VERTICAL-SHAFT ROTARY VALVE

Abstract: A rotary valve (5) comprises a rotor assembly (14) rotable by a driver to cause material to be transferred from an inlet side (8) to an outlet side (9) of the rotary valve. The rotor assembly includes an inner (37) and outer (40) tube and a number of radial blades (39). The outer and inner tubes and the radial blades are of the same height. A hub (33) is connected to the inner tube and coupled to a shaft (16) with a casing assembly (13) for supporting the rotor assembly. The casing assembly has an upper cap (24) disposed at the top, a sleeve (26) coupled to the upper cap, a lower cap (30) disposed at the bottom and a plurality of springs (57) to compress the rotor between the caps. A thrust load bearing assembly (209, 210) for rotatably supporting the rotor inside the casing assembly comprises an upper thrust load bearing which separates the upper cap from the top of the rotor by a minimum gap, a lower thrust load bearing which separates the lower cap from the bottom of the rotor by a minimum gap, and bearing grooves in which the bearings are disposed.

Description: VERTICAL-SHAFT ROTARY VALVE Related Application This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. serial number 08/335,704, filed December 14, 1994, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Field of the Invention This invention relates generally to the field of valves. In particular, the invention relates to a vertical- shaft rotary valve for injecting solid material into a fluid at a different pressure. Background of the Invention Powders are processed in a wide variety of industries, including cement, chemicals, food, plastics and coal-fired powerplants, to name a few. The facilities where the powders are proc- essed or stored commonly require conveyors to transport them around the plant. The powders are usually conveyed pneumatically, which is preferred to the alternative, mechanical conveying, because of its versatility and cleanliness. Pneumatic conveyers provide pipes into which the powders are injected and transported by airflow. The powder is normally transferred into the pipe from an unpressurized bin. To pre- vent air leakage into the bin, a continuously-operating checkvalve is provided that allows the powder to enter the pipe but prevents the backflow of air into the bin; such a valve is called an airlock. "The most commonly used airlock, called a rotary valve, includes a rotor revolving inside a casing. Shaped like a revolving door, but spinning on a horizontal axis, rotary valves allow the powder to enter through an opening in the top of the casing, be moved to the assembly's bottom by the action of the rotor, and then fall out through an opening at the casing's bottom. Rotary valves are built with a narrow gap between the rotor and casing to keep the rotor from seizing up due to thermal expansion caused by the temperature between the casing and the rotor due to the movement of the rotor relative to the casing. The gap creates a problem when the powder being conveyed is fine and abrasive. The pressure in the conveying line entrains the powder and drives it through the gap at velocities upwards of 700 miles per hour, causing severe erosion if the powders are fine enough to flow through the gaps and are even minimally abrasive. In such applications, the life of rotary valves is too short to be useful. An alternative airlock design, the screwpump, is used under these conditions. With a configuration similar to a domestic meatgrinder, screwpumps compress the powder by the action of a variable-pitch screw turning inside a casing. The compressed powder forms the seal that prevents the backflow of air. The electrical power needed to compress the powder with a screwpump is relatively high compared with rotary valves. Even with this limitation, screwpumps are limited to certain materials. Very abrasive materials cause excessive wear, and materials without sufficient fines or containing a lot of coarse fractions won't compact sufficiently to form a good seal. Another airlock, the eductor, is used to convey fine and abrasive powders if the conveying line is at low pressure. Like the screwpump, the eductor normally provides acceptable levels of reliability but also uses much more electricity than a rotary valve. Because of their low power consumption, rotary valves are still preferred in applications where low pressure and/or abrasiveness provide acceptable levels of reliability. To minimize erosion, the gap between the rotor and casing must be made as small as possible. Gaps between the rotor and casing of conventional rotary valves occur in three areas: at the blade tips (at the rotor's outside diameter); at the blade ends (at the blades' edges in the axial direction) and in the corners (between the blade tips and the blade ends). Several designs are employed to minimize leakage. To minimize leakage at the blade tips, the end of each blade in some rotary valves is fitted with a foil that bends back to form a seal as the blade enters the casing. To create a tight seal, the foil's springiness must be made stiff enough to counteract the airlock's back pressure. On the return side of the airlock (where the blades are moving upwards), the back pressure works in the opposite direction, adding to the spring loading and producing high bearing stresses at the tip of the foil. This quickly wears out the foils, making them ineffective after a short time. As a result, flexible foils aren't widely used. An alternative design uses adjustable seals that are fitted as closely to the casing as possible and then fastened in place. This overcomes the effect of manufacturing tolerances and rotor wear, but still requires some clearance between the rotor and the casing to avoid seizure due to thermal expansion. The use of adjustable seals reduces the clearances. A further alternative design uses pivoted shoes mounted inside the top of the casing near the top of the rotor. The shoes are made to fit the curvature of the rotor and are spring-loaded to provide a tight seal even when the rotor expands due to thermal expansion. The shoes are made of hardened materials to further reduce wear. This design is limited by thermal expansion which causes the curvature of the shoe to differ from that of the rotor, causing a small gap that becomes the source of erosion. To minimize air leakage and erosion at the blade ends between the rotor and the end plates of the casing, the rotor is enclosed with end-disks that are made integral with the blades. This method is only partially effective. Leakage still occurs between the end-disks and the casing, causing erosion there. The air leakage can be further reduced by introducing purge-air into the casing, which displaces the dust-laden air in the space between the casing's end plates and the rotor's end-disks. The purge-air increases the blowby of air into the rotary valve's inlet, which limits the purge-air's usefulness. To overcome this, yet another modification is sometimes made: seals are mounted at the tips of the rotor disks. But these seals wear quickly because the full pressure differential of the airlock presses the seal into the end-disks, at least over part of the perimeter. This causes the seals to wear very quickly. There is currently no effective way to minimize leakage at the corner between the blade tips and the blade ends. Devices, such as adjustable seals or spring-loaded shoes can't be extended all the way to the corners or seizure will occur. The spaces left in the corners thus become a source of erosion. Rotary valves made for handling abrasive powders are made from the hardest materials available, generally cast alloys with a Brinnel hardness of over 600. Despite this precaution, and the use of the abrasion-reducing design elements described above, failure can occur in a short time. For example, a rotary valve used to inject 200-mesh limestone at the relatively moderate pressure of 6 psi into a pneumatic conveying line at a coal-fired powerplant is found to fail abruptly and catastrophically after about 12 weeks of operation. Reliable operation requires rebuilding the airlock every eight weeks and replacing it every eight months. The rotary valves' life is found to be independent of the design: the same results were obtained with the highest-quality abrasion-resistant rotary valves made by three manufacturers. Such a high level of maintenance, in conjunction with the high cost of the airlocks, makes rotary valves marginally useful in this application. Other powerplants, using coarser limestone and/or limestone with less silica, have found rotary valves wearing out slower than what was experienced above. Erosion is also caused by "rotor crunch", the entrapment of solids that have fallen onto the blades at the rotary valve's inlet and are pinched between the rotor blades and the casing as the blade leaves the inlet opening. Sufficiently hard particles gouge the casing, providing a path for erosion to start and grow. Rotor crunch is also objectionable in some applications, such as the conveying of plastic pellets, because of the damage it does to the pellets. Another significant problem of rotary valves is blowby. This is the escape of air from various sources into the rotary valve's inlet. Even with non-abrasive powders, blowby can sufficiently interfere with the flow of the incoming solids to render the rotary valves nonoperational. In this event, other types of airlocks such as eductors must be used, despite their much-higher operating costs. The severity of the problem is directly related to the amount of blowby, the fineness of the powders, and their adhesive properties. With sticky solids such as wet coal fines, and even dry but slightly- sticky solids such as carbon black, the turbulence in the inlet piping caused by blowby creates wall buildups that eventually shut off the inlet. Even with free-flowing fine powders, sufficiently-high blowby airflow will completely block the flow of the incoming solids. Vents are used with conventional rotary valves to direct the pressurized air in the return- side pockets away from the inlet. Vents on the supply side would fill with solids and thus are not feasible-because air leaking through the supply side of the airlock would end up in the inlet, causing blowby. To minimize the effect of blowby, hoppers are frequently installed at the rotary valve's inlet that allow the solids to enter on one side of the hopper while most of the blowby air leaves at the other. This is only marginally successful in most cases. The best cure is to reduce the amount of blowby airflow. Another problem of conventional rotary valves is their pressure limit. Under most circumstances, rotary valves are limited to differential pressures of under 15 psi. Even with nonabrasive materials and reinforced construction, rotary valves are normally limited to an operating pressure of 40 psi, even though many applications for airlocks occur at higher pressures. Higher pressure causes the rotary valve's shaft to bend, which has to withstand the force created by the airlock pressure across the rotor's entire cross-section. For reasonably-sized shafts, at pressures over 40 psi, shaft bending would require a significantly enlarged gap between the blade and the casing to prevent seizure, which would increase blowby and reduce performance. Rotary valves are also temperature limited. The higher the temperature of the incoming solids, the greater the potential temperature difference between the rotors and the casing, and thus the larger the potential gap needed to avoid seizure. As a result, lockhoppers are normally used instead of rotary valves in high temperature airlock applications. Lockhoppers are even more subject to abrasive wear than are rotary valves, and therefore are limited to even lower pressures. Rotary valves used as letdown devices, such as in coal-ash removal systems, whereby the pressure at the inlet is higher than the outlet, are similarly limited in their temperature capability. Finally, conventional rotary valves are subject to pluggage. Fine powders such as carbon black, as well as damp materials such as wet coal, wedge themselves into the corners of the pockets, disabling the airlock by filling the pockets. Some powders are free-flowing enough to eventually fall from the pockets, but the release from the walls is slow enough to reduce the air- lock's capacity. To avoid pluggage, some rotary valves use a so-called blowthrough design instead of the more customary dropthrough designs. In the dropthrough design, the pneumatic conveying pipe is located beneath the rotary valve. In the blowthrough design, the pneumatic air passes through the rotary valve itself, entering and leaving through holes in the bottom of the casing's end plates. The velocity of the pneumatic air stream is used to dislodge the solids. The blowthrough design can't be employed with closed-rotor rotary valves because the rotor's end disks intercept the pneumatic airflow. But closed-end rotors are required with abrasive solids. The blowthrough design is also of limited use with very sticky solids, such as wet coal or clay because the pneumatic conveying air's velocity isn't sufficient to dislodge such materials. Rotary valves may be operated as either feeders or airlocks. Feeders are used to meter the flow of solids. When operated as a feeder, the standpipe above the rotary valve's inlet is maintained full of solids, and the pockets of the rotary valve are always full of solids. When operated as an airlock the rotary valve is operated at a higher throughput capacity than the rate of incoming solids, so its pockets are partially empty. The rotary valve's throughput capacity is controlled by its size and rotational speed. Operation of a rotary valve with its pockets full of solids greatly increases the chances of rotor crunch. Operating the rotary valve as a feeder, and then depending on its sealing characteristics as an airlock, isn't feasible with abrasive materials or in applications where damage to the particles is unacceptable. Summary of the Invention The present invention features a vertical-shaft rotary valve which reduces the costs associated with airlock applications. The invention can replace screwpumps used in high-pressure pneumatic conveying applications (e.g. to 30 psig), rotary valves that are used with abrasive pow- ders at intermediate pressures (e.g. to 