ENDOCRINE THERAPY FOR BREAST CANCER: COMBINED TREATMENT WITH TAMOXIFEN PLUS ALKYL PCDFS

Abstract: Methods and pharmaceutical combinations for inhibiting estrogen-dependent tumors via the co-administration of antiestrogens, including tamoxifen, and alkyl PCDFs.

Description: APPLICATION FOR PATENT INVENTOR(S): STEPHEN H. SAFE TITLE: ENDOCRINE THERAPY FOR BREAST CANCER: COMBINED TREATMENT WITH TAMOXIFEN PLUS ALKYL PCDFS SPECIFICATION Field of the Invention This is a Continuation-in-Part application of U.S. SerialNo.09/217,780. This invention relates to tumor therapy and prevention. More particularly, it relates to methods and pharmaceutical combinations for inhibiting estrogen-dependent tumors. Background of the Invention Many breast tumors are estrogen-dependent, meaning that they require estrogens for growth. For several years, a popular and successful breast tumor treatment strategy has employed antiestrogens. Antiestrogens are a class of compounds which inhibit estrogens from eliciting their full response in target tissues. An antiestrogenic compound that has been used for years as a prophylatic and therapeutic drug for breast cancer is tamoxifen. Progesterone and related progestins have also been used extensively to treat breast cancer in laboratory animals and humans. Over the past several years, numerous other antiestrogen compounds have been disclosed as possible alternatives for tamoxifen including aromatase inhibitors (Bednarski, U.S. Pat. No. 4,745,109), antiestrogenic hydrazones (Morgan U.S. Pat. No. 4,732,904) and antiestrogenic benzothiophenes (Jones U.S. Pat. No.4,418,068). However, many antiestrogens do not act as strict antagonists, but rather also act as partial agonists on the estrogen receptor (ER). This partial agonist activity has proven to be a 'double-edged sword'. While the partial agonist activity has been shown to produce beneficial effects such as reducing serum cholesterol and preventing osteoporosis, it has recently been implicated by a number of independent studies as promoting increased endometrial tumor formation. (Endometrial cells consist of stromal and luminal epithelial cells, which in addition to smooth muscle myometrial cells, comprise the major cell types of the uterus.) For instance, findings from the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project concluded that "Risk of endometrial cancer increases following tamoxifen treatment for breast cancer; however, net benefit greatly outweighs risk"(Fisher et al. (1994)). The increased incidence of endometrial cancer after adjuvant tamoxifen therapy for breast cancer was recently confirmed in a study of 87,323 women with breast cancer as well as others (Rutqvist et al. (1995), Fornander et al. (1989), Mouridsen et al. (1988), Ryden et al. (1986)). The partial agonistic or "estrogen-like" activity of tamoxifen in the human uterus and the effects of tamoxifen on increased incidence of endometrial cancer is consistent with previous studies in laboratory animal and cell culture models. For instance, tamoxifen induced uterine hyperplasia in most animal models and tumor growth in athymic nude mice bearing transplanted estrogen-responsive endometrial tumors. Thus, the prior art method treating estrogen-dependent breast tumors results in a significant increase in the incidence of endometrial tumors. This increased incidence of endometrial tumors may be due to estrogen-like activity of tamoxifen in the uterus. More recently, another area of research has focused on the antiestrongenic activity of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists using 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo-/?-dioxin (TCDD) as a model compound. TCDD and related compounds inhibit mammary tumor growth in rodent models and 17β-estradiol (E2)- induced responses in the rodent uterus and human breast cancer cells. While TCDD was demonstrated to be an effective antiestrogen in rats, mice, and MCF-7 human breast cancer cell lines in culture, it proved to be too hepatocarcinogenic for use as a therapeutic antiestrogenic. Previous studies have demonstrated that TCDD induces toxic and biochemical responses in the rat; one such biochemical response, instruction of CYPIAI dependent aryl (hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) or ethoxyresorufm O-deethylase (EROD) activities in the liver correlates with the toxicity ofTCDD. A series of 6-alkyl-l,3,8-trichlorodibenzofurans (triCDFs) were originally synthesized for investigating their activities as partial AhR antagonists. The 6-alkyl- 1,3,8-triCDFs are of the formula: where R, , R 3 , and R 8 are chlorine, Rg is a linear of branched alkyl group of one to four carbons, and R 2 , R 4 , R 7 , and R 0 are hydrogen. 6-methyl-lJ,8-trichlorodibenzofuran (6-MCDF) was used as a prototype for this series of compounds. Initial studies showed that 6-MCDF bound to the Ah receptor but was a weak inducer of CYPIAI and exhibited minimal toxicity. Moreover, 6-MCDF inhibiter TCDD induced toxic responses and was characterized as an Ah receptor antagonist, (B. Astroff et al. (1988); M. Harris et al. (1989); R. Bannister et al. (1989); C. Yao et al. (1989)). However, 6-MCDF did not inhibit TCDD-induced antiestrogenic activity; 6-MCDF was also an antiestrogen in the rat uterus. (B. Astroff and Safe (1991)). In 1988, Astroff and Safe reported that both TCDD and 6-MCDF caused a dose-dependent decrease in nuclear and cytosolic ER and progesterone receptor (PR) binding in 21 to 25 day-old female Sprague-Dawley rat uterus. Moreover, 6-MCDF was only 300 to 570 times less active than TCDD as an antiestrogen while it was > 157,000 times less potent than TCDD as an inducer of hepatic CYPIAI in the same animals (CYP 1 Al is a surrogate for toxic