METHODS AND REAGENTS FOR INACTIVATING RIBONUCLEASES

Abstract: The present invention is a general method for inactivating or inhibiting ribonucleases. Ribonucleases are treated with a reducing agent and heat. RNA samples contaminated with ribonuclease may be treated with this method to protect them from degradation. The RNA may then be used directly in a variety of enzymatic reactions and molecular biology techniques. This method may also be applied to a variety of molecular biology reagents which may be contaminated with ribonuclease to protect an RNA from being degraded when incubated with the reagent.

Description: DESCRIPTION METHODS AND REAGENTS FOR INACTIVATING RIBONUCLEASES BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to the field of molecular biology. More particularly, it concerns the inactivation of ribonucleases (RNases) which can degrade RNA. 2. Description of Related Art The quality of an RNA preparation greatly affects the results obtained when analyzing it by a number of different molecular biology techniques such as northern blotting, ribonuclease protection assays and RT-PCR (Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction). Degraded RNA will produce a lower signal than in an equivalent intact RNA sample. RNA is much more susceptible to degradation than DNA (Sambrook et al. , 1989). RNA is readily hydrolyzed when exposed to conditions of high pH, metal cations, high temperatures and contaminating ribonucleases. A major cause of RNA degradation is ribonuclease contamination, and this must be guarded against in virtually all RNA-related procedures, including RNA isolation, mRNA purification, RNA storage, northern blotting, nuclease protection assays, RT-PCR, in vitro transcription and/or translation and RNA diagnostics. In addition to the endogenous ribonucleases from cells and tissues, finger grease and bacteria and/or fungi in airborne dust particles are common sources of ribonuclease. To minimize ribonuclease contamination, appropriate precautions must be followed when handling RNA (Blumberg, 1987; Wu, 1997). Ribonucleases are difficult to inactivate. For example, while at 90°C, bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A (RNase A) has no activity. However, if the enzyme is quickly cooled to 25°C, the activity is fully restored. This process is known as reversible thermal denaturation. If the RNase A is incubated at 90°C over time, then decreasing fractions of the activity are recovered at 25°C. This process is known as irreversible thermoinactivation. At 90°C, it takes several hours to inactivate RNase A (Zale and Klibanov, 1986). Much of the lost activity is attributed to disulfide interchange (Zale and Klibanov, 1986). Further, the inventors and others have found that ribonucleases can even withstand autoclaving (121 °C, 15 psi, 15 minutes) to some degree. Spackman et al. (1960) tested the stability of RNase A and concluded that it was stable to heat, extremes of pH, and the protein denaturant, urea, results emphasizing the difficulty researchers have had inactivating ribonucleases. For the above reason, a variety of methods other than heating have been developed to inhibit or inactivate ribonucleases. These methods, and their disadvantages, are described below. In one method of destroying RNases, diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC) is added to final concentration of 0.1% to molecular biology reagents, glassware or electrophoresis apparatus, followed by incubating at 37°C for several hours and then autoclaving for 15-20 minutes to destroy the DEPC (Wolf et al. , 1970). DEPC reacts with the ε-amino groups of lysine and the carboxylic groups of aspartate and glutamate both intra- and intermolecularly (Wolf et al., 1970). This chemical reaction forms polymers of the ribonuclease. However, there are several disadvantages to using DEPC: (1) It is a possible carcinogen and is hazardous to humans; (2) some commonly used molecular biology reagents such as Tris react with and inactivate DEPC; (3) treatment of samples with DEPC is time-consuming; (4) DEPC reacts with the adenine residues of RNA, rendering it inactive in in vitro translation reactions (Blumberg, 1987) and 5) If all of the DEPC is not destroyed by autoclaving, remaining trace amounts may inhibit subsequent enzymatic reactions. Traditionally, RNA is stored in DEPC-treated water or TE buffer. However, the RNA is not protected from degradation if the sample or the storage solution has a minor ribonuclease contamination. It has been suggested that RNA be stored in ethanol or formamide to protect an RNA sample from degradation because these environments minimize ribonuclease activity (Chomczynski, 1992). The obvious disadvantage is that the RNA sample cannot be directly utilized for analysis or enzymatic reactions unless the ethanol or formamide is removed. Guanidinium thiocyanate is commonly used to inhibit RNases during RNA isolation (Chomczynski and Sacchi, 1987; Sambrook et al., 1989). A high concentration of guanidinium thiocyanate combined with β-mercaptoethanol is used to isolate RNA from tissues, even those that are rich in ribonucleases, such as pancreas (Chirgwin et al., 1979). Guanidinium is an effective inhibitor of most enzymes due to its chaotropic nature. However, if RNA is dissolved in guanidinium, then it must first be purified from the guanidinium prior to being used in an enzymatic reaction. Vanadyl-ribonucleoside complexes (NRC) may be used to inhibit RNases during RNA preparation (Berger and Birkenmeier, 1979). The drawback to using VRC, is that VRC strongly inhibits the translation of mRNA in cell-free systems and must be removed from RNA samples by phenol extraction (Sambrook et al., 1989). Favaloro et al. (1980) employed macaloid, a clay, to absorb RNases. A limitation of this method is that it is difficult to completely remove the clay from RNA samples. Other reagents have been used to inhibit ribonucleases including SDS, EDTA, proteinase K, heparin, hydroxylamine-oxygen-cupric ion, bentonite and ammonium sulfate (Allewell and Sama, 1974; Jocoli and Ronald, 1973; Lin, 1972; Jones, 1976; Mendelsohn and Young, 1978). None of these reagents are strong inhibitors alone, although their inhibitory effect may be improved by using them in combination. Like many of the RNase inhibitors already described, although these chemicals inhibit RNase activity, they also may inhibit other enzymes such as reverse transcriptase and DNase I. Therefore, the RNA must be purified away from the inhibitory reagent(s) before it can be subjected to other enzymatic processes. Two types of proteinaceous RNase inhibitors are commercially available: human placental ribonuclease inhibitor (Blackburn et al., 1977) and PRIME Inhibitor™ (Murphy et al., 1995). RNases of the class A family bind tightly to these protein inhibitors and form noncovalent complexes that are enzymatically inactive. The major disadvantage of these inhibitors is that they have a narrow spectrum of specificity. They do not inhibit other classes of RNases. Another disadvantage when using placental ribonuclease inhibitor is that it denatures within hours at 37°C, releasing the bound ribonuclease. Thus, the RNA sample is only protected for only a few hours at most. Reducing agents are frequently used as adjuvants to RNA isolation solutions in conjunction with denaturants to reduce the disulfide bonds in RNases that are rendered accessible by the denaturant. Commonly used reducing reagents are β-mercaptoethanol, dithiothreitol (DTT), dithioerythritol (DTE), and glutathione. Another such reducing agent is the amino acid cysteine. β-mercaptoethanol is often included in RNA isolation solutions combined with guanidinium thiocyanate to reduce ribonuclease activity and solubolize proteins (Chomcyznski and Sacchi, 1987). DTT is the strongest reducing reagent of the three listed. DTT has low redox potential (-0.33 volts at pH 7.0) and is capable of maintaining monothiols effectively in the reduced form and of reducing disulfides quantitatively (Cleland, 1964). DTT acts as a protective agent for free sulfhydryl groups. It is highly water soluble, with little tendency to be oxidized directly by air, and is superior to other thiols used as protective reagents. DTT's reducing activity can be accurately assayed using 5, 5'-dithiobis (2- nitrobenzoic acid) or DTNB (Cleland, 1964). The reduction of DTNB mediated by DTT generates a yellow color whose absorbance can be measured at 412 nm using a spectrophotometer. RNase A, RNase 1 and RNase Tl all contain disulfide bonds (Ryle and Anfinesen, 1957; Barnard, 1969) and, therefore, are susceptible to reduction. DTT has been used as an inhibitor of RNase A in the isolation of polyribosomes (Boshes, 1970; Aliaga, 1975). In Boshes' experiment, polyribosome preparations were treated with RNase A (10 μg ml) in solution A (10 mM MgCl 2 : 10 mM Tris [pH 7.6]: 50 mM KC1) in the presence or absence of 4 mM DTT at 4°C for 20 minutes. The treatment of polyribosomes with RNase A generated monoribosomes. Boshes observed that polyribosomes treated with RNase A in the presence of 4 mM DTT reduced the conversion of polyribosomes to monoribosomes and from that result he concluded that DTT was an RNase inhibitor. Boshes' statement was based on the effect of DTT on the conversion of polyribosomes to monoribosomes by RNase A. He did not directly assay the degradation of purified RNA. Since Boshes was working with a complex, uncharacterized protein mixture, it is unclear as to what may have been responsible for the decreased production of monoribosomes. For example, the addition of DTT may have increased the activity of the endogenous mammalian RNase inhibitors rather than act directly on the RNases. These RNase inhibitors require a reducing environment for activity. Heat has been used to inactivate RNase A by mediating the breakage of disulfide bonds. Zale and Klibanov (1986) performed inactivation of RNase A at 90°C and pH 6.0 for 1 hour, which induced the following chemical changes: disulfide interchange, β-elimination of cysteine residues, and deamidation of asparagine. This type of heat treatment did not completely inactivate the ribonuclease. A major disadvantage is that a long-term, high-temperature treatment (90-100°C) is incompatible with RNA. Such treatment promotes the hydrolysis of RNA. In fact, the inventors have found that total RNA incubated at 65°C for several hours is almost completely degraded. Thus, treating an RNase sample with extreme heat to inactivate ribonucleases will mediate the destruction of the RNA that the user is trying to protect. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a general method for rapidly inactivating ribonucleases and RNA storage solutions adapted for use in such methods. These methods comprise the steps of obtaining a composition; obtaining a reducing agent; admixing the reducing reagent and sample; and heating. A composition is understood to be any composition that may contain RNA, including, but not limited to, a solution, a sample, a reagent, and an extract, such as a crude cellular extract. The inventors' method for inactivating ribonuclease can protect RNA from ribonuclease degradation during storage. More importantly, an RNA-containing compositions can be used immediately after ribonuclease inactivation for RNA analysis, and in enzymatic reactions such as the synthesis of cDNA by reverse transcriptase and the degradation cellular DNA by a deoxyribonuclease such as DNase I. As used herein, the terms "RNase inactivation" or the "inactivation of RNases" denotes that there is no detectable degradation of the sample RNA under the assay conditions used. Similarly, the term " substantially inactivated" connotes that there is no substantial degradation of RNA detected in a composition that may contain RNA. " Substantial" degredation is defined as degradation that would impare the use of the RNA in the types of protocols described in this specification. As used herein, the term "inhibition" of ribonuclease activity means that activity of at least one ribonuclease is reduced in a sample treated according to the invention relative to a sample not treated according t the invention. " Inhibition" does not require RNase inactivation or even subatantial RNase inactivation. In broad aspects, the present invention relates to methods for inhibiting the activity of ribonucleases that may be present in a composition comprising: (a) obtaining a composition; (b) obtaining a reducing agent; (c) admixing the composition and the reducing agent; and (d) heating the admixture; such that any activity of any ribonucleases in the composition is inhibited. The reducing agent, concentrations of components and heating conditions may be, for example, the conditions discussed elsewhere in this specification. In one embodiment, the present invention relates to reagents for use in methods for inactivating or inhibiting ribonucleases and such methods comprising: (a) obtaining a composition that may contain a ribonuclease; (b) obtaining a reducing agent; (c) admixing the composition and the reducing agent; and (d) heating the admixture, wherein ribonucleases in the composition are inactivated or inhibited. There are many different manners in which the methods and reagents of the present invention may be used. However, in a preferred embodiment, the reagents and methods will be used to inactivate or inhibit any ribonucleases that are present in a composition that is a reagent used in molecular biology, either in cases where ribonuclease contamination is known or expected to have occurred, or simply as an additional prophylactic step in attempts to avoid RNase contamination. As discussed above, ribonuclease contamination can seriously affect the results of molecular biological assays. Therefore, there is great value in having simple, efficient methods for preventing ribonuclease contamination of molecular biology reagents. In many cases, the molecular biology reagent will be one employed in the handling of RNA, water, TE buffer, 20X SSC, 10X MOPS, Tris buffer, EDTA, nucleic acid hybridization buffer, sodium acetate buffer, formalin tissue fixative, in situ hybridization buffer, or nucleic acid storage buffer/solution. Many agents and reagents having reducing properties are well known to those of skill in the art, and, by employing assays described herein, one of ordinary skill in the art will be able to determine which of any of these reducing agents will be of use in the present invention. Presently preferred reducing agents are those comprising DTT, β-mercaptoethanol, cysteine, or dithioerithritol. The final concentration of these reducing agents in the composition that is to be protected from ribonuclease can be any that functions to achieve the ribonuclease protective activity that is the purpose of the invention. Presently preferred concentrations are those between 0.5 and 500 mM reducing agent in the admixture of the sample and the reducing agent. More presently preferred concentrations are between 1 and 200 mM in the admixture. Even more presently preferred concentrations are between 2 and 60 mM. The presently most preferred concentration is 20 mM in the admixture. Of course, the invention is in no way limited to these preferred concentrations. In most cases, the reducing agent is comprised in a buffer solution prior to admixing. The buffer solution will comprise the agent at a high enough concentration such that the final concentration of the agent in the admixture is sufficient to realize the ribonuclease protective goals of the invention. The buffer solution may also comprise a chelator such as sodium citrate, EGTA, or EDTA. The admixture may be heated to any temperature and for any amount of time that is sufficient to accomplish the ribonuclease inactivation and/or inhibition goals of the invention. Presently preferred conditions call of the heating of the admixture to at least 37°C for at least 3 minutes. Heating may be accomplished by any means standardly employed in a biological lab. The inventors typically use a heat block or water bath that has been set to the desired temperature. One of the advantages of the present invention is that the methods do not affect the stability of any RNA that is comprised in the composition that is being treated to inactivate and/or inhibit ribonucleases. Therefore, a specific embodiment of the invention comprises methods for inactivating/inhibiting ribonucleases in the presence of RNA comprising: (a) obtaining a composition comprising RNA; (b) obtaining a reducing agent; (c) admixing the composition and the reducing agent; and (d) heating the admixture, wherein ribonucleases in the composition are inactivated and/or inibited. The RNA composition may be any composition that contains RNA, including but not limited to a tissue sample, a cell sample, a crude cell preparation, isolated total RNA, and any form of purified RNA. In a preferred embodiment, the composition is comprised of purified RNA. The reducing agents, other components, concentrations, times, and temperatures are typically as described above. In some embodiments, the invention relates to methods for sequential inactivation or inhibition of any ribonucleases in a composition such that any ribonucleases introduced to the sample at some time after a first inactivation or inhibition procedure may be inactivated or inhibited comprising: a) obtaining a composition; b) obtaining a reducing agent; c) admixing the composition and the reducing agent; d) performing a first heating of the admixture, whereby any ribonucleases in the admixture are inactivated or inhibited; e) determining that a further inactivation or inhibition procedure is warranted to inactivate any ribonucleases that may have been introduced to the sample subsequent to the first heating; f) performing a second heating of the admixture, whereby ribonucleases in the admixture are inactivated. The benefits of these methods are clear. One may have a composition comprising RNA that also contains an appropriate amount of reducing agent. Prior to storage of the RNA, one can simply heat the composition for an appropriate length of time to an appropriate temperature, thereby inactivating or inhibiting any ribonucleases. The next time the RNA is accessed, the remaining RNA may be reheated to inactivate or inhibit any ribonucleases that might have been introduced into the composition by the access procedure. This process may be carried out an indefinite number of times throughout the storage life of the RNA. The present invention also comprises solutions for storing RNA comprising: a) a reducing agent; and b) an RNA sample. In some preferred embodiments, the reducing agent will be selected from the group consisting of DTT, dithioerythritol, β-mercaptoethanol, and cysteine. The final concentration of the reducing agent