IMMUNOASSAY METHOD AND KIT

Abstract: An immunoassay, e.g. ELISA, method and kit for determining (preferably quantitatively) an analyte adsorbed at a surface or present in a liquid sample, comprising binding said analyte to a solid phase, attaching a marker to the analyte, and detecting marker attached to said solid-phase. The invention proposes to use a combination of marker and detection means (e.g. an enzyme-substrate combination) which is capable of producing a precipitate on solid phase which carries the marker and to detect the binding of analyte to the solid phase by in-situ determining the change of surface mass of said solid phase due to the formation of said precipitate. Ellipsometry is an example of a technique suitable for determining the change of surface mass of the solid phase, which could be made of a silicon- or chromium-sputtered glass slide. The invention shortens the assay time and/or improves the assay sensitivity, and allows to measure extremely low surface concentrations of analytes of interest.

Description: Title: Immunoassay method and kit Field of the invention The subject invention is in the field of immunoassays for determining, an analyte, especially an analyte adsorbed at a surface, or analyte as it occurs in a liquid sample in solution or at a particular location therein, such as at a specific surface. More in particular, the invention relates to enzymelinked immunosorbance assays (ELISA's) for determining the concentration of an analyte in a liquid sample, including its concentration in the bulk of the liquid sample or its concentration at a particular surface. Specifically, the present invention relates to new immunoassay methods and kits specifically adapted for carrying out these new immunoassay methods . Background of the invention Immunoassays, such as ELISA's, are widely used for the determination, either qualitative or, mostly, quantitative, of a nearly unlimited variety of organic substances, either of natural origin or synthetic chemical compounds, such as peptides, proteins, enzymes, hormones, vitamins, drugs, carbohydrates, etc., for various purposes, such as in particular for diagnostic purposes, but also for forensic applications, food quality control, and generally for any analytic purpose. All such substances to be assayed will be referred to herein generally as analytes. Many different variants of ELISA methods exist. The description given hereunder aims at illustrating a typical ELISA technique. It does not pretend to be complete and should not be construed in any way as restricting the scope of the present invention. For example, in the following description, ELISA methods are described as comprising separate steps of incubating a sample with a first binding partner of the analyte and incubating the reaction product formed with a second binding partner of the analyte (herein binding partners of the analyte will sometimes be referred to as binding partners for the analyte) . However, some existing ELISA embodiments do not comprise such separate incubation steps and allow the analyte to react simultaneously, or shortly one after the other, in one and the same incubation step, with both its first and second binding partners. Competitive ELISA's are another example of ELISA variants not discussed in detail herein. The subject invention is in principle applicable to any and all ELISA variants, and to similar immunoassay methods which, strictly speaking, are not ELISA methods, e.g. because they do not involve the use of an enzyme . In a typical ELISA, to detect the presence, or measure the concentration, of an analyte of interest, especially in a liquid sample, which may be a body fluid such as blood, plasma, serum, urine, saliva, sputum, etc., the sample is contacted with a first binding partner for the analyte, and the sample and the binding partner for the analyte are incubated for a sufficient time to allow analyte contained in the sample to bind to the binding partner. A typical example of such a binding partner is an analyte-specific antibody, e.g. a monoclonal antibody with specificity for the analyte in question. However, other kinds of substances and structures may also qualify as a binding partner. For example, the natural receptor of the analyte in question could be useful as a binding partner, as well as other substances and structures to which the analyte can bind. The binding partner would normally be a specific binding partner, but this is not a requirement. It is even possible to work without a first binding partner and to immobilize (i.e. bind to a solid phase) the analyte either directly (e.g. by adsorption) or through a non-specifically binding linker substance. All of such variants are explicitly intended to be included in the scope of this invention. The words "analyte adsorbed at a surface" as used herein refer to any method resulting in attachment or binding of analyte to a surface. Usually, said first binding partner is used in an immobilized form, i.e. attached to a solid phase, such as polystyrene beads or the inner surface of the reaction container (e.g. a reaction tube or a well of a microtiter plate) . The binding partner may be physically adsorbed onto the solid phase or, usually, be attached by covalent binding. According to some ELISA embodiments, the binding partner is attached by using a suitable coupling agent, and in others by using appropriate linker substances, such as biotin and (strept) avidin. In some ELISA embodiments, the immobilization of the binding partner is carried out after the incubation of the sample and binding partner, thereby allowing the reaction between analyte and binding partner to proceed in the liquid phase. To allow its subsequent