potency). Subsequent studies showed that 6-MCDF and related compounds inhibited E2-indued hypertrophy, peroxidase activity, cytosolic ER and PR binding, and EGF receptor and c-fos mRNA levels in the rat uterus. Thus, it was apparent that 6-MCDF was capable of the beneficial antiestrogenicity effect without the toxic side effects of TCDD. The in vivo antiestrogenic activity of a series of alkyl-substituted polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) has been investigated in the immature female Sprague-Dawley rat uterus (B. Astroff et al. (1991); R. Dickerson et al. (1995)). The compounds utilized in this study contain two, three, or four lateral substituents and include: 6-MCDF, 6-ethyl-lJ,8-triCDF, 6-Λ-propyl-l,3,8-triCDF, 6-t-propyl- 1,3,8- triCDF, 6-t-butyl-lJ,8-triCDF, 8-MCDF (two lateral substituents); 6-methyl-2J,8- triCDF, 6-methyl-2J,4,8-tetraCDF, 8-methyl-lJJ-triCDF, and 8-methyl- 1,2,4,7- tetraCDF (three lateral substituents); 8-me hyl-2,3,7-triCDF, 8-methyl-2,3,4,7- tetraCDF (four lateral substituents). Two additional compounds, 8-methyl-2,3,7- trichlorodibenzo-/ dioxin and 8-methyl-2JJ,-tribromodibenzo-/?-dioxin (four lateral substituents), were also investigated. All alkyl-substituted compounds inhibited estrogen-induced uterine wet weight increase and cytosolic and nuclear PR and ER binding. Quantitative structure-antiestrogenicity relationships were determined using 6-z-prσpyl-l ,3,8-triCDF, 6-methyl-2,3,4,8-tetraCDF, and 8-methyl-2J,4,7-tetraCDF as representative congeners containing two, three and four lateral substituents, respectively. The ED 50 values (ED 50 is defined as the dose which produces 50% of a maximal response) for antiestrogenicity were similar for the three compounds; however the ED 50 values for induction of hepatic CYPIAI -dependent activity were 73,600 (estimated), 8.52, and 5J1 mmol/kg for 6-/-propyl-lJ,8,-triCDF, 6-methyl- 2,3,4,8-tetraCDF, and 8-methyl-2,3,4,7-tetraCDF, respectively. Based on results of previous studies, CYPIAI can be used as a surrogate for toxic potency in the rat; therefore, high ED 50 (CYPIAI induction)/ED 50 (antiestrogenicity) ratios are indicative of low toxicity and high antiestrogenic potency. The ratio was 13,990 - 11,100 for 6-/-propyl- 1 ,3 ,8-triCDF, whereas corresponding ratios for the compounds with three and four lateral substituents varied from 0.64 - 3.34. These data suggested that alternate 1,3,6,8-substituted alkyl PCDFs are useful structural models for developing new AhR-mediated antiestrogens for treatment of breast cancer. Data regarding the antiestrogenic effects of 1,3,6,8- or 2,4,6,8-alternate substituted alkyl dibenzofurans have been presented in US Patent No. 5,516,790 and are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. The in vivo antitumorigenic activity of 6-MCDF, 8-MCDF (8-methyl-l,3,6- triCDF) and 6-cyclohexyl-lJ,8-triCDF (6-CHDF) were investigated in the DMBA rat mammary tumor model (McDougal et al., Inhibition of 7J2- dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced rat mammary tumor growth by aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists. Cancer Letters 120:53-63, 1997). At doses of 5, 10 or 25 mg/kg/wk, 6- and 8-MCDF significantly inhibited mammary tumor growth, and at the 5 mg/kg/wk dose, >50% growth inhibition was observed for both isomers. In contrast, 6-CHDF was inactive at the 5 mg/kg/wk dose, and the structure- antitumorigenicity relationships (6-/8-MCDF » 6-CHDF) correlated with structure- antiestrogenicity (rat uterus) studies and the relative binding affinities of these compounds for the AhR. The antitumorigenic activity of 6- or 8-MCDF in the mammary was not accompanied by any significant changes in liver/body weight ratios, liver morphology or induction of hepatic CYPIAI -dependent activity which is one of the most sensitive indicators of exposure to AhR agonists. RT-PCR and Western blot analysis of mammary tumor mRNA and protein extracts, respectively, confirmed the presence of the AhR suggesting that AhR-mediated signaling pathways are functional in rat mammary tumors, but simply not activated by 6- or 8-MCDF. While not intending to be bound by theory, it is believed that most antiestrogens (i.e., tamoxifen) and alkyl PCDFs function via two different mechanisms. AhR is believed to decrease the ER by an unknown mechanism (presumably posttranscriptional). It is believed that alkyl PCDFs work through the AhR which cross-talks with the ER. Tamoxifen is believed to bind the ER and block ER action in the breast. 6-MCDF is believed to act through the AhR and therefore bind to the receptor. 6-MCDF is believed to be an AhR antagonist for the toxic responses (i.e., it inhibits TCDD toxicity in co-treatment studies) but is believed to act as an Ah receptor agonist for antiestrogenicity (i.e., acts like TCDD). The prior art method of treating estrogen-dependent breast tumors frequently involves the administration of tamoxifen. As mentioned above, tamoxifen therapy has been shown to be associated with a significantly elevated incidence for endometrial tumor formation in several independent trials (Fornander et al. (1989), Rutqvist et al. (1995), Mouridsen et al. (1988), Ryden et al. (1986), Fisher et al. (1994)). Some studies have suggested that the incidence of endometrial tumor formation may be reduced with lower tamoxifen doses. The Stockholm trial demonstrated an approximately 6 fold higher risk for endometrial tumors with a treatment protocol of 40 mg/day for 2 years (Fornander et al. (1989), Rutqvist et al. (1995)), while the Danish and South-Swedish trials demonstrated only 3.3 and 2.0 fold higher risks, respectively. In the latter two trials, tamoxifen was administered at 30 mg/day for one year. In Scottish and