APPARATUS FOR EXECUTING ACTIVITIES ASSISTED BY HYDROMOTORS AND A HYDRAULIC TRANSFORMER FOR USE IN SUCH AN APPARATUS

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus for executing activities assisted by equipment driven by means of rotating or linear hydromotors. The hydromotors may be loaded and/or moved in two directions. The hydromotors are coupled via a connecting line and a hydraulic transformer with a high-pressure line. The hydraulic transformer is provided with adjusting means for controlling the hydromotor and control means are provided for restricting the fluid flow in the hydraulic transformer.

Description: Apparatus for executing acra^ities assisted by hydromotors and a hydraulic transformer for use in such an apparatus The invention relates to an apparatus according to the preamble of claim 1. A disadvantage of the known apparatus is that with load variations on the hydromotor, the speed of the hydromotor varies also. Load reduction may create dangerous situations due to the sudden great increase in speed. Another disadvantage is that all the energy present in the high-pressure line may be used by this particular hydromotor. This means that no more energy would come available for the other hydromotors, which would be a disadvantage. It is the object of the invention to avoid the above disadvantages and to this end the invention is embodied in accordance with claim 1. It is possible to achieve hereby that with the aid of the control means the speed and/or energy consumption of the hydromotor is restricted, so that the above-mentioned disadvantages do not occur. In accordance with an improvement the apparatus is embodied according to claim 2. Direct or indirect measurement of the flow rate through the hydraulic trans- former with the aid of a sensor, is a simple manner for obtaining a signal that can be used by the adjustment means . In accordance with a further improvement, the apparatus is embodied according to claim 3. In this embodiment simple means are used for limiting the fluid flow through the hydraulic transformer. In accordance with another version, the apparatus is embodied according to claim 4. In this embodiment the fluid flow in the hydraulic transformer is limited, while simultaneously preventing loss of energy resulting from throttling the fluid flows. In accordance with a further improvement, the apparatus is embodied according to claim 5. This embodiment achieves that there is always sufficient energy for all users coupled to the high-pressure line, so that these are able to continue to operate. In accordance with a further improvement, the apparatus is embodied according to claim 6. This embodiment achieves in a simple manner that low speeds can be realized with the hydromotors, even at high loads. In accordance with a further improvement, the apparatus is embodied according to claim 7. This embodiment achieves that the system can also be used for the recovery of energy in rapidly changing conditions, such as during deceleration of moving mass when a movable drive is used, and wherein the vehicle can be manipulated in the usual manner by the operator of the vehicle . The rapid change of the pressure ratio is an improvement also for the dynamic control and arrest of mass coupled with a motor. In accordance with a further improvement, the apparatus is embodied according to claim 8. This embodiment achieves that the hydromotor is not loaded if the control breaks down . In accordance with a further improvement, the apparatus is embodied according to claim 9. If the setting of the hydraulic transformer is such that quick retraction occurs in the linear cylinder, it is possible by this embodiment to prevent the occurrence of an underpressure in the cylinder, which could cause cavitation. In accordance with a further improvement, the apparatus is embodied according to claim 10. This embodiment provides the possibility that some of the motors can give a higher torque due to their being driven at a higher pressure than the system pressure prevailing in the high- pressure line. This allows the high-pressure line to be designed for a lower pressure, which is more economical. The invention also comprises a hydraulic transformer in accordance with the preamble of claim 11. Such a hydraulic transformer is disclosed in WO 9731185. The known apparatus has the disadvantage that if a fluid chamber is sealed by the face plate while there is considerable variation in the chamber's volume due to rotation of the rotor and there is no change in the amount of fluid that is present, the pressure in the fluid chamber may drop too low, which may cause cavitation. This drop in pressure may be reduced by making the angular deflection at which the fluid chamber is completely sealed, as small as possible. However, this has the disadvantage that there is more leakage along the face plate between the various line connections, which lowers the performance of the apparatus. It is the object of the invention to eliminate the afore-mentioned disadvantage and to this end the vol- ume of the fluid chambers to be sealed by means of the face plate has a maximum value which is less than four times the minimum value of the volume to be sealed. By making use of the oil's elasticity and by ensuring that a relatively large minimum volume remains, cavitation is prevented, so that the mechanical life of the transformer is not shortened and there is hardly any noise nuisance. In accordance with a further improvement of the hydraulic transformer, it is embodied according to claim 12. By this embodiment cavitation is further prevented. In accordance with a further improvement, the hydraulic transformer is embodied according to claim 13. By this embodiment, fluctuations of the torque caused by the oil pressure in the fluid chambers and brought to bear upon the rotor are kept at a minimum, as a result of which the axial force the rotor brings to bear upon the face plate, is also kept at a minimum. This facilitates adjustment of the hydraulic transformer. In accordance with a further improvement, the hydraulic transformer is embodied according to claim 14. This embodiment further limits the fluctuations of the torque brought to bear upon the rotor. In accordance with another version of the hydraulic transformer, said hydraulic transformer is embodied according to the preamble of claim 15. Such an apparatus is disclosed in WO 9731185. The known apparatus is limited in its applications