ANTISENSE MODULATION OF HUMAN MDM2 EXPRESSION

Abstract: Compounds, compositions and methods are provided for inhibiting the expression of human mdm2. The compositions include antisense compounds targeted to nucleic acids encoding mdm2. Methods of using these oligonucleotides for inhibition of mdm2 expression and for treatment of diseases such as cancers associated with overexpression of mdm2 are provided.

Description: - 1 - ANTISENSE MODULATION OF HUMAN MDM2 EXPRESSION FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to compositions and methods for modulating expression of the human mdm2 gene, a naturally present cellular gene implicated in abnormal cell proliferation and tumor formation. This invention is also directed to methods for inhibiting hyperproliferation of cells; these methods can be used diagnostically or therapeutically. Furthermore, this invention is directed to treatment of conditions associated with expression of the human mdm2 gene . BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes leads to unregulated cell proliferation and is a cause of tumorigenesis . In many tumors, the tumor suppressors, p53 or Rb (retinoblastoma) are inactivated. This can occur either by mutations within these genes, or by overexpression of the mdm2 gene. The mdm2 protein physically associates with both p53 and Rb, inhibiting their function. The levels of mdm2 are maintained through a feedback loop mechanism with p53. Overexpression of mdm2 effectively inactivates p53 and promotes cell proliferation. The role of p53 in apoptosis and tumorigenesis is well- known in the art (see, in general, Canman, C.E. and Kastan, M.B., Adv. Pharmacol . , 1997, 41 , 429-460). Mdm2 has been - 2 - shown to regulate p53's apoptotic functions (Chen, J. , et al . , Mol . Cell Biol . , 1996, 1 6, 2445-2452; Haupt, Y., et al . , EMBO J. , 1996, 15, 1596-1606). Overexpression of mdm2 protects tumor cells from p53-mediated apoptosis. Thus, mdm2 is an attractive target for cancers associated with altered p53 expression. Amplification of the mdm2 gene is found in many human cancers, including soft tissue sarcomas, astrocytomas, glioblastomas, breast cancers and non-small cell lung carcinomas. In many blood cancers, overexpression of mdm2 can occur with a normal copy number. This has been attributed to enhanced translation of mdm2 mRNA, which is thought to be related to a distinct 5 ' -untranslated region (5'-UTR) which causes the transcript to be translated more efficiently than the normal mdm2 transcript. Landers et al., Cancer Res . 51, 3562, (1997). Several approaches have been used to disrupt the interaction between p53 and mdm2. Small peptide inhibitors, screened from a phage display library, have been shown in ELISA assays to disrupt this interaction [Bottger et al . , J. Mol . Biol . , 269, 744 (1997)]. Microinjection of an anti-mdm2 antibody targeted to the p53-binding domain of mdm2 increased p53-dependent transcription [Blaydes et al . , Oncogene , 14, 1859 (1997)]. A vector-based antisense approach has been used to study the function of mdm2. Using a rhabdomyosarcoma model, Fiddler et al. [Mol . Cell Biol . , 1 6, 5048 (1996)] demonstrated that amplified mdm2 inhibits the ability of yoD to function as a transcription factor. Furthermore, expression of full-length antisense mdm2 from a cytomegalovirus promoter-containing vector restores muscle-specific gene expression. Antisense oligonucleotides have also been useful in understanding the role of mdm2 in regulation of p53. An antisense oligonucleotide directed to the mdm2 start codon - 3 - allowed cisplatin-induced p53-mediated apoptosis to occur in a cell line overexpressing mdm2 [Kondo et al . , Oncogene, 10, 2001 (1995)]. The same oligonucleotide was found to inhibit the expression of P-glycoprotein [Kondo et al., Br. J. Cancer, 74, 1263 (1996)]. P-glycoprotein was shown to be induced by mdm2. Teoh et al [Blood, 90, 1982 (1997)] demonstrated that treatment with an identical mdm2 antisense oligonucleotide or a shorter version within the same region in a tumor cell line decreased DNA synthesis and cell viability and triggered apoptosis. Chen et al. [Proc. Na tl . Acad. Sci . USA, 95, 195 (1998) ; WO 99/10486] disclose antisense oligonucleotides targeted to the coding region of mdm2. A reduction in mdm2 RNA and protein levels was seen, and transcriptional activity from a p53-responsive promoter was increased after oligonucleotide treatment of JAR (choriocarcinoma) or SJSA (osteosarcoma) cells . WO 93/20238 and WO 97/09343 disclose, in general, the use of antisense constructs, antisense oligonucleotides, ribozymes and triplex-forming oligonucleotides to detect or to inhibit expression of mdm2. EP 635068B1, issued Nov. 5, 1997, describes methods of treating in vitro neoplastic cells with an inhibitor of mdm2, and inhibitory compounds, including antisense oligonucleotides and triple-strand forming oligonucleotides. There remains a long-felt need for improved compositions and methods for inhibiting mdm2 gene expression. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides antisense compounds which are targeted to nucleic acids encoding human mdm2 and are capable of modulating, and preferably, inhibiting mdm2 expression. The present invention also provides chimeric compounds targeted to nucleic acids encoding human mdm2. The antisense compounds of the invention are believed to be useful - 4 - both diagnostically and therapeutically, and are believed to be particularly useful in the methods of the present invention. The present invention also comprises methods of inhibiting the expression of human mdm2, particularly the increased expression resulting from amplification of mdm2. These methods are believed to be useful both therapeutically and diagnostically as a consequence of the association between mdm2 expression and hyperproliferation. These methods are also useful as tools, for example, for detecting and determining the role of mdm2 expression in various cell functions and physiological processes and conditions and for diagnosing conditions associated with mdm2 expression. The present invention also comprises methods of inhibiting hyperproliferation of cells using compounds of the invention. These methods are believed to be useful, for example, in diagnosing mdm2-associated cell hyperproliferation. Methods of treating abnormal proliferative conditions associated with mdm2 are also provided. These methods employ the antisense compounds of the invention. These methods are believed to be useful both therapeutically and as clinical research and diagnostic tools. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Tumors often result from genetic changes in cellular regulatory genes. Among the most important of these are the tumor suppressor genes, ; of which p53 is the most widely studied. Approximately half of all human tumors have a mutation in the p53 gene. This mutation disrupts the ability of the p53 protein to bind to DNA and act as a transcription factor. Hyperproliferation of cells occurs as a result. Another mechanism by which p53 can be inactivated is through overexpression of mdm2, which regulates p53 activity in a feedback loop. The mdm2 protein binds to p53 in its DNA - 5 - binding region, preventing its activity. Mdm2 is amplified m some human tumors, and this amplification is diagnostic of neoplasia or the potential therefor. Over one third of human sarcomas have elevated mdm2 sequences. Elevated expression may also be involved m other tumors including but not limited to those in which p53 mactivation has been implicated. These include colorectal carcinoma, lung cancer and chronic myelogenous leukemia. Many abnormal proliferative conditions, particularly hyperproliferative conditions, are believed to be associated with increased mdm2 expression and are, therefore believed to be responsive to inhibition of mdm2 expression. Examples of these hyperproliferative conditions are cancers, psoriasis, blood vessel stenosis (e.g., restenosis or atherosclerosis), and fibrosis, e.g., of the lung or kidney. Increased levels of wild-type or mutated p53 have been found m some cancers (Nagashima, G., et al . , Acta Neurochir . (Wein) , 1999, 141 , 53- 61; Fiedler, A., et al., Langenbecks Arch . Surg. , 1998, 383, 269-275) . Increased levels of p53 is also associated with resistance of a cancer to a chemotherapeutic drug (Brown, R. , et al . , Int . J. Cancer, 1993, 55, 678-684). These diseases or conditions may be amenable to treatment by induction of mdm2 expression. The present invention employs antisense compounds, particularly oligonucleotides, for use m modulating the function of nucleic acid molecules encoding mdm2, ultimately modulating the amount of mdm2 produced. This is accomplished by providing oligonucleotides which specifically hybridize with nucleic acids, preferably mRNA, encoding mdm2. This relationship between an antisense compound such as an oligonucleotide and its complementary nucleic acid target, to which it hybridizes, is commonly referred to as "antisense". "Targeting" an oligonucleotide to a chosen nucleic acid target, m the context of this invention, is a multistep process. The process usually begins with - 6 - identifying a nucleic acid sequence whose function is to be modulated. This may be, as examples, a cellular gene (or mRNA made from the gene) whose expression is associated with a particular disease state, or a foreign nucleic acid from an infectious agent. In the present invention, the target is a nucleic acid encoding mdm2; m other words, a mdm2 gene or RNA expressed from a mdm2 gene. mdm2 mRNA is presently the preferred target. The targeting process also includes determination of a site or sites within the nucleic acid sequence for the antisense interaction to occur such that modulation of gene expression will result. In accordance with this invention, persons of ordinary skill m the art will understand that messenger RNA includes not only the information to encode a protein using the three letter genetic code, but also associated ribonucleotides which form a region known to such persons as the 5 ' -untranslated region, the 3 ' -untranslated region, the 5' cap region and mtron/exon junction ribonucleotides. Thus, oligonucleotides may be formulated in accordance with this invention which are targeted wholly or m part to these associated ribonucleotides as well as to the informational ribonucleotides. The oligonucleotide may therefore be specifically hybridizable with a transcription initiation site region, a translation initiation codon region, a 5' cap region, an mtron/exon junction, coding sequences, a translation termination codon region or sequences m the 5'- or 3 ' -untranslated region. Since, as is known m the art, the translation initiation codon is typically 5 ' -AUG (m transcribed mRNA molecules; 5'- ATG m the corresponding DNA molecule) , the translation initiation codon is also referred to as the "AUG codon, " the "start codon" or the "AUG start codon." A minority of genes have a translation initiation codon having the RNA sequence 5'-GUG, 5'-UUG or 5'-CUG, and 5'-AUA, 5 ' -ACG and 5 ' -CUG have been shown to function m vivo . Thus, the terms "translation initiation codon" and "start codon" can encompass many codon - 7 - sequences, even though the initiator amino acid in each instance is typically methionine (in eukaryotes) or formylmethionine (prokaryotes) . It is also known in the art that eukaryotic and prokaryotic genes may have two or more alternative start codons, any one of which may be preferentially utilized for translation initiation in a particular cell type or tissue, or under a particular set of conditions. In the context of the invention, "start codon" and "translation initiation codon" refer to the codon or codons that are used in vivo to initiate translation of an mRNA molecule transcribed from a gene encoding mdm2 , regardless of the sequence (s) of such codons. It is also known in the art that a translation termination codon (or "stop codon") of a gene may have one of three sequences, i.e., 5'-UAA, 5 ' -UAG and 5 ' -UGA (the corresponding DNA sequences are 5'-TAA, 5 '-TAG and 5 ' -TGA, respectively). The terms "start codon region" and "translation initiation codon region" refer to a portion of such an mRNA or gene that encompasses from about 25 to about 50 contiguous nucleotides in either direction (i.e., 5' or 3') from a translation initiation codon. This region is a preferred target region. Similarly, the terms "stop codon region" and "translation termination codon region" refer to a portion of such an mRNA or gene that encompasses from about 25 to about 50 contiguous nucleotides in either direction (i.e., 5' or 3') from a translation termination codon. This region is a preferred target region. The open reading frame (ORF) or "coding region, " which is known in the art to refer to the region between the translation initiation codon and the translation termination codon, is also a region which may be targeted effectively. Other preferred target regions include the 5' untranslated region (5'UTR), known in the art to refer to the portion of an mRNA in the 5' direction from the translation initiation codon, and thus including nucleotides between the 5' cap site and the translation initiation codon of an mRNA or - 8 - corresponding nucleotides on the gene) and the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR), known in the art to refer to the portion of an mRNA in the 3' direction from the translation termination codon, and thus including nucleotides between the translation termination codon and 3' end of an mRNA or corresponding nucleotides on the gene) . mdm2 is believed to have alternative transcripts which differ in their 5 ' -UTR regions. The S-mdm2 transcript class is translated approximately 8-fold more efficiently than the L-mdm2 transcripts produced by the constitutive promoter. Landers et al., Cancer Res . , 57, 3562 (1997). Accordingly, both the 5 ' -UTR of the S-mdm transcript and the 5 ' -UTR of the L-mdm2 transcript are preferred target regions, with the S-mdm2 5 ' -UTR being more preferred. mRNA splice sites may also be preferred target regions, and are particularly useful in situations where aberrant splicing is implicated in disease, or where an overproduction of a particular mRNA splice product is implicated in disease. Aberrant fusion junctions due to rearrangements or deletions may also be preferred targets. Once the target site or sites have been identified, oligonucleotides are chosen which are sufficiently complementary to the target, i.e., hybridize sufficiently well and with sufficient specificity, to give the desired modulation . "Hybridization", in the context of this invention, means hydrogen bonding, also known as Watson-Crick base pairing, between complementary bases, usually on opposite nucleic acid strands or two regions of ■ a nucleic acid strand. Guanine and cytosine are examples of complementary bases which are known to form three hydrogen bonds between them. Adenine and thymine are examples of complementary bases which form two hydrogen bonds between them. "Specifically hybridizable" and "complementary" are terms which are used to indicate a sufficient degree of - 9 - complementarity such that stable and specific binding occurs between the DNA or RNA