CATHETER SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR INJECTION OF A LIQUID EMBOLIC COMPOSITION AND A SOLIDIFICATION AGENT

Abstract: A catheter according to the present invention includes a multiple lumen catheter (10) for delivery of a liquid embolic composition through a first lumen, and delivery of a solidification agent through a second lumen. The catheter allows adjustment of the relative longitudinal position of the two lumens to control the solidification of the embolic composition within a blood vessel. The multiple lumen catheter system (10) is used by inserting the catheter endo-vascularly into an aneurysm site, and injecting a liquid embolic composition through the first lumen while injecting a solidification agent through the second lumen to wash the area of the aneurysm of blood which has become saturated with solvent, while replacing it with a fresh solidification agent. The controlled solidification of the liquid embolic composition by use of the solidification agent allows the aneurysm to be filled precisely, and rapidly even when the aneurysm is located such that gravity does not cause the liquid embolic composition to flow into the aneurysm.

Description: CATHETER SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR INJECTION OF A LIQUDD EMBOLIC COMPOSITION AND A SOLDDDJICATION AGENT BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field Of The Invention The invention relates to a catheter system .and method for combined injection of a liquid embolic composition and an embolic solidification agent, and more particularly, to a catheter system including a multiple lumen catheter for injection of a liquid embolic composition through a first lumen .and an embolic solidification agent through a second lumen. The catheter system is used for delivery of the embolic composition in a controlled manner for embolizing blood vessels. .State Of The Art In many clinical situations it is desirable to selectively occlude blood vessels for a variety of purposes, such as, the control or prevention of bleeding, the prevention of blood supply to tumors, and die blocking of blood flow within an aneurysm. Embolization of blood vessels has been performed by employing certain polymer compositions .and/or paniculate including silicone balloons, metallic coils, PA particles, gelatin, sclerosing material, and the like, to selectively block blood flow in the blood vessels. Intracranial aneurysms are present in between one and mne percent of the population and rupture at a rate of more than 50,000 per year in North America. Intracranial aneurysms are abnormal blood filled dilations of a blood vessel wall which may rupture causing significant bleeding and damage to surrounding brain tissue or death. Traditionally, intracranial aneurysms have been surgically clipped to reduce the risk of rupture by placing a metal clip around the neck of the aneurysm to cut off and prevent further blood flow to the aneurysm. However, many aneurysms cannot be treated surgically because of either the location and configuration of the aneurysm or because the condition of the patient does not permit cranial surgery. When aneurysms cannot be treated surgically or when surgery is considered to be too risky or invasive, aneurysms may be treated endovascularly with coils. The coils are placed in the aneurysm by extending a catheter endovascularly to the site of the .aneurysm and passing single or often multiple platinum or tungsten coils through the catheter into the .aneurysm. The coils placed within the .aneurysm create a thrombus which occludes the aneurysm and prevents further blood flow to the aneurysm. The treatment of intracrani.al aneurysms with coils isolates the aneurysm from arterial circulation helping to guard against rupture and further growth of the aneurysm. However, the use of platinum coils to treat intracranial aneurysms may not be a permanent solution because the blood clot around die coils may declot or dissolve due to die dynamic nature of the blood clotting function. Once a clot formed around the coils in an aneurysm declots, me coil can no longer perform its function of occluding the aneurysm. In addition, the coils may become dislodged and enter the patient's blood stream causing blockages at other locations wiύ in the vascular system. Another drawback associated with the use of coils to occlude an aneurysm is that the coils are known to compact over time leaving cavities for subsequent aneurysm growth. In addition, if a subsequent surgical clipping procedure is warranted, it can be difficult to place the clip over the coil mass. Aneurysms having large necks are not easily treated by either surgical clipping or by coils because the .aneurysm neck may have a shape which cannot be completely clipped surgically and the coils may tend to become dislodged from me aneurysm when the neck is particularly large. One minimally invasive procedure for treating intracranial aneurysms which addresses e problems with the surgical clipping and coil techniques involves e endovascular injection of a liquid embolic composition which solidifies in the aneurysm to occlude the aneurysm. The liquid embolic composition generally includes a water-insoluble, biocompatible polymer and a biocompatible solvent. Once the liquid embolic composition is injected into the aneurysm, me biocompatible solvent dissipates into the blood and die polymer solidifies to occlude me blood flow d rough the aneurysm. Typically, liquid embolic compositions include a water insoluble, biocompatible, non-biodegradable polymer dissolved in a biocompatible solvent and preferably these compositions include a radiopaque material which allows the physician to view the embolization procedure by fluoroscopy. Prior to delivery of the embolic composition to the aneurysm, the aneurysm and delivery device are preferably positioned so that the liquid embolic composition will be delivered by gravity into the aneurysm and will remain in the aneurysm (with the aneurysm neck pointing up). As the embolic composition is delivered to d e aneurysm, the solvent dissipates from d e polymer material causing the polymer material within the .aneurysm to solidify. Depending on die rate at which the liquid embolic material is injected into d e blood vessel and die amount of blood flow present, me polymer may remain in liquid form for a period of time while me solvent dissipates into the blood stream. Moreover, the solvent may not be completely dissipated from a center of the polymer mass creating a mass with a solid outer shell .and liquid interior. In addition, die solvent concentration at the point of injection may increase to a point where small strings of unsolidified polymer material may separate from the polymer mass and be carried away in d e blood stre∑un where it can occlude .an undesired vascular location. Since d e solvent generally has a density greater than water or blood, gravity may hold me solvent in me aneurysm and prevent die polymer from solidifying. Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide a method for controlling die solidification of die polymer material during injection. It would also be desirable to provide a mediod for filling an aneurysm which is not positioned such uiat gravity may be used to cause die embolic composition to flow into and remain in e aneurysm, since a patient's anatomical position cannot always be in a gravity dependent position. As disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 08/730,701, embolization of a blood vessel wiui a liquid embolic composition generally includes a preparatory step of flushing a delivery cadieter d rough which die liquid embolic composition is to be delivered widi die biocompatible solvent material to remove any aqueous material from die cadieter. The removal of any aqueous material from die cadieter inhibits solidification of die embolic composition within die cadieter during delivery. This preliminary step of flushing wiui die solvent must be done at a slow flow rate to prevent damage to me blood vessel caused by high concenfrations of die solvent which can be toxic and may cause vascular spasms. However, it would be desirable to be able to perform me preliminary flushing of die delivery cadieter without concern of causing tissue damage. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According to one aspect of die invention a catheter system for controlled delivery of polymer compositions includes a multiple lumen cadieter having a first lumen and a second lumen for delivery of fluid. A first fluid delivery port delivers fluid to die first lumen and a liquid supply is connected to die first fluid delivery port for delivery of a liquid embolic composition dirough die first lumen. A second fluid delivery port delivers fluid to d e second lumen and a solidification agent supply is connected to die second fluid delivery port for delivery of a solidification agent through die second lumen to enhance solidification of die liquid embolic composition delivered dirough die first lumen. According to a further .aspect of the invention a cadieter for controlled delivery of embolic compositions includes a first tube formed of a DMSO compatible material, a second tube connected to die first tube and an actuator for sliding die first mbe longitudinally witii respect to die second mbe. A first fluid delivery port is connected to a lumen of die first tube for delivery of a liquid embolic composition including a biocompatible, water insoluble, polymer composition dissolved in DMSO. A second fluid delivery port is connected to a lumen of die second mbe for delivery of a solidification agent which encourages dissipation of die DMSO and solidification of d e polymer composition. According to an additional aspect of die invention a me od of embolizing a vascular site such as an aneurysm wiui a liquid embolic composition includes die steps of inserting a multiple lumen cadieter endovascularly to a vascular site, injecting a liquid embolic composition dirough a first lumen of the multiple lumen cadieter at die vascular site, and controlling solidification of d e liquid embolic composition witiiin me vascular site by injecting a solidification agent dirough a second lumen of the multiple lumen cadieter at die vascular site. In accordance widi a further aspect of die present invention, a method for reducing toxic effects of a non-aqueous solvent delivered intravascularly includes positioning a multi-lumen cadieter into a vascular site of a mammal, injecting a composition comprising a non-aqueous solvent dirough a first lumen of die multiple lumen cadieter at die vascular site, and injection an aqueous solution through at least a second lumen of die multiple lumen catheter at die vascular site to dilute die non-aqueous solvent .and reduce toxic effects of the non-aqueous solvent on surrounding tissue. In accordance widi anodier aspect of die present invention, a kit for controlled delivery in vivo of a liquid embolic composition includes a liquid embolic composition, and a multiple lumen catheter for delivery of liquid embolic composition dirough a first lumen and delivery of a solidification agent dirough a second lumen. BRTEF DESCRπTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention will be described in greater detail widi reference to die accompanying drawings in which like elements bear like reference numbers, and wherein: FIG. 1 is a side view of d e cadieter system according to me present invention; FIG. 2 is an exploded side view of die cadieter system of FIG. 1; FIG. 3 is .an enlarged cross-sectional view of the multiple lumen catheter taken along line 3-3 of FIG. 1; FIG. 4 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of die multiple lumen cadieter taken along line 4-4 of FIG. 1 ; FIG. 5 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of die multiple lumen cadieter taken along line 5-5 of FIG. 1; FIG. 6 is an enlarged side cross-sectional view of an aneurysm being treated by die metiiod according to die present invention; FIG. 7 is an enlarged side cross-sectional view of an aneurysm showing die detachment of an embolic mass from the cadieter; FIG. 8 is an enlarged perspective view of a distal end of a cadieter according to a first alternative embodiment of die invention; FIG. 9 is an enlarged perspective view of a distal end of a cadieter according to a second alternative embodiment of die invention; FIG. 10 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of die distal end of a cadieter according to a tiiird alternative embodiment of die invention; and FIG. 11 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a distal end of a cadieter according to a fourth alternative embodiment of die invention. ETAΠ DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The catheter system of FIG. 1 includes a cadieter having at least two lumens for delivery of a liquid embolic composition through a first lumen and delivery of a solidification agent dirough a second lumen. The liquid embolic composition and die solidification agent are delivered to die two lumens dirough a cadieter connector which allows adjustment of me relative longitudinal positions of die two lumens. The cadieter system is used to embolize vascular sites by controlled solidification of die embolic composition witiiin such sites. The cadieter system 10 includes an inner mbe 12, an outer mbe 14, and proximal end connector 16 also called a Y-connector or Y-fitting for connection of fluid supplies to d e inner and outer tubes. The outer mbe 14 is positioned coaxially around die inner mbe 12 forming an annular lumen between die inner and outer tubes and an annular outlet of die outer mbe. The inner mbe 12 is movable witiiin the outer mbe 14 by an actuator 18 and can be locked in place widi respect to d e outer mbe by a locking mechanism 20. The method according to die present invention involves die insertion of die multiple lumen catheter of die cadieter system 10 endovascularly to a vascular site such as an aneurysm and injecting a liquid embolic composition dirough a first lumen while injecting a solidification agent dirough a second lumen to control solidification of die liquid embolic composition. The controlled solidification of die liquid embolic composition allows die vascular site to be filled more precisely and rapidly, even when die aneurysm is located such tiiat gravity does not cause die liquid embolic to remain in such sites. Prior to discussing die present invention in further detail, die following terms are defined: The term "embolic composition" refers