PROPELLANT STRIP ASSEMBLY AND PROPELLANT CHARGE STRUCTURE

Abstract: A caseless propellant charge structure (210) and sensitizer structure (221) for safe ignition and cleaner gas generation. The sensitizer structure (221) is comprised of a sensitizer material (225) which is encapsulated in a protective binder material (226). The protective binder layer (226) is broken during desired ignition in the combustion chamber. Meanwhile the propellant structure comprises an oxidizer rich layer (220b) which also contains fuel and a layer (220a). The oxidizer rich layer (220b) is adjacent the sensitizer structure (221) in the strip assembly. The oxidizer rich layer (220b) allows ignition while foregoing the need for high concentration of oxidizer throughout the propellant structure thus reducing the mass of solids generated from the oxidizer combustion. The sensitizer material (225) is red phosphorus in a binder (226) of nitrocellulose. The oxidiserrich layer (220b) comprises potassium chlorate (223) and nitrocellulose (224). The propellant layer (220a) consists of fibrous nitrocellulose.

Description: PROPELLANT STRIP ASSEMBLY AND PROPELLANT CHARGE STRUCTURE BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention The present invention is directed to a caseless propellant charge for use in a powder actuated fastener driving device, and in particular, to a novel sensitizer structure which increases safety and also a unique propellant charge structure which enables extended operation via reduction of solid residues. Description of the Prior Art The predominant design for propellant charges which are currently available features a cylindrical brass casing which contains the propellant material and an ignition material. The propellant is a granular or flake form of nitrocellulose with additives. Ignition is attained by a technique known as rim fire. On the closed end of the brass casing, a rim area is formed. An impact sensitive material is coated on the inside surfaces of the rim. When the firing pin impacts and collapses the rim, the impact sensitive material reacts, and the gaseous decomposition products proceed to ignite the propellant. The impact sensitive substance usually contains heavy metals such as lead. Powder or propellant actuated fastener driving tools are used most frequently for driving fasteners into hard surfaces such as concrete. The most common types of this tool are traditionally single fastener, single shot devices; that is, a single fastener is manually inserted into the firing chamber of the tool, along with a single propellant cartridge. After the fastener is discharged, the tool must be manually reloaded with both a fastener and a propellant cartridge in order to be operated again. Examples of this tool are shown in US Pat. Nos. 4,830,254; 4,598,851 ; and 4,577,793. In these types of tools, there are many different types of cartridges taught for propellants. For example, US Pat No. 3,372,643 teaches a low explosive primerless charge consisting of a substantially resilient fibrous nitrocellulose propellant with an igniter portion with a web thickness less than any other dimension of the pellet. US Pat. No. 3,529,548 is directed to a powder cartridge consisting of a cartridge case constructed of two separate pieces which contain a central primer receiving chamber and an annular propellant receiving chamber. US Pat. No. 3,91 1 ,825 discloses a caseless propellant charge having an H-shaped cross section composed of a primer igniter charge surrounded by an annular propellant powder charge. A second type of powder actuated tool has also been used in recent times. This tool still uses fasteners which are individually loaded into the firing chamber of the devices; however, the propellant charges used to provide the energy needed to drive the fasteners are provided on a flexible band of serially arranged cartridges which are fed one-by-one into the combustion chamber of the tool. Examples of this type of tool are taught in US Pat. Nos. 4,687, 126; 4,655,380; and 4,804, 127. In the tools heretofore mentioned which use a cartridge strip assembly, there are a variety of strips which are available for use with such tools. US Pat. No. 3,61 1 ,870 is directed to a plastic strip in which a series of explosive charges are located in recesses in the strip with a press fit. US Pat. No. 3,625, 1 53 teaches a cartridge strip for use with a powder actuated tool which is windable into a roll about an axis which is substantially parallel to the surface portion of the strip and having the propellant cartridges disposed substantially perpendicular to the surface portion. US Pat. No. 3,625, 1 54 teaches a flexible cartridge strip with recesses for holding propellant charges wherein the thickness of the strip corresponds to the length of the charge contained therein. US Pat. No. 4,056,062 discloses a strip for carrying a caseless charge wherein the charge is held in the space by a recess and a tower shaped wall and is disposed in surface contact with the annular service within the cartridge recess. US Pat No. 4,81 9,562 describes a propellant containing device which has a plurality of hollow members closed at one end and a plurality of closure means each having a peripheral rim which fits into the open end of the hollow members of the device. Recently, several powder actuated tools have been developed which operate in a manner similar to the traditional pneumatic tools; that is, these devices contain a magazine which automatically feeds a plurality of fasteners serially to the drive chamber of the tool, while a strip of propellant charges is supplied serially to the tool to drive the fasteners. One example of this tool is taught in US Pat. No. 4,821 ,938. This patent, which teaches an improved