Dual overhead cam shaft arrangement and internal combustion engine therewith

Abstract: The present invention provides an internal combustion engine drive train actuating assembly which includes a dual overhead cam shaft arrangement wherein a pair of cam shafts is supported in the head section of the engine. One cam shaft is positioned to actuate the intake and exhaust valves. The other cam shaft is dedicated to actuating only the unit fuel injectors and is positioned relative to the injector actuating rocker levers to contact only these rocker levers during engine operation. The rocker lever-contacting lobes on the dedicated injector-actuating cam shaft are dimensionally wider than has heretofore been possible, which allows the high fuel injection pressures required to achieve optimum fuel economy and emissions while minimizing hertz stresses on the cam shaft.

Description: The present invention relates to a dual overhead cam shaft arrangement wherein one cam shaft is dedicated to actuating only the unit injectors and an internal combustion engine with such an arrangement. The ever increasing demand for achieving and maintaining minimum exhaust emissions and fuel efficient internal combustion engines has required increasingly higher fuel injection pressures. These higher fuel injection pressures, particularly in unit injectors in diesel engines, increase the hertz stress on the injector-actuating cam shaft and its associated following mechanism. Hertz stress refers to the principle that if two bodies come into contact with each other at a point or along a line, then deformations and stresses occur due to the influence of compressive forces. As discussed in the writings of Hertz, the maximum pressure q due to a compressive force P is given by: q = 3P / 2πa 2 When the unit injectors and the intake and exhaust valves in a diesel engine are actuated by the same cam shaft, space constraints can severely limit the axial placement of the injector lobes since all of the valve-actuating lobes and the injector-actuating lobes must be located on the same cam shaft. When sufficient axial space is not available, the hertz stresses on the cam shaft can become unacceptably high. Unless hertz stresses on the cam shaft are kept to a reasonable level, injector pressures of a desirable magnitude cannot be achieved. Cam-operated unit fuel injectors are known in the art. US - A - 5,315,974, for example, discloses a diesel engine with a fuel injection system which employs a cam shaft positioned in the engine overhead for operating a unit fuel injector. Dual overhead cam shaft arrangements are also known. Most dual overhead cam shaft arrangements include one cam shaft dedicated to actuating the intake valves and one cam shaft dedicated to actuating the exhaust valves. US - A - 4,836,171 is illustrative of an internal combustion engine which employs two overhead cam shafts. This dual cam shaft arrangement includes cams for separately mounted rocker arms actuating pump nozzles which, in turn, are operated by the two cam shafts. The first cam shaft actuates the pump associated with one cylinder, and the second cam shaft actuates the pump associated with the adjacent cylinder. It is not suggested that this arrangement could be used to actuate unit fuel injectors; rather, it is designed to permit the easy disassembly of a selected pump nozzle without disturbing the two cam shafts and all the remaining valve gear. JP - U - 62-90973 discloses an overhead cam shaft arrangement with three overhead cam shafts. It is provides a direct actuation of unit injectors by the cams of the third cam shaft. Rocker levers for actuating the unit fuel injectors are not disclosed. EP - A - 0 664 392 discloses a dual overhead cam shaft arrangement, wherein four valves and one fuel injector are associated to each cylinder of an internal combustion engine. One cam shaft actuates only two valves of each cylinder. The other cam shaft actuates via rocker arms the two other valves of each cylinder as well as the fuel injector of each cylinder. US - A - 5,495,838 discloses an overhead cam shaft arrangement with only one cam shaft actuating pairs of valves and unit injectors via cams and associated rocker arms. Object of the present invention is to provide a dual overhead cam shaft arrangement for an internal combustion engine and an internal combustion engine provided with such a dual cam shaft arrangement so that high fuel injection pressures can be achieved, while prolonging cam life. The