15 psig), and eductors used at low pressures. An advantage provided by the invention compared with screwpumps and eductors is reduced power consumption. An advantage compared with conventional rotary valves is improved reliability and reduced maintenance costs. An enclosed-rotor vertical-shaft rotary valve is used as an airlock to inject abrasive, fine, or sticky solids into pressurized air. The invention eliminates the effect of thermal expansion on the gap between the rotor and casing, thereby making it possible to obtain much smaller gaps than before. The smallness of the gaps makes it feasible to pump clean air into the gaps without interfering with the performance of the airlock. The clean air keeps dust-laden air from entering the gaps, which eliminates the erosion that has limited the usefulness of conventional rotary valves when handling abrasive powders. By the use of two vents and a dual-pressure purge-air system, the invention also greatly reduces the blowby of air into the entrance of the airlock, which has limited the usefulness of conventional rotary valves when handling very-small-particle powders. These benefits also accrue to the injection of sticky solids into pressurized fluids. The invention extends the pressure and temperature capability of airlocks. It may be used to inject solids into fluids at lower instead of higher pressure, and may be used with fluids other than air. In a vertical-shaft rotary valve according to the invention, solids pass through the rotor pockets in the axial direction. Sealing is accomplished at flat surfaces at the ends of the rotors. Bearings at the rotor's outer tube are used to control the rotor-stator gap. When precision bearings are used, the gap can be made very small. Because the sealing surface is flat, the rotor and stator both remain the same shape even with thermal expansion due to temperature differences between the rotor and the stator. Spring-loading keeps the rotor against the stator and thus keeps the gap there between at the same small size (or within a small predetermined range) regardless of thermal expansion. As used herein, the term "vertical" generally means either perpendicular to a horizontal surface or tilted a certain amount off of the perpendicular axis, but not tilted so much as to prevent gravity flow of material through the valve. In general, a tilt off the perpendicular axis of 50 degrees or more will not allow the necessary gravity flow of material. Clean purge-air can be pumped into the rotor-stator gaps to prevent the flow of dust-laden air from entering the gaps, thus eliminating high-velocity erosion. Accordingly, the present invention features air passages which allow purge-air to pass at pressures just above the pressure of the adjacent rotor pocket. The invention thereby minimizes air leakage to the inlet and erosion in the vicinity of the seals, thus greatly increasing the life of rotary valves used with abrasive materi- als. Two vents in the rotor's top cap and a two-pressure purge-air system can be used to minimize the flow of leakage air into the inlet, greatly reducing blowby. Two vents are possible with a vertical-shaft rotary valve because the vents, located at the top of the rotary valve, are remove from the solids, which are at the bottom. In some embodiments, blowby is reduced by two orders of magnitude compared with conventional rotary valves. The greatly reduced blowby improves the reliability of rotary valves used for injecting fine powders and eliminates the need to use the costlier types of airlocks. A wiper mechanism can be employed which sweeps incoming particles from the top of the rotor blades in order to eliminate rotor crunch. A vertical-shaft rotary valve according to the invention offers other significant advantages over conventional rotary valves. For example, the problem of rotor flexure due to high pressure is eliminated, and therefore 4he rotary valve is more suitable for higher pressures than are conventional units. The invention is also less subject to pluggage than are conventional rotary valves because of the reduced tendency for wedging, the ability to employ through-flow piping with abrasive powders, and the ability to use air cannons to dislodge particularly sticky solids. The foregoing and other objects, aspects, features, and advantages of the invention will become more apparent from the following description and from the claims. Brief Description of the Drawings In the drawings, like reference characters generally refer to the same parts throughout the different views. Also, the drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead generally being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention. FIGS. 1A and IB are end and elevation views of a vertical-shaft rotary valve according to the invention, shown installed. FIGS. 2 A and 2B are top and elevation views of the rotary valve of FIGS. 1A and IB., of which FIG. 2B is in cross section. FIG. 3 A is a 90° segment of the top view of the rotor. FIG. 3B is a 90° segment of the bottom view of the rotor. FIG. 3 C is an elevation view of the rotor in cross section. FIGS. 4 A and 4B are top and elevation views of an exterior assembly associated with the rotary valve. FIGS. 5 A and 5B are top and bottom views of an upper cap of the rotary valve. FIGS. 6 A and 6B are top and bottom views of a lower cap of the rotary valve. FIG. 7 A shows a cross section in the vicinity of the lower bearing. FIG. 7B shows a cross section in the vicinity of the upper bearing. FIG. 8 A is a cross-section of a bearing groove. FIG. 8B is a cross section of a bearing assembly. FIG. 9 A is a top view of the sectors of the rotary valve, as seen from above. FIGS. 9B-9E are schematic illustrations of pressure distributions within the rotary valve. FIG. 10 is a schematic illustration of the purge-air flows within the rotary valve. FIG. 11 is a schematic illustration of the purge-air system outside the rotary valve. FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional diagram of the bottom of a blade and its surroundings. FIG. 13 a cross-sectional diagram of the top of a blade and its surroundings. FIGS. 14A and 14B are schematic diagrams of a wiper assembly for removing dry powders. FIG. 15 is a top view of a wiper assembly. FIG. 16 is a schematic diagram of a wiper assembly for removing sticky solids. FIG. 17 illustrates an alternative embodiment of the vertical shaft airlock utilizing a blowthrough configuration. FIG. 18 is a schematic diagram of an air cannon system to dislodge sticky solids from the pockets. FIGS. 19A and 19B are the left isometric and right isometric views, respectively, of the exterior, of the airlock in accordance with improvements to the invention. FIGS. 20 A and 20B show the top view and cross-sectional elevation, respectively, of the rotor in accordance with improvements to the invention. FIGS. 21A-21D show an alternative design for the outboard bearings, including a cross- sectional view of the bearing assembly (FIG. 21 A), a top view of the bearing cage (FIG. 2 IB), a cross-sectional view of one opening in the bearing cage (FIG. 21C) and a bottom view of one opening in the bearing cage (FIG. 21D). FIGS. 22A-22C show the top view, cross-section of the side view, and the bottom view of an alternative design for the rotor's shaft assembly. FIGS. 23 A, 23B and 23 C show the top view, bottom view and side view, respectively, of the top cap in accordance with improvements to the invention. FIGS. 24A, 24B and 24C show the bottom view, top view and side view, respectively, of the bottom cap in accordance with improvements to the invention. FIGS. 25 A, 25B, 25C and 25D show the schematic diagrams of the piping arrangements in accordance with improvements to the invention. Of these, FIG. 25 A shows an alternative blower assembly (FIG. 25A-1), alternative Field Piping arrangement (FIG. 25A-2) and boost-air manifold (FIG. 25A-3). FIG. 25B shows a Fill-Air Manifold (FIG. 25B-1) and the Airlock Manifolds (FIG. 25B-2). FIG. 25C includes the Bottom Cap Piping Assembly (FIG. 25C-1) and the Top Cap Piping Assembly (FIG. 25C-2). FIG. 25D includes an Oil Enclosure (FIG. 25D-1), a Sightglass Assembly (FIG. 25D-2) and an Oil Assembly (FIG. 25D-3). FIG. 26 shows an isometric view of an Oil Trap used with the invention. FIG. 27A shows the top view, and FIG. 27B shows a cross-sectional view, of an alternative spring assembly used with the invention. FIG. 28A-28E shows the alternative design for blade inserts that are shown in FIGS. 20 A and 20B. Included are a side-view of the insert (FIG. 28 A), a top view of the insert (FIG. 28B), an end view of the insert (FIG. 28C), an expanded cross-sectional view of an installed insert at the top of a rotor blade (FIG. 28D), and an expanded cross-sectional view of an installed insert at the bottom of a rotor blade (FIG. 28E). FIG. 29 shows the purge-air passages in the vicinity of the blades. FIG. 30 shows cross-sectional view of an alternative blade wiper design. Description Referring to FIGS. 1 A and IB, the end view (FIG. 1 A) and the elevation view (FIG. IB) of the installed airlock are illustrated. The airlock includes a rotary valve 5 that receives solids from a downcomer pipe 2 and emits them at an outlet duct 9. The solids then fall into a pneu- matic conveying pipe 6 where they are removed. Pipe 2 is connected to the rotary valve at inlet 8 by flexible seal 7 (shown partially broken away). Pipe 6 is connected to the rotary valve at outlet duct 9. When used as an airlock, the pressure in pipe 6 is higher than in pipe 2. Dusty air is emitted by the rotary valve at vents 3 and 4, collected by vent pipe 1 and piped to a dust collector where the particulates are separated and returned to pipe 2. Referring to FIGS. 2A and 2B, the cross sectional top view (FIG. 2A) and the elevation view (FIG. 2B) of the rotary valve assembly are illustrated. The rotary valve includes a rotor 14 that is encapsulated in a casing 13. The casing includes an upper cap 24, a cylindrical sleeve 26, and a lower cap 30. Inlet duct 8 is rigidly attached to casing 13 by inlet flange 23. Outlet duct 9 is rigidly attached to the casing at cap 30. Sleeve 26 is somewhat shorter than rotor 14, which creates a gap 28 between sleeve 26 and cap 30. Gap 28 remains open regardless of differences in length between the rotor and the casing due to thermal expansion, thereby keeping thermal expansion from imposing any forces that affect the airlock's internal spacings. Rotor 14 is mounted in casing 13 by bearing balls 19 that form upper bearing assembly 25 and lower bearing assembly 29. The vertical spaces between the rotor and the cap at each end of the rotor are gaps 21 and 31, respectively. The ends of the rotor are carefully machined to be flat and parallel to each other. The inner surfaces of each cap are carefully machined to be flat, in order to match the shape of the ends of the rotor. The caps are made thick enough to avoid significant deflection by internal pressure when the airlock is in operation. The depths of the rotor bearing grooves 42 and 51 (FIGS 3 A and 3B) and of bearing cap bearing grooves 74 (FIG. 5B) and 99 (FIG. 6B) are all carefully machined, as is the diameter of the bearing balls 19, to allow the gaps 21 and 31 between rotor and caps to be very small (typically .001)" and yet avoid contact between the rotor and caps during rotation of the rotor. Cap 24 is rigidly attached at ears 11 to the sleeve 26 at ears 11a by bolts 12. (FIGS. 4A and 4B). Cap 30 is attached by ear 58 to sleeve 26 at spring mount 66 by springs 57 (FIGS. 4A and 4B). Bearings 25 and 29 (FIG. 2B) are held together by springs 57 which are preloaded sufficiently to keep the caps compressed against the bearing balls. Flexible seal 7 (FIG. IB) isolates the rotary valve from forces caused by the possible movement of pipe 2 relative to pipe 6. Such movement might overpower the force of springs 57 and open gaps 21 and 31. Rotor 14 is rigidly attached to vertical shaft 16 which extends through cap 24 at hole 20. Gearmotor 55 (FIGS. 4 A and 4B) drives rotor 14 through shaft 16 and the drive train that includes gearmotor sprocket 65 and rotary valve sprocket 62 which are connected by chain 63. The drive train is enclosed by chainguard 64. In applications where there are oversize tramp materials in the incoming solids, gearmotor sprocket 65 may incorporate a torque-limiting clutch that nondestructively stops the rotor in the case of a jam. A proximity sensor located next to sprocket 62 detects a protrusion on its hub. The proximity sensor transmits a signal to a delay-timer relay, which shuts off the gearmotor if the sprocket 62 stops turning. A supply of clean air is ducted to gaps 21 and 31 to prevent contamination and erosion within the airlock. Supply-side vent 3 (FIGS 1A and 4 A) and return-side vent 4 are ducted to a low-pressure receiver, such as a baghouse, to maintain the inlet side 133 of the rotary valve (FIG. 9A) near or at atmospheric pressure, which serves to minimize blowby. In operation, solids enter the rotary valve by gravity through inlet duct 8 (FIG. 2B) and opening 22 and fall into pockets 17. The rotation 18 of rotor 14 moves the solids from the inlet to the outlet, where they leave the rotary valve by gravity through outlet opening 32 and outlet duct 9. Referring to FIGS. 3A - 3C, the top view (FIG. 3A), the bottom view (FIG. 3B) and the cross section - elevation view (FIG. 3C) of rotor 14 are illustrated. Rotor 14 includes an inner tube 37, radial blades 39, and an outer tube 40, all the same height and each rigidly attached to their adjacent elements. The inner tube, radial blades, and outer tube combine to form six equally- sized pie-shaped pockets 17 that are open at the top and bottom and fully enclosed on the sides. Near its top, tube 37 has an integrally-attached hub 33. Hub 33 contains a threaded hole 34 at its center for the attachment of shaft 16 (FIG. 2B). It also contains a vent-hole 54. Rotor 14 contains air passages at its top, consisting of grooves 36, 38, and 41 (FIG. 3A) that supply purge-air to keep powder away from gap 21 at the rotor's inner tube, blades, and outer tube, respectively. Groove 43 supplies air to groove 38 through internal passage 43a (FIG. 3C). The rotor also contains grooves 44 and 46 to prevent the accumulation of particulates in gap 21 at the outer and inner tubes, respectively. The top of rotor 14 also