version of a tool taught in US Pat. No. 4,655,380, is directed to a powder actuated tool with an improved safety interlock which permits a cartridge to be fired only when a safety rod is forced into the barrel and cylinder assembly has been forced rearwardly into its rearward position. Another example of this type of tool is taught in US Pat. No. 4,858,81 1 . This tool, which is an improved version of the tool taught in US Pat. No. 4,687, 1 26, incorporates a handle, a tubular chamber, a piston, and a combustion chamber within the tubular chamber, the combustion chamber receiving a cartridge in preparation for firing, which upon ignition, propels the piston forwardly for the driving of a nail, a fastener housing located forwardly of the tubular chamber, and provided for shifting a strip of fasteners held by a magazine upwardly through the tool during repeated tool usage. One example of prior art is taught in US Pat. No. 5,208,420. This caseless propellant strip has a sensitizer protected by an annular rib which aids in prevention of accidental ignition. The propellant charge is a homogeneous mixture of fuel and oxidizer. The propellant charges are contained in a plurality of pockets and entrapped by a cover strip. Another example of prior art is taught in US Pat. No. 5,485,790. Here a columnar output charge is surrounded by an annular propellant. The sensitizer is physically separated from the output charge pill. Consequently, a need exists for a single propellant strip assembly that can be efficiently used in conjunction with fastener driving tools which have been designed as a replacement for traditional cartridge or pneumatic tools. It is an object of the present invention to provide a propellant strip assembly in which the propellant charge and the sensitizer are physically and chemically separated within each chamber to lessen the chance for inadvertent ignition. It is further an object of the present invention to provide a propellant charge ignition means which is neither impact sensitive nor contains heavy metals. It is also an object of the present invention to provide a propellant charge structure which combusts cleanly with a sustainably low level of solid combustion products which can be carried out of the combustion chamber with the flow of the gaseous combustion products. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The accompanying drawings incorporated in and forming a part of the specification, illustrate several aspects of the present invention, and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention. In the drawings: FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a propellant tool for driving nails that is constructed according to the principles of the present invention; FIG. 2 is an isometric view, partially in cross-section, of the main body of the propellant tool of FIG. 1 depicting an internal cylinder within the body for reciprocally driving a driver and gas return cylinder for returning the driver to a predetermined position with the cross-sectional portion of the cylinder being taken along line 2-2 in FIG. 1 ; FIG. 3 is an exploded view of ignition chamber of the propellant tool illustrated in FIG. 1 depicting the relationship between the various components of the ignition chamber and a strip of propellant charges; FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional elevational view of the combustion chamber of FIG. 3 taken along line 4-4 in FIG. 2 and depicting a propellant charge compressingly engaged between two relatively movable components of the ignition chamber; FIG. 5 is an exploded view of the driver stop mechanism illustrated in FIG. 2; FIG. 6 is a view of the caseless propellant charge strip assembly, partially in section; FIG. 7 is an enlarged sectional view of the propellant charge of FIG. 6; FIG. 8 is an enlarged sectional view of the sensitizer structure of FIG. 6; FIG. 9 is a sectional view of the propellant strip assembly in a combustion chamber with the firing pin in a ready-to-fire position; FIG. 10 is an enlarged partial sectional view of the ignition area of the propellant strip assembly in a combustion chamber with the firing pin released and propelled into the instant-of-ignition position; and FIG. 1 1 is a sectional view of an alternative arrangement of the present embodiment where the sensitizer structure is placed in direct contact with the propellant charge structure. Reference will now be made in detail to the present preferred embodiment of the invention, an example of which is illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like numerals indicate the same elements throughout the views. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring now to the drawings, FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a propellant tool, generally designated by the numeral 10, that is constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention. The illustrated propellant tool 10 includes a main body 12 which supports a handle 14, a guide body 1 6 and a pistonless gas spring return assembly 17. As illustrated, the guide body 1 6 supports a fastener magazine 1 8 which, in turn, supports a plurality of fasteners, collectively identified by the numeral 20. The fasteners 20, which are specifically shown in the drawing of FIG. 1 as nails, are fed into the guide body 1 6 where they are contacted by a driver (not shown in FIG. 1 , see FIG. 2) and driven into a structure (not shown) to be fastened. As shown in FIG. 1 , the body 1 2 is partially covered by a muffler 22 used to reduce noise from a combustion chamber (not shown in FIG. 1 , see FIG. 4) . A pair of cams 24 and 26 are rotatably disposed about the main body 1 2 to control movement of a chamber block 28 relative to the main body 1 2. The cams 