target and the oligonucleotide. It is understood that an oligonucleotide need not be 100% complementary to its target nucleic acid sequence to be specifically hybridizable . An oligonucleotide is specifically hybridizable when binding of the oligonucleotide to the target interferes with the normal function of the target molecule to cause a loss of utility, and there is a sufficient degree of complementarity to avoid non-specific binding of the oligonucleotide to non-target sequences under conditions in which specific binding is desired, i.e., under physiological conditions in the case of in vivo assays or therapeutic treatment and, in the case of in vitro assays, under conditions in which the assays are conducted. Hybridization of antisense oligonucleotides with mRNA interferes with one or more of the normal functions of mRNA. The functions of mRNA to be interfered with include all vital functions such as, for example, translocation of the RNA to the site of protein translation, translation of protein from the RNA, splicing of the RNA to yield one or more mRNA species, and catalytic activity which may be engaged in by the RNA. The overall effect of interference with mRNA function is modulation of mdm2 expression. In the context of this invention "modulation" means either inhibition or stimulation; i.e., either a decrease or increase in expression. This modulation can be measured in ways which are routine in the art, for example by Northern blot assay of mRNA expression as taught in the examples of the instant application or by Western blot or ELISA assay of protein expression, or by an immunoprecipitation assay of protein expression, as taught in the examples of the instant application. Effects on cell proliferation or tumor cell growth can also be measured, as taught in the examples of the instant application. - 10 - The antisense compounds of this invention can be used in diagnostics, therapeutics, prophylaxis, and as research reagents and in kits. Since these compounds hybridize to nucleic acids encoding mdm2, sandwich, colorimetric and other assays can easily be constructed to exploit this fact. Furthermore, since the antisense compounds of this invention hybridize specifically to nucleic acids encoding particular isozymes of mdm2, such assays can be devised for screening of cells and tissues for particular mdm2 isozymes. Such assays can be utilized for diagnosis of diseases associated with various mdm2 forms. Provision of means for detecting hybridization of oligonucleotide with a mdm2 gene or mRNA can routinely be accomplished. Such provision may include enzyme conjugation, radiolabelling or any other suitable detection systems. Kits for detecting the presence or absence of mdm2 may also be prepared. The present invention is also suitable for diagnosing abnormal proliferative states in tissue or other samples from patients suspected of having a hyperproliferative disease such as cancer or psoriasis. The ability of the oligonucleotides of the present invention to inhibit cell proliferation may be employed to diagnose such states. A number of assays may be formulated employing the present invention, which assays will commonly comprise contacting a tissue sample with an antisense compound of the invention under conditions selected to permit detection and, usually, quantitation of such inhibition. In the context of this invention, to "contact" tissues or cells with an antisense compound means to add the compound (s), usually in a liquid carrier, to a cell suspension or tissue sample, either in vi tro or ex vivo, or to administer the antisense compound (s) to cells or tissues within an animal. Similarly, the present invention can be used to distinguish mdm2-associated tumors, particularly tumors associated with mdm2α, from tumors having other etiologies, in order that an efficacious treatment regime can be designed. - 11 - The antisense compounds of this invention may also be used for research purposes. Thus, the specific hybridization exhibited by oligonucleotides may be used for assays, purifications, cellular product preparations and in other methodologies which may be appreciated by persons of ordinary skill in the art. In the context of this invention, the term "oligonucleotide" refers to an oligomer or polymer of ribonucleic acid or deoxyribonucleic acid. This term includes oligonucleotides composed of naturally-occurring nucleobases, sugars and covalent intersugar (backbone) linkages as well as oligonucleotides having non-naturally-occurring portions which function similarly. Such modified or substituted oligonucleotides are often preferred over native forms because of desirable properties such as, for example, enhanced cellular uptake, enhanced binding to target and increased stability in the presence of nucleases . The antisense compounds in accordance with this invention preferably comprise from about 5 to about 50 nucleobases. Particularly preferred are antisense oligonucleotides comprising from about 8 to about 30 linked nucleobases (i.e. from about 8 to about 30 nucleosides * : . As is known in the art, a nucleoside is a base-sugar combination. The base portion of the nucleoside is normally a heterocyclic base. The two most common classes of such heterocyclic bases are the purines and the pyrimidines. Nucleotides are nucleosides that further include a phosphate group covalently linked to the sugar portion of the nucleoside. For those nucleosides that include a pentofuranosyl sugar, the phosphate group can be linked to either the 2', 3' or 5 ' hydroxyl moiety of the sugar. In forming oligonucleotides, the phosphate groups covalently link adjacent nucleosides to one another to form a linear polymeric compound. In turn, the respective ends of this linear polymeric structure can be further joined to form a circular structure, however, open linear structures - 12 - are generally preferred. Within the oligonucleotide structure, the phosphate groups are commonly referred to as forming the internucleoside backbone of the oligonucleotide. The normal linkage or backbone of RNA and DNA is a 3' to 5 ' phosphodiester linkage. Specific examples of some preferred modified oligonucleotides envisioned for this invention include those containing phosphorothioates, phosphotriesters, methyl phosphonates, short chain alkyl or cycloalkyl intersugar linkages or short chain heteroatomic or heterocyclic intersugar linkages. Most preferred are oligonucleotides with phosphorothioates (usually abbreviated in the art as P=S) and those with CH 2 -NH-0-CH 2 , CH 2 -N (CH 3 ) -0-CH 2 [known as a methylene (methyli ino) or MMI backbone] , CH 2 -0-N (CH 3 ) -CH_, CH 2 - N(CH 3 )-N(CH 3 ) -CH 2 and O-N (CH 3 ) -CH 2 -CH 2 backbones, wherein the native phosphodiester (usually abbreviated in the art as P=0) backbone is represented as 0-P-0-CH 2 ) . Also preferred are oligonucleotides having morpholino backbone structures (Summerton and Weller, U.S. Patent 5,034,506). Further preferred are oligonucleotides with NR-C ( *) -CH 2 -CH 2 , CH 2 -NR- C(*)-CH 2 , CH 2 -CH 2 -NR-C(*) , C ( * ) -NR-CH 2 -CH 2 and CH 2 -C ( * ) -NR-CH 2 backbones, wherein "*" represents 0 or S (known as amide backbones; DeMesmaeker et al . , WO 92/20823, published November 26, 1992) . In other preferred embodiments, such as the peptide nucleic acid (PNA) backbone, the phosphodiester backbone of the oligonucleotide is replaced with a polyamide backbone, the nucleobases being bound directly or indirectly to the aza nitrogen atoms of the polyamide backbone (Nielsen et al., Science, 254, 1497 (1991); U.S. Patent No. 5,539,082). Other preferred modified oligonucleotides may contain one or more substituted sugar moieties comprising one of the following at the 2' position: OH, SH, SCH 3 , F, OCN, OCH.OCH 3 , OCH 3 0(CH 2 ) n CH 3 , 0(CH 2 ) n NH 2 or 0(CH 2 ) n CH 3 where n is from 1 to about 10; C λ to C 10 lower alkyl, alkoxyalkoxy, substituted lower alkyl, alkaryl or aralkyl; Cl; Br; CN; CF 3 ; OCF 3 ; 0-, S-, - 13 - or N-alkyl; 0-, S-, or N-alkenyl; SOCH 3 ; S0 2 CH 3 ; ON0 2 ; NO,; N 3 ; NH 2 ; heterocycloalkyl; heterocycloalkaryl; aminoalkyla ino; polyalkylamino; substituted silyl; an RNA cleaving group; a reporter group; an intercalator; a group for improving the pharmacokinetic properties of an oligonucleotide; or a group for improving the pharmacodynamic properties of an oligonucleotide and other substituents having similar properties. A preferred modification includes 2 ' -0- methoxyethyl [which can be written as 2 ' -0-CH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 , and is also known in the art as 2 ' -0- (2-methoxyethyl) or 2'- methoxyethoxy] [Martin et al., Helv. Chim . Acta , 18, 486 (1995)]. Other preferred modifications include 2 ' -methoxy (2'-0-CH 3 ), 2'-propoxy (2 ' -OCH CH CH \ , 2 ' -aminopropoxy (2'- OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 ) and 2 ' -fluoro (2'-F). A further preferred modification includes 2 ' -dimethylaminooxyethoxy, i.e., a 0 (CH 2 ) 2 0N (CH 3 ) 2 group, also known as 2'-DMA0E, as described in examples hereinbelow. Similar modifications may also be made at other positions on the oligonucleotide, particularly the 3' position of the sugar on the 3' terminal nucleotide and the 5' position of the 5' terminal nucleotide. Oligonucleotides may also have sugar mimetics such as cyclobutyls in place of the pentofuranosyl group. The oligonucleotides of the invention may additionally or alternatively include nucleobase modifications or substitutions. As used herein, "unmodified" or "natural" nucleobases include adenine (A) , guanine (G) , thymine (T) , cytosine (C) and uracil (U) . Modified nucleobases include nucleobases found only infrequently or transiently in natural nucleic acids, e.g., hypoxanthine, 6-methyladenine and 5- methylcytosine, as well as synthetic nucleobases, e.g., 5- bromouracil, 5-hydroxymethyluracil, 8-azaguanine, 7- deazaguanine, N 6 ( 6-aminohexyl) adenine and 2 , 6-diaminopurine [Kornberg, A., DNA Replication, 1974, W.H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco, 1974, pp. 75-77; Gebeyehu, G., et al . , Nuclei c Acids Res . , 15, 4513 (1987)]. 5-methylcytosine (5-me-C) is - 14 - presently a preferred nucleobase, particularly in combination with 2 ' -O-methoxyethyl modifications. Another preferred additional or alternative modification of the oligonucleotides of the invention involves chemically linking to the oligonucleotide one or more lipophilic moieties which enhance the cellular uptake of the oligonucleotide. Such lipophilic moieties may be linked to an oligonucleotide at several different positions on the oligonucleotide. Some preferred positions include the 3' position of the sugar of the 3' terminal nucleotide, the 5' position of the sugar of the 5' terminal nucleotide, and the 2' position of the sugar of any nucleotide. The N 6 position of a puπne nucleobase may also be utilized to link a lipophilic moiety to an oligonucleotide of the invention (Gebeyehu, G., et al . , Nucleic Acids Res . , 1987, 15, 4513). Such lipophilic moieties include but are not limited to a cholesteryl moiety [Letsmger et al., Proc . Na tl . Acad . Sci . USA, , 86, 6553 (1989)], cholic acid [Manoharan et al., Bioorg . Med. Chem . Let . , 4 , 1053 (1994)], a thioether, e.g., hexyl-S-tritylthiol [Manoharan et al., Ann . N. Y. Acad. Sci . , 660, 306 (1992); Manoharan et al . , Bioorg. Med. Chem . Let . , 3, 2765 (1993)], a thiocholesterol [Oberhauser et al., Nucl . Acids Res . , 20, 533 (1992)], an aliphatic chain, e.g., dodecandiol or undecyl residues [Saison-Behmoaras et al., EMBO J. , 10, 111 (1991); Kabanov et al., FEES Lett . , 259, 327 (1990); Svmarchuk et al., Biochimie. , 15, 49(1993)], a phospholipid, e.g., di-hexadecyl- rac-glycerol or triethylammonium 1, 2-dι-O-hexadecyl-rac- glycero-3-H-phosphonate [Manoharan et al., Tetrahedron Lett . , 36, 3651 (1995); Shea et al., Nucl . Acids Res . , 18, 3777 (1990)], a polyamme or a polyethylene glycol chain [Manoharan et al., Nucleosides & Nucleotides, 14 , 969 (1995)], or adamantane acetic acid [Manoharan et al., Tetrahedron Let t . , 36, 3651 (1995)], a palmityl moiety [Mishra et al., Biochim . Biophys . Acta , 1264 , 229 (1995)], or an octadecylamine or - 15 - hexylamino-carbonyl-oxycholesterol moiety [Crooke et al . , A. Pharmacol . Exp . Ther. , 211, 923 (1996)]. Oligonucleotides comprising lipophilic moieties, and methods for preparing such oligonucleotides, as disclosed in U.S. Patents No. 5,138,045, No. 5,218,105 and No. 5,459,255, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. The present invention also includes oligonucleotides which are chimeric oligonucleotides. "Chimeric" oligonucleotides or "chimeras," in the context of this invention, are oligonucleotides which contain two or more chemically distinct regions, each made up of at leasr one nucleotide. These oligonucleotides typically contain at least one region wherein the oligonucleotide is modified so as to confer upon the oligonucleotide increased resistance to nuclease degradation, increased cellular uptake, and/or increased binding affinity for the target nucleic acid. An additional region of the oligonucleotide may serve as a substrate for enzymes capable of cleaving RNA: DNA or RNA: RNA hybrids. By way of example, RNase H is a cellular endonuclease which cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA: DNA duplex. Activation of RNase H, therefore, results in cleavage of the RNA target, thereby greatly enhancing the efficiency of antisense inhibition of gene expression. Cleavage of the RNA target can be routinely detected by gel electrophoresis and, if necessary, associated nucleic acid hybridization techniques known in the art. This RNAse H-mediated cleavage of the RNA target is distinct from the use of ribozymes to cleave nucleic acids. Ribozymes are not comprehended by the present invention. Examples of chimeric oligonucleotides include but are not limited to "gapmers," in which three distinct regions are present, normally with a central region flanked by two regions which are chemically equivalent to each other but distinct from the gap. A preferred example of a gapmer is an oligonucleotide in which a central portion (the "gap") cf the - 16 - oligonucleotide serves as a substrate for RNase H and is preferably composed of 2 ' -deoxynucleotides, while the flanking portions (the 5' and 3' "wings") are modified to have greater affinity for the target RNA molecule but are unable to support nuclease activity (e.g., 2 ' -fluoro- or 2 ' -O-methoxyethyl- substituted) . Other chimeras include "wingmers," also known in the art as "hemimers," that is, oligonucleotides with two distinct regions. In a preferred example of a wingmer, the 5' portion of the oligonucleotide serves as a substrate for RNase H and is preferably composed of 2 ' -deoxynucleotides, whereas the 3' portion is modified in such a fashion so as to have greater affinity for the target RNA molecule but is unable to support nuclease activity (e.g., 2 ' -fluoro- or 2 ' -0- methoxyethyl- substituted), or vice-versa. In one embodiment, the oligonucleotides of the present invention contain a 2 ' -0- methoxyethyl (2 ' -0-CH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 ) modification on the sugar moiety of at least one nucleotide. This modification has been shown to increase both affinity