contains bearing groove 42. Similarly, at the bottom of the rotor (FIG. 3B), grooves 47-50, 52 and 53 provide air passages to keep dust away from various parts of gap 31. The bottom of the rotor also contains bearing groove 51. Describing the upper cap, the top view (FIG. 5 A) and the bottom view (FIG. 5B) of cap 24 are illustrated. Cap 24 contains opening 22 which is directly beneath the bottom of inlet 8. Opening 22a in inlet 8 is defined by arc 68, the outer radius of tube 37 and the inner radius of tube 40. Opening 22 in cap 24 is defined by arc 78, the outer radius of tube 37, and the inner radius of tube 40. Arcs 68 and 78 are both typically 60°. Cap 24 contains cavity 79 which is an extension to opening 22 and in which a wiper as- sembly 165 (FIG. 15) is mounted. The wiper assembly is sealed within the airlock by inlet flange 23, which extends beyond the edges of cavity 79 and is rigidly attached to the top of cap 24. Cap 24 contains groove 83 which feeds vent pipe 4 at the return side 131 (Fig. 9A) of the airlock. Groove 83 is designed to minimize erosion, as follows. As the rotor turns and the blades pass return groove 83, there is a momentary burst of velocity as the pressurized air in the pocket is released. Even though the pocket is nominally free of solids at this point, erosion might occur from the entrapment of any dust remaining in the pocket. To minimize the velocity and attendant erosion, groove 83 is made the full length of the blades and its leading edge is aligned with the trailing edge of the blade as it approaches the groove. Similarly, cap 24 contains groove 80 that feeds vent pipe 3 at the supply side 133 of the airlock. . Cap 24 also contains bearing groove 74, ears 11 for attaching cap 24 to cylindrical sleeve 26 (FIG. 2B), shaft hole 20, and hole 15 for attaching the air cannon nozzle (FIG. 18). It also contains hole 73 used to position the cap with respect to the casing 27 by use of an alignment pin. Cap 24 also contains the grooves that provide passages for supplying purge-air to the rotor (FIG. 5B). These include grooves 82, 84 and 86 that supply purge-air to outlet side 134 of the cap, which grooves are connected to inlet ports 82a, 71, and 72 respectively. Purge-air is sup- plied to the rotor on the inlet side 132 (Fig. 9A) of cap 24 by grooves 75, 76, 77 and 81, which are connected to inlet ports 69, 70, 67, and 81a, respectively. Describing the lower cap, the top view (FIG. 6A) and the bottom view (FIG. 6B) of cap 30 are illustrated. Cap 30 contains opening 32 which is the same size and shape as the top of outlet duct 9. Opening 32 is defined by arc 103, the outer radius of tube 37 (FIG. 3C) and the inner radius of tube 40. Arc 103 is typically 60°. Cap 30 also contains ears 58 for attaching springs 57 to casing 26, (FIG. 4B), and bearing groove 99. It also contains hole 91 that is used with an alignment pin to position the cap with respect to the casing. Together with the alignment pin in hole 73 in the upper cap, the pins serve to align the two caps to each other in the circumferential direction. Cap 30 also contains grooves that provide passages for supplying purge-air to the rotor (FIG. 6B). These include grooves 94, 96, and 100-102 that supply purge-air to outlet side 134 (Fig. 9A) of the cap, which grooves are connected to inlet ports 93, 96a, 89, 92, and 90, respectively. Purge-air is supplied to grooves on the inlet side 132 (Fig. 9 A) of cap 30 by grooves 97 and 98, which are connected to inlet ports 87 and 88, respectively. The rotary valve's bearing assemblies 25 and 29 (FIGS. 2A and 2B) are outboard bearings. An outboard bearing is defined as one whose pitch diameter is larger than the outside diameter of pockets 17 but smaller than the inside diameter of cylindrical sleeve 26. Outboard bearings are used to withstand the tilting moments caused by the eccentric distribution of pressures within the rotary valve. Inboard bearings would require much larger bearing surfaces, by over an order of magnitude, to achieve the same stiffness. In all but the lowest-pressure applications, such large bearings wouldn't fit in the available space. Bearings 25 and 29 (FIG. 2B) are turntable bearings, which are defined as bearings whose height is unaffected by either thrust loads or radial loads. Thrust loads are defined as forces parallel to the rotor's axis, while radial loads are forces perpendicular to the rotor's axis. . An illustration of lower bearing assembly 29 (FIG. 2B) is shown in FIGS. 8 A and 8B. The bearing groove profile is shown in FIG. 8 A, while the assembly is shown in FIG. 8B. The same profile is used in all four bearing grooves of the rotary valve. The groove consists of flat surface 122 which is centered on bearing pitch diameter 121. Flat surface 122 is located at depth 123 below the top surface 30a of cap 30. Depth 123 is equal to the radius of bearing ball 19, minus clearance 124. Clearance 124 is half of the gap height between the rotor and cap, such as gap 31 (FIG. 2B). Gaps 21 and 31 are designed to just eliminate contact between the rotor and the caps when the rotary valve is in operation. Adjacent to each end of flat surface 122 (FIG. 8 A), and tangent to it, is a curved surface 122a, whose radius 119 is slightly less than that of bearing ball 19. Each curved surface 122a ex- tends from the end of surface 122 to the a circle defined by angle 118. Here, each curved surface is joined by a conical surface 120 which is tangent to the top of curved surface 122a and extends to surface 30a. FIG. 8B illustrates the appearance of the bearing assembly in use. Upper bearing assembly 25 is the same as that shown in FIG. 8B, except that it is inverted. The bearing assembly includes bearing balls 19 that separate the grooves and may include spacers to separate the balls in the circumferential direction (not shown) to reduce wear. The grooves in FIG. 8B are offset in the horizontal direction due to the thrust imposed on the bearing by chain 63 and shaft 16. The thrust load created by springs 57 creates contact between the bearing balls and the grooves at points 127 and 130. Since radius 119 of the curved surfaces 122a is less than that of the balls, the points of contact between the balls and the groove are on flat surfaces 122, and the contact angle 128 is 90°. A contact angle of 90° keeps the balls from riding up on the side of the grooves with variation of the thrust and radial loads, as would occur at other contact angles. Flat surface 122 is incorporated into the groove to provide a contact angle of 90° even if the pitch diameters of the mating bearing grooves differ slightly due to the effects of thermal expansion or manufacturing tolerances. The radial loads on the bearings creates contact between the bearing balls and the grooves at points 126 and 129. The gap height 31 remains unchanged despite the imposition of radial loads as long as the ratio of radial loads to thrust loads is less than the tangent of angle 125. This condition is readily met with the forces imposed on the bearings and with cone angles 125 that are used, which exceed 60°. Using contact angles 125 of less than 90° makes the bearing groove more manufacturable and reduces the stress concentrations that would otherwise exist at contact points 126 and 129. Referring to FIGS. 9A-9E, the pressure distribution within the rotary valve is schematically illustrated. The pressure distribution affects the design of both the mechanical elements, such as the springs and bearings, and the flow distribution of the purge-air system. For ease of expla- nation, the rotary valve's casing, as seen from the top, is divided into six equally-sized sectors. Sector A (FIG. 9A) corresponds to the location of opening 22a in inlet 8 (FIG. 4A) Sector D corresponds to the location of opening 32 of lower cap 30 (FIG. 6A). FIG. 9 A also identifies the sides of the rotary valve. The inlet side 132 refers to sectors A, B, and F. The outlet side 134 refers to sectors C, D, and E. The supply side 133 refers to lower half of the rotary valve as shown in FIG. 9 A, the section of the rotary valve in which the pockets are moving solids from the inlet to the outlet. The return side 131 refers to the top half of the rotary valve as shown in FIG. 9 A, the side of the rotary valve in which the pockets are empty. FIG. 9B shows the pressures in pockets 17 (FIG. 2A) as they pass through stationery sectors A through F. It shows that pockets passing through sectors A, B, and F are always at low pressure (L). The pockets passing through sectors B and F are kept at low pressure by vents 3 and 4 (FIG. 4 A), as well as exposure to the inlet 8. The pocket passing through sector D is always at high pressure (H), while pockets passing through sectors C and E alternate between high and low pressures (H-L), one pocket always be- ing at high pressure when the other is at low pressure. Accordingly, the low-pressure side of the airlock is defined as segments A, B and F, while the high-pressure side is segments C, D, and E. The pressure distribution in the pockets is shown in greater detail in FIGS. 9C through 9E. FIG. 9C shows the pressure in the pockets at an intermediate rotor position. FIG. 9D shows the pressure in the pockets just before one of the blades passes over the upstream edge of the sector D (or, outlet opening 32). FIG. 9E shows the pressure in the pockets just after this event. Springs 41 (FIG. 4B) counteract the forces caused by the air pressure within the airlock. Typically, there are four springs, equally spaced around the perimeter of the casing (FIGS. 4 A and 4B). The springs 57a and 57b on the outlet side 134 are used to counteract the pressures there, while the springs on the inlet side 132 are needed only to keep the bearings tight against their grooves. These springs need be no stronger than what is required to keep the airlock tight, (plus a safety margin), in order to minimize the stress on the bearings. Purge-air is clean air that is pumped to gaps 21 and 31 to protect the airlock from damage by particulates. The purge-air system includes an external network that terminates at the inlet ports in the caps. These are connected to an internal network that ducts the purge-air to the cap grooves, rotor grooves, and horizontal gaps between the rotor and the caps. The purge-air serves different functions in various regions of the airlock, as follows. The purge-air injected at grooves 36 and 48 of inner tube 37 (FIGS. 3A-3C) keeps dust-laden air from entering the gap between the tube and the caps and causing erosion. The purge-air injected at groove 38 at the top of the blades 39 keeps dust-laden air from passing over the tops of the blades. With abrasive powders, both the blades and cap 24 (FIGS. 2 A and 2B) would otherwise erode. The purge-air injected at grooves 49 at the bottoms of blades 39 (FIGS. 3B and 3C) sweeps away fine particles from the front of the blades and prevents their entrapment between the blade and the cap due to the rotor's motion. This prevents rotor 14 (FIG. 2B) from riding up on entrapped particles which would enlarge gap 31 thereby increasing blowby. Entrapment would also erode the leading edge of the blade bottom, forming a radius there that would cause the rotor to ride-up on ever-increasingly-large particles until failure occurred. The purge-air injected at grooves 41 and 50 of outer tube 40 (FIGS. 3A-3C) keeps dust-laden air from entering the gaps between the tube and the caps, eliminating both the erosion and contamination of the bearings that would otherwise occur. The purge-air system is designed to provide sufficient clean air to protect all sections of the gaps. Excess purge-air flow increases blowby and the entrainment of dusty air into the vent system, both of which degrade the performance of the airlock. To achieve reliable but minimum purge-air flow, two principles are employed: flow control and independent supply. Both principles are illustrated in FIG. 10. Flow control means that, in the low-pressure sectors, the flow rate of the purge-air is controlled, whereas in the high-pressure sectors (with one exception), the pressure is controlled. Control of the flow rate is achieved with a pressure-reducing device, such as an orifice, which places a restriction upstream of the grooves distributing the purge-air to the gaps. The restrictions each produce a pressure drop that is many times higher than the pressure drop at outlet of the grooves, such as in the gaps adjoining the grooves. When the pressure is controlled, there is no such pressure-reducing device. The principle of independent supply means that the ducting to the inner and outer rings is separate from the ducting to the blades, and that segments of each groove may be supplied separately. The reason for the principle of flow control is as follows. In the low-pressure system, the pressure difference across the gap is the same in both directions: from the grooves to the pockets, and from the grooves to the outside of the rotary valve. The amount of purge-air ideally is no more than that needed to blow small particles away from the gap. The only particles that need to be swept away are those smaller than the gap itself. Typically, a velocity of 20 ft/sec at the gap's outlet is more than enough to blow away any particles small enough to fit in the gap, equivalent to a leakage of 0.1 CFM per bot of gap perimeter per .001" of gap. Higher airflows are undesirable because they increase the blowby. In order to achieve this flowrate, the pressure differential across the gap is very small - less than .01 psi. Controlling such a low pressure differential would require use of delicate instruments, which are costly and unreliable. Instead of controlling the pressure to the low-pressure the grooves, then, the flow to each groove is controlled, using a pressure regulator and orifice to each groove, as is described in greater detail below. The opposite approach is used with the high-pressure system. There, the pressure differ- ence from the grooves to the pockets is much lower than the pressure difference from the grooves to the exterior of the airlock (or, across the tops of the blades.) This means that the flowrate into the airlock pockets is a small fraction - typically 5% or less - of the airflow out of the airlock. Controlling total airflow to the high-pressure system thus provides no control over the critical 5%. For example, a 10% increase in the flow