Manchester England trials in which tamoxifen was administered at 20 mg/day, there appeared to be no increased risk for endometrial tumors (Stewart et al. (1989), Stewart (1992), Ribeiro et al. (1992)). However, athird study involving 2843 patients demonstrated a 7.5 fold increased risk for endometrial tumor formation with the same dose (20 mg/day) of tamoxifen (Fisher et al. (1994)). In light of the smaller population sizes of the former studies, the results of the Scottish and Manchester England trials should be interpreted cautiously. Thus, it appears clear from the preponderance of studies that tamoxifen therapy results in significantly increased risks for endometrial tumor formation. However, it is presently unclear from existing trials whether a reduction in tamoxifen dose results in a reduced risk of endometrial tumor formation. Although there is no clear indication that reducing tamoxifen dose correspondingly reduces the risk for endometrial tumor formation, it should be kept in mind that large population based trials have not been conducted with tamoxifen doses less than 20 mg/day. Data from animal and cell culture models, however, do suggest a dose-related uterotropic effect for tamoxifen and this is consistent with pharmocological principles. For example, tamoxifen produced significant dose dependent increases in rat uterine wet weight which correlated with increased drug concentration. Therefore, it follows that similar reductions in tamoxifen dose might also result in diminished endometrial tumor formation. This invention utilizes the combination of a traditional antiestrogenic compound and an alkyl PCDF (a new class of halogenated aromatic antiestrogens) to reduce the concentration of the antiestrogenic compounds without reducing efficacy in the prevention or treatment of breast cancer. It is noteworthy that although the prior art teaches that antiestrogenic drugs have been used for at least a decade to treat breast cancer, the combination of antiestrogenic compounds and alkyl PCDFs has gone unrealized, suggesting that this invention is indeed nonobvious. Summary of the Invention The present invention provides a formulation for the inhibition of estrogen- dependent tumors comprising a 1 ,3,6,8-substituted or 2,4,6,8-substituted alkyl PCDF in combination with a second antiestrogenic compound. It will be understood that the present invention involves the administration and use of PCDFs in combination with steroidal or non-steroidal antiestrogen substrate analogs and derivatives. The non-steroidal antiestrogen substrate analogs can be either, but not limited to, triphenylethylene compounds, aromatase inhibitors, antiestrogenic hydrazones, antiestrogenic benzothiophenes, and dihydronaphthalenes. The term inhibition in this invention indicates either a reduction in the rate of tumor growth, tumor size, tumor volume, or even complete elimination of a tumor. Furthermore, it can indicate delaying onset of a tumor or complete prevention of tumor occurrence (for prophylatic treatment of high risk patients) or recurrence (following prior estrogen-dependent tumor treatment). This invention further provides a method of treating a person or animal (hereinafter referred to as a patient) with an estrogen-dependent tumor with the above formulation comprising administering a biologically-active amount of the formulation. The above formulation can be administered such that both compounds are delivered at the same time or at different times. This invention provides significant improvements to the prior art by providing a combination formulation of a triphenylethylene derivative and a 1 ,3 ,6,8-substituted or 2,4,6,8-substituted alkyl PCDF which act together, synergistically or additively, to inhibit estrogen-dependent tumor growth. The result of this combined effect is that the concentration at which the triphenylethylene derivatives are effective can be reduced, thus reducing the potential for endometrial tumor induction. Furthermore, in addition to the reduction of endocrine tumorogenicity due to the reduced concentration of triphenylethylene needed, the 1 ,3,6,8-substituted alkyl PCDF compounds act as direct inhibitors of antiestrogen-induced endometrial tumor formation. Other and further objects, features and advantages would be apparent and eventually more readily understood by reading the following specification and by reference to the company drawing forming a part thereof, or any examples of the present preferred embodiments of the invention are given for the purpose of the disclosure. Brief Description of the Drawings Figure 1 shows tumor volume and the effect of treatment with tamoxifen, MCDF, or co-treatment. Figure 2 shows tumor volume and the effect of treatment with tamoxifen. Figure 3 shows tumor volume and the effect of treatment with MCDF. Figure 4 shows tumor volume and the effect of co-treatment with tamoxifin and MCDF. Figures 5A, 5B and 5C show uterine peroxidase activity with treatment of tamoxifen, MCDF and co-treatment. Figures 6A and 6B show uterine weights with treatment of tamoxifen, MCDF and co-treatment. Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiment It is readily apparent to one skilled in the art that various embodiments and modifications may be made to the invention disclosed in this application without departing from the scope and the spirit of the invention. A specific embodiment of the present invention is that it provides a formulation for the inhibition of estrogen-dependent tumors comprising a 1 ,3,6,8- substituted or 2,4,6,8-substituted alkyl PCDF used in combination with a second compound which is an antiestrogen. It will be understood by one skilled in the art that the present invention involves the administration and use of PCDFs in combination with steroidal or non- steroidal antiestrogen substrate analogs and derivatives. The non-steroidal antiestrogen substrate analogs can be either, but not limited to, triphenylethylene compounds, aromatase inhibitors, antiestrogenic hydrazones, antiestrogenic benzothiophenes, and dihydronaphthalenes. The group of antiestrogen triphenylethylene compounds includes, but is not limited to, tamoxifen, tamoxifen analogs and derivatives, and toremifene, toremifene analogs and derivatives. This encompasses, but is not limited to, all such compounds, and equivalents thereto, which are, for example, disclosed in the following U.S. patents, each of which is hereby incoφorated by reference herein in its entirety: U.S. Patent No. 5,807,899, issued to Bohlmann et al., September 15, 1998; U.S. Patent No. 5,150,516, issued to DeGregorio on May 12, 1998; U.S. Patnet No. 4,656,187, issued to Black et al. on April 7, 1987; U.S. Patent No. 5,554,628, issued to Bryant et al. on September 10, 1996; U.S. Patent No. 5,604,248, issued to Bryant et al. on February 18, 1997; and U.S. Patent No. 5,691,355, issued to Biyant et al. on November 25, 1997. The group of antiestrogen hydrazone compounds includes, but is not limited to, azido, 4-nitro, 2, 4-dinitropheylhydrazones and all compounds, and equivalents thereto which are, for example, disclosed in the following U.S. patent No. 4,732,904 issued to Morgan on March 22, 1988. The group of antiestrogenic benzothiophenes includes, but is not limited to, raloxifene, raloxifene analogs and derivatives and all compounds, and equivalents thereto which are, for example, disclosed in the following U.S. Patent No. 4,418,068 issued to Jones on November 29, 1983. The group of aromatase inhibitors includes, but is not limited to, 4-hydroxyandrostenedione (4-OHA), letrozole, anastrozole and all compounds, and equivalents thereto which are, for example, disclosed in the following U.S. Patent No. 4,745,109 issued to Bednarski, et al. on May 17, 1988. The group of dihydronapthalene compounds includes, but is not limited to, trioxifene mesylate and all compounds, and equivalents thereto which are for example, disclosed in the following U.S. Patent No. 4,230,862 issued to Suarez and Jones on October 28, 1980. A further embodiment of the present invention is the use of a 1 ,3,6,8- substituted or 2,4,6,8-substituted alkyl PCDF. The possible substituents include halogens such as bromine, chlorine, fluorine and/or linear or branched substituents such as alkyl groups of about one to about five carbons. The 2,4,6 or 8 and 1,3,6 or 8 positions may also be individually and independently occupied by a hydrogen instead of a substituent. Suitable alkyl substituents include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl (t-propyl), n-butyl, sec-butyl, or tert-butyl groups. The PCDFs used in the present invention are described, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 5,516,790, issued to Stephen Safe on May 14, 1996, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. The PCDFs may include, but are not limited to, those having the formula: Figure 1 Figure 2 wherein R] , R 3 , R 6 and R 8 or R 2 , R 4 , Rg and R 8 are individually and independently a hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of chlorine, fluorine and bromine, and a linear or branched alkyl group of one to four carbons, and wherein the compound has at least one alkyl substituent and at least two halogen substituents; furthermore, the halogen may be chlorine, the alkyl substituent may be selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl and propyl; R 6 may be an alkyl substituent and R R 3 , and R 8 may be selected from the group consisting of chlorine, fluorine and bromine; further still R 8 may be an alkyl substituent and R,, R 3 , and R^ may be selected from the group consisting of chlorine, fluorine and bromine, the alkly substituent may be methyl; still further R 6 may be an alkyl and R 2 , R 4 , and R 8 may be selected from the group consisting of chlorine, fluorine and bromine; and, for example, R 8 may be an alkyl substituent and R 2 , R 4 , and R 6 may be selected from the group consisting of chlorine, fluorine and bromine. Examples of PCDFs may include, but are not limited to, 6-methyl- 1 ,3 ,8-trichlorodibenzofuran, 8 -methyl- 1,3, 6-trichlorodib enzofuran, 6-ethyl-lJ,8-trichlorodibenzofuran, 6-propyl-l J-8-trichlorodibenzofuran, 6-methyl-2,3,8-trichlorodibenzofuran, 6-methyl-2,3,4,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran, 8-methyl- 1 ,3 ,7-trichlorodibenzofuran, 8-methyl- 1 ,2,4,7-tetrachlorodibenzofuran, 8-methyl-2,3,7-trichlorodibenzofuran, and 8-methyl-2,3,7-tetrachlorodibenzofuran. In one embodiment, PCDFs possessing two lateral substituents ('lateral' substituents may be on position 2,3,7,or 8 of dibenzofuran) is used in combination with a second antiestrogen compound. In a preferred embodiment, 6-MCDF is used as a representative PCDF in combination with tamoxifen. In another preferred embodiment, 6-/-propyl-l,3,8-triCDF is used in combination with tamoxifen. In yet another preferred embodiment, 8-MCDF is used as a representative PCDF in combination with tamoxifen. The PCDF and the second antiestrogen compounds are combined in a ratio by weight essentially 50:1 to 1:50, preferably 25:1 to 1:25, and more preferably 10: 1 to 1 : 10. Most preferred ratios for alkyl PCDF: antiestrogen are 1:1 to 1 :4 to 4:1 (PCDF: antiestrogen). The present invention also provides a method for the treatment of estrogen- dependent tumors comprising administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of a PCDF in combination with a second antiestrogen compound (see above). The PCDF and the antiestrogen compounds