of the oligonucleotide for its target and nuclease resistance of the oligonucleotide. According to the invention, one, a plurality, or all of the nucleotide subunits of the oligonucleotides of the invention may bear a 2 ' -O-methoxyethyl (-0-CH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 ) modification. Oligonucleotides comprising a plurality of nucleotide subunits having a 2 ' -O-methoxyethyl modification can have such a modification on any of the nucleotide subunits within the oligonucleotide, and may be chimeric oligonucleotides. Aside from or in addition to 2 ' -O-methoxyethyl modifications, oligonucleotides containing other modifications which enhance antisense efficacy, potency or target affinity are also preferred. Chimeric oligonucleotides comprising one or more such modifications are presently preferred. Through use of such modifications, active oligonucleotides have been identified which are shorter than conventional "first generation" oligonucleotides active against mdm2. Oligonucleotides in accordance with this invention are from - 17 - 5 to 50 nucleotides length, preferably from about 8 to about 30. In the context of this invention it is understood that this encompasses non-naturally occurring oligomers as hereinbefore described, having from 5 to 50 monomers, preferably from about 8 to about 30. The oligonucleotides used m accordance with this invention may be conveniently and routinely made through the well-known technique of solid phase synthesis. Equipment; for such synthesis is sold by several vendors including Applied Biosystems. Any other means for such synthesis may also be employed; the actual synthesis of the oligonucleotides is well with the talents of the routineer. It is well known to use similar techniques to prepare oligonucleotides such as the phosphorothioates and 2 '-alkoxy or 2 ' -alkoxyalkoxy derivatives, including 2 ' -O-methoxyethyl oligonucleotides [Martin, P., Helv. Chim . Acta , 18, 486 (1995)]. It is also well known to use similar techniques and commercially available modified amidites and controlled-pore glass (CPG) products such as biot , fluorescem, acπdine or psoralen- modified amidites and/or CPG (available from Glen Research, Sterling VA) to synthesize fluorescently labeled, biotmylated or other conjugated oligonucleotides. The antisense compounds of the present invention mclude bioequivalent compounds, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs. This is intended to encompass any pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, or salts of such esters, or any other compound which, upon administration to an animal including a human, is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) the biologically active metabolite or residue thereof. Accordingly, for example, the disclosure is also drawn to pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the nucleic acids of the mvention and prodrugs of such nucleic acids. Pharmaceutically acceptable "salts" are physiologically and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the nucleic acids of the invention: i . e . , salts that retain the desired biological - 18 - activity of the parent compound and do not impart undesired toxicological effects thereto [see, for example, Berge et al . , "Pharmaceutical Salts," J. of Pharma Sci . , 66: 1 (1977)]. For oligonucleotides, examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include but are not limited to (a) salts formed with cations such as sodium, potassium, ammonium, magnesium, calcium, polyamines such as spermine and spermidine, etc. ; (b) acid addition salts formed with inorganic acids, for example hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid and the like; © salts formed with organic acids such as, for example, acetic acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, gluconic acid, citric acid, malic acid, ascorbic acid, benzoic acid, tannic acid, palmitic acid, alginic acid, polyglutamic acid, naphthalenesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, naphthalenedisulfonic acid, polygalacturonic acid, and the like; and (d) salts formed from elemental anions such as chlorine, bromine, and iodine. The oligonucleotides of the invention may additionally or alternatively be prepared to be delivered in a "prodrug" form. The term "prodrug" indicates a therapeutic agent that is prepared in an inactive form that is converted to an active form (i.e., drug) within the body or cells thereof by the action of endogenous enzymes or other chemicals and/or conditions. In particular, prodrug versions of the oligonucleotides of the invention are prepared as SATE [ (S-acetyl-2-thioethyl) phosphate] derivatives according to the methods disclosed in WO 93/24510 to Gosselin et al . , published December 9, 1993. For therapeutic or prophylactic treatment, oligonucleotides are administered in accordance with this invention. Oligonucleotide compounds of the invention may be formulated in a pharmaceutical composition, which may include pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, thickeners, diluents, - 19 - buffers, preservatives, surface active agents, neutral or cationic lipids, lipid complexes, liposomes, penetration enhancers, carrier compounds and other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients and the like in addition to the oligonucleotide. Such compositions and formulations are comprehended by the present invention. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising the oligonucleotides of the present invention may include penetration enhancers in order to enhance the alimentary delivery of the oligonucleotides. Penetration enhancers may be classified as belonging to one of five broad categories, i.e., fatty acids, bile salts, chelating agents, surfactants and non-surfactants (Lee et al . , Cri tical Reviev/s in Therapeuti c Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, 8:91-192; Muranishi, Cri tical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1990, 7:1). One or more penetration enhancers from one or more of these broad categories may be included. Compositions comprising oligonucleotides and penetration enhancers are disclosed in co-pending U.S. patent application Serial No. 08/886,829 to Teng et al., filed July 1, 1997, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. The compositions of the present invention may additionally contain other adjunct components conventionally found in pharmaceutical compositions, at their art-established usage levels. Thus, for example, the compositions may contain additional compatible pharmaceutically-active materials such as, e.g., antipruritics, astringents, local anesthetics or anti-inflammatory agents, or may contain additional materials useful in physically formulating various dosage forms of the composition of present invention, such as dyes, flavoring agents, preservatives, antioxidants, opacifiers, thickening agents and stabilizers. However, such materials, when added, should not unduly interfere with the biological activities of the components of the compositions of the invention. - 20 - Regardless of the method by which the oligonucleotides of the invention are introduced into a patient, colloidal dispersion systems may be used as delivery vehicles to enhance the in vivo stability of the oligonucleotides and/or to target the oligonucleotides to a particular organ, tissue or cell type. Colloidal dispersion systems include, but are not limited to, macromolecule complexes, nanocapsules, microspheres, beads and lipid-based systems including oil-in- water emulsions, micelles, mixed micelles, liposomes and lipid: oligonucleotide complexes of uncharacterized structure. A preferred colloidal dispersion system is a plurality of liposomes. Liposomes are microscopic spheres having an aqueous core surrounded by one or more outer layers made up of lipids arranged in a bilayer configuration [see, generally, Chonn et al., Current Op. Biotech . , 6, 698 (1995)]. Liposomal antisense compositions are prepared according to the disclosure of co-pending U.S. patent application Serial No. 08/961,469 to Hardee et al., filed October 31, 1997, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be administered in a number of ways depending upon whether local or systemic treatment is desired and upon the area to be treated. Administration may be topical (including ophthalmic, vaginal, rectal, intranasal, epidermal and transdermal) , oral or parenteral. Parenteral administration includes intravenous drip, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal or intramuscular injection, pulmonary administration, e.g., by inhalation or insufflation, or intracranial, e.g., intrathecal or intraventricular, administration. Oligonucleotides with at least one 2 ' -O-methoxyethyl modification are believed to be particularly useful for oral administration. Modes of administering oligonucleotides are disclosed in co-pending U.S. patent application Serial No. 08/961,469 to Hardee et al., filed October 31, 1997, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. - 21 - Formulations for topical administration may include transdermal patches, ointments, lotions, creams, gels, drops, suppositories, sprays, liquids and powders. Conventional pharmaceutical carriers, aqueous, powder or oily bases, thickeners and the like may be necessary or desirable. Coated condoms, gloves and the like may also be useful. Compositions for oral administration include powders or granules, suspensions or solutions in water or non-aqueous media, capsules, sachets or tablets. Thickeners, flavoring agents, diluents, emulsifiers, dispersing aids or binders may be desirable. Compositions for parenteral administration may include sterile aqueous solutions which may also contain buffers, diluents and other suitable additives. In some cases it may be more effective to treat a patient with an oligonucleotide of the invention in conjunction with other traditional therapeutic modalities in order to increase the efficacy of a treatment regimen. In the context of the invention, the term "treatment regimen" is meant to encompass therapeutic, palliative and prophylactic modalities. For example, a patient may be treated with conventional chemotherapeutic agents, particularly those used for tumor and cancer treatment. Examples of such chemotherapeutic agents include but are not limited to daunorubicin, daunomycin, dactinomycin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, esorubicin, bleomycin, mafosfamide, ifosfamide, cytosine arabinoside, bis- chloroethylnitrosurea, busulfan, mitomycin C, actinomycin D, mithramycin, prednisone, hydroxyprogesterone, testosterone, tamoxifen, dacarbazine, procarbazine, hexamethylmelamine, pentamethylmelamine, mitoxantrone, amsacrine, chlorambucil, methylcyclohexylnitrosurea, nitrogen mustards, melphalan, cyclophosphamide, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine, cytarabine (CA) , 5-azacytidine, hydroxyurea, deoxycoformycin, 4- hydroxyperoxycyclophosphora ide, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) , 5- fluorodeoxyuridine (5-FUdR), methotrexate (MTX) , - 22 - colchicine, taxol, vincristine, vinblastine, etoposide, trimetrexate, teniposide, cisplatin and diethylstilbestrol (DES) . See, generally, The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, 15th Ed., pp. 1206-1228, Berkow et al . , eds., Rahay, N.J., 1987). When used with the compounds of the invention, such chemotherapeutic agents may be used individually (e.g., 5-FU and oligonucleotide), sequentially (e.g., 5-FU and oligonucleotide for a period of time followed by MTX and oligonucleotide) , or in combination with one or more other such chemotherapeutic agents (e.g., 5-FU, MTX and oligonucleotide, or 5-FU, radiotherapy and oligonucleotide) . The formulation of therapeutic compositions and their subsequent administration is believed to be within the skill of those in the art. Dosing is dependent on severity and responsiveness of the disease state to be treated, with the course of treatment lasting from several days to several months, or until a cure is effected or a diminution of the disease state is achieved. Optimal dosing schedules can be calculated from measurements of drug accumulation in the body of the patient. Persons of ordinary skill can easily determine optimum dosages, dosing methodologies and repetition rates. Optimum dosages may vary depending on the relative potency of individual oligonucleotides, and can generally be estimated based on EC 50 s found to be effective in in vi tro and in vivo animal models. In general, dosage is from 0.01 μg to 100 g per kg of body weight, and may be given once or more daily, weekly, monthly or yearly, or even once every 2 to 20 years. Persons of ordinary skill in the art can easily estimate repetition rates for dosing based on measured residence times and concentrations of the drug in bodily fluids or tissues. Following successful treatment, it may be desirable to have the patient undergo maintenance therapy to prevent the recurrence of the disease state, wherein the oligonucleotide is administered in maintenance doses, ranging - 23 - from 0.01 μg to 100 g per kg of body weight, once or more daily, to once every 20 years. Thus, in the context of this invention, by "therapeutically effective amount" is meant the amount of the compound which is required to have a therapeutic effect on the treated mammal. This amount, which will be apparent to the skilled artisan, will depend upon the type of mammal, the age and weight of the mammal, the type of disease to be treated, perhaps even the gender of the mammal, and other factors which are routinely taken into consideration when treating a mammal with a disease. A therapeutic effect is assessed in the mammal by measuring the effect of the compound on the disease state in the animal. For example, if the disease to be treated is cancer, therapeutic effects are assessed by measuring the rate of growth or the size of the tumor, or by measuring the production of compounds such as cytokines, production of which is an indication of the progress or regression of the tumor. The following examples illustrate the present invention and are not intended to limit the same. EXAMPLES EXAMPLE 1 : Synthesis of Oligonucleotides Unmodified oligodeoxynucleotides are synthesized on an automated DNA synthesizer (Applied Biosystems model 380B) using standard phosphoramidite chemistry with oxidation by iodine. β-cyanoethyldiisopropyl-phosphoramidites are purchased from Applied Biosystems (Foster City, CA) . For phosphorothioate oligonucleotides, the standard oxidation bottle was replaced by a 0.2 M solution of 3 H-1,2- benzodithiole-3-one 1,1-dioxide in acetonitrile for the stepwise thiation of the phosphite linkages. The thiation cycle wait step was increased to 68 seconds and was followed by the capping step. - 24 - 2 ' -methoxy oligonucleotides are synthesized using 2'- methoxy β-cyanoethyldiisopropyl-phosphoramidites (Chemgenes, Needham, MA) and the standard cycle for unmodified oligonucleotides, except the wait step after pulse delivery of tetrazole and base was increased to 360 seconds. Other 2'- alkoxy oligonucleotides were synthesized by a modification of this method, using appropriate 2 '-modified amidites such as those available from Glen Research, Inc., Sterling, VA. 2 '-fluoro oligonucleotides were synthesized as described in Kawasaki et al., J. Med. Chem . , 36, 831 (1993). Briefly, the protected nucleoside N 6 -benzoyl-2 ' -deoxy-2 ' - fluoroadenosine was synthesized utilizing commercially available 9-β-D-arabinofuranosyladenine as starting material and by modifying literature procedures whereby the 2'- -fluoro atom is introduced by a S N 2-displacement of a 2 ' -β-O-trifyl group. Thus N 6 -benzoyl-9-β-D-arabinofuranosyladenine was selectively protected in moderate yield as the 3 ',5'- ditetrahydropyranyl (THP) intermediate. Deprotection of the THP and N 6 -benzoyl groups was accomplished using standard methodologies and standard methods were used to obtain the 5'- dimethoxytrityl- (DMT) and 5 ' -DMT-3 ' -phosphoramidite intermediates . The synthesis of 2 ' -deoxy-2 ' -fluoroguanosine was accomplished using tetraisopropyldisiloxanyl (TPDS) protected 9-β-D-arabinofuranosylguanine as starting material, and conversion to the intermediate diisobutyryl- arabinofuranosylguanosine. Deprotection of the TPDS group was followed by protection of the hydroxyl group with THP to give diisobutyryl di-THP protected arabinofuranosylguanine . Selective O-deacylation and triflation was followed by treatment of the crude product with fluoride, then deprotection of the THP groups. Standard methodologies were used to obtain the 5 ' -DMT- and 5 ' -DMT-3 ' -phosphoramidites . Synthesis of 2 ' -deoxy-2 ' -fluorouridine was accomplished by the modification of a known procedure in which 2, 2'- - 25 - anhydro-1-β-D-arabinofuranosyluracil was treated with 70% hydrogen fluoride-pyridine . Standard procedures were used to obtain the 5 ' -DMT and 5 ' -DMT-3 ' phosphoramidites . 