to the outside (created by a slight increase in the size of gap 21) would create a 5% deficiency of purge-air flow into the pockets, creating the reverse flow of dust-laden solids into the gap which the system was intended to eliminate. Therefore, the high-pressure purge-air flow is controlled by maintaining the grooves' pressures slightly above that of the airlock's pressures. While this may create a greater flow into the airlock's pockets than is optimal from the point of keeping solids from entering the gap, the ex- cess purge-air flow is all vented, either into the outlet or into vents 3 and 4. In neither case does the excess air reach the inlet, where it would reduce the airlock's performance by increasing the blowby. The reason for the principle of independent supply is as follows. The gaps 21 or 31 (FIG. 2B) adjacent to the rotor grooves 36, 41, 48, and 50 (FIGS. 3A and 3B) are very small for the entire revolution of the rotor, which restrictiveness limits their purge-air flow rate. For most of the rotor revolution, the gaps between the blade grooves 38 and 49 and the caps are similarly restrictive and flow-limiting. However, as the blades pass into open areas, such as opening 22 or 32 (FIG. 2B), vent groove 80 and 83 (FIG. 5B), or wiper groove 79, the gaps are eliminated. In all but very-low-pressure applications the purge-air flow rate from grooves 38 and 49 becomes excessive, starving the other gaps of their supply of purge-air and causing reverse-flow there. To prevent this, external flow restrictions are required in the passages leading to the blade grooves as they pass the open areas. The external restrictions are used only as the blades pass the openings; elsewhere, they must be removed, else the bleed air won't prevent the flow of dusty air over the blade ends. Referring to FIG. 11, the external portion of the purge-air system is schematically illustrated. The purge-air is supplied by pneumatic-conveying line 6 at an inlet (not shown) which is located upstream of rotary valve outlet 9 (FIG. IB). The purge-air is ducted through filter 135 and divided into the flowpath to the high-pressure grooves (above) and the flowpath to the low- pressure grooves (below) The high-pressure flowpath includes blower 136, flowmeter 61, pres- sure switch 137, check valve 137b, and a manifold which feeds the inlets 90-96a at the right- upper portion of FIG. 11. The inlet ports 90-96a are in the caps (FIGS. 5 A and 6A.) Flow restriction 140 upstream of inlet 90 provides the flow control for groove 49 as it passes over outlet opening 32. The low-pressure flowpath includes flowmeter 62, pressure switch 139, pressure regulator 138, and a manifold that feeds flow restrictions 141-148 and inlet ports 67-95a. A low-pressure signal by pressure switches 137 or 139 indicates an insufficiency of purge-air flow, whereas a high-pressure signal by pressure switch 137 indicates an excessive leakage path such as one due to a widened gap 21 or 31. The signals are used to shut down the airlock or sound an alarm. The internal portion of the purge-air system is illustrated in FIGS. 7 A and 7B. FIG. 7 A shows the purge-air grooves at the outer radius of lower cap 30 and the bottom of rotor 14. The purge-air to grooves in the vicinity of the outer tube 40 (FIG. 3C) enter the cap through inlet ports such as 87 or 92 (not shown) and into groove 108. Groove 108 may be either 97 or 101 (FIG. 6B), depending on the location around the circumference. Purge-air from groove 108 flows to pockets 17, either directly through gap 107, or first to rotor groove 50 and then through gap 107. The purge-air to the groove at the bottom of the blades, groove 49, enters through groove 109 (FIG. 7A), which is representative of grooves 98 and 102 (FIG. 6B) depending on the location around the circumference. Some of the purge-air from groove 109 flows into groove 52, from which it is ducted to groove 50 (FIG. 3C). The remainder of the purge-air from groove 109 flows into gap 52, past bearing grooves 51 and 99, and out of the rotary valve through gap 28. FIG 7B shows the corresponding purge-air grooves at the upper cap 24 and the top of rotor 14. The flow paths correspond to those described above for FIG. 7 A, except that flow leaving through gap 111 leaves the rotary valve through casing 117 and vent hole 27 (FIG. 2B). Purge-air supplied at inner tube 37 (FIG. 3C) enters upper cap 24 (FIGS. 5A and 5B) at ports 81a and 82a, flows to grooves 81 and 82, respectively, and then to rotor groove 36 (FIG. 3A). Some air flows radially outward through gap 21 into the pockets 17, while the remainder flows radially inward through gap 21 and leaves the rotary valve through hole 20 (FIG. 2). Similarly, purge-air at to the inner tube at the lower cap enters through ports 95a and 96a, to grooves 95, 96, and 48. It leaves through gap 31 to pockets 17, as well as through vent hole 54 and hole 20. The layout of the grooves around the circumference of the airlock causes each rotor's groove pressure to always be referenced to the pocket pressure: when a particular pocket is at low pressure, the adjacent circumferential groove segment in the rotor is also at low pressure, and vice versa. For example, pockets in sectors A, B, and E in FIG. 9A are always at low pressure. To accomplish the matchup between the pressure in the groove with the pressure in the pockets, the low-pressure upper-cap grooves 76, 77, and 81 (FIG. 5B) supply purge-air to upper rotor grooves 36, 40, and 43, respectively, as pockets pass through these sectors. On the contrary, the high-pressure upper-cap grooves 82, 149, and 86 supply rotor grooves 36, 40, and 43, respectively, as the pockets pass sectors C, D, and E. Similarly, the lower-cap grooves supply the rotor grooves with the purge-air at the appropriate pressure as the pockets pass from one pressure zone to another. Arc 85 (FIG. 5B) separating the high-pressure groove 86 from the low-pressure groove 76 is somewhat less than an arc 45°, to avoid any interruption of purge-air flow as the rotating groove passes from the low-pressure to the high-pressure source. The overlap between arcs 85 and 45 is only about 3°, enough to allow some transfer of purge-air from groove 86 to groove 76 during the transition, but not enough air to starve the remaining system. The same concept, of using a limited amount of overlap between the high- pressure and low-pressure purge-air grooves, is used in all of the other transfer points in the rotary valve. Referring to FIG. 12, a cross-section of the bottom of a blade 39 and its surroundings are illustrated. The movement 150 of the blade is from right to left. FIG. 12 shows a blade on the supply side 133 (FIG. 9A) of the airlock where beds of solids 84 fill the bottoms of the pockets 17 (FIG. 3 A) on each side of the blade. Particles larger than the height of gap 154 are moved by the force of the blade. The left bottom corner of the blade is sharp, to minimize the size of particles that could be trapped be- tween the blade and the cap and force the rotor to ride up on them. Particles smaller than gap 154 are kept out of the gap by the purge-air, which enters at groove 49, flows through gap 154, and forms air bubble 155 in the bed of solids. Purge-air from groove 49 also leaves through gap 153 where it enters the bed of solids 149, forming air bubble 152. The right bottom corner of the blade has a radius 151, which ex- pands the cross-section of the gap before the purge-air reaches the bed of solids, thereby reducing the air velocity and the attendant erosion. A radius is used instead of a chamber at the bottom right of blade 39 to produce the Coanda effect, whereby the purge-air follows the wall as it decelerates instead of jetting out into the bed of solids, further minimizing the erosion caused by the purge-air flow. Referring to FIG. 13, a cross-section of the top of a blade 39 is illustrated. The direction 150 of the blade is from right to left. The atmosphere surrounding the blade is dusty air 156. Purge-air is emitted from the center of the blade. One function of the purge-air is to prevent the flow of dust-laden air from entering gaps 158 and 159, to avoid the high-velocity erosion that would otherwise occur with abrasive pow- ders. When the blade is passing through sector C (FIG. 9A) on the supply-side 133 of the rotary valve, the high-pressure is to the left of the blade. The opposite is true when the blade is passing through sector E on the return-side 131 of the rotary valve, so the purge-air must block the flow of dust-laden air in both directions. Another function of the purge-air is to aid in the removal by the wiper 165 (FIG. 14B) of particles resting on the tops of the blades as they leave the inlet. The purge-air enters the blade horizontally through passage 164 and leaves through slots 163 and 162, all of which are the full length of the blade. Slot 162 is swept backwards to prevent its being plugged as the blade passes under openings 22 (FIG. 5B) and wiper brush 166 (FIG. 14A). Slots 162 and 163 are made restrictive enough to distribute the flow of purge-air uniformly along the length of the blade, and to provide sufficient velocity to clear away any fine particles from the vi- cinity of the slot's outlet. Some of the purge-air emitted from slot 162 flows through gap 158, past radius 160, and forms air bubble 157. The remaining purge-air flows through gap 159, past radius 160a, and forms air bubble 161. Radii 160 and 160a are used to create the Coanda effect whereby the purge-air follows the contour of the blade and accelerates gently at the wall instead of jetting into the dusty-air, thereby minimizing erosion. Referring to FIGS. 14A, 14B, 15 and 16, wiper assemblies for cleaning are illustrated. The wiper assemblies are used to remove the particles lying on the top of a blade 39 that have landed there when the blade was passing under inlet opening 22, thereby eliminating rotor crunch. Wiper assemblies may be omitted if the material handled by the airlock is unabrasive or if the increased maintenance caused by their elimination is acceptable. FIGS. 14A and 14B are end-views in cross section of wiper assembly 165, while FIG. 15 is a top view of both wiper assembly 165 and wiper assembly 172. Both assemblies are mounted in extension 79 of cap 24 (FIG. 5B) by studs 171 (FIGS. 15 and 16). The wiper assembly of FIGS. 14A and 14B is designed to handle dry, non-sticky solids. Movement 150 of the blade in FIGS. 14A and 14B under the wiper is from right to left. As the blade approaches the wiper assembly, it encounters brush 166 which sweeps the particles into the pocket at the right. As the blade progresses, it encounters knife 167 that scrapes remaining particles into the pocket. The clearance between the knife and the blade is only a few thousandths of an inch, so only very small particles can remain on the blade after the first two stages of removal. The knife includes relief angle 168 to eliminate the gouging of the top of the blades. As the blade moves further along (FIG. 14B), it forms gaps 169 and 170 between the blade and cap 242. The velocity of the purge-air emitted from gaps 169 and 170 blows away any particles remaining on the top of the blades. Wiper assembly 165 is unsuitable for use with wet or sticky solids, as brush 166 would fill up and become nonfunctional. Wiper assembly 172 (FIG. 16) is used for such materials. It includes wiper 173, knife 174, and wiper 177. Wipers 173 and 177 are made of abrasion-resistant elastomers that are deflected by the motion of the blade. Wiper 173 brushes away most of the material on the blade. Knife 174 is close-fitting to blades 32 and scrapes away most of the remaining material. Wiper 177 polishes the top of the blade, removing any remaining material. Knife 174 contains cavity 175 which directs shavings of scraped solids back into the pocket, and relief angle 176 that prevents the gouging of the blades by trapped solids. The rotor and caps are made of hardened abrasion-resistant iron castings. Abrasion- resistant materials extend the life of the bearings. They also reduce the erosion rate of the cap 30 due to the scraping of the .solids as they are conveyed by the rotor, and of cap 24 at vent slot 83 (FIG. 5B) by high-velocity dust-laden air during the depressurization of the return-side pockets. The casing is made of carbon steel. The springs are coil springs are made of spring steel. The bearing balls are made of hardened bearing steel and are grease-lubricated. The invention is used in sizes from 4 to 36" in diameter with solids capacities ranging from l/20th to 100 CFM. The dimensions of a typical unit are as follows: Rotary valve size: 10 Inches; Rated capacity: 10 CFM; Maximum differential pressure: 40 psig; Rotary valve's RPM at rated capacity: 39; Horsepower input to gearmotor at rated capacity: 1/2; Maximum size of feedstock: 1.2"; Air leakage (blowby) into the inlet at 30 psi: 0.3 CFM; Purge-air blower: regenerative type rated at 6 CFM and 1/2 psi, with an 1/8 hp motor. Typical dimensions of the 10 Inch unit are as follows: Rotor's pocket dimensions: 4" ID x 10" OD x 10" high; Rotor blades: 6, each 1/2" thick; Rotary valve's outer dimensions: 12.5" OD x 11.25" high; Inlet and outlet ID: 5.0"; Airlock's outside dimensions including the inlet, outlet, gearmotor, and flowmeters: 20.5" L x 18.0" H x 15.5" W; Airlock weight: 180 lbs. The principles of this invention can also be utilized for injecting solids into high-pressure fluids materials containing coarse, abrasive solids, where conventional airlocks are unsuited. This is because rotary valves are limited to 15 psi by erosion, while screwpumps are unable to form an airseal solids unless they contain a predominance of fines. The invention overcomes both of these limitations. The principles of this invention can also be utilized as a feeder or a combination feeder and airlock, unless the material contains fine powders. When used as a feeder, the purge-air system and vents are eliminated, and a mechanical seal is installed at the bearings. In addition, a deflector is installed at the downstream side of the inlet to minimize rotor crunch; such deflectors are used in conventional rotary valves. Rotor crunch may also be reduced by tilting the rotary valve, so the pockets aren't completely full of solids as they leave the inlet opening. The airlock of this invention can be designed to operate at high pressures, in