LOAD CELL

Abstract: A load cell comprising a load carrying structural framework is arranged with two measuring zones (20, 21) where a measuring means is arranged on each. A load applied to two parallel outer beams (10, 11) of the framework is transferred to a third parallel measuring beam (17) arranged with a measuring zone (20) by connecting beams (12, 13). The connecting beams (12, 13) make an angle alpha to the long axis of the measuring beam (17). The load on the measuring zone (20) is greater than the applied load on outer beams (10, 11) in proportion to the angle alpha . A preferred embodiment of the load cell comprises a membrane (34) joining each measuring zone (20, 21). In a load cell according to a preferred embodiment of the invention measuring zones (20, 21) are defined by passageways (43-48) and slits (35-38) running from one side of the load cell to the other in the z-direction. A load to be measured is applied in the y-direction. The load cell according to the invention is insensitive to the effects of temperature gradients across the load cell in either the x- or y-direction.

Description: Load cell TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to the measurement of force for industrial applications. It concerns the use of load cells for continuous measurement of forces such as weight or pressure, including the measurement of tension in web or sheet materials. More specifically the invention is a new load cell. BACKGROUND ART Within many industrial areas it is necessary to measure accurately the magnitude of a force. An example of a load cell for the measurement of a force in a vertical direction is known. A load cell is arranged with two beams that are substantially thinner than the remainder of the load cell. Each of the beams has a measuring zone equipped with a measuring means . As a result of a vertical load F on the load cell a shear force due to F/2 is applied to the beam. Force in the measuring zone of the beams as a result of a vertical load is measured by a magnetoelastic sensor of the Pressductor type. This load cell has a long service life, tolerates overloads well and performs accurately in service. This load cell requires a certain minimum load in order to generate a useable measurement signal, and its accuracy can be affected by temperature gradients across the load cell. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The object of the invention is to provide a load cell that measures loads accurately. A further object of the invention is to provide a load cell that measures small loads accurately. A still further object of the invention is to provide a load cell in which the effects of temperature gradients across the load cell are minimised. These and other objects are realised by a load cell as described in claim 1 and the other claims. A load cell according to the invention comprises a structural load carrying framework of beams and joints arranged with one or more measuring zones. The structural load carrying framework is arranged so that a load applied to two parallel outer beams of the framework is transferred to the measuring zones via connecting beams . At least one connecting beam is arranged at an angle α to the two parallel outer beams . The load applied to the structural load carrying framework is transferred to the measuring zone as a load which is greater than the applied load in proportion to the angle α. A load cell according a preferred embodiment of the present invention is shaped externally as a solid and substantially rectangular block. Inside the substantially rectangular block the load cell is further shaped such that the load on two parallel outer beams of the load cell is applied to two measuring beams equipped with measuring zones arranged in the load cell and joined together by a membrane. Each of the measuring beams equipped with measuring zones is subjected to a tensile or compressive load in the direction of the long axis of the beam. The measuring beams are positioned on either side of a membrane in a preferred embodiment of the load cell. The load transferred to each measuring beam in the area where the measuring zone is arranged is greater than the external load on that part of the load cell . Through a type of leverage action relatively small loads may be measured. The leverage is in proportion to the angle α between connecting beams in the load cell and a long axis of parallel outer beams arranged in the framework. A measuring means is arranged on each measuring zone to generate a signal proportional to the mechanical strain imposed on the measuring zone. A preferred embodiment of the invention comprises