PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

Abstract: A personal communications system has a plurality of personal communications units (10a, 10b, 10c) defining a network. The personal communications units are configured to send and receive digital communications among one another via the network. A wireless interface adaptor (12a, 12b) further defines the network and is configured to function as a repeater. The personal communications units (10a, 10b, 10c) are configured to cooperate with the wireless interface adaptor (12a, 12b) when the wireless interface adaptor is available. The wireless interface adaptor coordinates access of each personal communications unit to at least one other personal communications unit. The personal communications units are further configured to cooperate with one another to effect communications therebetween when no wireless interface adaptor is available.

Description: PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to radio communications and more particularly to a personal communications system utilizing digital communications for use in both wired intercoms and wireless point-to- point communications. Background of the Invention Wireless communications are well known. Such systems as walkie talkies, CB radios, and cellular telephones utilize wireless communications to facilitate point-to-point communications between individuals at different locations. Such wireless communications systems typically utilize well known half duplex or talk-then-listen radio methodology wherein a user can listen to an incoming communication, or can speak, but not both simultaneously. Such half duplex wireless communication systems use either a push button control or the like or alternatively use a voice operated switch (VOX) to change the mode of the transceiver from receive to transmit. While such contemporary wireless communication systems have generally been suitable for their intended purposes, they possess the inherent deficiency of requiring explicit actuation of the transmit mode via such a manually operated or automatic switch and also suffer from the inherent deficiency of not permitting an incoming communication when the transceiver is in the transmit mode. Of course, requiring an operator to manually actuate the transmit mode, typically via a push button switch, necessitates that the operator use a hand (or possibly a foot) to key the microphone. Such explicit operation of the transceiver is not only a distraction, but may also be extremely undesirable in instances where the operator's hands (and possibly feet) are otherwise occupied. For example, tank drivers, aircraft pilots, helicopter pilots, etc., particularly when engaged in demanding maneuvers, may not be able to perform such manipulations, or may do so only at the risk of neglecting some other task which requires immediate attention. Voice operated switches have been developed in an attempt to mitigate the problems associated with manually operated half duplex transceivers. However, such voice operated switches introduce an altogether new set of problems. Such problems include the operation of a voice operated switch in a high noise environment and the necessity of properly adjusting the sensitivity of the voice operated switch in such a high noise environment . As those skilled in the art will appreciate, high levels of ambient noise frequently result in the undesirable and inadvertent keying or actuation of the voice operated switch, such that no actual voice transmission is broadcast and the transceiver is prevented from accepting incoming transmissions . Also, the user of such a voice operated switch in a high noise environment must speak louder than normal, so as to actuate even a properly adjusted voice operated switch. Such loud speaking can be fatiguing and may even result in hoarseness or other voice-related problems. Regardless of what type of half duplex transceiver is utilized (manually actuated or VOX) , another problem associated with such half duplex systems is the inadvertent keying thereof. Manually operated switches have an undesirable tendency to stick in the actuated position, thereby resulting in constant transmission and the inability to receive broadcasts from other transceivers. Thus, the operator who has such a stuck key can not even be notified by other individuals, who are listening to the inadvertent broadcast, that his key is stuck in the actuator position, since the individual who has the stuck key is incapable of receiving broadcasts due to half duplex operation of the transceiver. Further, as discussed above, voice operated switches may become inadvertently actuated due to high ambient noise levels. As such, it is clear that a full duplex transceiver for point-to-point communications would be desirable. Wire intercoms are also well known. Frequently, such intercoms are configured such that a plurality of users may talk simultaneously with respect to one another and each user may talk while listening to the conversations of a plurality of users. Thus, conversations via such wired intercoms tend to be much more natural than those taking place via wireless, half- duplex wireless communication systems. It would further be desirable to provide intercomlike operation of the radio transceivers, such that they are capable of receiving a plurality of separate transmissions simultaneously, while the user is speaking. In this manner, each transceiver will pick up the broadcast of all other transceivers so as to provide a much more natural means for communication. It would further be desirable to provide a comprehensive communications system which integrates wireless communications with wired intercom communications, such that persons utilizing a wired communications system, such as that of a tank, aircraft, helicopter, etc., may readily communicate among one another, and may also, simultaneously if desired, communicate with persons who are not part of the wired intercom system. Summary of the Invention The present invention specifically addresses and alleviates the above mentioned deficiencies associated with the prior art. More particularly, the present invention comprises a personal communications systems comprising a plurality of wireless personal communications units defining a network and configured to send and receive digital communications among one another via the network. Each personal communications unit comprises a radio transceiver. Optionally, the network further comprises a wired intercom system. A first wireless interface adaptor further defines the network. Each wireless interface adapter comprises a repeater. As those skilled in the art will appreciate, a repeater comprises a transceiver configured to receive and re-transmit radio signals on predetermined, generally different frequencies. Such repeaters are used to effectively extend the range of transceivers. Sometimes a plurality of repeaters will be required to relay a signal from a sender to a recipient . The personal communications units are configured to cooperate with the wireless interface adaptor when the wireless interface adaptor is available. The wireless interface adaptor coordinates access of each personal communications unit to at least one other personal communications unit. The personal communications units are further configured to cooperate with one another to effect communications therebetween when no wireless interface adaptor is available . Thus, according to the present invention, the wireless interface adaptor determines which personal communications unit, as well as which intercoms, if any, are party to a particular conversation. Thus, an initiator of a conversation may specify, either via voice commands, switch setting, or