NONAQUEOUS ELECTRICAL STORAGE DEVICE

Abstract: An electrochemical capacitor is disclosed that features two, separated, high surface area carbon cloth electrodes (16, 18) sandwiched between two current collectors (12, 14) fabricated of a conductive polymer having a flow temperature greater than 130 degrees Celsius, with the perimeter of the electrochemical being sealed with a high temperature gasket (20) to form a single cell device. The gasket material is a thermoplastic stable at temperature greater than 100 degrees Celsius, preferably a polyester or a polyurethane, and having a reflow temperature above 130 degrees Celsius but below the softening temperature of the current collector material. The capacitor packaging has good mechanical integrity over a wide temperature range, contributes little to the device equivalent series resistance, and is designed to be easily manufactured by assembly line methods. The individual cells can be stacked in parallel or series configuration to reach the desired device voltage and capacitance.

Description: NONAOUEOUS ELECTRICAL STORAGE DEVICE GOVERNMENT RIGHTS Part of the work leading to this invention was carried out with United States government support provided under Department of Defense contract F33615-94-C-2469 and Department of Energy contract FG02-96ER82149. Therefore, the U.S. government has certain rights in this invention. FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to nonaqueous electrical storage devices and particularly to nonaqueous electrochemical capacitors . BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Capacitors based on energy storage at a charged electrode-electrolyte interface (i.e., the double layer) are widely used in applications requiring power densities greater than batteries and energy densities greater than electrolytic capacitors. High surface area activated carbon is commonly used as the electrode in these electrochemical capacitors. Double-layer capacitors are grouped in the general classification of electrochemical capacitors. Electrical storage devices utilizing pseudocapacitance as the storage mechanism (e.g., Ru0 2 ) or polymer electrode redox-based systems are also electrochemical capacitors. Electrochemical capacitors are being slated for uses as diverse as pulse power, bridge power, and load leveling for various applications including electric vehicles and cellular communications. As electrochemical capacitors become more prevalent, higher capacitance and high temperature stability become desirable properties for new devices. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In accordance with the teaching of the invention, an improved electrochemical capacitor packaging system is disclosed having components of corrosion resistant steel or polymer components that are stable at temperatures greater than 100 °C. The electrochemical capacitor of the invention includes two separated high surface area, e.g., carbon, electrodes sandwiched between two current collectors fabricated of a conductive polymer having a flow temperature greater than 130°C or a corrosion resistant steel. The perimeter of the electrochemical capacitor is sealed with a high temperature gasket to form a single cell device. The gasket material is a thermoplastic stable at temperatures greater than 100°C, preferably a polyester or a polyurethane , and having a reflow temperature above 130°C but below the softening temperature of the current collector material . Previous packaging designs based on polymer components utilizing polyolefin type materials (e.g., polyethylene and polypropylene) are not stable at temperatures much above 80°C. The packaging for the capacitor of the invention has good mechanical integrity over a wide temperature range, contributes little to the device equivalent series resistance (ESR) , and is stable at high potentials. In addition, the packaging is designed to be easily manufacturable by assembly line methods. Our improved packaging system results in individual cell pouches which can be stacked in parallel or series configuration to reach the desired device voltage and capacitance. This approach also facilitates the manufacturability of these pouches and allows the use of less material for current collector and gaskets. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description of the invention, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which: Fig. 1A shows a single cell pouch capacitor of the invention; Fig. IB shows a stack of cells for high voltage application; Fig. 1C shows parallel connection of a stack of cells of Fig. 1A for increased capacitance; Fig. ID shows a shared collection of stacked cells; Fig. 2 shows a Ragone plot determined from constant current and constant power discharge data on an unoptimized single cell of Fig. 1A; Fig. 3 shows three galvanostatic charge/discharge cycles for each of the currents (10, 50 and 100 mA) followed by a potentiostatic charge at 3V for 2 hr and an open circuit rest for 2 hr, from a single cell pouch of the invention; Figs. 4A and 4B show galvanostatic charge/discharge results of the single cell of Fig. 1A at 3.5 and 4.0 V per cell (100 mA) , respectively; Fig. 5 shows the initial galvanostatic charge/discharge cycles observed at 10 mA from a 30V multicell device of the invention; Fig. 6 shows the initial galvanostatic charge/discharge cycles for a 100V multicell device; and Fig. 7 shows galvanostatic charge/discharge data (50 mA) from a four celled device of the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Single cell nonaqueous electrochemical capacitors of the invention are constructed in a prismatic configuration, as described in more detail below. To obtain the high voltage electrochemical capacitor devices of the invention, sufficient single cells are series connected to achieve the desired voltage. The voltage (V), capacitance (C) , and resistance (R) , for a number (n) of series connected capacitors are determined according to equations