2 ' -deoxy-2 ' -fluorocytidine was synthesized via amination of 2 '-deoxy-2 ' -fluorouridine, followed by selective protection to give N-benzoyl-2 ' -deoxy-2 ' -fluorocytidine. Standard procedures were used to obtain the 5 ' -DMT and 5'-DMT- 3 ' phosphoramidites . 2 '- (2-methoxyethyl) -modified amidites are synthesized according to Martin, P., Helv. Chim . Acta, 75,486 (1995). For ease of synthesis, the last nucleotide was a deoxynucleotide . 2 ' -0-CH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 _cytosines may be 5-methyl cytosines. Synthesis of 5-Methyl cytosine monomers : 2,2' -Anhydro [1- ( β-D-arabinofuranosyl) -5-methyluridine] : 5-Methyluridine (ribosylthy ine, commercially available through Yamasa, Choshi, Japan) (72.0 g, 0.279 M) , diphenyl- carbonate (90.0 g, 0.420 M) and sodium bicarbonate (2.0 g, 0.024 M) were added to DMF (300 mL) . The mixture was heated to reflux, with stirring, allowing the evolved carbon dioxide gas to be released in a controlled manner. After 1 hour, the slightly darkened solution was concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting syrup was poured into diethylether (2.5 L) , with stirring. The product formed a gum. The ether was decanted and the residue was dissolved in a minimum amount of methanol (ca. 400 mL) . The solution was poured into fresh ether (2.5 L) to yield a stiff gum. The ether was decanted and the gum was dried in a vacuum oven (60°C at 1 mm Hg for 24 hours) to give a solid which was crushed to a light tan powder (57 g, 85% crude yield) . The material was used as is for further reactions. 2 ' -O-Methoxyethyl-5-methyluridine : 2,2'-Anhydro-5-methyluridine (195 g, 0.81 M), tris(2- methoxyethyl)borate (231 g, 0.98 M) and 2-methoxyethanol (1.2 L) were added to a 2 L stainless steel pressure vessel and - 26 - placed in a pre-heated oil bath at 160°C. After heating for 48 hours at 155-160°C, the vessel was opened and the solution evaporated to dryness and triturated with MeOH (200 mL) . The residue was suspended in hot acetone (1 L) . The insoluble salts were filtered, washed with acetone (150 mL) and the filtrate evaporated. The residue (280 g) was dissolved in CH 3 CN (600 mL) and evaporated. A silica gel column (3 kg) was packed in CH 2 Cl 2 /acetone/MeOH (20:5:3) containing 0.5% Et 3 NH. The residue was dissolved in CH 2 C1 2 (250 mL) and adsorbed onto silica (150 g) prior to loading onto the column. The product was eluted with the packing solvent to give 160 g (63%) of product . 2 ' -O-Methoxyethyl-5 ' -O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methyluridine : 2'-0-Methoxyethyl-5-methyluridine (160 g, 0.506 M) was co-evaporated with pyridine (250 mL) and the dried residue dissolved in pyridine (1.3 L). A first aliquot of dimethoxy- trityl chloride (94.3 g, 0.278 M) was added and the mixture stirred at room temperature for one hour. A second aliquot of dimethoxytrityl chloride (94.3 g, 0.278 M) was added and the reaction stirred for an additional one hour. Methanol (170 mL) was then added to stop the reaction. HPLC showed the presence of approximately 70% product. The solvent was evaporated and triturated with CH 3 CN (200 mL) . The residue was dissolved in CHC1 3 (1.5 L) and extracted with 2x500 mL of saturated NaHC0 3 and 2x500 mL of saturated NaCl. The organic phase was dried over Na 2 S0 4 , filtered and evaporated. 275 g of residue was obtained. The residue was purified on a 3.5 kg silica gel column, packed and eluted with EtOAc/- Hexane/Acetone (5:5:1) containing 0.5% Et 3 NH. The pure fractions were evaporated to give 164 g of product. Approximately 20 g additional was obtained from the impure fractions to give a total yield of 183 g (57%) . - 27 - 3 ' -O-Acetyl-2 ' -O-methoxyethyl-5 ' -O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methyl- uridine : 2 ' -O-Methoxyethyl-5 ' -O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methyluridine (106 g, 0.167 M) , DMF/pyridine (750 mL of a 3:1 mixture prepared from 562 mL of DMF and 188 mL of pyridine) and acetic anhydride (24.38 mL, 0.258 M) were combined and stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. The reaction was monitored by tic by first quenching the tic sample with the addition of MeOH. Upon completion of the reaction, as judged by tic, MeOH (50 mL) was added and the mixture evaporated at 35°C. The residue was dissolved in CHC1 3 (800 mL) and extracted with 2x200 mL of saturated sodium bicarbonate and 2x200 L of saturated NaCl. The water layers were back extracted with 200 mL of CHC1 3 . The combined organics were dried with sodium sulfate and evaporated to give 122 g of residue (approx. 90% product). The residue was purified on a 3.5 kg silica gel column and eluted using EtOAc/Hexane (4 : 1) . Pure product fractions were evaporated to yield 96 g (84%). 3 ' -O-Acetyl-2 ' -0-methoxyethyl-5 ' -0-dimethoxytrityl-5-methyl-4- triazoleuridine : A first solution was prepared by dissolving 3'-0-acetyl- 2 ' -O-methoxyethyl-5 ' -O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methyluridine (96 g, 0.144 M) in CH 3 CN (700 mL) and set aside. Triethylamine (189 mL, 1.44 M) was added to a solution of triazole (90 g, 1.3 M) in CH 3 CN (1 L) , cooled to -5°C and stirred for 0.5 h using an overhead stirrer. P0C1 3 was added dropwise, over a 30 minute period, to the stirred solution maintained at 0-10°C, and the resulting mixture stirred for an additional 2 hours. The first solution was added dropwise, over a 45 minute period, to the later solution. The resulting reaction mixture was stored overnight in a cold room. Salts were filtered from the reaction mixture and the solution was evaporated. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc (1 L) and the insoluble solids were removed by filtration. The filtrate was washed with 1x300 mL - 28 - of NaHC0 3 and 2x300 mL of saturated NaCl, dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. The residue was triturated with EtOAc to give the title compound. 2 ' -O-Methoxyethyl-5 ' -O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methylcytidine : A solution of 3 ' -O-acetyl-2 ' -O-methoxyethyl-5 ' -0- dimethoxytrityl-5-methyl-4-triazoleuridine (103 g, 0.141 M) in dioxane (500 mL) and NH 4 0H (30 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The dioxane solution was evaporated and the residue azeotroped with MeOH (2x200 mL) . The residue was dissolved in MeOH (300 mL) and transferred to a 2 liter stainless steel pressure vessel. MeOH (400 mL) saturated with NH 3 gas was added and the vessel heated to 100°C for 2 hours (tic showed complete conversion) . The vessel contents were evaporated to dryness and the residue was dissolved in EtOAc (500 mL) and washed once with saturated NaCl (200 mL) . The organics were dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent was evaporated to give 85 g (95%) of the title compound. N 4 -Benzoyl-2 ' -O-methoxyethyl-5 ' -O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methyl- cytidine : 2 ' -O-Methoxyethyl-5 ' -O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methylcytidine (85 g, 0.134 M) was dissolved in DMF (800 mL) and benzoic anhydride (37.2 g, 0.165 M) was added with stirring. After stirring for 3 hours, tic showed the reaction to be approximately 95% complete. The solvent was evaporated and the residue azeotroped with MeOH (200 mL) . The residue was dissolved in CHC1 3 (700 mL) and extracted with saturated NaHC0 3 (2x300 mL) and saturated NaCl (2x300 mL) , dried over MgS0 4 and evaporated to give a residue (96 g) . The residue was chromatographed on a 1.5 kg silica column using EtOAc/Hexane (1:1) containing 0.5% Et 3 NH as the eluting solvent. The pure product fractions were evaporated to give 90 g (90%) of the title compound. - 29 - N 4 -Benzoyl-2 ' -O-methoxyethyl-5 ' -O-dimethoxytrityl-5- methylcytidine-3 ' -amidite: N 4 -Benzoyl-2 ' -O-methoxyethyl-5 ' -O-dimethoxytrityl-5- methylcytidine (74 g, 0.10 M) was dissolved in CH 2 C1 2 (1 L) . Tetrazole diisopropylamine (7.1 g) and 2-cyanoethoxy-tetra- (isopropyl) phosphite (40.5 mL, 0.123 M) were added with stirring, under a nitrogen atmosphere.. The resulting mixture was stirred for 20 hours at room temperature (tic showed the reaction to be 95% complete) . The reaction mixture was extracted with saturated NaHC0 3 (1x300 mL) and saturated NaCl (3x300 mL) . The aqueous washes were back-extracted with CH 2 C1 2 (300 mL) , and the extracts were combined, dried over MgSO, and concentrated. The residue obtained was chromatographed on a 1.5 kg silica column using EtOAc\Hexane (3:1) as the eluting solvent. The pure fractions were combined to give 90.6 g (87%) of the title compound. 5-methyl-2 ' -deoxycytidine (5-me-C) containing oligonucleotides were synthesized according to published methods [Sanghvi et al., Nucl . Acids Res . , 21 , 3197 (1993)] using commercially available phosphoramidites (Glen Research, Sterling VA or ChemGenes, Needham MA) . 2' -O- (dimethylaminooxyethyl) nucleoside amidites 2 ' - (Dimethylaminooxyethoxy) nucleoside amidites [also known in the art as 2 ' -0- (dimethylaminooxyethyl) nucleoside amidites] are prepared as described in the following paragraphs. Adenosine, cytidine and guanosine nucleoside amidites are prepared similarly to the thymidine (5- methyluridine) except the exocyclic amines are protected with a benzoyl moiety in the case of adenosine and cytidine and with isobutyryl in the case of guanosine. 5 ' -0-tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl-0 2 -2 ' -anhydro-5-methyluridine 0 2 -2 ' -anhydro-5-methyluridine (Pro. Bio. Sint., Varese, Italy, 100. Og, 0.416 mmol), dimethylaminopyridine (0.66g, - 30 - 0.013eq, 0.0054mmol) were dissolved in dry pyridine (500 ml) at ambient temperature under an argon atmosphere and with mechanical stirring. tert-Butyldiphenylchlorosilane (125.8g, 119. OmL, l.leq, 0.458mmol) was added in one portion. The reaction was stirred for 16 h at ambient temperature. TLC (Rf 0.22, ethyl acetate) indicated a complete reaction. The solution was concentrated under reduced pressure to a thick oil. This was partitioned between dichloromethane (1 L) and saturated sodium bicarbonate (2x1 L) and brine (1 L) . The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to a thick oil. The oil was dissolved in a 1:1 mixture of ethyl acetate and ethyl ether (600mL) and the solution was cooled to -10°C. The resulting crystalline product was collected by filtration, washed with ethyl ether (3x200 mL) and dried (40°C, 1mm Hg, 24 h) to 149g (74.8%) of white solid. TLC and NMR were consistent with pure product. 5'-0-tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl-2'-0-(2-hydroxyethyl)-5- methyluridine In a 2 L stainless steel, unstirred pressure reactor was added borane in tetrahydrofuran (1.0 M, 2.0 eq, 622 mL) . In the fume hood and with manual stirring, ethylene glycol (350 mL, excess) was added cautiously at first until the evolution of hydrogen gas subsided. 5 ' -0-tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl-0'-2 ' - anhydro-5-methyluridine (149 g, 0.311 mol) and sodium bicarbonate (0.074 g, 0.003 eq) were added with manual stirring. The reactor was sealed and heated in an oil bath until an internal temperature of 160 °C was reached and then maintained for 16 h (pressure < 100 psig) . The reaction vessel was cooled to ambient and opened. TLC (Rf 0.67 for desired product and Rf 0.82 for ara-T side product, ethyl acetate) indicated about 70% conversion to the product. In order to avoid additional side product formation, the reaction was stopped, concentrated under reduced pressure (10 to 1mm Hg) in a warm water bath (40-100°C) with the more extreme - 31 - conditions used to remove the ethylene glycol. [Alternatively, once the low boiling solvent is gone, the remaining solution can be partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. The product will be in the organic phase.] The residue was purified by column chromatography (2kg silica gel, ethyl acetate-hexanes gradient 1:1 to 4:1). The appropriate fractions were combined, stripped and dried to product as a white crisp foam (84g, 50%) , contaminated starting material (17.4g) and pure reusable starting material 20g. The yield based on starting material less pure recovered starting material was 58%. TLC and NMR were consistent with 99% pure product . 2 ' -0- ( [2-phthalimidoxy) ethyl] -5 ' -t-butyldiphenylsilyl-5- methyluridine 5 ' -O-tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl-2 ' -0- (2-hydroxyethyl) -5- methyluridine (20g, 36.98mmol) was mixed with triphenylphosphine (11.63g, 44.36mmol) and N- hydroxyphthalimide (7.24g, 44.36mmol). It was then dried over P 2 0 5 under high vacuum for two days at 40°C. The reaction mixture was flushed with argon and dry THF (369.8mL, Aldrich, sure seal bottle) was added to get a clear solution. Diethyl- azodicarboxylate (6.98mL, 44.36mmol) was added dropwise to the reaction mixture. The rate of addition is maintained such that resulting deep red coloration is just discharged before adding the next drop. After the addition was complete, the reaction was stirred for 4 hrs . By that time TLC showed the completion of the reaction (ethylacetate: hexane, 60:40). The solvent was evaporated in vacuum. Residue obtained was placed on a flash column and eluted with ethyl acetate : hexane (60:40), to get 2 ' -0- ( [2-phthalimidoxy) ethyl] -5 ' - 1- butyldiphenylsilyl-5-methyluridine as white foam (21.819, 86%) . - 32 - 5 ' -O-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-2 ' -0- f (2-formadoximinooxy) ethyl] - 5-πtethyluridine 2 ' -O- ( [2-phthalimidoxy) ethyl] -5 ' - -butyldiphenylsilyl-5- methyluridine (3.1g, 4.5mmol) was dissolved in dry CH 2 C1 2 (4.5mL) and methylhydrazine (300mL, 4.64mmol) was added dropwise at -10°C to 0°C. After 1 hr the mixture was filtered, the filtrate was washed with ice cold CH 2 C1 2 and the combined organic phase was washed with water, brine and dried over anhydrous Na 2 S0 4 . The solution was concentrated to get 2 ' -O- (aminooxyethyl) thymidine, which was then dissolved in MeOH (67.5mL). To this formaldehyde (20% aqueous solution, w/w, l.leg.) was added and the mixture for 1 hr. Solvent was removed under vacuum; residue chromatographed to get 5 ' -0- tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-2 ' -0- [ (2-formadoximinooxy) ethyl] -5- methyluridine as white foam (1.95, 78%). 