Sonic position measurement system

Abstract: A sonic position sensing system for measuring the position of an object, such as an elevator (12), includes transmitting a sonic signal (16) by a transmitter (14); receiving said sonic signal (16) at a first receiver (20), located a first distance from said transmitter (14); receiving said sonic signal (16) at a second receiver (22) located a second distance from said transmitter (14) and on an opposite side of said transmitter (14) from said first receiver (20); calculating a first distance (D1) between said transmitter (14) and said first receiver (20); calculating a second distance (D2) between said transmitter (14) and said second receiver (22); and calculating a total measured distance (TMD) between said first receiver (20) and said second receiver (22) as the sum of the first distance (D1) and said second distance (D2). The first or second distances (D1, D2) may be scaled by the total measured distance (TMD) to compensate for temperature effects. The position may also be corrected for velocity and/or acceleration of the object.

Description: This invention relates to a position measurement system and more particularly to a sonic position measurement system. It is known in the art of sonic position measurement systems to use an ultrasonic transmitter connected to the object whose position is to be detected It is also known to have the sonic transmitter transmit a sonic pulse along a sound signal conductor which extends along the path which the object moves, the conductor having a predetermined sound propagation speed. The sonic pulse is sent in both directions along the conductor and is received by receivers at each end of the conductor, between which the object moves. Each receiver provides an electrical signal (indicative of when the pulse arrives at the respective receiver) to an evaluation circuit, which measures the time difference between the arrival of the pulse at the two receivers. From this time difference and the known speed of sound in the conductor, the position of the object between the receivers is determined. Such a system is described in European patent application EP 0,694,792 A1, published January 31, 1996 filed July 21, 1995, applicant K. A. Schmersal GmbH and Co. of Germany. In an elevator application, the operation of an elevator depends on accurate and reliable position and speed information. This information is used to control the motion of the elevator as well as certain safety roles and operations, such as opening of the doors. Modern elevators use a high-resolution position information from a source such as an incremental encoder on a motor to control the speed profile. However, for safety-relevant functions they rely on additional discrete switches in the hoistway. One way to implement high-resolution measurement of the elevator car's position in the hoistway is to use the sonic position sensor discussed hereinbefore. In that case, the measurement ultrasonic pulse is launched along a wire from the car to the receivers at the bottom and top of the hoistway. From the difference of the reception times, the position of the car is calculated. US-A-4,238,844 discloses a device which detects a displaced position by generating an ultrasonic signal in a magnetostrictive wire and measuring the propagation time of the signal generated. Claim 1 is characterised over this document. However, such a system has numerous disadvantages. In particular, if the length of the signal conductor changes due to temperature effects it induces inaccuracies into the measurements of the location. Furthermore, using the difference between the reception times provides only one channel of position information. Thus, an accidental displacement of a receiver or any other change in length of the signal path results in erroneous measurements without the ability of being detected from the signal information. Further, inaccuracies induced by temperature-dependent variations in the signal speed are fully transferred to the position measurements. Accordingly, it is desirable to overcome these drawbacks for an elevator application. Objects of the invention include provision of a sonic position measurement system which is fault-tolerant and accurate over temperature. According to the present invention, there is provided a method for measuring the position of an object, as claimed in claim 1. In a preferred embodiment at least, this method includes: (a) transmitting a sonic signal by a transmitter connected to the object; (b) receiving said sonic signal at a first receiver, located a first distance from said transmitter and providing a first received signal indicative of when said sonic signal is received; (c) receiving said sonic signal at a second receiver located a second distance from said transmitter and on an opposite side of said transmitter from said first receiver and providing a second received signal indicative of when