I to III where the subscript "cell" gives the corresponding value of a single cell. I = ∑ n V cell I I 1/C = ∑ n ( l/C cell ) I I I R = ∑ n R ce ιι For a parallel connection, equations IV - VI apply. IV v = v cell V C = -n^cell VI 1/R = ∑ n l/R cell The number of cells is selected to achieve desired device voltage, capacitance and resistance values. These simple equations can be complicated by capacitance variances between cells and differential charging rates within a multicell array when a large number of cells are combined to reach very high voltages. Typically, for example, large devices are designed not to exceed 2.5V/cell on average to avoid any one cell going over 3V. We have demonstrated the construction of 30V and 100V multicell electrochemical capacitors based on a series stack of devices of this invention. A key aspect of packaging design to obtain high cell voltage is avoiding corrosion or "passive layer formation" at the high potentials experienced at the positive electrode. We have determined, and it is well known, that aluminum forms a "passive film" at potentials well within the potentials achieved even for a 2.5V/cell electrochemical capacitor. This so-called "passive film" is aluminum oxide and contributes to the series resistance and capacitance by placing a dielectric film (i.e., electrolytic capacitor) in series with the anodic electrode. This, in effect, results in a voltage drop across the current collector/electrolyte interface, limiting the performance of the device. This problem is avoided in the cell of the invention by use of a conductive polymer with high temperature stability that contributes negligibly to the device ESR (equivalent series resistance) and allows achieving a high level of performance. Alternatively, corrosion resistant, e.g., stainless, steel current collectors will give good results. Single Cell Single cell nonaqueous electrochemical capacitors were constructed in a prismatic configuration. Referring to Fig. 1A, two separated high surface area conductive carbon cloth electrodes 16 and 18 were sandwiched between 12 μm thick current collectors 12 and 14, preferably a corrosion resistant or "stainless" steel or, more preferably, a conductive polymer having a flow temperature greater than 130°C. The electrodes may be of any high surface area conductive material. The electrode material is selected for its thermal properties described herein, electrochemical stability, physical structure and good wetting with a suitable electrolyte. Typical examples include commercially available high surface area carbon fibers which may be woven into a cloth, high surface area particulate carbon, possibly with a binder, carbon fibers, anchored carbon fibers, or any other possible electrode useable in electrochemical capacitors such as n- and p-doped polymer electrodes. A pressure contact is typically applied between the current collectors 12 and 14 and the carbon fiber fabric. Electrodes 16, 18 are separated by a separator 10 immersed in an electrolyte in a non-aqueous solvent. The separator is typically (a) a solid material that is not electrically conductive, and (b) is made of a porous material to allow ionic conductivity of the electrolyte through the material. Various materials may be used selected from, for example, woven glass filter material, porous polymer materials and cellulose based materials. Glass filter membranes, as well as porous polypropylene and polycarbonate materials, have been found to be advantageous as separators. In general, the separator is a thin material that is mechanically robust and contributes little to the resistance of the overall cell. Preferred separator materials are, e.g., MSI polycarbonate exposed to nuclear radiation and etched to achieve a desired pore size, for example 5 to 8 microns, or Whatman GF/A glass fiber filter. The perimeter of the cell is sealed with a thermoplastic, high temperature gasket 20 to form a single cell prismatic device. The seal 20 is a thermoplastic, typically of a polyester or polyurethane nature, that flows above 100°C but below the softening temperature of current collectors 12 and 14. The material of gasket seal 20 is chosen to have good internal cohesion during a reflow treatment and good adhesion to the current collections. Any suitable high temperature thermoplastic can be typically used for gasket 20. Some examples are from Beamis Associates, Inc., Shirley, MA (e.g., 5209, 5214 polyesters and 3209, 3214 polyurethanes) . Of significant concern in designing cell packaging is material stability over useful ranges, such as between and including temperatures of -50°C to 100°C. Therefore, the gasket materials as well as the current collectors used in the cell of the invention are stable to above 100°C. This precludes the use of polyethylene and polypropylene as gasket materials or current collectors (when doped to obtain conductivity) . A conductive polymer current collector material is provided stable to temperatures at which the thermoplastic gasket material is reflowed and has a softening temperature above 130°C. A useful polymeric material for the current collectors 12, 14 is Coer-X of Rexam Graphics, S. Hadley, MA, described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,478,676. The current collectors may be provided on the outer side with an aluminium or copper layer, for ease of welding thereto. Also, a 316 or 316L stainless steel foil can be used as a current collector. Cells have been tested from -55°C to 120°C with no loss in mechanical integrity. An important advantage of the polymer current collector material is the lower cost and lower density as compared to stainless steel current collectors. An additional benefit, is an observed reduction in the ESR of the cell from 3Ω to less than 0.2Ω. This is due to a better contact between the current collector and the carbon electrodes. The cells of the present configuration shown above have a capacitance of 11F at 3V with an ESR of 0.15Ω. Referring