because it is not possible over a large working area to completely transform the pressure ratios of two of the line connections. It is the object of the apparatus according to the invention to eliminate this 4 disadvantage, and to this end is embodied according to the characterizing part of claim 15. By this embodiment, the pressure ratio between the line connections over a large working area can completely be reversed through the rota- tion of the face plate, which broadens the applicability of the apparatus . In accordance with a further improvement of the apparatus, said apparatus is embodied according to claim 16. This embodiment is a simple manner of providing con- duits whose orifices are sufficiently large, so that little loss of current occurs at the various convenient rotation positions of the face plate. In accordance with one version, the hydraulic transformer is embodied according to claim 17. This embodiment achieves that pressure fluctuations in the third face plate conduit do not influence the axial forces around the face plate, making it simple to bring the same into equilibrium. In accordance with one version, the hydraulic transformer is embodied according to claim 18. This embodiment makes it possible for the face plate to be compact. In accordance with a further improvement , the hydraulic transformer is embodied according to claim 19. By this embodiment the two housing gates located at the first radius are in all the face plate's positions in communication with large conduits in the housing, with the result that the flow resistance is minimal. In accordance with a further improvement the hydraulic transformer is embodied according to claim 20. By this embodiment the shuttle valve is operated quite simply when the face plate is readjusted. The invention will be elucidated with reference to an illustration of an embodiment, wherein Figure 1 shows a cross section of a hydraulic transformer based on an axial piston pump, Figure 2 shows a view according to II-II of the face plate of the hydraulic transformer of Figure 1, 5 Figure 3 shows a cross section according to III-III of the face plate of the hydraulic transformer of Figure 2, Figure 4 shows the face plate of Figure 2 as seen from the opposite side, Figure 5 shows a view according to II-II of Figure 1 of the housing of the hydraulic transformer without face plate, Figure 6 schematically shows the coupling between the face plate conduits, the gates in the housing and a motor coupled with the pressure transformer, Figure 7 shows a schematic view as in Figure 6, with the face plate being in a different position in relation to the housing, and the motor encountering a reversed load, Figure 8 shows a schematic view of the different positions of the face plate in the various deployment conditions and load situations of the motor coupled with the hydraulic transformer, Figure 9 shows a schematic view of a second embodiment of a hydraulic transformer, coupled with a double- acting hydraulic cylinder, Figure 10 schematically shows a third embodiment of a hydraulic transformer with a single-acting hydraulic cylinder, Figure 11 shows a diagram of the working range of a hydraulic transformer ^ . Figure 12 schematically shows an embodiment of a hydraulic transformer with a control system, and a hydro- motor, and Figure 13 shows a simplified version of the embodiment of Figure 12. Similar parts in the various figures are identified as much as possible by identical reference numbers. Figure 1 shows a hydraulic transformer. It shows a bent housing 3 in accordance with the bent housing of an axial piston pump, from which said hydraulic transformer is more or less derived. At one side in the bent housing 3, a swivel axle is rotatably mounted by means of two swivel axle bearings 15. The swivel axle 1 is able to freely rotate around a rotation axis 16. The bent housing 3 comprises also a rotatable rotor 2 , mounted on an axis 13. The rotor 2 rotates around the axis 13 which is mounted on the swivel axle 1. A rotation axis 11 of the rotor 2 forms an angle with the rotation axis 16 of the swivel axle 1, whereby said rotation axes 11 and 16 intersect . The swivel axle 1 is also provided with pistons 14, which can move in the longitudinal direction in the cylindrical chambers 12 of the rotor 2. The pistons 14 couple the rotation of the swivel axle 1 with the rotation of the rotor 2. The joint rotation of the rotor 2 and the swivel axle 1, and the fact that the rotation axis 11 of the rotor 2 and the rotation axis 16 of the swivel axle 1 form an angle, cause the pistons 14 in the cylindrical chambers 12 to move to and fro, thereby causing the volume of the cylindrical chambers 12 to vary between a minimum and a maximum. Via a rotor conduit a, each of the cylindrical chambers 12 is in communication with face plate gates 30 located in a sealing surface VI. The rotor 2 is sealingly fastened to a face plate 10 by means of the sealing surface VI, and the face plate 10 is sealingly fastened to a housing 5 by means of a sealing surface V2. The housing 5 and the bent housing 3 are attached to one another by means of bolts, which are not shown. The face plate 10 is rotatably mounted in the housing 5 by means of face plate bearings 9, whereby it is able to rotate around a rotation axis 11 which coincides with the rotation axis 11 of the rotor 2. The bearings 9 are designed such that the face plate 10 is able to move in the direction of the rotation axis 11, that in the cylindrical chambers 12 the rotor 2, under the influence of the oil pressure pushes, among other things, against the face plate 10, and the face plate against the housing 5. Any oil leakage along the surfaces VI and V2 is thereby avoided as much as possible. By means of an adjusting shaft 8, the face plate 10 can be rotated and thus adjusted. The rotation of the face plate 10 is limited to approximately 180° by means of a pin 4. In the housing 5 radial housing bores 6 are provided and a central housing bore 7. The bearings 9 of the face plate 9 are necessary to prevent the face plate from tilting under the influence of the asymmetrical pressures in the sealing surfaces VI and V2. These asymmetrical pressures develop due to the varying oil pressures in the various orifices in the face plate 10 and they depend, among other things, on the rota- tion position of the face plate 10. Should the face plate 10 be able to tilt, inadmissible leakages could develop along