said sonic signal is received; (d) calculating a first distance between said transmitter and said first receiver; (e) calculating a second distance between said transmitter and said second receiver; and (f) calculating a total measured distance between said first receiver and said second receiver as the sum of said first distance and said second distance, characterised by identifying said total measured distance calculated at an initial time as a total reference distance, and identifying successive calculations of said total measured distance calculated at successive times subsequent to said initial time as current total measured distances, and providing successive indications of the position of said object by scaling successive said first and second distances calculated at successive times based upon the results of a comparison of the corresponding current total measured distance to said total reference distance. According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a sonic position measurement system as claimed in claim 11. By adding an additional signal to indicate when the sonic pulse is transmitted the system of the present invention allows the detection of a damaged or altered signal path (e.g., a mechanical displacement of a receiver, a loose sonic wire, or a change in the length of the sonic wire), or by irregular pulses coupled into the signal path by an outside source. Also, the present invention provides a reference condition of the distance between the receivers, which is used by the system to compensate for the expansion and contraction of a building or other inaccuracies caused by temperature variations. The invention may be used as a position measurement (or reference) system for an elevator in a hoistway or for detecting the position of any object that moves along a predetermined path. The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent in light of the following detailed description of the exemplary embodiments thereof, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Brief Description of the Drawings Fig. 1 is a block diagram of a prior art sonic position detection device. Fig. 2 is a block diagram of a sonic position sensing reference system in accordance with the present invention. Fig. 3 is a time graph showing pulses from two receivers for the prior art system of Fig. 1. Fig. 4 is a time graph showing pulses from a transmitter and two receivers, in accordance with the present invention. Fig. 5 is a logic flow diagram for position evaluation logic, in accordance with the present invention. Referring to Figs. 1 and 3, a prior art position sensing system comprises an elevator car 12 having a sonic transmitter 14 (or signal coupler) connected thereto. The transmitter 14 generates a sound signal (or pulse) 16 at a predetermined rate and couples the sonic pulse to a sound signal conductor 18 (or wire) which is held or clamped at both ends by a clamping device (not shown). The sonic pulse 16 propagates away from the transmitter 14 in both directions along the wire 18 and is received at sonic receivers 20, 22 located at opposite sides of the transmitter 14 along the wire 18. When the receivers 20, 22 receive the sonic pulse 16, they each transmit an electrical pulse R1, R2 on lines 24, 26, respectively, to an evaluation circuit (or logic) 30. The logic 30 comprises the necessary hardware (e.g., a microprocessor, analogue or digital circuits) and/or software necessary to perform the functions described herein. The logic 30 measures the time difference Td between the arrival of the two pulses 16 at the receivers 20, 22. The logic 30 computes the position of the elevator based on the time difference Td and the known speed of sound in the wire 18, and provides a position signal on a line 32 to an elevator controller 34. For example, Td may be converted to a distance (by the speed of sound) which is indicative of the distance from the midpoint between the receivers, the direction from the midpoint is based on the sign of Td. If the time Td is zero, the transmitter is located mid-way between the two receivers 20, 22. Such a system is similar to that described in European patent application EP 0,694,792 A1 published January 31, 1996 filed July 21, 1995. Referring to Figs. 2 and 4, the position reference system of the present invention is similar to the system of Fig. 1, but adds a signal TS from the transmitter 14, which is provided on a line 36 to an evaluation circuit (or logic) 40 (which replaces the evaluation logic 30 of Fig. 1). The logic 40 comprises the hardware and/or software necessary to perform the functions described herein. The transmitter 14 provides the electrical signal (or pulse) TS on the line 36 when the sonic pulse 16 is launched (or sent) into the wire 18. The signal TS allows the measurement of the absolute distance from the transmitter 14 to each of the receivers 20, 22 via the measured flight times and the known