to Fig. 2, the Ragone plot depicted is determined from constant current and constant power discharge data on this unoptimized single cell package . The single cells are typically of any size, those tested were 5x5 cm with an active area of 13 cm 2 and a total weight and volume of 2.6 g and 2.5 ml, respectively. These were constructed, as shown, and vacuum backfilled with the desired electrolyte, preferably EMIPF 6 in an alkyl carbonate solvent or solvent free ionic liquid, and sealed, all in an Ar filled dry box. Improved nonaqueous electrolytes are described in co-pending U.S. Appl . No. 08/910,143, the detailed description of which is attached as Appendix A herein. Other electrolytes include tetraalkylammonium salts in various organic solvents (e.g., Et 4 NBF 4 in PC). The cell of Fig. 1A has connections 22 to external circuitry or can be electrically contacted via the external surfaces of conductors 16 and 18. As shown in Fig. IB and 1C, the cells may be series a parallel connected to form a stack 24, 24' of individual cells 26, 26'. Conductors 28, 28' connect external circuitry. Electrical contact between cells is achieved by external contact of the cell sacks. Fig. ID shows a series stack of cells 24" having common bipolar current collectors 14" between cells 26". A custom built MACCOR series 4000 cycler was used for collecting constant power and current cycling data. Extended cycling data were obtained using a constant current charge/discharge cycle (50 mA) , where each cycle takes roughly 18 minutes. A single cell can exhibit a 3V, 11 Farad capacity. A stack of cells, under pressure of typically 100 psi, can exhibit a 100V and 0.3 Farad capacity. Galvanostatic and potentiostatic charging of the single cells exhibited excellent reversibility (greater than 98%) and charge storage capability. Referring to Fig. 3, three charge/discharge cycles at three currents (10, 50, and 100 A) , followed by a potentiostatic charge (held at potential by an external source) for 2 hours and a subsequent 2 hours at open circuit are depicted. The cells have a capacitance of 11 F at 3V, resulting in a packaged energy density of 5.3 Whr/kg and 5.5 Whr/1. Only a 70 mV drop in voltage was observed after 2 hours at open circuit. Over 2000 charge/discharge cycles were obtained with little (5%) drop in capacity. Additionally, we have charged the single cells to 3.5 and 4.0 V with good efficiency (greater than 98%) and reversibility (see Figs. 4A and 4B) . Multicell A 30V 1 Farad multicell device was constructed from twelve cells in a series configuration as in Fig. IB. Referring to Fig. 5, the charging results obtained are shown. The initial galvanostatic charge/discharge was at 10 mA with three cycles at 15V, three at 25V, and finally three at 30V. In addition to the three galvanostatic charge/discharge cycles at each voltage, a final potentiostatic charge (30 min) and an open circuit rest (2 hr.) were performed. This device was cycled for 1000 cycles at several currents (10-100 mA) with little loss in energy. A 100V 0.3F device was also assembled and tested. Initial galvanostatic charge/discharge results are presented in Fig. 6. Shown in Fig. 6 is the voltage on the stack as a function of time for a given constant current charge or discharge. As can be seen, a voltage of 100V is reached in roughly 480 seconds at a charging current of 50 mA. In another test of the packaging system, a four cell device was charged to 12, 14, and 16 V, with good results, as shown in Fig. 7 and Table 1, below. Table 1. Performance characteristics of a four cell device. Discharge capacitance determined at constant current (50mA) . The cells may also be parallel connected as shown in Fig. 1C or they may be connected in combined series and parallel configurations for desired combinations of voltage, capacitance and resistance. The cells of the present invention are particularly useful in applications where capacitances greater than in standard electrolytic or dielectric capacitors are needed in energy storage and in signal processing. The present invention finds further application in memory protection of consumer electronics, currently requiring 5.5V and 0.02-1 F. The invention is also useful in EV applications, with hybrid propulsion and regenerative breaking systems, of electric trains/subway systems which use electrochemical capacitors to store energy, UPS power supply applications due to the significantly higher energy of electrochemical cells relative to electrostatic capacitors, higher power density than batteries, the deep discharge capability, long life time, and fast charge capability. In addition, the low maintenance of electrochemical capacitors compared to batteries is very attractive for long term applications. In addition, cellular communication applications benefit from the burst power capabilities offered by electrochemical capacitors. While the present invention has been described in conjunction with a preferred embodiment, one of ordinary skill, after reading the foregoing specification, will be able to effect various changes, substitutions of equivalents, and other alterations to the compositions and methods set forth herein. It is therefore intended that the protection granted by Letters Patent hereon be limited only by the definitions contained in the appended claims and equivalents thereof . APPENDIX A NONAQUEOUS ELECTROLYTE FOR ELECTRICAL STORAGE DEVICES FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to nonaqueous electrolytes useful in electrical energy storage devices. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Significant effort has been invested over the years in improving the energy and power of electrical energy storage devices such as capacitors and batteries. These are particularly useful in short term, high energy applications such as electric vehicles or cellular communication. Warren et al . , U.S. Pat. No. 5,418,682, discloses a capacitor having an electrolyte consisting of tetraalkyammonium salts which include nitrile or dinitrile solvent and teaches that such a system provides a high dielectric constant, which is needed for capacitance. Morimoto et al . , Pat. No. 4,725,926, discloses a nonaqueous electrolyte comprising quaternary phosphoniu salts in organic solvents for use in electric double layer capacitors . A wide variety of solvents and salts are available for such use, offering specific advantages depending on the application being considered (e.g., low temperature vs. high temperature) . Ionic liquids based on the imidazolium cation have recently received attention as nonaqueous electrolytes in various electrochemical devices (Koch et al . , J. Electrochem. Soc . 143 : 155 , 1996). These electrolytes have significant advantages compared to the numerous quaternary onium salts that have been previously investigated for use in carbon double-layer capacitor electrolytes (Ue et al . , J. Electrochem. Soc. 141:2989, 1994) . - Al - Electrochemical capacitors based on nonaqueous electrolytes offer greater electrochemical stability (up to 4V) compared to aqueous systems, thereby providing greater energy storage (E = CV 2 ). However, due to the lower conductivity of nonaqueous electrolytes compared to aqueous systems, lower power capabilities are observed. In addition, with the porous materials used in electrochemical capacitors, the high viscosity typically associated with the high dielectric constant solvents used in nonaqueous electrolytes is detrimental to conductivity in porous electrodes. Furthermore, the lower ion concentrations typically obtained with nonaqueous electrolytes result in increased electrolyte volume requirements for packaged devices. It is an object of the present invention to solve the above mentioned problems inherent in the use of conventional nonaqueous electrolytes . SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Nonaqueous electrolytes containing salts consisting of alkyl substituted, cyclic delocalized aromatic cations, and their perfluoro derivatives, and certain polyatomic anions having a van der Waals volume less than or equal to 100 A 3 , preferably inorganic fluorides and most preferably PF 6 " , which are dissolved in organic liquids, preferably alkyl carbonate solvents, or liquid sulfur dioxide (S0 2 ) or combinations thereof, at a concentration of greater than 0.5M and preferably greater than l.OM, unexpectedly have a high conductivity, higher than the conductivity of the comparable molten salt electrolyte (without added solvent) or the quaternary onium salts. Furthermore, such a nonaqueous electrolyte containing l-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (EMI + ) and hexafluorophosphate (PF 6 ~ ) is particularly useful, having a high conductivity (>13mS/cm) , a large window of electrochemical stability (>2.5V) , a high salt concentration - A2 - (>1M) , high thermal stability (>100°C) , and a large capacitance in a double-layer capacitor (>100F/g from activated carbon electrodes) , this capacitance, surprisingly, being independent of the solvent dielectric. Thus, the invention generally features a nonaqueous electrolyte for an electrical storage device, the electrolyte including a salt consisting of a cation selected from the group consisting of: Pyritnirliniiim Pyrazininm Imidazolium Pytazoli m Thiazoliαm Oxazolium Triazol im wherein R l t R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 are either H; F; separate alkyl groups of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, respectively, or - A3 - joined together to constitute a unitary alkylene radical of from 2 to 4 carbon atoms forming a ring structure converging on N," or separate phenyl groups; and wherein the alkyl groups, alkylene radicals or phenyl groups may be substituted with electron withdrawing groups; and a perfluoro, inorganic anion or a perfluoro, organic sulfonate anion having a van der Waals volume ≤ 100 A 3 , the salt being dissolved at a concentration of greater than 0.5 M in an organic liquid. Preferably, the cation is imidazolium, most preferably 1- ethyl-3-methylimidazolium or l-methyl-3-methylimidazolium, and the anion is AsF 6 " , BF 4 " , triflate or, most preferably, PF 6 " . The organic liquid is preferably a linear ether, cyclic ether, ester, carbonate, formate, lactone, nitrile, amide, sulfone or sulfolane, and, most preferably, either a cyclic or acyclic alkyl carbonate or methyl formate. Liquid sulfur dioxide or a mixture of sulfur dioxide and an organic liquid are particularly useful in electrolytes of the invention suitable for low temperature use. The addition of other low viscosity agents, which may include gasses (e.g., C0 2 , N0 2 , N 2 0, etc.), may also be used to improve performance, especially at lower temperatures. The electrolyte of the invention may further include, e.g., tetraalkylammonium or tetraalkylphosphonium salt for customization to a particular application. The nonaqueous electrolytes of the invention are useful in electrical energy storage devices, particularly electrochemical capacitors. These electrolytes can also be used in potentiometric and voltametric electrochemical sensors, photovoltaic devices, fuel cells, and in primary and secondary batteries employing alkali and alkaline earth anode materials so long as the electrolyte contains the cation of the alkali or alkaline earth anode material. Further, the electrolytes of the invention will find use as media for catalysis or electrocatalysis . - A4 - BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description of the invention, taken in conjuction with the accompanying drawings in which: Fig. 1 shows the molecular structures of representative cations, representative anions and representative solvents, useful in the electrolytes of the inven ion; Fig. 2 is a plot of conductivity of propylene carbonate based electrolytes as a function of salt concentration; Fig. 3 is a plot of conductivity versus the reciprocal of solvent molecular weight for 2M