected as described (wiώ reference to CEA as ώe antigen) in Conry et al (1996) Hum. Gene Ther. 7, 755-772; this paper describes lymphoblastic transformation assays, lymphokine release assays, CTL response assays, and serologic assays. Example 5: Recombinant plu-l vaccinia virus vaccine with post vaccination plu-l peptide challenge Vaccinia virus vaccine - clinical formulation and drug supply The recombinant product is a frozen preparation of live vaccinia virus prepared by standard procedures and will be given at a dose of 2.5 x 10 6 PFU/vaccination. The vaccine is prepared from standard strains of vaccinia virus. It has been genetically engineered using a pT108 plasmid vector to contain a copy of ώe human plu-l gene in ώe viral genome inserted in ώe viral 30K gene (Hind III M fragment). Virus for vaccination is grown in CV1 monkey cell line. Each vial contains 0.1 ml (100 microliters) of bulk vaccine containing approximately 2 x 10 9 plaque forming units (PFU)/ml. Stability: The vaccine must be stored frozen at -70 °C or colder. Once ώawed, ώe vaccine may be stored refrigerated at 2-8° for four days. Clinical preparation: The dilutions are prepared in a laboratory laminar air flow hood by ώe investigator or by his assistant, or ώe pharmacy. 2.5 x 10 6 PFU are made by first removing 19.9 ml from ώe saline vial wiώ sterile technique and sterile syringe and placing ώis in a sterile empty vial. 100 microliters are ώen removed from ώe vaccine vial and added to ώe 112 19.9 ml of saline. A tuberculin syringe is ώen used to delivery approximately 2.5 x 10° PFU/2.5 microliters volume intradermally. Plu-l peptide/Detox - clinical formulation and drug supply Peptide synώesis and verification is done using standard protocols for clinical use. Peptide used in ώis stody is a 9-mer which starts at position 711 in ώe plu-l polypeptide sequence residue GMP grade > 95% pure. Residual solvent levels by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry are at acceptable levels. CAP-1 peptide is formulated as a lyophilized powder dissolved in 100% DMSO at a concentration of 3.3 mg/ml. The peptide is provided in 2 ml vials, wiώ a total volume of 0.6 ml/vial of peptide solution and will be stored at -70 °C. Detox™ Adjuvant is formulated as a lyophilized oil droplet emulsion. Each vial, which has a red label to distinguish it from a previous formulation, contains 280 μg Cell Wall Skeleton (CWS) from Mycobacterium phlei, 28 μg of Menophosphoryl Lipid A (MPL) from Salmonella minnesota Re595, 4.5 mg squalene, 1.1 mg Tween 80, and 4.8 mg NaCl. Vials are stored at refrigerated temperatore (2-8° C). Each vial of Detox is reconstituted wiώ 1.4 ml of Sterile Water for Injection, USP. When 1.25 ml of ώe resultant emulsion is wiώdrawn, it contains 250 μg Cell Wall Skeleton (CWS) and 2.5 μg of MPL. To reconstitute Detox: 113 1. Inject 1.4 ml of Sterile Water for Injection into ώe vial using a 3cc syringe and a 22 gauge needle. Inject and aspirate repeatedly for two minutes. 2. Warm ώe vial of Detox in hot tap water for one to two minutes and repeat ώe aspiration step. Do NOT heat over 37 degrees C. 3. If ώe emulsion stands for any lengώ of time, it should be shaken vigorously immediately before use. The peptide solution is mixed wiώ 1.45 ml of reconstitoted Detox for a final volume of 2.0 ml to be delivered as follows: The plu-l peptide + Detox™ admixture will be administered to patients subcutaneously (sc) wiώ 1 25-gauge, 5/8 inch needle. Peptide vaccination is administered to ώe patient using any of ώe following doses: 1) 100 μg/2.0 ml sc 2) 500 μg/2.0 ml sc 3) 1000 μg/2.0 ml sc 4) 1500 μg/2.0 ml sc The range of peptide dose levels is based on concentration of plu-l peptide used in vitro for stimulation of plu-l -specific T-cells. No furώer group will be added because of solubility limitations (maximum 1 mg of peptide/ 1 ml of solution) and no intrapatient dose escalation is planned. 