OPHTHALMIC LENS

Abstract: A novel ophthalmic lens is provided. The lens includes an astigmatism subtracting surface that removes unwanted astigmatism caused by other elements of the lens.

Description: OPHTHALMIC LENS Field of the Invention This invention relates to the correction of astigmatic errors in ophthalmic lenses. Most specifically it relates to correction of such errors in spectacle lenses. Background of the Invention One of the problems encountered t>y lens designers is that of astigmatic error. This refers to astigmatic errors caused by ophthalmic lenses themselves, as opposed to an astigmatism that exists as part of a patient's uncorrected vision. Astigmatic error can be found in almost any ophthalmic lens, including single-vision lenses used to correct nearsightedness. It is a particularly significant problem in multifocal lenses, including progressive addition lenses (PAL's). which are a special case of such lenses. Progressive addition lenses for correction of presbyopia have been the subject of extensive research and development over the past five decades, as reported in the patent literature. All progressive lens optics consist of two refracting surfaces. The anterior surface contains a non- spherical shape which provides the different powered regions, and the posterior surface is either a pure sphere or a toric which provides the base power or provides the base power and corrects for the user's astigmatism respectively. The front surface geometry is optimized to minimize unwanted astigmatism and other aberrations, provide a first optical zone with minimal astigmatic aberrations for viewing distant objects, a second optical zone with a higher spherical power for viewing near objects, and a third optical zone connecting the first two zones, of variable spherical power for providing intermediate vision. In an early design, shown in U.S. Patent No. 2,878,721. the unwanted astigmatism was spread out over the entire optic, thus reducing the peak astigmatism. But the connecting intermediate zone does not provide a smooth transition in refractive power, and the residual unwanted astigmatism in the distance and the near viewing zones remains unacceptably high. In more recent progressive designs, the zones designed for distance and near vision are kept spherical, while the unwanted astigmatism which inevitably comes from connecting the distance and near zones with a smooth, continuous surface is (1) spread over as large an area of the optic as possible in order to reduce the maximum unwanted astigmatism, (2) spread out more evenly. See, for example, U.S. Patent Nos. 4.056.311 and 4,315.673. In all cases, the posterior surface of the optic is left spherical or toroidal, and is not designed to provide correction of unwanted astigmatic error caused by a progressive lens surface itself. As a result, even after fifty years of research and development state of the art progressive addition lenses have numerous shortcomings, including high levels of peripheral astigmatism, significant peripheral refractive errors, narrow channel width, as well as insufficient widths of the near and distance power zones, limiting peripheral visioa Design of ophthalmic lens optics eschew optimization of the posterior surface, (because the conventional method of fabrication of progressive addition lens optics precludes development and specification of complex geometries for the posterior surface, as will be made clearer in the subsequent section. Indeed the aspheric correction provided to minimize the unwanted astigmatism inherent in single vision lenses, are also confined to the front surface of the optic. All of these methods of dealing with unwanted astigmatic errors involve managing the error by distributing it over larger or remote areas of the lens or other such techniques. None actually eliminate the astigmatic error. Previously known methods of fabrication of ophthalmic lens optics may have so far prevented optics designers from providing aspheric corrections to the posterior surface of the optic, and also from proposing multilayer optics incorporating intermediate or "buried" surfaces. The method of fabrication of ophthalmic optics begins with the casting a semi finished blank from an optical material which incorporates the front (anterior) surface of the optic in finished form, often coated with a scratch resistant layer. This semi finished blank is subsequently custom ground and polished in regional grinding laboratories, or occasionally in retail locations to fit a particular prescription. The posterior surface is thus rendered spherical or toroidal, depending on the prescriptioa the axis of the cylinder correction being set by placing the principal meridian passing through the optical center of the distance power zone and the optical center of the near power zone at the appropriate angular orientation with reference marks on the mounting fixture used to hold the blank during the macliining process. For the most part the grinding and polishing equipment used in finishing labs is only capable of providing spherical or toroidal curves, hence for the ophthalmic optics to be available widely, the optics designer can not rely upon the posterior surface to be .aspheric or corrective. There is thus a need to develop designs for ophthalmic lens optics in which the posterior surface of the optic and/or intermediate surfaces are designed to eliminate as nearly as possible the unwanted astigmatism