EMIPF 6 in alkyl carbonates ; Fig. 4 is a cyclic voltammogram of 2M EMIPF 6 in PC; Fig. 5 shows thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) results comparing PC, EMIPF S and EMIPF 6 /PC; Fig. 6 shows a Tee-cell for testing the capacitance of electrolytes of the invention; Figs. 7A and 7B show a single cell pouch capacitor for use with the electrolyte of the invention and a stack of cells for high voltage application, respectively; Fig. 8 shows three galvanostatic charge/discharge cycles for each of the three currents (10, 50 and 100 mA) followed by a potentiostatic charge at 3V for 2 hr and an open circuit rest for 2 hr, from a single cell pouch of the invention; and Fig. 9 shows a Ragone plot comparing the performance of an electrolyte of the invention, 2M EMIPF 6 in propylene carbonate, to a prior art electrolyte, 1M TEABF 4 in the same solvent . DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The nonaqueous electrolytes of the invention are superior to conventional electrolytes in a number of respects that serve to make them particularly useful in electrical - A5 - energy storage devices. Specific characteristics of electrolytes of the invention containing 1 -ethyl-3- methylimidazolium (EMI + ) , as the cation, and hexafluorophosphate (PF 6 " ) or tetrafluoroborate (BF 4 -) , as the anion, in a number of alkyl carbonate solvents were compared to those of prior art electrolytes containing tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TEABF 4 ) in the same solvents, as described in detail below. The molecular structures of the indicated compounds and solvents are shown in Fig. 1; the physical properties of the indicated solvents are presented in Table 1. Table 1. Physical properties of selected alkyl carbonate solvents at 25°C. Solvent MW Viscosi ty(r7)/cP Dielectric (e) DN liσuidus ranqe/°C EC 88 1.86 (40°C) 95.3 16 36 to 238 PC 102 2.51 64.9 15 -54 to 242 DMC 90 0.59 3.12 - 3 to 90 EMC 104 0.65 2.9 - -55 to 108 MF 60 0.33 8.5 - -99 to 31 S0 2 - - - - - Abbreviations : L.A. Dommey m Lithium EC-ethylene carbonate Batteries, New Materials: PC-propylene carbonate Developments and DMC-dimethyl carbonate Perspectives , G . Pistoia, EMC-ethyl methyl carbonate Ed., p.137, Elsevier MF-methyl formate Science D.V. , Amsterdam (1994) Solubility The solubility of EMIPF 6 was found to be high in all the solvents indicated in Table 1, with greater than 2M concentrations being obtained. Solubilities greater than 3M are common with these electrolytes . Solutions greater than 2M in concentration of EMIBF 4 in DMC can also be made. Both EMIPF 6 and EMIBF 4 are extremely soluble in EC/DMC mixtures - A6 - with solubilities greater than 2M concentration. In contrast, the salt TEABF 4 is extremely insoluble in acyclic alkyl carbonates (Ue et al . , Kinou Zairyo 15:48, 1995; Ue et al . , J. Electrochem. Soc. 141 :2989, 1994; Ue, J. Electrochem. Soc. 141:3336, 1994; Ue, J. Electrochem. Soc. 143.L270, 1996) . With PC the maximum solubility of TEABF 4 is approximately 1M, significantly less than the 3.5M concentration obtainable with EMIPF 6 in PC. Conductivity The specific conductivities ( K ) as a function of molar concentration (M) for EMIPF 6 in PC at room temperature are compared to the prior art electrolyte TEABF 4 in PC in Fig. 2. For EMIPF 6 the maximum conductivity is 15.3 mS/cm at 2M concentration. The determined conductivity for 1M TEABF 4 /PC is 13mS/cm (Ue et al . , J. Electrochem. Soc. 141:2989, 1994) . Also depicted in Fig. 2 are additional literature conductivity values for other concentrations of TEABF 4 in PC: 10.6 mS/cm for 0.65M and 8.3 mS/cm for 0.5M concentrations (Morimoto et al . , Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 311:397, 1995; Ue et al . , J. Electrochem. Soc. 141:2989, 1994) . These values correspond to the conductivity observed for similar concentrations of EMIPF 6 in PC. In other words, the conductivity of EMIPF 6 in PC below 1M concentration is similar to that observed for TEABF 4 in PC . An advantage of EMIPF 6 over tetraalkylammonium salts is the high solubility (>3M) in contrast to the saturation limit of about 1M for TEABF 4 in PC. - A7 - Table 2. Specif ic conductivity (k) , at 25°c Solvent (a ) Salt Cone . k/mS/cm EC EMIPF 6 2M 22 PC EMIPFg 2M 15 DMC EMIPFg 2M 21 DMC EMIBF 4 2M 20 EMC EMIPFg 2M 14 MF EMIPFg 2M 32 MF EMIPF 6 3M 33 EC/DMC EMIPFg 2M 26 EC/DMC EMIBF 4 2M 27 PC/EMC EMIPFg 2M 18 PC/MF EMIPFg 2M 34 (a) mixtures of solvents are at a ratio of 1 :1 v/v) Referring to Table 2, the conductivity of EMIPF 6 in several different carbonate solvents at 2M concentration was compared. A 2M solution of EMIPF 6 in DMC has an excellent conductivity of 21 mS/cm. This result in combination with the low viscosity (0.59 cP) and acceptable dielectric constant (e=3.12) of DMC means that this compound is a very good solvent for EMIPF 6 -based electrolytes. Similarly, a high conductivity (22 mS/cm) was observed with a 2M EMIPF 6 solution in EC. The two carbonate solvents EC and DMC provide higher conductivity electrolytes with EMIPF 6 than do PC (15 mS/cm) and EMC (14 mS/cm) . A 3M solution of EMIPF 6 in MF has an excellent conductivity of 33 mS/cm while a 2M solution of EMIPFg in MF also has a high conductivity of 32 mS/cm. The greater than 2M solution of EMIBF 4 in DMC has a conductivity of 20 mS/cm. This value is substantially - A8 - greater than the conductivity for the pure EMIBF. ionic liquid alone (13mS/cm) . The mixture of solvents EC and DMC (1:1, v/v) results in 2M electrolytes with excellent conductivities of 26 mS/cm (EMIPFg) and 27 mS/cm (EMIBF 4 ) . A 2M solution of EMIPF 6 in PC/MF also has an excellent conductivity of 34 mS/cm. An increase in conductivity, to 18 mS/cm, is also observed with the addition of a high dielectric component such as PC to EMC. As shown in Fig. 3, a strong correlation (r=1.00) between the conductivity of 2M EMIPF 6 solutions in the indicated alkyl carbonate solvents and the reciprocal of solvent molecular weight