speed of the sonic pulse 16, thereby providing two independent measurements of the position of the car in the hoistway. Referring to Figs. 4 and 5, the evaluation logic 40 enters at a step 100 which calculates the time T1 between the pulses TS and R1, and the time T2 between the pulses TS and R2. Next a series of steps 102 calculate D1 and D2 based on T1 and T2 and the known speed of sound Vsound in the wire 18. Then, a step 104 calculates a Total Distance (TD) equal to the sum of D1 and D2. Next, a step 106 determines whether the system is in initialization or calibration mode. If in calibration or initialization, TD is saved as a Total Reference Distance (TRD). If not in calibration or initialization, TD is saved as a Total Measured Distance (TMD). When the system is in normal measurement operation, the value of TMD is updated at a predetermined rate, e.g., each time position is calculated. All predefined positions in the hoistway, e.g. floor levels, etc., are related to TMD and/or TRD. Next, a step 112 compares TMD to TRD, and if the difference between TMD and TRD is greater than a predetermined fault threshold, e.g., 8 mm, a step 114, sets a Fault flag to one which is provided to the control 34 on a line 42. Other fault thresholds may be used. Then, a step 116 checks whether the change in TMD is greater than a predetermined amount (x%), e.g., 50%, from the previous value of TMD. Other percent changes may be used if desired. If it is, the.step 114 sets the Fault flag to one which is provided to the control 34 on the line 42. Then, a step 118 compensates for temperature variations by calculating a scaled value of D1 as D1 SCALED by multiplying D1 by a scale factor TRD/TMD. D1 SCALED is equal to the absolute position of the elevator car. The TRD and TMD parameters are used in the steps 112,116 to detect anomalies such as a damaged or altered signal path. Such anomalies can be caused by a mechanical displacement of a receiver, a disruption or mechanical displacement in the signal path (e.g., sonic wire pulled loose or changed length) or by irregular pulses coupled into the signal path by an outside source, etc. Also, TRD and TMD are used in the step 118 to compensate for temperature variations with the scale factor. In particular, when TMD deviates gradually from the TRD and the deviations do not exceed the fault threshold, temperature variations are deemed to be the cause of the deviation and the calculations of D1 and D2 are scaled. Instead of or in addition to calculating D1 SCALED , the logic may calculate D2 SCALED as D2 x (TRD/TMD). The scaled distances are then indicative of the true position of the car in the hoistway. This scaling also compensates for the expansion of the building caused by temperature changes provided the temperature distribution in the hoistway is homogeneous. Next, a step 120 calculates a velocity of the car V CAR using the equation: V CAR = |Position(n-2) - Position (n-1)| ΔT where Position(n-2) and Position (n-1) are the Position values calculated in the previous two calculations of Position and ΔT is the update rate of the position calculation. The velocity V CAR provides an adjustment to the value of D1 SCALED to compensate for changes in the car position during the delay time (Td) from when the sonic signal 16 is launched into the conductor 18 to when the position signal is provided to the control 34. The delay time Td comprises two main components, a sound propagation delay of the sonic signal along the conductor 18 and a computation time/update rate for the logic 30 to provide the position signal. The propagation delay component of the time delay Td is determined based on the longer of the two propagation times T1,T2 (for the current position calculation) if the logic waits to receive both T1 and T2 before calculating position (i.e., TMD is calculated at the same update rate as position). Alternatively, the shorter of the two times T1,T2 may be used if the calculation updates the total distance TMD at a slower update rate than the calculation of position. The computation component of Td is predetermined based on the average update rate and computation time of the logic 30. Other techniques may be used to calculate Td. In addition to velocity correction, the logic 30 may also provide acceleration correction of position, i.e., change in velocity over the delay time Td. In that case, a step 122 calculates the car acceleration A CAR . The car acceleration A CAR may be calculated directly from position, by taking the second derivative of position. Next, a step 124 calculates a velocity and/or acceleration-corrected position signal which is provided on the line 32 to the control 34 by the equation: Position = D1 SCALED + P OFFSET where P OFFSET is a velocity and/or acceleration correction term. For a velocity correction, P OFFSET may be (V CAR x Td). For a velocity and acceleration correction P OFFSET may be (V CAR x Td) + (1/2) A CAR