24 and 26 each are pivotally mounted on trunions 30 (only one of which is shown in FIG. 1 ) extending outwardly from the main body 1 2. Each of the cams 24 and 26 also has an internal opening 32 defining a cam surface 34 for guiding movement of trunions 36 (only one of which is shown in FIG. 1 ) extending outwardly from the chamber block 28. The cams 24 and 26 are interconnected by a cam tie bar 38. FIG. 2 shows the main body 12 with various of the outer components of the tool 10 removed. The main body 1 2 has an internal cylinder 40 in which a driver 42 of generally cylindrical configuration is reciprocally movable. The driver 42 has a piston portion 42a at one axial end (the top end as illustrated in FIG. 2). The piston portion 42a is connected to a shank portion 42b by a frustoconical seat portion 42c. The axial end of the shank portion 42b distal to the piston portion 42a extends into the guide body 1 6 and terminates in a driving end (not shown) that is used to contact and successively drive the fasteners 20 into a structure (not shown) positioned adjacent to the distal end of guide body 1 6, as is conventional in the art. As those skilled in the art will readily appreciate, such driving action of the driver 42 is achieved by axial movement of the driver 42 within the cylinder 40. In the preferred form of the invention, the driver 42 is reciprocally movable between a first retracted position, illustrated in FIG. 2, to an extended position in which the driving end of the driver 42 extends out of the guide body 1 6. In this extended position, the seat 42c of the driver 42 progressively engages a driver stop mechanism, generally identified by the drawing numeral 60. The stop mechanism 60 is illustrated in greater detail in the drawing of FIG. 5. The driver 42 is moved within the cylinder 40 from the retracted to the extended positions under the impetus of pressure formed in a combustion chamber 44 (see FIG. 4) partially located between the chamber block 28 and the main body 12. Pressure is selectively formed in the combustion chamber through the ignition of a caseless propellant charge 62. As depicted in FIGS. 2-4, the caseless charge is introduced into the combustion chamber 44 through a propellant charge inlet passage 63. In the specifically illustrated embodiment, the caseless charge is transported through the inlet passage 63 on a strip 64 formed of paper, plastic or other appropriate material. The propellant charge is ignited in the combustion chamber 44 by a reciprocally movable ignition member 66 in a manner disclosed in greater detail below. The driver 42 is returned from the extended to the retracted positions by the gas spring return assembly 1 7 to which the driver 42 is mechanically interconnected. More specifically, a driver cap 48 extends radially outwardly from the piston portion 42a of driver 42 and through a slot 50 in the main body 1 2 to a gas spring rod 46 of the pistonless gas spring return assembly 17. The gas spring rod 46 has a cylindrical configuration (except for a minor taper in the portion disposed within the driver cap 48). The axial end of the gas spring rod 46 opposite the interconnection to the driver cap 48 extends into a closed ended housing 68 containing a sealed compressible fluid that is independent of and segregated from any fluid in the internal cylinder 40 for the driver. When the propellant charge 62 is ignited in combustion chamber 44, the gas spring rod 46 is forced axially into the housing 68 by virtue of the mechanical interconnection between the gas spring rod 46 and the driver 42. This movement of the gas spring rod into the housing 68 compresses the sealed gaseous fluid within housing 68. The pistonless gas spring return assembly 1 7 then is operative, when combustion pressure within the combustion chamber 44 is reduced, to return the driver 42 to its retracted position (as illustrated in FIG. 2) in response to the increased pressure of the sealed compressible fluid in the gas spring cylinder created when the driver is moved to its extended position. Referring jointly now to FIGS. 3 and 4, the details of the combustion chamber 44 and the method in which the propellant charge 62 is ignited are shown in greater detail. The propellant charge 62 is advanced into the combustion chamber 44 on strip 64 where the charge 62 is positioned at a predetermined location by clamping the strip 64, thereby locating the propellant change 62 in a secure position between the chamber block 28 and the main body 1 2. The combustion chamber 44 is partially disposed in a recess 70 formed in the main body 1 2. The recess 70 is sized and configured to receive and support an orifice plate 74 that is press fit into the recess 70. The orifice plate 74 has a plurality of orifices 76 (see FIG. 4) that provide fluid communication between the combustion chamber 44 and the internal cylinder 40 (see FIG. 2) for the driver 42. A pedestal 78 is integral with and centrally disposed upon the orifice plate 74. The pedestal 78 extends axially outwardly therefrom toward the chamber block 28 into the combustion chamber 44. The chamber block 28 includes axially adjustable chamber top 80 that defines the axial end of the combustion chamber 44 opposite the orifice plate 74. The chamber top 80 cooperates with the pedestal 78 to compressingly engage one of the propellant charges 62 therebetween, as more fully described below. According to one aspect of the invention, an annular C-ring, preferably formed of a metallic material such as stainless steel or titanium, is interposed between the chamber top 80 and the orifice plate 74 to provide a sealing relation between these two elements. The C-ring, which as its name suggests, has a substantially C-shaped cross-sectional configuration, defines