was observed, indicating that smaller solvent molecules result in greater conductivity compared to electrolytes at similar concentrations of salt in solvents with larger solvent molecules. Little correlation was observed between the conductivity and the dielectric constant as both EC and DMC solutions have similar conductivities, yet the dielectric constants for these two solvents are substantially different, as shown in Table 1. A small correlation of the reciprocal of the viscosity of the solvent to conductivity was apparent. These results indicate that EMIPFg is effectively equally dissociated in those solvents, with e>3. Temperature range A 2M solution of EMIPF 6 in PC was determined to have a wide temperature stability range of use, from -40°C to above 130°C. Methyl formate solutions are particularly useful as low temperature electrolytes. A 2M solution of EMIPF 6 in methyl formate has a useful temperature range of less than -60°C to +40°C. Also useful as low temperature electrolytes are liquid S0 2 solutions, which would have a boiling temperature of -10°C, or mixtures of S0 2 and specific organic solvent (s) , which would have improved - A9 - low temperature conductivity over the specific organic solvent or solvents alone. For example, a 2 M solution of EMIPFg in 20% S0 2 in a PC solvent would be expected to have an increased conductivity («24 mS/cm at room temperature) and a useful temperature range below -60°C compared to the solvent alone, which is limited to -40°C. A similar solution with added C0 2 has comparable improvement over the solvent alone . Electrochemical stability Electrochemical stability determination via cyclic voltammetry was accomplished with a freshly polished glassy carbon (0.077 cm 2 ) disk working electrode and a Pt foil (8 cm 2 ) counter electrode. Referring to Fig. 4, the cyclic voltammogram of 2M EMIPF 6 in PC indicates a 3.6V window of stability (current density of 20 μA/cm 2 ) between the onset of EMI + reduction (-1.8 V vs. Ag/Ag + ) and PF 6 ~ oxidation (1.8V). A similar window of electrochemical stability with EMIPF 6 in the other solvents studied was also observed. Thermal stability The thermal stability of the electrolyte is important for high temperature capacitor applications. Heating 2M EMIPF 6 /PC to 125°C in a sealed glass ampoule results in no color change after 1 day, in contrast to the observation of color change (yellow tinge) observed with 1M TEABF 4 /PC at 125°C. Referring to Fig. 5, the thermal stability of EMIPF 6 , PC and 2M EMIPF 6 /PC by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) was also investigated. Propylene carbonate volatility above 100°C is a concern for device design at these temperatures. As determined by TGA, the addition of EMIPF 6 decreases the volatility of PC. The salt EMIPF 6 was thermally stable up to about 200°C, where 60% weight loss was observed between 200°C and 400°C. A10 - Tee-Cell measurement of capacitance Initial capacitance measurements and determination of electrochemical characteristics were carried out using a Tee-cell configuration, as depicted in Fig. 6. Two carbon electrodes 12, 14 (1 cm 2 ) were placed on either side of a Whatman GF/A separator 16 and compressed using 316L stainless steel rods 18,20 as current collectors. The electrolyte 2M EMIPF 6 /PC had a discharge capacitance density of 32 F/g-cell at 3V with a current density of 5 mA/cm 2 . Excellent coulombic efficiency (>99%) and leakage current (<100 μA/cm 2 ) values were observed. The capacitance increased slightly at lower current densities (33 F/g-cell at 1 mA/cm 2 ). Similar capacitance values of 32 F/g-cell were observed with 2M EMIPFg in a 1:1 (v/v) PC/EMC solvent mixture. These capacitance densities are roughly a 10% improvement over that observed with 1M TEABF 4 in PC. Slow galvanostatic charging (5mA/cm 2 ) of 2M EMIPF 6 /PC up to 4V on a modified carbon electrode is possible with good coulombic efficiency (93%) and capacitance (36 F/g-cell) observed at 3.5V. This greater capacitance and voltage increases the energy density of the capacitor. As shown in Table 3, similar specific capacitance values (125-140 F/g) were observed regardless of the dielectric constant of the solvent for EMIPF 6 or EMIBF 4 based electrolytes. The specific capacitance of EMIPF 6 and EMIBF 4 are approximately 10% greater than that observed with TEABF 4 . - All - Table 3. Specific capacitance (C) of 2M salts in indicated solvents at 25°C. Solvent (a) Salt C/F/σ EC EMIPFg 123 PC EMIPFg 127 DMC EMIPFg 126 EMC EMIPF 6 123 EC/DMC EMIPF 6 129 EC/DMC EMIBF 4 135 PC/EMC EMIPF 6 129 PC/MF EMIPFg 140 Fa] mixtures of solvents are at a ratio of 1 : 1 (v/v) Materials and Methods Synthesis of 1 -ethyl - 3 -methyl imidazol ium hexafluorophosphate (EMIPF 6 ) was carried out via EMICl or EMIBr as intermediates, EMICl or EMIBr being converted to the desired product by a metathesis reaction with KPF 6 (Aldrich, 98%) . EMICl was synthesized by reacting 1- methylimidazole (Aldrich, >99%) with chloroethane neat for 30 days at room temperature in a 1 liter closed glass vessel. EMIBr was synthesized following the procedure of Bonhδte et al., J. Electrochem. Soc. 143 :3099 (1996), by reacting methylimidazole with bromoethane (Aldrich, >99%) in either ethyl acetate (Aldrich) or 1, 1 , 1-trichloroethane (Aldrich). The EMICl or EMIBr was dissolved in water (3M) and added to a heated (50°C) aqueous solution (1M) of KPF 6 to form the desired EMIPF, product as denser oil which solidifies/crystallizes upon cooling (Fuller et al . , J. Chem. Soc, Chem. Commun. 