excess of 100 psig. The caps must be designed to withstand the internal pressure without significant deflection. In the smaller airlocks and at lower pressures, the cap is disk-shaped. At larger sizes and pres- sures, the thickness of the disk becomes objectionable, and fins may be added to the outsides of the caps as stiffeners. The fins are used mainly at the outlet side of the airlock. In very-high- pressure applications, the caps and rotor ends may be conical. High-pressure operation does increase the stress on the bearings. The stress can be re- duced to lower levels by one or more of the following techniques, all of which add to the cost. The bearings can be strengthened by use of replaceable bearings instead of built-in bearings described above. Replaceable bearings consist of bearing assemblies, including the races and balls, that fit in a groove in the rotor. At present, the choice of materials of both the rotor and caps is a compromise between the need to build strong bearings and other needs such as manufacturing costs and abrasion resistance. By using replaceable bearings, these compromises are no longer required, as the bearing can be made of the optimal bearing alloys and manufactured to provide the optimal hardness and finish. Other methods of extending bearing life include using a stronger design (two rows of balls instead of one; roller bearings instead of ball bearings). Also, the spring force can also be relieved when the rotary valve is not in use, as the highest load on the bearings occurs when the rotary valve is unpressurized. The airlock of this invention can be used for high temperature applications because the design eliminates the effects of thermal expansion. The invention can be used at temperatures as high as 1500°F. For designs used with materials hotter than 200°F, the casing is insulated to protect personnel, to minimize thermal distortion of the caps, and to shield the gearmotor. The temperature limit of the invention as described is limited by the bearings to 500°F with conventional lubricants, and to 900°F with solid lubricants. At temperatures over 900°F and to 1500°F, stainless steels and superalloys are used instead of the previously-specified materials to control creep and oxidation. An air motor may be used at the higher temperatures instead of an electrical gearmotor because of its higher temperature capability. The main application of the invention is with pneumatic conveying systems, where the medium is air. The principles of this invention may be utilized to make a valve to transfer solids into or out of other media such as other gases, vapors, or liquids. The invention may be used as a letdown airlock, whereby the outlet's pressure is higher than the inlet's. Let-down airlocks are used for ash removal from synthetic fuel plants and pres- surized fluidized-bed combustor powerplants, among other applications. The invention is unchanged except for the positions of the vents and purge-air grooves, which are moved from the inlet to the outlet side of the upper cap. Referring to FIG. 17, an alternative embodiment of the invention utilizing a blowthrough configuration is illustrated. A blowthrough configuration replaces the dropthrough configuration illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 4. With the blowthrough configuration, the conveying air is supplied by pipe 178 at the top of the rotary valve. The conveying air enters the rotary valve at the same position as entry port 15 (FIGS. 2A and 2B), but through a larger opening. The conveying air thus serves to blow material out of the pocket as the pocket passes over outlet opening 32 (FIG. 2B). Pneumatically-conveyed solids leave at location 180 through fitting 179, which has replaced pneumatic conveying pipe 6 of the dropthrough design. With the blowthrough design, the gear- motor is positioned at the return side 131 (FIG. 9A) of the rotary valve rather than at outlet side 134 (FIG. 9A), in order to avoid interfering with the air supply pipe 178. Referring to FIG. 18, a schematic diagram of an air cannon system to dislodge sticky sol- ids is illustrated. Pulses of high pressure air are released as each pocket 17 (FIG. 2A) passes over outlet opening 32 (FIG. 2B). The system includes compressor 188 that supplies compressed air, typically at 80-100 psi, to an accumulator 187, and valve sprocket 62 attached to shaft 15 which has 6 equally-spaced protrusions 181 on its hub. Proximity sensor 182 is located next to the sprocket and sends a signal to delay-timer relay 183 as each protrusion 181 passes by. Relay 183 sends a momentary signal to solenoid 186, which sends a pulse of air to the rotary valve. The pulse is ducted to a nozzle at opening 15, which serves to dislodge the sticky solids from the pockets as they pass over outlet opening 27. The pulse is also ducted to high-pressure entry ports at duct 137a (FIG. 11), where it serves to prevent the reverse flow of air into the high-pressure purge-air grooves. Checkvalve 185 prevents the reverse flow of high-pressure purge-air from leaking out at the orifice at openings when the air cannon is not in operation. The preferred embodiment uses bearings that are outboard of the rotor pockets. The outboard design provides the necessary resistance to the moments produced by the eccentric distribution of air pressure within the rotary valve. Resistance to this moment may instead be provided by an axial outboard design, consisting of a hub and shaft built into each end of the rotor, and two bearings that are mounted on the end of each shaft. All of the bearings are smaller in diameter than the rotor's inner tube. One bearing is a turntable bearing mounted between the rotor's inner tube and the adjoining cap, which serves to control the size of the gaps between the rotor ends and the caps. The other bearing is a radial bearing that is mounted between the shaft and the opening inside a yoke. The yoke is a structure that extends vertically beyond the plane of the cap by a significant distance and is rigidly attached to the cylindrical sleeve. Because of its distance from the cap's surface, the radial bearing provides the stiffness needed to prevent the rotor from tilting. Compared with the bearings of the preferred embodiment, the axial-outboard bearing configuration uses smaller bearings which are more readily available, but increases the rotary valve's height, complexity, and shaft size. The rotary valve of this invention can utilize the many alternative materials and methods of construction commonly used in the manufacture of conventional rotary valves. Stainless steels or corrosion-resistant alloys are used for the caps and rotors in corrosive environments. Gray iron and other lower-cost grades of cast iron may be used if the material being injected is both non- abrasive and non-corrosive. The rotor may be fabricated instead of cast to reduce surface roughness and improve the release of sticky solids at the outlet. Low-friction coatings may be used with cast or fabricated rotors for the same purpose. The rotor and caps may be plated to increase their hardness and corrosion resistance. Sanitary applications require the use of fabricated stainless steel to minimize contamination. The chain-and-sprocket drive train of the preferred embodiment may be replaced by a shaft-driven system. The shaft-driven system uses right-angle drives to transmit the power. Al- ternatively, the gearmotor may be mounted over the rotary valve and coupled directly to it. Use of the shaft-driven systems eliminates the wear associated with chain drives, but adds to its cost and size. The range of blade and pocket configurations is similar to that of conventional rotary valves. Adjustable blades may be used instead of fixed blades, and chamfered blades may be used to prevent the buildup of sticky materials. Shallow pockets may be used to increase the uniformity of flow when large airlocks are used at low flows. The invention may use more than six blades per rotor, although the reason for doing so with conventional rotary valves, of reducing blowby and erosion, isn't applicable in the invention. Alternatively, it may use less than six blades. An alternative source of pressurized purge-air is air tapped upstream of an orifice or other restriction in the pneumatic conveying pipe. This eliminates the need for a purge-air blower, but may increase the total power requirement significantly. Another alternative source of purge-air is an independent source of compressed air, which may also increases the power requirement significantly. Static seals such as-O-rings or metal piston rings could be installed at the rotor ends and ends of the blades to reduce manufacturing accuracy requirements and reduce blowby. Such seals wear out quickly, however, which limits their usefulness. Liquid seals may be used at the inner and outer rings, whereby the gap surfaces are coated by a film of a liquid such as oil. The liquid is kept from being blown out of the gap by capillary action. Liquid seals are unsuitable for sealing the blades because they would be contaminated by solids. The rotor shaft for mounting the sprocket driven by the gearmotor may project downward instead of upward, as a matter of convenience in some installations. The springs used to assemble the airlock casing must meet certain requirements. When fully loaded, they must be strong enough to withstand the internal pressure in the airlock. In addition, the spring constant must be low enough to provide for a relatively constant force over the range of thermal expansions, and also to minimize the accuracy requirements of the spring instal- lation. Also, the springs should also be relatively compact. Coil springs are the preferred design in most applications. For high-pressure, large- diameter units, however, gas springs may be utilized. Gas springs incorporate a cylinder filled with high-pressure gas, normally nitrogen, that transmits its force against a sealed, sliding piston. The gas springs are preferred in high-force applications for their compactness, and because as- sembly and disassembly of the airlock is also made easier by their use. Tensioning of the spring can be done with the flow of high-pressure gas from a gas cylinder, and releasing the spring load is accomplished simply by opening the valve. A minimum of three springs is needed to keep the airlock tight. Additional springs spaced around the perimeter reduce the thickness requirements of the lower cap needed to keep it from bending- excessively with internal pressure. The springs may be located at the top of the airlock instead of the bottom, but they would be more subject to the distortion caused by airlock jamming at that location. Springs may be mounted at both the top and bottom of the casing, although the second set of springs is redundant. The smaller airlocks can be supported by either their inlet duct or their outlet duct. The larger airlocks are supported by pedestals built into the caps. Either top-mounted or bottom- mounted supports are used. In top-supported airlocks, a flexible seal 7 is used at the outlet duct, and in bottom-supported airlocks, a flexible seal 7 is used at the inlet duct. Other alternative embodiments are as follows. The cross section of cylindrical casing 26 in the preferred embodiment is circular. However, other shapes are acceptable, such as rectangu- lar and oval. In each case, the shape of the outside of each cap is made to conform with the shape of the casing. The preferred method of attaching cap 24 to casing 26 is with ears 11 and 11a and bolts 12; other methods of attaching these components, such a clamps or threaded holes in the casing, may be used. Vent grooves 80 and 83 may be omitted or modified with only some degradation of performance, particularly with non-abrasive solids. Flexible seal 7 is attached to the outlet instead of the inlet when the rotary valve is top-mounted. No flexible seal 7 is required if the inlet or outlet piping themselves are flexible. The purge-air system may be eliminated if the smallest particles in the powders are larger than gaps 21 and 31. The purge-air ducting to the grooves 38 and 49 at the ends of the blades may be eliminated if the material is non-abrasive. The inlet fitting 8, flange 23, and cap 24 may be made integral. Similarly, outlet fitting 9 may be made integral with cap 30. Other variations, modifications, and other implementations of what is described herein will occur to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit and the scope of the invention as claimed. Accordingly, the invention is to be defined not by the preceding illustrative description but instead by the following claims. Continuation-in-part The following alternatives and improvements to the invention are included as a continuation in part. 1. Rotary valve assembly Isometric drawings of the new embodiment are shown in Fig. 19, including left isometric Fig. 19A and right isometric Fig. 19B. Unless otherwise noted, the functions of elements of the new design remain unchanged in the new embodiment. Where the components are functionally in a similar or identical manner in both embodiments, the suffix "a" has been attached to the previously-used drawing number. The new embodiment includes downcomer 2a through which the incoming solids fall into the rotary valve. Quick-disconnect clamp 197 connects the downcomer to an inlet adapter 198, which is separated from the rotary valve's inlet by expansion gap 199. The gap isolates the rotary valve from pipe stresses, as with the original configuration. Inlet 8 of the original design has now been integrated with top cap 24 into an integral structure 222. Similarly, bottom cap 30 and outlet 9 have now been combined into a single structure 249. Casing 26a replaces casing 26. Flowmeter assembly 59 through 62 of the original embodiment has been replaced by an oiler assembly 194 which includes an oiler enclosure 195. Both are mounted on mounting plate 193, which also holds sightglass assembly 192 for adjusting the oil feed to the bearings. As before, solids leave the rotary valve through cap and outlet assembly 249 before entering the conveying pipe at tee 6a. The rotary valve is supported both by its outlet and legs 200. Vent 3 has been deleted in the new design as it is no longer needed. Air inlets have been added to the upper cap, including an inlet for fill-air inlet 196 and an inlet for boost air 