induced by the continuous change of the radius of curvature of the front surface required for intermediate vision, and to provide methods of their fabrication. Detailed Description of the Invention The current invention provides a lens with an anterior surface that provides or contributes to the desired visual correction (such as a PAL lens). The anterior surface can t>e designed to achieve this correction without regard to any possible astigmatic errors that may be produced. Lenses according to this invention have a posterior surface that is shaped so that the lens' optical properties subtract out these astigmatic errors. The term "subtract out" encompasses significant reductions in unwanted astigmatism, not just the complete elimination of the astigmatism. If the lens has a homogeneous composition, this astigmatism-subtracting surface is the posterior surface of the lens. In a multilayer lens, the astigmatism-subtracting surface can be the posterior surface or one of the intermediate surfaces that are posterior to the anterior surface of the lens. Such a design involves incorporation of one or more intermediate surfaces, each surface separating two optical materials of different refractive indices. The higher the difference in refractive indices on both sides of a surface, the more useful its role as a design element to minimize unwanted astigmatism. The design may also involve the use of a toroidal aspheric posterior surface designed to subtract out the peripheral astigmatism introduced by the anterior surface, without the use of any intermediate layer, or two different optical materials. The present invention may be used in lenses having any astigmatism- producing surface. The shape of the astigmatism-subtracting surface will necessarily be dictated by the shape of the astigmatism-producing surface. There are a great many such astigmatism-producing surfaces and thus a great many astigmatism-subtracting surfaces. No single astigmatism-subtracting surface encompasses the full range of this invention. Also, while this invention is described by reference to an anterior astigmatism-producing surface, and a posterior astigmatism-subtracting surface, it easily encompasses other such arrangements. Persons skilled in the art of lens design follow a set of generally known procedures to design a lens surface having desired properties. These are generally applicable to the design of .an astigmatism-subtracting surface to be used in the present invention. See, for example. "Geometrical Optics and Optical Design," P. Pouroulis and J. MacDonaid, Oxford Univ. Press (1997). An application of these methods may be described as follows. The design process starts with the three dimensional description of the front surface, the progressive surface. The front surface may be described in the form of a sag table (x, y. z coordinates of a large number of points chosen to provide a high level of optical resolution, typically 1000 to 10.000 points over an 80 mm projection of "bowl diameter"). Alternatively, the front surface may be described by a bicubic spline surface which is suitable for describing arbitrary Si apes or alternatively by a smooth analytical expression, such as those about to be presented: the radially symmetric polynomial, two dimensional polynomials, or anamorphic asphere. The design process continues by choosing a surface type for the posterior surface and if present, the intermediate surface. These surfaces are described or parameterized by a set of coefficients which when varied generate a family of surfaces. The desired lens performance is specified: this includes but is not necessarily limited to specifying the power and astigmatism desired as a function of field angles, the desired image quality, and constructional parameters such as minimum thickness of the optical materials. A merit function is defined for the lens which generally includes nonnegative terms which calculates how close the lens is to the desired lens performance. The merit function typically includes sums of RMS (root mean square) spot sizes for images at various fields and wavelengths or similar image measures. The merit function may also include functions of aberration coefficients (such as astigmatism) and functions of the lens constructional parameters and other desired constraints on the lens geometry and performance. The next step in the design process is to select a suitable starting point design for submission to an optimization program. An optimization routine will take an optical system prescription, and vary a list of coefficients to endeavor to minimize the merit function to yield a lens well corrected for aberrations which meets the specifications If the final meπt function is small enough, and the designer determines that the resultmg lens performance is close enough to the specifications, then the lens design process is complete and the defimtive lens is specified However, an optimization program will only produce good final lens performance for a limited range of input surface coefficients The defimtive lens design is reached by testing various combinations of coefficients and understanding then- individual effects This process is guided by the lens designers experience and careful observation The functions utilized to represent the surfaces are either rotationally symmetnc functions. including 20th order aspheres. or non-rotationally symmetnc functions which mclude toroids. asphenc