to a fluid composition tiiat is injected into a blood vessel and solidifies to fully or partially occlude die vascular site. The term "embolizing" or "emboiization" refers to a process wherein a fluid composition is injected into a blood vessel which, in e case of, for example, aneurysms, fills or plugs die aneurysm sac and/or encourages clot formation so tiiat blood flow into die aneurysm and pressure in die aneurysm ceases, and in the case of arterial venous malformations (AVMs) and arterial venous fistula (AVFs) forms a plug or clot to control/reroute blood flow to permit proper tissue perfusion. Emboiization may be used for preventing/controlling bleeding due to lesions (e.g., organ bleeding, gastrointestinal bleeding, vascular bleeding, as well as bleeding associated widi an aneurysm). In addition, emboiization can be used to ablate diseased tissue (e.g., tumors, etc.) by cutting off its blood supply. The term "biocompatible polymer" refers to polymers which, in die amounts employed, are non-toxic, chemically inert, and substantially non- immunogenic when used internally in die patient and which are substantially insoluble in blood and otiier aqueous solutions but are soluble in die fluid composition to die degree necessary to form a solid mass in vivo. The term "contrast agent" refers to both water insoluble and aqueous based contrast agents which are visible by x-ray, fluoroscopy, CT scan, MRI, or die like. The term "biocompatible solvent" refers to solvents capable of dissolving die selected biocompatible polymer which are miscible or soluble in aqueous compositions (e.g., blood). Suitable biocompatible solvents include ethanol, dimemylsulfoxide (DMSO), etiiyl lactate, acetone, and die like as well as aqueous mixtures thereof having no more tiian about 30 percent water. When employed at tins level, the amount of water is sufficiendy small that the dissolved polymer precipitates upon contact with die blood. Preferably, die biocompatible solvent is anhydrous and, even more preferably, the biocompatible solvent is anhydrous dimemylsulfoxide (DMSO). The term "solidification agent" refers to a liquid composition which when in proximity to the liquid embolic composition, increases die rate at which die liquid embolic composition solidifies. Examples of such solidification agents include sterile water, sterile saline, Dextrose 5% water (D5W), lactated Ringers solution, contiast agents and die like. The term "cadieter" includes botii catiieters and microcadieters. The catheters and microcatheters are designed for use in die highly tortuous blood vessels of die body, such as, intracranial blood vessels. By highly tortuous, we mean die typical tortuosity encountered in die vascular patirway from a remote access site such as die femoral artery to target sites deep widiin in die coronary, renal, and cerebral vasculature. Specific embodiments may be constructed for access into target sites involving pathologically tortuous blood vessels, and by padiological tortuosity, we mean tiiat the vascular patiiway from a remote access site such as the femoral artery to target sites involves turns in excess of 90° when branching off from one blood vessel to anotiier blood vessel (paths which branch off die proceeding vessel at angles greater tiian a right angle), and where die total path lengtii widiin die target tissue is at least about 5 cm and is also characterized as being accessible by a guidewire .018 inches or smaller, but being too delicate and/or tortuous for accessing by a significantly larger diameter guidewire. FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate die cadieter system 10 according to die present invention dirough which the liquid embolic composition and die solidification agent are injected into a vascular site to achieve controlled solidification of die liquid embolic composition widiin the blood vessel. As illustrated in die exploded view of FIG. 2, a proximal end of he inner mbe 12 extends dirough a rigid mbe 22 which stabilizes the proximal end of die inner mbe. The proximal ends of die rigid mbe 22 and die inner mbe 12 are connected to die actuator 18. The actuator 18 is positioned on a first luer hub 24 and includes a substantially flat rectangular manipulator which is grasped by die physician to move the inner mbe 12 longitudinally widiin die outer mbe 14. The rigid mbe 22 is positioned widiin die connector 16 widi a stop 26 of die rigid mbe arranged between corresponding first and second stops 28, 30 widiin die connector 16. The first and second stops 28, 30 of die connector 16 engage the stop 26 of d e rigid mbe 22 to limit the longitudinal motion of die inner mbe 12 with respect to the outer mbe 14. According to an alternative embodiment, proximal motion of die actuator 18 and die inner mbe 12 is limited by engagement of die stop 26 widi die second stop 30. Distal motion of die inner mbe 12 with respect to the outer mbe 14 is limited by engagement of die actuator 18 wiui die locking mechanism 20. The first luer hub 24 is positioned proximally of the actuator 18 and provides mating means for mating with a syringe (not shown) filled widi die liquid embolic composition. A preferred luer hub/syringe combination is illustrated in U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 08/866,208 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Aldiough die liquid embolic composition would generally be delivered to die cadieter by a syringe in a quantity which may be continuously controlled by die physician, it may also be injected by otiier means such as a high pressure injector or pump. The catheter connector 16 includes a Y-arm 32 wid a second luer hub 34 which provides mating means for mating widi a supply of die solidification agent. The Y-arm 32 extends from a side of die main body of die connector 16 for delivery of die solidification agent to die interior of die connector. From the interior of die connector 16 die solidification agent passes into the annular lumen between die outer mbe 14 .and die inner mbe 12. The outer mbe 14 is connected to die connector 16 by a distal end cap 46 of die connector. The outer mbe 14 may be connected by a compression fit by trapping the proximal end of die mbe between die connector 16 and die end cap 46 by a direaded connection. The outer mbe 14 may also be connected to die connector by adhesive bonding, insert molding, and die like. The solidification agent may be delivered to die outer mbe 14 dirough die Y-arm 32 from a variety of sources, such as, a gravity feed saline bag, a pump, a high pressure injector, or a syringe. An anti-kinking feature of die present invention is provided to prevent kinking of the inner mbe 12 as it is pushed distally within die outer mbe 14. The anti-kinking feature includes an outer rigid mbe 48 which is press fit within the stop 28. The stop 28 is in turn press fit widiin die main body of die connector 16. The inner rigid mbe 22 slides widiin die somewhat larger outer rigid mbe 48 to guide die inner mbe 12 within die outer mbe 14 witiiout kinking. When die inner rigid tube 22 has been moved proximally until d e stop 26 of the rigid mbe engages the stop 30, an end of d e inner rigid mbe remains inside die outer rigid mbe 48. Without die rigid tubes 22, 48, it would not be possible to slide