a chamber extending radially outward beyond its axial ends. The C-ring is resiliently expandable under the influence of combustion pressure within the combustion chamber 44, as perhaps most readily apparent from FIG. 4. Such expandability allows the C-ring to retain sealing contact with both the orifice plate 74 and the chamber top 80 as those two elements experience relative axial movement under the influence of combustion pressure. Consequently, the C-ring is operative to increase and enhance sealing pressure between the orifice plate 74 and the chamber top 80 in response to combustion pressure created in the combustion chamber upon ignition of the propellant charge 62. An extended backing ring 84, also supported by the orifice plate 74 is circumferentially disposed about the C-ring 82 and functions to hold the orifice plate 74 in place and entrap the C-ring. As noted above, the orifice plate 74 has at least one, and in the preferred embodiment, a substantial number (see FIG. 3) of orifices 76 that provide fluid communication between the combustion chamber 44 and the cylinder 40. These orifices preferably are sized to substantially restrict unignited solid components of the propellant charge 62 from entering the cylinder 40. The propellant charges 62 of the preferred embodiment are formed of nitrocellulose fiber and the optional levels of solid component restriction through the orifices 76 are dependent upon the average length of the propellant charge fibers. It has been found that the orifices are optimally sized to have a diametral dimension of approximately one-third the average length of the propellant charge fibers. In the preferred embodiment, the orifices 76 are sized with diameters ranging from 0.01 0 to 0.070 inches to accomplish this function. The propellant charge 62 includes a body 86 formed of a first combustible material such as nitrocellulose fibers. In the preferred embodiment, the fibers used to form the primary combustible material 86 have an average length of approximately 0.1 inch. In accordance with another aspect of this invention, the external surface of the propellant charge body 86 is coated with an oxidizer layer 88, which preferably is formed of a mixture of a combustible material and an oxidizer rich material. The nitrocellulose used to form the coating 88 may be in the form of fibers, and if so, these fibers would preferably have an average length that is substantially shorter than the average fiber length of the nitrocellulose forming the body 86. Even more preferably, the coating is in the form of a cube or a sphere in order to improve coating properties. As suggested from jointly viewing FIGS. 3 and 4, the propellant strip 64 is formed of two layers of paper, plastic or other suitable material, a first layer 64a and a second layer 64b, with the propellant charge 62 being sandwiched between these layers 64a and 64b. A sensitizer material 90 is deposited onto the outer surface of the layer 64b opposite the propellant charge 62. The sensitizer material 90, which is preferably red phosphorus contained in a binder, is located proximal to at least a portion of the oxidizer rich layer 88. The propellant charge 62 is positioned in the combustion chamber 44 so as to place the sensitizer material 90 into the path of an ignition member 66, which ignition member 66 is reciprocally movable in a bore 92 extending obliquely through the orifice plate 74. Movement of the ignition member 66, which movement is initiated by depression of a trigger 94 (see FIG. 1 ) on the tool 10 in a manner well known in the art, causes a firing pin tip 96 on the end of the ignition member 66 to pierce and to be driven into the caseless propellant charge 62. In addition to generating heat due to the friction between the firing pin tip 96 and the sensitizer material 90, such action forces the sensitizer material 90 to be intermixed with the oxidizer coating 88. This interaction initiates decomposition of the oxidizer component within the oxidizer rich coating 88 and generates hot oxygen. In turn, this ignites the fuel component within the oxidizer rich coating 88 and subsequently the combustible material 86. As is apparent from the above description, the firing pin tip 96 of the ignition member 66 strikes the propellant charge 62 at an oblique angle with respect to the surface of the charge 62 and applies a shearing force against the charge 62. The angle of the ignition member movement also is oblique to the direction of movement of the driver 42 and the relative movement between the chamber block and main body 1 2. The pedestal of the orifice plate 74 also advantageously insures complete combustion of the propellant charge 62 by directing ignition gases through the charge 62. As is observable from the depictions of FIGS. 3 and 4, the pedestal 78 compressingly engages an annular surface of the propellant charge 62 and separates the area within that annular surface from those portions of the charge surface that are located radially outwardly therefrom. This is achieved by an annular compression ridge 98 that extends axially upwardly from the pedestal 78. As illustrated in FIG. 4, the firing pin tip 96 of the ignition member 66 strikes the propellant charge 62 within the area defined by the annular ridge 98. The annular compression ridge 98, which is compressingly engaged with the propellant charge 62, is operative to restrict gas flow between the surface of the charge within the annular ridge 98 and those surfaces of the charge 62 outside of the ridge 98. Thus, ignition gases formed by the ignition of the charge 62 within the annular compression ridge 98 are directed radially outwardly through the charge 62. The clearance between the ignition member 66 and the bore 92 are