above object is achieved by a dual overhead cam shaft arrangement according to claim 1 and by an internal combustion engine according to claim 7. Preferred embodiments are subject of the subclaims. It is provided that one of the cam shafts is dedicated solely to actuating the engine unit fuel injectors, thereby minimizing hertz stresses on the cam shaft and prolonging cam life and that the other cam shaft is dedicated to actuating the intake and exhaust valves. It is also an object of the present invention to provide an internal combustion engine unit fuel injector actuation assembly which produces sufficiently high injection pressures to achieve and maintain desired emissions levels and fuel economy without exceeding reasonable hertz stresses on the engine cam shaft. It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a cam shaft supporting only actuating lobes for the unit injectors in an internal combustion engine, wherein the diameter and the width of the lobes are significantly larger than the diameter and width of injector actuating lobes located on a cam shaft that also supports valve-actuating lobes. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a dedicated cam shaft for the unit fuel injectors in an internal combustion engine which provides sufficient axial space to achieve reasonable hertz stresses on the cam shaft and associated following mechanism. According to the invention the critical dimensions of the lobes supported by the injector-actuating cam shaft are selected to minimize the hertz stresses on the injector-actuating cam shaft. Other objects and advantages will be apparent from the following description, claims and drawings. Figure 1 represents, in graphic form, the relationship between cam life and hertz stress; Figure 2 is a perspective view of a dual overhead cam shaft arrangement of the present invention isolated from an internal combustion engine unit fuel injector actuation assembly; Figure 3 is a perspective view of the drive train actuation assembly of the present invention mounted in the head section of an internal combustion engine; Figure 4 is a perspective view of a cam-operated injector rocker lever according to the present invention; and Figure 5 is a perspective view of the head section of an internal combustion engine showing the locations of the mounting structures for the drive train actuation assembly of the present invention. Hereinafter, the present invention is explained in more detail with respect to a preferred embodiment shown in the drawings. The unit fuel injector actuating assembly of the present invention fills the demand for higher engine fuel injection pressures while maintaining reasonable hertz stresses on the injector-actuating cam shaft and associated following mechanism. Higher injection pressures maximize fuel economy and minimize engine emissions. However, the higher hertz stresses associated with these higher injection pressures tend to decrease the durability of the engine. The present invention obviates this problem by permitting the desired higher injection pressures while maintaining reasonable hertz stresses, thus increasing engine life. Hertz stress results from rolling contact stresses between the cam shaft and the rollers contacting the cam shaft lobes. Failures of these components are usually due to material fatigue. The maximum hertz stress that can be tolerated by an engine cam shaft is generally about 1,724·10 9 Pa (250.000 psi). Figure 1 is a graphic representation of the relationship between cam life and hertz stress. This graph demonstrates the fundamental relationship between hertzian stress and cam life for a classic fatigue spell. In Figure 1, 1 psi equals about 6894,76 Pa. The relationship shown in Figure 1 can be expressed simplistically as follows: Life ≈ stress -8 There are, however, other factors which may affect cam life, such as, for example, the lubricating oil film, the presence of debris and the quality of the material used for the cam shaft and lobes. The dual cam shaft arrangement of the present invention wherein one cam shaft is dedicated to actuating only the unit fuel injectors prolongs cam life because wider, larger lobes, which distribute the load over a greater area than is possible with a single cam shaft, can be provided. Figure 2 illustrates the dual cam shafts of the present invention. Cam shaft 10 actuates the engine valves, and cam shaft 12 actuates the unit fuel injectors. The valve-actuating lobes 14 on the valve-actuating