die inner mbe 12 into die outer mbe 14 because die flexible inner mbe would fold up widiin die connector 16. The outer rigid mbe 48 extends from the stop 28 toward die distal end cap 46. However, die outer rigid mbe 48 ends before a proximal end of die outer mbe 14 providing a gap. Accordingly, die fluid injected dirough die luer hub 34 passes around die outer rigid mbe 48, through the gap between outer rigid mbe .and the outer mbe 14, and into die outer mbe. The locking mechanism 20 for locking the relative longitudinal positions of die inner mbe 12 .and die outer mbe 14 is best shown in he exploded view of FIG. 2. The locking mechanism 20 includes an externally threaded end 36 of die connector 16, a rotatable cap 38 having internal tiireads, and a resilient sealing member 40. When the connector 16 is assembled widi die inner mbe 12 positioned widiin die outer mbe 14 die sealing member 40 is positioned around die rigid mbe 22 connected to die inner cadieter mbe 12. The sealing member 40 has a shape which includes an annular tapered .surface at each end and a dirough bore for receiving die rigid mbe 22. The opposite annular tapered surfaces of die sealing member 40 engage correspondingly tapered surfaces 42, 44 inside die connector 16 and inside a distal end of die rotatable cap 38, respectively. In a preferred embodiment of die present invention, me sealing member 40 is a type of seal called a Tuohy-Borst seal. The rigid mbe 22 is placed inside die connector 16 such that die inner mbe 12 is slidable within die outer mbe 14, and die rigid mbe 22 is slidable within die connector and die rigid mbe 48. As me rotatable cap 38 is tightened onto die direaded end 36 of die connector 16 die sealing member 40 is compressed between die tapered internal surface 42 of die connector 16 and die tapered internal surface 44 of die cap. As die sealing member 40 is compressed longitudinally it expands radially inwardly and radially outwardly to lock die rigid tube 22 in place within die connector 16 .and to provide a fluid tight seal between die interior surfaces of die connector and die exterior surface of die rigid mbe. In tins manner, die locking mechamsm 20 freezes the ends of die inner and outer tubes 12, 14 widi respect to each other. The inner and outer tubes 12, 14 for use in the present invention are particularly designed to have sufficient rigidity to be inserted widi or witiiout a guide wire to a location within a blood vessel for emboiization and to have sufficient flexibility at the distal end to prevent d.amage to tissue. In order to achieve these objectives, of rigidity at die proximal end and flexibility at the distal end, die inner and outer tubes 12, 14 may each be formed of two segments of differing flexibilities joined togetiier. The joints between the distal and proximal segments of the inner and outer tubes are longitudinally staggered resulting in die tiiree different cross sections of die cadieter illustrated in FIGS. 3-5. Although die invention is described as employing cadieter segments joined by joints, the cadieter segments of differing cross-sections and flexibilities may be extruded togetiier as a single piece to avoid the need for joints. Alternatively, die inner and outer tubes 12, 14 may have a continuously changing flexibility along tiieir lengths. As shown in FIG. 3, a proximal segment 12a of die inner mbe 12 is formed of a material having a preferred durometer of approximately 40 Shore D to 90 Shore D, more preferably approximately 60 Shore D to 80 Shore D, and a diameter Dl. A proximal segment 14a of die outer mbe 14 is formed of a material having a preferred durometer of approximately 40 Shore D to 90 Shore D, more preferably approximately 60 Shore D to 80 Shore D, and a diameter D2. The proximal segment 14a of die outer mbe 14 having die diameter D2 is fused to a distal segment 14b of die outer mbe which has a smaller diameter D3, shown in FIG. 4. The distal segment 14b of die outer mbe 14 has a durometer which is smaller than that of the proximal segment 14a. Preferably, die durometer of the distal segment 14b is approximately 40 Shore A to 45 Shore D more preferably approximately 80 Shore A to 100 Shore A. The transition between the segments 14a, 14b of the outer mbe 14 occurs between the section line 3-3 .and die section line 4-4 in FIG. 1. This transition between the distal and proximal segments 14a, 14b of die outer mbe 14 is located along die lengtii of die cadieter as required to allow d e cadieter to be tracked along a tortuous patii, preferably die transition is between 15 and 20 cm from the distal end of die cadieter. The proximal segment 12a of the inner mbe 12 is fused to a distal segment 12b of die inner mbe, shown in FIG. 5. The proximal and distal segments 12a, 12b of the inner mbe preferably have die same diameter Dl but are formed of different materials with different flexibilities. The distal segment 12b of die inner mbe 12 preferably has a durometer of approximately 40 Shore A to 45 Shore D, more preferably approximately 80 Shore A to 100 Shore A. One example of a multiple lumen cadieter employed in die present invention has a usable length of about 150 cm, a proximal portion of the outer mbe which is about 3.6 French and a distal portion of die outer mbe which is about 2.6 French. The wall diicknesses of the inner and outer tubes vary from about .003 inches (.008 cm) to about .005 inches (.013 cm), with die proximal portion of die outer mbe having die largest wall tiϋckness. The proximal portions of me inner and outer tubes are formed of high density polyetiiylene having a durometer of about 70 Shore D. The more flexible distal portions of die inner and outer tubes are formed of about 40% low density polyetiiylene and about 60% Engage by Dow (polyolefin) having a durometer of about 35 Shore D. This cadieter configuration lias been described only as an example. Catheters having a size of between about 1.5 and 5.0 French may be used for treatment of aneurysms and otiier sizes may also be used for otiier types of treatments of vascular sites. The catheters may also be braided or coil reinforced and formed of a wide variety of materials. Braided or otiierwise reinforced cadieters provide kink resistance, crush resistance, and steerability. The inner mbe 12 is movable from an extended position in which die inner tube extends from me distal end of die outer mbe 14 by up to about 30 mm to a retracted position in which the inner mbe distal end is even widi or inside die distal end of die outer mbe 14. Movement of die actuator 18 in die direction of arrow A in FIG. 1 provides a corresponding movement of the distal end of die inner mbe 12 in the direction of the arrow B. The inner and outer tubes 12, 14 preferably experience minimal elongation or compression such tiiat the distance of travel of the actuator 18 is substantially the same as the distance of travel of die distal end of die inner mbe 12. The tip of e cadieter is preferably shaped prior to use by die physician to a desired shape for the particular location and configuration of die vasculature to be treated. The tip of die cadieter is shaped by placing a tip shaping mandrel in die lumen of die inner mbe 12. A sleeve may also be placed in the lumen between the outer mbe 14 and the inner mbe 