toroids. or anamorphic aspheres The posterior surface can t>e similarly aspheπzed. toroidally asphenzed. or anamorphically aspheπzed to provide even further astigmatic compensation and to accommodate for the user's intrinsic astigmatism The selection of an appropπate surface type for the posteπor astigmatism correcting surface. and intermediate surface if used, depends on the type of progressive surface on the front surface We present three such types of astigmatism correcting surfaces. (1) a radially symmetnc asphere. (2) a two dimensional polynomial, and (3) an anamorphic asphere The radially symmetnc asphere is usually the best choice for correcting the astigmatism of progressive surfaces with radially symmetnc power prescπptions For lenses with a progressive "channel " the two dimensional polynomial or the anamorphic asphere are appropnate and experimentation will determine which surface class yields supenor astigmatism correction Further, the postenor surface, and possibly the intermediate surface, will be compnsed of several sectors with different surface equations within each sector Thus, one area of the lens surface is descnbed by a different equation than the other areas The techmque of nonsequential ray tracing is then used to ray trace a surface descnbed by several sectors When it is desired that the lens surface be smooth and contmuously differentiable. the lens designer must ensure that the surface sags and slopes match appropnately along all the sector boundanes bv the appropnate choice of coefficients m each sector A rotationally symmetnc asphenc surface can be represented by an equation of the general form z(h)= h 2 c +A +A 2 h 2 +A 3 h 3 +A A h +A 5 h 5 + - +A ι" l+(l-(l+£)c 2 Λ 2 )' /2 In this equation, z is the sag height of the surface, h is the distance from the mechanical axis of the surface, c is the base curvature, k is the conic constant, and the A= ' s are the rotationally symmetric polynomial coeffecients. One particularly useful such equation is the 20th order form of the equation, shown below: z(h) = ch 2 /{ l+(l-[l+k]c 2 h 2 )' /2 } + Ah 4 + Bh 6 + Ch 8 + Dh 10 + Eh 12 + Fh 14 + Gh 16 + Hh 18 + Jh 20 . where: z is the sag in z direction. c is the radius of curvature at the pole of the surface. k is the conic constant h = χ-+ y- An anamorphic surface is an aspheric surface with bilateral symmetry in both x and y but not necessarily with rotational symmetry. Such a surface is described by an anamorphic asphere equation. Such an equation is in the general form: z(x,y)= x'cux+Vcuv +AR{(l-AP)x 2 +(l+AP)y 2 γ+BR{(l-BP)x 2 +(l+BP)y 2 } 2 +CR{{\-CP)>?+{\+CP)y-γ+DR{(\-DP)x 2 +(\+DP)y 2 γ In this equation, the surface sag. z, is computed at each point. (x.y). with cux defined as the base curvature in the x-direction. lex defined as the conic constant in the x-direction. cuv defined as the base curvature in the y-direction. and l y defined as the conic constant in the y-direction. The AR, BR. CR, DR. and any higher R terms define the rotationally symmetric coefficients of the higher order aspheric terms, and the AP. BP, CP. DP. and any higher P terms define the non-rotationally symmetric coefficients for the higher order aspheric terms. A special case of such an equation is the 10th order form of the equation, shown below: z = (eye 2 + c y y 2 )/(l+{ l-[l+k x ]c x 2 x 2 - [H^cfy}*) + AR[(l-AP)x : + (1+ AP)^] 2 + BR[(l-BP)x 2 + (1+ BP)^] 3 + CR[(l-CP)x 2 + (l+CPy 2 ] 4 + DR[(l-DP)x : + (l+DP)y 2 ] 5 in which: C x . C y are curvatures in x and y k x . k y are come coefficients in x and y AR. BR. CR. and DR are the rotationally symmetric portions of the 4th. 6th. 8th and 10th order deformations from the conic, and AP. BP. CP. DP represent the non-rotationally symmetric portions of the 4th. 6th. 8th. and 10th order deformations from the conic. Finally, a two dimensional polynomial equation can be used. It has the following form: + ■•• =y y A nm χ n m Again, the sag height z. is computed at each point (x.y). of the surface. The values of the coefficients. Anm. determine the figure of the surface. It can be shown that a surface generated by either the rotationally symmetric asphere equation or the anamorphic asphere equation can be accurately represented by the polynomial equation given enough terms for the polynomial equation. The order of a term equals m + n. It is well understood by those skilled m the art that surfaces can be descnbed m many nearly equivalent functional forms or equations Such alternative surface equations may b>e exactly equal to each other or differ by such a small amount that the optical performance of such surfaces would be indistinguishable within the tolerances of the human eye Thus a radially symmetnc asphenc surface within a specified aperture may be well approximated by a two dimensional Fouπer senes. a sum of Zermke polynomials, by a set of bicubic spline surfaces, or by many other functions Sumlarlv the anamorphic asphere can also be closely approximated by these and other functions The purpose of the astigmatic correcting surface applied to the posteπor or intermediate surface of a progressive lens is to subtract out the perceptible unwanted astigmatism of the progressive surface Further the eve is sensitive to changes of approximately 0 2 diopters of power and astigmatism m an ophthalmic lens Thus if a surface is specified with a shape which nearly conforms to an anamorphic asphere surface such that the power is the same within 0 2 