exaggerated in FIG. 4 for purposes of illustration, in practice the clearance is kept very close, as for example within .005 inch, to minimize flow of combustion gases through the bore 92. It also will be seen that the bore 92 communicates with a firing pin flush bore 100 that allows flushing of partially combusted propellant charge materials from the bore 92 to prevent fouling of the ignition member 66. Turning finally to FIG. 5, a portion of the driver stop assembly 60 shown in FIG. 2 is illustrated in greater detail. In the specific form illustrated, the driver stop mechanism 60 includes a number of discrete components that are concentrically disposed about the shank portion 42b of driver 42, including two stop pads 102 and 104, two resilient O-rings, 106 and 108, and three serially aligned, progressively sized and telescopically fitting metal cup shaped stop members 1 1 0, 1 1 2 and 1 14. The stop member 1 10 has two conical contact surfaces, an interior contact surface 1 10a, and an exterior contact surface 1 10b. The stop member 1 10 is configured with contact surfaces 1 1 0a and 1 1 0b each forming an acute angle relative to the longitudal axis 1 1 1 of the driver 42 and with the angle of contact surface 1 10b being greater than that of contact surface 1 10a. Further, the surface area of contact surface 1 10b is greater than that of contact surface 1 10a. The stop member 1 10 is concentrically disposed about the driver 42 and positioned adjacent to the frustoconical portion 42c so that the interior contact surface 1 10a is contacted by the conical surface 42c of the driver when the driver 42 approaches the end of its driving stroke. The contact surface 1 1 0a of the stop member is sized, configured and adapted to receive the conical surface of 42c the driver 42. As illustrated, the contact surface 1 10a has an included angle of approximately 40 degrees, which angle is matched to and approximately the same as the conical surface 42c of the driver 42. The contact surface 1 1 0a is generally symmetrically disposed about the longitudal axes of the driver 42 and tool cylinder 40, which axes are represented by centerline 1 1 1 in FIG. 5. The stop member 1 1 2 is positioned to be contacted by stop member 1 10 and has a cup-shaped configuration that is similar to that of stop member 1 1 0. Like the stop member 1 1 0, the stop member 1 1 2 has an interior and exterior conical contact surfaces. The interior contact surface is identified by the numeral 1 1 2a and has an area approximately equal to contact surface 1 10b. The exterior contact surface of stop member 1 1 2 is designated by the numeral 1 1 2b and has a surface area that is greater than that of contact surface 1 12a. The interior contact 1 1 2a is adapted to receive the contact surface 1 10b when the driver 42 approaches the end of its stroke, and accordingly has an angle approximating that of contact surface 1 1 0b. The stop member 1 14 also has two contact surfaces, an interior conical contact surface 1 1 4a and a planar contact surface 1 14b. The contact surface 1 14a is adapted to receive and has an angle approximating that of contact surface 1 1 2b. The surface area of contact surface 1 14a is approximately the same as that of contact surface 1 1 2b. The planar contact surface 1 14b, which contacts resilient stop pad 102, forms an angle of approximately 90 degrees with respect to the axis 1 1 1 . The surface area of contact surface 1 14b also is greater than that of contact surface 1 14a. The driver stop assembly 60 functions to decelerate the driver 42 at the end of its driving stroke. As the driver 42 approaches its fully extended position, the tapered frustoconical portion 42c of the driver 42 initially strikes and contacts the stop member 1 10. Due to the spacing provided by O-ring 106, the stop member 1 10 initially is isolated from the mass of stop members 1 1 2 and 1 14. After being impacted by the driver 42, the stop member 1 10 thereafter is moved axially with the driver 42 against the bias of the O-ring 106. After the resilient O-ring 106 is compressed, the contact surface 1 10b of stop member 1 10 engages contact surface 1 1 2a of stop member 1 1 2, which stop member 1 1 2 thereafter is moved axially to compress O-ring 108. As the stop member 1 1 2 is contacted, it is moved axially against the bias of O-ring 108, causing contact surface 1 1 2b of stop member 1 1 2 to engage contact surface 1 14a of stop member 1 14. This action, in turn, drives the stop member 1 14 axially to compress the relatively soft resilient stop pad 102 and the relatively hard stop pad 1 04. As seen in FIG. 2, the stop pad 1 04 is supported on a base plate 1 1 7 that is secured about its periphery to an axial end of the main body 1 2 by threaded fastener 1 1 9 (only one of which is shown in FIG. 2). Any residual energy from the deceleration of the driver 42 is absorbed by the base plate which flexes very slightly at its center portion, and by threaded fastener 1 1 9. In accordance with one aspect of the driver stop assembly, substantially all of the contact force between the driver 42 and stop member 1 10 is applied through the conical contact surfaces 42c and 1 10a. Likewise, substantially all of the contact force between the stop members 1 10 and 1 1 2 is applied through the conical contact surfaces 1 10b and 1 1 2a. Similarly, substantially all of the contact force between the stop members 1 1 2 and 1 1 4 is applied through the conical contact surfaces 1 1 2b and 1 14a. By interfacing substantially exclusively at conical interface surfaces and focusing substantially all of the contact force between the metal stop members 1 10, 1 12 and 1 14 through these conical surfaces, energy is absorbed by the driver stop assembly without the creation