12 during shaping to support the outer tube. The catheter tip widi die mandrel and die sleeve is tiien shaped to a desired curvature by die physician and subsequently steam heated to hold die curvature once die mandrel and sleeve have been witiidrawn. The method according to die present invention involves die injection of a solidification agent to control die solidification of die embolic composition widiin a blood vessel. The solidification agent allows for rapid, controlled solidification of the embolic composition and places more control of the emboiization procedure in the hands of die physician. One example of a liquid embolic composition for embolizing aneurysms includes a biocompatible, water insoluble polymer, a contrast agent, and a biocompatible solvent such as dimemylsulfoxide (DMSO). Examples of such embolizing compositions are described in U.S. Patent No. 5,667,767, which issued September 16, 1997, U.S. Patent No. 5,580,568, which issued on December 3, 1996, and allowed U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 08/688,050 each of which are incorporated herein by reference in tiieir entirety. FIG. 6 illustrates the use of d e method and apparatus according to die present invention to occlude an aneurysm 70 having a relatively large neck 72 which has formed at a branch in a blood vessel 74. The aneurysm 70 is treated by inserting the multiple lumen catheter of FIG. 1 endovascularly until a distal end of die cadieter is positioned widiin or near die aneurysm or die neck 72 of die aneurysm. The position of the cadieter tip will vary depending on die aneurysm shape, size, and flow pattern. A guide wire (not shown) positioned in die inner mbe 12 may or may not be used to guide die cadieter dirough the blood vessels. Otiier methods of tracking me catheter to die aneurysm include steerable systems in which die cadieter tip is steered, flow directed systems, or sheath directed systems in which die cadieter is delivered dirough a sheatii. The insertion of the cadieter is generally performed under fluoroscopic visualization in a known manner. As shown in FIG. 6, the distal ends of die inner and outer tubes 12, 14 each have a radiopaque marker 50, 52, respectively, to allow die physician to view die relative positions of the distal ends of die two catheter tubes and die position of die cadieter tubes widi respect to the aneurysm 70. The radiopaque markers 50, 52 may be formed eitiier at die inner or outer diameters of the tubes 12, 14. While tracking die cadieter dirough a typical tortuous path, tihe inner mbe 12 may be extended from die end of die outer mbe 14 to improve die flexibility and tracking of die cadieter distal end. Prior to delivery of die liquid embolic composition to the aneurysm 70, the lumen 62 of die inner mbe 12 is preferably flushed widi a barrier fluid to remove any aqueous material, such as blood, saline, or contrast agent from the inner mbe which may cause the embolic composition to solidify widiin die cadieter and block die cadieter. The cadieter does not need to be entirely primed widi d e barrier fluid as long as die column of barrier fluid is of a sufficient lengtii to prevent contact between the liquid embolic composition and any aqueous material in me catheter. The barrier fluid may be the biocompatible solvent or another fluid providing a barrier between aqueous fluids and die liquid embolic composition. High concentrations of organic solvents such as DMSO, ethanol and otiiers when used as barrier fluids can be toxic to tissue and may cause vascular spasms. In order to avoid the high solvent concentrations which are toxic to tissue, a dilution liquid is injected dirough die annular lumen 60 between the inner and outer tubes 12, 14 during injection of die barrier fluid. The dilution liquid may be the same liquid as die solidification agent, e.g., saline, or may a different liquid. The injection of a dilution agent minimizes the effect of die toxicity of an organic solvent and greatly increases the solvent injection flow rate which can be used safely. Preferably, the dilution agent is injected dirough die lumen 60 of die outer mbe 14 before or as soon as the solvent begins to exit the inner lumen 62 before any of the embolic composition has been injected. The dilution agent causes die solvent to diffuse in d e vessel treatment area at a much higher rate, and tiierefore, the concentration of die solvent in contact with die tissue is greatly decreased. A contrast agent may be used as die dilution agent to help visualize flow characteristics of the aneurysm and determine optimum catheter placement widiin die aneurysm. According to die method of the present invention illustrated in FIG. 6, die aneurysm 70 is treated by injection of die liquid embolic composition into die aneurysm 70 dirough die lumen 62 of the inner mbe 12 by a syringe or other delivery mechanism attached to the luer connection 24. The solidification agent, e.g., saline, is injected dirough die lumen 60 of die outer mbe 14 in tandem or just subsequent to the injection of die liquid embolic composition. The solidification agent may be injected in a continuous or a pulsatile manner. The solidification agent washes die area of die aneurysm of blood which has become saturated widi solvent, replacing it with fresh solidification agent. The washing action of die solidification agent is used to remove blood and ot er viscous fluids in die aneurysm which are odierwise difficult to displace. In addition, die solidification agent provides a diffusion bed of solidification agent and increases die diffusion gradient which improves the diffusion of die solvent from die embolic composition as the composition solidifies in a coherent mass. Without the use of die solidification agent die solvent concentration gradient between the liquid embolic composition being injected and die surrounding blood decreases as the solvent dissipates from die embolic composition slowing the rate at which die solvent diffuses from die embolic composition. The solidification agent is used to increase die solvent concentration gradient which causes die solvent diffusion rate to increase. According to an alternative embodiment of die invention, die liquid embolic composition and solidification agent are injected alternately ratiier tiian simultaneously. The injection of liquid embolic composition alone will form a nearly spherical shape. The liquid embolic injection may then be discontinued while me solidification agent is injected to solidify die spherically shaped mass of liquid embolic. The timing of the injection of the liquid embolic composition .and die solidification agent may be varied to achieve different results. The inner mbe 12 is slidable widiin die outer mbe 14 so tiiat die tip of the inner mbe can be extended to different lengtiis from die distal end of die outer mbe to further control the solidification of die embolic composition depending on die aneurysm size, shape, and flow characteristics. The injection of a fluid through die annulus between the inner and outer mbes 12, 14 may also be used to aid in die movement of die inner mbe inside die outer mbe by creating a moving fluid column which reduces friction between the mbes. The use of fluid as a friction reducing mechanism may be particularly useful