5'-0-tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl-2 ' -0- [N,N-dimethylaminooxyethyl] - 5-methyluridine 5 ' -0-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-2 ' -0- [ ( 2 - formadoximinooxy) ethyl] -5-methyluridine (1.77g, 3.12mmol) was dissolved in a solution of IM pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (PPTS) in dry MeOH (30.6mL). Sodium cyanoborohydride (0.39g, 6.13mmol) was added to this solution at 10°C under inert atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred for 10 minutes at 10°C. After that the reaction vessel was removed from the ice bath and stirred at room temperature for 2 hr, the reaction monitored by TLC (5% MeOH in CH 2 C1 2 ) . Aqueous NaHC0 3 solution (5%, lOmL) was added and extracted with ethyl acetate (2x20mL) . Ethyl acetate phase was dried over anhydrous Na 2 S0 4 , evaporated to dryness. Residue was dissolved in a solution of IM PPTS in MeOH (30.6mL). Formaldehyde (20% w/w, 30mL, 3.37mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. Reaction mixture cooled to 10°C in an ice bath, sodium cyanoborohydride (0.39g, 6.13mmol) was added and reaction mixture stirred at 10°C for 10 minutes. - 33 - After 10 minutes, the reaction mixture was removed from the ice bath and stirred at room temperature for 2 hrs . To the reaction mixture 5% NaHC0 3 (25mL) solution was added and extracted with ethyl acetate (2x25mL) . Ethyl acetate layer was dried over anhydrous Na 2 S0 4 and evaporated to dryness . The residue obtained was purified by flash column chromatography and eluted with 5% MeOH in CH 2 C1 2 to get 5 ' -0- tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-2 ' -0- [N, N-dimethylaminooxyethyl] -5- methyluridine as a white foam (14.6g, 80%). 2 ' -0- (dimethylaminooxyethyl) -5-methyluridine Triethylamine trihydrofluoride (3.91mL, 24.0mmol) was dissolved in dry THF and triethylamine (1.67mL, 12mmol, dry, kept over KOH) . This mixture of triethylamine-2HF was then added to 5 ' -0- tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-2 ' -0- [N, N- dimethylaminooxyethyl] -5-methyluridine (1.40g, 2.4mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 24 hrs. Reaction was monitored by TLC (5% MeOH in CH 2 C1 2 ) . Solvent was removed under vacuum and the residue placed on a flash column and eluted with 10% MeOH in CH 2 C1 2 to get 2 ' -0- (dimethylaminooxyethyl) -5-methyluridine (766mg, 92.5%). 5 ' -O-DMT-2 ' -0- (dimethylaminooxyethyl) -5-methyluridine 2 ' -0- (dimethylaminooxyethyl) -5-methyluridine (750mg, 2.17mmol) was dried over P 2 0 5 under high vacuum overnight at 40°C. It was then co-evaporated with anhydrous pyridine (20mL) . The residue obtained was dissolved in pyridine (llmL) under argon atmosphere. 4-dimethylaminopyridine (26.5mg, 2.60mmol), 4, 4 ' -dimethoxytrityl chloride (880mg, 2.60mmol) was added to the mixture and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature until all of the starting material disappeared. Pyridine was removed under vacuum and the residue chromatographed and eluted with 10% MeOH in CH 2 C1 2 (containing a few drops of pyridine) to get 5 ' -O-DMT-2 ' -0- (dimethylamino-oxyethyl) -5-methyluridine (1.13g, 80%). - 34 - 5 ' -0-DMT-2 ' -0- (2-N.N-dimethylaminooxyethyl) -5-methyluridine- 3 ' - F (2-cvanoethyl) -N, N-diisopropylphosphoramiditel 5 ' -O-DMT-2 ' -0- (dimethylaminooxyethyl) -5-methyluridine (l.Oδg, 1.67mmol) was co-evaporated with toluene (20mL) . To the residue N,N-diisopropylamine tetrazonide (0.29g, 1.67mmol) was added and dried over P 2 0 5 under high vacuum overnight at 40°C. Then the reaction mixture was dissolved in anhydrous acetonitrile (8.4mL) and 2-cyanoethyl-N, N, N 1 , N - tetraisopropylphosphoramidite (2.12mL, 6.08mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 4 hrs under inert atmosphere. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (hexane : ethyl acetate 1:1). The solvent was evaporated, then the residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (70mL) and washed with 5% aqueous NaHC0 3 (40mL) . Ethyl acetate layer was dried over anhydrous Na 2 S0 4 and concentrated. Residue obtained was chromatographed (ethyl acetate as eluent) to get 5 ' -O-DMT-2 ' -0- (2-N, N- dimethylaminooxyethyl) -5-methyluridine-3 ' - [ (2-cyanoethyl) -N, N- diisopropylphosphoramidite] as a foam (1.04g, 74.9%). 2 ' - (Aminooxyethoxy) nucleoside amidites 2 ' - (Aminooxyethoxy) nucleoside amidites [also known in the art as 2 ' -0- (aminooxyethyl) nucleoside amidites] are prepared as described in the following paragraphs. Adenosine, cytidine and thymidine nucleoside amidites are prepared similarly. N2-isobutyryl-6-0-diphenylcarbamoyl-2 ' -0- (2-ethylacetyl ) -5 ' -0- (4,4' -dimethoxytrityl) guanosine-3 ' - T (2-cyanoethyl) -N-N-d iisopropylphosphoramiditel The 2 ' -0-aminooxyethyl guanosine analog may be obtained by selective 2 ' -O-alkylation of diaminopurine riboside. Multigram quantities of diaminopurine riboside may be purchased from Schering AG (Berlin) to provide 2 ' -0- (2-ethylacetyl) diaminopurine riboside along with a minor - 35 - amount of the 3'-0-isomer. 2 ' -0- (2-ethylacetyl) diaminopurine riboside may be resolved and converted to 2 ' -0- (2-ethylacetyl) guanosine by treatment with adenosine deaminase. (McGee, D. P. C, Cook, P. D. , Guinosso, C. J. , WO 94/02501 Al 940203.) Standard protection procedures should afford 2 ' -0- ( 2-ethylacetyl ) - 5 ' -0- (4, 4 ' -dimethoxytrityl) guanosine and 2-N-isobutyryl-6-0- diphenylcarbamoyl-2 ' -0- (2-ethylacetyl) -5 ' -0- (4,4' -dimethoxy trityl) guanosine which may be reduced to provide 2-N- isobutyryl-6-0-diphenylcarbamoyl-2 ' -0- (2-ethylacetyl) - 5 ' -0- (4, 4 ' -dimethoxytrityl) guanosine. As before the hydroxyl group may be displaced by N-hydroxyphthalimide via a Mitsunobu reaction, and the protected nucleoside may phosphitylated as usual to yield 2-N-isobutyryl-6-0-diphenylcarbamoyl- 2 ' -0- (2-ethylacetyl) -5 ' -0- (4,4' -dimethoxytrityl) guanosine-3 '-[ (2-cyanoethyl) -N, N-diisopropylphosphoramidite] . Oligonucleotides having methylene (methylimino) (MMI) backbones are synthesized according to U.S. Patent 5,378,825, which is coassigned to the assignee of the present invention and is incorporated herein in its entirety. For ease of synthesis, various nucleoside dimers containing MMI linkages were synthesized and incorporated into oligonucleotides. Other nitrogen-containing backbones are synthesized according to WO 92/20823 which is also coassigned to the assignee of the present invention and incorporated herein in its entirety. Oligonucleotides having amide backbones are synthesized according to De Mesmaeker et al . , Ace . Chem . Res . , 28 , 366 (1995) . The amide moiety is readily accessible by simple and well-known synthetic methods and is compatible with the conditions required for solid phase synthesis of oligonucleotides . Oligonucleotides with morpholino backbones are synthesized according to U.S. Patent 5,034,506 (Summerton and Weller) . - 36 - Peptide-nucleic acid (PNA) oligomers are synthesized according to P.E. Nielsen et al . , Science, 254, 1497 (1991). After cleavage from the controlled pore glass column (Applied Biosystems) and deblocking in concentrated ammonium hydroxide at 55°C for 18 hours, the oligonucleotides are purified by precipitation twice out of 0.5 M NaCl with 2.5 volumes ethanol. Synthesized oligonucleotides were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis on denaturing gels and judged to be at least 85% full length material. The relative amounts of phosphorothioate and phosphodiester linkages obtained in synthesis were periodically checked by 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and for some studies oligonucleotides were purified by HPLC, as described by Chiang et al., J. Biol . Chem . , 266, 18162 (1991). Results obtained with HPLC-purified material were similar to those obtained with non-HPLC purified material. EXAMPLE 2 : Human mdm2 Oligonucleotide Sequences The oligonucleotides tested are presented in Table 1. Sequence data are from the cDNA sequence published by 01iner,J.D., et al., Nature, 358, 80 (1992); Genbank accession number Z12020, provided herein as SEQ ID NO: 1. Oligonucleotides were synthesized primarily as chimeric oligonucleotides having a centered deoxy gap of eight nucleotides flanked by 2 ' -O-methoxyethyl regions. A549 human lung carcinoma cells (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA) were routinely passaged at 80-90% confluency in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) and 10% fetal bovine serum (Hyclone, Logan, Utah) . JEG-3 cells, a human choriocarcinoma cell line (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA) , were maintained in RPMI1640, supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum. All cell culture reagents, except as otherwise indicated, are obtained from Life Technologies (Rockville, MD) . - 37 - A549 cells were treated with phosphorothioate oligonucleotides at 200 nM for four hours in the presence of 6 μg/ml LIPOFECTIN™, washed and allowed to recover for an additional 20 hours. Total RNA was extracted and 15-20 μg of each was resolved on 1% gels and transferred to nylon membranes. The blots were probed with a 32 P radiolabeled mdm2 cDNA probe and then stripped and reprobed with a radiolabeled G3PDH probe to confirm equal RNA loading. mdm2 transcripts were examined and quantified with a Phosphorlmager (Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale, CA) . Results are shown in Table 2. Oligonucleotides 16506 (SEQ ID NO: 3), 16507 (SEQ ID NO: 4), 16508 (SEQ ID NO: 5), 16510 (SEQ ID NO: 7), 16518 (SEQ ID NO: 15), 16520 (SEQ ID NO: 17), 16521 (SEQ ID NO: 18), 16522 (SEQ ID NO: 19) and 16524 (SEQ ID NO: 21) gave at least approximately 50% reduction of mdm2 mRNA levels. Oligonucleotides 16507 and 16518 gave better than 85% reduction of mdm2. TABLE 1: Nucleotide Sequences of Human mdm2 Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides SEQ TARGET GENE GENE ISIS NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE 1 ID NUCLEOTIDE TARGET NO. (5' -> 3') NO: CO-ORDINATES 2 REGION 16506 CAGCCAAGCTCGCGCGGTGC 3 0001-0020 5' -UTR 16507 TCTTTCCGACACACAGGGCC 4 0037-0056 5' -UTR 16508 CAGCAGGATCTCGGTCAGAG 5 0095-0114 5' -UTR 16509 GGGCGCTCGTACGCACTAAT 6 0147-0166 5' -UTR 16510 TCGGGGATCATTCCACTCTC 7 0181-0200 5' -UTR 16511 CGGGGTTTTCGCGCTTGGAG 8 0273-0292 5' -UTR 16512 CATTTGCCTGCTCCTCACCA 9 0295-0314 AUG 16513 GTATTGCACATTTGCCTGCT 10 0303-0322 AUG 16514 AGCACCATCAGTAGGTACAG 11 0331-0350 ORF - 38 - 16515 CTACCAAGTTCCTGTAGATC 12 0617-0636 ORF 16516 TCAACTTCAAATTCTACACT 13 1047-1066 ORF 16517 TTTACAATCAGGAACATCAA 14 1381-1400 ORF 16518 AGCTTCTTTGCACATGTAAA 15 1695-1714 ORF 16519 CAGGTCAACTAGGGGAAATA 16 1776-1795 stop 16520 TCTTATAGACAGGTCAACTA 17 1785-1804 stop 16521 TCCTAGGGTTATATAGTTAG 18 1818-1837 3' -UTR 16522 AAGTATTCACTATTCCACTA 19 1934-1953 3' -UTR 16523 CCAAGATCACCCACTGCACT 20 2132-2151 3' -UTR 16524 AGGTGTGGTGGCAGATGACT 21 2224-2243 3' -UTR 16525 CCTGTCTCTACTAAAAGTAC 22 2256-2275 3' -UTR 17604 ACAAGCCTTCGCTCTACCGG 23 scrambled 16507 control 17605 TTCAGCGCATTTGTACATAA 24 scrambled 16518 control 17615 TCTTTCCGACACACAGGGCC 25 0037-0056 5' -UTR 17616 AGCTTCTTTGCACATGTAAA 15 1695-1714 ORF 17755 AGCTTCTTTGCACATGTAAA 15 1695-1714 ORF 17756 AGCTTCTTTATACATGTAAA 26 2-base 17616 mismatch 17757 AGCTTCTTTACACATGTAAA 27 1-base 17616 mismatch Emboldened residues, 2 ' -methoxyethoxy- residues (others are 2 '-deoxy-) including "C" residues, 5-methyl-cytosines; all linkages are phosphorothioate linkages. 2 Co-ordinates from Genbank Accession No. Z12020, locus name "HSP53ASSG", SEQ ID NO: 1. Oligonucleotides 16505-16511 are targeted to the 5' UTR of the L-mdm2 transcript as described hereinabove [Landers et al., Cancer Res . , 57, 3562 (1997)] Nucleotide coordinates on the Landers sequence [Landers et al., Cancer Res . , 57, 3562 (1997) and - 39 - Genbank accession no. U39736] are identical to those shown in Table 1 except for ISIS 16511, which maps to nucleotides 267-286 on the Landers sequence. TABLE 2 Activities of Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides Targeted to Human mdm2 ISIS SEQ GENE TARGET % mRNA % mRNA No: ID REGION EXPRESSION INHIBITION NO: LIPOFECTIN™ 100% 0% only 16506 3 5' -UTR 45% 55% 16507 4 5' -UTR 13% 87% 16508 5 5' -UTR 38% 62% 16509 6 5' -UTR 161% 16510 7 5' -UTR 46% 54% 16511 8 5' -UTR 91% 9% 16512 9 AUG 89% 11% 16513 10 AUG 174% 16514 11 Coding 92% 8% 16515 12 Coding 155% 16516 13 Coding 144% 16517 14 Coding 94% 6% 16518 15 Coding 8% 92% 16519 16 stop 73% 27% 16520 17 stop 51% 49% 16521 18 3 ' -UTR 38% 62% 16522 19 3' -UTR 49% 51% 16523 20 3' -UTR 109% 16524 21 3' -UTR 47% 53% 16525 22 3' -UTR 100% - 40 - EXAMPLE 3: Dose Response Of Antisense Oligonucleotide Effects On Human mdm2 mRNA Levels In A549 Cells Oligonucleotides 16507 and 16518 were tested at different concentrations. A549 cells were grown, treated and processed as described in Example 2. LIPOFECTIN™ was added at a ratio of 3 μg/ml per 100 nM of oligonucleotide. The control included LIPOFECTIN™ at a concentration of 12 μg/ml. Oligonucleotide 17605, an oligonucleotide with different sequence but identical base composition to oligonucleotide 16518, was used as a negative control. Results are shown in Table 3. Oligonucleotides 16507 and 16518 gave approximately 90% inhibition at concentrations greater than 200 nM. No inhibition was seen with oligonucleotide 17605. TABLE 3 Dose Response of A549 Cells to mdm2 Antisense Oligonucleotides (ASOs) SEQ ASO Gene % mRNA % mRNA ISIS # ID Target Dose Expression Inhibition NO: control LIPOFECTIN™ 100% 0% only 16507 4 5' -UTR 25 nM 55% 45% 16507 4 Tl 50 nM 52% 48% 16507 4 π 100 nM 24% 76% 16507 4 IT 200 nM 12% 88% 16518 15 Coding 50 nM 18% 82% 16518 15 Tl 100 nM 14% 86% 16518 15 IT 200 nM 9% 91% 16518 15 II 400 nM 8% 92% 17605 24 scrambled 400 nM 129% - 41 - EXAMPLE 4 : Time Course of Antisense Oligonucleotide Effects on Human mdm2 mRNA Levels in A549 Cells Oligonucleotides 16507 and 17605 were tested by treating for varying times. A549 cells were grown, treated for times indicated in Table 4 and processed as described in Example 2. Results are shown in Table 4. Oligonucleotide 16507 gave greater than 90% inhibition throughout the time course. No inhibition was seen with oligonucleotide 17605. TABLE 4 Time Course of Response of Cells to Human mdm2 Antisense Oligonucleotides (ASOs) SEQ ASO Gene % RNA % RNA ISIS # ID Target Time Expression Inhibition NO: Region basal LIPOFECTIN™ 24 h 100% 0% only basal Tl 48 h 100% 0% basal Tl 72 h 100% 0% 16518 15 Coding 24 h 3% 97% 16518 15 Tl 48 h 6% 94% 16518 15 II 72 h 5% 95% 17605 