299, 1994; Carlin et al . , J. Electrochem. Soc. 141 :L73 , 1994). This solid was recrystallized from water and dried under vacuum (55°C, <0.01 torr) to form the EMIPFg (m.p. 58°C, X E NMR) . The room temperature molten salt - A12 - EMIIm was obtained from the metathesis reaction of EMICl with lithium bis ( (trifluoromethyl) sulfonyl) imide (Lilm, 3M Company) . EMIBF 4 was synthesized from EMICl and AgBF 4 according to the procedure of Carlin et al . , J. Electrochem. Soc. 141 :L73 (1994) . Tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TEABF 4 ) and hexafluorophosphate (TEAPF 6 ) were obtained from Sachem (Austin, TX) and used after vacuum drying (120°C, <0.01 torr, 48 hr. ) . The solvents propylene carbonate (PC, Grant or Burdick & Jackson) , ethylene carbonate (EC, Grant) , dimethyl carbonate (DMC, Grant) , diethyl carbonate (DEC, Grant) , and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC, Mitsubishi Chemical Co) were used after drying over activated 3A molecular sieves. A Mettler DL 18 Karl Fischer titrator was used to determine water content of the electrolytes (typically less than 20 ppm) . Pieces of Spectracarb 2220 activated carbon fiber cloth (Spectracarb, Lawrence, MA) were used as electrodes after vacuum drying (120°C, <0.01 torr, 48 hr.). This electrode material is composed of woven carbon fibers, 10 μm in diameter, with a reported BET surface area of 2000 m 2 /g and a cloth density of 13 mg/cm 2 . All electrolyte preparation and work was performed in a VAC dry box (<10ppm H 2 0) under an Ar atmosphere. Conductivity measurements were performed using a General Radio 1656 Impedance Bridge with a Fisher conductivity cell having a cell constant of 9.35 (conductivity cells were calibrated with a KCI solution) . A Tenney environmental chamber was used for controlling the temperature to ±1°C. An EG&G 273A Potentiostat/Galvanostat was used to obtain cyclic voltammetric and galvanostatic data. A Ag/AgN0 3 (10 mM concentration) couple in either 1M TEABF 4 /PC or 2M EMIPF 6 /PC was used as a reference electrode (with a Pt counter electrode), and was poised at 3.2 V vs Li/Li + . Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed on a - A13 - Shimadzo TGA-50 under flowing nitrogen with a ramp rate of 10°C/min. AC impedance data were obtained with a Schlumberger SI1250 frequency response analyzer. Use As the electrolyte EMIPF 6 in propylene carbonate provides greater energy and power density than TEABF 4 in propylene carbonate and as the higher ion concentration obtainable with EMIPF S results in increased conductivity (18%) and capacitance (10%) , the EMIPF 6 /PC electrolyte system was tested in single cell and multi-cell capacitor devices. These results are expected to apply to other non-aqueous electrochemical capacitors, such as the Type III redox polymer system (Ren et al . in Electrochemical Capacitors, F. M. Delnick and M. Tomkiewicy, Editors, PV95-29, p.15, The Electrochemical Society Proceedings Services, Pennington, NJ (1996); Arbizzani et al . , Adv. Mater. 8 : 331, 1996) since the high concentration and increased conductivity obtainable for these electrolytes is expected to be possible for other nonaqueous systems. Single Cell Single cell nonaqueous double-layer capacitors, using the electrolytes of the invention, were constructed in a prismatic configuration as described in the accompanying application entitled "Nonaqueous Electrical Storage Device." Referring to Fig. 7A, two separated high surface area carbon cloth electrodes 16 and 18, in contact with an electrolyte in chamber 10, were sandwiched between 12 μm thick stainless steel current collectors 12 and 14, preferably stainless steel or more preferably a conductive polymer having a flow temperature >130°C (e.g., Coer-X, Rexam Graphics, S. Hadley, MA), and perimeter sealed with a thermoplastic, high temperature gasket 20 to form a single cell prismatic device. The seal 20 is a thermoplastic, - A14 - typically of a polyester or polyurethane nature, that flows above 100°C but below the softening temperature of current collectors 12 and 14. The material of gasket seal 20 is chosen to have good internal cohesion during a reflow treatment and good adhesion to the current collections. High temperature thermoplastics typically used for gasket 20 are from Beamis Associates, Inc., Shirley, MA (e.g., polyesters no. 5209 and 5214, and polyurethane no. 3209 and 3214) . The single cell devices or pouches, typically of any size, these being 5x5 cm with an active area of 13 cm 2 and a total weight and volume of 2.6 g and 2.5 ml, respectively, were constructed, filled with the desired electrolyte, preferably EMIPF 6 in an alkyl carbonate solvent, and sealed in an Ar filled dry box before being removed from the inert atmosphere. The cell of Fig. 7A has connections 22 to external circuitry or can be electrically contacted via the external surfaces of conductors 16 and 18. As shown in Fig. 7B, the cells may be series connected to form a stack 24 of individual cells 26. Conductors 28 connect external circuitry. A custom built MACCOR (Oklahoma City, OK) series 4000 cycler was used for collecting constant power and current cycling data. Extended cycling data were obtained using a constant current charge/discharge cycle (50 mA) , where each cycle takes roughly 18 minutes. A single cell can exhibit a 3V, 11 Farad capacity. A stack of cells, under pressure of typically 100 psi, can exhibit a 100V and 0.3 Farad capacity. Galvanostatic and potentiostatic charging of the single cell pouches exhibited excellent reversability (>98%) and charge storage capability. Referring to Fig. 8, three charge/discharge cycles at three currents (10, 50, and 100 mA) , followed by a potentiostatic charge for 2 hours and 2 hours at open circuit are depicted. The pouches have a capacitance of 11 F at 3V, resulting in a packaged energy - A15 density of 5.3 Whr/kg and 5.5 Whr/1. Only a 70 mV drop in voltage was observed after 2 hours at open circuit. As expected, and as illustrated in the Ragone plot shown in Fig. 9, the higher capacitance and conductivity of the 2M EMIPFg/PC electrolyte compared to IM TEABF 4 /PC results in greater energy and power. Over 2000 charge/discharge cycles were obtained with little (5%) drop in capacity. Multicell A 30V IF multicell device was constructed from twelve pouches in series configuration. The initial galvanostatic charge/discharge was at 10 mA with three cycles at 15V, three at 25V, and finally three at 30V. In addition to the three galvanostatic charge/discharge cycles at each voltage, a final potentiostatic charge (30 min) and an open circuit rest (2 hr.) were performed. This device was cycled for 1000 cycles at several currents (10-100 mA) with little loss in energy. - A16 - Cations: Imidazoles R'=H; R=CH 3 (D I) =C 2 H 5 (EMI) R'=CH 3 ; R=C 3 H 7 (DMPI) Anions: Ino ns Organic Carbonates R=H (EC) R'=CH 3 (DMC) MF =CH 3 (PC) =C 2 H 5 (EMC) =C 2 H 5 (BC) Fig. 1 A17 - Concentrαtion/M Fig. 2 0.0095 0.01 0.0105 0.011 0.0115 1/MW Fig. 3 - A18 - EV (vs Ag) Fig.4 T/°C Fig.5 - A19 - Fig. 6 Fig. 7A Fig. 7B - A20 - Time (minutes) Fig. 8 - A21 - 6|/ j q A22 -