191. Vent remains in use is now designated 4a. 2. Castings An alternative method of fabricating the key components of the rotary valve is by casting instead of fabrication. Benefits include both improved performance and reduced production costs. For example, inlet 8A and upper cap 24a may be combined into a new upper cap assembly (Fig. 23), eliminating flange 23. Their combination stiffens the structure, reducing deflections caused by pressures within the rotary valve. The purge-airflow is thus reduced at high pressures, and/or the thickness, weight and cost of the upper cap may be reduced. A similar benefits occurs at the bottom cap. Stiffening fins 252 are added to the bottom cap in order to further stiffen it against the effects of internal pressure. The fins are used to compensate for the deflections caused by pressures within the rotary valve, increased by the weakness caused by the opening at the outlet. Since the opening is on the high- pressure side of the rotary valve (where deflections are greatest), stiffening fins are used only on the bottom cap. Use of castings also enables the use of mounting bosses 223 which are formed into the caps. The bosses are large enough to accommodate bolts 347 and their attendant washers 349 - see Fig. 27. Each boss has a bolt hole drilled through it. Corresponding bosses are cast into the casing 26a and drilled and tapped to accommodate the bolt. On one side of the rotary valve, such as at the top cap, the bolt is fitted with belleville washers 348 which serve as the springs for holding the rotary valve together, replacing springs 57 of the original embodiment. The spring force is controlled by the use of the appropriate size washers, and may be adjusted by how much they are compressed by the tightening of the bolts. On the otherside of the rotary valve, such as at the bottom cap, no belleville washers are used. Instead, the cap is bolted tightly to the casing, eliminating gap 28a. Gap 28a corresponds in function to gap 28 of the original embodiment. The use of springs on only one end of the rotary valve follows the example of the original embodiment. The new springs are more compact and out of the way than were the springs in the original embodiment. This enables the spring load to be distributed more evenly around the perimeter of the rotary valve, reducing the distortion due to pressures inside the rotary valve. The use of the belleville washers also eliminates the tooling requirements of changing the spring design. 3. Bearings 3 1 Overall As have been described, there are both thrust loads and radial loads on the rotary valve's bearings. In the original embodiment, both forces were accommodated by a single set of bearings, shown in Figures 8 A and 8B. An alternative is to have the thrust loads supported by one set of bearings and the radial load by another. Dividing the functions increases the durability of the bearings and makes the unit easier to fabricate. As with the original design, there is one outboard bearing on each end of the rotor, that serves both to allow the rotor to rotate and control the gap between the rotor and the caps. In the original design, the outboard bearings resisted both radial and thrust loads. In the improved design, they serve only as thrust bearings. The radial loads are accom- modated by a single bearing located at the rotor's shaft. 3.2. Thrust bearings The thrust bearing assembly is shown in Figure 21 A, and consists of rollers 209 which are mounted in bearing cage 210. The rollers are preferably made of surface-hardened bearing steel. The thrust-bearing assembly is mounted in the recess at the edge of the ro- tor (Figure 20B). One bearing is located at recess 204 at the rotor's top; the other is located at recess 205 at the rotor's bottom. Roller bearings are much stronger than equiva- lently-sized ball bearings, but when mounted as shown in Figure 21 A, have no radial-load resistance. While tapered or angled roller bearings (which also have radial load resistance) could be used instead, the accuracy of the gap between the rotor and caps would be dimin- ished by their use. Bearing cage 210 is used to position the rollers and cause them to turn in a circular motion in recesses 204 and 205. As is seen in Fig. 21C, the thickness 212 of cage 210 is somewhat smaller than the diameter of roller 209. The openings in the cage consists of a "V'-shaped passage whose dimensions cause the top of the cage to be near the top of the roller, thereby creating a small clearance 211. Minimizing height 211 causes the rollers' axis to be positioned radically around the centerline of the rotor's axis. This minimizes both the wear on the cage and the friction of the bearings. Cage 210 may be made of either metal, such as steel or bronze, or of plastic, such as fiberglass-reinforced nylon. Fig. 21 shows a cage that is open at one side; the rollers in such bearings must be placed in the cage before assembly, and unless they are otherwise retained, the rollers will fall out if the bearing is inverted. A double-sided cage, similar to cage 210 but with opposed-V channels that capture the rollers, may be used to avoid this. 3.3. Radial bearing In the improved embodiment, the radial forces are accommodated by a bearing 217 located at the rotor shaft in Fig. 22B. Preferably, bearing 217 is a needle bearing. The bearing is mounted in a cavity 232 in the center of top cap (Fig. 23A). Cylindrical spacer 216 in Fig. 22B retains the bearing in its cavity, which in turn is retained by sprocket 214 that is held on shaft 213 by set screw 215. 4. Shaft assembly Shaft 213 of Fig. 22A through 22C is an alternative to Shaft 16 of the original design, which was threaded -into the rotor assembly. Shaft 16 is exposed to two stresses where it enters the rotor. One is caused when the shaft is screwed into the rotor and the shoulder on the shaft encounters the hub of the rotor. The other is caused by the bending moment created by drive chain 63 pulling on sprocket 62. The location of these stresses coincide, creating a combined stress that is greater than either one. This significantly increases the size of shaft (and attendant equipment such as the sprocket) need to avoid breakage. In the improved design, the shaft is secured to rotor 14a at opening 203 (Fig. 20A) by threaded nut 221 (Fig. 22B and 22C), which causes the shaft to bottom on seat 220. The torque is transmitted for shaft 211 to rotor 14a by friction and also through key 219, Key 219 (Fig. 22B) is mounted in keyways 218, one of which is located in shaft 213, and the other in the hub of rotor 14a. The design reduces the stresses in the shaft, and its corresponding size requirements, as follows. The moment arm on the shaft due to the force of the chain is less than before, because the center of resistance - at the center of bearing 217 - is higher on the shaft than the to top hub 34 of the original design. The lower moment arm reduces the stresses accordingly. Secondly, with the design of Fig. 23, the stresses due to threading are at bottom of the shaft, away from the bending stresses caused by the chain pull. 5 Airflow The principle functions of the airflow system are unchanged in the improved system. As before, purge-air is the air used to protect all of the working parts of the rotary valve from contamination or erosion by particles. As before, the purge air is divided into high pressure (HP) network for the outlet side of the rotary valve, and a low pressure (LP) network for the inlet side. In the original design, the grooves for distributing the purge-air through gaps 21 and 31 were located both in the rotor and the caps. In the improved embodiment, the grooves are only in the caps. Because of this, the previously-used principle of independent supply no longer applies, and the purge-air for protecting the blades now enters the same caps through the same conduits as does the purge-air for protecting the circumferential gaps. 5.1. Airflow networks The improved embodiment incorporates changes in the main flows going to the rotary valve, as well as changes in the piping system. These are as follows. 5.1.1. Main flows Changes to the principle airflows going to the rotary valve are: Boost air Boost air is air used to provide a downward force on the material in a pocket as it passes over the rotary valve's outlet. It dislodges material that might otherwise hand up on walls due to stickiness or moisture, and accelerates the flow of solids from the pockets that may increase the throughput capacity of the rotary valve. The boost-air pressure is higher than the conveying-line pressure, otherwise it wouldn't create the downward force on the material in the pocket. But it is kept below the purge-air pressure, to prevent the occurrence of reverse airflow to the purge-air grooves and the attendant contamination by dust of the internal parts of the rotary valve. Fill air Fill air is air used to pre-pressurize rotor pockets as they pass through supply side 133 of the rotary valve in Fig 9 A. It has two functions: to increase the duration (and thereby the effectiveness) of the boost-air and to reduce erosion at the entrance of the outlet. By pre-pressurizing the air in the pocket (as well as the solids at the bottom of the pocket) with fill-air, a pocket reaches the full boost-air pressure more quickly than if the pocket were at a lower pressure when it reached the boost-air inlet. Increasing the duration that the pockets are exposed to the boost-air pressure in- creases the rotary valve's solids throughput capacity and reduces the possibility of solids hang up on the rotor's walls. It is desirable that a pocket reaching the outlet, such as pocket C, Fig. 9 A, be at about the same pressure as the conveying-line pressure, as follows. Normally, air pressure emitted through blade passage protects the bottom of the blade from erosion even if there is a significant pressure drop across the blade. However, as the bottom blade reaches the entrance to outlet 32a, the protective air emitted no longer protects the trailing edge of the blade, as it more readily escapes directly into the outlet, and both the lower cap and the lower blades would be eroded. By eliminating the pressure drop across the blades as they approach the outlet, the fill air eliminates this erosion. Supply-side vent In the improved embodiment, supply-side vent 3 (Fig. 4a) is eliminated. It has been discovered that the flow of air through this vent is normally so slight that the use of the vent isn't needed. If vent 3 were retained, the fill air inlet would have to be moved closer to the outlet. This would shorten the time that fill air would be able to flow, and with it, the effectiveness of the fill air. 5.1.2. Piping systems The improved embodiment incorporates a number of piping subsystems, which are described in Fig. 25A-25D, that replace the network of Fig. 11. The new system provides these air streams: conveying-line air, boost-air, fill-air, and purge-air. The purge-air piping is divided into two branches, one high-pressure (HP) that supplies the outlet side of the rotary valve and the other low pressure (LP) which protects the inlet side. The new embodiment has reduced the number of external connections for introducing purge-air into the caps from 15 to 8, and has replaced the external orifices of Fig. 11, no.'s 141 through 148, by restrictions located within the rotary valve. Blower assembly The blower assembly (Fig. 25A-1) conditions the portion of the conveying air that is needed to operate the rotary valve. It obtains its air from the conveying line 268 at inlet 273. Air enters blower 271 through conduit 269 and filter 270, which removes the oil and moisture that may be present in the conveying- line air and would otherwise block air passages in the rotary valve. Signal line 265 transmits the conveying-air pressure to differential pressure regulators 266 and 267. Blower assembly Fig. 25 A- 1 replaces variable-flow blower 136 of the original embodiment with positive-displacement blower 271. Positive dis- placement blowers use significantly less power than do variable-flow blowers at the pressures required by the rotary valve. The HP pressure depends on the restrictiveness of the downstream flow elements (such as the passages in the rotary valve) and the flow which passes through them. If the pressure is higher than desired, it may be reduced by reducing the HP airflow. This is done by spilling some of the blower's output air back to its inlet through the use of back-pressure regulator 266, whose opening adjusts itself in accordance with the blower's outlet pressure. The blower assembly also includes boost-air differential-pressure regulator 267 which controls the boost-air pressure. The blower assembly also incorporates pressure regulator 276 which controls the LP pressure and serves the same function with the improved embodiment as did pressure gage 138 in the original embodiment. The boost air, HP air, and LP air leaves the blower assembly through connectors 279, 278, and 277, respectively, of the field piping assembly (Fig. 25 A- 2). Conveying-line air leaves the blower assembly through conduit 274 at connector 275. Field piping The field piping assembly (Fig. 25A-2) ducts air from the outlets of blower assembly (Fig. 25A-1) to the inlets of the rotary valve (Fig. 25A-3). The boost air, HP air, and LP air are conveyed through conduits 280, 282, and 284, respectively, that are attached to their downstream components at connectors 281, 283, and 285, respectively. Boost air manifold The boost-air manifold, located at the rotary valve, conveys the boost air through conduit 288 to top cap fitting 234 (Fig. 25C-1), and to signal line 286, which is ducted to oiler enclosure (Fig. 25D-1). Fill-air manifold The fill-air manifold (Fig. 25B-1) is located near the rotary valve and provides conveying-line air to the fill air inlet 231 on the top cap assembly (Fig. 25C-2). Fill-air is obtained from the conveying-line (Fig. 25B-1), piped through conduit 291 to the top cap which it enters at port 231 before entering a rotor pocket such as rotor pocket C, Fig. 9A. Check valve 292 is used to prevent the backflow of boost air into the fill- air line during part of the cycle. For example, when a pocket is in the position of Fig. 9C, a rotor blade separates the fill-air inlet from the boost air inlet, and no bypass occurs. But when a pocket is in the position of Fig. 9D, inlets 