any other desired manner, which other personal communications units and/or intercoms are to receive his transmission and are to be able to communicate back with him. The personal communications units are configured to communicate among themselves when a wireless interface adaptor is unavailable. The personal communications units are configured to use distributed control of the network defined thereby when a wireless interface adaptor is not available. According to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the communications units and the wireless interface adapters are configured to facilitate communications of both voice and data. The wireless interface adaptor is configured to transmit communications received from either a personal communications unit or another wireless interface adaptor to another personal communications unit, a wired intercom, and/or a third wireless interface adaptor. The wireless interface adaptor is configured to provide centralized control of the network. Each personal communications unit is configured to request network access from a wireless interface adaptor and to commence communication only after access is granted by the wireless interface adaptor, when a wireless interface adaptor is available. Each personal communications unit is configured to request network access from a wireless interface adaptor when a wireless interface adaptor is available, in order to communicate with another personal communications unit and each personal communications unit is configured to commence communications only after access is granted by the wireless interface adaptor (if available) . All of the communications between the two personal communications units is routed through the wireless interface adaptor when a wireless interface adaptor is available . According to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the personal communications units and the wireless interface adaptor are configured to provide automatic switching from distributed control to centralized control of the network when a wireless interface adaptor becomes available and to provide automatic switching from centralized control to distributed control of the network when the wireless interface adaptor becomes unavailable. Optionally, the present invention further comprises a wired intercom system in communication with the wireless interface adaptor. The wired intercom system may either be in wired communication or in wireless communication with the wireless interface adaptor, as desired. The wired intercom system and the wireless interface adaptor are configured to transmit composite voice communications from the wired intercom to the personal communications units. As used herein, the term composite is defined to include voice communications which results from a plurality of different conversations. As discussed above, the use of such composite voice communications results in much more natural communication, wherein each person speaks at any time, without the need to wait for other conversations to end. Preferably, the wireless interface adaptor is configured to transmit a first composite voice communication from the wired intercom to the personal communications units and to form a second composite signal comprised of communications from a plurality of personal communications units and to communicate the second composite signal to the wired intercom system. According to the present invention a method for providing personal communications comprises the steps of defining a network with a plurality of personal communications units, the personal communications units being configured to send and receive digital communications among one another via the network. The network is further defined with a first wireless interface adaptor. The wireless adaptor coordinates access of each personal communications unit to at least one other personal communications unit. The personal communications units cooperate with one another to effect communications therebetween when no wireless interface adaptor is available. Further, according to the methodology of the present invention, the personal communications units use distributed control of the network defined thereby, when a wireless interface is not available. The method further comprises the step of having the personal communications units and the wireless interface adaptor communicating both voice and data. The wireless interface adaptor transmits communications received from a personal communications unit, another wireless interface adaptor, or a wired intercom to another personal communications unit, a third wireless interface adapter or a wired intercom. The number of personal communications units, wireless interface adapters, and wired intercoms defining a particular network may be any desirable number. Thus, for example, a network may comprise several hundred personal communications units, three wireless interface adapters, and five wired intercoms. Thus, those skilled in the art will appreciate that any desired number of personal communications units, wireless interface adapters, and wired intercoms may define a network. According to the preferred methodology of the present invention, the wireless interface adaptor provides centralized control of the network. Each personal communications unit requests network access from a wireless interface adaptor and commences communications only after access is granted by the wireless interface adaptor, when a wireless interface adaptor is available. Each personal communications unit requests network access from a wireless interface adaptor, when a wireless interface adaptor is available, in order to communicate with another personal communications unit and commences communication only after access is granted by the wireless interface adaptor. All of the communications between the two personal communications units is rather through the wireless interface adaptor. The methodology of the present invention further comprises the steps of placing a wired intercom system in communication with the wireless interface adaptor and the wireless interface adaptor transmitting composite voice communications from the wired intercom to the personal communications units. Preferably, the wireless interface adaptor transmits first composite voice communications from the wired intercom to the personal communications units . A second composite signal comprises of communications from a plurality of personal communications units is transmitted therefrom, to the wired intercom system. Thus, according to the present invention, a personal communications system is provided for individual soldiers, military airborne vehicles, factor and warehouse communications and monitoring, construction site communications, mobile customer service, and the like. The personal communication system of the present invention operates in full -duplex mode, such that any person on the network can both listen and talk simultaneously. Each person on the network can hear multiple conversations simultaneously, wherein other people on the network are conversing with each other, as well as the listener. In this manner, natural voice communications is provided and the above described disadvantages associated with half-duplex operation are eliminated. The present invention further comprises a multimode personal communications system comprising a plurality of personal communications units (PCUs) , wherein each PCU is configured for: 1) network mode communication; and 2) autonomous (non-networked) mode communication. A universal adaptor interface is in communication with each of the plurality of PCUs during network mode communications. The UAI is configured to receive PCU uplink infomation from a plurality of PCUs