diopters over all 3 mm apertures to this anamorphic asphere surface, and the astigmatism magnitude and onentation are the same to within 0 2 diopters and 15 degrees over all 3 mm apertures to this same anamorphic asphere. then the surface will be understood to be similar enough to the anamorphic asphere surface be equivalent for present purposes If a surface has a power within 02 diopters, an astigmatism magnitude within 02 diopters, and an astigmatism onentation to within 15 degrees of a radially symmetnc polynomial over all of the 3mm subapertures within the aperture of the surface used m an ophthalmic lens, then the specified surface and the radially symmetnc polynomial are equivalent for present purposes Similar tolerances apply to lenses that employ other surface shapes. such as a two-dimensional polynomial surface, to subtract out astigmatism As mentioned above, one embodiment of this mvention is an ophthalmic optic with an antenor surface which compπses a distance power zone, an add power zone and a thud optic zone in which there is a progression of power, an intermediate layer wluch is an anamorphic asphenc surface designed to subtract out the peπpheral astigmatism of the antenor surface, and a postenor surface which is an asphenc surface designed to provide tone correction called for by a specific prescπption and further minimize the residual astigmatism of the oλerall design A second prefened embodiment of this mvention is an ophthalmic optic with an antenor surface compnsing a distance power zone, an add power zone and a third zone m which there is a progression of power, and a posterior surface which is an aspheric surface designed subtract out the peripheral astigmatism of the front surface. The refractive index of the material of which the lens is fabricated is preferably above 1.50. The fabrication of the ophthalmic lenses of the design disclosed herein begins with the fabrication of a lens preform, which consists of a front surface of specified geometry and a posterior surface whose geometry is that specified for the intermediate layer. The optical material may be a melt processable thermoplastic, such as polycarbonate of bisphenol-A or a thermoset resin, such as diethylene glycol bisallyl carbonate. The material may be injection or compression molded, or cast molded using thermal or photochemical modes of initiation of polymerization, or a combination thereof. Preferably, the optical material has a refractive index exceeding 1.57. In one prefened fabrication process, as formed, the optical preform is designed to provide the exact distance and add power correction for a particular prescription, i.e.. the preform may either be molded to prescription, or it may be made ahead of time, in quantity, covering a wide range of combinations of distance and add powers. For example, the number of different types of optical preform required to cover a prescription range of +6.00D to -6.00D and an add power range of 1.00D to 3.00D is 468. The preform may b>e coated on the anterior (convex) surface with any of a number of optical coatings, such as a scratch resistant anti-reflective, photochromic or hydrophobic coatings, such coatings being applied by a thermal or a photochemical curing process. The preform is then placed with its concave surface in juxtaposition to a tone mold with a molding surface designed to provide a toroidal aspheric optical quality surface upon casting, the space between the two surfaces (the posterior surface of the preform and the molding surface of the mold) is filled with a polymerizable resin, then the resin is polymerized to form a rigid, adherent layer attached to the preform, and permanently bonded to it. The angular orientation between the principal meridian on the convex surface of the preform and the toric axis of the mold is carefully adjusted prior to initiating polymerization of the resin, so that the toric axis is formed at the desired orientation. In the prefeπed fabrication method, this layer provides no spherical power at all. but provides the toric correction needed by a particular prescription. It should be noted however, that it is possible to add both spherical and toric power by adding surface castings to the concave surface. The refractive index of the cast layer may be adjusted to be significantly lower than the material comprising the preform, in which case, the intermediate surface may be designed to provide optical benefit. In a second approach, the cast layer may be designed to have a refractive index closely matched to the refractive index of the preform, in which case, the intermediate surface provides no optical benefit. It may be noted that both design approaches have their advantages and disadvantages, and may be suitable for use in different prescription ranges. The first approach, emphasizing the contribution of the intermediate layer leads to a more complete neutralization of peripheral astigmatism but produces a lens thicker at the edges, since the toric correction is provided by a material of relatively low refractive index. Such an approach may not be suitable for prescriptions above -3.00D of toric coπection. The first approach may be suited for low to intermediate toric power conections. and especially for prescriptions specifying high add powers, since the magnitude of peripheral astigmatism increases with add power. The second approach may also be suited for lenses provided for nontoric prescriptions, which constitute approximately 20% of all prescriptions. 