in the solution can be any concentration that functions to achieve the ribonuclease protective activity that is the purpose of the invention upon heating. Presently preferred concentration are those between 0.5 and 500 mM reducing agent in the solution. More presently preferred concentrations are between 1 and 200 mM in the solution. Even more presently preferred concentrations are between 2 and 60 mM. The presently most preferred concentration is 20 mM in the solution. Of course, the invention is in no way limited to these preferred concentrations. Some preferred RNA storage solution comprise a buffer, and presently preferred pHs of the solution are between 5.0-7.0. High pHs mediate the hydrolysis of RNA. However, any pH that does not adversely affect the RNA may be used. The solution may also comprise a metal chelator such as, for example, sodium citrate, EGTA, or EDTA. The chelator is sometimes desired because some metal cations can mediate the hydrolysis of RNA in a sample. In some general aspects, the invention relates to method for inactivating or inhibiting ribonucleases in a cell sample comprising: obtaining a cell sample; obtaining a reducing agent; admixing the cell sample and the reducing agent, and heating the admixture; wherein any ribonucleases in the cell sample are substantially inactivated and/or inhibited. In addition, the present invention encompasses methods for producing cDNA from a crude cellular extract, which takes advantage of the ribonuclease inactivation and/or inhibition methods described above and herein. A crude cellular extract can be derived from any cell type, including cell lines and cells derived from organs, and can be prepared according to standard methods known to those of skill in the art. In some examples, cDNA can be produced from a crude cellular extract without isolating RNA from the extract. A specific example of these methods comprises: (a) obtaining a crude cellular extract; (b) obtaining a reducing agent; (c) admixing the crude cellular extract and the reducing agent; (d) heating the admixture, wherein any ribonucleases in the crude cellular extract are substantially inactivated or inhibited; (e) incubating the admixture with reverse transcriptase under conditions to allow reverse transcription; and, (f) amplifying the products of the reverse transcription. In another example of these methods, the admixture is also incubated with a deoxyribonuclease, such as DNase I, prior to the reverse transcription reaction. In preferred embodiments at this time, the reducing agent is DTT, β-mercaptoethanol, cysteine, or dithioerithritol. In even more preferred embodiments, the reducing agent is DTT, however, the invention should not be limited to the preferred embodiments. When DTT is employed in a method for producing cDNA from a crude cellular extract in some examples, the final concentration of the DTT is between 1 and 200 mM in the admixture. Furthermore, in preferred examples, the admixture is heated to at least 37°C, and in some embodiments, the admixture is heated for at least 3 minutes. The invention is further understood to encompass kits, in a suitable container, for producing cDNA from a cell sample. The kit can contain components that can be used for any portion of the method for preparing cDNA from a cell sample. A kit of the present invention could comprise a reducing agent and a buffer. Such a kit could also include components used for reverse transcription and/or components used to amplify nucleic acid sequences. It is further contemplated that a kit of the present invention includes reagents that may be useful, but not necessary for either reverse transcription and/or nucleic acid amplification. These reagents include water, such as RNase-free dH 2 O. In one embodiment, the kit contains at least one of the following: a buffer, such as PBS; a reducing agent; a reverse transcription buffer; reverse transcriptase; dNTP mix (comprising at least one of the dNTPS of ATP, GTP, CTP, and TTP); a deoxyribonuclease such as DNase I, which may be RNase-free; an RNase inhibitor; and Lambda ARMORED RNA®. In another example, the kit for preparing cDNA from a cell sample comprises a buffer, such as PBS; and/or a reducing agent; and/or a reverse transcription buffer; and/or a reverse transcriptase; and/or a dNTP mix (comprising at least one of the dNTPS of ATP, GTP, CTP, and TTP); and/or a deoxyribonuclease such as DNase I, which also may be RNase-free; and/or an RNase inhibitor, such Placental RNase Inhibitor; and/or Lambda ARMORED RNA®. It is also contemplated the kits of the present invention may include primers such as deoxynucleotide oligomers, and reagents for implementing positive and negative controls. An example of a primer that can be used is Oligo dT 18 primer or Random Decamer Primer. Specific primers to amplify specific nucleotide sequences may also be included in a kit of the present invention. Following long-standing patent law, the words "a" and "an," when used in conjunction with the word "comprising" in the claims or specification, denote one or more. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The following drawings form part of the present specification and are included to further demonstrate certain aspects of the present invention. The invention may be better understood by reference to one or more of these drawings in combination with the detailed description of specific embodiments presented herein. FIG. 1. DTT-heat inactivation of different RNase concentrations. The RNase mixture was made to different concentrations in 20 mM DTT: 1 mM sodium citrate (pH 6.4). The RNase samples were incubated at 60°C for 20 minutes. A radioactive RNA probe was added to the treated RNase samples, incubated at 37°C for 16 hours, fractionated in a denaturing 5% acrylamide gel and exposed to x-ray film. The (+) lane is the RNA probe which did not contain DTT or RNase but was incubated at 37°C for 16 hours. FIG. 2. DTT does not inhibit the AMV or MMLV reverse transcriptases. Reverse transcriptions were performed using the RETROscript™ kit (Ambion,Inc). Mouse total RNA in DEPC-treated water was reverse transcribed with either MMLV or AMV reverse transcriptase in the presence or absence of 20mM DTT. dCTP[α 32 P] was included in the reactions to measure the efficiency of reverse transcription. Following incubation at 42°C for 1 h, 5 μl of each reaction was subjected to TCA precipitation to measure the amount of dCTP[α 32 P] incorporated into cDNA by reverse transcription. FIG. 3. DTT does not inhibit T7, T3 and SP6 RNA polymerases. Transcriptions were performed with T7, T3 and SP6 RNA polymerase in the presence and absence of 20 mM DTT. For each RNA polymerase reaction, pTRI-Xef DNA was the template and UTP[α 32 P] was included to measure the efficiency of transcription. Duplicates were performed for each reaction. TCA precipitations were performed on each transcription reaction to measure the percent of the UTP[α 32 P] incorporated into RNA. FIG. 4. Time dependence of RNase inactivation. The RNase mixture was made to 200 ng/ml in 1 mM sodium citrate (pH 6.4) in the presence of 20 mM DTT. 5 μl aliquots of the RNase mixture was heated for increasing amounts of time at 60°C. After heating, 4 μl (1 μg/μl) of total mouse brain RNA was added to each of the samples and incubated at 37°C for 1 h. The samples were then fractionated on a formaldehyde denaturing 1% agarose gel in the presence of ethidium bromide. The RNA was detected by UN fluorescence. The lane labeled with the (+) is the mouse RΝA substrate which was not subjected to any RΝase. The lane labeled with the (-) is the mouse RΝA substrate which was subjected to the RΝase and 20 mM DTT without any heating. FIG. 5. DTT is oxidized by incubating at 65°C for 6 days. DTT was made to 100 mM in water and incubated at 65 °C for 6 days. Fresh DTT and the heated 100 mM were diluted in water to different concentrations and subjected to the DTΝB test. Absorbance at 412 nm indicates the reducing strength of the DTT. DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS The present invention relates to methods for inactivating ribonucleases, which employ at least one reducing reagent and heat of at least 37°C. Generally, the reducing agent is added to buffers, solutions or water containing a potential RNase contamination. RNases are then inactivated by heating. The preferred reducing reagents are DTT, DTE, cysteine, and β- mercaptoethanol. To effectively inactivate RNases, the presently preferred method is to add DTT to a final concentration of 20 mM to the sample and then incubate at 60°C for 8 minutes. The following examples provide detailed description and utilities of the present invention. The following examples are included to demonstrate preferred embodiments of the invention. It should be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the techniques disclosed in the examples which follow represent techniques discovered by the inventors to function well in the practice of the invention, and thus can be considered to constitute preferred modes for its practice. However, those of skill in the art should, in light of the present disclosure, appreciate that many changes can be made in the specific embodiments which are disclosed and still obtain a like or similar result without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Example 1 Criteria for the Analysis of Ribonuclease Inactivation The inventors routinely perform assays on RNA designed to assess RNase activity in a sample. Two different assays are typically used for the detection of ribonuclease activity, non- isotopic and isotopic. Each assay generates similar data with regard to the sensitivity of detection. In both assays, the inactivation process is typically performed on a mixture of three different ribonucleases: RNase A, RNase 1, and RNase Tl. Each ribonuclease is purified from a different species: human, E. coli and a fungus, respectively. The three RNases are very different from each other in their origin, substrate specificity and protein sequence. In this way, the inactivation process can test three completely different but well characterized ribonucleases. The standard stock RNase mixture employed in the following examples is prepared by combining 1 μl RNase 1 (100 U/μl; Ambion), 1 μl RNase cocktail (RNase A, 0.5 U/μl; RNase Tl, 20 U/μl, Ambion) and 98 μl water. By employing one or both of these assays, one of skill will be able to determine additional reducing agents that function in the invention. In order to do so, one need only obtain a putative reducing agent that is expected to have RNase inactivating activity and then perform the types of assays performed herein with regard to DTT, cysteine, etc. to determine the utility of the putative reducing agent in the methods and compositions of the invention. 