and to transmit UAI downlink information in the form of a composite signal by a plurality of PCUs, the composite signal including information separately addressable to each of a plurality of PCUs. The PCUs are further configured to receive PCU uplink information from non- network PCUs and to forward uplink information from the non-networked PCUs to the UAI in the PCU uplink information from a networked PCU. The networked PCUs and the UAI are syncronized such that the PCU uplink occurs during a first time interval and the UAI downlink occurs during a second time interval . The networked PCUs are further configured such that the autonomous mode transmissions occur during a third time interval . The PCUs are further configured to recognize that a non-networked PCU transmitting in autonomous mode during the third time interval is receiving the UAI downlink information. The PCUs are further configured to recognize that a non-networked PCU transmitting information in autonomous mode during other than the third time interval is not receiving the UAI downlink information. The PCUs are preferrably further configured to receive UAI downlink information intended for a non- networked PCU not receiving the UAI downlink information, and to transmit the received information, and to transmit the received information to the non-networked PCU during the third time interval. These, as well as other advantages of the present invention will be more apparent from the following description and drawings. It is understood that changes in the specific structures shown and described may be made within the scope of the claims without departing from the spirit of the invention. Brief Description of the Drawings Figure 1 is a schematic representation of the personal communications system of the present invention; Figure 2 is a block diagram of an exemplary network configuration according to the present invention; Figure 3 is a block diagram of a personal communications unit according to the present invention; Figure 4 is a flow chart showing the operational states of a personal communications unit of the present invention; Figure 5 is a flow chart showing the stand-by mode of a personal communications unit of the present invention; Figure 6 is a flow chart showing the slave mode of a personal communications unit of the present invention; Figure 7 is a flow chart showing the autonomous mode (neighboring network) for a personal communications unit of the present invention; Figure 8 is a flow chart showing the autonomous mode (autonomous network) of a personal communications unit of the present invention; Figure 9 shows a protocol frame format of the present invention; Figure 10 shows a protocol slot format of the present invention; Figure 11 shows the protocol header format of the present invention; Figure 12 shows a message format for a downlink voice transmission according to the present invention; Figure 13 shows a message format for an uplink voice transmission according to the present invention; Figure 14 shows the interpretation of ISMA bits according to the present invention; Figure 15 shows protocol slot usage for autonomous mode operation with a tapering network, according to the present invention; and Figure 16 is a graph showing communciations between a UAI and a PCU when the PCU is out of range with respect to the UAI. Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiment The detailed description set forth below in connection with the appended drawings is intended as a description of the presently preferred embodiment of the invention, and is not intended to represent the only form in which the present invention may be constructed or utilized. The description sets forth the functions and the sequence of steps for constructing and operating the invention in connection with the illustrated embodiment. It is to be understood, however, that the same or equivalent functions may be accomplished by different embodiments that are also intended to be encompassed within the spirit and scope of the invention. Referring now to Figure 1, when at least one universal adapter interface (UAI) 12a is available, then all messages transmitted and received by each personal communications unit (PCU) 10a, 10b, 10c, are routed through the UAI 12a which acts as a wireless network master. If more than one UAI 12a, 12b is available, then one of the UAI ' s 12a, 12b is designated as the master UAI 12a and the other is designated as the group UAI. In this mode, each PCU 10a, 10b, 10c transmits its audio signal to the master UAI 12a. The master UAI 12a then forms a composite audio intercom signal by summing together all of the various uplink PCU 10a, 10b, 10c transmissions received during a given time interval or frame. If any UAI 12a, 12b is connected to a wired intercom network 13a, 13b, then conversations from the wired intercom 12a, 13b are included in the overall composite audio signal as well. The master UAI 12a transmits this composite audio signal to all of the PCU's 10a, 10b, 10c within range, either as a general broadcast signal or as a signal dedicated to a specific PCU 10a, 10b, 10c, or both. In addition, the master UAI 12a may optionally transmit the wireless communications signals over the wired network, thereby providing a bridge between wireless PCU's 10a, 10b, 10c and wired intercom 10a, 10b. Autonomous mode is a more complex mode of PCU 10a, 10b, 10c operation in which PCU's 10a, 10b, 10c initiate communications in the absence of a UAI 12a, 12b. A PCU 10a, 10b, 10c that is out-of-range of a UAI 12a, 12b is referred to herein as an autonomous PCU 10a, 10b, 10c. Note that autonomous PCU's may initiate communications with other PCU's 10a, 10b, 10c already in a neighboring repeater-based network (one in which at least one UAI 12a, 12b is available), or with other autonomous PCU's 10a, 10b, 10c. Referring now to Figure 2 a repeater-based network containing one UAI 12 and four PCU's lOd-lOh is shown. PCU lOh is within range of PCU lOd and PCU lOe, but out- of-range of the UAI 12. To ensure useful, reliable information exchange: 1) PCU lOh preferably does not disrupt the existing repeater-based network, and 2) PCU lOh preferably is able to communicate with PCU lOd and PCU lOe. These objectives are achieved through use of control fields contained in the messages transmitted by each PCU lOd-lOh. Specifically, an autonomous PCU (such as PCU lOh) will search for uplink PCU lOd-lOg transmissions which indicate that a PCU lOd-lOg within listening range (PCU lOd or PCU lOe) is part of a repeater-based network (a network having at least one available UAI 12) . Then, the autonomous PCU lOh will use the network status fields in these transmissions to determine the network availability and system timing in the neighboring network. The autonomous PCU lOh will begin transmitting during time periods in which the neighboring network is inactive, and will include embedded control information that indicates that these messages correspond to an autonomous PCU lOh. In this way, PCU's lOd-lOg in the neighboring network and within listening range of the autonomous PCU lOh will decode this control information and include the autonomous PCU's lOh messages in their composite audio signal. In the event that an autonomous PCU lOh does not detect the presence of other PCU's lOd-lOg, the autonomous PCU lOh will begin broadcasting if it has radio data to transmit. Other autonomous PCU's lOd-lOh in the area will obtain network timing from this signal, and will establish communications using a procedure similar to the one described previously. PCU's lOd-lOh are also capable of initiating point- to-point voice communications in which two PCU lOd-lOh users converse privately. For point-to-point