24 scrambled 24 h 195% 17605 24 IT 48 h 100% 17605 24 TT 72 h 102% EXAMPLE 5 : Effect of Antisense Oligonucleotides on Cell Proliferation in A549 Cells A549 cells were treated on day 0 for four hours with 400 nM oligonucleotide and 12 mg/ml LIPOFECTIN. After four hours, the medium was replaced. Twenty-four, forty-eight or seventy- two hours after initiation of oligonucleotide treatment, live cells were counted on a hemacytometer . Results are shown in Table 5. - 42 - TABLE 5 Antisense Inhibition of Cell Proliferation in A549 cells SEQ ASO Gene % Cell % Growth ISIS # ID Target Region Time Growth Inhibition NO: basal LIPOFECTIN™ 24 h 100% 0% only basal IT 48 h 100% 0% basal TT 72 h 100% 0% 16518 15 Coding 24 h 53% 47% 16518 15 TT 48 h 27% 73% 16518 15 TT 72 h 17% 83% 17605 24 scrambled 24 h 93% 7% 17605 24 TT 48 h 76% 24% 17605 24 TT 72 h 95% 5% EXAMPLE 6 : Effect of mdm2 Antisense Oligonucleotide on p53 Protein Levels JEG3 cells were cultured and treated as described in Example 2, except that 300 nM oligonucleotide and 9 μg/ml of LIPOFECTIN™ was used. For determination of p53 protein levels by western blot, cellular extracts were prepared using 300 μl of RIPA extraction buffer per 100-mm dish. The protein concentration was quantified by Bradford assay using the BioRad kit (BioRad, Hercules, CA) . Equal amounts of protein were loaded on 10% or 12% SDS-PAGE mini-gel (Novex, San Diego, CA) . Once transferred to PVDF membranes (Millipore, Bedford, MA) , the membranes were then treated for a minimum of 2h with specific primary antibody (p53 antibody, Transduction Laboratories, Lexington, KY) followed by incubation with secondary antibody conjugated to HRP . The results were visualized by ECL Plus - 43 - Western Blotting Detection System (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, NJ) . In some experiments, the blots were stripped in stripping buffer (2% SDS, 12.5 mM Tris, pH 6.8) for 30 min. at 50°C. After extensive washing, the blots were blocked and blotted with different primary antibody. Results are shown in Table 6. Treatment with mdm2 antisense oligonucleotide results in the induction of p53 levels. An approximately three-fold increase in activity was seen under these conditions. TABLE 6 Activity of ISIS 16518 on p53 Protein Levels ISIS SEQ ID GENE % protein No: NO: TARGET EXPRESSION REGION LIPOFECTIN™ only 100% 16518 15 coding 289% EXAMPLE 7 : Effect of ISIS 16518 on Expression of p53 Mediated Genes p53 is known to regulate the expression of a number of genes and to be involved in apoptosis. Representative genes known to be regulated by p53 include p21 (Deng, C, et al . , Cell , 1995, 82, 675), bax (Selvakumaran, M. , et al . , Oncogene, 1994, 9, 1791-1798) and GADD45 (Carrier, F. , et al . , J. Biol . Chem . , 1994, 269, 32672-32677) . The effect of an mdm2 antisense oligonucleotide on these genes is investigated by RPA analysis using the RIBOQUANT™ RPA kit, according to the manufacturer's instructions (Pharmingen, San Diego, CA) , along with the hSTRESS-1 multi-probe template set. Included in this template set are bclx, p53, GADD45, c-fos, p21, bax, bcl2 and mcll. The effect of mdm2 antisense oligonucleotides on p53-mediated - 44 - apoptosis can readily be assessed using commercial kits based on apoptotic markers such as DNA fragmentation or caspase activity. EXAMPLE 8 : Additional Human mdm2 Chimeric (deoxy gapped) Antisense Oligonucleotides Additional oligonucleotides targeted to the 5'- untranslated region of human mdm2 mRNA were designed and synthesized. Sequence data are from the cDNA sequence published by Zauberman, A., et al., Nucleic Acids Res . , 23, 2584 (1995); Genbank accession number HSU28935. Oligonucleotides were synthesized primarily as chimeric oligonucleotides having a centered deoxy gap of eight nucleotides flanked by 2 ' -O-methoxyethyl regions. The oligonucleotide sequences are shown in Table 7. These oligonucleotides were tested in A549 cells as described in Example 2. Results are shown in Table 8. TABLE 7 Nucleotide Sequences of additional Human mdm2 Chimeric (deoxy gapped) Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides SEQ TARGET GENE GENE ISIS NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE 1 ID NUCLEOTIDE TARGET NO. (5' -> 3') NO: CO-ORDINATES 2 REGION 21926 CTACCCTCCAATCGCCACTG 28 0238-0257 coding 21927 GGTCTACCCTCCAATCGCCA 29 0241-0260 coding 21928 CGTGCCCACAGGTCTACCCT 30 0251-0270 coding 21929 AAGTGGCGTGCGTCCGTGCC 31 0265-0284 coding 21930 AAAGTGGCGTGCGTCCGTGC 32 0266-0285 coding 1 Emboldened residues, 2 ' -methoxyethoxy- residues (others are 2 '-deoxy-); all 2 ' -methoxyethoxy-cytosine and 2 ' -deoxy- cytosine residues, 5-methyl-cytosines; all linkages are phosphorothioate linkages. 2 Co-ordinates from Genbank Accession No. U28935, locus name "HSU28935", SEQ ID NO: 2. 45 - TABLE 8 Activities of Chimeric (deoxy gapped) Oligonucleotides Targeted to Human mdm2 ISIS SEQ GENE TARGET % mRNA % mRNA No: ID REGION EXPRESSION INHIBITION NO: LIPOFECTIN T 100% 0% M only 21926 28 coding 345% 21927 29 coding 500% 21928 30 coding 417% 21929 31 coding 61% 39% 21930 32 coding 69% 31% These oligonucleotide sequences were also tested for their ability to reduce mdm2 protein levels. JEG3 cells were cultured and treated as described in Example 2, except that 300 nM oligonucleotide and 9 μg/ml of LIPOFECTIN™ was used. Mdm2 protein levels were assayed by Western blotting as described in Example 6, except an mouse anti-mdm2 monoclonal antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA) was used. Results are shown in Table 9. TABLE 9 Activities of Chimeric (deoxy gapped) Human mdm2 Antisense Oligonucleotides on mdm2 Protein Levels ISIS SEQ GENE % PROTEIN % PROTEIN No: ID TARGET EXPRESSION INHIBITION NO: REGION LIPOFECTIN™ only 100% 0% 21926 28 coding 30% 70% 21927 29 coding 18% 82% 21928 30 coding 43% 57% - 46 - 21929 31 coding 62% 38% 21930 32 coding 56% 44% Each oligonucleotide tested reduced mdm2 protein levels by greater than approximately 40%. Maximum inhibition was seen with oligonucleotide 21927 (SEQ ID NO. 29) which gave greater than 80% inhibition of mdm2 protein, EXAMPLE 9 : Additional Human mdm2 Antisense Oligonucleotides Additional oligonucleotides targeted to human mdm2 mRNA were designed and synthesized. Sequence data are from the cDNA sequence published by Zauberman, A., et al . , Nucleic Acids Res . , 23, 2584 (1995); Genbank accession number HSU28935. Oligonucleotides were synthesized in 96 well plate format via solid phase P(III) phosphoramidite chemistry on an automated synthesizer capable of assembling 96 sequences simultaneously in a standard 96 well format. Phosphodiester internucleotide linkages were afforded by oxidation with aqueous iodine. Phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages were generated by sulfurization utilizing 3,H-1,2 benzodithiole-3-one 1,1 dioxide (Beaucage Reagent) in anhydrous acetonitrile. Standard base-protected beta-cyanoethyl-di-isopropyl phosphoramidites were purchased from commercial vendors (e.g. PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, or Pharmacia, Piscataway, NJ) . Non-standard nucleosides are synthesized as per published methods. They are utilized as base protected beta-cyanoethyldiisopropyl phosphoramidites. Oligonucleotides were cleaved from support and deprotected with concentrated NH 4 OH at elevated temperature (55-60°C) for 12-16 hours and the released product then dried in vacuo. The dried product was then re-suspended in sterile water to afford a master plate from which all - 47 - analytical and test plate samples are then diluted utilizing robotic pipettors. Two sets of oligonucleotides were synthesized; one as phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides, the other as chimeric oligonucleotides having a centered deoxy gap of ten nucleotides flanked by regions of five 2 ' -0- methoxyethyl nucleotides. These oligonucleotides sequences are shown in Tables 10 and 11. mRNA was isolated using the RNAEASY® kit (Qiagen, Santa Clarita, CA) . TABLE 10: Nucleotide Sequences of Human mdm2 Phosphorothioate Oligodeoxynucleotides SEQ TARGET GENE GENE ISIS NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE 1 ID NUCLEOTIDE TARGET NO. (5' -> 3') NO: CO-ORDINATES 2 REGION 31393 CAGCCAAGCTCGCGCGGTGC 3 0001-0020 5' UTR 31712 AAGCAGCCAAGCTCGCGCGG 33 0004-0023 5' UTR 31552 CAGGCCCCAGAAGCAGCCAA 34 0014-0033 5' UTR 31713 GCCACACAGGCCCCAGAAGC 35 0020-0039 5' UTR 31394 ACACACAGGGCCACACAGGC 36 0029-0048 5' UTR 31714 TTCCGACACACAGGGCCACA 37 0034-0053 5' UTR 31553 GCTCCATCTTTCCGACACAC 38 0043-0062 5' UTR 31715 GCTTCTTGCTCCATCTTTCC 39 0050-0069 5' UTR 31395 CCCTCGGGCTCGGCTTCTTG 40 0062-0081 5' UTR 31716 GCGGCCGCCCCTCGGGCTCG 41 0070-0089 5' UTR 31554 AAGCAGCAGGATCTCGGTCA 42 0098-0107 5' UTR 31717 GCTGCGAAAGCAGCAGGATC 43 0105-0124 5' UTR 31396 TGCTCCTGGCTGCGAAAGCA 44 0113-0132 5' UTR 31718 GGGACGGTGCTCCTGGCTGC 45 0120-0139 5' UTR 31555 ACTGGGCGCTCGTACGCACT 46 0150-0169 5' UTR 31719 GCCAGGGCACTGGGCGCTCG 47 0158-0177 5' -UTR - 48 - 31397 TCTCCGGGCCAGGGCACTGG 48 0165-0184 5' UTR 31720 TCATTCCACTCTCCGGGCCA 49 0174-0193 5' UTR 31556 GGAAGCACGACGCCCTGGGC 50 0202-0221 5' UTR 31721 TACTGCGGAAGCACGACGCC 51 0208-0227 5' UTR 31398 GGGACTGACTACTGCGGAAG 52 0217-0236 5' UTR 31722 TCAAGACTCCCCAGTTTCCT 53 0242-0261 5' UTR 31557 CCTGCTCCTCACCATCCGGG 54 0289-0308 5' UTR 31399 TTTGCCTGCTCCTCACCATC 55 0293-0312 AUG 31400 ATTTGCCTGCTCCTCACCAT 56 0294-0313 AUG 31401 CATTTGCCTGCTCCTCACCA 9 0295-0314 AUG 31402 ACATTTGCCTGCTCCTCACC 57 0296-0315 AUG 31403 CACATTTGCCTGCTCCTCAC 58 0297-0316 AUG 31404 GCACATTTGCCTGCTCCTCA 59 0298-0317 AUG 31405 TGCACATTTGCCTGCTCCTC 60 0299-0318 AUG 31406 TTGCACATTTGCCTGCTCCT 61 0300-0319 AUG 31407 ATTGCACATTTGCCTGCTCC 62 0301-0320 AUG 31408 TATTGCACATTTGCCTGCTC 63 0302-0321 AUG 31409 GTATTGCACATTTGCCTGCT 10 0303-0322 AUG 31410 GGTATTGCACATTTGCCTGC 64 0304-0323 AUG 31411 TGGTATTGCACATTTGCCTG 65 0305-0324 AUG 31412 TTGGTATTGCACATTTGCCT 66 0306-0325 AUG 31413 GTTGGTATTGCACATTTGCC 67 0307-0326 AUG 31414 TGTTGGTATTGCACATTTGC 68 0308-0327 AUG 31415 ATGTTGGTATTGCACATTTG 69 0309-0328 AUG 31416 CATGTTGGTATTGCACATTT 70 0310-0329 AUG 31417 ACATGTTGGTATTGCACATT 71 0311-0330 AUG 31418 GACATGTTGGTATTGCACAT 72 0312-0331 AUG 31419 AGACATGTTGGTATTGCACA 73 0313-0332 AUG 31420 CAGACATGTTGGTATTGCAC 74 0314-0333 AUG 31558 CAGTAGGTACAGACATGTTG 75 0323-0342 coding - 49 - 31723 TACAGCACCATCAGTAGGTA 76 0334-0353 coding 31421 GGAATCTGTGAGGTGGTTAC 77 0351-0370 coding 31559 TTCCGAAGCTGGAATCTGTG 78 0361-0380 coding 31724 AGGGTCTCTTGTTCCGAAGC 79 0372-0391 coding 31422 GCTTTGGTCTAACCAGGGTC 80 0386-0405 coding 31560 GCAATGGCTTTGGTCTAACC 81 0392-0411 coding 31725 TAACTTCAAAAGCAATGGCT 82 0403-0422 coding 31423 GTGCACCAACAGACTTTAAT 83 0422-0441 coding 31561 ACCTCTTTCATAGTATAAGT 84 0450-0469 coding 31726 ATAATATACTGGCCAAGATA 85 0477-0496 coding 31424 TAATCGTTTAGTCATAATAT 86 0490-0509 coding 31727 ATCATATAATCGTTTAGTCA 87 0496-0515 coding 31562 GCTTCTCATCATATAATCGT 88 0503-0522 coding 31728 CAATATGTTGTTGCTTCTCA 89 0515-0534 coding 31425 G ACAATATACAATATGTTG 90 0525-0544 coding 31729 TC TTTGAACAATATACAAT 91 0531-0550 coding 31563 TAGAAGATCATTTGAACAAT 92 0538-0557 coding 31730 AACAAATCTCCTAGAAGATC 93 0549-0568 coding 31426 TGGCACGCCAAACAAATCTC 94 0559-0578 coding 31731 AGAAGCTTGGCACGCCAAAC 95 0566-0585 coding 31564 CTTTCACAGAGAAGCTTGGC 96 0575-0594 coding 31732 TTTTCCTGTGCTCTTTCACA 97 0587-0606 coding 31427 TATATATTTTCCTGTGCTCT 98 0593-0612 coding 31733 ATCATGGTATATATTTTCCT 99 0600-0619 coding 31565 TTCCTGTAGATCATGGTATA 100 0609-0628 coding 31734 TACTACCAAGTTCCTGTAGA 101 0619-0638 coding 31428 TTCCTGCTGATTGACTACTA 102 0634-0653 coding 31566 TGAGTCCGATGATTCCTGCT 103 0646-0665 coding 31735 CAGATGTACCTGAGTCCGAT 104 0656-0675 coding 31429 CTGTTCTCACTCACAGATGT 105 0669-0688 coding 50 - 31567 TTCAAGGTGACACCTGTTCT 106 0682-0701 coding 31736 ACTCCCACCTTCAAGGTGAC 107 0691-0710 coding 31430 GGTCCTTTTGATCACTCCCA 108 0704-0723 coding 31568 AAGCTCTTGTACAAGGTCCT 109 0718-0737 coding 31737 CTCTTCCTGAAGCTCTTGTA 110 0727-0746 coding 31431 AAGATGAAGGTTTCTCTTCC 111 0740-0759 coding 31569 AAACCAAATGTGAAGATGAA 112 0752-0771 coding 31738 ATGGTCTAGAAACCAAATGT 113 0761-0780 coding 31432 CTAGATGAGGTAGATGGTCT 114 0774-0793 coding 31570 AATTGCTCTCCTTCTAGATG 115 0787-0806 coding 31739 TCTGTCTCACTAATTGCTCT 116 0798-0817 coding 31433 TCTGAATTTTCTTCTGTCTC 117 0810-0829 coding 31571 CACCAGATAATTCATCTGAA 118 0824-0843 coding 31740 TTTGTCGTTCACCAGATAAT 119 0833-0852 coding 31434 GTGGCGTTTTCTTTGTCGTT 120 0844-0863 coding 31572 TACTATCAGATTTGTGGCGT 121 0857-0876 coding 31741 GAAAGGGAAATACTATCAGA 122 0867-0886 coding 31435 GCTTTCATCAAAGGAAAGGG 123 0880-0899 coding 31573 TACACACAGAGCCAGGCTTT 124 0895-0914 coding 31742 CTCCCTTATTACACACAGAG 125 0904-0923 coding 31436 TCACAACATATCTCCCTTAT 126 0915-0934 coding 31574 CTACTGCTTCTTTCACAACA 127 0927-0946 coding 31743 GATTCACTGCTACTGCTTCT 128 0936-0955 coding 31437 TGGCGTCCCTGTAGATTCAC 129 0949-0968 coding 31575 AAGATCCGGATTCGATGGCG 130 0964-0983 coding 31744 CAGCATCAAGATCCGGATTC 131 0971-0990 coding 31438 GTTCACTTACACCAGCATCA 132 0983-1002 coding 31576 CAATCACCTGAATGTTCACT 133 0996-1015 coding 31745 CTGATCCAACCAATCACCTG 134 1006-1025 coding 31439 GAAACTGAATCCTGATCCAA 135 1017-1036 coding - 51 - 31746 TGATCTGAAACTGAATCCTG 136 1023-1042 coding 31577 CT CACTAAACTG TCTGAA 137 1034-1053 coding 31747 CAACTTCAAATTCTACACTA 138 1046-1065 coding 31440 AGATTCAACTTC AATTCTA 139 1051-1070 coding 31748 GAGTCGAGAGATTCAACTTC 140 1059-1078 coding 31578 TAATCTTCTGAGTCGAGAGA 141 10.68-1087 coding 31749 CTAAGGCTATAATCTTCTGA 142 1077-1096 coding 31441 TTCTTCACTAAGGCTATAAT 143 1084-1103 coding 31750 TCTTGTCCTTCTTCACTAAG 144 1092-1111 coding 31579 CTGAGAGTTCTTGTCCTTCT 145 1100-1119 coding 31751 TTCATCTGAGAGTTCTTGTC 146 1105-1124 coding 31442 CCTCATCATCTTCATCTGAG 147 1115-1134 coding 31752 CTTGATATACCTCATCATCT 148 1124-1143 coding 31753 ATACACAGTAACTTGATATA 149 1135-1154 coding 31443 CTCTCCCCTGCCTGATACAC 150 1149-1168 coding 31580 GAATCTGTATCACTCTCCCC 151 1161-1180 coding 31754 TCTTCAAATGAATCTGTATC 152 1170-1189 coding 31444 AAATTTCAGGATCTTCTTCA 153 1184-1203 coding 31581 AGTCAGCTAAGGAAATTTCA 154 1196-1215 coding 31755 GCATTTCCAATAGTCAGCTA 155 1207-1226 coding 31445 CATTGCATGAAGTGCATTTC 156 1220-1239 coding 31756 TCATTTCATTGCATGAAGTG 157 1226-1245 coding 31582 CATCTGTTGCAATGTGATGG 158 1257-1276 coding 31757 GAAGGGCCCAACATCTGTTG 159 1268-1287 coding 31446 TTCTCACGAAGGGCCCAACA 160 1275-1294 coding 31758 GAAGCCAATTCTCACGAAGG 161 1283-1302 coding 31583 TATCTTCAGGAAGCCAATTC 162 1292-1311 coding 31759 CTTTCCCTTTATCTTCAGGA 163 1301-1320 coding 31447 TCCCCTTTATCTTTCCCTTT 164 1311-1330 coding 31584 CTTTCTCAGAGATTTCCCCT 165 1325-1344 coding - 52 - 31760 CAGTTTGGCTTTCTCAGAGA 166 1333-1352 coding 31448 GTGTTGAGTTTTCCAGTTTG 167 1346-1365 coding 31585 CCTCTTCAGCTTGTGTTGAG 168 1358-1377 coding 31761 ACATCAAAGCCCTCTTCAGC 169 1368-1787 coding 31449 GAATCATTCACTATAGTTTT 170 1401-1420 coding 31586 ATGACTCTCTGGAATCATTC 171 1412-1431 coding 31762 CCTCAACACATGACTCTCTG 172 1421-1440 coding 31450 TTATCATCATTTTCCTCAAC 173 1434-1453 coding 31763 TAATTTTATCATCATTTTCC 174 1439-1458 coding 31587 GAAGCTTGTGTAATTTTATC 175 1449-1468 coding 31764 TGATTGTGAAGCTTGTGTAA 176 1456-1475 coding 31451 CACTTTCTTGTGATTGTGAA 177 1466-1485 coding 31588 GCTGAGAATAGTCTTCACTT 178 1481-1500 coding 31765 AGTTGATGGCTGAGAATAGT 179 1489-1508 coding 31452 TGCTACTAGAAGTTGATGGC 