cam shaft 10 are narrower than the injector-actuating lobes 16 on the injector-actuating cam shaft 12. Each engine cylinder typically has two to four valves, but only one fuel injector, associated with it. Therefore, the number of lobes required to actuate the valves will be greater than the number of lobes required to actuate the injectors. The width of an injector lobe on a single cam shaft arrangement which actuates both valves and injectors is typically about 23 to 25 mm. In contrast, an injector lobe 16 on the dedicated injector cam shaft in the dual overhead cam shaft arrangement proposed by the present invention can be about 45 to 50 mm wide. A cam lobe with such a width dimension can maintain reasonable hertz stresses on the cam shaft, while allowing the injection pressures produced by the unit injectors to reach greater levels than is possible when the injectors and the valves are actuated by lobes mounted on the same cam shaft. The larger, wider lobes 16 distribute the load over a larger area than is possible with the narrower cam lobes than have been used to actuate unit injectors in prior art cam shafts. The valve-actuating cam shaft 10 has bearing journals 22 spaced axially along the cam shaft 10 that are wider than the lobes 14 and 15. One bearing journal 22 is spaced between each set of three lobes along cam shaft 10. The valve lobes 14 actuate respective intake or exhaust valves, and the center brake lobe 15 activates the engine retarder (not shown). The injector-actuating cam shaft 12 of the present invention may include mounted thereon one or more tone wheels, such as tone wheels 18 and 20 shown in Figure 2. The tone wheels are present to allow electronic measurement of the timing of the rotation of the cam shaft, which affects injection timing. The injector-actuating cam shaft 12 includes bearing journals 17. A bearing journal 17 is mounted between each injector lobe 16. The spacing of the injector lobes 16 and the bearing journals 17 is not symmetric, but is offset as required to accommodate the tone wheels 18 and 20. The bearing journals 17 and 22 support the cam shafts 10 and 12 in the cylinder head. Both cam shafts are mounted for rotation in the engine cylinder head as will be described below in connection with Figures 3, 4 and 5. Figure 3 is a perspective view from one end of an engine with the cylinder head 24 mounted in place on the engine cylinder block 25. The actuating components for the engine drive train can be seen from this view. The gear wheel 26 is drivingly engaged by a gear wheel (not shown) mounted on the cylinder block 25 which rotates with the crank shaft (not shown) and drives gear wheel 28, which causes the dedicated injector cam shaft 12 to rotate. The gear wheel 28 is drivingly connected to gear wheel 30 so that as gear wheel 28 rotates, gear wheel 30 also rotates. The rotation of gear wheel 30 causes the valve-actuating cam shaft 10 to rotate. The gear wheels 26, 28 and 30 are normally covered by a gear cover assembly 27, only part of which is shown, during engine operation. The front panel of the cover assembly 27 has been removed to show the relative positions of the gear wheels. The drive train actuation assembly of the present invention includes valve actuating rocker arms 32 that are pivotally mounted on a shaft 36 supported by shaft supports 35 (Figure 5) mounted in the head 24. The configuration of rocker arm 32 enables the rocker arm to accommodate the valve cross heads secured to one end of each rocker arm so that the cross heads are positioned to contact a corresponding pair of intake or exhaust valves (not shown). Valve cross head 38 is shown secured to one end 35 of the rocker arm 32. Each valve cross head is connected to either at least one pair of intake valves or at least one pair of exhaust valves. The end 37 of rocker arm 32 opposite end 35 is configured to receive the shaft 36 and to contact a lobe 14 of the valve-actuating cam shaft 10 as the cam shaft 10 rotates during engine operation. As the cam shaft 10 rotates, the lobe 14 contacts the rocker arm 32, causing it to pivot about shaft 36 to open and close the valves (not shown) contacted by valve cross head 38. The rocker arms 32, which are not valve-activating rocker arms, but part of the engine retarder or brake system (not shown) are actuated by the brake lobes 15. The injector-actuating cam shaft 12 is rotatably mounted to contact the injector rokker levers 40, which are shown in detail in Figure 4. The injector