234 (boost air) and 231 (fill-air) both empty into the same pocket. Without check valve 292, the boost air (which is at a higher pressure) would flow out of the fill-air line 291, eliminating the pressure buildup in the pocket that the boost air is intended to provide. The fill-air manifold also includes signal line 294 which terminates at connector 295 at the oiler assembly (Fig. 25D-1) It provides the conveying-line pressure signal to the rotary valve's control system. Rotary valve manifolds The rotary valve manifolds (Fig. 25B-2) supply the HP and LP air to the rotary valve and are located at the rotary valve. The LP air is ducted through manifold 303 to the upper cap at connector 301, and the lower cap connector 302. The HP air is ducted through manifold 304 to upper can connector 300 and lower cap connector 299. Bottom cap assembly This section describes the attachments to the lower surface of the bottom cap. The upper surface of the lower cap is described in a later section. The piping network connected to the bottom cap is shown in Fig. 25C-1. Included are the HP-air connections (left), the LP connections (middle), and the oil feed (right). HP purge-air is ducted from HP manifold 307 to the outer groove conduit 305, entering the cap at inlet 256. HP air to the inner groove is ducted from HP manifold 307 to inlet 255 through conduit 306 which contains restriction 317. Restriction 317 may be an orifice, or other flow restrictor such as a tube fitting. The differential pressure signal across restriction 317 is obtained at inlets 313 and 316 and ducted through pressure signal conduits 312 and 315 to connectors 310 and 313 at the oiler enclosure (Fig. 25D-1). Pressure signal conduit 309 is attached to inlet 310 and ducted to the oiler enclosure to indicate the HP pressure in a purge-air groove. LP purge-air is ducted from LP connector 302 to outer groove inlet 253 and inner groove inlet 254. Conduit 320 is ducted from manifold 302 to the oiler assembly (Fig. 25D-3) for pressurizing the oiler and pumping oil to the bearings. The oil to the bottom-cap bearings is ducted through connector 322 and enters the bottom cap at inlet 250. Top cap assembly This section describes the connection to the upper surface of the upper cap. The configuration of the lower surface is described elsewhere, as are the openings in the cap for the fill air, boost air, and vent. The piping network connected to the top cap is shown in Fig. 25C-2. Included are, from left to right, the conduits for introducing HP Air, LP Air, and oil to the bearings. HP purge-air is ducted from HP manifold 326 to the outer groove conduit 324, entering the cap at inlet 224. HP air to the inner groove is ducted from the HP manifold through conduit 323 and enters the cap through inlet 233. LP purge-air is ducted from LP manifold 326 to the upper cap at outer groove inlet 228 and inner groove inlet 227. Oil for lubricating the top outboard bearing is conveyed through conduit 329 and enters the upper cap at inlet 230. Oiler assembly The oiler assembly Fig. 25D-3 includes oiler enclosure Fig. 25D-1, oiler 194, and sight glass assembly Fig. 25D-2, all of which are mounted on bracket 193. These elements are seen on isometric drawing Fig. 19A, including the sight glass assembly 192, bracket 193, oiler 194, and the oiler enclosure 195. The oiler enclosure Fig. 25D-1 contains instrumentation, safety switches, and conduits. Oiler 194 contains an oil reservoir which is pressurized to pump lubricant to the bearings and drive chain. The elements in the oiler enclosure are used as follows. The high and low pressure sides of the differential pressure gages or switches are indicated by "H" or "L", respectively. Of these, conveying-line pressure gage 330 is used to indicate the conveying-line pressure, for establishing compressor flow and detecting line pluggage. Conduit 331 is connected to connector 297 at the fill-air manifold (Fig. 25B- 1). Pressure gage 332 measures the difference between the purge-air pressure, ducted through conduit 309 that is connected to the bottom-cap at inlet 251, and the conveying-line pressure, obtained from conduit 331. The measurement is used to adjust the inlet pressure of back-pressure regulator 266 by adjusting the spring force in the regulator's bonnet. Differential pressure switch 333 measures the same differential pressure as pressure sensor 332, and uses it to open a switch if the differential pressure falls below its set point. The switch is used to shut down the rotary valve system, to protect it from damage in case there isn't enough air to keep the dust out of the operating parts. Boost-air pressure switch 334 measures the difference between the boost- air pressure, as obtained from conduit 289 of Fig. 25A-3, and the conveying- line pressure, as obtained from signal line 331. It is used to adjust the boost-air regulator 267 (Fig. 25A-1) at a setting below that of the back-pressure regulator 266. The differential pressure measured by gage 335 is proportional to the bottom-cap purge-air flow through conduit 305. Wear on the bottom cap increases the flow through the conduit, and is reflected by higher readings on gage 335. The readings may be used to indicate when the bottom-cap's wear is sufficient to require overhauling of the rotary valve. Oil is distributed to the bearings and drive chain as follows. Pressurized air from the lower-cap LP air supply is ducted through conduit 320 to the top of the oiler, entering through stopcock 340. Stopcock 340 is used to disconnect the oiler from its source of pressurized air whenever the oiler reservoir is to be refilled and its inlet cap is to be opened. During operation, with stopcock 340 open and the oiler's reservoir containing a pool of oil, the pressurized air drives oil out of conduit 342 and to tops inlets of the sight glass assemblies 337, 338, and 339 (Fig. 25D-2). There s one sight glass assembly for each element to be oiled. The inlets to the sight glass assemblies are connected to a common conduit. A needle valve at the top of each needle valve allows the oil flow rate to be adjusted by observing the rate at which droplets are formed in the sight glass underneath each valve. The oil then flows by gravity through conduits 322 and 341 to the bottom and top bearings, respectively, and through conduit 336 to the drive chain. The oil drops directly on the elements to be lubricated; the oil is not atomized. Compared with the atomized systems, direct feed minimizes the difficulty of capturing unused oil escaping from the system, as well as the oil consumption rate. Purge-air grooves Air grooves are the passages that feed the purge-air to gaps between the rotor and caps, such as 21a and 31a. As with the original design, the gaps between the rotor and the caps are made as small as practical by careful fabrication of the parts, to minimize the requirement for purge-air and its attendant effect on blowby. Air enters the grooves from the inlets in the caps as described in Fig's. 23, 24, and 25. The inlets are threaded on their inlet side to accept the conduit fittings. The inlets then penetrate the caps to intersect with and thereby supply the air grooves. In the original design, the grooves were in both the rotor and the caps, while in the new design, the grooves are only in the caps. Benefits of the new design in- elude the ability to combine blade-air flows with the purge air to the circumferential grooves, reducing the number of conduits from 15 to 8. The new design also avoids having a circumferential groove near the rotary valve's inlet, as was required with the initial design; this reduces blowby into the inlet and increases throughput capacity. Separately, the earlier design required great precision in the spaces between the grooves, otherwise the circumferential grooves would either be starved for air during the transition from one pressure to the other, or there would be a short circuit between the two air supplies that might also damage the unit. This problem is eliminated with the new design. Finally, the new design places the blade-air groove at the inside of the rotary valve instead of at the outer diameter, making the overall unit more compact. 5.2.1 Outer grooves In the improved embodiment as well as the original one, circumferential grooves distribute purge-air to the inner and outer edges of the rotor pockets to prevent the dust contamination of the rotary valve components such as the bearings. The circumferential grooves in upper cap (Fig. 23B) include outer groove 238 for conveying HP air and outer groove 240 for conveying LP air. The corresponding outer grooves in the bottom cap (Fig. 24B) are grooves 258 and 259, re- spectively. In each case, the ends of the grooves are approximately one groove-width apart. The barrier between minimizes the direct escape of air from the HP groove to the LP groove, while still providing sufficient purge-air flow towards the pocket to keep the dust in the pockets. The path of the purge-air leaving the grooves is seen in the elevation view in Fig. 29, which shows cross-section A-A of Fig. 20C in the vicinity of the upper cap. Fig. 29A shows the cross-section of the upper cap on the inlet side 132 of the rotary valve, while Fig. 29B shows the cross-section on the outlet side 134. Purge-air leaving the top cap's outer grooves radially outward through passage 365 and 374 and inwards towards the pockets through passage 364 and 371. Equivalent passages exist in the bottom cap. The use of grooves 45, 46, 47, and 53 in Figs. 3 A and 3B has been found unnecessary, as the gaps remain clear of solids without them, and their use may shorten the life of the caps by causing erosion. 5.2.2 Inner grooves The inner circumferential grooves for the upper cap are grooves 246 and 247, for the HP and LP air, respectively. The corresponding inner grooves for the lower cap are grooves 261 and 264. As seen in Fig. 29A, the LP purge-air leaves the inner groove 247 radially inward through gap 366, and radially outward into the pockets, through gap 359. Air leaving departing radially inward from the lower cap's-inner grooves may be vented through a hole near the center of the lower cap, or through spaces between the elements of the shaft bearing at the top of the rotor. 5.2.3 LP air In the original embodiment, the flow to the LP grooves was restricted by the use of orifices to eliminate the need for sensitive pressure control. It has since been discovered that, with careful manufacturing, the restrictiveness of the air gaps at the circumferential grooves can be made sufficiently high that the LP grooves can be operated at conventional pressures (of 2 psi) without causing excessive purge-air flow. Thus the need for the in-line restrictions to the LP side of the rotary valve is eliminated. 5.2.4 Blade inserts As with the original embodiment, the purge-air emitted from the ends of the blades is ducted through slots at their centers. The passages for emitting purge-air from the blade tops are shown in Fig. 13, consisting of channels 162, 163, and 164. The passages 49 for emitting purge-air from the blade bottoms are shown in Fig. 12. In the improved embodiment, the purge-air continues to be emitted through slots at the blade centers, but the mechanism has been changed. The new mechanism consists of inserts which are pressed into grooves at the blade ends. Preferably, the inserts are made of a tough tool steel that is also resistant to abrasive wear. The toughness protects them from being nicked by hard tramp materials in the feedstock. Such nicks could form grooves in the top cap that lead to erosion and shutdown. Fig. 20 shows the outlines 199 and 205 of the inserts after installation in the rotor. Details of the inserts are shown in Fig. 28. The top, elevation, and end views of an insert are shown in Fig. 28A, 28B, and 28C, respectively. All of the views for Fig. 28 are for inserts used at the tops of blades. The inserts are pressed into the blades with interference fits in areas 349 and 354. Fig. 28D shows a cross-section of a blade insert as installed. Fig. 28E shows the details of the region where the purge-air leaves a blade. The motion 362 of the blade is from right to left. The flow or purge-air is through groove 242 (Fig. 23B) and into entry port 202 (Fig. 20). Entry port 202 is partially formed by semicircular hole 352 (Fig. 28) and the remainder by a semicircular hole formed in the rotor. From the entry hole, purge-air flows along channel 351, designed to distribute air evenly along the length of the insert. The air flows upward through restriction 355, past opening 360, through passages 359 and 358, and into the rotor pockets. Restrictive passage 355 limits the purge-air flowrate when the blade is under the inlet, as with the original embodiment. Opening 360 is formed by protuberance 353 in the insert, opposed by a chamfer 361 that is formed in the rotor. Passage 355 and opening 360 are of the same length 356, and at the same position, as blades 201. Solids falling on the blades at the rotary valve's inlet are kept from entering the passages (which would clog them) by the design of opening 360. The prevention of the backflow of solids is critical to the reliable operation of the rotary valve. Provisions for this include, first, the purge-air stream emitted from opening 360 that diverts particles as they approach the blade. Secondly, the overlap of protuberance over the entrance of opening 360 eliminates line-of-sight access to passage 355, making the path that solids would have to follow more tortuous. The backward-sloping direction opening 360 further limits the flow of solids down the opening by increasing the angle of attack of the incoming solids by causing them to deflect away from the blade's top. Finally, the diverging cross-section at the top of passage 360 additionally reduces the tendency of solids to fall into passage 355 by causing any solids that might collect to wedge themselves into the throat of the passage. The inserts used at the blade bottoms are the same as those of Fig. 28, except that air channel 355 goes all the way to the edge of the blade. Protuberance 353 and chamfer 361 have been eliminated because their function (of preventing pluggage by falling solids) isn't needed at the rotor's bottom. 