1. Non-Isotopic RNase Inactivation Assay The non-isotopic assay uses total RNA isolated from mouse as the substrate for the RNase mixture. The assays reported in the following examples were typically performed in a final volume of 10 μl. A quantity of 4 μg of total RNA isolated from mouse liver or brain was dissolved in an aqueous solution, usually water or 1 mM sodium citrate (pH 6.6). The treated ribonuclease sample was added to the total RNA and then incubated at 37°C for 1 or 16 hours, depending on the sensitivity desired for the assay. After incubation, the RNA was fractionated in a formaldehyde 1% agarose gel. The RNA was detected by staining with ethidium bromide and then illuminating the gel with ultraviolet light. The RNA fiuoresces in the gel. Untreated total RNA was also fractionated as a control with the test samples for comparative purposes. Test samples containing inactivated RNase produced the same ethidium bromide staining pattern as the untreated RNA control. Intact total RNA has two major bands produced by the 28S and 18S ribosomal RNA. If the intensities of the ribosomal RNAs became diminished compared to the control RNA, then the RNases were not inactivated by the inactivation treatment. An example of the non-isotopic assay in use in found in Example 6 and the Figure cited therein. 2. Isotopic RNase Inactivation Assay The isotopic RNase assay uses a radioactive RNA synthesized by in vitro transcription as the RNA substrate. The RNA used in the following examples was 1.9 or 4.0 kb in length. The radioactive RNA was synthesized using a T7 MEGAscript™ transcription kit (Ambion, Inc.). The in vitro transcription reaction mixture contained 1.0 μg of linearized DNA template, 2 μl of lOx transcription buffer, 1 μl of UTP[α- 32 P] (800 Ci/mmol), 2 μl of each 75 mM ribonucleotide and 2 μl of the T7 RNA polymerase mix, final volume of 20 μl. The reaction was incubated at 37°C for 3 hours. The transcript was precipitated with 7.5 M LiCl and resuspended in 0.1 ml of 1 mM sodium citrate (pH 6.6) or RNase free water. 2 μl of the RNA probe was incubated with the test sample in a final volume of 10 μl for about 16 hours at 37°C. After incubation, the RNA was fractionated in a denaturing 6 M urea 5% acrylamide gel and then the gel was exposed to x-ray film. Untreated RNA was also fractionated as a control with the test samples for comparative purposes. Test samples containing no detectable RNase activity produced the same single band as the untreated control RNA. RNase activity was indicated by the intensity of the RNA decreasing and by the appearance of smearing below the intact RNA. An example of the isotopic assay in use is found in Example 3 and the Figure cited therein. Example 2 Boshes' Method does not Inactivate RNases Boshes (1970) stated that DTT is an RNase inhibitor, a statement based on the observation that the addition of DTT decreased the generation, by RNase A, of polyribosomes to monoribosomes in a crude polyribosome preparation. RNase A (10 μg/ml) activity was inhibited by the addition of 4 mM DTT at 4°C for 20 minutes (Boshes, 1970). The inventors demonstrated that these conditions are insufficient to inactivate RNase using their assay system. RNase A, at 200 ng/ml instead of 10 μg/ml, was treated with or without 4 mM DTT in Boshes' solution A at 4°C for 20 minutes. RNase A activity was then tested by incubating mouse liver total RNA with the treated RNase A at 37°C for 60 minutes. The mouse RNA was then fractionated by electrophoresis in a 1% agarose formaldehyde gel. RNase A at 200 ng/ml was not inactivated using the conditions set forth by Boshes (1970). In fact, the RNA was completely digested. In contrast, the RNase A treated at 60°C for 20 minutes in the presence of 20 mM DTT was completely inactivated, i.e., the mouse total RNA remained completely intact. A likely explanation for the observed results is that Boshes used a crude, uncharacterized sample containing a complex set of proteins associated with the polyribosomal fraction. Mammalian RNase inhibitor is found in many tissues and is dependent on reducing conditions for activity. RNase inhibitor binds to RNase to inhibit its activity. Under oxidizing conditions, the RNase inhibitor releases active RNase. Thus when Boshes added DTT to his preparation, he may have restored or increased the activity of the naturally occurring RNase inhibitor. Example 3 Use of Reducing Agents Coupled with Heat Inactivate Ribonucleases Concentrations of RNase mixture inactivated by treating with a reducing reagent and heat. The RNase mixture was added to 1 mM sodium citrate (pH 6.4) containing 20 mM DTT up to final concentration of 1 μg/ml and incubated at 60°C for 20 minutes RNase activity was tested using the non-isotopic (1 hour incubation) and the isotopic assays (FIG. 1). As measured by both assays, the RNase mixture was completely inactivated up to 200 ng/ml. In related experiments, β-mercaptoethanol and DTE at 20 mM were incubated with the RNase mixture at 200 ng/ml at 60°C for 20 minutes. These reducing reagents had the same effect as DTT in that they were able to inactivate RNase activity completely as measured using the non-isotopic assay. 2. Inactivating RNases in the presence of RNA The RNase mixture was added at final concentrations of 200, 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.125, 1.56, 0.78 and 0.39 ng/ml to mouse liver total RNA (4 μg/10 μl) in 1 mM sodium citrate (pH 6.4): 20 mM DTT. The samples were incubated at 60°C for 20 minutes and then assessed for RNase activity using the non-isotopic assay, incubating 37°C for 1 hour. This method of RNase inactivation was able to completely inactivate the RNase mixture up to 3.125 ng/ml in the presence of RNA. It was difficult to test the inactivation process on the higher concentrations of the RNase mixture in the presence of RNA, because the RNA was being degraded by the high concentrations of RNase before the sample could be subjected to the heating step. Example 4 RNase Inactivation is Dependent on DTT Concentration and Temperature 1. Inactivation of the RNase Mixture To determine the effective temperature and DTT concentration for ribonuclease inactivation, RNase mixtures were prepared to final concentrations of 954, 191, 95, and 64 ng/ml. DTT was added to final concentrations of 5, 10, and 20 mM. The solutions were incubated at 37°C or 60°C for 20 minutes. RNase activity was tested using the non-isotopic assay. Higher DTT concentrations and higher temperatures were most effective at inactivating the RNase mixture (Table 1). The RNase mixture at 954 ng/ml could be inactivated by incubating in 20 mM DTT at 60°C for 20 minutes. Even an RNase mixture at 64 ng/ml could be inactivated by incubating at 37°C for 20 minutes with 10 mM DTT. The inactivation treatments were equally effective in water, in buffer A [1 mM sodium citrate (pH 6.4)], in buffer B [50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.0)] or in buffer C [30 mM NaCl: 3 mM sodium citrate (pH 7.5)]. Table 1. RNase Inactivation is Dependent on the DTT Concentration and the Temperature in Water or Different Buffers* * ImM sodium citrate (pH 6.4), Buffer A; 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.0), Buffer B; 30mM NaCl; 3mM sodium citrate (pH 7.5), Buffer C. (+) indicates that the RNase mixture was inactivated and (-) indicates that the RNase mixture was not activated as determined by the non-isotopic assay. The RNase cocktail was made to various concentrations in different buffers in different DTT concentrations and incubated at 37°C or 60°C for 20 minutes. Total mouse RNA was added to the treated RNase mixture and incubated at 37°C for one hour, fractionated in a formaldehyde denaturing 1% agarose gel and the RNA visualized by ethidium bromide staining and UV fluorescence. 