Claims: CLAIMS We claim: 1. A nonaqueous electrical storage device comprising: first and second high surface area electrodes in contact with a nonaqueous electrolyte; a conductive polymer current collector in contact with each said electrode, said polymer having a flow temperature greater than 130°C; a separator, between and in contact with each said electrode, said separator maintaining a physical spacing in said electrolyte while allowing ionic conduction between said electrodes; and a gasket sealing said storage device, said gasket comprising a thermoplastic material that is stable above 100°C, said thermoplastic material also having a reflow temperature above 130°C but below the softening temperature of said conductive polymer. 2. The nonaqueous electrical storage device of claim 1, wherein said storage device is configured as a capacitor. 3. The nonaqueous electrical storage device of claim 1, wherein said electrode is selected from the group consisting of a carbon cloth electrode, a particulate carbon electrode with or without a binder, a loose carbon fiber electrode, an anchored carbon fiber electrode, and a doped polymer electrode. 4. The nonaqueous electrical storage device of claim 1, wherein said thermoplastic gasketing material is a polyester or a polyurethane or a combination thereof. 5. The nonaqueous electrical storage device of claim 1 wherein said electrolyte is selected from the group consisting of EMIPF 6 in an alkyl carbonate solvent, tetralkylamine salts in an organic solvent, and Et 4 NBF 4 in PC. 6. A combination of nonaqueous electrical storage devices according to claim 1, comprising two or more individual storage devices connected in one of a series or parallel- stacking or combinations thereof. 7. The nonaqueous electrical storage device of claim 6 wherein said storage devices are adjacent one another and at least two of said devices sharing a single bipolar current collector. 8. A nonaqueous electrical storage device comprising: first and second high surface area electrodes in contact with a nonaqueous electrolyte; a conductive, corrosion resistant steel current collector in contact with each said electrode; and a gasket sealing said storage device, said gasket comprising a thermoplastic material that is stable above 100°C, said thermoplastic material also having a reflow temperature above 130°C but below the softening temperature of said conductive polymer. AMENDED CLAIMS [received by the International Bureau on 13 January 1999 (13.01.99); original claims 1-8 replaced by amended claims 1-8 (2 pages)] 1. A nonaqueous electrical storage device comprising: first and second high surface area electrodes in contact with a nonaqueous electrolyte; a conductive polymer current collector in contact with each of said electrodes, said polymer current collector having a flow temperature greater than 130°C; a separator, between and in contact with each of said electrodes, said separator maintaining a physical spacing in said electrolyte while allowing ionic conduction between each of said electrodes; and a gasket sealing said storage device, said gasket comprising a thermoplastic material that is stable above 100°C, said thermoplastic material also having a reflow temperature above 130°C but below a softening temperature of said conductive polymer current collector. 2. A nonaqueous electrical storage device of claim 1, wherein said storage device is configured as a capacitor. 3. A nonaqueous electrical storage device of claim 1, wherein each of said electrodes is selected from the group consisting of a carbon cloth electrode, a particulate carbon electrode with or without a binder, a loose carbon fiber electrode, an anchored carbon fiber electrode, and a doped polymer electrode. 4. A nonaqueous electrical storage device of claim 1, wherein said thermoplastic material is a polyester or a polyurethane or a combination thereof. 5. A nonaqueous electrical storage device of claim 1 wherein said electrolyte is selected from the group consisting of EMIPF 6 in an alkyl carbonate solvent, tetralkylamine salts in an organic solvent, and Et 4 NBF 4 in propylene carbonate . 6. A nonaqueous electrical storage device according to claim 1, comprising two or more individual storage devices connected in one of a series or parallel-stacking or combinations thereof. 7. A nonaqueous electrical storage device of claim 6 wherein said storage devices are adjacent one another and at least two of said devices sharing a single bipolar current collector. 8. A nonaqueous electrical storage device comprising: first and second high surface area electrodes in contact with a nonaqueous electrolyte; a conductive, corrosion resistant steel current collector in contact with each of said electrodes; and a gasket sealing said storage device, said gasket comprising a thermoplastic material that is stable above 100°C, said thermoplastic material also having a reflow temperature above 130°C but below a softening temperature of said current collector.

Inventors: BLAKLEY THOMAS J, EVANS DAVID A, GOLDMAN JAY L, MCEWEN ALAN B, BLAKLEY, THOMAS, J., EVANS, DAVID, A., GOLDMAN, JAY, L., MCEWEN, ALAN, B.
Applicants: COVALENT ASSOCIATES INC, COVALENT ASSOCIATES, INC.
Application year: 1998
Main classification: H01G9
IPC codes: H01G9