operation, two PCU's lOd-lOh use either a user-programmable identification (ID) number, or a read-only manufacturer ID number to provide network addressing. Also, in a repeater-based system (having at least one UAI 12) , this conversation can use the same wireless medium as the voice intercom without interference. Given that the communications system discussed herein employs a digital wireless medium, applications requiring digital data communications are supported as well. For example, some of the applications facilitated by this system architecture include: remote database access (e.g., for images, maps, etc.); remote report filing; reconnaissance (e.g., transmission of images and sounds to a centralized facility) ; and user-to-user data transfer. Moreover, in a repeater-based network, digital data communications can occur simultaneously with point-to- point voice intercom communications over the same wireless medium without interference. To achieve this simultaneous operation, control information embedded in the PCU uplink and UAI downlink transmissions are used to route intercom and data messages to the appropriate PCU's. A communications protocol for the present invention preferably utilizes a Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) architecture in which each TDMA frame contains five (5) downlink and four (4) uplink slots, as discussed in detail below. Each slot is further divided into a synchronization field, a header field, a data field, and a CRC-16 field. In addition, Inhibit Sense Multiple Access (ISMA) is used as the Medium Access Control (MAC) algorithm for determining slot availability. Referring now to Figure 3, the device architecture for each PCU 10a-lOh is shown. The major components of a PCU 10a-lOh include: an audio codec 30, a data port (e.g., an RS-232 interface) 32, a radio 40, an FPGA 36, and a DSP 38. The audio codec 30 provides an interface to an external headphone 24 and microphone (not shown) , and/or an internal speaker (not shown) and microphone (not shown) . The radio 40 functions as the interface to other PCUs and/or UAIs. The data port 32 is used to interface the PCU lOa-lOh with an external data terminal, for example, a personal computer 28. The user interface allows external control of the various PCU lOa-lOh functions, for example, channel selection and volume control. The FPGA 36 acts as a data interface between all of these components and the DSP 38. Finally, the DSP 38 implements the control and signal processing algorithms used by the PCU lOa-lOh. The data flow and signal processing algorithms are as follows. The PCU 10a-lOh processes two separate, asynchronous data streams: the audio input/output and the radio input/output . The timing for the radio input/output data stream is determined by the TDMA framing. Received radio data is buffered in the FPGA 36 and read by the DSP 38 once a complete TDMA slot is received. The DSP 38 decodes the header field and determines if the data field should be processed or ignored. If processing is required, the DSP 38 stores the data field in a circular buffer corresponding to the current TDMA slot. Conversely, radio data to be transmitted is written by the DSP 38 to a buffer in the FPGA 36. The DSP then writes control information to the radio 40, causing the radio 40 to transmit this data during the correct TDMA slot . The sampling rate of the audio codec 30 determines the timing of the audio input/output data stream, and ultimately the timing of the PCU lOa-lOh. Specifically, the audio codec 30 writes audio data received by the microphone to the DSP 38. The DSP 38 processes this data using a Voice Activated Switch (VOX) algorithm, or a push-to-talk (PTT) switch, to determine if speech is present. At the start of an audio frame the PCU lOa-lOh determines which received radio data slot buffers contain valid data. Any valid radio data is summed with the input audio signal, to form a composite audio output. The audio output is written to the codec for transmission to the headphones 24 or speaker. Finally, if the VOX algorithm indicates that speech is present, or the PTT switch is actuated, the DSP 38 will use the audio input signal as the radio data to be transmitted during the next appropriate TDMA slot. Besides data flow and signal processing, the DSP 38 also implements the control algorithms that cause the PCU lOa-lOh to operate in and transition between the various protocol states, as well as the radio control processing (e.g., frequency hopping, transmit and receive timing output power control, etc.) . Referring now to Figure 4, each PCU 10a- lOh can be in one of four possible protocol states or modes : Standby mode 50, Slave mode 56, Autonomous mode Neighboring network 54, and Autonomous mode - Autonomous network 52. A PCU lOa-lOh is in Slave mode 56 if it is linked to a master UAI 12a (Figure 1) . A PCU lOa-lOh is in Autonomous mode - Neighboring network 54 if it is linked to PCU's lOa-lOh that are members of a repeater-based network. A PCU is in Autonomous mode - Automous network if it is linked to PCUs that are not members of a repeater-based network. A PCU lOa-lOh is in Standby mode 50 if it is attempting to determine the current network configuration. Referring now to Figures 5-8, the possible state/mode transitions, and the control processing that occurs within each possible state/mode are shown. According to the preferred embodiment of the present invention the length of an audio frame equals the length of a TDMA frame. Since the audio and TDMA frames are typically offset with respect to one another, block data processing is used in which the start of the audio frame indicates the start of the block of data to be processed. An example of a system architecture for versatile, wireless voice and data communications is depicted in Figure 1. In general, this system contains two main components: repeaters, or Wireless Interface Adapters (UAIs) 12a, 12b, and Personal Communications Units (PCUs) 10a, 10b, 10c. In its standard mode of operation, a UAI 12a, 12b is a device that provides centralized control of the wireless network by receiving, processing and routing incoming PCU 10a, 10b, 10c transmissions. A PCU 10a, 10b, 10c is a device that provides an individual user with access to the wireless network. In its standard mode of operation, the PCU 10a, 10b, 10c requests network access from the corresponding UAI 12a, 12b, and begins transmitting once access is granted. In this mode, messages transmitted and received by the PCU 10a, 10b, 10c are routed through the UAI 12a, 12b. However, the PCU's 10a, 10b, 10c are also capable of forming a network in the absence of a UAI 12a, 12b. In this case, the PCUs use distributed control to establish the network and grant network access. Note that the switch between centralized and distributed controls occurs automatically and seamlessly as the network topology changes. UAIs 12a, 12b in a wireless intercom network may also be connected to wired intercom. As such, the UAI 12a, 12b acts as a bridge between users of the wireless intercom and users of the wired intercom. The UAI 12a, 12b sends the composite wired and wireless intercom voice signal to the wireless users during its downlink transmissions. Conversely, the UAI 12a, 12b combines all uplink wireless messages to form a composite signal that is transmitted to all wired intercom users . A more detailed discussion regarding the intercom communications is provided in the next section. System operation for the case of wireless voice intercom communications is discussed below. In this case, the system components (UAI 12a, 12b and PCUs 10a, 10b, 10c) may operate in one of three modes: repeater mode, autonomous mode and group mode. Repeater mode is the standard