are administered simultaneously or sequentially. Simultaneous administration of the compounds is the preferred method of delivery. In the event of sequential delivery, however, it is preferred that the first administered compound still be bioactive at the time that the second compound is delivered. In one embodiment, both the PCDF and the antiestrogen compounds are delivered orally. They may also, for example, be administered intraperotineally. These methods described herein are by no means all inclusive, and further methods to suit the specific application will be apparent to the ordinary skilled artisan. Moreover, the effective amount of the compositions can be further approximated through analogy to compounds known to exert the desired affect. The following examples are offered by way of example, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention in any manner. Example 1 : Female virgin Sprague-Dawley rats were obtained from Harlan (Houston) and were allowed to acclimate for 10 days, allowed access to food and water ad libitum, and maintained on a 12 h light/dark schedule. Mammary tumors were induced in 50±3 day old-rats by administering a single gavage dose of 20 mg DMBA in 0.5 ml corn oil. After 30 to 75 days, tumors could be detected by palpitation in the ductal tubes of the mammary glands. Multiple tumors often developed on a single rat. When the tumor or the largest of the tumors reached a small size (50-100mm 3 ), rats are treated daily by gavage with corn oil alone (vehicle control), a PCDF, and a second antiestrogen compound or a co-treatment of PCDF and a second antiestrogen compound for 20 days, and then euthanized on the 21 st day. Tumor sizes were measured with calipers, and volumes were calculated by formula (length x width x depth)/6π and are expressed as percent control. The doses of the PCDF and second antiestrogen compound are adequately large enough to bring about, in combination, the desired inhibition of growth of the cancer. In general, each of the compounds are administered in a dose from about 0.01 to about 20 mg/kg/day. The PCDF compounds administered are, but not limited to, 6-methyl- 1 ,3,8-trichlorodibenzofuran, 8-methyl- 1 ,3 ,6-trichlorodibenzofuran, 6-ethyl- 1 ,3 , 8-trichlorodibenzofuran, 6-propyl- 1 J-8-trichlorodibenzofuran, 6-methyl-2J, 8-trichlorodibenzofuran, 6-methyl-2J,4,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran, 8-methyl- 1 ,3 ,7-trichlorodibenzofuran, 8-methyl- 1 ,2,4,7-tetrachlorodibenzofuran, 8-methyl-2,3 ,7-trichlorodibenzofuran, and 8-methyl-2,3,7-tetrachlorodibenzofuran. The second antiestrogen compounds administered are, but not limited to, triphenylethylene compounds (i.e., tamoxifen, toremifene, clomiphene, nafoxidine), hydrazone compounds (i.e., azido, 4-nitro and 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazones), benzothiophenes (i.e., raloxifene) aromatase inhibitors (i.e., 4- hydroxyandrostenedione, letrozole, and anastrozole) and dihydronapthalenes (i.e., trioxifene mesylate). Example 2: Female virgin Sprague-Dawley rats were obtained from Harlan (Houston) and were allowed to acclimate for 10 days, allowed access to food and water ad libitum, and maintained on a 12 h light/dark schedule. Mammary tumors were induced in 50±3 day old-rats by administering a single gavage dose of 20 mg DMBA in 0.5 ml corn oil. After 30 to 75 days, tumors could be detected by palpitation in the ductal tubes of the mammary glands. Multiple tumors often developed on a single rat. When the tumor or the largest of the tumors reached a small size (50-100mm 3 ), rats were treated daily by gavage with corn oil alone (vehicle control), 0.4 mg/kg 6- MCDF, 0.4 mg/kg tamoxifen, or a cotreatment of 0.4 mg/kg 6-MCDF plus 0.4 mg/kg tamoxifen for 20 days, and then euthanized on the 21 st day. Tumor sizes were measured with calipers, and volumes were calculated by formula (length x width χ depth)/6π and are expressed as percent control. One week after their last injection, rats were euthanized by asphyxiation. All tumors were removed, weighed, and sectioned. One portion was frozen in liquid nitrogen for PCR analysis; one portion was placed in 10% formalin for histopathological analysis; and the majority was immediately homogenized for the preparation of microsomal and cytosolic fractions. Livers were perfused and weighed, and cytosol and microsomes were prepared as previously described. The results of this study are summarized in Table 1. At doses of 0.4 mg/kg/day, both tamoxifen and 6-MCDF alone significantly inhibited tumor volume (58.5 and 66.4% inhibition, respectively). % Inhibition treatment tumor volume tumor weight Table 1. Percent inhibition of tumor volume or tumor weight with tamoxifen alone (0.4 mg/kg/day), 6-MCDF alone (0.4 mg/kg/day), and tamoxifen plus 6-MCDF (each 0.4 mg/kg/day). * P <0.05 compared to untreated control using ANOVA and Duncan's statistical test for significance. Both drugs alone also decreased tumor weight; however, this inhibitory response was not significant. In contrast, there was a significant 86J and 78.0% inhibition of both mammary tumor volume and tumor weight in animals cotreated with tamoxifen plus 6-MCDF. The results illustrated in Table 1 clearly show that tumor growth in animals cotreated with both drugs is essentially blocked. Moreover, treatment with the compounds alone or in combination did not affect body or organ weights or cause any apparent histopathological changes in these tissues. The induction of CYP1 Al- dependent EROD activity by toxic halogenated aromatics such as TCDD is one of the most sensitive indicators of exposure to these compounds and there is an excellent correlation between toxic versus EROD induction potencies. Alternate-substituted