immobilization, said binding partner may be applied in a biotinylated form. Immobilization can then be effected by using a solid phase carrying (strept) avidin . As a result of this first reaction, any analyte present in the sample will have become bound to its binding partner and thereby to the solid phase. Usually after the liquid has been removed and the solid phase has been washed, steps are taken to make the result detectable. The solid phase having attached thereto the binding partner and analyte, if any, is contacted with a second binding partner for the analyte. Again, a specific binding partner is the rule, but not strictly required. Usually, this second binding partner carries a label/marker allowing its detection. In some ELISA embodiments, however, the second binding partner is used in unlabelled form and is labelled after its binding by using a labelled binding partner for the second binding partner. As an example thereof , the second binding partner may be a mouse antibody (either polyclonal or monoclonal) against the analyte in question, and after its binding to the analyte which had been attached via its first binding partner to the solid phase, a labelled goat anti-mouse IgG is used to attach a label to the immobilized complex. In ELISA'S, the label consists of an enzyme capable of a detectable conversion of a substrate, e.g. a peroxidase such as horseradish peroxidase, capable of converting, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, a substrate, such as 3 , 3 ' , 5, 5 ' -tetramethylbenzidine, into a coloured product. Normally, after the enzyme-labelled reactant has been attached to the immobilized complex, the solid phase with complex bound thereto is washed before the actual detection phase is entered. In the detection phase, substrate solution is added to the solid phase with attached complex and the conversion, if any, of the substrate is detected. To allow quantitative measurement of the analyte, the solid phase is incubated with the substrate solution for a fixed time, which should be sufficiently long to allow a substantial enzymatic conversion of the substrate into a coloured substance. After termination of the substrate-converting reaction the intensity of the colouration, which is proportional to the immobilized amount of enzyme, is measured by optical means, such as a photometer to measure the absorbance at a chosen wavelength, such as 450 nm. A disadvantage of the existing ELISA techniques is that the adsorption and detection phases, to secure assay sensitivity, are very time consuming for low analyte concentrations. The rate of adsorption of analyte to the surface is proportional to the concentration of analyte in the solution, and thus will also become very low, even in well-stirred systems. To allow a reliable measurement of analytes present in a liquid at a concentration in the order of nanograms or even picograms per ml, the adsorption phase may require a reaction time of one to several hours. Another disadvantage of the existing ELISA techniques is that they do not allow to measure extremely low surface concentrations of analytes, such as occur at the surface of biological (model) membranes. An object of this invention is to provide a modified immunoassay, e.g. ELISA, technique allowing to reduce the incubation time in the adsorption and/or detection phase, or to increase the sensitivity of the assay, or both. A further object of this invention is to provide a modified immunoassay, e.g. ELISA, technique which allows to measure analyte concentrations at a particular surface. Another object of this invention is to provide products specifically adapted for carrying out such modified immunoassay techniques . The invention pertains to a fundamental modification of the assay principle of immunoassays, e.g. ELISA's, in which the measurement of the accumulation of enzyme product in the (bulk phase) solution is replaced by in-situ measurement of the accumulation of precipitate on a solid surface. The subject invention involves the use of a precipitate forming system, such as an enzyme-substrate combination which leads to the formation of a precipitate on a solid surface, and measurement of the surface mass, e.g. by ellipsometry or other surface mass measurement techniques . By using this invention, very low concentrations of adsorbed analyte on the solid surface can be determined and the adsorption phase of analyte from the liquid to the surface can be substantially shortened. Also, the time- consuming build up of product concentration in the bulk liquid phase is no longer required, and is replaced by an adsorption of a thin layer of precipitate, of only molecular dimensions, on the solid surface. This modification implies a large increase in assay sensitivity and offers the possibility of much shorter assay times. It also allows to determine extremely low surface concentrations as may occur at the surface of biological (model) membranes. Determination of analyte concentrations by I immunoprecipitation' is a well known technique. The precipitate of analyte-antibody aggregates, formed by this method after addition of the precipitating antibody, is usually simply allowed to sediment, collected and weighed. In spite of poor precipitation when either the analyte or the antibody is present in large excess, it has been shown that under well defined conditions this technique allows quantitative interpretation of data (see e.g. European patent application 0 368 462) . In a more sensitive and rapid version of this technique, (latex) particles coated with antibody are added and aggregate formation is measured by light scattering. In this way, the time-consuming sedimentation is avoided and measurements may be completed