mode of network operation in which the UAI 12a, 12b is the wireless network master. In this mode the UAI 12a, 12b receives multiple uplink transmissions from a number of PCUs 10a, 10b, 10c. The UAI 12a, 12b then forms a composite audio intercom signal by summing together all of the uplink PCU transmissions received during a given time interval, or frame. If the UAI 12a, 12b is also connected to a wire intercom network, it can include those conversations in the overall composite audio signal as well. Finally, the UAI 12a, 12b transmits this composite audio signal to all PCUs 10a, 10b, 10c in range. In addition, the UAI 12a, 12b may transmit the wireless intercom signals over the wired network, thereby providing a bridge between wired and wireless intercom users. Autonomous mode is the more complex mode of network operation in which PCUs 10a, 10b, 10c initiate communications in the absence of a UAI 12a, 12b. A PCU 10a, 10b, 10c that is out-of-range of a UAI is called an autonomous PCUs 10a, 10b, 10c. Note that autonomous PCUs 10a, 10b, 10c may initiate communications with other PCUs 10a, 10b, 10c already in a neighboring, repeater-based network, or with other autonomous PCUs 10a, 10b, 10c. Given that the system architecture discussed herein employs a digital wireless medium, applications requiring digital data communications are supported as well. For example, some of he applications facilitated by this system architecture include : Remote database access (e.g., for images, maps, etc . ) ; Remote report filing; Reconnaissance (e.g., transmission of images and sounds to a centralized facility) ; and User-to-user data transfer. Moreover, in a repeater-based network, digital data communications can occur simultaneously with point-to- point voice intercom communications over the same wireless medium without interference. To achieve this simultaneous operations, the UAI uses control information embedded in the uplink and downlink transmissions to route intercom and data messages to the appropriate PCUs. The system architecture preferably has the characteristics listed below: The method for imp ementing a time division multiple access protocol for digital communications according to the present invention is illustrated in Figures 2 and 9- 15, which depict a presently preferred embodiment thereof . The protocol described herein was developed for use in a wireless communications system containing multiple Personal Communication Units (PCUs) and multiple repeaters . A PCU is a device that provides a user with access to the wireless network. A repeater is a device that controls the wireless network traffic and may be connected to an additional wired network. To achieve the system features discussed previously, the protocol utilizes a Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) architecture that provides multiple users with simultaneous access to the transmission medium. Referring now to Figure 9, the protocol is divided into frames that are transmitted sequentially in time. Each frame contains a number of TDMA slots D0-U4. Slots Dl through D4 and Ul through U4 are downlink (transmission from repeater to PCU) and uplink (transmission from PCU to repeater) slots, respectively. Usually, downlink and uplink slots having the same index (e.g., Dl and Ul) are linked to form a downlink-uplink slot pair. In a typical system, multiple PCUs will use a Medium Access Control (MAC) algorithm to access the available uplink slots. Once a PCU obtains access to an uplink slot, it receives transmissions from the repeater during the corresponding downlink slot. Those PCUs that do not have access to an uplink slot will receive broadcast repeater transmissions during the downlink slot DO. Finally, a frame gap is provided so that frames do not overlap due to clock inaccuracies, and for synthesizer re-programming in a Frequency Hopping (FH) Spread Spectrum (SS) system. Referring now to Figure 10, each slot in the protocol frame is segmented into a number of fields. Each slot contains a preamble and slot sync field for radio acquisition, a header field for control information, a data field for audio and digital information, a 16-bit CRC field for error detection, and a slot gap to allow for clock inaccuracies. Referring now to Figure 11 the header format for all slots is depicted. The generic format of the header permits protocol "layering" and the reserved field permits future protocol growth. Also, the user- programmable ID field permits the point-to-point communications previously discussed. The eight (8) bit Message type field permits 256 possible types of messages . Those currently defined are listed in Table 1 and discussed in the following sections . Table 1: Defined Message Types This section describes the message types used to provide voice intercom communications . In the standard repeater mode of network operation, the repeater receives multiple uplink transmissions from a number of PCUs. The repeater then forms a composite audio intercom signal by summing together all of the uplink PCU transmissions received during a given protocol frame. If the repeater is also connected to a wired intercom network, it can include those conversations in the overall composite audio signal as well,. Finally, the repeater transmits this composite signal to all PCUs in range using the appropriate downlink slots. In addition, the repeater may transmit the wireless intercom signals over the wired network, thereby providing a bridge between wired and wireless intercom users. Referring now to Figure 12, voice intercom transmissions sent by a repeater during a downlink slot use Message Type 80h. For Message Type 80h, the Message Subtype, ID, and Reserved fields for standard voice intercom communications are unused and are set to OOh. The "Master" and "Autonomous" bits are interpreted according to Table 2. For downlink transmission, the repeater will send (Master, Autonomous) = (1,0) . Table 2 : Interpretation of Master and Autonomous Bits The six (6) channel bits are used to represent up to 64 distinct wireless channels. The Inhibit Sense Multiple Access (ISMA) bits are interpreted according to Figure 14, and are used to facilitate MAC processing. The "reserved" bit is currently unused and set to 0. Finally, the "Active Slot" bit field is used to represent the current active slot, and is interpreted according to Table 3. Table 3 : Interpretation of Active Slot Bit Field Referring now to Figure 13, voice intercom transmissions sent by PCU (or repeater in Group mode) during an uplink slot use Message Type Olh, as shown in Figure 13. As for Message Type 80h, the Message Subtype, ID, and Reserved fields for standard voice intercom communications are currently unused in Message Type Olh, the "Master" and "Autonomous" bits are interpreted according to Table 2, and the six (6) channel bits are used to represent up to 64 distinct wireless channels. Referring now to Figure 14, the ISMA bit field is interpreted as shown, if (Master bit, Autonomous bit) = (0, 0) , otherwise the ISMA bits are ignored. The "PTT" equals "1" if the push-to-talk switch on the PCU is depressed, otherwise it is set to "0". The "Reserved" bit is currently unused and set to "0". Finally, the "Active Slot" bit field is used to represent the current slot, and is interpreted according to Table 4. Table 4: Interpretation of Active Slot Bit Field In Inhibit Sense Multiple Access (ISMA) , the network master (repeater) transmits information regarding slot availability. PCUs use this information to randomly access one of the available uplink TDMA slots. Specifically, the ISMA technique used in this protocol is as follows: 1. The repeater transmits a busy/free flag for each TDMA slot in a frame; 2. PCUs in the network echo the ISMA information in their uplink header field. 