two measuring beams on either side of a membrane where a measuring signal is taken from a measuring zone arranged on each beam. The advantage of the present invention is that the shape and geometry of the load cell makes it sensitive to small loads in a y-direction. A further advantage is that the two beams arranged with measuring zones are joined and arranged with an asymmetric geometry that makes the load cell insensitive to temperature gradients in two directions, one direction parallel to the long axis of the beam, the x-direction, and another direction perpendicular to it. Temperature gradients across the load cell in a straight line in the y-direction cause changes in signal from measuring zones on the two beams which cancel each other out. The same is true for temperature gradients across the load cell in the x-direction. A still further advantage of the invention is that extension under load in the direction perpendicular to the long axes of the parallel outer beams is extremely small. A yet still further advantage includes that a given size of load cell according to the invention may thus be used to measure a wider range of loads. An additional further advantage of the invention is that the shape and geometry makes the load cell insensitive to loads parallel to the long axis of the parallel outer beams . BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The present invention will be described in more detail in connection with the enclosed drawings . Figure 1 shows an isometric view of a vertical load cell according to prior art. Figure 2 shows a vertical load cell according to prior art. Figure 3 shows a load cell comprising a framework according to the invention. Figure 4 shows a load cell comprising a framework according to a preferred embodiment of the invention. Figure 5 shows an isometric view of a load cell according to the invention. Figure 6 shows a schematic view of a load cell according to the invention. Figure 7 shows a development of a load cell according to the invention. Figure 8 shows an additional development of a load cell according to the invention. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS An example of a load cell from the prior art is shown in Figures 1 and 2. Referring to Figure 2, the load cell 1 is in the form of a substantially rectangular block, shown schematically with two beams 2 arranged as membranes for measurement of a load applied to the cell in a y-direction as indicated by F. The load F applied to the load cell through shoulders 4, 5, 6, 7 is divided between the two measuring zones of the load cell as two equal loads of F/2. The two beams 2 are substantially thinner in cross section in the z- direction than the remainder of the load cell. A magnetoelastic sensor 3 is arranged on each of the beams 2. A load applied in the direction F is experienced as a shear force due to F/2 in the beams 2, and measured by the magnetoelastic sensor 3. Figure 3 shows a load cell comprising a framework according to the present invention. The framework is represented by beams shown as thick lines and joints drawn as solid circles. The framework comprises beams 10, 11, 12, 13, 17, 22, 23 and joints 14, 15, 16, 24, 25, 26. Two parallel outer beams 10, 11 bear an applied load. The two parallel outer beams 10, 11 are connected by connecting beams 12, 13, 22, 23 to a parallel measuring beam 17 with measuring zones 20, 21 arranged on it. The connecting beams 12, 13, 22, 23 make an angle to the two parallel outer beams (10, 11) . A load of F applied in the y- direction to an parallel outer beam 10 above a measuring zone 20 is divided into two applied loads of F/2 but transferred to the measuring zone as a load in the x-direction greater than and proportional to F/2. The angle α determines the proportion to which the load on the measuring zone is greater than F/2. Figure 4 shows a preferred embodiment of a load cell according to the invention in which two measuring zones 20, 21 arranged on measuring beams 18, 19 are mechanically linked to each other by a membrane 34. Additional joints 32, 33 and beams 62, 63 are arranged in the framework of Figure 4 compared to Figure 3 linking the two parallel outer beams 10, 11 to the measuring beams 18, 19 and stiffening the framework horizontally. The beams 62, 63 are also placed such that the measuring zones 20, 21 on two measuring beams 18, 19 are arranged asymmetrically in respect to each other about the membrane 34 of Figure 4. Figure 5 shows an isometric view of a load cell according to a preferred embodiment of the invention. The load cell of Figure 5 is a substantially rectangular shaped block that corresponds