the surfaces VI and V2. The bearings 9 are therefore designed such that the face plate 10 is able to move in the axial direction but cannot tilt. In order to further minimize the leakage in the surfaces VI and V2 ensuing from tilting of the face plate 10 which could occur due to play in the bearings 9, the surfaces VI and V2 are spherical with the centre of the sphere being located on the rotation axis and the surface of the sphere being directed outward. This diminishes the extent to which tilting affects leakage . The rotor 2 can rotate around the rotation axis 11, thereby varying the volume of the cylindrical chambers 12. Via the face plate gates 30 and the conduits b in the face plate 10, the cylindrical chambers 12 are in communication with one or two of the radial housing bores 6 of the central housing bore 7. The face plate 10 is kept in the housing 5 at a more or less constant rotation position, unless said face plate is being adjusted by means of the adjusting shaft 8. Due to the effect of the different pressures prevailing in the central housing bore 7 and the radial housing bores 6, the pressure in the various cylindrical chambers 12 varies, with the result that at the various chambers different forces are brought to bear upon the rotor 2, causing the rotor 2 to rotate. This induces the flow of oil through the housing bores 6 and 7, the pressure ratio in the various housing bores depending, among other things, on the position of the face plate 10. The sealing surfaces VI and V2 are, in accordance with the known art, finished with care, so that there is hardly any leakage between the rotor 2 and the face plate 10 or between the face plate 10 and the housing 5 respectively. The cylindrical chambers 12 have a varying volume which during rotation of the rotor 2 is periodically sealed by the face plate 10 at the face plate gate 30. While being sealed, the volume in the cylindrical chambers 12 still varies, causing the pressure to rise or drop due to the rotation of the rotor 2. If the cylindrical chamber 12, sealed by surface VI, has a dead volume of at least 25 to 50% of the stroke volume of the piston 14, there is no cavitation which shows that the pressure drop is staying within acceptable limits. This means that the maximum volume sealable by the face plate is smaller than three to five times the minimum of the sealable volume. Due to the fact that the expanding oil prevents the pressure in the cylindrical chamber 12 from dropping too low, cavitation is prevented. This in turn reduces wear and the noise level . As a result of the cylindrical chambers 12 being sealed and of there being a limited number of cylindrical chambers, for example, in this case 7 chambers, the rotation of the rotor 2 caused by the pressure variations in the cylindrical chambers 12 and the ensuing fluctuation of the torque on the rotor 2, is not completely regular and are the rotation of the rotor 2 and the swivel axle 1 subject to deceleration and acceleration. This will cause the hydraulic transformer to exert a varying torque on its bedplate which, through resonance, may cause noise nuisance. Noise nuisance can be prevented by placing the hydraulic transformer on rubber blocks, thereby allowing it to make small movements and by making the lines flexible. Figure 2 shows the face plate 10 in the sealing surface VI with a high-pressure rotor gate 17, a first rotor gate 18 and a second rotor gate 18' . These gates collaborate with the face plate gates 30. Between the rotor gates 17, 18 and 18' wide walls 23 are provided, the width of the wide wall 23 being such that a cylindrical chamber 12 via the face plate gate 30 is always only in contact with one of the rotor gates 17, 18 or 18' . As discussed above, it has been shown that when the rotor 2 rotates, the torque exerted by the swivel axle fluctuates as a result of the different fluid pressures in the cylindrical chambers 12. If there are three rotor gates 17, 18 and 18', this undesirable fluctuation can be limited by having as many cylindrical chambers 12 as possible. By providing cylindrical chambers 12 in multiples of three, the axial force exerted by the rotor 2 on the face plate 10 is minimal, resulting in a reduction of wear. Preferably there are nine or twelve cylindrical chambers because this is the number with which to achieve the above- mentioned advantages in the most optimal manner. Over a curve of, for example, approximately 180° the circumference of the face plate 10 is provided with toothing 22 and the other 180° are provided with a groove 19 interacting with the earlier-mentioned pin 4. The adjusting shaft 8 engages the toothing 22. The lengths of the rotor gates 17, 18 and 18' may be identical but, depending on the application, may also be different. Due to the groove 19 and the toothing 22 provided over half of the circumference, the rotation of the face plate 10 in the housing 5 is restricted to about 180°, the high-pres- sure rotor gate 17 being able to rotate over 90° to both sides in relation to the position in which the volume of the cylindrical chamber 12 is the smallest (this position is called the Top Dead Centre TDC) . By shortening the groove 19 or by using two pins 4, the maximum rotation angle can be reduced to less than 90° either side. This limits the maximally attainable pressure ratios, so that, for example, the pressure in the first or second rotor gate is restricted to twice the pressure in the high-pressure rotor gate, or whereby the maximum pressure in the one load direction can be made different to that in the other direction. In accordance with an embodiment of the face plate 10, the rotor gates 17, 18 and 18' and the walls 23 are dimensioned such that the axial forces from the rotor 2 on 10 the face plate 10 are at all rotation positions as low as possible. The rotor gates 18 and 18' are identical in size and symmetrical in relation to one another, and the centres of the walls 23 form an angle with one another which is a multiple of the pitch angle between the rotor gates 30, distributed evenly over the circumference. The width of a wall 23 in the direction of rotation is approximately, with a tolerance of one degree, the same as the width of a face plate gate 30 in the direction of rotation. In this embodiment the rotor 2 may also assume a rotation position in which the walls 23 are covered by the portion of the rotor 2 that is located between the face plate gates 30. The oil leakage between