PCDFs are characterized by their low toxicity and low potency as inducers of hepatic EROD activity. The results summarized in Table 1 show that tamoxifen, 6-MCDF and tamoxifen plus 6-MCDF did not induce hapatic EROD activity and this is consistent with the low toxicity of 6-MCDF. These results clearly demonstrate that 6-MCDF enhances the antitumorigenic activity of tamoxifen in the DMBA-induced rat mammary tumor model indicating that combined treatment with tamoxifen plus alkyl PCDFs is a new and more effacious endocrine therapy for treatment of mammary cancer. Example 3: Example 3, summarized in Table 2 and Figure 1, shows the effects of 6- MCDF and Tamoxifen, alone and in combination in the DMBA-induced rat mammary tumor model. Methods: Exact aged virgin female Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed on day 55 in the afternoon with 20 mg/rat 7J2-dimethylbenz[a]anthacene in a volume of 0.5 ml/rat com oil (rats weigh approximately 165 g, resulting in 120 mg/kg DMBA and 3 ml/kg com oil). Rats were treated by gavage daily with com oil (vehicle), 0.4 mg/kg 6-MCDF, 0.4 mg/kg Tamoxifen, or a cotreatment of 0.4 mg/kg 6-MCDF plus 0.4 mg/kg Tamoxifen for 20 days, and then euthanized on the 21 st day. TABLE 2 EFFECTS OF 6-MCDF AND TAMOXIFEN, ALONE AND IN COMBINATION, IN THE DMBA-INDUCED RAT MAMMARY TUMOR MODEL * p <0.05 **p <0.01 Statistical Analysis was done using ANOVA, and significance was determined using the Duncan New Multiple Range test Figure 1 shows tumor volume and the effect of treatment on mammary tumors of 0.4 mg/kg/day tamoxifen, MCDF, or co-treatment. Example 4: Example 4, summarized in Tables 3, 4 and Figures 2, 3 and 4, shows the effects of low doses of 6-MCDF and tamoxifen, alone and in combination in the DMBA-induced rat mammory tumor model. Methods: Exact aged virgin female Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed on day 55 in the afternoon with 20 mg/rat 7, 12-Dimethylbenz [a] anthacene in a volume of 0.5 ml/rat com oil (rats weigh approximately 165 g, result in 125 mg/kg DMBA and 3 ml/kg com oil). Rats were treated by gavage daily with com oil (vehicle), 0.1 , 0.05 and 0.025 mg/kg 6-MCDF, 0J, 0.05, 0,025 mg/kg tamoxifen, or a co-treatment of 0.1, 0.05, and 0.025 mg/kg 6-MCDF plus 0.1, 0.05 and 0.025 mg/kg tamoxifen for 20 days, and then euthanized on the 21 st day. TABLE 3 EFFECTS OF 6-MCDF AND TAMOXIFEN, ALONE AND IN COMBINATION, IN THE DMBA-INDUCED RAT MAMMARY TUMOR MODEL Data expressed as mean ± standard error. *P<0.05 Statistical analysis done by ANONA and Duncan's New Multiple Range. Figures 2, 3 and 4 show tumor volume and the effect of treatment on mammary tumors of 0J, 0.05 and 0.025 mg/kg/day tamoxifen, MCDF, or co- treatment. TABLE 4 EFFECTS OF LOW DOSES OF 6-MCDF AND TAMOXIFEN, ALONE AND IN COMBINATION, IN THE DMBA-INDUCED RAT MAMMARY TUMOR MODEL- BODY AND ORGAN WEIGHTS Organ weights are expressed as percent body weight. No significant differences were observed. Tamoxifen alone at a dose of 0J mg/kg/day significantly decreased tumor growth (weight and volume) where as lower doses (0.05 and 0.025 mg/kg/day) were inactive. In contrast, 6-MCDF was antitumorigenic at doses of 0J and 0.05 mg/kg/day but inactive at the lowest dose tested (0.025 mg/kg/day). In combination studies, weight-equivalent doses of tamoxifen plus 6-MCDF were used to determine interactive affects as antitumorigenic agents. The results illustrated in Table 3 and Figure 4 showed that all combinations significantly inhibited mammary tumor growth More importantly, the antitumorigenic low dose combination (tamoxifen plus 6- MCDF at 0.025 mg/kg/day as each compound) utilized doses of the compounds that were individually inactive. Statistical analysis of this data showed that this interaction of tamoxifen (0.025 mg/kg) plus 6-MCDF (0.025 mg/kg) synergistaclly inhibited mammary tumor growth in the DMBA-induced rat mammary tumor model. These results clearly demonstrate that 6-MCDF enhances the antitumorigenic activity of tamoxifen in the DMBA-induced rat mammary tumor model indicating that combined treatment with low doses of tamoxifen plus low doses of 6-MCDF is a new and more effacious endocrine therapy for treatment of mammary cancer. Furthermore, these data show that the two compounds synergistaclly block tumor growth in the rodent model at extremely low doses. With the reduction of tamoxifen to these low levels without reducing efficacy, said invention maintains the beneficial effects of tamoxifen and minimizes the tumorogenic effects of tamoxifen in the uterus. Example 5: Example 5 shows bone effects of daily doses of tamoxifen and 6-MCDF in ovariectomized rats. The ovariectomized rat is used as a model for osteoporosis. Current studies measure bone histomorphometry (Evans et al. (1996) or bone mineral density with X-ray abosrptiometry (Ezawa (1995) as well as bone length, wet weight and dry weight (Takahashi et al. (1996). In 1987 it was reported that tamoxifen acted as an estrogen agonist in bone tissue of ovariectomized rats (Turner et al. (1987), although a study indicates that tamoxifen has no effect in cycling rats (Takahashi et al. (1996). The femurs of rats treated with tamoxifen, MCDF, or tamoxifen + MCDF were analyzed to determine the tissue-specific antiestrogenicity of MCDF. Methods: Rats were ovariectomized at 97 days of age. After approximately 3 weeks, rats were orally closed for 20 days with com oil (vehicle), 0.4 mg/kg/day tamoxifen, 0.8 mg/kg/day 6-MCDF, or cotreatment of 0.4 mg/kg tamoxifen plus 0.8 mg/kg 6-MCDF daily. Rats were euthanized on day 21. After uteri were excised and processed, both left and right femurs were excised and the length measured with calipers. Because there was no cheap protocol in the literature