in seconds . The present method is fundamentally different from these techniques. In said techniques the analyte is not concentrated at a solid/liquid interface and the amount of precipitate is not continually increasing in time, as when it is produced by an enzyme. Due to these factors, and due to aspecific aggregation, such techniques have a limited sensitivity and generally do not allow measurement of analyte concentrations below the ng/ml range. Analytical methods which involve an enzyme-directed formation of a (coloured) precipitate are known per se . Such a method is known for example in the field of immunocytochemistry . In this known method, to demonstrate the presence and/or localization of various tissue proteins in histological studies, a specific protein in the tissue is determined by first producing thin tissue sections, after freezing the tissue or using various forms of chemical fixation, and then adding antibodies which specifically recognize and bind to the protein. Excess antibodies are removed and then a second, enzyme-linked, antibody, for instance an IgG-HRP conjugate, is added. After removal of excess conjugate, a suitable substrate, such as 3,3'- diaminobenzidine (DAB) , is added. If the specific protein is present in the tissue, a localized staining due to the formation of a DAB-derived precipitate will occur. The present invention, however, does not relate to the localization and detection of proteins in tissue but to the detection and measurement of analyte (concentrations) adsorbed at solid surfaces or present in solutions. Furthermore, the subject invention applies a (preferably quantitative) measurement of surface mass (in the ng/cm 2 range) whereas, in said known immunocytochemical method, qualitative results are obtained, usually by visual or microscopic inspection. In some studies, the intensity of staining has been measured by applying optical density measurements, but the technique has never been combined with a technique for quantitative measurement of surface mass, such as ellipsometry or others. This would also be very difficult to perform because the thickness of tissue sections (micrometers) is of another order of magnitude than the thickness of the precipitate layers (nanometers) measured in the method of the present invention. The prior art suggests to use immunoassays based on optical interference on specially prepared optically active receptive surfaces, coated by thin oxide-, nitride or polymer films. Using such pre-coating, the additional adsorption of a precipitate layer results in visually detectable colour changes. Such applications have been presented in the US patent 5,418,136. Apart from visual detection of precipitate formation, measurement of the precipitate by ellipsometry was also applied. However, the various rinsing and/or drying steps required in these techniques preclude the high sensitivity that can be obtained by in-situ measurement. For the detection of very low analyte concentrations in biological fluids like plasma, serum, blood, milk or urine, the aspecifically adsorbed mass of other bulk substances, such as albumin, will often exceed the minute amounts of adsorbed precipitate, and rinsing or drying will cause changes in surface mass far surpassing the specific effect. 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Φ rt ft Φ 0 r I p 3 0 Φ J ft hti P P CQ 0 rt PJ 0 0 φ ft ) CQ P- CQ P- ft ) Φ hh tr ft ) PJ rt 0 rt a 3 ft rt Φ cr P, P • <, rr P P P Ω a rt φ Φ cr ft ) ft ) CQ tr p P ) o p- § ■ CQ ft CQ Φ 0 O tr M P-" 3 Φ p. r Hi Hi PJ TJ 3 Hi h- 1 P a CQ Φ rt Ω iQ P T) Hh Φ f φ Hh Φ Hh J h- 1 PJ Φ cr P- PJ P CQ rr g ^ PJ 0 t H| Ω • ft ) ft PJ p J t ) Hi PJ o a cr ) H{ P- N rt 0 Hi P- - rt hh Φ rt hh f a Hi rr Φ 0 ' - ^ CQ CQ g ft μ r rt o tf PJ φ <j P rt tr 0 Ω φ Ω Φ . — - rr tr ft 3 0 O P- Φ rt ω Hh g TJ PJ tr rt Φ rt PJ P Φ 0 Hi Φ CQ Φ P- 0 Ω rt cr ^ φ 3 rr 3 g P- 1 3 a p P- Ω - Φ Φ Φ Hi Φ Φ ft tr P Hi ft 3 rt 0 Ω ft Φ Φ tr Φ h- 1 Φ P- rt ^ 0 rt 1 Hi a Φ Ω Φ TJ PJ g CQ PJ ft ) - P- 0 ft P g P φ • ^ rt ft P- p- a ft J N PJ Hh P- CQ tr cr P ) P- ^ r a P Hi Φ rr cr rt tr rt 0 a CQ P- P- cr 1 a Φ P 0 P ^ Ω Hj ^ P P- ft TJ rt PJ 0 0 p. g CQ o J ft ) hh Φ Φ P PJ ft Hi rt P- tr rt rt Φ t 0 Hi Φ ft ) ~-' Hi ft PJ φ P ft tr a CQ o < g ^ φ Hi Φ P- μQ Φ P ) P- Φ 0 3 ft ) Φ P 3 ft P- rt rt cr CQ PJ φ rt J Φ P- • CQ Φ Hi ft P ts Ω rt 3 • - 1 hh ft 3 CQ Φ g P- tr CQ ^ CQ 0 tr . ft ) TJ a 3 PJ ft P Φ CQ P P- tr Φ Φ Φ PJ φ P rt Φ 0 0 φ Φ p φ 3 ft> rt 0 J TJ P- Pi TJ CQ P- Φ P Φ <! H 0 Hi ft Hi g Hi Φ P a ft μQ P- CQ cr P- cr p. ft Φ h- 1 tr TJ PJ φ tr ft ) rr cr Hh Hi rr P rt h- 1 g ft ) - 1 0 Φ t Φ g ) hh CQ 0 Hi rt TJ Hi Φ P- cr rt P- Hi ft ) r 3 ~ 0 P- φ 0 Hi ** ^ PJ Hi CQ 0 0 hh tr a Φ 3 a 0 hh ft c a h- 1 0 hh PJ Ω P- Hh CQ 3 P- Hj Hi rt N Hi Φ φ 0 Φ Φ Hi 3 Φ Φ P- iQ ^ P- a Φ a rr rt CQ $ ?T p- P 1 o Φ P- CQ Hi rr ft Hh Φ CQ o CQ PJ 3 3 Ω Φ • Φ tr rt ft ) h- 1 cr P- φ cr P 1 hh X ft Φ J Φ P- ft rt P Ω m φ P < μQ ft P- P- •» Φ tr *< TJ Φ rt HJ 0 rr P- Hi cr Ω 3 Φ CQ Φ Hi Hi PJ PJ a ft Φ P φ 3 PJ H rt Φ μQ Hi Hh tr ft TJ Φ 3 PJ rt Φ Ω P rr ^ hh rt Ω 3 tf ) TJ P- P- tr tr CQ P cr φ 0 rt t Ω Φ • PJ P- TJ φ 0 Ω • Φ *< Hi a φ ft ^ P- P r 3 rt P Φ P PJ PJ P- hh Hj rr 0 O ft P- 0 rt P- tr Hi Ω 0 ft ) P- rt CQ CQ φ cr P a 3 φ Φ tr CQ ft CQ J CQ a CQ 0 g X Φ P φ 0 ^ O P- P- P ) P • Q Ω u. ft ) rr ft Hj φ rt TJ P CQ tr rr a J P- 0 - - Hh a rr rt Hj P 0 Φ h- 1 P- H{ P- tr φ Ω rt tr 3 0 CQ P ■z 3 cr ft ) Φ P hh rt Hi P Ω ^ rt rt Φ rt p ) φ Ω P- 0 rt TJ φ Φ hh Hi P- Φ ) CQ φ PJ Φ P- rt ft P ) PJ tr Hi Ω rr rt ft ) tr ft ^ rt P- P tr Φ PJ CQ P < CQ P P- P CQ P- rt Ω Φ ft ) φ Φ rt φ rt PJ hh IQ 0 Φ p. P- a rt P P CQ Φ CQ Ω rt P <! 