114 All patients receive 2.0 ml of peptide vaccination solution consisting of ώe 1.4 ml of ώe diluent adjuvant Detox™ admixed under sterile conditions wiώ ώe appropriate dose of plu-l peptide as follows: 1) 30 μl peptide + 570 μl sterile H 2 0 + 1.4 ml Detox 2) 150 μl peptide + 450 μl sterile H 2 0 + 1.4 ml Detox 3) 300 μl peptide + 300 μl sterile H 2 0 + 1.4 ml Detox 4) 450 μl peptide + 150 μl sterile H 2 0 + 1.4 ml Detox, corresponding to ώose above. The peptide vaccine is administered subcutaneously. Each patient receives ώe total dose administered over ώe deltoids, ώe ώighs, and ώe abdomen (2.0 ml/site). Treatment plan Patients receive rV plu-l and plu-l peptide vaccination and weekly follow- up. The patients are typed as HLA-A2. Live, recombinant vaccinia virus is ώawed prior to use. A tuberculin syringe is ώen used to administer 250 μl (2.5 x 10 6 pfu) intradermally over ώe deltoid muscle of eiώer arm, ώigh, or abdomen. The skin area wiώ at least a 5 cm radius must be healώy and wiώout infection or trauma. The site is covered by a sterile non adherent (Telfa) pad and ώen by a clear semipermeable (Opsite) dressing. Patients receive an instruction sheet regarding dressing care, bathing, etc. 115 Two vaccinations of 2.5 x 10 6 PFU rV plu-l are administered to each patient at four week intervals unless ώere is unacceptable toxicity or ώe patient is unable to receive ώe treatment as ώe result of debilitating disease progression. Subsequent to ώe rV plu-l vaccinations, three vaccinations wiώ plu-l peptide Detox adjuvant will be administered at four week intervals unless ώere is unacceptable toxicity or ώe patient is unable to receive ώe treatment as ώe result of debilitating disease progression. Dose escalations will proceed on ώe following schedule: 1) 100 μg/2.0 ml sc 2) 500 μg/2.0 ml sc 3) 1000 μg/2.0 ml sc 4) 1500 μg/2.0 ml sc Example 6: In situ hybridisation on plu-l mRNA In situ hybridisation was performed wiώ ώe plu-l probe 253g2. This probe contains nucleotides 3633-5559 of ώe plu-l cDNA (ie mainly 3' untranslated region, UTR). The hybridisation was carried out essentially as described in Senior et al (1988) Development 104, 431-446. There is an increased expression of plu-l mRNA in progression from benign to ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to invasive tomour epiώelium. Cysts and lactating epiώelium are generally weak. However, in sample 45-96C (human breast grade 1 ductal tomour; Figure 15(a)) an increase in plu-l mRNA is shown in ώe invasive tissue. 116 In sample 199 96G (human breast grade 3 ductal tomour; Figure 15(b)) ώe presence of low level plu-l mRNA is seen in a cyst, increased levels of plu-l mRNA are in a DCIS region, and furώer increased levels of plu- 1 mRNA are seen in invasive tissue. Thus, for breast tomour samples, plu-l mRNA is absent/ weak in benign breast tomours, ώere is some expression in DCIS (an early stage of carcinogenesis), and increased plu-l expression in invasive breast carcinomas. In a small non-breast survey, prostate epiώelial cells were weakly positive, foetal spermatic cords were positive and abnormal adult testis gave signals in sertoli cells. In 14.8 week foetal tissues, a subset of foetal kidney tobule epiώelium and some uroώelium was positive; nerve ganglia next to ώe spinal cord and liver were also positive for cll2 mRNA. Heart appeared negative but oώer foetal muscles were questionably positive.