for loosening all the muscle from the bone, a 4 hour wash with PBS, pH 2.0, was used, and softened the connective tissue without visibly affecting the bone. Wet weight was measured after residual connective tissue was stripped away. Dry weight was measured after the bones were dried for 12 ours at 130°C. TABLE 5 BONE EFFECTS OF DAILY DOSES OF TAMOXIFEN (0.4mg/kg) AND 6-MCDF (0.8 mg/kg) IN THE OVARIECTOMIZED SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RAT Values expressed as means ± standard errors. * Significantly different (p < 0.05) from control treatment. Example 6: Example 6 shows uterine effects of daily doses of tamoxifen and 6-MCDF in ovariectomized rats. Methods: Rats were ovariectomized at 97 days of age, and treatments began at 117 days of age. Rats were orally dosed for 20 days with com oil (vehicle), 0.4 mg/kg/day tamoxifen, 0.4 mg/kg/day 6-MCDF, or a co-treatment of 0.4 mg/kg/day tamoxifen plus 0.4 mg/kg/day 6-MCDF, with 5 rats in each treatment group. Rats were euthanized on day 21. 6-MCDF caused a slight but significant increase in splenic wet weight. TABLE 6 UTERINE EFFECTS OF DAILY DOSES OF TAMOXIFEN (0.4 mg/kg) AND 6-MCDF (0.4 mg/kg) IN THE OVARIECTOMIZED SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATE * Significantly different (p < 0.05) from control. ** Significantly different (p < 0 05) from control Example 7: Example 7 shows the effect on body and organ weight of treatment with tamoxifen, MCDF, and co-treatment. Methods: The procedure for preparing the dosing solutions is as follows: MCDF requires gentle heating to dissolve, and tamoxifen requires that it be dissolved in ethanol (5% of final volume) which is then added to com oil. The ethanol is evaporated off with a gentle stream of air. First, the com oil for the tamoxifen dose was heated in a boiling water bath, and allowed to cool. Then, MCDF for both MCDF alone and TAM±MCDF was weighed and dissolved in appropriate amounts of com oil with heating. For the control vehicle and the MCDF vehicle ethanol was added (5% v/v) and then evaporated away. Tamoxifen for both the tamoxifen treatment and the TAM±MCDF was dissolved in ethanol. An aliquot from each was then added to the appropriate com oil vehicle (the preheated com oil for tamoxifen, and the com oil containing MCDF for TAM+MCDF), and the ethanol was evaporated away. TABLE 7 EFFECT OF TREATMENT ON BODY AND ORGAN WEIGHTS Example 8: Example 8 (Tables 8 and 9 and Figures 5 and 6) show uterine effects of daily doses of tamoxifen and 6-MCDF in ovariectomized rats. For Table 8 and Figure 5, rats were ovariectomized at 97 days of age. After approximately 3 weeks, rats were orally dosed for 20 days with com oil (vehicle), 0.4 mg/kg/day tamoxifen, 0.8 mg/kg/day 6-MCDF, or a cotreatment of 0.4 mg/kg tamoxifen plus 0.8 mg/kg 6-MCDF daily. Rats were euthanized on day 21. TABLE 8 UTERINE EFFECTS OF DAILY DOSES OF TAMOXIFEN (0.4 mg/kg) AND 6-MCDF (0.8 mg/kg) IN THE OVARIECTOMIZED SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RAT EFFECTS OF TREATMENT ON UTERINE ASSAYS Values expressed as means ± standard deviations. + Significantly different (p<0.05) from control treatment. t Significantly different (p<0 05) from tamoxifen treatment. Figures 5 A, 5B and 5C show uterine peroxidase activity (nuclear extracts) with treatment with tamoxifen, MCDF and co-treatment. For Table 9 and Figures 6 A and 6B, exact aged virgin female Sprague- Dawley rats were dosed on day 55 in the afternoon with 20 mg/rat 7,12- dimethylbenz[a]anthacene in a volume of 0.5 ml/rat com oil (rats weigh approximately 165 g, resulting in 120 mg/kg DMBA and 3 ml/kg com oil). Rats were treated by gavage daily with com oil (vehicle), 0.4 mg/kg 6-MCDF, 0.4 mg/kg tamoxifen, or a cotreatment of 0.4 mg/kg 6-MCDF plus 0.4 mg/kg tamoxifen for 20 days, and then euthanized on the 21 st day. TABLE 9 EFFECTS OF TREATMENT ON BODY AND ORGAN WEIGHTS Values expressed as means ± standard error. * Significantly different (p < 0.05) from control treatment. t Significantly different (p. < 0.05) from tamoxifen treatment. Figures 6A and 6B show uterine weights with treatment with tamoxifen, MCDF and co-treatment. REFERENCES 1. B. Astroff et al, 6-Methyl-l,3,8-trichlorodibenzofuran as a 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo-/?-dioxin antagonist inhibition of the induction of rat cytochrome P-450 isozymes and related monoxygenase activites, Mol. Pharmacol. 33 (1988) 231-236; 2. B. Astroff et al., Comparative antiestrongenic activities of 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo- ?- to /« and 6-methyl-l ,3,8-trichlorodibenozofuran in the female rat, Itoxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 95 (1988) 435-443; 3. B. Astroff et al., 6-Substituted-lJ,8-trichlorodibenzofurans as 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo- ?-dioxin antagonists in the rat: structure-activity relationships, Toxicology, 59 (1989) 285-296; 4. B. Astroff et al., 6-Alkyl-l,3,8-trichlorodibenzofurans as antiestrogens in female Sprague-Dawley rats, Toxicology 69 (1991) 187-197; 5. R. Bannister et al, 6-Methyl-lJ, 8-trichlorodibenzofuran (MCDF) as a 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-/?-dioxin antagonist in C57BL/6 mice, Toxicology 54 (1989) 139-150; 6. R. Dickerson et al., Alkyl polychlorinated dibenzofurans and related compounds as antiestrogens in the female rat uterus; structure-activity studies, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 135 (1995) 287-298; 7. G. L. Evans et al, Raloxifene inhibits bone turnover and prevents further cancellous bone loss in adult ovariectomized rats with established osteropenia, Endo. (1996) 137:4139-4144; 8. I. Ezawa et al., The effect of ovariectomy on bone metabolism in rats, Bone 17J63S-167S; 9. Fisher et al., J. Natl. 