180 1499-1518 coding 31766 TAAATAATGCTACTAGAAGT 181 1506-1525 coding 31589 CTTGGCTGCTATAAATAATG 182 1517-1536 coding 31590 ATCTTCTTGGCTGCTATAAA 183 1522-1541 coding 31453 AACTCTTTCACATCTTCTTG 184 1533-1552 coding 31767 CCCTTTCAAACTCTTTCACA 185 1541-1560 coding 31591 GGGTTTCTTCCCTTTCAAAC 186 1550-1569 coding 31768 TCTTTGTCTTGGGTTTCTTC 187 1560-1579 coding 31454 CTCTCTTCTTTGTCTTGGGT 188 1566-1585 coding 31592 AACTAGATTCCACACTCTCT 189 1580-1599 coding 31769 CAAGGTTCAATGGCATTAAG 190 1605-1624 coding 31455 TGACAAATCACACAAGGTTC 191 1617-1636 coding 31593 TCGACCTTGACAAATCACAC 192 1624-1643 coding 31594 ATGGACAATGCAACCATTTT 193 1648-1667 coding 31770 TGTTTTGCCATGGACAATGC 194 1657-1676 coding 31456 TAAGATGTCCTGTTTTGCCA 195 1667-1686 coding - 53 - 31595 GCAGGCCATAAGATGTCCTG 196 1675-1694 COding 31596 ACATGTAAAGCAGGCCATAA 197 1684-1703 CCding 31771 CTTTGCACATGTAAAGCAGG 198 1690-1709 CCding 31457 TTTCTTTAGCTTCTTTGCAC 199 1702-1721 coding 31597 TTATTCCTTTTCTTTAGCTT 200 1710-1729 COding 31598 TGGGCAGGGCTTATTCCTTT 201 1720-1739 CCding 31772 ACATACTGGGCAGGGCTTAT 202 1726-1745 CCding 31458 TTGGTTGTCTACATACTGGG 203 1736-1755 COding 31599 TCATTTGAATTGGTTGTCTA 204 1745-1764 CCding 31600 AAGTTAGCACAATCATTTGA 205 1757-1776 CCding 31601 TCTCTTATAGACAGGTCAAC 206 1787-1806 STOP 31459 AAATATATAATTCTCTTATA 207 1798-1817 3' UTR 31602 AGTTAGAAATATATAATTCT 208 1804-1823 3' UTR 31773 ATATAGTTAGAAATATATAA 209 1808-1827 3' UTR 31603 CTAGGGTTATATAGTTAGAA 210 1816-1835 3' UTR 31774 TAAATTCCTAGGGTTATATA 211 1823-1842 3' UTR 31460 CAGGTTGTCTAAATTCCTAG 212 1832-1851 3' UTR 31604 ATAAATTTCAGGTTGTCTAA 213 1840-1859 3' UTR 31605 ATATATGTGAATAAATTTCA 214 1850-1869 3' UTR 31606 CTTTGATATATGTGAAT AA 215 1855-1874 3' UTR 31461 CATTTTCTCACTTTGATATA 216 1865-1884 3' UTR 31607 ATTGAGGCATTTTCTCACTT 217 1872-1891 3' UTR 31608 AATCTATGTGAATTGAGGCA 218 1883-1902 3' UTR 31609 AGAAGAAATCTATGTGAATT 219 1889-1908 3* UTR 31462 ATACTAAAGAGAAGAAATCT 220 1898-1917 3' UTR 31610 GTCAATT TACTAAAGAGAA 221 1905-1924 3' UTR 31775 TAGGTCAATTATACTAAAGA 222 1908-1927 3' UTR 31611 CAAAGTAGGTCAATTATACT 223 1913-1932 3' UTR 31776 CCACTACCAAAGTAGGTCAA 224 1920-1939 3' UTR 31463 AGTATTCACTATTCCACTAC 225 1933-1952 3' UTR 54 - 31612 TATAGTAAGTATTCACTATT 226 1940-1959 3' UTR 31613 AGTCAAATTATAGTAAGTAT 227 1948-1967 3' UTR 31777 CATATTCAAGTCAAATTATA 228 1956-1975 3' UTR 31464 AAAGGATGAGCTACATATTC 229 1969-1988 3' UTR 31778 GTGTAAAGGATGAGCTACAT 230 1973-1992 3' UTR 31614 TAGGAGTTGGTGTAAAGGAT 231 1982-2001 3' UTR 31779 TTTAAAATTAGGAGTTGGTG 232 1990-2009 3' UTR 31615 GAAATTATTTAAAATTAGGA 233 1997-2016 3' UTR 31465 CAGAGT GAAATTATTTAAA 234 2004-2023 3' UTR 31616 CTCATTTAAGACAGAGTAG 235 2015-2034 3' UTR 31780 TACTTCTCATTTAAGACAGA 236 2020-2039 3' UTR 31617 CATATACATATTTAAGAAAA 237 2051-2070 3' UTR 31466 TTAAATGTCATATACATATT 238 2059-2078 3' UTR 31618 TAATAAGTTACATTTAAATG 239 2072-2091 3' UTR 31619 GTAACAGAGCAAGACTCGGT 240 2103-2122 3' UTR 31467 CAGCCTGGGTAACAGAGCAA 241 2111-2130 3' UTR 31781 CACTCCAGCCTGGGTAACAG 242 2116-2135 3' UTR 31620 CCCACTGCACTCCAGCCTGG 243 2123-2142 3' UTR 31782 GCCAAGATCACCCACTGCAC 244 2133-2152 3' UTR 31621 GCAGTGAGCCAAGATCACCC 245 2140-2159 3' UTR 31468 GAGCTTGCAGTGAGCCAAGA 246 2146-2165 3' UTR 31783 GAGGGCAGAGCTTGCAGTGA 247 2153-2172 3' UTR 31622 CAGGAGAATGGTGCGAACCC 248 2176-2195 3' UTR 31623 AGGCTGAGGCAGGAGAATGG 249 2185-2204 3' UTR 31784 ATTGGGAGGCTGAGGCAGGA 250 2191-2210 3' UTR 31469 CAAGCTAATTGGGAGGCTGA 251 2198-2217 3' UTR 31624 AGGCCAAGCTAATTGGGAGG 252 2202-2221 3' UTR 31785 ATGACTGTAGGCCAAGCTAA 253 2210-2229 3" UTR 31625 CAGATGACTGTAGGCCAAGC 254 2213-2232 3' UTR 31786 GGTGGCAGATGACTGTAGGC 255 2218-2237 3' UTR - 55 - 31626 AGGTGTGGTGGCAGATGACT 21 2224-2243 3' UTR 31470 AATTAGCCAGGTGTGGTGGC 256 2232-2251 3' UTR 31627 GTCTCTACTAAAAGTACAAA 257 2253-2272 3' UTR 31628 CGGTGAAACCCTGTCTCTAC 258 2265-2284 3' UTR 31787 TGGCTAACACGGTGAAACCC 259 2274-2293 3' UTR 31471 AGACCATCCTGGCTAACACG 260 2283-2302 3' UTR 31788 GAGATCGAGACCATCCTGGC 261 2290-2309 3' UTR 31629 GAGGTCAGGAGATCGAGACC 262 2298-2317 3' UTR 31789 GCGGATCACGAGGTCAGGAG 263 2307-2326 3' UTR 31472 AGGCCGAGGTGGGCGGATCA 264 2319-2338 3' UTR 31790 TTTGGGAGGCCGAGGTGGGC 265 2325-2344 3' UTR 31630 TCCCAGCACTTTGGGAGGCC 266 2334-2353 3' UTR 31791 CCTGTAATCCCAGCACTTTG 267 2341-2360 3' UTR 31631 GTGGCTCATGCCTGTAATCC 268 2351-2370 3* UTR 1 All deoxy cytosines residues are 5-methyl-cytosines; all linkages are phosphorothioate linkages. 2 Co-ordinates from Genbank Accession No. Z12020, locus name "HSP53ASSG", SEQ ID NO: 1. TABLE 11: Nucleotide Sequences of Human mdm2 Chimeric (deoxy gapped) Oligonucleotides SEQ TARGET GENE GENE ISIS NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE 1 ID NUCLEOTIDE TARGET NO. (5' -> 3') NO: CO-ORDINATES 2 REGION 31393 CAGCCAAGCTCGCGCGGTGC 3 0001-0020 5' UTR 31712 AAGCAGCCAAGCTCGCGCGG 33 0004-0023 5' UTR 31552 CAGGCCCCAGAAGCAGCCAA 34 0014-0033 5' UTR 31713 GCCACACAGGCCCCAGAAGC 35 0020-0039 5' UTR 31394 ACACACAGGGCCACACAGGC 36 0029-0048 5' UTR - 56 - 31714 TTCCGACACACAGGGCCACA 37 0034-0053 5' UTR 31553 GCTCCATCTTTCCGACACAC 38 0043-0062 5' UTR 31715 GCTTCTTGCTCCATCTTTCC 39 0050-0069 5' UTR 31395 CCCTCGGGCTCGGCTTCTTG 40 0062-0081 5' UTR 31716 GCGGCCGCCCCTCGGGCTCG 41 0070-0089 5' UTR 31554 AAGCAGCAGGATCTCGGTCA 42 0098-0107 5' UTR 31717 GCTGCGAAAGCAGCAGGATC 43 0105-0124 5' UTR 31396 TGCTCCTGGCTGCGAAAGCA 44 0113-0132 5' UTR 31718 GGGACGGTGCTCCTGGCTGC 45 0120-0139 5' UTR 31555 ACTGGGCGCTCGTACGCACT 46 0150-0169 5' UTR 31719 GCCAGGGCACTGGGCGCTCG 47 0158-0177 5' UTR 31397 TCTCCGGGCCAGGGCACTGG 48 0165-0184 5' UTR 31720 TCATTCCACTCTCCGGGCCA 49 0174-0193 5' UTR 31556 GGAAGCACGACGCCCTGGGC 50 0202-0221 5' UTR 31721 TACTGCGGAAGCACGACGCC 51 0208-0227 5' UTR 31398 GGGACTGACTACTGCGGAAG 52 0217-0236 5' UTR 31722 TCAAGACTCCCCAGTTTCCT 53 0242-0261 5' UTR 31557 CCTGCTCCTCACCATCCGGG 54 0289-0308 5' UTR 31399 TTTGCCTGCTCCTCACCATC 55 0293-0312 AUG 31400 ATTTGCCTGCTCCTCACCAT 56 0294-0313 AUG 31401 CATTTGCCTGCTCCTCACCA 9 0295-0314 AUG 31402 ACATTTGCCTGCTCCTCACC 57 0296-0315 AUG 31403 CACATTTGCCTGCTCCTCAC 58 0297-0316 AUG 31404 GCACATTTGCCTGCTCCTCA 59 0298-0317 AUG 31405 TGCACATTTGCCTGCTCCTC 60 0299-0318 AUG 31406 TTGCACATTTGCCTGCTCCT 61 0300-0319 AUG 31407 ATTGCACATTTGCCTGCTCC 62 0301-0320 AUG 31408 TATTGCACATTTGCCTGCTC 63 0302-0321 AUG 31409 GTATTGCACATTTGCCTGCT 10 0303-0322 AUG 57 - 31410 GGTATTGCACATTTGCCTGC 64 0304-0323 AUG 31411 TGGTATTGCACATTTGCCTG 65 0305-0324 AUG 31412 TTGGTATTGCACATTTGCCT 66 0306-0325 AUG 31413 GTTGGTATTGCACATTTGCC 67 0307-0326 AUG 31414 TGTTGGTATTGC CATTTGC 68 0308-0327 AUG 31415 ATGTTGGTATTGCACATTTG 69 0309-0328 AUG 31416 CATGTTGGTATTGCACATTT 70 0310-0329 AUG 31417 ACATGTTGGTATTGCACATT 71 0311-0330 AUG 31418 GACATGTTGGTATTGCACAT 72 0312-0331 AUG 31419 AGACATGTTGGTATTGCACA 73 0313-0332 AUG 31420 CAGACATGTTGGTATTGCAC 74 0314-0333 AUG 31558 CAGTAGGTACAGACATGTTG 75 0323-0342 coding 31723 TACAGCACCATCAGTAGGTA 76 0334-0353 coding 31421 GGAATCTGTGAGGTGGTTAC 77 0351-0370 coding 31559 TTCCGAAGCTGGAATCTGTG 78 0361-0380 coding 31724 AGGGTCTCTTGTTCCGAAGC 79 0372-0391 coding 31422 GCTTTGGTCTAACCAGGGTC 80 0386-0405 coding 31560 GCAATGGCTTTGGTCTAACC 81 0392-0411 coding 31725 TAACTTCAAAAGCAATGGCT 82 0403-0422 coding 31423 GTGCACCAACAGACTTTAAT 83 0422-0441 coding 31561 ACCTCTTTCATAGTATAAGT 84 0450-0469 coding 31726 ATAATATACTGGCCAAGATA 85 0477-0496 coding 31424 TAATCGTTTAGTCATAATAT 86 0490-0509 coding 31727 ATCATATAATCGTTTAGTCA 87 0496-0515 coding 31562 GCTTCTCATCATAT ATCGT 88 0503-0522 coding 31728 CAATATGTTGTTGCTTCTCA 89 0515-0534 coding 31425 GAACAATATACAATATGTTG 90 0525-0544 coding 31729 TCATTTGAACAATATACAAT 91 0531-0550 coding 31563 TAGAAGATCATTTGAACAAT 92 0538-0557 coding - 58 - 31730 AACAAATCTCCTAGAAGATC 93 0549-0568 coding 31426 TGGCACGCCAAACAAATCTC 94 0559-0578 coding 31731 AGAAGCTTGGCACGCCAAAC 95 0566-0585 coding 31564 CTTTCACAGAGAAGCTTGGC 96 0575-0594 coding 31732 TTTTCCTGTGCTCTTTCACA 97 0587-0606 coding 31427 TATATATTTTCCTGTGCTCT 98 0593-0612 coding 31733 ATCATGGTATATATTTTCCT 99 0600-0619 coding 31565 TTCCTGTAGATCATGGTATA 100 0609-0628 coding 31734 TACTACCAAGTTCCTGTAGA 101 0619-0638 coding 31428 TTCCTGCTGATTGACTACTA 102 0634-0653 coding 31566 TGAGTCCGATGATTCCTGCT 103 0646-0665 coding 31735 CAGATGTACCTGAGTCCGAT 104 0656-0675 coding 31429 CTGTTCTCACTCACAGATGT 105 0669-0688 coding 31567 TTCAAGGTGACACCTGTTCT 106 0682-0701 coding 31736 ACTCCCACCTTCAAGGTGAC 107 0691-0710 coding 31430 GGTCCTTTTGATCACTCCCA 108 0704-0723 coding 31568 AAGCTCTTGTACAAGGTCCT 109 0718-0737 coding 31737 CTCTTCCTGAAGCTCTTGTA 110 0727-0746 coding 31431 AAGATGAAGGTTTCTCTTCC 111 0740-0759 coding 31569 AAACCAAATGTGAAGATGAA 112 0752-0771 coding 31738 ATGGTCTAGAAACCAAATGT 113 0761-0780 coding 31432 CTAGATGAGGTAGATGGTCT 114 0774-0793 coding 31570 AATTGCTCTCCTTCTAGATG 115 0787-0806 coding 31739 TCTGTCTCACTAATTGCTCT 116 0798-0817 coding 31433 TCTGAATTTTCTTCTGTCTC 117 0810-0829 coding 31571 CACCAGAT ATTCATCTGAA 118 0824-0843 coding 31740 TTTGTCGTTCACCAGATAAT 119 0833-0852 coding 31434 GTGGCGTTTTCTTTGTCGTT 120 0844-0863 coding 31572 TACTATCAGATTTGTGGCGT 121 0857-0876 coding - 59 - 31741 GAAAGGGAAATACTATCAGA 122 0867-0886 coding 31435 GCTTTCATCAAAGGAAAGGG 123 0880-0899 coding 31573 TACACACAGAGCCAGGCTTT 124 0895-0914 coding 31742 CTCCCTTATTACACACAGAG 125 0904-0923 coding 31436 TCACAACATATCTCCCTTAT 126 0915-0934 coding 31574 CTACTGCTTCTTTCACAACA 127 0927-0946 coding 31743 GATTCACTGCTACTGCTTCT 128 0936-0955 coding 31437 TGGCGTCCCTGTAGATTCAC 129 0949-0968 coding 31575 AAGATCCGGATTCGATGGCG 130 0964-0983 coding 31744 CAGCATCAAGATCCGGATTC 131 0971-0990 coding 31438 GTTCACTT CACCAGCATCA 132 0983-1002 coding 31576 CAATCACCTGAATGTTCACT 133 0996-1015 coding 31745 CTGATCCAACCAATCACCTG 134 1006-1025 coding 31439 GAAACTGAATCCTGATCCAA 135 1017-1036 coding 31746 TGATCTGAAACTGAATCCTG 136 1023-1042 coding 31577 CTACACTAAACTGATCTGAA 137 1034-1053 coding 31747 CAACTTCAAATTCTACACTA 138 1046-1065 coding 31440 AGATTCAACTTCAAATTCTA 139 1051-1070 coding 31748 GAGTCGAGAGATTCAACTTC 140 1059-1078 coding 31578 TAATCTTCTGAGTCGAGAGA 141 1068-1087 coding 31749 CTAAGGCTATAATCTTCTGA 142 1077-1096 coding 31441 TTCTTCACTAAGGCTATAAT 143 1084-1103 coding 31750 TCTTGTCCTTCTTCACTAAG 144 1092-1111 coding 31579 CTGAGAGTTCTTGTCCTTCT 145 1100-1119 coding 31751 TTCATCTGAGAGTTCTTGTC 146 1105-1124 coding 31442 CCTCATCATCTTCATCTGAG 147 1115-1134 coding 31752 CTTGATATACCTCATCATCT 148 1124-1143 coding 31753 ATACACAGTAACTTGATATA 149 1135-1154 coding 31443 CTCTCCCCTGCCTGATACAC 150 1149-1168 coding - 60 - 31580 GAATCTGTATCACTCTCCCC 151 1161-1180 coding 31754 TCTTCAAATGAATCTGTATC 152 1170-1189 coding 31444 AAATTTCAGGATCTTCTTCA 153 1184-1203 coding 31581 AGTCAGCTAAGGAAATTTCA 154 1196-1215 coding 31755 GCATTTCCAATAGTCAGCTA 155 1207-1226 coding 31445 CATTGCATGAAGTGCATTTC 156 1220-1239 coding 31756 TCATTTCATTGCATGAAGTG 157 1226-1245 coding 31582 CATCTGTTGCAATGTGATGG 158 1257-1276 coding 31757 GAAGGGCCCAACATCTGTTG 159 1268-1287 coding 31446 TTCTCACGAAGGGCCCAACA 160 1275-1294 coding 31758 GAAGCCAATTCTCACGAAGG 161 1283-1302 coding 31583 TATCTTCAGGAAGCCAATTC 162 1292-1311 coding 31759 CTTTCCCTTTATCTTCAGGA 163 1301-1320 coding 31447 TCCCCTTTATCTTTCCCTTT 164 1311-1330 coding 31584 CTTTCTCAGAGATTTCCCCT 165 1325-1344 coding 31760 CAGTTTGGCTTTCTCAGAGA 166 1333-1352 coding 31448 GTGTTGAGTTTTCCAGTTTG 167 1346-1365 coding 31585 CCTCTTCAGCTTGTGTTGAG 168 1358-1377 coding 31761 ACATCAAAGCCCTCTTCAGC 169 1368-1787 coding 31449 GAATCATTCACTATAGTTTT 170 1401-1420 coding 31586 ATGACTCTCTGGAATCATTC 171 1412-1431 coding 31762 CCTCAACACATGACTCTCTG 172 1421-1440 coding 31450 TTATCATCATTTTCCTCAAC 173 1434-1453 coding 31763 TAATTTTATCATCATTTTCC 174 1439-1458 coding 31587 GAAGCTTGTGTAATTTTATC 175 1449-1468 coding 31764 TGATTGTGAAGCTTGTGTAA 176 1456-1475 coding 31451 CACTTTCTTGTGATTGTGAA 177 1466-1485 coding 31588 GCTGAGAATAGTCTTCACTT 178 1481-1500 coding 31765 AGTTGATGGCTGAGAATAGT 179 1489-1508 coding - 61 - 31452 TGCTACTAGAAGTTGATGGC 180 1499-1518 coding 31766 TAAATAATGCT CTAGAAGT 181 1506-1525 coding 31589 CTTGGCTGCTATAAATAATG 182 1517-1536 coding 31590 ATCTTCTTGGCTGCTATAAA 183 1522-1541 coding 31453 AACTCTTTCACATCTTCTTG 184 1533-1552 coding 31767 CCCTTTCAAACTCTTTCACA 185 1541-1560 coding 31591 GGGTTTCTTCCCTTTCAAAC 186 1550-1569 coding 31768 TCTTTGTCTTGGGTTTCTTC 187 1560-1579 coding 31454 CTCTCTTCTTTGTCTTGGGT 188 1566-1585 coding 31592 AACTAGATTCCACACTCTCT 189 1580-1599 coding 31769 CAAGGTTCAATGGCATTAAG 190 1605-1624 coding 31455 TGACAAATCACACAAGGTTC 191 1617-1636 coding 31593 TCGACCTTGACAAATCACAC 192 1624-1643 coding 31594 ATGGACAATGCAACCATTTT 193 1648-1667 coding 31770 TGTTTTGCCATGGACAATGC 194 1657-1676 coding 31456 TAAGATGTCCTGTTTTGCCA 195 1667-1686 coding 31595 GCAGGCCATAAGATGTCCTG 196 1675-1694 coding 31596 ACATGTAAAGCAGGCCATAA 197 1684-1703 coding 31771 CTTTGCACATGTAAAGCAGG 198 1690-1709 coding 31457 TTTCTTTAGCTTCTTTGCAC 199 1702-1721 coding 31597 TTATTCCTTTTCTTTAGCTT 200 1710-1729 coding 31598 TGGGCAGGGCTTATTCCTTT 201 1720-1739 coding 31772 ACATACTGGGCAGGGCTTAT 202 1726-1745 coding 31458 TTGGTTGTCTACATACTGGG 203 1736-1755 coding 31599 TCATTTGAATTGGTTGTCTA 204 1745-1764 coding 31600 AAGTTAGCACAATCATTTGA 205 1757-1776 coding 31601 TCTCTTATAGACAGGTCAAC 206 1787-1806 STOP 31459 AAATATATAATTCTCTTATA 207 1798-1817 3' UTR 31602 AGTTAGAAATATATAATTCT 208 1804-1823 3' UTR - 62 - 31773 ATATAGTTAGAAATATATAA 209 1808-1827 3' UTR 31603 CTAGGGTTATATAGTTAGAA 210 1816-1835 3' UTR 31774 TAAATTCCTAGGGTTATATA 211 1823-1842 3' UTR 31460 CAGGTTGTCTAAATTCCTAG 212 1832-1851 3' UTR 31604 ATAAATTTCAGGTTGTCTAA 213 1840-1859 3' UTR 31605 ATATATGTGAATAAATTTCA 214 1850-1869 3' UTR 31606 CTTTGATATATGTGAATAAA 215 1855-1874 3' UTR 31461 CATTTTCTCACTTTGATATA 216 1865-1884 3' UTR 31607 ATTGAGGCATTTTCTCACTT 217 1872-1891 3' UTR 31608 AATCTATGTGAATTGAGGCA 218 1883-1902 3' UTR 31609 AGAAGAAATCTATGTGAATT 219 1889-1908 3' UTR 31462 ATACTAAAGAGAAGAAATCT 220 1898-1917 3' UTR 31610 GTCAATTATACTAAAGAGAA 221 1905-1924 3* UTR 31775 TAGGTCAATTATACTAAAGA 222 1908-1927 3' UTR 31611 CAAAGTAGGTCAATTATACT 223 1913-1932 3' UTR 31776 CCACTACCAAAGTAGGTCAA 224 1920-1939 3' UTR 31463 AGTATTCACTATTCCACTAC 225 1933-1952 3' UTR 31612 TATAGTAAGTATTCACTATT 226 1940-1959 3' UTR 31613 AGTCAAATTATAGTAAGTAT 227 1948-1967 3' UTR 31777 CATATTCAAGTCAAATTATA 228 1956-1975 3' UTR 31464 AAAGGATGAGCTACATATTC 229 1969-1988 3' UTR 31778 GTGTAAAGGATGAGCTACAT 230 1973-1992 3' UTR 31614 TAGGAGTTGGTGTAAAGGAT 231 1982-2001 3' UTR 31779 TTTAAAATTAGGAGTTGGTG 232 1990-2009 3' UTR 31615 GAAATTATTT AAATTAGGA 233 1997-2016 3' UTR 31465 CAGAGTAGAAATTATTTAAA 234 2004-2023 3' UTR 31616 CTCATTTAAGACAGAGTAGA 235 2015-2034 3' UTR 31780 TACTTCTCATTTAAGACAGA 236 2020-2039 3' UTR 31617 CATATACATATTTAAGAAAA 237 2051-2070 3' UTR - 63 - 31466 TTAAATGTCATATACATATT 238 2059-2078 3' UTR 31618 TAATAAGTTACATTTAAATG 239 2072-2091 3' UTR 31619 GTAACAGAGCAAGACTCGGT 240 2103-2122 3' UTR 31467 CAGCCTGGGTAACAGAGCAA 241 2111-2130 3' UTR 31781 CACTCCAGCCTGGGTAACAG 242 2116-2135 3' UTR 31620 CCCACTGCACTCCAGCCTGG 243 2123-2142 3' UTR 31782 GCCAAGATCACCCACTGCAC 244 2133-2152 3' UTR 31621 GCAGTGAGCCAAGATCACCC 245 2140-2159 3' UTR 31468 GAGCTTGCAGTGAGCCAAGA 246 2146-2165 3' UTR 31783 GAGGGCAGAGCTTGCAGTGA 247 2153-2172 3' UTR 31622 CAGGAGAATGGTGCGAACCC 248 2176-2195 3' UTR 31623 AGGCTGAGGCAGGAGAATGG 249 2185-2204 3' UTR 31784 ATTGGGAGGCTGAGGCAGGA 250 2191-2210 3' UTR 31469 CAAGCTAATTGGGAGGCTGA 251 2198-2217 3' UTR 31624 AGGCCAAGCTAATTGGGAGG 252 2202-2221 3' UTR 31785 ATGACTGTAGGCCAAGCTAA 253 2210-2229 3' UTR 31625 CAGATGACTGTAGGCCAAGC 254 2213-2232 3' UTR 31786 GGTGGCAGATGACTGTAGGC 255 2218-2237 3' UTR 31626 AGGTGTGGTGGCAGATGACT 21 2224-2243 3' UTR 31470 AATTAGCCAGGTGTGGTGGC 256 2232-2251 3' UTR 31627 GTCTCTACTAAAAGTACAAA 257 2253-2272 3' UTR 31628 CGGTGAAACCCTGTCTCTAC 258 2265-2284 3' UTR 31787 TGGCTAACACGGTGAAACCC 259 2274-2293 3' UTR 31471 AGACCATCCTGGCTAACACG 260 2283-2302 3' UTR 31788 GAGATCGAGACCATCCTGGC 261 2290-2309 3' UTR 31629 GAGGTCAGGAGATCGAGACC 262 2298-2317 3' UTR 31789 GCGGATCACGAGGTCAGGAG 263 2307-2326 3' UTR 31472 AGGCCGAGGTGGGCGGATCA 264 2319-2338 3' UTR 31790 TTTGGGAGGCCGAGGTGGGC 265 2325-2344 3' UTR - 64 - 31630 TCCCAGCACTTTGGGAGGCC 266 2334-2353 3' UTR 31791 CCTGTAATCCCAGCACTTTG 267 2341-2360 3' UTR 31631 GTGGCTCATGCCTGTAATCC 268 2351-2370 3' UTR 1 All deoxy cytosines and 2 ' -MOE cytosine residues are 5- methyl-cytosines; all linkages are phosphorothioate linkages . 