Claims: 117 CLAIMS 1. A recombinant polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide comprising ώe plu-l amino acid sequence shown in Figure 2 or variants or fragments or derivatives or fusions ώereof or fusions of said variants or fragments or derivatives. 2. A polynucleotide according to Claim 1 which contains no introns. 3. A polynucleotide according to Claims 1 or 2 comprising ώe polynucleotide whose sequence is shown in Figure 1. 4. A polynucleotide according to any one of ώe preceding claims, comprising ώe polynucleotide whose sequence is shown in Figure 1 between positions 90 and 4724. 5. A replicable vector comprising a polynucleotide as defined in any one of Claims 1 to 4. 6. A host cell comprising a recombinant polynucleotide or a replicable vector as defined in any one of Claims 1 to 5. 7. A host cell comprising a recombinant polynucleotide or a replicable vector as defined in any one of Claims 1 to 5 wherein ώe host cell is not a bacterium. 8. A host cell according to Claim 7 wherein ώe host cell is an animal cell. 118 9. A host cell according to Claim 8 wherein ώe host cell is a mammalian cell. 10. A meώod of making a polypeptide having ώe amino acid sequence shown in Figure 2 or variants or fragments or fusions or derivatives ώereof, or fusions of said variants or fragments or derivatives, ώe meώod comprising culturing a host cell as defined in any one of Claims 6 to 9 which expresses said variant or fragment or derivative or fusion and isolating said polypeptide or variant or fragment or derivative or fusion from said host cell cultore. 11. A polypeptide comprising ώe amino acid sequence shown in Figure 2 or variants or fragments or fusions or derivatives ώereof or fusions of said variants or fragments or derivatives. 12. A polypeptide obtainable by ώe meώod of Claim 10. 13. An antibody reactive towards ώe polypeptide whose amino acid sequence is shown in Figure 2 or natural variants ώereof. 14. An antibody according to Claim 13 which is not substantially reactive towards any oώer polypeptide. 15. An antibody reactive towards an epitope present in ώe polypeptide whose amino acid sequence is shown in Figure 2 or natural variants ώereof. 119 16. An antibody according to Claim 15 wherein ώe epitope is not present in any oώer polypeptide. 17. An antibody according to Claims 13 or 14, reactive towards a molecule comprising any one of ώe peptides QQTDRSSPVRPSSEKNDC, PKDMNNFKLERERSYELVR or CTVKDAPSRK. 18. A meώod of making an antibody which is reactive towards ώe polypeptide whose amino acid sequence is shown in Figure 2 or a natural variant ώereof, ώe meώod comprising ώe steps of, where appropriate, immunising an animal wiώ a plu-l peptide and selecting an antibody which binds plu-l. 19. A meώod according to Claim 18 wherein ώe peptide distinguishes plu-l from any oώer polypeptide and ώe antibody does not substantially bind any oώer polypeptide. 20. A molecule which, following immunisation of an animal if appropriate, gives rise to antibodies which are reactive towards ώe polypeptide whose sequence is shown in Figure 2 or natoral variants ώereof. 21. A molecule according to Claim 20 wherein said antibodies are not reactive towards any oώer polypeptide. 22. A molecule according to Claim 20 or 21 which is a peptide comprising any one of ώe sequences QQTDRSSPVRPSSEKNDC, PKDMNNFKLERERSYELVR or CTVKDAPSRK. 120 23. A polynucleotide which distinguishes a polynucleotide which encodes ώe polypeptide whose sequence is shown in Figure 2 or a natoral variant ώereof and a polynucleotide which encodes any oώer polypeptide. 24. A polynucleotide which hybridises to a polynucleotide which encodes ώe polypeptide whose sequence is shown in Figure 2 or a natoral variant ώereof but not to a polynucleotide which encodes any oώer polypeptide. 25. A polynucleotide according to Claims 23 or 24, wherein ώe polynucleotide is an oligonucleotide. 