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Claims: CLAIMS What is claimed is: 1. A method of inhibiting the growth of estrogen-dependent tumors comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a first compound of the formula: wherein R,, R 3 , R 6 and R g or R 2 , R 4 , R 6 and R 8 are individually and independently a hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of chlorine, fluorine, and bromine, and a linear or branched alkyl group of one to four carbons, said first compound having at least one alkyl substituent and at least two halogen substituents; and a therapeutically effective amount of a second compound which is selected from the group of antiestrogens consisting of triphenylethylene antiestrogens, aromatase inhibitors, antiestrogenic hydrazones, antiestrogenic benzothiophenes, and antiestrogenic dihydronaphthalenes. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the second compound is selected from the group of triphenylethylene antiestrogens consisting of tamoxifen, toremifene, clomiphene, nafoxidine, and hydroxytamoxifen. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the second compound is tamoxifen. 4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the halogen of the first compound is chlorine. 5. The method of claim 3, wherein said halogen substituents of the first compound are selected from the group consisting of chlorine, bromine, and fluorine. 6. The method of claim 3, wherein said alkyl substituents of the first compound are selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl and propyl. 7. The method of claim 3, wherein the first compound is 6-methyl- 1,3,8- trichlorodibenzofuran. 8. The method of claim 3, wherein the first compound is 8-methyl- 1,3,6- trichlorodibenzofuran. 9. The method of claim 3, wherein the first compound is 6-f-propyl- 1,3,8- trichlorodibenzofuran. 10. The method of claim 3 , wherein the first compound is selected from the group consisting of 6-methyl- 1 ,3 , 8-trichlorodibenzofuran, 8-methyl- 1 ,3 ,6-trichlorodibenzofuran, 6-ethyl-l ,3, 8-trichlorodibenzofuran, 6-propyl- 1 ,3-8-trichlorodibenzofuran, 6-methyl-2J, 8-trichlorodibenzofuran, 6-methyl-2J,4,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran, 8-methyl- 1 ,3,7-trichlorodibenzofuran, 8-methyl- 1 ,2,4,7-tefrachlorodibenzofuran, 8-methyl-2,3,7-tachlorodibenzofuran, and 8-methyl-2,3 ,7-tetrachlorodibenzofuran. 11. A pharmaceutical combination for inhibiting the growth of estrogen- dependent tumors comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a first compound of the formula: wherein R,, R 3 , R 6 and R 8 or R 2 , R 4 , R 6 and R 8 are individually and independently a hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of chlorine, fluorine, and bromine, and a linear or branched alkyl group of one to four carbons, said first compound having at least one alkyl substituent and at least two halogen substituents; and a therapeutically effective amount of a second compound which is selected from the group of antiestrogens consisting of triphenylethylene antiestrogens, aromatase inhibitors, antiestrogentic hydrazones, antiestrogenic benzothiophenes, and dihdronaphalenes. 12. The pharmaceutical combination of claim 11 , wherein the second compound is selected from the group of triphenylethylene antiestrogens consisting of tamoxifen, toremifene, clomiphene, nafoxidine and hydroxytamoxifen. 13. The pharmaceutical combination of claim 11 , wherein the second compound is tamoxifen. 14. The pharmaceutical combination of claim 13, wherein the halogen of the first compound is chlorine. 15. The pharmaceutical combination of claim 13, wherein said halogen substituents of the first compound are selected from the group consisting of chlorine, bromine, and fluorine. 16. The pharmaceutical combination of claim 13 , wherein said alkyl substituents of the first compound are selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, and propyl. 17. The pharmaceutical combination of claim 13, wherein the first compound is 6-methyl-l ,3, 8-trichlorodibenzofuran. 18. The pharmaceutical combination of claim 13 , wherein the first compound is 8-methyl-l,3,6-trichlorodibenzofuran. 19. The pharmaceutical combination of claim 13, wherein the first compound is 6-/-propyl- 1 ,3 , 8-trichlorodibenzofuran. 20. The pharmaceutical combination of claim 13, wherein the first compound is selected from the group consisting of 6-methyl-l,3, 8-trichlorodibenzofuran, 8-methyl- 1 ,3 ,6-trichlorodibenzofuran, 6-ethyl-l ,3, 8-trichlorodibenzofuran, 6-propyl-l ,3-8-trichlorodibenzofuran, 6-methyl-2,3, 8-trichlorodibenzofuran, 6-methyl-2,3 ,4,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran, 8-methyl- 1 ,3 ,7-trichlorodibenzo fiiran, 8-methyl- 1 ,2,4,7-tefrachlorodibenzofuran, 8-meώyl-2,3,7-trichlorodibenzofuran, and 8-methyl-2,3,7-tefrachlorodibenzofuran. 21. The pharmaceutical combination of claim 17, wherein the amount of the first compound is about a range of 1 to 50 parts by weight and the second compound is about a range of 1 to 50 parts by weight. 22. The pharmaceutical combination of claim 17, wherein the amount of the first compound is about a range of 1 to 10 parts by weight and the second compound is about a range of 1 to 10 parts by weight. 23. The pharmaceutical combination of claim 17, wherein the amount of the first compound is about a range of 1 to 5 parts by weight and the second compound is about a range of 1 to 5 parts by weight.

Inventors: SAFE STEPHEN H, SAFE, STEPHEN, H.
Applicants: SAFE STEPHEN H, TEXAS A & M UNIV SYS, SAFE, STEPHEN, H., THE TEXAS A & M UNIVERSITY SYSTEM
Application year: 1999
Main classification: A61K31
IPC codes: A61K31, A61K45, A61P5, A61P35, A61P43, C07D307