of a shear plane or other likely failure point. According to another aspect of the driver stop assembly 60, the interface angles between the various metal components increase progressively from the driver interface to the interface with the resilient pad 102. As schematically depicted in FIG. 5, the interface angle A between the stop member 1 14 and the stop pad (approximately 90 degrees measured with respect to the axis 1 1 1 ) is greater than the interface angle B between the stop members 1 1 2 and 1 14. The angle B is greater than the angle C between the stop members 1 1 0 and 1 1 2, which is in turn greater than the interface angle D (approximately 20 degrees) between the driver 42 and the stop member 1 10. Thus, the interface angle through which the contact force is applied is progressively increased in the illustrated embodiment from approximately a 20 degree interface angle between the driver 42 and the stop member 1 10 (approximately one half of the included angle of the contact surface 1 10a) to approximately a 90 degree angle between the stop member 1 14 and the stop pad 102. As also may be surmised from the drawings, the stop member 1 14 has a greater mass than stop 1 12, which in turn, has a greater mass than stop 1 10. Thus, the effective mass of the driver 42 is increased gradually and non- linearly at an increasing rate to decelerate the driver 42. The stop mechanism 60 causes the driver to decelerate in several different ways. In addition to the deceleration caused by the progressively increased effective mass of driver 42 created by the stop members 1 10, 1 1 2, and 1 14, the O-rings 106 and 108, dissipate energy from the driver 42 during compression. The O-rings also function to provide a predetermined spacing between the stop members 1 10, 1 1 2 and 1 14 prior to contact by the driver 42. This effectively isolates the masses of the stop members 1 10, 1 1 2 and 1 14 with the result that the dynamics of the upstream stop members are substantially unaffected by the downstream members upon initial impact. The geometries of the driver portion 42c and the stop members cause each of the stop members 1 10, 1 1 2 and 1 14 to undergo hoop stress, further dissipating energy from the driver 42. Any residual energy from the driver is dissipated by the cylinder base plate 1 2a (see FIG. 2), which cylinder base plate is secured to the cylinder by a bolt 1 1 7. In addition to their energy absorbing characteristics, the resilient characteristics of the O-rings 106 and 108 provide a predetermined space between the stop members 1 10, 1 1 2 and 1 14, causing these stop members to be separated when the O-rings 106 and 1 08 are uncompressed. Hence, while the dynamic interrelationship of the various components becomes somewhat complex at high impact speeds, the illustrated stop assembly 60 generally is designed so that as the effective operative inertial mass of the stop assembly applied to the driver 42 is increased, the speed of the driver 42 is reduced, and the contact surface area between the metal components and the interface angle of the impact are increased progressively. Referring now to FIG. 6, there is shown an alternate embodiment of a propellant strip assembly, generally designated at 210, according to the present invention. The propellant strip assembly 210 is composed of a carrier strip 214, a cover strip 21 6, a propellant disk 220, and a sensitizer structure 221 . Carrier strip 214 contains a plurality of recessed pockets 218 each of which carries a propellant disk 220 whose combustion provides the heat and gases necessary to propel the piston of the tool for driving fasteners into a workpiece. The carrier strip 214 is preferably composed of a strong flexible material such as polycarbonate, cellulosic plasticetate, polyester, polyethylene, polypropylene, or treated paper. Cover strip 21 6 is also preferably composed of a strong flexible material such as cellophane, polyester, or treated paper. Strips 214 and 21 6 may be fastened together by use of an adhesive or the like to form strip assembly 210 with propellant disks 220 inserted into each propellant carrying pocket 21 8. A welded seal 222 is formed around the circumference of each propellant carrying pocket 218. This seal 222, which is applied to strip 210 by heat, secondary adhesives, ultrasonic welding, or other similar means, has several purposes. Seal 222 serves to protect each propellant disk from moisture which may adversely affect the combustion properties of the disk. In addition, seal 222 also prevents disks 220 from falling out of the strip 210 and impedes their intentional removal. Seal 222 also acts to isolate each of the propellant disks 220, affording greater safety from accidental ignition. In FIG. 7, the structure of the propellant charge 220 is depicted. Propellant charge 220 is comprised of a layer of energetic material 220a, such as nitrocellulose, and an oxidizer rich layer 220b composed of an oxidizer 223, such as potassium chlorate, and a fuel material 224, such as nitrocellulose. The structure of the energetic material layer 220a is preferably foraminous in nature, as, for example, a fibrous and porous structure, in order to allow for the desired rapid combustion. Referring to FIG. 6, in the propellant strip assembly 21 0, adjacent to the oxidizer rich layer 220b is a sensitizer structure 221 which is depicted in FIG. 8. The sensitizer structure 221 composed of a sensitizer material 225, such as red phosphorus, encapsulated in a binder material 226, such as nitrocellulose. The binder material 226 is in sufficient concentration to encapsulate the sensitizer 225 in order to prevent accidental contact between the sensitizer 225 and the oxidizer rich layer 220b, and are physically separated by the