26. A polynucleotide according to any one of Claims 23 to 25, wherein ώe polynucleotide which encodes ώe polynucleotide whose sequence is shown in Figure 2 or a natural variant ώereof or ώe polynucleotide which encodes ώe oώer polypeptide is a mRNA or a cDNA. 27. A meώod for deteπnining ώe susceptibility of a patient to cancer comprising ώe steps of (i) obtaining a sample containing nucleic acid from ώe patient; and (ii) contacting ώe said nucleic acid wiώ a nucleic acid which hybridises selectively to plu-l nucleic acid. 28. A meώod of diagnosing cancer in a patient comprising ώe steps of 121 (i) obtaining a sample containing nucleic acid from ώe patient; and (ii) contacting ώe said nucleic acid wiώ a nucleic acid which hybridises selectively to plu-l nucleic acid. 29. A meώod of predicting ώe relative prospects of a particular outcome of a cancer in a patient comprising ώe steps of (i) obtaining a sample containing nucleic acid from ώe patient; and (ii) contacting ώe said nucleic acid wiώ a nucleic acid which hybridises selectively to plu-l nucleic acid. 30. A meώod according to any one of Claims 27 to 29 wherein ώe plu- 1 nucleic acid is mRNA. 31. A meώod according to any one of Claims 27 to 29 wherein ώe plu- 1 nucleic acid is DNA and its meώylation statos is determined. 32. A meώod according to any one of Claims 27 to 31 wherein ώe cancer is ovarian cancer or breast cancer. 33. A meώod according to any one of Claims 27 to 32 wherein ώe sample is a sample of ώe tissue in which cancer is suspected or in which cancer may be or has been found. 34. A meώod according to any one of Claims 27 to 33 wherein ώe sample is a sample of breast and ώe cancer is breast cancer. 122 35. A meώod according to any one of Claims 27 to 34 wherein ώe nucleic acid which selectively hybridises to ώe plu-l nucleic acid, furώer comprises a detectable label. 36. A meώod according to any one of Claims 27 to 35 wherein ώe nucleic acid which selectively hybridises as said is single-stranded. 37. A meώod for determining ώe susceptibility of a patient to cancer comprising ώe steps of (i) obtaining a sample containing protein derived from ώe patient; and (ii) determining ώe relative amount, or intracellular location, of ώe plu-l polypeptide. 38. A meώod of diagnosing cancer in a patient comprising ώe steps of (i) obtaining a sample containing protein derived from ώe patient; and (ii) determining ώe relative amount, or intracellular location, of ώe plu-l polypeptide. 39. A meώod of predicting ώe relative prospects of a particular outcome of a cancer in a patient comprising ώe steps of (i) obtaining a sample containing protein derived from ώe patient; and 123 (ii) determining ώe relative amount, or intracellular location, of ώe plu-l polypeptide. 40. A meώod according to any one of Claims 37 to 39 wherein ώe cancer is ovarian cancer or breast cancer. 41. A meώod according to any one of Claims 37 to 40 wherein ώe sample is a sample of ώe tissue in which cancer is suspected or in which cancer may be or has been found. 42. A meώod according to any one of Claims 37 to 41 wherein ώe sample is a sample of breast and ώe cancer is breast cancer. 43. A meώod according to any one of Claims 37 to 42 wherein ώe relative amount of ώe plu-l polypeptide is determined using a molecule which selectively binds to plu-l polypeptide or a natoral variant or fragment ώereof. 44. A meώod according to Claim 43 wherein ώe molecule which selectively binds plu-l polypeptide or a natoral variant or fragment ώereof is an anti-plu-1 antibody. 45. A meώod according to Claim 43 or Claim 44 wherein ώe molecule which selectively binds to plu-l comprises a detectable label. 46. A meώod of detecting a cancer in a patient ώe meώod comprising administering to ώe patient an anti-plu-1 antibody or a fragment or 124 derivative ώereof labelled wiώ a detectable label, allowing ώe labelled antibody to locate to ώe cancer, and imaging ώe cancer. 47. Use of a nucleic acid which selectively hybridises to plu-l mRNA in ώe manufacture of a reagent for diagnosing cancer. 48. Use of a molecule which selectively binds to plu-l polypeptide or a natoral fragment or variant ώereof in ώe manufacture of a reagent for diagnosing or imaging cancer. 49. Use of a nucleic acid as defined in Claim 47 in a meώod of diagnosing cancer. 50. Use of a molecule which selectively binds to plu-l polypeptide or a natoral fragment or variant ώereof in a meώod of diagnosing or imaging cancer. 51. A meώod of treating cancer comprising ώe step of administering to ώe patient a nucleic acid which encodes ώe plu-l polypeptide or a functional variant or portion or fusion ώereof. 