Td 2 . Alternatively, to correct for both velocity and acceleration, the value of V CAR in (V CAR x Td) may be adjusted based on an average change in velocity over the time delay Td. Other equations for compensating for velocity and/or acceleration may be used if desired. Also, the logic 30 may provide the velocity V CAR and/or acceleration A CAR to the control 34 on lines 38. The control 34 may use V CAR and/or A CAR for safety systems or for floor alignment systems, or for other uses. Instead of calculating V CAR and/or A CAR in the steps 120,122, respectively, V CAR and/or A CAR may be provided to the logic 30 by a velocity signal from another device such as a velocity sensor or the control 34. Also, the value of Position may be filtered or averaged over a predetermined number of updates. For example, the calculation of D1 SCALED may be performed at a first update rate, e.g., 1 millisecond (msec), and filtered or averaged over a predetermined number of updates, e.g., 3 to 10 updates. Then, the calculation of Position may be performed at a slower update rate, e.g., 10 msec, using the filtered value of D1 SCALED . Other update rates may be used if desired. Also, in that case, the value of Td for correcting for velocity and/or acceleration may be an averaged or filtered value of Td. The velocity and/or acceleration correction of the position is not required for the present invention, but may be needed to provide the desired accuracy of position. If velocity and/or acceleration correction is not employed, the steps 120, 122, respectively, would not be performed and the step 124 would set Position equal to D1 SCALED or D2 SCALED , as appropriate. The sound signal conductor 18 may be a steel rail or a wire cable or other suitable waveguide for propagating an ultrasonic signal having a predetermined sound propagation speed. For example, if the sound signal conductor 18 is made of steel, the speed of sound Vsound in the conductor 18 is about 5,300 meters/second. With a time resolution of 188 nanoseconds the local resolution of the measurement path is approximately 1 mm. Other materials with other sound propagation speeds may be used. The sonic transmitter 14 may be the same as or similar to a transmitter made by K.A. Schmersal GmbH & Co. of Germany; however, the transmitter 14 has the additional output signal TS. The transmitter 14 may operate inductively to couple an electrical pulse received from a pulse generation circuit (not shown) into the sonic pulse on the wire 18. The sonic receivers 20, 22 may be the same as or similar to receivers made by K.A. Schmersal GmbH & Co. of Germany. The receivers 20,22 may be a piezoelectric signal output coupler, or be inductive or capacitive. Other types of transmitters and/or receivers may be used if desired to couple the sonic signal to and from the wire 18. Also, the signals R1,R2,TS on the lines 24,26,36 may be optical, electrical, microwave, or any other type of the signal which is read by the logic 40. Further, instead of being transmitted over the lines 24,26,36, the signal R1,R2,TS may be transmitted through the air using known wireless technology, e.g., RF, microwave, optical, modulated, etc.

Claims: A method for measuring the position of an object, comprising the steps of: (a) transmitting a sonic signal (16) by a transmitter (14) connected to the object and providing a transmitting signal (TS) indicative of when said sonic signal (16) is transmitted; (b) receiving said sonic signal (16) at a first receiver (20), located a first distance from said transmitter (14), and providing a first receiving signal (R1) indicative of when said sonic signal (16) is received; (c) receiving said sonic signal (16) at a second receiver (22) located a second distance from said transmitter (12) and on an opposite side of said transmitter (14) from said first receiver (20), and providing a second received signal (R2) indicative of when said sonic signal (16) is received; (d) calculating a first distance (D1) between said transmitter (14) and said first receiver (20) by using said transmitting signal (TS) and said first receiving signal (R1); (e) calculating a second distance (D2) between said transmitter (14) and said second receiver (22) by using said transmitting signal (TS) and said second receiving signal (R2); and (f) calculating a total measured distance (TMD) between said first receiver (20) and said second receiver (22) as the sum of said first distance (D1) and said second distance (D2), characterised by identifying said total measured distance (TMD) calculated at an initial time as a total reference distance (TRD), and identifying successive calculations of said total measured distance calculated at successive times subsequent to said initial time as current total measured distances, and providing successive indications of the position of said object by scaling successive said first and second distances calculated at successive