2. Heating is Required for Ribonuclease Inactivation RNase A was diluted to 154 ng/ml in 1 mM sodium citrate (pH 6.4) or in Boshes' (1970) buffer A. DTT was added to the samples to 4 mM or 20 mM and then incubated at 4°C or 60°C for 20 minutes. The RNase A was not inactivated by 4 mM or 20 mM DTT at 4°C for 20 minutes. The mouse total RNA was completely degraded. However, the ribonuclease activity was completely inactivated with 4 mM or 20 mM DTT coupled with heat at 60°C for 20 minutes. Therefore, the heating step was important for inactivation in this study. Example 5 DTT, DTE and β-mercaptoethanol do not Inhibit Enzymatic Reactions in the Presence of RNA 1. DTT, DTE and β-mercaptoethanol do not inhibit in vitro transcription or reverse transcription reactions. DTT, DTE and β-mercaptoethanol at 20 mM in standard in vitro transcription reactions or standard reverse transcription (RT) reactions do not inhibit the efficiency of either of these reactions. The reverse transcription reactions were performed using the RETROscript™ kit (Ambion, Inc.). The following were assembled with or without 20 mM of the reducing reagents in a final volume of 19 μl: dNTPs (0.5 mM each), oligo dT (5 μM), 0.4 μl dCTP[α- 32 P] (3000 Ci/mmol), 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.3): 50 mM KC1: 1.5 mM MgCl 2 , mouse brain total RNA (4 μg). The reaction mixtures were incubated at 65°C for 10 minutes. 1 μl (100 units) of AMV or MMLV reverse transcriptase were added and then the reactions were incubated at 42°C for 1 hour. Reverse transcription by either enzyme was not inhibited by DTT (FIG. 2) or by DTE or β-mercaptoethanol. The transcription reactions were based on the MAXIscript™ transcription kit (Ambion, Inc.). The following were assembled with or without 20 mM reducing reagent in a final volume of 18 μl: NTPs (0.5 mM each), 1 μg linearized DNA template, 2 μl lOx transcription buffer, and 0.2 μl UTP [α- 32 P] (800 Ci/mmol). The reaction mixtures were incubated 60°C for 10 minutes and then 2 μl of the either SP6, T7 or T3 RNA polymerase (10 units/μl) were added to the reactions, incubated 30°C for 60 minutes and then TCA precipitated to assess the incorporation of the radioactive label. None of the three polymerases were inhibited by DTT (FIG. 3) or by DTE or β-mercaptoethanol. 2. Reducing reagents and heat selectively inactivate RNases but not DNase I. DNase I is commonly used to degrade contaminating DNA in RNA preparations. To test whether the inactivation method affected DNase I activity, DNase I (final concentration of 0.4 units/μl) was added to water containing 20 mM DTT, DTE or β-mercaptoethanol. The mixture was incubated at 60°C for 20 minutes. After the heat treatment, the DNase I activity was tested by incubating the treated DNase I with plasmid DNA (0.2 μg/μl) at 37°C for one hour followed by electrophoresis in a 1% agarose gel. The DNA was completely degraded demonstrating that the activity of the treated DNase I was not affected by the reducing/heat treatment. Example 6 RNase Inactivation is Time Dependent The RNase mixture (200 ng/ml) was prepared in 1 mM sodium citrate (pH 6.4) with 20 mM DTT, followed by heating at 60°C for 10 seconds, 30 seconds, 1 minute, 2 minutes, 4 minutes, 8 minutes, 16 minutes and 20 minutes. RNase activity was tested using the non- isotopic assay. Incubation for less than 30 seconds did not inactivate the ribonuclease mixture (FIG. 4). Treatment at 60°C for 1, 2, and 4 minutes inactivated approximately 50%, 80% and 100% of the activity, respectively. Therefore, inactivation of RNase at 200 ng/ml by 20 mM DTT requires a 60°C incubation for at least 4 minutes. Inactivation at a higher temperature such as 60°C is preferred over 37°C because the RNase mixture is inactive at the higher temperature. At 37°C, some of the RNA may be degraded by the RNase before the RNase is completely inactivated. Example 7 Sequential Inactivation of RNases by DTT Coupled with Heating To perform sequential inactivation of RNases, 20 mM DTT was added to 1 mM sodium citrate buffer (pH 6.4). The RNase mixture was added to the buffer to final concentration of 200 ng/ml. Inactivation was carried out by heating the mixture at 60°C for 20 minutes. To a portion of the heated RNase, additional RNase mixture was added to 200 ng/ml and followed by heating at 60°C for 20 minutes. Three sequential additions of ribonuclease mixture and inactivation were performed. A negative control was set up for each sequential addition of ribonuclease mixture to the buffer but without reheating. RNase activity was measured non- isotopically. Sequentially added RNases (200 ng/ml) subjected to heating at 60°C were completely inactivated. In contrast, sequentially added RNases to the same buffer which were not subjected to the 60°C incubation caused complete RNA degradation, demonstrating that heating is required for RNase inactivation. The sequential inactivations of the RNase mixture was possible because there was no detectable loss of DTT reducing power with each heating step, as measured below by the DTNB assay and therefore, a great excess of reduced DTT was still available to effect the inactivation of additional RNase. To assess the effect that the ribonuclease mixture has on the oxidation of DTT, the RNase mixture at 1 μg/ml was incubated with DTT at 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2 and 0.25 mM at 60°C for 20 minutes. 0.1 ml of each sample was added to 0.8 ml of 0.1 M KPO (pH 7.7) and 0.1 ml DTNB in 0.1 KPO (pH 7.7). Samples which were not treated with heat were also subjected to the DTNB assay for comparison. The DTNB reaction mixtures were incubated at 21 °C for 10 minutes to allow the yellow color to develop. Absorbances were measured at 412 nm. The results were that there was no difference in the reactivity of the DTT whether it had been used to inactivate the RNase mixture or not. The results showed that there was no difference between the DTT used to inactivate the RNase mixture and non-reacted DTT. Example 8 DTT/Heat Inactivation of Ribonucleases is Stable The RNase mixture was added to a final concentration of 200 ng/ml with 20 mM DTT to different solutions [water, TE (pH 8.0), 20x SSC, lOx MOPS, 1 M Tris (pH 8.0), 1 M Tris (pH 7.0), 1 mM sodium citrate (pH 6.4), 0.5 M EDTA (pH 8.0), 5x transcription buffer, lOx transcription buffer, lx blocking buffer, lOx reverse transcription buffer, DNA/RNA hybridization buffer, in situ hybridization buffer, 1 M MgCl , 3 M sodium acetate, and formalin tissue fixative] followed by heating at 60°C for 20 minutes to inactivate RNases. RNase activity was measured non-isotopically and isotopically. The DTT-heating procedure inactivated RNase activity in all of buffers and solutions tested. Solutions containing the inactivated RNases were stored at 4°C for one month and the RNase activity was then retested. Even after one month, none of the solutions had detectable RNase activity, indicating that the inactivation procedure is stable. Most of the solutions which were not treated with DTT and heat still had detectable RNase activity. Example 9 Oxidized Dtt Cannot Inactivate The Rnase Mixture DTT was made to 100 mM in water and incubated at 65°C for 6 days. This material was diluted to 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 micromolar in water and then assayed for its reducing strength using the DTNB test described in Example 7 and compared to the same concentrations of DTT made fresh in water. The absorbance at 412 nm directly correlates with reducing strength. The greater the absorbance, the greater the reducing power. The DTT incubated at 65°C was completely oxidized (FIG. 5). The DTT incubated at 65 °C for 6 days was then tested for its ability to inactivate the RNase mixture. The heated DTT was diluted to 20 mM in the presence of the RNase mixture at 200 ng/ml in water and incubated at 60°C for 20 minutes. RNase activity was measured using the non-isotopic assay. The oxidized DTT did not inactivate the RNase mixture. Example 10 Inactivation of an Unknown RNase in Alkaline Phosphatase Storage Solution A commercial solution of unknown composition to the inventors designed to stabilize the storage of alkaline phosphatase was detected to have RNase activity using the isotopic assay. DTT was added to the alkaline phosphatase storage solution to final concentrations of 0, 2, 5, 10 and 20 mM and then incubated at 60°C for 20 minutes. In the presence of 10 and 20 mM DTT, the alkaline phosphatase storage solution developed a precipitate and was not tested for RNase activity. The alkaline phosphatase storage solution treated with 0, 2 and 5 mM DTT and untreated alkaline phosphatase storage solution were tested for RNase activity using the isotopic assay. The alkaline phosphatase storage solution incubated at 60°C in the presence of 2 and 5 mM DTT had no detectable RNase activity while the other two samples had similar levels of RNase activity. Thus, incubating the alkaline phosphatase storage solution at 60°C without DTT was not sufficient to inactivate the unknown RNase. This experiment demonstrates that the RNase inactivation procedure is effective on unknown RNase contaminants. Example 11 Inactivation of an Unknown RNase in Psoralen Biotin The Millennium™ Markers (Ambion, Inc.) are a set of RNA size markers from 0.5 to 9 kb in length. They are used for determining the length of an unknown RNA. These markers were being labeled with biotin using a psoralen biotin labeling procedure so that they could be detected non-isotopically on a nylon membrane. However, if the Millennium™ Markers were incubated at 37°C for 16 hours after labeling with the psoralen biotin, they were