when the catheter has been tracked dirough a typically tortuous patii such as tiiat provided by die blood vessels of die brain. When emboiization of the aneurysm is completed or is halted for some other reason, the outer mbe 14 serves as a lip to disconnect die embolic mass from the cadieter by retracting die inner mbe 12 into die outer mbe. The separation of a coherent solid mass of embolic composition E from die end of die cadieter is illustrated in FIG. 7. Witiiout die detachment mechanism provided by die movable inner mbe 12, it may be difficult for the physician to separate die embolic mass E from the cadieter without causing trauma to the surrounding tissue. The detachment may be provided by any one or more of die following steps: 1) retracting die inner mbe 12 into the outer mbe 14; 2) advancing die outer mbe over die inner mbe; or 3) injecting solidification agent to detach die embolic mass from e outer mbe. In order to visualize die flow in die area being treated, including die flow into and out of die aneurysm, the dilution agent and/or die solidification agent can be combined witii a contrast agent and injected alone prior to injection of die liquid embolic composition. Further, washout can be visualized by injection of contrast agent dirough die inner lumen while solidification agent is injected dirough die annular lumen between die inner and outer mbes 12, 14. AUhough the present invention has been described as employing a coaxial catheter having coaxial lumens, the present invention may also employ otiier types of multiple lumen catheters such as tiiose shown in FIGS. 8-11. Additional multiple lumen catheter configurations other tiian tiiose shown may also be used, including catiieters having multiple lumens for delivery of die liquid embolic composition and catiieters having multiple lumens for delivery of die solidification agent. Further, two independent catheters may be used for separate delivery of die liquid embolic composition and die solidification agent to achieve die controlled solidification of the embolic composition according to the method of the present invention. A multiple lumen catheter 80 illustrated in FIG. 8 has a first lumen 82 .and a .second lumen 84 positioned side by side. In this side by side embodiment, d e liquid embolic composition is injected dirough die first lumen 82 while die solidification agent is injected through die second lumen 84. As shown in FIG. 9, die outiets of the two lumens 82a, 84a may be longitudinally staggered so tiiat the solidification agent injected dirough die second lumen 84a washes around die outlet of die first lumen 82a delivering die embolic composition. In addition, the side-by-side embodiments of FIGS. 8 and 9 may include means for adjusting die longitudinal position of one of die lumens with respect to the otiier lumen. FIG. 10 illustrates another alternative embodiment of a multiple lumen catheter 90 having an inner mbe 92 and an outer mbe 94 co∑ixiaHy surrounding the inner mbe. The outer mbe 94 includes a distal tapered portion 96 and a plurality of openings 98 or side holes. The liquid embolic composition is delivered dirough die inner mbe 92 while the solidification agent is delivered dirough d e outer mbe 94 and exits both and dirough end of die outer mbe and dirough the openings 98. The tapered portion 96 of die outer mbe 94 causes die solidification agent to be injected at an increased velocity along the inner mbe 92 and washes d e liquid embolic as it is injected from die inner mbe. The size and number of the openings 98 and die degree of taper may be varied to provide different .amounts of flow dirough the end of die outer mbe 94 and through die openings. FIG. 11 illustrates a further alternative embodiment of a multiple lumen catheter 100 in which an outer coaxial tube 104 is fused to an inner coaxial mbe 102 at a distal end of die catheter. One or more openings 106 or side holes are provided in a side wall of die outer mbe 104 for delivery of die solidification agent. The openings 106 may be particularly designed to deliver die solidification agent in a desired delivery pattern by variation of the number, size, and location of the openings. Although die present invention has been described in detail for use in treatment of aneurysms, it can also be used in a variety of other applications where controlled solidification of a liquid embolic composition is desired. For example, the present invention may be used to occlude a blood vessel in order to block die blood flow to a tumor to ablate tumorous tissue. The present invention may be used to control bleeding in blood vessels by occluding a blood vessel. Further, die present invention may be used to control tiie solidification of a biocompatible polymer which is used for reversible sterilization or for bulking of tissues to treat urinary incontinence. The injection of the solidification agent to control die solidification of die embolic composition according to the present invention is particularly useful in situations where high flow rates may carry the liquid embolic away from the emboiization site before it is solidified in a mass, for example an AVF, and for situations where die position of the formation to be filled with the embolic composition does not allow die liquid embolic composition to remain by gravity in the formation. The invention may also be particularly useful in situations where the fluid flow is very low and die solvent is not carried away as it dissipates from me embolic composition. The catheter for use in die present invention particularly die inner mbe 12, and also die connector 16 and die actuator 18, are formed of solvent compatible materials. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention in which the solvent is DMSO, the catheter elements which may come into contact with the solvent are DMSO compatible. Examples of DMSO compatible materials and some of the preferred durometers of tiiese materials for use in a catheter include polyolefins, such as, polyetiiylene (80A-80D), polyester polyether block copolymer (30D-80D), Alcryn (chlorinated polyolefin) (60A- 80A), Pebax (polyamide polyether block copolymer) (25D-70D); fluoropolymers, such as, PTFE (such as Teflon), ETFE, and SEBS (styrene etiiylene butadiene styrene); silicones; interpenetrating networks of silicone; and nylons (6/6, 6/10, and 6/12); and polyimide. The inner and outer mbes 12, 14 are preferably coated widi lubricous coatings both on tiieir inner and outer diameters. In particular, a lubricous coating on the outer diameter of the outer mbe 14 assists the insertion of the cadieter, while lubricous coatings on the inner diameter of die outer mbe and on die outer diameter of the inner mbe 12 improve the longitudinal motion of tiie inner mbe within the outer mbe. A lubricous coating on the inner diameter of the inner mbe 12 will improve guidewire movement within the catheter. The lubricous coating on the inner diameter of the inner mbe 12 should be compatible with die biocompatible solvent. The inner and outer rigid mbes 22, 48 within d e connector 16 of the present invention may also include a keyed slot extending substantially along their lengths to prevent the relative rotation of the inner and outer mbes 12, 14 at their proxiπul end. For example, die