3. PCUs do not attempt to access a slot that is busy; 4. PCUs will randomly attempt to access slots that are free; 5. After accessing a slot, a PCU monitors the busy/free flag for that slot during the next few frames. If the flag is not set to busy after a predetermined number of frames, the PCU stops transmitting since its transmission was not received by the repeater, most likely due to a collision with another PCU transmission . Repeater mode is the standard mode of network operation in which the repeater is the wireless network master. In this mode, the repeater determines the network timing (e.g., frame start and end) and facilitates downlink-uplink slot pairing. Autonomous mode is the more complex mode of network operation in which PCUs initiate communications in the absence of a repeater. A PCU that is out-of-range of a repeater is called an "autonomous PCU". Note that autonomous PCUs may initiate communications with other PCUs already in a neighboring, repeater-based network, or with other autonomous PCUs . Referring again to Figure 2, a repeater-based network containing a repeater 12 and four (4) PCUs lOd- lOh is shown. PCU lOh is within range of PCU lOd and PCU lOe, but out-of-range of the repeater 12. As discussed above, to ensure useful, reliable information exchange: 1) PCU lOh should not disrupt the existing repeater-based network, and 2) PCU lOh should be able to communicate with PCU lOd and PCU lOe. These goals are achieved through use of the ISMA, Master, and Autonomous bits, and the Active Slot field in message type Olh. Specifically, an autonomous PCU (PCU lOh) will look for uplink slot transmissions with (Master, Autonomous) = (0, 0), which indicates that the PCU (PCU lOd or PCU lOe) within listening range is part of a repeater-based network. Then, the autonomous PCU lOh will decode the ISMA bits echoed in the received message header to determine the slot availability in the neighboring network. Finally, the autonomous PCU lOh will use the Active Slot field to determine the system timing of the neighboring network, and will begin transmitting during one of the available slots, using Message Type Olh with (Master, Autonomous) = (0, 1) . PCU lOd-lOg, in the neighboring network and within listening range of the autonomous PCU lOh will decode this Master-Autonomous PCU' s message in their composite intercom audio signal. Referring now to Figure 15, the protocol slot contents and resulting intercom audio signals for this example are depicted for the repeater-based network shown in Figure 2 with PCUs lOd-lOg in range of the repeater and autonomous PCU lOh in range of PCUs lOd and lOe. In the event that an autonomous PCU does not detect the presence of other PCUs, the autonomous PCU will start broadcasting Message Type 08h with (Master, Autonomous) = (1, 1) , and with the ISMA bits and Active Slot field set to indicate that slot Ul is active. Other autonomous PCUs in the area will obtain network timing from this signal, and will establish communications using Message Type 08h with (Master, Autonomous) = (0,1) and a procedure similar to the one described previously. Repeaters in the wireless intercom network may also be connected to a wired intercom. As such, the repeater acts as a bridge between users of the wireless intercom and users of the wired intercom. The repeater sends the composite wired intercom voice signal to the wireless users during its downlink slot transmission. Conversely, the repeater combines all wireless transmission received in the uplink slots to form a composite signal that is transmitted to all wired intercom users. The Group mode of operation can be used to connect two or more wired intercom networks together, along with other wireless intercom users. Specifically, a repeater in Group mode is configured to function as a PCU having the wired intercom as its audio input signal . Since the repeater acts as a PCU, it can communicate with other repeaters and PCUs using the repeater and autonomous modes discussed previously. Point-to-point voice communications in which two users converse privately are also possible within the framework of this protocol. For this mode of operation, two PCUs would use either the user-programmable ID header field, or a read-only manufacturer ID number to direct messages between each other and not over the intercom network. Also, in a repeater-based system, this conversation can use the same wireless medium as the voice intercom without interference. Note that additional message types (i.e., a subset of the types OOh, 02h-07h, 09h-7Fh, 81h-FFh in Table 1) will be defined to support point-to-point communications. In the repeater-based network of the present invention, digital data communications can occur simultaneously with point-to-point voice intercom communications over the same wireless medium without interference. Note that additional message types (i.e., a subset of the types OOh, 02h-07h, 09h-7Fh, 81h-FFh in Table 1) will be defined to support data communications. Flow charts showing the operation of the present invention are provided in Figures 5-8, which are discussed in detail below. With particular reference to Figure 5, a flow chart of the PCU standby mode is provided. The PCU standby mode 60 may be entered from PCU power up, new channel selection, PCU autonomous mode-neighboring network, or PCU autonomous mode-autonomous network. The PCU receiver monitors 62 the default channel frequency for up to 80 frame intervals or frequency hops. If no preamble is detected 64, then a check is made to see if more than 80 frame intervals have passed. If not, then the PCU continues to monitor 62 the default channel. If greater than 80 frame intervals have passed, the PCU commences autonomous mode - autonomous network operation 68. When a preamble is detected 64, then the channel number and slot number 70 are determined. If the channel is not correct 72, then the PCU monitors 62 the default channel again. If the channel is correct 72, then the message type is decoded. If a downlink slot message type 80h is received, then the PCU enters 80 to slave mode. If an uplink slot message type Olh is received, the PCU enters 82 the autonomous mode-neighboring network. Otherwise, if an uplink slot message type 08h is received, then the PCU enters the autonomous mode- autonomous network 84. With particular reference to Figure 6, a flow chart of the PCU slave mode is provided. The PCU slave mode 100 is entered from the PCU standby mode, the PCU autonomous mode-neighboring network or the PCU autonomous network. After entering the PCU slave mode 100, the system decodes the header for slot DO, if present, and stores UAI data 102. If a UAI is not detected 104, then PCU autonomous mode-neighboring network 106 is entered. If a UAI is detected 104, then check is made to see if there is radio data to transmit 108. If not, then the header is decoded for all uplink slots and data stored for autonomous PCU's 114. Also, audio data in the buffers for slot DO and uplink slots containing autonomous PCU data are summed 120 and audio data is sent 126 to the headset. The system then waits for the end of frame and hops 132 to the next frequency, then resumes decoding headers for slot, DO if resent, and storing UAI data 102. When radio data to transmit is present 108, or if a beacon interval for autonomous PCU timing has been exceeded, then a check is made to see if the system is currently transmitting 110. If the system is not currently transmitting 110, then the ISMA flags received in the UAI transmissions are used to determine uplink slot status 116 and a check is made to see if a slot is available 122. If no slot is available 122, then the