degraded. The psoralen biotin was contaminated with an unknown RNase since the unlabeled Millennium™ Markers remained intact after the 37°C, 16 hour incubation. However, if the psoralen biotin labeled Millennium™ Markers were incubated at 90°C for 10 minutes in the presence of 5 mM DTT after the labeling procedure to inactivate the RNase activity, then the labeled Millennium™ Markers remained intact after incubation at 37°C for 16 hours. Example 12 Inactivation of Ribonucleases from a Crude Cellular Extract to Protect the Full Length Cellular RNA from Degradation The reduction-heating process may be used to generate a crude RNase free preparation of total RNA from cells grown in tissue culture, or from any other source, suitable for several different RNA analyses. Cells grown in tissue culture are optionally washed in cold phosphate buffered saline (PBS). To accomplish this, if adherent cells are in a flask, then the medium can be aspirated and the cells dissociated from their surfaces by incubating the cells with EDTA or trypsin, or alternatively, by scraping the cells with a rubber spatula. After dissociation, the cells may be counted to determine the cell concentration. Cell lines that are not adherent can be counted directly in their growth medium. Approximately 100,000 cells or fewer are pelleted by centrifugation in a 1.5 ml microfuge tube, 1,000 x g for 5 minutes at 4°C. The cells can be resuspended with 1 ml of cold lx PBS and then pelleted again. The supernatant is aspirated and the cells are ready for the addition of the Cell Lysis Buffer. If the adherent cells are in a 96-well plate, the protocol is much simpler. The medium is aspirated from the well, 0.2 ml of cold lx PBS added to the well and then aspirated again. The cells are ready for the Cell Lysis Buffer. The cells are placed on ice. If the cells are in a microfuge tube, an isotonic solution of a lysis buffer, such as Cell Lysis Buffer (lx PBS containing 20 mM DTT and 0.1 mM EDTA), typically 5-100 μl, can be added to the cells to resuspend them. Alternatively, if the cells are in a plate, such as a 96-well plate, of a solution such as Cell Lysis Buffer is added so that the entire surface of the well is covered. In most applications, the cell concentration should not exceed 2 x 10 6 cells/ml. Optimal concentration for HeLa cells, in most appliactions is about 400,000 cells/ml. The cell suspension may be heated to between 60°C and 90°C for 3 to 20 minutes. In one embodiment of the present invention the cell suspension is heated at 75°C for 5 minutes. A 96-well plate can be heated in a water bath by placing the rack in the water bath such that the water is slightly higher than the rack. The 96-well plate can be rested on the rack during the 75 °C incubation. The heating step typically has two functions: 1) it denatures the cell membrane, releasing the cells' RNA and other contents into the PBS, and 2) it inactivates the RNases, thus preventing the degradation of the RNA. After heating, the cell suspension may be centrifuged at high speed to pellet insoluble debris. A deoxyribonuclease such as DNase I may be added to the cell suspension after the heat inactivation of the RNases. Of course, DNase I treatment may not be needed in protocols employing PCR primers that span an intron. In an embodiment of the present invention DNase I (for example, 2U/μl) is added to the cell lysate in a final concentration of about 0.04 U/μl. The DNase I may be diluted in PBS to decrease its concentration. The contents are incubated at 37°C for 10-40 minutes to digest the cellular DNA. In some experiments, the mixture is heated at 37°C for 30 minutes. Finally, the contents may be incubated at 75 °C for 5 minutes to inactivate the DNase I. The cell suspension should now be suitable for RT-PCR. Of course, one of skill will understand that variations in the parameters of this procedure are possible It may be necessary to perform the initial heat inactivation at a higher temperature, than in other previous embodiments, to achieve minimal RNA degradation. For example, the mixture can be heated at about 75°C for 3-10 minutes to inactivate the DNase I, with or without the EDTA. This process may also be performed on prokaryotic cells. It will be important to have a fast ramp time for the initial heat inactivation to minimize the time during which the temperature will be optimal for RNase activity. Example 13 Preparation of cDNA Following Inactivation of Ribonucleases from a Crude Cellular Extract cDNA can be readily prepared from a crude cellular extract that has been treated according to the methods disclosed in Example 12, herein, which describes methods of substantially inactivating any ribonucleases that may be present in a crude cellular extract. cDNA can be prepared from cells without RNA purification by using the treated cellular extract in a reverse transcription reaction followed by nucleic acid amplification. After cells have been exposed to Cell Lysis Buffer, heated, and the treated with DNase I that is subsequently inactivated by heat, as described in Example 12, the mixture can then be used to provide templates for first-strand synthesis of cDNA molecules. For example, 5-50 μl of treated cell lysate can be used for a reverse transcription reaction. The lysate may be combined with RNase-free water, dNTPs, and first-strand primers. A typical reaction could have a final volume of about 16 μl (5-10 μl cell lysate RNA, 4 μl dNTP mix, 2 μl first-strand primers, and nuclease-free dH O to make up the final volume). Subsequently, the reaction could be heated for, for example, 2-5 minutes to 70-85°C to denature any secondary RNA structure. Heat treatment is optional. If heated, the reaction can be placed on ice for about 1 minute to cool quickly, and then briefly centrifuged before replacing on ice. Then 2 μl of lOx RT buffer (500 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.3: 750 mM KC1: 30 mM MgCl 2 : 50 mM DTT), 1 μl of reverse transcriptase such as MMLV-RT, and 1 μl RNase inhibitor, for example Placental RNase Inhibitor (1 OU/μl), are added to the mixture. The reaction is typically gently mixed and centrifuged briefly before incubating at 42°C for about one hour. Following reverse transcription of RNA templates, any nucleic acid amplification techniques known in the art can be used to provide a supply of cDNA molecules. For example, methods such as PCR™ are readily available. In an examplary, amplification reaction, 1-10 μl of the reverse transcription (RT) reaction may be combined with 5 μl lOx buffer, 4 μl dNTP mix (2.5mM each dNTP), 2 μl amplification primers (mixture containing 10 μM concentration of each PCR primer) 1.25 units thermostable DNA polymerase such as TM SUPERTAQ (AMBION™, Austin TX), and dH 2 O up to a final volume of 50μl. A typical cycling profile that works well for many targets, using a PERKIN-ELMER™ Model 9600 THERMAL CYCLER® and 0.5 ml thin- wall reaction tubes, is given below. Of course, there are any number of PCR® or other amplification for methods which may be used in the invention. If no product is obtained using this standard profile, optimal cycling conditions such as annealing temperature and extension time may be determined empirically. a. Heat 5 min., 95°C b. Cycle 30x: 94°C, 30 sec; 55°C, 30 sec; 72°C, 30 sec. c. Hold 5 min., 72°C To analyze the RT-PCR reaction, run an aliquot (typically 10 to 20 μl) on a native agarose gel in the presence of ethidium bromide, and visualize the product under UV light. The sample may be diluted with water or buffer to increase the loading volume. The remaining RT-PCR can be stored at -20°C. If desired, the product can be further purified, for example by gel electrophoresis and electroelution, column filtration, organic extraction, or alcohol precipitation. For many purposes, for example subsequent digestion with most common restriction enzymes or use as transcription template, further purification of the RT-PCR product is not generally required. Example 14 Kit for Preparation of cDNA Following Inactivation of Ribonucleases from a Crude Cellular Extract The present invention is also directed at employing the methods described herein by using a kit. The kit allows cDNA to be prepared from RNA templates isolated directly from a crude cellular extract. Such a kit may typically include some or all of the following components: 2 x 20 ml lx PBS 4 x 1.0 ml Cell Lysis Buffer (lx PBS, 20 mM DTT and 0.1 mM EDTA) 0.08 ml RNase-free DNase I (2 U/μl) 0.04 ml Placental RNase Inhibitor ( 10 U/μl) 0.2 ml 1 Ox RT Buffer (500 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.3 : 750 mM KC1: 30 mM MgCl 2 : 50 mM DTT) 0.04 ml MMLV-RT (100 U/μl) 0.16 ml dNTP mix (2.5 mM each dNTP) 0.08 ml Random Decamer Primers (50 μM) 0.08 ml Oligo dT ] 8 primer (50 μM) 1.75 ml RNase-free water 0.25 ml Lambda ARMORED RNA ® control 0.08 ml Control Primer Pair In addition to the methods described previously herein, the kit ingredients can be used as controls for producing desired cDNA molecules from a crude cellular extract. For example, if no PCR product is being generated after using the methods described in Examples 12 and 13, then either the reverse transcription or the PCR amplification reactions may be inadequate to produce the desired products. RT-PCR can be performed directly on the Lambda ARMORED RNA ® control to demonstrate that the RT-PCR reaction is functioning properly. ARMORED RNA® is a ribonuclease