the rotor gates 17, 18 and 18' is then minimal. In the situation where the face plate 10 is adjusted such that, subject to the load from the users connected to the hydraulic transformer there is no oil flow, the pressures in the cylindrical chambers 12 and the forces on the rotor 2 will cause the same to come to a stand-still, because this is the most stable position. The face plate 10 is rotated by means of the axle 8. In order to realize an engagement without play between tne toothed wheel on the axle 8 and the toothing 22, several known measures can be taken, such as rendering the centre-to-centre distance between the axle 8 and the rotation axis of the face plate 10 adjustable. To this end the bush in which an axle β rotates is designed in the known manner as eccentric bush. The axle 8 may be driven by means of a manually operated lever. As will be shown below, the axle 8 may also be driven by means of a servomotor comprising a control system. Alternatively, the manual operation may be limited by blockages which are adjustable by means of a control system. Figure 3 shows a cross section of the face plate 10. It can be seen how via a conduit b, the high-pressure rotor gate 17 is in communication with the centrally positioned high-pressure housing gate 21. Via a conduit b the first rotor gate 18 is in communication with a first hous- 11 ing gate 20, located at a radius at the side of the gate plate 10 facing the housing 5. Figure 4 shows the view of the surface V2 of the face plate 10. The position of the first housing gate 20, a second housing gate 20' and the high-pressure housing gate 21 are visible, the length of the first housing gate 20 and the second housing gate 20' is slightly less than 90° . In Figure 5 the housing 5 is shown, illustrating the connections of the radial housing bores 6 and the central housing bores 7, which terminate in the sealing surface V2 with a face plate gate 24. In the centre of surface V2 a central housing bore 7 is provided, and surrounding it are the four evenly distributed face plate gates 24. Between the face plate gates 24 there is a narrow wall 25. The central housing bore 7 adjoins the high- pressure housing gate 21, and the face plate gates 24 adjoin the first housing gate 20 and second housing gate 20' . The dimensions of the first housing gate 20 and the second housing gate 20' are such that they cover approximately one face plate gate 24. It is essential that in the various positions of the face plate 10, always two face plate gates 24 work together such as to allow the oil to flow from the first housing gate 20 or the second housing port 20' with little loss of current. Figures 6 and 7 schematically show the connections of a hydraulic transformer HT, the manner in which they are provided with energy via a feed pressure P, and the oil discharge having a tank pressure T, and how a rotating motor 27 is connected in the case of a varying load device. Figure 6 schematically shows the face plate 10, positioned at a adjusting angle δ. The face plate gates 24 are represented schematically as the curved lines 24a, 24b, 24c and 24d and correspond to the face plate gates 24 shown in Figure 5. The first housing gate 20 works together with two face plate gates 24a and 24b. Due to the adjusting angle δ, the first housing gate 20 has a working pressure B, the second housing gate 20' has the tank pressure T, if the high-pressure cylinder gate has a feed 12 pressure P. Said pressures bear a certain relation to one another which, among other things, depends on the adjusting angle δ . For the working pressure B to be able to take on a value that may exceed that of the feed pressure P by approximately 50%, it is necessary that the adjusting angle δ can be adjusted to a maximum of 90°. The first housing gate 20 is then in open communication with the two face plate gates 24a and 24b. Via a shuttle valve 26, said conduit gates 24a and 24b are in communication with one another and are coupled to a first connection 29 of the rotating motor 27. In a similar manner the face plate gates 24c and 24d connected with the second housing gate 20', are connected with a second connection 28 of the rotating motor 27. When comparing Figures 6 and 7, wherein the adjusting angle δ in Figure 7 has acquired an opposite value with the result that the pressures on the rotating motor 27 have also acquired an opposite value, the necessity for the first housing gate 20 to also be in communication with the face plate gate 24c becomes obvious, and for that purpose the shuttle valve is turned. The adjustment of the shuttle valve 26 depends entirely on the position of the face plate 10 and may thus be coupled thereto. This may be a mechanical coupling; the face plate 10 may, for example, be a cam disc which oper- ates the shuttle valve 26. It may also be an electromechanical or electrohydraulic coupling. The face plate 10 may also be provided with gates (not shown) which work together with orifices in the housing so that they have the effect of valve 26. Instead of coupling the shuttle valve 26 with the face plate 10, it is also possible to adjust the shuttle valve 26 in relation to the pressure at the motor connections 28 and 29, since they also depend on the adjusting angle δ. Apart from the above embodiment having a central housing bore 7 working together with the high-pressure housing gate 21, there are also other possible embodiments. For example, a first alternative embodiment is that instead of the central housing bore 7 in surface V2 , a annular conduit is provided in housing 5 or in the face 13 plate 10, working together with a bore in the face plate 10 or the housing 5 respectively. Said annular conduit is then provided at a different radius to that of the face plate gates 24. A second alternative embodiment is, for example, that the above-mentioned annular conduit is provided at the circumference of the face plate 10, either in the face plate 10 or in the housing 5. Said annular conduit then also works together with a bore provided in the housing 5 or in the face plate 10, respectively. This embodiment has the advantage that if the pressure in the annular conduit varies, the forces exerted in the direction of the rotation axis 11 on the face plate 10, do not vary; as a result of which the forces on the face plate 10 ensuing from the pressures in the various gates can be equilibrated more easily in the different work situations. Instead of the above-mentioned