0 P Φ Ω a 3 P- rt 0 P ) p p- rt 0 3 CQ tr 0 Hi Hi tr tr φ CQ 3 Φ P Hi CQ Φ rt Φ P- < g 0 Hj Ω P ) Ω PJ tr CQ X 3 φ Hi Hh rt - 0 Φ X Φ 0 P ) P Hi rt a Φ PJ tr ft ) φ P P- P Ω Φ P ) tr hh p ) Hj rt Hh rt P- ft ) P- 1 Φ Hi P- ft ) tr P, hh PJ 3 TJ Hi cr ft P 0 P- CQ Ω φ rr rt Hi P P h- 1 • hh 3 rt 0 rt g ? P- hh φ rr Hi CQ P ) 0 a Ω Φ rt P- Φ Hi rt P > LQ ft ) P- ft tr Φ Φ P, rt p Φ Φ φ rt CQ PJ Ti Ω φ tr PJ 3 Hi *<; <! Φ 3 Φ Φ P • Ω μQ 0 φ rt CQ φ rr Ω P Hi Φ CQ Hi Φ a TJ tr φ Φ rt CQ Hi P- 0 Φ P a P- tr rt hj Ω cr P- N P ) CQ P- a Ω h- 1 P ) P- TJ rt - 1 0 rt TJ hh Ω J φ CQ CQ 0 rt 0 ft ) p- TJ 1 rt P- J CQ rt φ ft ) P P CQ PJ tr ■ 4, Hi Hi 0 Ω 3 0 CQ 0 ft ) ft 0 P- P- hh Φ P- Φ Hi a P P- Φ CQ ^ Φ P- • CQ i <: 0 Hi P Hi rt Hh J 3 g rt h- 1 Ω rt 3 Hi P- TJ rt rt ft rr φ . 0 3 φ φ P- 1 rt 3 . rt φ p. PJ 1 P P- P ) a 0 P P- P- cr 0 rt ft ) Hi ft ) 0 rt 0 tr 0 tr P- p rt CQ CQ - a 0 rt ft Ω P Ξ Φ rt P- P tr φ Φ cr H Φ rt iQ Φ Φ Hh P- P ft P- Φ • P- a tr ft PJ CQ 0 0 CQ Ω h- 1 φ rt P P PJ rt ts ft ) P- Hi PJ P- . o 0 0 P 3 CQ CQ ft hh Φ such as an alkaline phosphatase as the enzyme and 5-bromo-4- chloro-3-indolylphosphate and nitroblue tetrazolium as substrate. Further, the invention covers any other combination of marker and detection means that is capable of producing a precipitate on a solid phase which carries said marker. For example, formation of a precipitate may be the result of nucleation, by nucleated growth of metal, or non- metal particles, or the result of chain or polymerisation reactions of, e.g. unsaturated hydrocarbons which can be polymerised by exposure to ultraviolet radiation, etc. So, said marker could comprise an unsaturated hydrocarbon and said detection means a further amount of the same or a different hydrocarbon together with means to initiate polymerisation (such as UV radiation) . Alternatively, said marker could comprise colloidal particles of a metal, e.g. gold, silver, etc., or a non-metal, e.g. selenium, tellurium, carbon, silica, etc., while said detection means comprise a source of a further amount of the same or a different metal or non-metal, together with means (e.g. a suitable reducing agent, such as a borohydride compound, capable of liberating the metal from a chemical compound containing said metal) to promote growth of the colloidal particles used as the marker. According to the present invention, it is preferred that a silicon slide is used as the solid phase. However, the invention extends to other solid phases suitable for use in a technique to determine the change of surface mass of the solid phase, such as a chromium-sputtered glass slide. In principle the solid phase may consist of any simple and cheap reflecting surface and does not require pre-treatment like deposition of special optically active layers, as described in US-A-5,418,136. The amount of analyte adsorbing to solid surfaces will generally be dependent on the transport conditions (diffusion and stirring) in the system. In the usual laminar flow systems this implies that adsorbed amounts may decrease in the downstream direction, because the fluid boundary layer becomes progressively depleted of analyte. This site- dependency of the amount of adsorbed analyte may hamper quantitative description of the rate of precipitate formation, for instance, if first the biological effect of a minute quantity of protein adsorbed on a membrane is measured [4] and then the amount of protein responsible for this effect would be measure. It has been found that this problem may be overcome by performing the present method quantitatively on so-called uniform-accessible surfaces, that is, with identical adsorption conditions over the whole surface. Using such a surface, the biological effect can be related to the adsorbed amount of analyte, expressed per unit surface area. A uniform-accessible surface, a rotating disc in solution, has been developed and allows ellipsometric measurement of analyte adsorption on its surface [9] . Combination with ellipsometry on a rotating disc is therefore a preferred embodiment of the present invention. Furthermore, in a second aspect, the present invention provides a kit for carrying out an immunoassay method for determining an analyte in a liquid sample, wherein the kit comprises at least one means specifically adapted for carrying out the method according to the present invention. In particular, said means comprise a solid phase suitable for the application of a technique for determining the change of surface mass of the solid phase, such as a silicon or chromium-sputtered glass slide. Preferably, said solid phase carries a binding partner for the analyte, most preferably a specific binding partner. The kit could furthermore contain various conventional constituents, with the proviso that it comprises a marker and detection means which, in combination, are capable of producing a precipitate, most preferably an enzyme and a substrate which, in combination, are capable of producing a precipitate. The adsorption of analytes from buffer solutions onto, and more generally the accumulation of solid substances on ω ω to to P 1 P 1 in o in o in o in rt cr P- Φ P- 1+ ft CQ TJ CQ TJ Q 0 rt CD TJ CD P- Ω ft TJ P- rt rt σ. S μQ TJ PJ rt 0 Φ TJ p- p TJ p PJ P 0 P- 0 P Hi P Ml tr P P a 0 Φ ft ) CD 0 tr ) 0 P Hj ft Φ hh P 1 h- 1 g hh o Hj CQ P 1 TJ P- 1 Hi φ cr Φ Ω J cr rt rt CQ Hi to a PJ Φ CQ Ω PJ Φ hh rr h- 1 rr Φ P- P ) hh Ω CD CQ tr P CO Φ TJ Φ CQ Hi rt 0 • 0 Hi 1 H 0 tr 3 P- a Φ tr P- Hj o ft Ω Hi ft ) P- rt P- - ft rt a P Ω Φ Φ tr P CD Ω rt rt tr Hi P 0 TJ PJ h{ o φ H Φ P - — 0 P- Ω TJ ft ) TJ PJ PJ CQ rt rt CQ Hi Φ CQ tr N Hi Φ TJ P- P CQ Hj hh a Hj 3 . 