reistant artificial viral coat encapsulated RNA prepared according to U.S. Patent Nos. 5,677,124, 5,919,625 and 5939,262 which are incorporated herein by reference. The control reaction may be accomplished by adding 1 μl of the Lambda ARMORED RNA ® directly to 50 μl of the Cell Lysis Buffer. This sample is then subjected to the Cell Lysis, DNase I Treatment and Inactivation procedures described, for example, in Example 12. In some embodiments, 5 μl of the lysate can be used as the template for the reverse transcription procedure. For a negative control, 5 μl of water as RNA template can be used instead of the lysate. These reactions are then amplified under conditions for example, as described below and in Example 15. Nucleic Acid Amplification Conditions The cycling parameters can be set as follows: First cycle: 94°C; 3 minutes For 30 cycles: 94°C; 30 seconds 57°C; 30 seconds 72°C; 30 seconds Final extension: 72°C, 3 minutes Then 20 μl of the amplification reactions can be fractionated on a 2% agarose gel. The ARMORED RNA ® positive control should generate a nucleic acid amplification product of 326 bp. There should be no product in any of the other two reactions. If there is, then one of the components is contaminated with lambda DNA. If there is no product for the ARMORED RNA ® positive control, then one or more components of the RT reaction or of the nucleic acid amplification components are faulty. If the expected ARMORED RNA ® PCR™ product from this reaction is obtained but the gene of interest is not amplified, then this may be the result of incomplete inactivation of RNase or an inhibitor of reverse transcription. Alternatively, Lambda ARMORED RNA can be used as a monitor for the RNase inactivation step and for the inhibition of reverse transcription. This may be achieved by first resuspending different concentrations of the cell line of interest in 50 μl of the Cell Lysis Buffer. For example, 10-fold dilutions can be tested beginning with the highest concentration of cells that is intended for use in the protocol described in Examples 12 and 15. Add 1 μl of the Lambda ARMORED RNA ® control to each concentration of cells and then perform the Cell Lysis, DNase I Treatment and Inactivation procedures on each concentration, as is described in Example 15. The heating step releases the lambda RNA from the ARMORED RNA ® particles into the cell lysate. If the RNase inactivation is incomplete, then lambda RNA will be degraded by the RNases from the cell, resulting in a weak or no PCR product. It is possible to use 5 μl of cell lysate of each cell concentration for the reverse transcription step (Example 12) and then use 5 μl of the cDNA for the nucleic acid amplification. Amplification conditions as described above can be employed. Then, 20 μl of the amplified products can be fractionated on a 2% agarose gel, stained with ethidium bromide, and visualized by UV fluorescence. At higher cell concentrations, the amount of lambda PCR product (326 bp) may be less than the product at lower cell concentrations. This poorer amplification may be attributed to two possible causes. First, at the higher cell concentrations, the RNase inactivation was incomplete and therefore, some of the lambda RNA is degraded. Second, at higher cell concentrations, the cell lysate inhibits the MMLV reverse transcriptase. This control is not able to discriminate between these two causes but it does indicate that optimal amplification will be achieved by using lower cell concentrations. Example 15 Cysteine Can Be Used to Heat-Inactivate the RNase Mixture. The RNase mixture was made to 200 ng/ml in 1 mM sodium citrate (pH 6.4) at 10, 20, 40 and 60 mM cysteine. The samples were incubated at 68°C for 20 minutes. Total mouse RNA substrate was added to the samples and incubated for 37°C for 1 hour, fractionated on a formaldehyde 1% agarose gel and detected by UV fluorescence. All of the RNase samples treated with cysteine and heat were inactivated. Example 16 DTT and Heat can be Used to Enhance Preservative Activity of RNA/αfer™ The term "RNA/αter™" is a trademark of Ambion, Inc., for certain commercial formulations of the RNA preservation media. This technology is described in detail in U.S. Patent application Serial No. 09/127,435, filed July 31, 1998, entitled "METHODS AND REAGENTS FOR PRESERVING RNA IN CELL AND TISSUE SAMPLES," which is incorporated herein by reference. This reagent functions by rapidly infiltrating cells with a high concentration of ammonium sulfate, causing a mass precipitation of cellular proteins. Importantly, cellular structure remains intact. The advantage of this is that cells can be preserved and still identified histologically. RNA/αter™ inhibits RNase activity in tissues and thereby maintain full length RNA. Sample tissues are dropped in RNA/αter™ solution. The RNA will remain intact for 1 day if kept at 37°C, intact for 1 week if kept at 21°C, and indefinitely at 4°C. The RNA may be preserved for longer periods at the higher temperatures if the ribonucleases in the tissues were more fully inactivated. A reducing agent such as DTT or cysteine may be added to the RNA/αter™ solution to 20 mM. When a tissue is added to the RNA/αter™/DTT solution it would be heated to 40 to 60°C for 10 to 20 minutes, thereby inactivating the RNases by reduction. In this manner, the advantages of both solutions may be realized with the result being even better assurance of protection from RNases. All of the compositions and methods disclosed and claimed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in light of the present disclosure. While the compositions and methods of this invention have been described in terms of preferred embodiments, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations may be applied to the compositions and methods and in the steps or in the sequence of steps of the method described herein without departing from the concept, spirit and scope of the invention. More specifically, it will be apparent that certain agents that are both chemically and physiologically related may be substituted for the agents described herein while the same or similar results would be achieved. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope and concept of the invention as defined by the appended claims. REFERENCES The following references, to the extent that they provide exemplary procedural or other details supplementary to those set forth herein, are specifically incorporated herein by reference. Aliaga, et al., "Isolation and Characterization of Polyribosomes from The Salivary Glands of Rhynchosciara Americana," Cell Differentiation, 4:243-255, 1975. Allewell and Sama, "The Effect of Ammonium Sulfate on the Activity of Ribonuclease A", Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 341 :484-488, 1974. Barnard, "Ribonucleases," Annu. Rev. Biochem., 38:677-732, 1969. Blackburn et al., "Ribonuclease Inhibitor from Human Placenta: Purification and Properties," J. Biol. Chem. 252:5904-5910, 1977. Blumberg, "Creating a Ribonuclease-Free Environment," Methods Enzymol., 152:20-24, 1987. Boshes, "Characterization of Two Populations by Cell Fractionation and Isotopic Labeling the Nucleic Acid and Protein Precursors," J. Cell Biol., 48:477-490, 1970. Chirgwin, et al., "Isolation of Biologically Active Ribonucleic Acid from Sources Enriched in Ribonuclease," Biochemistry, 18:5294-5299, 1979. Chomczynski and Sacchi, "Single Step Method of RNA Isolation by Acid Guanidine Isothiocyanate-Phenol-Chloroform Extraction," Anal. Biochem., 162:156-159, 1987. Chomczynski, "Solubolization in Formamide Protects RNA from Degradation", Nucleic Acids Res., 20:3791, 1992. Cleland, "Dithiothreitol, a New Protective Reagent for SH Groups," Biochemistry, 3:480-482, 1964. Jacob and Ronald, "Inhibition of Ribonuclease Activity by Bentonite," Can. J. Biochem., 51 : 1558-1565, 1973. Jones, "On the Efficacy of Commonly Used Ribonuclease Inhibitors," 69:469-474, 1976. Lin, "Inactivation of Pancreatic Ribonuclease with Hydroxylamine-Oxygen-Curric Ion," Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 263 :680-682, 1972. Mendelsohn and Young, "Efficacy of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate, Diethyl Pyrocarbonate, Proteinase K and Heparin Using a Sensitive Ribonuclease Assay," Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 519:461-473, 1978. Murphy et al, "A Potent, Cost-Effective RNase Inhibitor", Biotechniques, 18:1068-1073, 1995. Ryle and Anfinsen, "Studies on the Disulfide Bridges in Ribonuclease," Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 24:633-635, 1957. Sambrook, et al., "Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual," pp. 7.16-7.52, 1989. Spackman et al, "The Disulfide Bonds of Ribonuclease," J. Biol. Chem., 235: 648-659, 1960. Wolf et al, "A Mechanism of the Irreversible Inactivation of Bovine Pancreatic Ribonuclease by Diethylpyrocarbonate," Eur. J. Biochem., 13:519-525, 1970. Wiener et al, "Inhibition of Ribonuclease by Diethyl Pyrocarbonate and Other Methods," Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 259:378-385, 1972. Wu, et al, "Methods in Gene Biotechnology," CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 29-56, 1997. Zahler and Cleland, "A Specific and Sensitive Assay for Disulfides," J. Biol. Chem., 243:716- 719, 1968. Zale and Klibanov, "Why Does Ribonuclease Irreversibly Inactivated at High Temperature?," Biochemistry, 25:5432-5444, 1986.