embodiment comprising an annular conduit and a bore, with the annular conduit extending over the maximal rotation angle of the face plate 10, it is also possible to provide two annular con- duits, one in the housing and one in the face plate 10, the length of the annular conduits being such as to allow the face plate 10 to make the desired rotation. In the embodiment shown, the face plate 10 is bearing-mounted in bearings 9. The face plate may also be provided with different bearings, always ensuring that rotation and axial displacement are possible and that tilting is prevented. For example, it is possible to use static oil pressure bearings, or to provide an axle or tube at the rotation axis 11 projecting into the housing 5 and being bearing-mounted in the housing, and which can simultaneously be employed for the rotation of the face plate 10. The tubular axle may then be in coupled with the central housing bore 7. The above-described construction comprising a shuttle valve 26 is in particular necessary if the face plate 10 is required to rotate over a wide angle, as is the case in the embodiment shown. If the rotation angle is permitted to be smaller, for example, because chambers are used whose volume acquires a minimum and a maximum value 14 twice or more often per rotator rotation, and if the embodiment of the face plate is adapted, the rotation the face plate is required to make to operate is smaller, and it is not necessary to use a shuttle valve to ensure that the flow orifices are large enough. However, there may be occasions when their use will nevertheless give better results . In the interior of the bent housing 3, leak-off oil will flow along the separation surfaces VI and V2. Since the bent housing 3 does not have a rotating exiting axle with a pressure-sensitive seal - as the swivel axle 1 is not driven - the development of an overpressure in the bent housing 3 is permissible. As the overpressure may be equal or higher than the tank pressure T, the interior of the housing 3 is, in a manner not shown, in communication with the face plate gate 24c and consequently with the tank connection T. Figure 8 shows schematically the application of the hydraulic transformer when the same is connected to a rotating motor 27, as indicated in the Figures 6 and 7. The description is applicable in a similar manner if instead of a rotating motor 27 a double-acting hydraulic cylinder as linear motor is coupled to the hydraulic transformer. Instead of rotation and torque, displacement and load are then involved. In the diagram of Figure 8 the rotation speed of the motor 27 is plotted in four quadrants on the horizontal axis against the loaded torque. In a first quadrant I the motor moves forward at a positive speed ω, driving, for instance, a device or object at a positive torque T. In the second quadrant II the motor moves forward at a positive speed ω, the device or object mass is being decelerated at a negative torque T. In the third quadrant III the motor moves in the opposite direction and the speed ω is negative and the device or object is driven in that direction also, such that the torque T is also negative. In the fourth quadrant IV the direction of movement of the device or object is still opposite so that the 15 speed ω is negative, but this negative speed is being decelerated due to the torque being positive. The torque T of the motor 27 is limited by the maximally allowable pressure in the system which is formed by the hydraulic transformer, the coupling lines and the motor; the speed ω is limited by the allowable speed of the motor, and each quadrant is also limited by the maximum power to be produced, which is shown by the hyperbolical boundary of the quadrants . As shown in the diagram, the pressure ratio at the rotor gates 17, 18 and 18' is determined by the rotation position of the face plate 10, in the diagram indicated by the adjusting angle δ in relation to TDC, which is the Top Dead Centre, that is the position of the rotor 2 at which the volume of the cylindrical chamber 12 is maximal. As discussed above, the first rotor gate 18 and the second rotor port 18' are joined with the connections of the motor 27, and the feed pressure P is joined with the high- pressure rotor gate 17. The rotation of the motor 27 at rotation speed ω occurs through the effect of the torque T, which torque T depends, among other things, on the resistance and the acceleration and deceleration of the devices and objects driven by the motor 27. The rotation of the motor 27 causes the flow of oil and also the rotation of the rotor 2 at a rotation speed r. The direction of the rotation and the speed r of the rotor 2 depend on the direction of the rotation and the rotation speed ω of the motor 27. In order to be able to react to varying loads, the face plate has to be quickly adjustable and rotatable. For example, when the hydraulic transformer is used with the motor in a mobile drive, it is essential that it is possible to quickly switch from movement to deceleration, and to this end it is necessary that within 500 msec the load of the motor 27 can be completely reversed by means of a 180° rotation of the face plate 10. This means that within 500 msec the face plate 10 can be turned 180° from the first extreme operative position to the second extreme operative position, transforming the maximal working pres- 16 sure from the first motor connection 28 to the second motor connection 29 and vice versa. In order for the system to respond properly to load fluctuations due to, for example, varying loads, a feed- back control system is used for the drive of the face plate, wherein feedback may be effectuated through measuring the speed of the motor (speed feedback) or through measuring the load of the motor (load feedback) . Speed feedback may ensue when the rotation speed r of the rotor is measured or when the pressure drop at throttling resulting from an oil flow, is measured. Load feedback may ensue when the pressure difference between the first housing gate 20 and the second housing gate 20' is measured. The drive of the face plate 10 and the applied control system are attuned such that a response frequency of minimally 3.5 Hz, and preferably a response frequency of minimally 7 Hz is realized. This means that the face plate 10 has to be able to rotate quickly from the intermediate position to the maximum position, in other words 90°, for instance within 100 to 200 msec. To this