3 N Φ P- a P- 0 ft > P P- Φ Φ h- J tr P Hi Φ rt . μQ 0 0 0 PJ φ Φ P Φ rt Ω Ω O Ω rt Hi ft rt Φ TJ 3 0 Ω PJ Hi P- P Ω 3 CQ hj p h- 1 PJ TJ 3 3 s ≤ , 3 PJ φ 0 P ) 0 PJ Φ *< 1 tr Ω PJ 3 P rt Φ 0 φ tr Φ P tf H P rt ft φ ft ) • ft ) rr CQ P Hi Hi Hi ft ) cr Hi rt ft ) ft ) < Φ Hi a Hi rt Hj Φ tr P- rt cr Φ ft ) hh CQ Φ - P- TJ Φ PJ Hi ft ^ 0 φ a μQ Hi r φ ft PJ 0 Hi Hi X P ) Φ TJ τ PJ Hi CQ Φ Hi CO O CQ N rt ft φ ι_ι. 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Ω hh CO P- ft Φ hj φ CQ Hi 3 0 Φ tr Hi CQ Φ CO tr CQ 3 ft rt Hi CQ P- Φ J φ 3 P a P- ft P- H- 1 P- CQ T CQ PJ P- PJ CQ P- Φ ft tr CQ CQ s; Hi P P PJ Hj iQ cr 3 PJ CQ p- cr rt φ TJ Ω 3 3 0 P TJ TJ rt -3 H- 1 P- Φ J 3 PJ Ω P hh P- ^ rt ft Φ Hi tr P CQ Hi P- Φ 0 ■ 4, TJ tr P- > CQ rt rt <! CQ Φ tr ft ) PJ Hj CQ O T Φ ft ft ) 0 rt Φ ft ) CQ Ω Ω CQ 0 Φ IQ Ω tr TJ φ 0 - φ Ω φ g p φ • rt Hi ft P ) P- P- 3 CQ P tr ft ) hh P Φ .J h- 1 Hi ^ Φ Hi Φ P- rt Hj P- P- P P hh P- CO P ft ) rt P- P- rr Hi P- <: in ft ) φ P P- Φ r h- 1 PJ rt tr hh CQ p Hi Hi CQ Hi 3 0 P- H P- P rt ft ) Φ P Φ Ω 3 3 rt P P- Φ Φ tr Φ 1 0 Hi Ω 0 P- p- ft ) rt P a PJ φ 0 ft ft CQ P- a ≤ Ω CQ cr hj TJ Φ 3 rt cr Ω 3 3 0 CO rt < Φ rr 0 PJ tr rt g h- 1 ^ - ^ tr Φ PJ CQ P ) a 0 Φ φ IQ rt tr P J P- p- 0 Φ φ J to Φ ft CQ h- 1 CD ^ r Hi tr Ω 0 Hi ft Ω o Φ 0 P- rr Φ Φ 0 tr Φ 0 hh 0 ft Φ Φ 3 hh a ft o. 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Hi h- 1 P 3 P rt ft ) ft ) i Φ rt p cr rt ft to Φ hh P P P- 0 0 CQ Hj Φ P ft ) CO h- 1 o CO - Ξ P- tr ft ft TJ H{ h- 1 Φ CQ ft ) P- rt H{ hh P- 3 ft ) rr TJ Hi CQ rt φ P- Hi P 0 tr P Φ CO P- rt ■ 4 Ω CQ a t_r φ Φ 3 CQ ^ - ^ Hi P P- CO 3 rt O CQ PJ ft ) P- rr TJ P- p. hh D Φ iQ 0 CQ P- ft ) rt P- Q p- Hi PJ CQ P- . CD Φ rr 0 0 ft ) tr cr tr P rt O 1 CD CQ Hi > p. Ω Hj tr O P P P- p p CQ rt g TJ hh p- P 3 rt φ rr 0 PJ Φ P P 0 P- ft ) ffi ω Φ OJ P cr P ft P 0 CQ CO Φ P rt TJ t r 5 rt Φ P- PJ Hi CD TJ 3 P Ω to 1 ~ < TJ Ω P rt Φ P- P- Ω Hj t h- 1 Φ ft ) Ω rt 0 P- P- rt *<! PJ • « - Φ ft ) Φ TJ TJ Ω ω Φ Hi Φ 0 rr tr tr ft ft co rt φ Φ Φ h- 1 Ω rt 0 Hi P P P h- 1 rt P rt h- 1 • Hi 0 - rt 0 Hi Hi tr ftj h- 1 P- φ p- Hi P- ft ) rr P- P < Φ ■ 4, Φ ft rt ft ) Hi 3 Φ 3 1 rt Hi 0 Φ p P- CQ P- p a rt μQ TJ P 0 < P- 1 0 φ ft - tr P- *< TJ ft ) ω Ω l_l. ft Φ X ft ) CQ 3 p 0 0 IQ tr P Hi CO ft 3 Φ ft P P • ft ) T Φ g • Hi CQ Φ P- P P- ft ) ■ 4, Hi Φ P- TJ Hi rt PJ PJ 0 0 Φ X rt Hi Ω Hj P- 0 CQ Ω TJ CQ ft ) P- ft cr Hi ft rt φ rt CQ rt P, Hi g rt rt 3 φ 0 rt P- rt 0 Φ Hi P r ft ) P- ft ) 3 D CQ PJ P φ ~ P, tr rt rt p rt g Φ 0 Hi Φ μQ tr 0 Φ P Ω P- 1 CQ Φ 0 P rt rt P- P CQ 3 φ P- φ tr Hj Hj Φ CQ rt rt ^ ft ) P φ Φ P Hi ι_ι. P- P P- hh CQ ft ) Φ P Hi P- Φ P- Hi CO 0 P 1 φ p hh P- Hj H| ft ) CD ft ) < - P TJ CQ P ) P Φ rr o rt P CQ tr 0 ft TJ in Φ PJ CQ 1 0 •<: h- 1 r P h- 1 φ CO Φ CQ P- tr rt TJ Φ 3 •tr P ft ) . — . P Φ Hj to Ω tr s: Hi tr Hi Hi 0 rt ft ) J rt P- 3 Hi 0 0 Φ CQ cr X 0 Hi rt 0 φ P- 1 PJ Φ rt J P- P- ft ) Φ K . - tr Ω rt P ) P ft ft ) Φ Hi $, P tr t p, hh Ω tr hh CQ P- 3 < P- O P P 3 P- Φ tr Φ X CQ Φ CQ Ω P- φ N φ Φ TJ ft ) P Φ φ ft ft PJ Hi φ rr rt φ ≤ rt ft P- rt CQ P- rt h- 1 Ω P- ft — 0 Ω < rt p φ CQ Φ PJ Φ Φ P Φ tr 3 0 PJ P CD Φ TJ tr P ft rt rt Φ Φ TJ P- rt Hi TJ ft Hi rt h- J Φ CQ Φ rr P iQ rt p> ft ) P- Φ h- 1 P- P- Ω tr rt 0 3 P- PJ h- 1 h- 1 0 CQ P h- 1 h- 1 P ft ) tr ft Φ 3 P rr cr Φ P ft ) 3 0 Φ CQ rt CQ Φ Hj iQ a Φ PJ TJ ft ) P- 0 ft ) Hi CO φ CQ TJ P- ft P ) Ω Φ CQ φ P Φ P Hj TJ Φ P- φ 4 PJ Ω rt Φ φ TJ Hi cr CQ hh P Hj α P CD P rt 0 ft - ft ) rt Hj TJ rt H- 1 rr Φ X Ω CQ Φ CQ ft ) Hi • > cr ft ) £ Φ P Hi tr ^^ P cr Ω P- P- Φ 0 ^ P- • P- P- Hi o CD ft ) Ω φ to CQ cr rt P- rt 0 PJ p ft ) Hi IQ P Φ CQ 0 3 Hj HJ rt 0 CD ft ) Φ 3 P ft ) ^ Φ 3 1 rt Φ P- ≤ P- Hi < > O PJ p ft ) rr Φ Φ a Hi rt hh Φ P TJ Φ P CQ Hi rt 0 h- 1 P- P 3 Φ rjd CQ Hi rr Ϊ 0 rt CQ p- hh tr - rr Hi TJ TJ P- P P ft ) • s P P- 1 P Φ — P Φ p tr p ft ) 0 Φ hh Φ Hi ft ) Hi CQ rt rt cr rt φ cr h- 1 P- ft cr cr Φ TJ Φ TJ CO rt Φ ft Ω CO Hi 0 Ω Ω P- P- tr CQ Φ φ 0 Φ P 0 t ) CQ X P- Hj r p CQ Ω φ 0 Hi rt ^ f O p" Ω Φ Φ P TJ 0 P- rt P Hi Ω CQ iQ cr P P rt ft ) co 0 tr f Ω Hi hti D Hj ft ) 0 0 ^ cr Φ rt 0 P P g P- t P ft Hi 3 r Φ hh ft ) φ P- Hj P. rr 0 CQ 3 P- Φ PJ Hi ft ) « . 3 0 α ft ft ) TJ rt Φ H- 1 p ft ) 0 TJ CD Φ P- 0 P P ft ) rt TJ hh rt ≤ rt Φ ft Φ φ P > rt s. rt tr P- CQ p ft 0 g 3 rt Ω P Hi Hi CQ 0 H- 1 Φ tr ft ) Φ ft Hi ω tr rt φ P CQ P- PJ tr CD Hh CD Φ Hi Φ ^ P- 4 ■ , cr Φ z 0 0 o Φ φ P CO P- tr p 0 0 rt P rt ft ) ^ 0 ft ) - P- rt Φ rt . ft Φ o rr p Ω 3 P- PJ Ω rr 0 cr Hi CQ P- rt P- ft ) φ ft tr rr Ω rr μQ P Φ CQ tr Hi ft ) ft ) 0 0 3 tr CQ 0 ft Φ P tr P Ω P Φ ^ rt P s; P φ ft $ P- 0 Hj φ φ Φ Ω Hj Φ Ω φ CQ Hi CQ CQ tr tr ft ) LO t to P 1 P 1 in o in o in o in cr P rt cr P- P P φ P φ Hi tr T ft ) CQ P- ft ) hh T CO P- Ω Ω CQ CO tr rt ft ) 0 P- P- rt h- 1 CQ CQ TJ P P 0 P P- P 0 0 Hi P P P tr P tr 0 ft ) h- 1 P- tr TJ Hi P P tr 0 CD Hi Ω rt N rt N Hi Hi 0 CQ Hi ft ) P 0 0 Ω φ P rt P- Q Φ TJ Ω ft Φ 0 ft φ Hi P h- 1 Hi 1 CQ ft 0 Hi • —• 0 cr Hi P- ft ) rt P- ft tr Hi ft ) P- φ ft φ CO φ cr g 0 P- Φ P ft ) Φ ^ Hj Φ rt ft TJ Hi CQ φ Hi 0 P ft X 0 Hi 0 Hi rt P ) J Φ cr φ P Hi Ω tr Ω Jg CQ r Φ CD Φ • τ| tf ) hh - p, Φ X ft ) Φ rt H 0 Hi Hi P rt CQ \ H-" CQ ft ) φ φ Φ ■ V CQ Φ CD ft P 0 ft ) CQ ^ Φ Hi P- P o tr P Hj O ft ) P- Φ CQ P ft ) rt ft ftJ • Ω ft ) P- Ω Hi P rt P Hi 3 "< Ω hh Φ CQ 0 rt PJ 0 ft P Φ P ft ) P- ft ) P g Hi CQ Φ rt CD Φ ft ^< P CO Hi Φ ft ) rt Φ p CD g O Φ ft P cr ft P Cfl CQ p j rt Φ s. P rt rt Hi ft ) P ft ) Ω rt Φ ~ rt TJ Φ h- 1 p ft 0 CQ rt Ω tr TJ Φ CD P 0 rt ft ) ft ) h- 1 -\ Ω rt Hi ft ) Ω rt Φ tr CQ t ft p rt rt P- P rt Φ iπ Φ H| ft CD Hh CQ Ω P Φ to ft ) tr Hi H 1 rr P- Ω ft ) Φ P- P- rt P- tr rt Ω Hi rt 1 - TJ φ - Hi P- φ CD tr Ω ft ) H P Φ 0 P- P * : ft ) P ft Ω P- 0 Φ P- 0 φ ft ) Hi cr Φ Ω P- 0 rt P- Φ φ ft - Ξ • ; 0 CQ P ft ) Φ ft ) ft ) 0 p 0 P P rt ft ) M PJ Hi P- P ft 3 P- TJ CQ ft P- cr CD P rt 0 ft P- 1 p CO ft P- 1 