Claims: CLAIMS: 1. A method for inactivating and/or inhibiting ribonucleases that may be present in a composition comprising: (a) obtaining a composition; (b) obtaining a reducing agent; (c) admixing the composition and the reducing agent; and (d) heating the admixture; wherein any ribonucleases in the composition are substantially inactivated or inhibited. 2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said composition is a reagent used in molecular biology. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the molecular biology reagent is one employed in the handling of RNA including water, TE buffer, 20X SSC, 1 OX MOPS, Tris buffer, EDTA, nucleic acid hybridization buffer, sodium acetate buffer, formalin tissue fixative, in situ hybridization buffer, or nucleic acid storage buffer/composition. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the said reducing agent is DTT, β-mercaptoethanol, cysteine, or dithioerithritol. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the reducing agent is DTT. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said the final concentration of the DTT is between 1 and 200 mM in the admixture. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the final concentration of DTT is 20 mM in the admixture. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein said reducing agent is β-mercaptoethanol. 9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the final concentration of β-mercaptoethanol is between 1 and 200 mM in the admixture. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein said reducing agent is cysteine. 11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the final concentration of cysteine is between 1 and 200 mM in the admixture. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the reducing agent is comprised in a buffer composition prior to admixing. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the buffer composition comprises a chelator. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the chelator is sodium citrate, EGTA, or EDTA. 15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the admixture is heated to at least 37°C. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the admixture is heated for at least 3 minutes. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein said composition comprises a crude cellular extract. 18. A method for inactivating and/or inhibiting ribonucleases that may be in the presence of RNA comprising: (a) obtaining a composition comprising RNA; (b) obtaining a reducing agent; (c) admixing the composition and the reducing agent; and (d) heating the admixture; wherein any ribonucleases in the composition are substantially inactivated or inhibited. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein said the composition is comprised of purified RNA. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein said the reducing agent is DTT, β-mercaptoethanol, dithioerithritol, or cysteine. 21. The method of claim 18, wherein said the final concentration of the reducing agent is between 1 and 200 mM in the admixture. 22. The method of claim 18, wherein the reducing agent is comprised in a buffer composition prior to admixing. 23. The method of claim 18, wherein the admixture is heated to at least 37°C. 24. The method of claim 18, wherein the admixture is heated for at least 3 minutes. 25. A method for sequential inactivation and/or inhibition of any ribonucleases in a composition such that any ribonucleases introduced to the composition at some time after a first inactivation procedure may be inactivated comprising: a) obtaining a composition; b) obtaining a reducing agent; c) admixing the composition and the reducing agent; d) performing a first heating of the admixture, whereby any ribonucleases in the admixture are inactivated or inhibited; e) determining that a further inactivation procedure is warranted to inactivate or inhibit any ribonucleases that may have been introduced to the composition subsequent to the first heating; f) performing a second heating of the admixture, whereby ribonucleases in the admixture are inactivated and/or inhibited. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the reducing agent is DTT, dithioerithritol, β-mercaptoethanol, or cysteine. 27. The method of 23, wherein said the concentration of the reducing agent is between 1 and 200 mM. 28. A solution for storing RNA comprising a) a reducing agent; and b) RNA. 29. The solution of claim 28, wherein the reducing agent is DTT, dithioerithritol, β-mercaptoethanol, or cysteine. 30. The solution of claim 28, wherein the concentration of the reducing agent is between 1 and 200 mM. 31. The solution of claim 28, further comprising a buffer. 32. The solution of claim 28, wherein the pH of the composition is 5.0-7.0. 33. The solution of claim 28, comprising a chelator. 34. A method for producing cDNA from a cell sample comprising: (a) obtaining a cell sample extract ; (b) obtaining a reducing agent; (c) admixing the cell sample and the reducing agent; (d) heating the admixture, wherein any ribonucleases in the admixture are inhibited; (e) incubating the admixture with reverse transcriptase under conditions to allow reverse transcription; and (f) amplifying the products of the reverse transcription. 35. The method of claim 34, further comprising incubating said admixture with a deoxyribonuclease prior to the reverse transcription reaction. 36. The method of claim 34, wherein the said reducing agent is DTT, β-mercaptoethanol, cysteine, or dithioerithritol. 37. The method of claim 34, wherein the reducing agent is DTT. 38. The method of claim 34, wherein said the final concentration of the DTT is between 1 and 200 mM in the admixture. 39. The method of claim 34, wherein the admixture is heated to at least 37°C. 40. The method of claim 34, wherein the admixture is heated for at least 3 minutes. 41. A kit for producing cDNA from cells, comprising, in a suitable container: (a) a buffer; and (b) a reducing agent. 42. The kit of claim 41 , further comprising : (c) a reverse transcription buffer (d) a reverse transcriptase; (e) a dNTP mix. 43. The kit of claim 41 , further comprising a deoxyribonuclease. 44. The kit of claim 41 , wherein said reducing agent is DTT. 45. The kit of claim 41 , further comprising an RNase inhibitor. 46. The kit of claim 41 , further comprising Lambda ARMORED RNA®. 47. A kit for producing cDNA from cells comprising, in a suitable container: (a) "* a cell lysis buffer comprised of a reducing agent and a buffer; (b) a deoxyribonuclease; (c) an RNase inhibitor; (d) a reverse transcription buffer; (e) reverse transcriptase; (f) dNTPs; and (g) Lambda ARMORED RNA®. 48. A method for inhibiting ribonucleases in a cell sample comprising: obtaining a cell sample; obtaining a reducing agent; admixing the cell sample and the reducing agent, and heating the admixture; wherein any ribonucleases in the cell sample are substantially inactivated. 49. A method for inhibiting the activity of ribonucleases that may be present in a composition comprising: (a) obtaining a composition; (b) obtaining a reducing agent; (c) admixing the composition and the reducing agent; and (d) heating the admixture; wherein activity of any ribonucleases in the composition is inhibited. 50. The method of claim 49, wherein the said reducing agent is DTT, β-mercaptoethanol, cysteine, or dithioerithritol. 51. The method of claim 49, wherein the reducing agent is DTT. 52. The method of claim 51, wherein said the final concentration of the DTT is between 1 and 200 mM in the admixture. 53. The method of claim 49, wherein the admixture is heated to at least 37°C.

Inventors: PASLOSKE BRITTAN L, WU WILLIAM, PASLOSKE, BRITTAN, L., WU, WILLIAM
Applicants: AMBION INC, PASLOSKE BRITTAN L, WU WILLIAM, AMBION, INC., PASLOSKE, BRITTAN, L., WU, WILLIAM
Application year: 1999
Main classification: C12N
IPC codes: C07H1, C07H21, C12N1, C12N9, C12P19, C12Q1