5 Either of the two design approaches described above as well as either of the two fabrication methods outlined above can be used to provide a superior single vision lens in which both surfaces and when desired an intermediate layer may be utilized to form an aberration free optic, in which the usable optical zone is greater than what is o available today. The following nonlimiting example may be used to illustrate this invention. Example 5 A progressive addition surface was designed as shown in Figure 1. which is characterized by a distance power zone (11), an intermediate zone (12). and an add power zone (13). The distance and add power zones are spherical, while the intermediate power zone is aspheric. The distance power was selected to be 0.0D. while the add power was 3.00D. The diameter of the add power zone was 26.0 mm. while the width of the annulus was held to 15.0 mm. The refractive index of the material of 0 which the preform would be fabricated was assumed to be 1.59. The posterior surface of the preform which would constitute the intermediate layer in the finished design was designed to be a rotationally symmetric asphere with higher order terms. This design shows the properties of a circularly symmetnc progressive power lens with an mtermediate corrective surface, utilizing an mdependent equation for each sector of the lens surface to represent the entire surface The matenals used n this design have a refractive mdex of 1 595 for the antenor material and 1 495 for the postenor matenal Since the lens itself may be descnbed as having a distance portion, a progressive portion, and an add portion, it is natural to allow each of these portions to be descnbed by its own mathematical function, and then knit these equations together at then- boundaπes to form a single seamless surface This method can produce even more complex surface shapes which can more readily conect residual astigmatism m these lenses The design is for a zero diopter power distant region with a progressive power region which changes power Imearly with radius from zero to three diopters from 30mm diameter to 15mm diameter, then has a constant three diopter power for the central 15mm diameter of the add region Thus, there are three sectors defined by this prescπption the zero power sector, the progressive sector, and the constant add sector Every sector in this particular design has three surfaces associated with it There is the antenor surface, the mtermediate surface, and the postenor surface In this design, the zero power sector surfaces are all pure rotationally symmetnc spheres with curvatures of 0 018397mm-l 0 01843mm-l. and 0 018519mm-l for the antenor. intermediate, and postenor surface respectively To model the progressive power region, a rotationally symmetnc function was selected smce the add zone has rotational symmetry Smce the add zone is at the bottom half of the lens, a decentered and tilted 20th order asphenc equation was selected for both the antenor and mtermediate surfaces, but only the even ordered terms are utilized The parameters of the antenor surface are c = 0023254mm ' k = 4 037618 A4 = -0 138653x10 ' mm 3 A6 = -0 113202x10 ' mm 1 A8 = 0.326801xl0 -5 mm "7 A10 = -0.161103xl0 "5 mm "9 A12 = -0.172200xl0 '5 mm "11 A14 = -0.116407xl0 ~5 mm "13 A16 = 0.140865xl0 "5 mm 15 A18 = 0.161848xl0- 5 mm 17 A20 = -0.38862 lxlO "5 mm "19 with the coordinate origin displaced -15mm in the transverse y direction. 1.7mm in the longitudinal z direction. and tilted 15.701 degrees. The parameters for the intermediate surface are: c = 584.795322mm 1 k = -40.770451 A4 = 0.177311xl0 "5 mm "3 A6 = -0.100372x10 * mm "5 A8 = 0.186359x10 " ' mm -7 all other An = 0.0 with the coordinate origin displaced -15mm in the transverse y direction. 0.695mm in the longitudinal z direction, and tilted 15.701 degrees. The parameters for the posterior surface are: c = 0.018519mm "1 k = An = 0.0 These equations are valid for the surface shape in the annulus of inner diameter 30mm and outer diameter 15mm. centered 15mm below the mechanical center of the lens and tilted by 15.701 degrees. To model the constant add power region, rotationally symmetric functions were again selected since the add zone has rotational symmetry. Since the add zone is at the bottom half of the lens and is at a constant power, a decentered and tilted sphere was utilized for the anterior, intermediate, and posterior surfaces with curvatures, c. of 0.023178mm '1 . 0.018431mm 1 . and 0.018519mm 1 respectively. Thus, to describe each sector of a lens surface, three independent equations are used, and since there are 3 surfaces. 9 sets of parameters are required to specify the complete lens prescription. Thus, to describe each sector of the lens surface, three independent equations were used, and since there are 3 surfaces. 9 sets of parameters were required to specify the complete lens prescription. Lenses according to this invention possess unique advantages. Progressive addition ophthalmic lenses according to this invention can be free of astigmatism to a degree previously unattainable. The unwanted astigmatic error in such lenses can easily be reduced to 60% or 50% of the nominal add power of the lens. It is even possible, as shown above, to reduce unwanted astigmatism to within the range of 40% to 20% of the nominal add power of the lens. This invention will now be defined by the following claims.