system decodes the header for all uplink slots and stores data for autonomous PCU's 114. If a slot is available 122, then a transmission is made on a randomly selected available uplink slot 128. If the system is currently transmitting 110, then slot access is verified 112. If valid slot access for the current slot is yet to be verified, then the setting of the ISMA flag for the current slot is checked 124. If the flag is not set 124, then a check is made for another available slot 122. If the flag for the selected slot busy is set 124 or if the slot access has already been verified 112, then the system continues to transmit on the selected uplink slot 130. The system decodes the header for the dedicated downlink and all uplink slots and stores available audio data 134. Audio data in the buffers for the selected downlink slot and all uplink slots containing autonomous PCU data are summed 136 and the audio data is sent to the headset 126. With particular reference to Figure 7, a flow chart for the PCU autonomous mode-neighboring network is provided. The PCU autonomous mode-neighboring network is entered from the PCU standby mode, the PCU slave mode, or the PCU autonomous mode-autonomous network. If present, the header for slot DO is decoded and UAI data is stored 152. If a UAI is detected, then the PCU slave mode is entered 156. If a UAI is not detected, then the headers for all uplink slots are decoded and data for autonomous PCUs is stored 158. If no uplink slot is detected 160, then PCU standby mode is entered 162. If an uplink slot is detected 160, then a check is made to see of there is data to transmit 164. If there is no data to transmit 164, then audio data in the buffers for uplink slots containing PCU data is summed 170 and the resulting audio data is sent 176 to the headset. Then, the system waits for the end of the current frame and hops 182 to a new frequency. When there is data to transmit 164, or if a beacon interval for autonomous PCU timing has been exceeded, then a check is made to see if the system is currently transmitting 166. If the system is not current transmitting 166, then a determination is made to see if a slot is available via the ISMA control fields received in the uplink slots 172. If no slot is available 178, then the system sums audio data in buffers for uplink slots containing PCU data 170. If a slot is available 178, then the system transmits 184 on a randomly selected available uplink slot. When a check that the system is currently transmitting is positive 166, then a determination is made to see if a slot collision has occurred 168. This utilizes information in the headers of uplink PCU transmissions to signal if autonomous PCU data is received. If slot access is not verified, then a check is made for another available slot 178. If slot access is verified, then the PCU continues to transmit 180 in the selected uplink slot. With particular reference to Figure 8, a flow chart for the PCU autonomous mode-autonomous network is provided. The PCU autonomous mode-autonomous network 200 is entered only from the PCU standby mode. After entering the PCU autonomous mode-autonomous network 200, the system decodes the header for slot DO, if present, and stores UAI data 202. If a UAI is detected 204, then the PCU slave mode 206 is entered. If a UAI is not detected, then the system decodes the header for all uplink slots and stores data for autonomous PCUs 214. If an uplink slot is not detected 222, and no PCUs have been detected for a predetermined period of time, then the system enters the PCU standby mode 240. If an uplink slot was detected 222, then a check is made to see if there is a UAI in the area 216. If there is a UAI in the area 216, then the PCU enters the PCU autonomous mode-neighboring network 208. If no UAI is in the area, then the autonomous network timing is determined 224. If there is no data to transmit, then audio data in the buffers for uplink slots containing PCU data is summed 238 and audio data is sent to the headset 242. Then the system waits for the end of the current frame and hops 244 to a new frequency. If there is data to transmit 230, 232, then a check is made to see if the system is currently transmitting data 210. If not, then a determination of slot availability is performed using the control fields received in the transmission of other autonomous PCUs 218, 226. If no slot is available, then the PCU sums audio data in the buffers for uplink slots containing PCU data 238. If a slot is available, then the system transmits on a randomly selected available uplink slot 234. If the check to see if the system is currently transmitting 210 results in a positive indication, then a determination is made as to whether or not there is a slot collision 212. This uses information in the header of the received uplink PCU transmissions to signal if the previously autonomous PCU data was received. A check is made to see if access for the selected slot has been verified 220. If slot access is not verified 220, then a check is made for additional available slots 226. If slot access is verified, then the PCU transmits in the selected uplink slot 228. Referring now to Figure 16, the present invention preferably comprises a method for relaying communications from a PCU which is out of transmit range with respect to the UAI, but which is within receive range thereof. That is, the PCU is so far away from the UAI that it cannot transmit messages thereto, but the PCU is close enough to the UAI that it can receive messages therefrom. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that this is a common occurrence, since the UAI will typically have a greater power output than the PCUs . When a first PCU is incapable of transmitting to the UAI, a second PCU which is capable of receiving communications from the first PCU and which is also capable of transmitting to the UAI, relays communications from the first PCU to the UAI . The second PCU may sense the need to perform such relaying of communications from the first PCU to the UAI by monitoring communications between the first PCU and the UAI . During such monitoring of the communications between the first PCU and the UAI, the second PCU may notice that the first PCU is not transmitting to the UAI during its allocated time slot. Alternatively, the second PCU may notice the lack of a communication received acknowledgment in the UAIs transmission to the first PCU. As a further alternative, the first PCU may add a flag or other message to it own header indicating its inability to communicate with the UAI and thereby requesting that another PCU relay communications for it. For example, at time T 1 the first PCU transmits to the UAI. Then, at time T 2 the UAI transmits back to the first PCU. However, if the UAI does not acknowledge receipt of the transmission from the PCU at time T , then the first PCU may not transmit during its next allocated time, i.e., at time T 3 . At time T 4 the UAI attempts to again establish communications with the first PCU. When such inability of the first PCU to transmit successfully to the UAI is noticed by a second PCU, which is capable of communicating with the UAI, then the second PCU relays communications between the first PCU and the UAI. It is understood that the exemplary personal communication system described herein and shown in the drawings represents only a presently preferred embodiment of the invention. Indeed, various modifications and additions may be made to such embodiment without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Further, various modifications and additions may be obvious to those skilled the art and may be implemented to adapt the present invention for use in a variety of different applications.