to the preferred embodiment of a load cell comprising a framework shown in Figure 4. In Figure 6 the load cell is described in detail. The load cell is shaped internally such that it comprises two measuring zones 20, 21. The measuring zones 20, 21 are defined in the solid material of the load cell by slits 35-42, and passageways 43-54. The slits 35-42 run through the solid material of the load cell in the z- direction. The passageways 43-54 are cylindrical holes bored through the solid material of the load cell in the z-direction from one side of the load cell to the other. The angle α between a connecting beam 12 and the outer beam 10 of the present invention of Figure 3 is described in the preferred embodiment in Figure 6 by a tangent drawn between the circumferences of two adjacent passageways 43, 44 and the centre line of measuring beam 18. In Figure 6 two pairs of shoulders 5, 6, and 4, 7 are arranged on two parallel sides of the central section of the load cell. A load F on the load cell is divided by the shoulders 4-7 into two equal loads of F/2 which are applied to the measuring zones 20, 21. This is similar to the loads of F/2 applied to measuring zones in the prior art device shown in Figure 1,2. In embodiments of the present invention shown in Figure 5 and 6, the applied load F is also divided into two loads of F/2 applied to the load cell, with the very important difference that the load transferred to the measuring beam arranged with measuring zones 20, 21 is greater than and proportional to F/2, according to the angle α. Examining one measuring zone 20 in detail, referring to Figure 6, the six passageways 43-48 are placed such that thin sections of material remaining between the passageway and the edges of the load cell, and between two separate, adjacent but not connected passageways such as 43, 46 of measuring zone 20, form the mechanical equivalent of joints such as joint 15 of Figure 4. There are six such joints formed by the passageways that surround each measuring area. Only one such joint 57 is indicated in Figure 6 for reasons of clarity. The slits such as slits 35-38 and 39-42 shown in Figure 6 joining the passageways and the slits 55, 56 defining the measuring zones 20, 21 and the membrane 34 may be described as plain cuts represented by planes in the z-direction. Figure 7 shows a load cell according to a development of the invention so shaped as to measure nominal loads of about 2.5 times as great as those for the load cell shown in Figure 6. Figure 8 shows another load cell according to a development of the invention so shaped as to measure nominal loads of about 5 times as great as those for the load cell shown in Figure 6. These different nominal loads have been achieved by changing the angle alpha . A measuring zone 20, 21 in the load cell according to the invention is further shaped such that it is relatively thin in the z-direction. This may be seen in the isometric view of the load cell in Figure 5. The shaping of the load cell is carried out using a milling process or a water jet abrading process or other suitable process for accurately removing metal from a solid rectangular block of a suitable metal, for example a type of stainless steel. A measuring means for strain measurement is arranged on the thin part in the load cell that forms the measuring zones 20 and 21. The measuring means is preferably a magnetoelastic sensor of the Pressductor type, as indicated in Figures 3-8. The operation of a magnetoelastic sensor of the Pressductor type is based on the fact that the magnetic permeability of a magnetic material changes under mechanical stress . This type of sensor is machined in the material of a load cell. Primary and secondary windings are wound through four holes in the load cell material so that they cross at right angles. Two holes in, for example, positions 58, 59 are provided for a primary winding for magnetisation of the material with alternating current. Two more holes in, for example, positions 60, 61 are provided for a secondary winding for measurement of voltages that arise due to an imposed load. The magnetoelastic sensor of the Pressductor type is indicated with reference numbers in only one example in Figure 6 for the sake of clarity. A measuring means for strain measurement may also be arranged on the measuring zone in the form of strain gauges or piezoelectric devices. It is within the spirit of the invention that the cylindrical passageways 43-54 bored through the solid load cell may alternatively have cross sections other than round circles, and that some of the cross sections of the passageways may be of a different shape.