inner rigid mbe 22 may include an external longitudinal groove which receives an internal longitudinal rib of die outer rigid mbe 48. Suitable biocompatible polymers for use in the liquid embolic composition of die present invention include, by way of example, non-biodegradable polymers such as cellulose acetates (including cellulose diacetate), etiiylene vinyl alcohol copolymers, hydrogels (e.g., acrylics), poly aery lonitrile, polyvinylacetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, nitrocellulose, copolymers of urethane/carbonate, copolymers of styrene/maleic acid, and mixtures thereof. Otiier suitable biocompatible polymers include, for example, biodegradable polymers such as linear-chain polymers such as polylactides, polyglycolides, polycaprolactones, polyanhydrides, polyamides, polyuretiianes, polyesteramides, polyorthoesters, polydioxanones, polyacetals, polyketals, polycarbonates, polyorthocarbonates, polyhydroxybutyrates, polyhydroxyvalerates, polyalkylene oxalates, polyalkylene succinates, poly (malic acid), poly(amino acids), polyhydroxycellulose, chitin, chitosan, .and copolymers, terpolymers and combinations thereof. Preferably, the biocompatible polymer does not cause adverse inflammatory reactions when employed in vivo. The particular biocompatible polymer employed is selected relative to the viscosity of the resulting polymer solution, the solubility of the biocompatible polymer in the biocompatible solvent, and die like. Such factors are well within the skill of the .art. Preferred biocompatible polymers include cellulose diacetate and etiiylene vinyl alcohol copolymer. Cellulose diacetate polymers are either commercially available or can be prepared by art recognized procedures. In a preferred embodiment, die number average molecular weight, .as determined by gel permeation chromatography, of the cellulose diacetate composition is from about 25,000 to about 100,000 more preferably from about 50,000 to about 75,000 and still more preferably from about 58,000 to 64,000. The weight average molecular weight of the cellulose diacetate composition, as determined by gel permeation chromatography, is preferably from about 50,000 to 200,000 and more preferably from about 100,000 to about 180,000. As is apparent to one skilled in die art, with all other factors being equal, cellulose diacetate polymers having a lower molecular weight will impart a lower viscosity to the composition as compared to higher molecular weight polymers. Accordingly, adjustment of the viscosity of the composition can be readily achieved by mere adjustment of the molecular weight of the polymer composition. Etiiylene vinyl alcohol copolymers comprise residues of both ethylene and vinyl alcohol monomers. Small amounts (e.g., less tiian 5 mole percent) of additional monomers can be included in die polymer strucmre or grafted tiiereon provided such additional monomers do not alter die embolizing properties of the composition. Such additional monomers include, by way of example only, maleic anhydride, styrene, propylene, acrylic acid, vinyl acetate and die like. Ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymers are either commercially available or can be prepared by art recognized procedures. Preferably, the ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer composition is selected such tiiat a solution of 6 weight percent of the ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer, 25 weight percent of a tantalum contrast agent in DMSO has a viscosity equal to or less than 60 centipoise at 20°C. As is apparent to one skilled in die art, widi all otiier factors being equal, copolymers having a lower molecular weight will impart a lower viscosity to the composition .as compared to higher molecular weight copolymers. Accordingly, adjustment of the viscosity of the composition as necessary for catheter delivery can be readily achieved by mere adjustment of die molecule weight of the copolymer composition. As is also apparent, the ratio of ethylene to vinyl alcohol in the copolymer affects the over.all hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity of the composition which, in turn, affects the relative water solubility/insolubility of the composition as well as the rate of precipitation of the copolymer in an aqueous solution (e.g. , blood). In a particularly preferred embodiment, die copolymers employed herein comprise a mole percent of etiiylene of from about 25 to about 60 and a mole percent of vinyl alcohol of from about 40 to about 75. These compositions provide for requisite precipitation rates suitable for use in embolizing blood vessels. While die invention has been described in detail widi reference to a preferred embodiment thereof , it will be apparent to one skilled in die art tiiat various changes and modifications can be made, and equivalents employed, witiiout departing from the spirit and scope of die invention.

Claims: What is claimed is: 1. A cadieter system for controlling solidification in vivo of liquid embolic compositions which catheter system comprises: (a) a multiple lumen catheter having a first lumen and a second lumen for delivery of fluid; (b) a first fluid delivery port for delivery of fluid to die first lumen; (c) a second fluid delivery port for delivery of fluid to die second lumen; (d) a liquid supply connected to die first fluid delivery port for delivery of a liquid embolic composition through the first lumen; and (e) a sdiQ4fic.atiQii_agent supply connected to die second fluid delivery port for delivery of a solidification agent through the second lumen to enhance solidification of the liquid embolic composition when delivered in vivo through the first lumen. 2. The catheter system according to claim 1, wherein die multiple lumen catheter includes an inner mbe and an outer mbe coaxially surrounding die inner mbe. 3. The catheter system according to claim 2, wherein the inner mbe is longitudinally movable within the outer mbe to adjust a relative position of an outlet of the inner mbe with respect to ∑ outlet of the outer mbe. 4. The catheter system according to claim 3, further comprising a locking mechanism for locking a position of the inner mbe with respect to the outer mbe. 5. The catheter system according to claim 3, wherein the relative positions of the inner mbe and die outer mbe are movable from a first position in which the inner mbe extends from die outlet of the outer mbe, to a second position in which the outlet of the inner mbe is positioned within the lumen of the outer mbe, wherein the relative motion of the inner and outer mbes from the first position to the second position detaches a solidified mass of the embolic composition from die multiple lumen cadieter. 6. The cadieter system according to claim 1 , wherein an outlet of the first lumen and an outlet of the second lumen of die multiple lumen catheter are longitudinally movable widi respect to one another to change relative longimdinal positions of the outlets of the first and second lumens to control solidification of the liquid embolic composition. 7. The catheter system according to claim 1, wherein die liquid embolic composition comprises a water-insoluble, biocompatible polymer dissolved in a biocompatible solvent and the catheter is compatible with the biocompatible solvent. 