time based upon the results of a comparison of the corresponding current total measured distance (TMD) to said total reference distance (TRD). The method of claim 1, wherein said comparison comprises determining whether said current total measured distance (TMD) deviates from said total reference distance (TRD) by a predetermined amount. The method of claim 1, wherein said comparison comprises determining whether said current total measured difference (TMD) has changed by a predetermined amount from a previous value of said current total measured difference (TMD). The method of any one of the preceding claims comprising calculating a scaled first distance (D1 SCALED ) by multiplying said first distance (D1) by said total reference distance (TRD) divided by said current total measured distance (TMD). The method of claim 4, further comprising providing a position signal indicative of said scaled first distance (D1 SCALED ). The method of claim 4, further comprising providing a position signal indicative of said scaled first distance (D1 SCALED ) adjusted by a velocity (V CAR ) of the object. The method of claim 4, further comprising providing a position signal indicative of said scaled first distance (D1 SCALED )) adjusted by a velocity (V CAR ) of the object and an acceleration of the object (A CAR ). The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein said sonic signal (16) is a sonic pulse. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the object is an elevator (12). The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the sonic signal (16) is transmitted along a sonic conductor (18). A sonic position measurement system, comprising: a sonic transmitter (14) which sends a sonic signal (16) and which provides a transmitting signal (TS) indicative of when said sonic signal (16) is sent; a first sonic receiver (20), located a first distance from said transmitter (14), which receives said sonic signal (16) and provides a first received signal (R1) indicative of when said sonic signal (16) is received; a second receiver (22), located a second distance from said transmitter (14) and on an opposite side of said transmitter (14) from said first receiver (20), which receives said sonic signal (16) and provides a second received signal (22) indicative of when said sonic signal (16) is received; and a signal processing logic unit (40) which receives said transmitting signal (TS), said first receive signal (R1) and said second receive signal (R2), calculates a first distance (D1) between said transmitter (14) and said first receiver (20), calculates a second distance (D2) between said transmitter (14) and said second receiver (22), and calculates a total measured distance (TMD) between said first receiver (20) and said second receiver (22) as a sum of said first distance (D1) and said second distance (D2), characterised in that said logic unit (40) further identifies said total measured distance (TMD) at an initial time as a total reference distance (TRD), identifies successive calculations of said total measured distance calculated at successive times subsequent to said initial time as current total measured distances, and scales successive calculations of said first and second distances calculated at successive times based upon the results of a comparison of the corresponding current total measured distance (TMD) to said total reference distance (TRD). The system of claim 11, wherein said logic unit (40) determines whether said current total measured distance (TMD) deviates from said total reference distance (TRD) by a predetermined amount. The system of claim 11, wherein said logic unit (40) determines whether said current total measured distance (TMD) has changed by a predetermined amount from a previous value of said current total measured difference (TMD). The system of any one of claims 11 to 13, wherein said logic unit (40) calculates a scaled first distance (D1 SCALED ) by multiplying said first distance (D1) by said total reference distance (TRD) divided by said current total measured distance (TMD). The system of claim 14, wherein said logic unit (40) provides a position signal indicative of said scaled first distance (D1 SCALED ). The system of claim 14, wherein said logic unit (40) provides a position signal indicative of said scaled first distance (D1 SCALED ) adjusted by the change in position over time. The system of any one of claims 11 to 16, wherein said sonic signal (16) is a sonic pulse. The system of any one of claims 11 to 17, wherein said system measures the position of an elevator (12) in a hoistway. The system of any one of claims 11 to 18, wherein the sonic signal (16) is transmitted along a sonic conductor (18).

Inventors: SCHOENAUER UWE, SPANNHAKE STEFAN, SCHOENAUER, UWE, SPANNHAKE, STEFAN, Schönauer, Uwe
Applicants: OTIS ELEVATOR CO, OTIS ELEVATOR COMPANY
Application year: 1998
Main classification: G01S5
IPC codes: B66B1, G01S11