IS1 Φ N 0 0 TJ P- <J φ P P- P rt Φ P- CQ ft ) CO tr cr TJ to 0 CQ Φ ft -<; 0 g .r X P- rt Hh ft Φ P ft ) rt P CQ tr TJ P- Φ Φ rt 0 hh 0 TJ o rt g Ω P- 1 0 PJ rr tr Hi P- CQ H-" 0 rr Φ P P- Φ r P P- P- Hj 1 p P, rt Φ PJ PJ PJ 0 P- 1 ft ft ) φ Φ Hi rr P- 0 rt CQ Ω Ω tr ft ft CQ Ω Ω tr rt Ω Hj tr p J rt g P lt P- ft ) r P hh tr <! P- rt 0 Φ Φ 0 P- P- Φ Φ ft ) ft ) ft ) Φ tr ft ) TJ CO Φ g rt CO P- cr 3 1 P O Φ TJ Φ Φ ft) φ CQ tr rr <! ft P hh P X CD 3 P" P- 1 ft φ h- 1 0 P P- tr o Ω P- Ω φ φ Hi P H P Φ tr rt ft ) P- φ Ω CQ CQ TJ p 0 P ^ - tr φ rt Φ CQ TJ φ 0 P ft ) CQ Ω CQ 0 P P HJ ft ) CQ Φ Φ TJ Hj PJ P cr Ω PJ -3 P- 1 TJ ^^ CQ P Φ H- 1 Hj ft ) r Φ CQ h- 1 ft ) 0 P φ ft P- 1 Φ p ft CO Φ P- rt CQ Φ 0 rt ω 0 tr X P φ Φ rt P- 0 P CO ft ) CO P- rt P- 1 φ φ ft) CQ ft ) P- p p P- tr P P- Hi p. 0 to CQ P P h- 1 ft TJ ft ) 0 Ω ft ft P- ft rt ft rt rr 0 ft - CQ CQ Ω 0 P < 0 — 0 CQ TJ rt rt N rt P- φ 0 h- 1 Φ P- Φ 0 tr Φ Φ P ^ Φ Φ p P- P- p rt CQ Φ P 1 TJ — Φ *≤ Φ TJ CD Hi ■ 4, P Hi P CQ CO P h- 1 Φ ft ) Ω ft ft ) rt ^ <J Ω 0 TJ tr φ p. ft ) ) tr ft ) P- 3 Ω CO rt rt rt Φ rr TJ CD ft ) rt P Φ ft ) tr a 0 Φ ft CO CO 1 ft ) ft ) ft P Φ tr 0 ft ) P- Φ P- hh 0 P ^ ft ) r P- Hi Ω P- P φ hh P- 0 P- rr P < 1 a 3 P. 0 CD 0 s; CQ CQ φ P tr 0 p. Φ p J CQ Φ H ft ) Φ 0 P, CQ P ft ) ft 0 Φ CQ P- φ Φ P P Φ ft ) ft ) Φ CD Hi ft ) P- P 0 ft ) CO CT CQ a P- TJ X P P ft CQ Hi P P μQ rt ft ) Ω <J tr ft TJ • h- 1 P 3 0 *< CQ Ω o CQ Hi P ) φ cr 0 φ > rt tr P Hi Hi h- 1 Hi P ) rr Φ f ^ Ω Φ Φ Φ p rt 0 g cr <! CO h- 1 ~ rt P- CO Φ ^ Φ tr P P- Φ P- ω rt P- rt Ω Hi P P Hj ft ft ) rt TJ P Φ r ^ ^ LO tr o rt CQ μQ rt Φ ft 0 0 CQ P CQ Φ Φ ft ) 3 tr P CQ rt P- cr P' Φ rt P Hi > - Φ P Hi 0 P 0 P Ω • Ω 1 ^ P- Φ Hi P- - a CQ P- Φ ^ ft ) TJ TJ 1 ft ) hh Hj P- P- φ Ω ft ) P- ft ) ft ) φ rt CQ CQ > rt φ "< 0 P CQ TJ rt tr • ~^ ft Φ ft ) rr 0 Hj rt P X P P ft P ft p, Φ ~ rr P- hh Hi Φ 0 P- X CO Φ Hi CD φ tr rt Ω Hi Hi Φ CQ CQ ft ) < P- rr <! Ω iQ 0 φ CO O Ω ft ) φ TJ ft φ Φ P- tr CO Φ CQ Φ 0 0 CO ft ft ) PJ φ CQ TJ tr ft ) 0 P- Hi Ω • TJ 0 g g Ω 3 t » P rt Φ Hi hh PJ P tr Φ h- 1 P < P- tr P P- TJ 0 0 φ • ft ) CO ft ) ft ) h- 1 ft ) rt cr Φ rt ft Ω rt rt ft ) P- Ω φ P- TJ ft ) H P P ft ) cr ft P- rt ■ t rt P- Hi tr P- ft ) P- 1 ft) Φ 0 CQ 0 ft Φ P P P- P rt ft 0 P- CQ cr CQ P CQ rt Φ PJ TJ Φ P- P . r Hj s; g a P CQ rt ■ 4, φ cr hh P- P rt 0 *< CQ < ft ) CQ CQ CQ O P- tr rt rt ft ) ft ) Φ hh rt tr rt PJ cr Φ P- ft ) P Hi Hi Φ P 0 Φ P TJ CD Φ ft ) tr <! CQ 0 H( φ ft ) rr 0 ,— Φ P Φ CO ft ) Φ rt cr 0 Hi 3 X CO tr CQ TJ P- φ φ o Hi P ) Hi P Φ rt ω N ft r 3 tr Φ Hi -> TJ ft ) Φ TJ ft ) P- O 0 to ft ) p ~ Hi z rt φ Ω tr o P P- rt P- Φ Φ ft P Φ P rt Φ ^ ft rt 3 ft P, tr ft ) p- P- Φ hh φ H CD ft CO tr 0 P rt 0 P iQ Φ P Φ φ ft ) Φ tr CO ft ) φ Φ z. P- P 0 P - 0 Hi TJ Φ P- Φ P rt rt ft j tr H| φ H Hi CD Hi P rt ft ) 0 p hh 3 tr Ω ■ <: P Hi ^^ ft P CQ ^ CQ Φ 3 φ Φ rt Φ P- 0 Ω Hi CD Hi CQ •^ φ 0 tr CQ 0 3 Φ rt 0 Ω 0 CO Hj ft ) < tr Hi Φ ^ cr ft ) p, H- 1 0 P ) = > ft ) Φ s; Ω Hi tr P Ω ft ) 0 Hi Φ ø j Φ Φ Ω CQ Φ ft ) rt P- rt P- CQ ^ -. g 0 0 P P Φ rt Hi Φ • CO rt $. ft rt P- Hi tr P P- rt α P P P- rt P Φ tr P- 0 μQ rt cr 0 P- P Φ Φ 0 tr rt > CQ H r φ rt P 3 Hi CQ Hi P tr trJ Hi ft ft P 0 P 0 tr rt ft ) φ Φ φ Hi ft ) CQ ft ) ft) CQ rt IO IO to to P 1 P 1 in o in o in σ in z M rt P- p- TJ ft Ω ft ) Ω Z CQ P- tr P- TJ ft ) CQ CQ ft ) ft ) ft ) TJ TJ TJ 0 hh ft ) TJ ft Hi P, tr * tr P P P- 1 Φ 0 P- 1 0 P- tr CQ P- 3 tr ft 0 rr P ft 3 tr Hi tr Hi P P Hi P- φ Φ P- H Φ Hi < ft ) rt PJ CQ P rt 0 3 0 CO P- P O P- 0 Φ 0 P P- hh CQ CD P, ft ) Φ CD Φ rt 0 Ω tr z P ft ) P CD 0 P H! Φ o P CQ CQ CQ rt Ω P- P hh TJ ft ) Φ P ) HJ CD g Ω Φ Φ CQ o ^ P TJ P. rr HJ X Hi 0 TJ Φ TJ tr rt P Ω Φ φ rt TJ Ω rt ft ) rt ft P PI P rt rr Φ 0 tr tr P- P- P- TJ TJ tr P tr Φ P- rt tfl P- Hi Ω Φ i rr CQ ^ r P- P- P P rr tr rt Hi TJ 0 Φ 0 P P rt tr 0 Ω 0 0 HJ X TJ P- rt 0 tr P- IQ Ω 0 CD P Hi Φ tr ft ) CO Hi ft P CQ P- 0 Φ z P ft ) ft ) P rt p- Hi P ) 0 P 0 P P- Φ Φ ft ) ft ) P 0 P- • < 0 CD P- P- φ • Ω φ CQ rt O P- CQ 0 Hi p rt p P- 1 X X rt TJ rt ft ) Ω TJ 0 Ω P TJ TJ o TJ Φ TJ • 0 h- 1 hi rt p- Ω P- P- PJ P- p. ft ) HJ Φ P- P 0 ft ) tr P- hh P- > 0 Φ >-i Ω P 0 Φ cr P Φ ft ft rt CO P ft TJ 0 ft ft 1 P Φ z rt rt Φ P- rt tr P p- rt P ft ) P P 0 TJ P O P- rt P 0 ft CD p. P- 1 Ω ft P P rt tr p. CD g tr p rt ω P < H- 1 Φ P P- ft ) Hi σ CQ P- 0 0 P- 3 ft ) 3 Φ φ P 1 tr φ Φ rt Φ P- P ) ft J HJ TJ Φ p. P ft cr P Φ P- O tr rt P. Ω TJ φ φ Hi X ft ) Φ Hi CQ Ω O ft ) CQ ft ) rt P- 0 P-" P- 0 P- TJ φ P- Ω P- 1 z to P P ft Φ P ft ) z 0 rt CO ft § ■ P- I- P- P- Hi Ω p. TJ ft ) Ω p ft ) rt P- P P 0 Φ Hj ft rt 0 TJ rt CQ ft ) P- CD P- φ - CQ P- CQ ■ 4, X Ω ; P- P P P- CD CD p> P Hi φ TJ P CQ 0 P- Φ p Hj Φ p 0 ft HJ Φ P ft ) Ω Φ Ω CQ 0 ft ) 3 ft ) ft < Hi Ω T rt Hi 0 ft ) p ft ) Φ Φ hh < 0 rr g 0 Hi 0 P- P P- CO P P 0 Φ φ Φ hh rt ft rr g φ CQ PJ 0 Φ hh O TJ Hj CD P P ft ) CQ P Φ Φ TJ tr rt H{ Ω P- φ tr Φ ^ g ft ) 0 Ω - ft rt Hi P ft P Ω Ω CQ tr O ft ) ft ) Φ P rt P Hj Φ cr p- 0 ft ) Hj Hi ft ) Φ rt rr ft ) rt Φ P- CQ φ ft ft ) rt tr - ft ) • Hi CQ P- CD φ Φ p Ω P, H- J Hi P rt ^ ft ) P- P tr P PJ P 1 X P Hi CQ ft ) P rt ^ - ^ P P- P ) ?r ^ P» ft CQ Φ P 0 P φ 0 CQ P P- ft ) rt ft ) PJ TJ H 3 tr ft ) 0 ft ) rt 3 hi rt Hj Φ 1 P- P- Hj P ) P P φ Hi ft ft 3 tr cr P CQ Hi tr rr φ Φ Z P P < Φ PJ ft HJ g PJ P g Ω φ X ft ) rt Φ TJ Φ Φ CQ 0 P- rt Φ P- CQ ft ) TJ Φ ft x P- ft ) Ω CQ P- P- X P- P- P ft ) 0 ft CQ h- 1 TJ TJ < CQ P- Φ P rt ft ) P 1 H{ P p Φ P ) hh HJ P P ft p- P P ft ) φ - Φ ft ) p ) 0 tr P- tr CO Hi tr CQ p. "< 0 rt Ω 0 .V CQ g rt φ 1 P h- 1 CQ rt rt P Ω Hi 0 ft CQ P CQ Hi rt rt P- φ J Hj Φ PJ tr ft cr rt < ■ 4, TJ Φ Z P 1 P Ω rt CQ Φ cr ft ) CQ ft ) P ) ft ) Φ Φ 0 P 1 ft cr P- Hi g Hi Φ P- < tr rr Φ Φ Ω tr - Φ P 1 TJ ft P- hh Φ Ω - — - P- P ^J 