Claims: WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. A personal communications system comprising: a) a plurality of radio transceivers defining a network and configured to send and receive digital communications among one another via the network; b) a repeater in RF communication further defining the network; c) wherein: i) the radio transceivers are further configured to cooperate with the repeater when the repeater is available, the repeater further being configured to coordinate access of each transceiver to at least one other transceiver; and ii) the transceivers are further configured to cooperate with one another to effect communications therebetween when no wireless interface adapter is available. 2. The personal communications system as recited in Claim 1, wherein the transceivers are configured to use distributed control of the network defined thereby when a repeater is not available. 3. The personal communications system as recited in Claim 1, wherein the transceivers and the repeaters are configured to facilitate communications of voice and data . 4. The personal communications system as recited in Claim 1, wherein the repeaters is configured to transmit communications received from one of a transceiver and another repeater to at least one of another transceiver and a third repeater. 5. The personal communications system as recited in Claim 1, wherein the repeater is configured to provide centralized control of the network. 6. The personal communications system as recited in Claim 1, wherein each transceiver is configured to request network access from a repeater and to commence communication only after access is granted by the repeater when a repeater is available. 7. The personal communications system as recited in Claim 1, wherein each transceiver is configured to request network access from a repeater, when a repeater is available, in order to communicate with another transceiver and is configured to commence communication only after access is granted by the repeater, all of the communications between the two transceivers being routed through the repeater. 8. The personal communications system as recited in Claim 1, wherein the transceivers and the repeater are configured to provide automatic switching between distributed control and centralized control of the network. 9. The personal communications system as recited in Claim 1, further comprising a wired intercom system in communication with the repeater. 10. The personal communications system as recited in Claim 1, further comprising a wired intercom system in wired communication with the repeater. 11. The personal communications system as recited in Claim 1, further comprising a wired intercom system in wireless communication with the repeater. 12. The personal communications system as recited in Claim 1, further comprising a wired intercom system in communication with the repeater and wherein the repeater is configured to transmit composite voice communications from the wired intercom to the transceivers. 13. The personal communications system as recited in Claim 1, further comprising a wired intercom system in communication with the repeater and wherein the repeater is configured to transmit first composite voice communications from the wired intercom to the transceivers and to form a second composite signal comprised of communications from a plurality of transceivers and to communicate the second composite signal to the wired intercom system. 14. A method for providing personal communications, the method comprising the steps of: a) defining a network with a plurality of transceivers, the transceivers being configured to send and receive digital communications among one another via the network; b) further defining the network with a first repeater; c) the wireless adapter coordinating access of each transceiver to at least one other transceiver; and d) the transceivers cooperating with one another to effect communications therebetween when no repeater is available. 15. The method as recited in Claim 14, further comprising the step of the transceivers using distributed control of the network defined thereby when a repeater is not available. 16. The method as recited in Claim 14, further comprising the step of the transceivers and the repeaters communicating both voice and data. 17. The method as recited in Claim 14, further comprising the step of the repeater transmitting communications received from one of a transceiver and another repeater to at least one of another transceiver and a third repeater. 18. The method as recited in Claim 14, further comprising the step of the repeater providing centralized control of the network. 19. The method as recited in Claim 14, further comprising the step of each transceiver requesting network access from a repeater and commencing communication only after access is granted by the repeater when a repeater is available. 20. The method as recited in Claim 14, further comprising the step of each transceiver requesting network access from a repeater, when a repeater is available, in order to communicate with another transceiver and commencing communication only after access is granted by the repeater, all of the communications between the two transceivers being routed through the repeater. 21. The method as recited in Claim 14, further comprising the step of the transceivers and the repeater providing automatic switching between centralized control and distributed control of the network. 22. The method as recited in Claim 14, further comprising the step of a wired intercom system communicating with the repeater. 23. The method as recited in Claim 14, further comprising the step of a wired intercom system communicating via wire with the repeater. 24. The method as recited in Claim 14, further comprising the step of a wired intercom system communicating via wireless transmission with the repeater. 25. The method as recited in Claim 14, further comprising the steps of: a) placing a wired intercom system in communication with the repeater; and b) the repeater transmitting composite voice communications from the wired intercom to the transceivers . 26. The method as recited in Claim 14, further comprising the steps of : a) placing a wired intercom system in communication with the repeater; b) the repeater transmitting first composite voice communications from the wired intercom to the transceivers ; c) forming a second composite signal comprised of communications from a plurality of transceivers; and d) communicating the second composite signal to the wired intercom system. 27. A multi mode personal communication system comprising: a) a plurality of personal communication units (PCU's), each PCU being configured for: 1) network mode communication and; 2) autonomous (non- networked) mode communication; b) a universal adaptor interface (UAI) in communication with each of a plurality of the PCU's during network mode communications, the UAI being configured to receive PCU uplink information from a plurality of PCU's and to transmit UAI downlink information in the form of a composite signal receivable by a plurality of PCU's, the composite signal including information separately addressable to each of a plurality of PCU's; and c) said PCU's further being configured to receive PCU uplink information from non-networked PCU's and forwarding uplink information from the non-networked PCU's to the UAI in the PCU uplink information from a networked PCU. 28. The personal communication system as recited in Claim 27 wherein the networked PCU's and the UAI are synchronized such that the PCU uplink occurs during a first time interval and the UAI downlink occurs during a second time interval. 29. The multi mode communication system as recited in Claim 28 wherein the networked PCU's are further configured such that autonomous mode transmissions occur during a third time interval. 30. The multi mode personal communication system as recited in Claim 29 wherein the PCU's are further configured to recognize that a non-networked PCU transmitting in autonomous mode during the third time interval is receiving the UAI downlink information. 31. The multi mode personal communication system as recited in Claim 30 wherein the PCU's are further configured to recognize that a non-networked PCU transmitting in autonomous mode during other than the third time interval information is not receiving the UAI downlink information. 32. The multi mode personal communication system as recited in Claim 31 wherein the PCU's are further configured to receive UAI downlink information intended for a non-networked PCU not receiving the UAI downlink information, and to transmit the received information to the non-networked PCU during the third time interval.

Inventors: JACKLIN WILLIAM EDWARD, JACKLIN, WILLIAM, EDWARD
Applicants: NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORP, NORTHROP GRUMMAN CORPORATION
Application year: 1999
Main classification: H04B7
IPC codes: H04L12, H04W16, H04W74, H04W88