2 Co-ordinates from Genbank Accession No. Z12020, locus name "HSP53ASSG", SEQ ID NO: 1. Oligonucleotide activity was assayed by quantitation of mdm2 mRNA levels by real-time PCR (RT-PCR) using the ABI PRISM™ 7700 Sequence Detection System (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) according to manufacturer's instructions. This is a closed-tube, non-gel-based, fluorescence detection system which allows high-throughput quantitation of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products in real-time. As opposed to standard PCR, in which amplification products are quantitated after the PCR is completed, products in RT-PCR are quantitated as they accumulate. This is accomplished by including in the PCR reaction an oligonucleotide probe that anneals specifically between the forward and reverse PCR primers, and contains two fluorescent dyes. The primers and probes used were: Forward: 5 ' -GGCAAATGTGCAATACCAACA-3 ' (SEQ ID NO. 269) Reverse: 5 ' -TGCACCAACAGACTTTAATAACTTCA-3 ' (SEQ ID NO. 270) Probe: 5 ' -FAM-CCACCTCACAGATTCCAGCTTCGGA-TAMRA-3 ' (SEQ ID NO. 271) A reporter dye (e.g., JOE or FAM, PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) was attached to the 5" end of the probe and a quencher dye (e.g., TAMRA, PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) was attached to the 3' end of the probe. When the probe and dyes are intact, reporter dye emission - 65 - is quenched by the proximity of the 3' quencher dye. During amplification, annealing of the probe to the target sequence creates a substrate that can be cleaved by the 5 ' -exonuclease activity of Taq polymerase. During the extension phase of the PCR amplification cycle, cleavage of the probe by Taq polymerase releases the reporter dye from the remainder of the probe (and hence from the quencher moiety) and a sequence-specific fluorescent signal is generated. With each cycle, additional reporter dye molecules are cleaved from their respective probes, and the fluorescence intensity is monitored at regular (six-second) intervals by laser optics built into the ABI PRISM™ 7700 Sequence Detection System. In each assay, a series of parallel reactions containing serial dilutions of mRNA from untreated control samples generates a standard curve that is used to quantitate the percent inhibition after antisense oligonucleotide treatment of test samples. RT-PCR reagents were obtained from PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA. RT-PCR reactions were carried out by adding 25 μl PCR cocktail (lx TAQMAN® buffer A, 5.5 mM MgCl 2 , 300 μM each of dATP, dCTP and dGTP, 600 μM of dUTP, 100 nM each of forward primer, reverse primer, and probe, 20 U RNAse inhibitor, 1.25 units AMPLITAQ GOLD®, and 12.5 U MuLV reverse transcriptase) to 96 well plates containing 25 μl poly (A) mRNA solution. The RT reaction was carried out by incubation for 30 minutes at 48°C. Following a 10 minute incubation at 95°C to activate the AMPLITAQ GOLD®, 40 cycles of a two-step PCR protocol were carried out: 95°C for 15 seconds (denaturation) followed by 60°C for 1.5 minutes (annealing/extension). Results are shown in Table 12. Oligonucleotides 31394 (SEQ ID NO: 36), 31398 (SEQ ID NO: 52), 31400 (SEQ ID NO: 56), 31402 (SEQ ID NO: 57), 31405 (SEQ ID NO: 60), 31406 (SEQ ID NO: 61), 31415 (SEQ ID NO: 69), 31416 (SEQ ID - 66 - NO: 70), 31418 (SEQ ID NO: 72), 31434 (SEQ ID NO: 60), 31436 (SEQ ID NO: 126), 31446 (SEQ ID NO: 160), 31451 (SEQ ID NO: 177), 31452 (SEQ ID NO: 180), 31456 (SEQ ID NO: 195), 31461 (SEQ ID NO: 216), 31468 (SEQ ID NO: 246), 31469 (SEQ ID NO: 251), 31471 (SEQ ID NO: 260), and 31472 (SEQ ID NO: 264) gave at least approximately 50% reduction of mdm2 mRNA levels. TABLE 12 Activities of Phosphorothioate Oligodeoxynucleotides Targeted to Human mdm2 ISIS SEQ GENE TARGET % mRNA % mRNA No: ID REGION EXPRESSION INHIBITION NO: LIPOFECTIN 1 - 100% 0% M only 31393 3 5' UTR 59% 41% 31394 36 5' UTR 27% 73% 31395 40 5' UTR 96% 4% 31396 44 5' UTR 99% 1% 31397 48 5' UTR 76% 24% 31398 52 5' UTR 51% 49% 31399 55 AUG 138% 31400 56 AUG 22% 78% 31401 9 AUG 69% 31% 31402 57 AUG 47% 53% 31403 58 AUG 77% 23% 31404 59 AUG 60% 40% 31405 60 AUG 35% 65% 31406 61 AUG 45% 55% 31407 62 AUG 65% 35% 31408 63 AUG 71% 29% 31409 10 AUG 849% - 67 31410 64 AUG 79% 21% 31411 65 AUG 67% 33% 31412 66 AUG 99% 1% 31413 67 AUG 68% 32% 31414 68 AUG 64% 36% 31415 69 AUG 48% 52% 31416 70 AUG 36% 64% 31417 71 AUG 77% 23% 31418 72 AUG 53% 47% 31419 73 AUG 122% 31420 74 AUG 57% 43% 31421 77 coding 111% 31422 80 coding 85% 15% 31423 83 coding 126% 31424 86 coding 70% 30% 31425 90 coding 95% 5% 31426 94 coding 69% 31% 31427 98 coding 9465% 31428 102 coding 81% 19% 31429 105 coding 138% 31430 108 coding 114% 31431 111 coding 77% 23% 31432 114 coding 676% 31433 117 coding 145% 31434 120 coding 40% 60% 31435 123 coding 193% 31436 126 coding 49% 51% 31437 129 coding 146% 31438 132 coding 76% 24% 31439 135 coding 104% 68 - 31440 139 coding 95% 5% 31441 143 coding 324% 31442 147 coding 1840% 31443 150 coding 369% 31444 153 coding 193% 31445 156 coding 106% 31446 160 coding 29% 71% 31447 164 coding 82% 18% 31448 167 coding 117% 31449 170 coding 1769% 31450 173 coding 84% 16% 31451 177 coding 49% 51% 31452 180 coding 33% 67% 31453 184 coding 59% 41% 31454 188 coding 171% 31455 191 coding 61% 39% 31456 195 coding 42% 58% 31457 199 coding 70% 30% 31458 203 coding 60% 40% 31459 207 3' UTR 149% 31460 212 3' UTR 71% 29% 31461 216 3' UTR 52% 48% 31462 220 3' UTR 1113% 31463 225 3' UTR 78% 22% 31464 ^ 229 3* UTR 112% 31465 234 3' UTR 66% 34% 31466 238 3' UTR 212% 31467 241 3' UTR 77% 23% 31468 246 3' UTR 17% 83% 31469 251 3' UTR 36% 64% - 69 - 31470 256 3' UTR 60% 40% 31471 260 3' UTR 43% 57% 31472 264 3' UTR 35% 65% Example 10 : Effect of mdm2 antisense oligonucleotides on the growth of human A549 lung tumor cells in nude mice 200 μl of A549 cells (5 x 10 6 cells) are implanted subcutaneously in the inner thigh of nude mice. mdm2 antisense oligonucleotides are administered twice weekly for four weeks, beginning one week following tumor cell inoculation. Oligonucleotides are formulated with cationic lipids (LIPOFECTIN™) and given subcutaneously in the vicinity of the tumor. Oligonucleotide dosage was 5 mg/kg with 60 mg/kg cationic lipid. Tumor size is recorded weekly. Activity of the oligonucleotides is measured by reduction in tumor size compared to controls. Example 11 : U-87 human glioblastoma cell culture and subcutaneous xenografts into nude mice The U-87 human glioblastoma cell line is obtained from the ATCC (Manassas, VA) and maintained in Iscove's DMEM medium supplemented with heat-inactivated 10% fetal calf serum (Yazaki, T., et al . , Mol . Pharmacol . , 1996, 50, 236-242) . Nude mice are injected subcutaneously with 2 x 10 7 cells. Mice are injected intraperitoneally with oligonucleotide at dosages of either 2 mg/kg or 20 mg/kg for 21 consecutive days beginning 7 days after xenografts were implanted. Tumor volumes are measured on days 14, 21, 24, 31 and 35. Activity is measure by a reduced tumor volume compared to saline or sense oligonucleotide controls. - 70 - Example 12 : Intracerebral U-87 glioblastoma xenografts into nude mice U-87 cells are implanted in the brains of nude mice (Yazaki, T., et al . , Mol . Pharmacol . , 1996, 50, 236-242). Mice are treated via continuous intraperitoneal administration of antisense oligonucleotide (20 mg/kg) , control sense oligonucleotide (20 mg/kg) or saline beginning on day 7 after xenograft implantation. Activity of the oligonucleotide is measured by an increased survival time compared to controls.

Claims: - 71 - What is claimed is : 1. An antisense compound 8 to 30 nucleobases in length targeted to the 5' untranslated region, translation termination codon region or 3' untranslated region of a nucleic acid molecule encoding human mdm2, wherein said antisense compound modulates the expression of human mdm2. 2. The antisense compound of claim 1 wherein said antisense compound inhibits the expression of human mdm2. 3. The antisense compound of claim 1 which is an antisense oligonucleotide. 4. An antisense compound up to 30 nucleobases in length comprising at least an 8-nucleobase portion of SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO 17, SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO 36, SEQ ID NO: 52, SEQ ID NO: 216, SEQ ID NO: 246, SEQ ID NO 251, SEQ ID NO: 260, or SEQ ID NO: 264 which inhibits the expression of human mdm2. 5. The antisense compound of claim 2 which is targeted to the 5' untranslated region of the S-mdm2 transcript. 6. The antisense compound of claim 5 comprising SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5 or SEQ ID NO: 7. 7. The antisense compound of claim 2 comprising SEQ ID NO: 4. 8. The antisense compound of claim 1 which contains at least one phosphorothioate intersugar linkage. /49065 - 72 - 9. The antisense compound of claim 1 which has at least one 2 ' -O-methoxyethyl modification. 10. The antisense compound of claim 1 which contains at least one 5-methyl cytidine. 11. The antisense compound of claim 10 in which every 2 ' -O-methoxyethyl modified cytidine residue is a 5-methyl cytidine . 12. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antisense compound of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. 13. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 12 wherein said pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent further comprises a lipid or liposome. 14. A method of modulating the expression of human mdm2 in cells or tissues comprising contacting said cells or tissues with the antisense compound of claim 1. 15. A method of reducing hyperproliferation of human cells comprising contacting proliferating human cells with the antisense compound of claim 2 or a pharmaceutical composition comprising said antisense compound. 16. A method of treating an animal having a disease or condition associated with mdm2 comprising administering to said animal a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of an antisense compound of claim 1. 17. The method of claim 16 wherein the disease or condition is associated with overexpression of mdm2 and the antisense compound inhibits the expression of mdm2. - 73 - 18. The method of claim 16 wherein the disease or condition is associated with amplification of the mdm2 gene and the antisense compound inhibits the expression of mdm2. 19. The method of claim 16 wherein the disease or condition is a hyperproliferative condition and the antisense compound inhibits the expression of mdm2. 20. The method of claim 19 wherein the hyperproliferative condition is cancer. 21. The method of claim 20 wherein the cancer is a blood, brain, breast, lung or a soft tissue cancer. 22. The method of claim 19 wherein the hyperproliferative condition is psoriasis, fibrosis, atherosclerosis or restenosis. 23. The method of claim 16 wherein said antisense compound is administered in combination with a chemotherapeutic agent to overcome drug resistance. 24. An antisense compound up to 30 nucleobases in length targeted to the coding region or translational start site of a nucleic acid molecule encoding human mdm2, wherein said antisense compound inhibits the expression of said human mdm2 and comprises at least an 8-nucleobase portion of SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 56, SEQ ID NO: 57, SEQ ID NO: 60, SEQ ID NO 61, SEQ ID NO: 69, SEQ ID NO: 70, SEQ ID NO: 72, SEQ ID NO 120, SEQ ID NO: 126, SEQ ID NO: 160, SEQ ID NO: 177, SEQ ID NO: 180, or SEQ ID NO: 195. 25. The antisense compound of claim 24 which contains at least one phosphorothioate intersugar linkage. - 74 - 26. The antisense compound of claim 24 which has at least one 2 ' -O-methoxyethyl modification. 27. The antisense compound of claim 24 which contains at least one 5-methyl cytidine. 28. The antisense compound of claim 27 in which every 2 ' -O-methoxyethyl modified cytidine residue is a 5-methyl cytidine . 29. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antisense compound of claim 24 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. 30. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 29 wherein said pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent comprises a lipid or liposome. 31. A method of modulating the expression of human mdm2 in cells or tissues comprising contacting said cells or tissues with the antisense compound of claim 24. 32. A method of reducing hyperproliferation of human cells comprising contacting proliferating human cells with the antisense compound of claim 24. 33. A method of reducing hyperproliferation of human cells comprising contacting proliferating human cells with the pharmaceutical composition of claim 29. 34. A method of treating an animal having a disease or condition associated with mdm2 comprising administering to said animal a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of the antisense compound of claim 24. - 75 - 35. The method of claim 34 wherein the disease or condition is associated with overexpression of mdm2 and the antisense compound inhibits the expression of mdm2. 36. The method of claim 34 wherein the disease or condition is associated with amplification of the mdm2 gene and the antisense compound inhibits the expression of mdm2. 37. The method of claim 34 wherein the disease or condition is a hyperproliferative condition and the antisense compound inhibits the expression of mdm2. 38. The method of claim 37 wherein the hyperproliferative condition is cancer. 39. The method of claim 38 wherein the cancer is a blood, brain, breast, lung or a soft tissue cancer. 40. The method of claim 37 wherein the hyperproliferative condition is psoriasis, fibrosis, atherosclerosis or restenosis. 41. The method of claim 34 wherein said antisense compound is administered in combination with a chemotherapeutic agent to overcome drug resistance.

Inventors: COWSERT LEX M, GRAHAM MARK J, MIRAGLIA LOREN J, MONIA BRETT P, NERO PAMELA, COWSERT, LEX, M., GRAHAM, MARK, J., MIRAGLIA, LOREN, J., MONIA, BRETT, P., NERO, PAMELA
Applicants: COWSERT LEX M, GRAHAM MARK J, ISIS PHARMACEUTICALS INC, MIRAGLIA LOREN J, MONIA BRETT P, NERO PAMELA, COWSERT, LEX, M., GRAHAM, MARK, J., ISIS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC., MIRAGLIA, LOREN, J., MONIA, BRETT, P., NERO, PAMELA
Application year: 1999
Main classification: C12N15
IPC codes: A61K38, A61K48, A61P9, A61P17, A61P35, C07H21, C12N15, C12Q1