8. The catheter system according to claim 7, wherein die biocompatible solvent is DMSO. 9. The cadieter system according to claim 8, wherein the multiple lumen catheter is DMSO compatible. 10. The catheter system according to claim 1, wherein die biocompatible polymer is water insoluble and die solidification agent is selected from the group consisting of water, saline, Dextrose 5 % water, lactated Ringers solution, and aqueous based contrast agents. 11. A catheter for controlling solidification in vivo of liquid embolic compositions comprising: (a) a first mbe formed of a DMSO compatible material; (b) a second mbe connected to die first mbe; (c) an actuator for sliding die first mbe longitudinally with respect to he second mbe; (d) a first fluid delivery port connected to a lumen of the first mbe for delivery of a liquid embolic composition which composition comprises a biocompatible, water-insoluble polymer dissolved in DMSO, the first delivery port formed of a DMSO compatible material; and (e) a second fluid delivery port connected to a lumen of die second tube [for delivery of a solidification agent which encourages solidification of die liquid embolic compositioδv 12. The catheter according to claim 11, further comprising a locking mechanism for locking a longimdinal position of die first mbe with respect to the second mbe. 13. The catheter according to claim 11 , wherein die second mbe coaxially surrounds die first mbe. 14. The catheter according to claim 13, further comprising an anti-kinking mechanism for preventing kinking of the first mbe as it slides in die second mbe, the anti-kinking mechanism including a rigid mbe connected to the first tube and slidable widiin a sleeve. 15. The cadieter according to claim 13, wherein a distal end of die second mbe includes a plurality of side holes for delivery of die solidification agent. 16. The catheter according to claim 11, wherein e first and second mbes each have a proximal portion widi a durometer of between about 40 Shore D and 90 Shore D. 17. The cadieter according to claim 16, wherein die first and second mbes each have a distal portion widi a durometer of between about 40 Shore A and 45 Shore D. 18. The cadieter according to claim 17, wherein a joint between die distal and proximal portions of the first mbe is longitudinally displaced from a joint between die distal and proximal portions of the second mbe at all relative positions of the catheter which are achieved by manipulation of the actuator. 19. A method of treating aneurysms with a liquid embolic composition comprising: inserting a multiple lumen catheter endovascularly to an aneurysm site; injecting a liquid embolic composition through a first lumen of the multiple lumen catheter at die aneurysm site; and controlling the solidification of die liquid embolic composition within die .aneurysm by injecting a solidification agent dirough a second lumen of die multiple lumen catheter at the aneurysm site. 20. The method of treating aneurysms according to claim 19, wherein the multiple lumen catheter is a coaxial catheter and die solidification agent is injected dirough an annulus between an inner and outer mbe of the coaxial catheter. 21. The method of treating aneurysms according to claim 19, wherein an outlet the first lumen and an outlet of the second lumen of the multiple lumen catheter are longitudinally movable widi respect to one anotiier. 22. The method of treating aneurysms according to claim 21 , wherein tiie liquid embolic composition and die solidification agent are injected when the outlets of the first and second lumens are longitudinally spaced widi respect to each otiier. 23. The method of treating aneurysms according to claim 22, wherein the outlets of the first and second lumens of die multiple lumen catheter are manipulated widi respect to one anotiier to detach a solidified mass of embolic composition from the multiple lumen catheter. 24. The method of treating aneurysms according to claim 21, wherein a fluid is injected dirough one of die first and second lumens to improve longimdinal motion of the outlets of die first and second lumens widi respect to one anotiier. 25. The method of treating aneurysms according to claim 19, wherein die injected liquid embolic composition includes a biocompatible polymer composition dissolved in a solvent. 26. The method of treating aneurysms according to claim 25, wherein die first lumen is flushed widi a barrier fluid prior to injection of the liquid embolic composition to prevent aqueous fluids in die first lumen from coming into contact with die liquid embolic composition passing through the first lumen. 27. The method of treating aneurysms according to claim 26, wherein die barrier fluid includes die solvent. 28. The method of treating aneurysms according to claim 27, wherein the solidification agent is injected dirough die second lumen during the flushing of die first lumen with d e barrier fluid to lower a concentration of the solvent being delivered to die patient. 29. The method of treating aneurysms according to claim 19, wherein tiie liquid embolic composition and die solidification agent are injected at die same time. 30. The method of treating aneurysms according to claim 19, wherein die liquid embolic composition and die solidification agent are injected alternately. 31. A metiiod for reducing toxic effects of a non-aqueous solvent delivered intravascularly which method comprises: positioning a multiple lumen catheter into a vascular site of a mammal; injecting a composition comprising a non-aqueous solvent dirough a first lumen of die multiple lumen catheter at the vascular site; and injecting an aqueous solution through at least a second lumen of die multiple lumen cadieter at the vascular site to dilute the non-aqueous solvent and reduce toxic effects of the non-aqueous solvent on surrounding tissue. 32. The method for reducing toxic effects of a non-aqueous solvent according to claim 31, wherein die non-aqueous solvent is DMSO. 33. A kit for controlled delivery in vivo of a liquid embolic composition comprising; a liquid embolic composition; and a multiple lumen catheter for delivery of die liquid embolic composition through a first lumen and delivery of a solidification agent dirough a second lumen. 34. The kit according to claim 33, wherein die multiple lumen catheter includes an inner mbe longitudinally movable within a coaxial outer mbe. 35. The kit according to claim 34, wherein die multiple lumen cadieter further comprises a connector introducing die liquid embolic composition and the solidification agent to die first and second lumens, the connector including .an anti-kinking mechanism allowing the inner tube to move within die outer mbe witiiout kinking.

Inventors: CRAGG ANDREW H, GREFF RICHARD J, PECOR ROBERT, PERL JOHN, WALKER BLAIR, WALLACE GEORGE, CRAGG, ANDREW, H., GREFF, RICHARD, J., PECOR, ROBERT, PERL, JOHN, WALKER, BLAIR, WALLACE, GEORGE
Applicants: CRAGG ANDREW H, GREFF RICHARD J, MICRO THERAPEUTICS INC, PECOR ROBERT, PERL JOHN, WALKER BLAIR, WALLACE GEORGE, CRAGG, ANDREW, H., GREFF, RICHARD, J., MICRO THERAPEUTICS, INC., PECOR, ROBERT, PERL, JOHN, WALKER, BLAIR, WALLACE, GEORGE
Application year: 1998
Main classification: A61M5
IPC codes: A61B17, A61M25, A61M37