rocker levers 40 are pivotally mounted on a shaft 42 (Figure 3), which is supported on shaft mounts 41 (Figure 5). One end 44 of the injector rocker lever 40 is drivingly connected to a unit fuel injector (not shown). The opposite end 46 is configured to rotatably mount a cam-contacting roller 48 which contacts one of the lobes 16 on the injector-actuating cam shaft 12 as the cam shaft rotates during engine operation to actuate the fuel injector. Figure 4 illustrates an injector rocker lever 40 which has a configuration that is preferred for use in the drive train actuation assembly of the present invention. Other configurations which function to provide a driving contact between the injector-actuating cam shaft 12 and a unit injector could also be employed. The rocker lever 40 shown in Figure 4 has an injector contact end 44 which uses suitable connector elements, such as hex screw 50 and nut 52 to provide a driving connection between the rocker lever and the unit injector. The connector elements 50 and 52 are received in a substantially vertical bore 54 in the end 44 of the rocker lever 40 so that the terminal end 56 of the hex screw 50 (or like structure) directly contacts one or more unit injector actuating elements (not shown) ultimately causing fuel to be injected from the injector into the cylinder. The opposite end 46 of rocker lever 40 is configured to receive and mount a roller 48. The roller 48 is preferably mounted on a pin 58; however, other suitable mounting structure for the roller could also be used. The roller 48 contacts a lobe 16 of the injector-actuating cam shaft as the cam shaft rotates, which causes the rocker lever 40 to pivot about shaft 42, which in turn causes the terminal end 56 of the connector elements to contact the fuel injector actuating element. The rocker lever 40 has a shaft receiving bore 60 intermediate the ends 44 and 46 through which the shaft 42 passes to pivotally mount the rocker lever 40 in place on the shaft mounts 41. Figure 5 illustrates a perspective view of the head section 24 with the cam shafts 10 and 12, the rocker arm and rocker lever support shafts 36 and 42, the rocker arms 32 and 34, the rocker levers 40 and the valve cross heads shown in Figure 3 removed. The respective shaft mounts 35 and 41 for the valve rocker arm supporting shaft 36 and the injector rocker lever supporting shaft 42 can be seen in Figure 5. The head contacting portion of each of the shaft mounts 35 and 41 is configured with a cam shaft receiving bore to position each of the cam shafts 10 and 12 substantially parallel to each other and to support the cam shafts for rotational movement in a location between the rocker arms and rocker levers and the engine block contacting portion 23 of the head 24. Bores 62 are positioned in each shaft mount 35 to receive and support the bearing journals 22 on the valve-actuating cam shaft 10. A bore 64 is provided in the gear supporting end 29 of the head section 24 so that the drive end 11 of the cam shaft 10 can be connected by suitable structure, such as the assembly 65 shown in Figure 3, to the gear wheel 30, thus allowing the cam shaft 10 to rotate when the gear wheel 30 is driven to rotate. Likewise, the configuration of mounts 41 includes bores 66 which receive and support the bearing journals 17 on the injector-actuating cam shaft 12. A bore 68 in the gear supporting end 29 of the head section 24 allows the drive end 13 of the injector-actuating cam shaft 12 to be connected by suitable structure, such as the assembly 67 shown in Figure 3, to the gear wheel 28, which allows the cam shaft 12 to rotate when the gear wheel 28 is driven to rotate. The end 70 of the head section 24 is provided with bores 72 and 74 which receive the respective terminal ends 76 and 78 of the valve-actuating cam shaft 10 and the injector-actuating cam shaft 12. The ends 76 and 78 are rotatably supported in the bores 72 and 74 in the cylinder head by respective adjacent bearing journals 22 and 17. Each bearing journal 22 and 17 contacts an associated bushing and bearing (not shown) mounted in a respective bore 72 or 74 in a manner which permits the rotation of the shafts 10 and 12 required during engine operation. The arrangement of the present invention will find its primary applicability in internal combustion engines, especially diesel engines, in which it is desired to optimize fuel efficiency while minimizing emissions and prolonging the life of cam shafts and other drive train components.