0 p CQ ■ O P φ rr Φ Ω rt P- X p. P- 1 tr P TJ 0 ft CO Φ P rt p hh p hh » Φ CQ P ft P- 0 P- P- Φ Ω ft ) P- P ) P- PJ rt ft Hi Hi rt 0 rr O rt P ) Ω 0 Hi PJ P- P P P- hh P ft tr P P rt 3 rr tr P- 0 ft> P- hh TJ 0 ft ) rt HJ Ω Hi z P TJ P 0 3 P P- <. P Φ P- P- ft ) P rt P- CQ P CQ tr PJ O Ω Φ tr TJ ft 0 CQ TJ Hi Φ Ω φ Z tr φ < P- 1 rt ft rt CQ Φ rt h- 1 ft ) Φ tr CQ Φ p rt CD ft ) P- Hi Z h- 1 3 g μQ P P- ft ) X ^ Φ ^ P- CO ft ) P TJ Φ ft ) hh φ P- CQ Ω Ω O P- TJ ft ) ft ) cr P cr rt rr ft P- Ω ft h- 1 rt ft ) P P P ft ) ^ Φ Φ 0 hh P tr rt Ω Hi CQ P- 1 P. Φ P- P- tr P 0 Ω - CQ tr hh ft ) 3 P φ Hi ft ) CQ X z tr p P rt Φ tr P- 0 3 ft ) CQ P 0 cr P ) Φ φ Hh Z ft 0 X ft ) CQ ~. ft ) 0 h- 1 Φ p- P- 1 P rt ft ) TJ P rt ft P ft ) Φ < Ω P ) Hj CQ P- tr CQ ft P P- rt CQ g g p co P TJ * Φ tr φ p- P- • Φ Φ Ω P P- φ P P- 0 Φ 0 P P- ft ) ft TJ P- HJ TJ , g Hi P- 0 * CQ 0 P rt P z P P ft P P- Ω p. P, Φ hh CO P CQ CD Z ft ) rt Φ z 0 ^ P- p ^ TJ z P- Ω P 3 rt tr TJ P < P Φ Hi Φ p O Φ TJ O Hi P- P tr P- Ω ft ) 0 TJ CQ HJ ft ) rr Φ •^ - rt TJ • ft hh CD rt hh CQ Φ Ω Φ rt Ω P< .— P> 0 ft ) TJ P- 1 p. ft ) rt tr ^ - ^ g P- p. cr ft ) Φ Φ Φ Hi ft ) CD tr P- 0 ^ 1 P Hi PJ ft CO Φ ft rt Φ Φ TJ cr Hh P- 0 0 P- P H{ CQ CO P ) P Hi Hi Φ TJ Hj g in 0 tr Hi rt 1 P- P- ft CD Hi 0 P P rt 0 P ft tr P- P- CQ rt P ft P P ) H- 1 P- CQ cr P- r TJ Φ Ω Hi 0 HJ — ft ) Hi Φ P p p <! z CQ CQ P- rr Φ ft TJ P P- Φ 10 P tr TJ 0 Φ P Hi P ) • P rt 0 P- 0 φ ft rt CQ Φ P- P ) ft P- ft ) P Φ — CQ Ω Φ 0 ft ) Ω Hi rt φ tr P P IQ X φ 3 rt ^ P ) 0 h- 1 ^ O hh \ ^ ft ) CQ φ Hj CQ rt rt p- 0 Φ Hi CQ Φ P- P- rt ft ) tr > < P HJ 0 ,— . -— » 3 rr X TJ Φ M P 3 tr tr Ω P Φ P z- tr rt P g HJ TJ ft ) P ft ) Z tr ft ■ 4, 0 Φ Ω φ ft ) Ω CO rt Φ rr P- P PJ < P • ft g tr 0 rt Hi 0 Ω < rt 0 tr P, tr g ft P- 1 n ft P- TJ P- P- 1 Z tr P ft ) P- Φ φ Φ Φ φ p j Ω P- P- Φ rt P P- 0 P- J ft Φ tr T rt ft ) CQ to P P P- tr P- φ ft P to t P» o in o in en o in such as pre-coating of reflecting surfaces with phospholipids or polymers . 5) The use of principle 1) combined with any modification of detection principle, such as other enzyme/substrate combinations or precipitate- forming reactions, sandwich techniques, single versus multiple enzyme molecule tags, direct or competitive binding etc. 6) The use of principle 1) in an immunoassay with simultaneous addition, or addition shortly after each other, of analyte, conjugate and precipitate-forming substrate, without intervening rinsing or flushing steps (one-step ELISA) . 7) Combination of principle 1) with the use of a uniformly- accessible surfaces, preferably a rotating disc, for quantitative description of the rate of precipitate formation and for the expression of surface-bound (biological) activity in the amount of bound active agent per unit surface area. Example 1. Determination of annexin V concentrations Silicon slides were covered with phospholipid bilayers by addition of 20 μM phospholipid vesicles, obtained by sonication of a 20% DOPS/80% DOPC mixture, as described [3,4] . After formation of a stable phospholipid bilayer on the surface, excess phospholipid was removed by flushing the cuvette with buffer, and human annexin V was added. After 200 s of adsorption, the cuvette was flushed and rabbit polyclonal anti-annexin V was added for 120 s. The cuvette was flushed again and a swine anti-rabbit IgG, conjugated to HRP, was added for 120 s. Again the cuvette was flushed, 0.278 mM DAB and 0.834 mM H 2 0 2 was added and the formation of precipitate on the surface was measured by ellipsometry. Results are shown in Table 1. Table 1. Determination of annexin V concentrations. buffer calculated incubation time in DAB cone, of surface mass annexin V of annexin V (ng/mL) (ng/cm2) 300 s 600 s 900 s 00,. .0000 00..0000 00.. 003377±±00.. 000055 0.046±0.004 0.060±0.006 0, .036 0.01 0 .056±0, .007 0.075±0.009 0.115±0.008 0, .18 0.05 0 .063+0, .007 0.118±0.013 0.192±0.017 0, .36 0.10 0 .102±0. .008 0.236±0.018 0.388+0.023 0. .90 0.25 0, .258±0. .021 0.689±0.058 1.136±0.097 11,. .8800 00..5500 00,. .776655±±00.. .007700 1.843±0.109 2.953±0.140 Values indicate polarizer changes in degrees (+ SD) of four experiments . If the detection limit is defined as a polarizer change exceeding the polarizer change plus 3 times the SD for the blank, it follows from Table 1 that the lowest surface concentration of 0.01 ng/cm 2 , which is about 100 times lower than detectable by direct ellipsometry, could already be measured within 300 s incubation time. Example 2. Determination of FABP concentrations Silicon slides were coated with homogeneous PVC layers of 20-25 nm thickness by an automated dipping procedure of the slides in a solution of PVC in cyclohexanone. The slides were coated with monoclonal antibodies against FABP (and annexin V) by overnight adsorption, and free surface space was blocked with either albumin or skimmed milk powder. The slides were then exposed for 10 min to various concentrations of FABP (or annexin V) , and the adsorbed proteins were detected directly with monoclonal antibody/HRP conjugates or, for annexin V, with the described two step procedure. Precipitate formation after addition of DAB, as measured by ellipsometry, is shown in the Figure. A concentration of 0.5 ng/mL could be measured within 120 s of DAB conversion time. Example 3. Determination of IL6 concentrations A monoclonal catcher antibody against IL6 was adsorbed for only 15 minutes on strongly hydrophobic (silanized) silicon slides, and various concentrations of IL6 were added for only 10 min. Two short incubation steps with biotinylated anti-IL6 antibodies and streptavidin-labeled (multi) HRP followed. Results of ellipsometric measurement of precipitate formation after addition of DAB are shown in Table 2. A concentration of 10 pg/mL IL6 could be measured in less than 300 s DAB conversion time and a total assay time of less than 30 min. Table 2. Determination of IL6 concentrations. IL6 con- number of incubation time in DAB centration experiments 300 s 600 s 900 s (pg/mL) 0 3 0.07±0.03 0.08+0.03 0.08+0.03 10 6 0.29±0.07 0.44+0.10 0.50±0.10 100 3 9.4+0.7 11.7+0.7 12.9+0.9 Values indicate polariser changes in degrees (± SD) References 1 Cuypers PA, Corsel J , Janssen MP, Kop J M, Hermens Th, Hemker HC. The adsorption of prothrombin to phosphatidylserine multilayers, quantitated by ellipsometry. J Biol Chem 1983; 258: 2426-31. 