5.2.5 Blade air-grooves The danger of opening 202 for supplying blade-air to the rotor is located opposite the innermost groove, such as groove 242 (Figs. 23B and 29A). In this case, the blade-air groove is kept separate from the inner circumferential groove 247 (Fig. 23B). Air is supplied to groove 242 from groove 247 by way of restric- tion 241, which limits the flow of air out of the blades when the blades pass under the inlet. Restriction 241 consists of a groove of controlled depth that limits the flow across t. Without the restriction, too much air would escape through the blade tips, reducing the availability of purge air elsewhere in the rotary valve, and increasing blowby into the inlet. Restrictions 262 are used in a similar way to limit the flow of blade air at the bottoms of the blades as they pass the outlet. Where no such requirement exists, as for example, with the HP groove 246 of the upper cap and LP groove 264 of the lower cap, the grooves for supplying inner-groove circumferential purge-air and blade air are combined into a single groove. 6. Design Detail The following lists a miscellany of design changes incorporated in the improved embodiment. 6.1 Top cap Additional changes to the top cap design include the following. 6.1.1 Metal wiper Figs. 30A and 3 OB are the top and cross-sectional elevation views, respectively of an alternative to the wiper designs of Fig. 13, 14, and 15. It consists of metal plate 376 which is attached into the internal downstream surface of the inlet 8a by bolts 375 and as is shown in Fig. 30A, extends the full width of the interior of the inlet. Plate 376 provides a barrier against large tramp materials entering the inlet, and also serves to remove most of the normal material entering the rotary valve from the top of the blade. Space 379 at the bottom of plate 376 is sufficiently large to prevent rotor crunch with the normal materials handled by the rotary valve. Thinner blade 380 is attached to the downstream surface of plate 376 to remove the smaller particles remaining on the blade. It is designed to be close-fitting with the top of blade 28D, even to the extent that it might interfere somewhat due to thermal expansion, in which case it is de- fleeted backwards into space 377 until the blade passes. The shape and strength of blade 380 are strong enough to withstand this deflection without permanent deformation. Finally, indentation 236 in the top of the cap, as seen in Figs. 23B and 3 OB, is used to blow away any remaining particles on the blade top by the flow of blade-air, similar to the process described by Fig. 14B. The wiper of Fig. 30 is preferably made of a wear-resistant steel. It may be used instead of the brush 166 in Fig. 14 which is generally made of a plastic such as nylon. The new wiper material can withstand higher temperatures than the previous design. The previous brush was also subject to being splayed by the flow of blade air that forced particles up into the bristles, reducing its effectiveness. 6.1.2 Inlet (90°) Opening angle 68a of inlet 22a has been widened from 60° of the original embodiment to 90° in the new design, in order to increase the solids throughput capacity of the unit. In all but the largest rotary valves, the capacity of the rotary valve is limited by the rate at which solids can flow through the inlet. Inlet spout 8a, Fig. 23 C, has been streamlined to eliminate the shelf of inlet spout 8 (Fig. 4). The streamlining increases the throughput capacity of the rotary valve by approximately 25%. 6.1.3 Fill air, boost air, vents The circumferential position of the major air supplies and vents are determined as follows. Consideration is given to preventing the short- circuiting of the air sources. An example of short-circuiting would be to have a pocket exposed simultaneously to a source of high pressure - such as the outlet 32a - and a low pressure conduit - such as vent 4a. Such an occurrence would cause the rotary valve to malfunction by increasing the flow requirements for the blower and/or the conduits to the rotary valve beyond their design points. Short-circuiting is avoided by making angle 239 small enough that at least 60° (the arc defined by a pocket) exists between the vent and the trailing edge of the outlet. This criterion is also used to locate the fill-air inlet 234 (in Fig. 23B), whose spacing 248 relative to the downstream end of indentation 236 is at least 60°. In the original embodiment, short-circuiting would have occurred when blades passed under grooves 80 and 83 in the upper cap. These grooves are used to more uniformly distribute the flow of air into or out of the rotary valve than if the inlet consisted only of a hole. In their original configuration, however, the grooves were made wider at some sections than the blades, allowing pressurized air to bypass the blades at these loca- tions. This design has been corrected in the improved embodiment, whose grooves 242, 246, 247, are all narrower than the thickness of the blades. Boost-air inlet 234 is positioned at the leading edge of outlet 32a, to provide the maximum amount of time that the pocket is exposed to its high pressure. Short-circuiting of boost-air into the fill-air inlet, which are separated by less than 60°, is prevented by the check valve 292 in Fig. 25b- 1. 6.1.4 Pumpflow Fig. 17 describes a variation of the original embodiment, called the blowthrough design, that is intended to facilitate the removal of sticky sol- ids from the pockets. In the blowthrough design, all of the conveying air is introduced at the top cap instead of the tee below the rotary valve. There is a second application for this configuration that greatly reduces the air power required for the conveying of solids, called pump flow, and which is the subject of a separate patent application. The conveying air is preferably injected at boost air inlet 191. With pump flow, there must be some material in the bottoms of the pockets at al times, including as they leave the outlet. To control the material's depth, gage 225 in Fig. 23 A is mounted on the top cap. The preferred circumferential position of the depth gage is where the depth of solids in the pockets is relatively stable. Two methods of measuring the depth are a sonic meter, or a differential pressure transmitter whose other inlet 267 is in the bottom cap directly under inlet 225. A controlled amount of bleed air to inlet 267 is required to maintain it free of solids. A second depth gage, 229 in the top cap and 260 in the bottom cap (if used with a pressure differential sensor), may be used to control the depth of material in the pockets as they leave the inlet. The signal from this meter may be used to control the speed of the rotary valve through a variable-speed motor. Under normal circumstances the amount of lubricant is insufficient to interfere with operations, but under upset conditions sufficient oil collects on the walls of the conveying pipe to create buildups. The buildups begin at the interface of the solids and the conveying air near the center of the tee. Once started, the buildups continue until the pipe is plugged, preventing further flow through the rotary valve. To avoid this problem, an oil trap is installed in tee 6a, as shown in Fig. 26. The front portion 343 of tee 6a has been rendered transparent for purposes of illustration. The oil trap consists of an Z-shaped ring 345 attached to the inside of the tee just ahead of the buildup zone. Oil that has collected on the pipe's surface and is being driven along it by the conveying air is retained in the space between the ring and the tee, where it flows by gravity to the bottom of the tee. The oil leaves the tee at drain 344, helped by the air pressure in the conveying line, and is collected at a vented sump.

Claims: 1. A rotary valve comprising: a) a rotor assembly rotatable by a driver to cause material to be transferred from an inlet side to an outlet side of the rotary valve, the rotor assembly including a rotor coupled to a shaft which rotates about an axis when driven by the driver, the rotor including: an outer tube, an inner tube, a plurality of radial blades, wherein the outer tube, inner tube, and radial blades are all of substantially the same height and the radial blades extend between the outer and inner tubes and are connected thereto to define a plurality of pockets between the outer and inner tubes, the pockets being open at a top an a bottom of the rotor, and a hub connected to the inner tube and coupled to the shaft; b) a casing assembly for supporting the rotor assembly, and including an inlet for allowing the material to enter the pockets of the rotor assembly and an outlet for allowing the material to exit the rotor assembly, the casing assembly including: an upper cap disposed at a top of the casing assembly that contains an opening for allowing the material to enter the pockets of the rotor assembly, a shaft opening, and a wiper assembly that removes material from the blades as the blades pass by the inlet opening, a sleeve coupled to the upper cap, the sleeve being shorter than the rotor, and a lower cap disposed at the bottom of the casing assembly that contains an opening for allowing the material in the pockets of the rotor assembly to exit, wherein the lower surface of the upper cap conforms to the shape of the top of the rotor and the upper surface of the lower cap conforms to the shape of the bottom of the rotor; c) a plurality of springs coupling the lower cap to the sleeve that serve to compress the rotor between the caps; and d) a thrust load bearing assembly for rotatably supporting the rotor inside the casing assembly, comprising an upper thrust load bearing which separates the upper cap from the top of the rotor by a minimum gap, a lower thrust load bearing which separates the lower cap from the bottom of the rotor by a minimum gap, and bearing grooves in which the bearings are disposed. 2. The valve of claim 1 further comprising a radial load bearing positioned between the shaft and the upper cap. 3. The valve of claim 2 wherein the radial load bearing comprises a needle bearing. 4. The valve of claim 1 wherein the upper and lower thrust load bearings comprise roller bearings. 5. The valve of claim 4 wherein the roller bearings comprise cylindrical roller bearings. 6. The valve of claim 4 wherein a surface on which the cylindrical roller bearings roll comprises a non-conical surface. 7. The valve of claim 1 wherein the return side of the upper cap defining an aperture that is in communication with a low-pressure receiver. 8. The valve of claim 7 wherein aperture is sufficiently distant from the outlet of the rotary valve so as to prevent air from flowing from the outlet to the low-pressure receiver. 9. The valve of claim 1 further comprising a pressurized fluid supply coupled to the gap between the rotor and upper cap by a plurality of conduits. 10. The valve of claim 9 wherein the plurality of conduits comprises: (a) a first set of grooves positioned adjacent to the inner diameter of the rotor pockets, the grooves having a diameter less than an inner diameter of the rotor pockets; (b) a second set of grooves positioned adjacent to the outer diameter of the rotor pockets, the grooves having a diameter greater than the inner diameter of the rotor pockets; (c) a plurality of entry ports and circumferential grooves positioned at the bottom cap of the rotary valve; and (d) the casing and upper cap defining at least one aperture for removing fluid from the rotary valve. 11. The valve of claim 10 further comprising: a third set of grooves positioned adjacent to the first set of grooves, the third set of grooves having a smaller diameter than the first set of grooves and receiving pressurized fluid through a plurality of passages formed between the third set of grooves and the first set of grooves; a set of openings, located at the end of each blade of the rotor and extending for substantially the length of each blade; the rotor defining a plurality of passages that connect the third set of grooves to the blade apertures, the passages supplying pressurized fluid to a portion of the circumference of the rotary valve. 12. The valve of claim 11 further comprising a fourth set of grooves positioned in each of the upper and lower caps, the fourth set of grooves having the substantially the same diameter as the third set of grooves and being connected to the first set of grooves thereby forming a fifth set of groove which receives pressurized fluid to the openings at an end of each blade of the rotor. 13. The valve of claim 12 wherein fluid supplied to the outlet side of the rotary valve is at a pressure higher than fluid at the inlet side of the rotary valve. 14. The valve of claim 13 wherein a supply side of the upper cap defines an aperture that is coupled to a source of compressed fluid at substantially the same pressure as that of a conveying line for transporting solids from the rotary valve. 15. The valve of claim 14 wherein a supply side of the upper cap defines a second aperture that is coupled to a source of compressed fluid at a pressure higher than the conveying-line pressure. 16. The valve of claim 11 , wherein the aperture formed in the end of each blade of the rotor are formed by inserting metal inserts in grooves in the end of each blades. 17. The valve of claim 1, further comprising an inlet spout coupled to the upper cap. 18. The valve of claim 1, further comprising an outlet spout coupled to the lower cap. 19. The valve of claim 1, wherein the springs comprise at least one belleville washers. 20. The value of claim 1 wherein the wiper assembly for removing material from the tops of blades comprises: (a) A metal plate mounted on a trailing edge of the inlet, a bottom edge of the metal plate is positioned proximate the top of the rotor; and (b) a flexible metal sheet flexibly positioned and attached to a trailing edge of the metal plate, a bottom edge brushing up against the tops of the blades. 21. The valve of claim 1 further comprising a tee positioned below an outlet of the rotary valve for mixing conveying air with solids leaving the rotary valve. 22. The valve of claim 1, further comprising a depth meter mounted on the return side of the rotary valve and on the top of the upper cap, the depth meter being used to control the depth of solids in the pockets on the supply side of the rotary valve.

Inventors: WORMSER ALEX, WORMSER, ALEX
Applicants: WORMSER SYS INC, WORMSER SYSTEMS, INC.
Application year: 1998
Main classification: B65G53
IPC codes: B65G53