Claims: Claims 1 An ophthalmic lens hav g (1) a first surface that causes astigmatism and, (2) a second surface mcludmg at least one portion that is shaped to subtract out the astigmatism caused by the antenor surface 2 A lens according to claim 1. wherem the first surface is the antenor surface and the second surface is the postenor surface 3 A lens according to claim 2 where the antenor surface is that of a progressive addition lens 4 A lens according to claιm l. 2 or 3. wherem the shape of the surface portion that subtracts out the unwanted astigmatism approximates that of an anamorphic asphere 5 A lens according to claim 4. wherem the approximated anamorphic asphere is defined by an equation of the following form z(x,y)= x 2 cux+γ 2 cuv l+( 1 -( l+kxyxrcuχ--( l+kv) cuy 2 +M{(l-AP)x 2 +(l+AP)v γ+BR{(l-BP)x 2 +(l+BP)y} 2 +CR{(l-CP)x 2 +(l + CP)v 2 f+DR{(l-DP)x 2 +tt+DP)y 2 }* + - 6 A lens according to claim 5. wherein the equation is of the 10th or lower order 7 A lens according to claim 1. 2 or 3. wherem the shape of the surface portion that subtracts out the unwanted astigmatism approximates that of a radially symmetnc asphere 8 A lens according to claim 7. wherem the approximated radically symmetnc asphere is defined by an equation of the follow ing form z(h)= h 2 c +A +A 2 h 2 +Aιh 3 +A +Aφy - +A„h n l+(l-(l+ r)c 2 Λ 2 ) ,/ 9 A lens according to claim 8, wherem the equation is of the 20th order or lower 10 A lens according to claim 1. 2 or 3. wherem the shape of the surface portion that subtracts out the astigmatism is defined by a two dimensional polynomial of the following form 11 An ophthalmic lens havmg (1) at least two layers, each of which has a different mdex of refraction. (2) an antenor surface (3) a postenor surface, and (4) an mterface surface between the layers, wherem at least one of the antenor surface, the postenor surface, and the mterface siuface causes an astigmatism and at least one of the other surfaces subtracts out that astigmatism 12 A lens according to claim 11 wherem the astigmatism is not caused by the postenor surface 13 An lens according to claim 11 wherem the antenor surface is that of a progressive addition lens 14 A lens according to claim 11. 12 or 13 wherem the shape of the surface portion that subtracts out the unwanted astigmatism approximates that of an anamorphic asphere 15 A lens according to claim 14. wherem the approximated anamorphic asphere is defined by an equation of the following form z(x,y)= x'c x+ycuv l+(l-(l+kx) χ -cuχ--(l+kv)ycuv- ) +.4R{(l-AP)x 2 +(l+AP)v 2 +BR{(l-BP)x 2 +(l+BP)V 1 } 2 +CR{(\-CP)x 2 +{\+CP)y 2 γ+DR{(\-DP)x 2 +(\+DP)y 2 γ 16 A lens accordmg to claim 15 wherem the equation is of the 10th or lower order 17 A lens accordmg to claim 11. 12 or 13. wherem the shape of the surface portion that subtracts out the unwanted astigmatism approximates that of a radially symmetnc asphere 18 A lens accordmg to claim 17. wherem the approximated radically symmetnc asphere is defined by an equation of the following form z(h)= h 2 c +A +A 2 2 +A 3 h 3 +A 4 4 +A 5 y - +A ι" 19 A lens accordmg to claim 18, wherem the equation is of the 20th order or lower A lens accordmg to claim 11. 12 or 13. wherem the shape of the surface portion that subtracts out the astigmatism is defined bv a two dimensional polynomial of the following form 20 An ophthalmic lens havmg at least two different layers each of which has a different refractn e mdex. an antenor surface and two or more surfaces postenor to the antenor surface, wherem the antenor surface causes unwanted astigmatism and at least one of the surfaces postenor to the antenor surface subtracts out that astigmatism

Inventors: CHIPMAN RUSSELL A, GUPTA AMITAVA, REARDON PATRICK, CHIPMAN, RUSSELL, A., GUPTA, AMITAVA, REARDON, PATRICK
Applicants: INNOTECH INC, INNOTECH, INC.
Application year: 1998
Main classification: G02C7
IPC codes: G02C7