2. Corsel JW, Willems GM, Kop JMM, Cuypers PA, Hermens WTh. The role of intrinsic binding rate and transport rate in the adsorption of prothrombin, albumin and fibrinogen to phospholipid bilayers. J Colloid Interface Sci 1986; 111: 544-54. 3. Giesen PLA, Willems GM, Hemker HC, Hermens WTh: Membrane-mediated assembly of the prothrombinase complex. J Biol Chem 1991; 266: 18720-5. 4. Giesen PLA, Hemker HC, Hermens WTh: Production of thrombin as a probe for mixing of phospholipids in membranes on solid supports. Biochim Biophys Acta 1995; 1237: 43-8. 5. Mandenius CF, Mosbach K. Detection of biospecific interactions using amplified ellipsometry. Anal Biochem 1988; 170: 68-72. 6. Nygren H. Experimental demonstration of lateral cohesion in a layer of adsorbed protein and in layers of gold-antibody complexes bound to surface-immobilized, antigen. J Immunol Meth 1988; 114: 107-114. 7. Rongen HAH, van der Horst HM, Hugenholtz GWK, Bult A, van Bennekom WP . Development of a liposome immunosorbent assay for human interf6ron-gamma. Anal Chim Acta 1994; 287: 191-199. 8. Reeves SG, Siebert STA, Roberts MA, Durst RA. Liposome immunosensing devices for environmental Contaminant screening. Trends in Anal Chem 1995; 14: 351-355. 9. Willems GM, Giesen PLA, Hermens WTh: Adsorption and conversion of prothrombin on a rotating disc. Blood 1993; 82: 497-504.

Claims: Claims 1. An immunoassay method for determining an analyte adsorbed at a surface or present in a liquid sample, comprising binding said analyte to a solid phase, attaching a marker to the analyte, and detecting marker attached to said solid-phase, wherein a combination of marker and detection means is used which is capable of producing a precipitate on a solid phase which carries the marker and is detected by in- situ determining the change of surface mass of said solid phase due to formation of said precipitate. 2. An immunoassay method according to claim 1, which is a quantitative method to determine the concentration of analyte in a sample . 3. An immunoassay method according to claim 1, which is a quantitative method to measure surface concentrations, in particular very low surface concentrations, of analyte, adsorbed or bound on solid surfaces or biological (model) membranes . 4. An immunoassay method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the change of surface mass of the solid phase is determined by ellipsometry. 5. An immunoassay method according to claim 4, wherein the ellipsometry is carried out on a uniform-accessible surface, preferably a rotating disc. 6. An immunoassay method according to claims 1-3, wherein the change of surface mass of the solid phase is determined by surface plasmon resonance. 7. An immunoassay method according to claims 1-3, wherein the change of surface mass of the solid phase is determined by total internal reflection fluorescence. 8. An immunoassay method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said marker is. an enzyme and said detection means comprise a substrate of said enzyme. 9. An immunoassay method according to claim 8, wherein a horseradish peroxidase is used as the enzyme and 3,3' diaminobenzidine as the substrate. 10. An immunoassay method according to claim 8, wherein an alkaline phosphatase is used as the enzyme and 5-bromo-4- chloro-3-indolylphosphate and nitroblue tetrazolium as the substrate . 11. An immunoassay method according to claims 1-3, performed as a one-step ELISA. 12. An immunoassay method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein a silicon slide is used as the solid phase. 13. An immunoassay method according to claims 1-11, wherein a chromium-sputtered glass slide is used as the solid phase. 14. A kit for carrying out an immunoassay method for determining an analyte adsorbed at a surface or present in a liquid sample, wherein the kit comprises at least one means specifically adapted for carrying out the method according to any one of the preceding claims. 15. A kit according to claim 14, wherein said means comprises a solid phase suitable for the application of a technique for determining the change of surface mass of the solid phase, such as a silicon or chromium-sputtered glass slide . 16. A kit according to claim 15, wherein said solid phase carries a binding partner for the analyte. 17. A kit according to claims 14-16, comprising a marker and detection means which, in combination, are capable of producing a precipitate. 18. A kit according to claims 14-17, comprising an enzyme and a substrate which, in combination, are capable of producing a precipitate .

Inventors: AARDEN LUCIEN ADRIANUS, HACK CORNELIS ERIK, HERMENS WILLEM THEODOOR, ROBERS MARKUS, AARDEN, LUCIEN, ADRIANUS, HACK, CORNELIS, ERIK, HERMENS, WILLEM, THEODOOR, ROBERS, MARKUS
Applicants: AARDEN LUCIEN ADRIANUS, HACK CORNELIS ERIK, HERMENS WILLEM THEODOOR, ROBERS MARKUS, SANQUIN BLOEDVOORZIENING, UNIVERSITEIT MAASTRICHT, AARDEN, LUCIEN, ADRIANUS, HACK, CORNELIS, ERIK, HERMENS, WILLEM, THEODOOR, ROBERS, MARKUS, STICHTING SANQUIN BLOEDVOORZIENING
Application year: 1998
Main classification: G01N33
IPC codes: G01N33