thickness of the encapsulating layer. The encapsulating layer thickness ranges from approximately 0.0001 to approximately 0.002 inches. A caseless propellant charge assembly 210 in a combustion chamber is shown in FIG. 9. Caseless charge 210 is located in the combustion chamber in the pocket of a movable upper combustion chamber 231 . Caseless charge 210 is locally compressed between the upper chamber 231 and an annular ridge 232 of a pedestal 233. The sensitizer structure 221 is located near the center of the pedestal 233 and in the path of a movable firing pin 235 having a tip 237, shown in the retracted position. An enlarged sectional view of the ignition area of the caseless propellant charge in a combustion chamber at the instant of ignition is shown in FIG. 10. Firing pin 235 has been released from the retracted position by a trigger means (not shown) and has been propelled forward into caseless charge 210 by a spring (not shown) and being guided by a bore 239. When tip 237 of firing pin 235 contacts the sensitizer structure 221 , some sensitizer material 225 is broken loose from the binder material 226. The loose sensitizer material 225 is now driven into the oxidizer rich layer 220b by the firing pin tip 237. When the loose sensitizer material 225 conveyed on firing pin tip 237 contacts oxidizer rich layer 220b, localized heat is created from the friction. This heat and the accompanying temperature rise initiates a chemical reaction between the loose sensitizer material 225 and the oxidizer 223 of the oxidizer rich layer 220b. One product of this reaction is hot oxygen which, in turn, initiates the combustion of fuel material 224 in the oxidizer rich layer. The gaseous combustion products thus generated are trapped in the pedestal area by pedestal ridge 232 compression with the caseless charge 210. Thus, the ignition gases are forced into the propellant charge 220, first through the oxidizer rich layer 220b and then into the energetic material layer 220a. The propellant charge 220 combusts first in the compression zone cylinder above pedestal 236 then proceeds radially outward. The thickness of the oxidizer layer 220b must be such that there is an adequate amount of oxidizer 223 in the path of the firing pin tip 237 and accompanying sensitizer 225 to promote the desired ignition. Experiments show that an oxidizer rich layer 220b thickness of approximately 0.007 inches was adequate. Thinner coatings would not promote reliable ignition while thicker coatings would generate more solid combustion residue. Similarly, the concentration of oxidizer 223 in the oxidizer rich layer 220b was found to be a minimum of 20% by weight with the remaining 80% being fuel material 224. The minimum fuel material 224 in the oxidizer rich layer 220b was found to be 20% by weight with the remainder to be oxidizer material 223. Meanwhile, in the sensitizer structure 221 , a minimum binder 226 concentration of 5% by weight is necessary to a least partially encapsulate sensitizer 225. A more typical binder 226 concentration of 1 5% has demonstrated enough encapsulation of sensitizer 225 to prevent unintended ignition while allowing reliable desired ignition in the combustion chamber. A binder concentration over 30% provides excellent inhibition of undesired ignition; however, desired ignition in the combustion chamber is less reliable. An additional alternative arrangement of the sensitizer structure and propellant charge is depicted in FIG. 1 1 . In this arrangement, the sensitizer structure 221 is placed directly on the oxidizer rich layer 220b of the propellant charge 220 as opposed to placement on the cover strip 220, as depicted in FIG. 6. In order to accomplish placement and formation of the sensitizer structure 221 , a slurry is prepared. The slurry consists of the powered or granular sensitizer material 225, the binder material 226, and a liquid vehicle or solvent. The vehicle is chosen such that the binder material 226 is solubilized while the sensitizer 225 is substantially insoluble. Thus, after placement of the slurry drop, the vehicle evaporates, leaving a protective coating of binder material 226 encapsulating and binding the sensitizer material 225. The foregoing description applies to sensitizer structure formation without reference to the substrate. When the sensitizer structure 221 is to be placed on the oxidizer layer 220b, it is desirable that the oxidizer material 223 not be substantially soluble in the sensitizer slurry vehicle. When the sensitizer slurry drop is applied to the oxidizer layer 220b, the vehicle evaporates and leaves a layer of protective binder between the sensitizer 225 and the oxidizer 223. This layer separates the reactive components and prevents accidental ignition. If the oxidizer 223 were soluble in the sensitizer slurry vehicle, the binder would penetrate the oxidizer layer 220b by wetting action, and thus reduce the amount of binder 226 available for both sensitizer encapsulation and protective layer formation. Suitable slurry sensitizer vehicles are chosen from organic solvents. Methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol and acetone have been succesfully used as slurry vehicles. While this invention has been shown and described in terms of a preferred embodiment thereof, it will be understood that this invention is not limited to this particular embodiment and that any changes and modifications may be made without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims. The foregoing description of a preferred embodiment of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical application to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention and various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims appended hereto.