purpose the drive of the face plate 10 may comprise an electric servomotor coupled to the adjusting axle 8. Alternatively, the face plate 10 can be adjusted by means of a hydraulic cylinder comprising a rack which engages (not shown) the toothing 22 of the face plate 10, and which is adjustable by means of a servo valve. Figure 9 shows a double-acting hydraulic cylinder 32 comprising a housing 31 with a vertically movable piston 33. The piston is movable in both directions x and in doing so, is able to exert a force P in both directions. Thus the double-acting hydraulic cylinder 32 can be used in a similar manner as in the application of the rotatable hydromotor described in Figure 8, and is therefore suitable for four-quadrant use. At the bottom side, the hous- ing 31 and the piston 33 form a chamber 34 which via a connecting line 38 is in communication with a connection of a hydraulic transformer 40. Via a connecting line 37, a chamber 35 formed by the top of the piston 33 and the housing 31, is in communication with the hydraulic trans- 17 former 40. The hydraulic transformer 40 is a simple embodiment of the hydraulic transformer described in the preceding figures. The simplification consists in the fact that the line connections such as the high-pressure line P and the connecting line 37 and 38 are in communication with the three conduits in the face plate. To ensure that in certain load situations the mass continues to be appropriately equilibrated in the hydraulic transformer 40, it is necessary to transport fluid from or to the tank con- nection T. To ensure that said transport to the pressure- less line of the hydraulic transformer 40 takes place, a valve 36 is provided which operates via the position of the face plate or the pressure in the connecting lines 37 and/or 38. The leak-off oil in the hydraulic transformer 40 is discharged to the tank connection T via a leak-off oil drainage 39. Figure 10 shows a single-acting hydraulic cylinder 41 comprising a housing 31 and a piston 33. The piston 33 is movable in both directions x and is able to exert a force in one direction P. Thus the single-acting hydraulic cylinder 41 is only suitable for use in a first and fourth quadrant as shown in Figure 8 , where instead of torque and rotation one has to read load and displacement. A connection line 38 couples the single-acting hydraulic cylinder 41 to a hydraulic transformer 41, which is comparable to the above-mentioned hydraulic transformer 40, and in which the rotation of the face plate is limited so that the pressure in the connecting line 37 never exceeds the pressure in the tank connection T. Due to inertia of the pis- ton 33 or the mass connected with it, it is possible that when the face plate is being adjusted, the connecting line 38 becomes pressure-less to the extent that said pressure line 38 or the chamber 34 become cavitated. In order to avoid this, the connecting line 38 is in communication via a non-return valve 43 with the tank connection T. The diagram of Figure 11 shows the working range of a hydraulic transformer, wherein the same is fed from a high-pressure line having a constant pressure P, and is coupled to a motor, for example, a rotating hydromotor. 18 The constant working pressure P is generated by means of an aggregate. In the diagram the pressure P is plotted against the volume oil flow Q to the hydromotor. To protect the hydraulic transformer, the connecting lines and the motor against overloading, the pressure is limited to P raax by restricting the rotation of the face plate. As already known, P raax may be higher than the pressure in the high-pressure line P, so that in a limited number of places in an installation, it is possible to use motors with a higher allowable pressure. The values for pressure P and volume flow Q shown in the diagram correspond to the load from the hydromotor and the rotation speed of the hydromotor respectively. The power produced by the hydraulic transformer and thus also by the hydromotor is indi- cated by the dash-dot-lines P l t P 2 and P 3 . The motor coupled with the hydraulic transformer is controlled by varying the pressure, which causes the motor to rotate and the volume to flow through the hydraulic transformer. In a high-pressure line having a constant pressure P, the volume flow may increase without limitation as long as the load produced by the motor is greater than the load used by the machine that is being driven. The motor could develop an inadmissible speed, or inad- missibly much power could be used from the high-pressure line. The place in the diagram indicated by W is the used power P 1 and the fluid flow Q 2 . The working range is then A + B + C + D, and it is the objective to limit this. By limiting the fluid flow Q to Q l t the maximum power produced becomes P, and the working range becomes A + B . This may result in the hydromotor using too much power, so that the aggregate cannot supply enough oil. By limiting the power to be produced by the hydraulic transformer to P 3 , the working range is reduced to A + C; it should be borne in mind, however, that there is no restriction to Q 2 , so that during load reduction the revolutions of the hydromotor may still be inadmissibly high. By combining the limitation of the fluid flow and the power, the working range is reduced to A. 19 Figure 12 shows how the working range can be limited by means of a control system. A schematically indicated hydraulic transformer 44 comprises an adjustment mechanism for the face plate, which adjustment mechanism 45 is operated by an actuator 46. The actuator 46 is controlled by a control system 47 which is designed to make the motor move in a particular manner. In the high-pressure line from a pressure source P to the hydraulic transformer 44, a sensor 50 is provided which is able to measure the flow rate, or which at least emits a signal if the flow rate exceeds a set value. The hydraulic transformer 44 is connected with a hydromotor 48 by means of connecting lines 51. The connecting lines 51 are provided with a sensor 49, which is similar to sensor 50. The sen- sors 49 and 50 are coupled with the control system 47. By measuring the oil flow to the hydraulic transformer 44 by means of the sensor 50, the power used is measured and the face plate can be adjusted by means of the actuator 46 such that the power used by the hydraulic transformer can be limited to a set value. By measuring the oil flow in the connecting line 51 by means of the sensor 49, the fluid flow can be limited. Instead of measuring the fluid flow directly in the connecting line 51, it can also be determined in another manner, for example, by counting the revolutions of the rotor of the hydraulic transformer 44 or of the hydromotor 48. In addition to the embodiment described above it is also possible for the control system 47 to comprise an algorithm for calculating the various flow rates and/or the power used. For this purpose, the pressure in the high-pressure line is known in the control system 47, for example, via a sensor or as preset value; for example, via the position of the actuator 46, the position of the face plate is known and one of the rates in the system, such as the flow rate in the high-pressure line to the hydraulic transformer 44, the flow rate in a connecting line 51, the rotation speed of the hydraulic transformer's rotor or the speed of movement of the motor 48, are known. 