Claims: Dual overhead cam shaft arrangement for an internal combustion engine wherein the arrangement includes a head section (24) to be mounted above a cylinder block (25) of the internal combustion engine, only two cam shafts (10, 12) with lobes (14, 15, 16), a plurality of cam-actuated unit fuel injectors actuated by cam-activated rocker levers (40), and a plurality of valves actuated by cam-activated rocker arms (32), wherein the lobes (16) of one of the two overhead cam shafts (10, 12) are configured and axially positioned to contact only corresponding injector-activating rocker levers (40) associated with each unit injector to operate said injectors so that this cam shaft (12) is dedicated solely to actuating said injectors and each rocker lever (40) actuates a single unit fuel injector, wherein the lobes (14) of the other overhead cam shaft (10) are configured and axially positioned to contact the rocker arms (32), wherein the injector-activating lobes (16) on said one cam shaft (12) have a width dimension that is significantly wider than the width dimension of the rocker arm-contacting lobes (14) on said other cam shaft (10), and wherein each rocker lever (40) includes an injector cam-contacting structure sized to correspond to the lobes (16) on the injector-contacting cam shaft (12). Dual overhead cam shaft arrangement according to claim 1, characterized in that the width dimension of the injector-activating lobes (16) on said one cam shaft (12) is about 45 to 50 mm, and the width dimension of the rocker arm-contacting lobes (14) on said other cam shaft (10) is about 23 to 25 mm. Dual overhead cam shaft arrangement according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the arrangement includes a plurality of pairs of intake and exhaust valves, wherein the valve-actuating rocker arms (32) are pivotally mounted on an axial support shaft (36) supported by a plurality of rocker arm support elements (35) in said head section (24) coaxially with the longest dimension of said head section (24), each of said valve-actuating rocker arms (32) being separated on said axial support shaft (35) by an engine retarder-actuating rocker arm (34), wherein the injector-actuating rocker levers (40) are pivotally mounted on an axial support shaft (42) supported by a plurality of rocker lever support elements (41) in said head section (24) parallel to and spaced apart from said rocker arm axial support shaft (36), wherein the valve-actuating cam shaft (10) is rotatably mounted to extend through bores (62) in said rocker arm support elements (35) to be spaced toward the cylinder block section (25) from said rocker arms (32, 34), wherein said valve-actuating cam shaft (10) includes a plurality of axially spaced bearing journals (22) and lobes (14, 15) positioned to contact said valve-actuating rocker arms (32) and said engine retarder-actuating rocker arms (34) to cause said rocker arms (32, 34) to pivot about said axial support shaft (36) during engine operation, wherein the injector-actuating cam shaft (12) is rotatably mounted to extend through bores (66) in said rocker lever support elements (41) to be spaced toward the cylinder block section (25) from said rocker levers (16), and wherein said injector-actuating cam shaft (12) includes a plurality of axially spaced bearing journals (17). Dual overhead cam shaft arrangement according to claim 3, characterized in that each rocker arm (32) actuates at least one pair of valves, and that said valve-actuating cam shaft (10) includes an axially spaced lobe (14) positioned to contact a corresponding rocker arm (32) to actuate said pair of valves, preferably wherein the lobes (14) and the bearing journals (22) on said valve-actuating cam shaft (10) are arranged so that three lobes (14, 15) are axially spaced between each bearing journal (22), wherein the lobes (14) immediately adjacent to each bearing journal (22) contact said valve-actuating rocker arms (32) and the lobes (15) positioned between the rocker arm-contacting lobes (14) contact the engine retarder-actuating rocker arms (34). Dual overhead cam shaft arrangement according to claim 3 or 4, characterized in that said valve-actuating cam shaft (10) further includes a plurality of engine retarder-actuating lobes (15) spaced centrally between each one of a pair of valve-actuating lobes (14) and said cam shaft (10) is dedicated to actuating said valve-actuating rocker arms (32) and said engine retarder-actuating rocker arms (34). Dual overhead cam shaft arrangement according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the lobes (16) and bearing journals (17) on said injector-actuating cam shaft (12) are arranged so that the rocker lever-contacting lobes (16) are spaced alternately with the bearing journals (17), preferably wherein said injector-actuating cam shaft (12) further includes one or more electronic timing measurement elements (18, 20) positioned between a selected bearing journal (17) and adjacent rocker lever-contacting lobe (16). Internal combustion engine with a head section (24), a cylinder block section (25), a plurality of pairs of intake and exhaust valves, and a plurality of unit fuel injectors, characterized by a dual overhead cam shaft arrangement according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said head section (24) supports the pair of substantially parallel, coplanar, spaced rotatably mounted cam shafts (10, 12). Internal combustion engine according to claim 7, characterized in that the width dimension of the injector actuating elements-contacting lobes (16) on said one cam shaft (12) is selected to optimize injection pressures while minimizing hertz stresses on said one cam shaft (12).

Inventors: PERR ANDREW P, STOVER THOMAS R, PERR, ANDREW P., STOVER, THOMAS R.
Applicants: CUMMINS ENGINE CO INC, CUMMINS ENGINE COMPANY, INC.
Application year: 1998
Main classification: F01L1
IPC codes: F01L1, F01L13, F02B3, F02M39, F02M57, F02M59