52. Use of plu-l polypeptide or a variant or fragment ώereof, or a nucleic acid which encodes ώe plu-l polypeptide or a functional variant or portion or fusion ώereof in ώe manufacture of a medicament for treating cancer. 53. A meώod of treating cancer, ώe meώod comprising administering to ώe patient an effective amount of plu-l polypeptide or a variant or 125 fusion or fragment ώereof, or an effective amount of a nucleic acid encoding a plu-l polypeptide or a variant or fragment or fusion ώereof, wherein ώe amount of said polypeptide or amount of said nucleic acid is effective to provoke an anti-cancer cell immune response in said patient. 54. A cancer vaccine comprising plu-l polypeptide or variant or fragment ώereof, or a nucleic acid encoding plu-l polypeptide or fragment or variant ώereof. 55. A meώod for producing activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in vitro, ώe meώod comprising contacting in vitro CTL wiώ antigen- loaded human class I MHC molecules expressed on ώe surface of a suitable cell for a period of time sufficient to activate, in an antigen specific manner, said CTL wherein ώe antigen is an antigenic peptide derived from ώe plu-l polypeptide. 56. A meώod of specifically killing target cells in a human patient which target cells express ώe plu-l polypeptide, ώe meώod comprising (1) obtaining a sample containing precursor CTL from said patient, (2) contacting, in vitro, said CTL wiώ antigen-loaded human class I MHC molecules expressed on ώe surface of a suitable cell for a period of time sufficient to activate, in an antigen specific manner, said CTL wherein ώe antigen is an antigenic peptide derived from ώe plu-l polypeptide. 57. A meώod of treating a patient wiώ cancer, ώe meώod comprising obtaining dendritic cells from said patient, contacting said dendritic cells wiώ an antigenic peptide derived from ώe plu-l polypeptide, or wiώ a 126 polynucleotide encoding said antigenic peptide, ex vivo, and reintroducing ώe so treated dendritic cells into ώe patient. 58. A meώod of treating a patient wiώ cancer ώe meώod comprising administering to ώe patient an effective amount of a plu-l antisense agent. 59. Use of plu-l polypeptide or an active variant or fragment or derivative or fusion ώereof or an active fusion of a variant or fragment or derivative ώereof in an assay for identifying compounds which modulate ώe activity of ώe plu-l polypeptide. 60. Use of an antibody which selectively binds plu-l or a fragment or derivative ώereof for treating, diagnosing or imaging cancer. 61. A polypeptide according to Claim 11 for use in medicine. 62. An antibody according to Claim 14 or 15 for use in medicine. 63. A nucleic acid which hybridises selectively to plu-l nucleic acid for use in medicine. 64. A kit of parts comprising an antibody according to Claim 14 or 15 and a control sample comprising plu-l polypeptide or an immunoreactive fragment ώereof. 65. A kit of parts comprising a nucleic acid which hybridises selectively to plu-l nucleic acid and a control sample comprising a plu-l nucleic acid. 127 66. A kit of parts according to Claim 64 furώer comprising components for testing for a furώer cancer-related polypeptide. 67. A kit of parts according to Claim 65 furώer comprising a nucleic acid which selectively hybridises to a furώer cancer-related nucleic acid. 68. A pharmaceutical composition comprising plu-l polypeptide or a variant or fragment or derivative or fusion ώereof or a fusion of a variant or fragment or derivative ώereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 69. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a nucleic acid encoding plu-l polypeptide or a variant or fragment or derivatives or fusion ώereof or a fusion of a variant or fragment or derivative ώereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

Inventors: TAYLOR-PAPADIMITRIOU JOYCE, TAYLOR-PAPADIMITRIOU, JOYCE
Applicants: IMP CANCER RES TECH, TAYLOR PAPADIMITRIOU JOYCE, IMPERIAL CANCER RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY LIMITED, TAYLOR-PAPADIMITRIOU, JOYCE
Application year: 1999
Main classification: C12N15
IPC codes: A61K38, A61K39, A61K48, C07K14, C12N15