20 Figure 13 shows a simplified embodiment for limiting the fluid flow through the hydraulic transformer 44, wherein the adjustment mechanism 45 of the face plate is operated manually. In order to limit excessively high speeds of the motor 48 controlled by the hydraulic transformer 44, a mechanism is provided for restricting the stroke of the adjustment mechanism 45 if the flow rate in the connecting lines 51 exceed a preset value. To the adjustment mechanism 45 a rod 52 is attached, which can slide into a bush. The bush 53 is fastened to a hydraulic cylinder 55, whose piston, when there is insufficient pressure in a signal line 56, is retained in an extreme position by a spring 54. In this position the rod 52 can move freely in the bush 53 and the adjustment mechanism 45 can be moved freely. In both flow directions in the connecting line 51, a restriction 57 is built in after a nonreturn valve 58, which above a particular flow rate in the signal line 56 or a signal line 60, causes a build-up of pressure. The pressure in the signal line 56 pushes the piston in opposition to the spring pressure in the hydraulic cylinder 55 toward its second extreme position, and pushes the adjusting means 45 into a direction such that the flow rate will decrease. If the flow rate is too high in the opposite direc- tion, the pressure will increase in the signal line 60, so that an identical cylinder will move the adjustment mechanism 45 into the opposάte direction. In addition to, or instead of limiting the flow rate as shown here, the power can be limited in a similar manner. The above-described embodiment comprising limitation of power to be produced by a motor, is deployed in situations where several motors and other users are coupled to a common high-pressure line. By means of the control system 47 it is possible to limit the power used by the various motors which may, for instance, be necessary if the hydraulic power to be produced by an aggregate is limited, and if parts of the installation always have to be available for use. 21 In addition to the above-described limitation of power and/or speed, in which the adjustment is more or less non-dissipative, a simpler embodiment is possible, wherein a flow-limiting valve is provided in the high- pressure line to the hydraulic transformer and/or in the connecting line to the hydromotor. Limitation of the flow is realized by throttling the oil flow so that energy is lost. Because of the simplicity of the embodiment and the considerable operational reliability, this solution may be applied as safeguard in addition to the above-mentioned more advanced control system. An example of the above-described installation is a fork-lift truck comprising a hydraulic aggregate, where always enough energy must be available, for example, for lifting the load. In this deployment the power used because of the movable drive is, for example, limited to 90% of the aggregate's power, so that always sufficient energy remains available for the lift drive. The control means 47 discussed above may also be used to control the hydraulic transformer 44 such that displacements at low speed are possible. The hydraulic transformer controls the movement of the hydromotor 48 by means of fluid pressure with the consequence that, due to the compressibility of the fluid in the hydraulic trans- former and due to pressure fluctuations during rotation of the hydraulic transformer's rotor, the hydromotor does not immediately start when the adjustment mechanism 45 is being operated, so that extra provisions are required. Small movements of the hydromotor are possible if during actuation by the adjustment mechanism the face plate oscillates around the adjusted position with a deflection of preferably 10 degrees. The oscillation frequency depends on the hydraulic transformer, the hydromotor 48 and the connecting lines 51, and may be between 3 and 16 Hz or higher. In order to avoid loss of energy during adjustment of the face plate, the frequency chosen is preferably as low as possible. In practice, 7 Hertz has been proven to be a good oscillation frequency. The oscillation of the face plate around an adjusted position in the 22 afore-described manner induces pressure oscillations of the same frequency in the connecting line, and it allows the hydromotor 48 to move at low speed over a relatively large distance, facilitating precise displacements. An additional advantage is that the face plate always moves inside the housing, so that there is always an oil film between the housing and the face plate, with the consequence that less energy is required for adjusting the face plate . In addition to the above-described manner for oscillating the face plate by means of an actuator 46 controlled by a control system 47, the adjusting mechanism 45 may carry out a hydraulically driven oscillation around the adjusted value, so that said oscillation can also be applied, for example, in a manually controlled embodiment as described in Figure 13. Instead of the above-described oscillation of the face plate around the adjusted position it is possible to obtain the same effect if the hydraulic transformer is provided with a mechanism by which the top dead centre TDC oscillates around a position of equilibrium by means of, for example, allowing the bent housing 3 (see Figure 1) to oscillate in relation to the housing 5. This distinguishes the oscillation from the adjustment of the face plate 10, making it more simple to adjustment the face plate.