Claims: CLAIMS 1. A load cell comprising a load carrying structural framework of essentially rigid beams and angled flexible joints and two measuring zones (20, 21) with means for strain measurement, characterised in that the structural framework comprises a central section consisting of two parallel essentially straight outer beams (10, 11) oriented essentially perpendicular to an applied load, two side sections where each side comprises two or more essentially straight connecting beams (12, 13, 22, 23) inclined at an angle α to the two parallel essential straight outer beams (10, 11) , that upon a change in load applied to the load cell the rigid beams remain essentially straight, that the amount of the load applied to each measuring zone (20, 21) is in proportion to the angle α, that the measuring zones (20, 21) are suitably arranged and that the means for measurement are suitably adapted such that an output signal representative of the applied load or detected load change is generated. 2. A load cell according to claim 1 characterised in that the framework comprises a measuring beam (17) arranged with measuring zones (20, 21). 3. A load cell according to claim 1 and 2 characterised in that the framework comprises a membrane (34) which is essentially parallel to the outer beams (10, 11) of the central section that joins two said measuring zones (20, 21) arranged on two measuring beams (18, 19) arranged parallel to each other which are each linked to one parallel outer beam (10, 11) by a beam (62, 63) such that said measuring zones (20, 21) are placed symmetrically about a centre point of the membrane (34) arranged as diagonally opposite quadrants of said load cell . 4. A load cell according to any of the preceding claims, characterised in that the structural framework and measuring zones are contained in one integral body comprising measuring zones (20, 21), passageways (43-54) and slits (35-42, 55, 56) suitably arranged to define the structural framework. 5. A load cell according to claim 1, characterised in that said measuring zones (20, 21) further comprise an area of reduced thickness in the z-direction about the centre of said measuring zones (20, 21). 6. A load cell according to claim 1-5, characterised in that the measuring means arranged on said measuring zones (20, 21) consists of one or more magnetoelastic sensors. 7. A load cell according to claim 1-5, characterised in that the measuring means consists of one or more strain gauges. 8. The use of a device according to any of the claims 1-7 for the measurement of a force. AMENDED CLAIMS [received by the International Bureau on 11 November 1999 (11.11.99); original claims 1-8 replaced by amended claims 1-9 (2 pages)] 1. A load cell comprising a load carrying structural framework of essentially rigid beams and angled flexible joints and two measuring zones (20, 21) with means for strain measurement, characterised in that the structural framework comprises a central section consisting of two parallel essentially straight outer beams (10, 11) oriented essentially perpendicular to an applied load, two side sections where each side comprises two or more essentially straight connecting beams (12, 13, 22, 23) inclined at an angle α to the two parallel essential straight outer beams (10, 11), that upon a change in load applied to the load cell the rigid beams remain essentially straight, that the amount of the load applied to each measuring zone (20, 21) is in proportion to the angle α, that the measuring zones (20, 21) are suitably arranged and that the means for measurement are suitably adapted such that an output signal representative of the applied load or detected load change is generated. 2. A load cell according to claim 1 characterised in that the framework comprises a measuring beam (17) arranged with measuring zones (20, 21). 3. A load cell according to claim 1 and 2 characterised in that the framework comprises a membrane (34) which is essentially parallel to the outer beams (10, 11) of the central section that joins two said measuring zones (20, 21) arranged on two measuring beams (18, 19) arranged parallel to each other which are each linked to one parallel outer beam (10, 11) by a beam (62, 63) such that said measuring zones (20, 21) are placed symmetrically about a centre point of the membrane (34) arranged as diagonally opposite quadrants of said load cell. 4. A load cell according to any of the preceding claims, characterised in that the structural framework and measuring zones are contained in one integral body comprising measuring zones (20, 21), passageways (43-54) and slits (35-42, 55, 56) suitably arranged to define the structural framework. 5. A load cell according to claim 1, characterised in that said measuring zones (20, 21) further comprise an area of reduced thickness in the z-direction about the centre of said measuring zones (20, 21). 6. A load cell according to claim 1-5, characterised in that the measuring means arranged on said measuring zones (20, 21) consists of one or more magnetoelastic sensors. 7. A load cell according to claim 1-5, characterised in that the measuring means consists of one or more strain gauges. 8. A load cell according to claim 1-5, characterised in that the measuring means consists of one or more piezo-electric devices . 9. The use of a device according to any of the claims 1-8 for the measurement of a force.

Inventors: NORLING FREDRIK, PERSSON AAKE, NORLING, FREDRIK, PERSSON, AAKE
Applicants: ABB AB, NORLING FREDRIK, PERSSON AAKE, NORLING, FREDRIK, PERSSON, AAKE
Application year: 1999
Main classification: G01L1
IPC codes: G01L1