Claims: What is claimed is: 1 . A propellant charge structure for providing energy for operating a fastener driving tool, comprising: a first layer of ignitable first composition means comprising a first fuel material; a second layer of oxidizer rich second composition means, adjacent said first layer, comprising an oxidizer material and a second fuel material; and a third layer of sensitizer third composition means, adjacent said second layer, comprising a sensitizer material encapsulated within a binder material; wherein an impacting of said third layer causes said sensitizer material of said third layer to frictionally engage said second layer and ignite said fuel material within said first and second layers, thus generating energy. 2. The structure of claim 1 , wherein said first fuel material has a porous and fibrous structure. 3. The structure of claim 1 , wherein said first fuel comprises nitrocellulose. 4. The structure of claim 1 , wherein said second layer consists of an oxidizer material comprising potassium chlorate and fuel material comprising nitrocellulose. 5. The structure of claim 1 , wherein said third layer consists of a sensitizer material comprising red phosphorus and a binder material comprising nitrocellulose. 6. The structure of claim 1 , wherein said third layer is physically separated from said second layer by a distance. 7. The structure of claim 6, wherein said third layer is separated from said layer by a distance of approximately 0.0001 inches to approximately 0.002 inches. 8. The structure of claim 1 , wherein said second layer has a thickness of approximately 0.007 inches. 9. The structure of claim 4, wherein the concentration of oxidizer material within said second layer comprises from about 20% to about 80% potassium chlorate by weight. 10. The structure of claim 5, wherein said third layer is contiguous with said second layer. 1 1 . The structure of claim 5, wherein the concentration of binder material within said third layer comprises from about 5% to about 30% nitrocellulose by weight. 1 2. The structure of claim 1 1 , wherein the concentration of binder material within said third layer comprises about 1 5% nitrocellulose by weight. 1 3. The structure of claim 1 , further comprising external casing means for containing said first, second and third layers within said casing means. 14. A propellant strip asembly for use with a fastener driving tool, comprising: a plurality of propellant charges, with each of said charges comprising a first layer of ignitable first composition means comprising a first composition means comprising a first fuel material, a second layer of oxidizer rich second composition means comprising an oxidizer material and a second fuel material, and a third layer of sensitizer third composition means comprising a sensitizer material encapsulated within a binder material for activating said charge; a flexible carrying strip containing a plurality of chambers for holding each charge; a flexible cover strip for capturing each propellant charge within a chamber of said carrying strip; and means associated with one of said strips for feeding said strip assemby into a fastener driving tool. 1 5. The assembly of claim 14, wherein said carrying strip is made from - one of a group of flexible materials consisting of polycarbonate, cellulosic plasticetate, polyester, polypropylene, polyethylene, and paper. 1 6. The assembly of claim 14, wherein said cover strip is made from one of a group of flexible materials consisting of polycarbonate, cellulosic plasticetate, polyester, polypropylene, polyethylene, and paper. 1 7. The assembly of claim 1 4, further comprising sealing means associated with each chamber in order to isolate each propellant charge.

Inventors: REMEROWSKI DAVID L, REMEROWSKI, DAVID, L.
Applicants: SENCO PRODUCTS, SENCO PRODUCTS. INC.
Application year: 1998
Main classification: F42B39
IPC codes: B25C1, C06B45, C06C9, F42B39