Claims: 23 CLAIMS 1. An apparatus for executing activities assisted by equipment driven by means of rotating or linear hydromotors (27,32; 41; 48), which motors may be loaded and/or moved in two directions, comprising a pressure source (P) for storing and delivering highly compressed fluid of high pressure, a high-pressure line for transporting fluid from the pressure source to at least one hydraulic transformer (HT; 40; 42; 44) provided with a rotor (2) and provided with adjusting means (8; 45,47) for controlling the hydro- motor through the adjustment of the fluid pressure in a connecting line (28,29; 37,38; 51) between the hydraulic transformer and a hydromotor connected therewith and a low-pressure line (T) connected with the hydraulic transformer for discharging low-pressure fluid characterized in that control means (46,47,49,50; 55,57) are provided for restricting a fluid flow in the hydraulic transformer. 2. An apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that the control means comprise at least one sensor (49,50; 57) for directly or indirectly measuring the flow rate of the fluid flow in the hydraulic transformer, such as a flow sensor in the high-pressure line to the hydraulic transformer, a flow sensor in a connecting line, a revolution sensor for measuring the rotor's rate of rotation, or a movement sensor for measuring the hydromotor' s rate of movement. 3. An apparatus according to claim 2, characterized in that the sensor forms part of a flow restriction valve in the high-pressure line to the hydraulic transformer and/or in the connecting line. 4. An apparatus according to claim 2 or 3 characterized in that the sensor (49,50; 57) is coupled with the adjusting means (45,46,55) for, subject to the flow rate measured, adjusting the pressure in the connecting line (51) . 5. An apparatus according to one of the preceding claims wherein the pressure source comprises an aggregate 24 characterized in that the control means (47) are adjusted such that the hydromotor uses less power than an adjustable value which is, for example, a portion of the power the aggregate is capable of supplying. 6. An apparatus according to one of the preceding claims characterized in that the hydraulic transformer (44) is provided with means (45,46,47) to cause the pressure in the connecting line(s) (51) to oscillate around an adjusted valve at a frequency of at least 3 and preferably more than 7 Hertz . 7. An apparatus according to one of the preceding claims wherein the hydraulic transformer has a continuously variable setting controlled by the adjustment means, characterized in that the adjustment means are designed to be able to change the setting within 500 msec from the first extreme setting via the zero position to the second extreme setting. 8. An apparatus according to one of the preceding claims characterized in that the adjustment means are pro- vided with spring-activated elements for returning the hydraulic transformer into a neutral position wherein the pressure in the connecting line(s) is minimal. 9. An apparatus according to one of the preceding claims wherein the hydromotor is a linear cylinder (41) connected with the hydraulic transformer (42) by means of one connecting line (38) , characterized in that the connecting line is provided with means (43) for at underpressure supplying fluid from the low-pressure line. 10. An apparatus according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a hydraulic transformer and the connecting line(s) and hydromotor connected thereto are suitable for a pressure exceeding the pressure prevailing in the high-pressure line. 11. A hydraulic transformer for use in an apparatus according to one of the preceding claims, wherein a first fluid flow having a first pressure is transformed into a second fluid flow having a second pressure, comprising a housing (5) , a first line connection, a second line connection and a third line connection, a rotor (2) which in 25 relation to the housing is limitlessly rotatable, a plurality of fluid chambers (12) whose volume during rotation of the rotor (2) varies between a minimum and a maximum, and a face plate (10) provided with three rotor gates (17,18, 18') which during rotation of the rotor (2) serve for sealing and alternatingly connecting via rotor conduits (a) , face plate gates (30) and the rotor gates (17,18,18'), the fluid chambers (12) with the three line connections, characterized in that the volume of the fluid chambers (12) to be sealed by means of the face plate (10) is maximally four times as large as the minimum. 12. A hydraulic transformer according to claim 11, characterized in that the volume of the fluid chambers (12) to be sealed by means of the face plate (10) is maxi- mally three times as large as the minimum. 13. A hydraulic transformer according to claim 11 or 12, characterized in that the rotor has nine or twelve fluid chambers . 14. A hydraulic transformer according to claim 11, 12 or 13, characterized in that the face plate gates (30) and the rotor gates (17,18,18') are dimensioned such that at least two rotor gates are of the same size, and all three walls (23) between the rotor gates simultaneously seal off a face plate gate (30) . 15. A hydraulic transformer for use in an apparatus according to one of the claims 1-10 wherein a first fluid flow having a first pressure is transformed into a second fluid flow having a second pressure, comprising a housing (5) , a first line connection, a second line connection and a third line connection, a rotor (2) which in relation to the housing is limitlessly rotatable, a plurality of fluid chambers (12) whose volume, when the rotor (2) rotates at a first angle, varies between a minimum and a maximum, and a face plate (10) provided with face plate conduits (b) for, while the rotor (2) is rotating, alternatingly connecting the fluid chambers (12) with the three line connections, which face plate (10) is rotatable in relation to the housing (5) and is provided with means for without interruption keeping a face plate conduit (b) in communi- 26 cation with the respective line connection while the face plate (10) is rotating, characterized in that the face plate (10) , in relation to the housing (5) , is able to rotate at a second angle which is similar to the first angle . 16. A hydraulic transformer according to one of the claims 11-15, wherein the face plate (10) at the side of the fluid chambers (12) is bordered by a first separating surface (VI) and at the side facing away from the fluid chambers by a second separating surface (V2) , the first separating surface comprising at least three rotor gates (17,18,18') located at a first radius and being in communication with three face plate conduits (b) , and the second separating surface (V2) comprising two housing gates (20,20') located at a second radius, and each being in communication with a face plate conduit (b) , characterized in that the third face plate conduit is in communication with a housing gate located at a third radius which is different from the second radius. 17. A hydraulic transformer according to one of the claims 11-16, wherein the third face plate conduit is in communication with a housing gate at the external circumference of the face plate. 18. A hydraulic transformer according to one of the claims 11-17, wherein the third face plate conduit is in communication with a housing gate (21) near the rotation axis (11) of the face plate (10) . 19. A hydraulic transformer according to one of the claims 11-18, characterized in that at the second separat- ing surface (V2) , the housing (5) is provided among other things with four face plate gates (24) located at the second radius; two face plate gates (24a, 24c) being positioned diametrically opposite one another and being in direct communication with the first (B) and the second (T) line connection respectively, while the other two face plate gates (24b, 24d) positioned diametrically opposite one another are in communication via a shuttle valve (26) with the first (B) and second line connection (T) . 27 20. A hydraulic transformer according to claim 19, characterized in that the shuttle valve (26) forms part of the face plate (10) or is coupled thereto.

Inventors: ACHTEN PETER AUGUSTINUS JOHANN, ACHTEN, PETER, AUGUSTINUS, JOHANNES
Applicants: ACHTEN PETER AUGUSTINUS JOHANN, INNAS FREE PISTON BV, ACHTEN, PETER, AUGUSTINUS, JOHANNES, INNAS FREE PISTON B.V.
Application year: 1999
Main classification: F04B1
IPC codes: F04B1, F04B49