NOVEL NUCLEIC ACID MOLECULES CORRELATED WITH THE RHESUS WEAK D PHENOTYPE

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel nucleic acid molecules encoding a Rhesus D antigen contributing to the weak D phenotype which are characterized by one or a combination of missense mutations or by a gene conversion involving exons 6 to 9 of the RHD and RHCE genes. The present invention further relates to vectors comprising the nucleic acid molecules of the invention, to hosts transformed with said vectors, to proteins encoded by said nucleic acid molecules and to methods of producing such polypeptides. The fact that missense mutations and the conversion referred to above can be directly correlated to the weak D phenotype has a significant impact on the routine testing of blood samples. For example, oligonucleotides and antibodies can now be designed that generally allow the detection of weak D phenotypes in a sample. Such oligonucleotides, antibodies as well as a variety of diagnostic methods all fall within the scope of the present invention. RhD antigens encoded by the novel nucleic acid molecules may be used for the characterization, standardization and quality control of monoclonal and polyclonal anti-D antisera. Finally, the invention relates to a kit useful for testing for the presence of weak D phenotypes.

Description: Novel nucleic acid molecules correlated with the Rhesus weak D phenotype The present invention relates to novel nucleic acid molecules encoding a Rhesus D antigen contributing to the weak D phenotype which are characterized by one or a combination of missense mutations or by a gene conversion involving exons 6 to 9 of the RHD and RHCE genes The present invention further relates to vectors comprising the nucleic acid molecules of the invention, to hosts transformed with said vectors to proteins encoded by said nucleic acid molecules and to methods of producing such polypeptides The fact that missense mutations and the conversion referred to above can be directly correlated to the weak D phenotype has a significant impact on the routine testing of blood samples For example, oligonucleotides and antibodies can now be designed that generally allow the detection of weak D phenotypes in a sample Such oligonucleotides, antibodies as well as a variety of diagnostic methods all fall within the scope of the present invention RhD antigens encoded by the novel nucleic acid molecules may be used for the characterization, standardization and quality control of monoclonal and polycloπal anti-D antisera Finally, the invention relates to a kit useful for testing for the presence of weak D phenotypes The Rhesus D antigen (ISBT 004 001 , RH1 ) carried by the RhD protein is the most important blood group antigen determined by a protein It is still the leading cause for the hemolytic disease of the newborn (Mollison et al 1993) About 0 2% to 1 % of whites have red cells with a reduced expression of the D antigen (weak D, formerly D u ) (Mourant et al 1976 Stratton, 1946, Wagner et al 1995) A small fraction of weak D samples is explained by qualitatively altered RhD proteins, called partial D (Salmon et al 1984) and frequently caused by RHD/RHCE hybrid alleles (recently reviewed in Huang, 1997) Another fraction is caused by the suppressive effects of Cde haplotypes in trans position (Ceppelliπi et al 1955) These weak D likely possess the normal RHD allele because the carriers parents and children express often a -> normal RhD antigen density Such weak D show only a minor reduction of RhD antigen expression, were loosely called „hιgh grade D u " and typed today often as normal RhD, because of the increased sensitivity of monoclonal anti-D antibodies. The majority of moderately to strongly weakened antigen D are due to genotype(s) located either at the Rhesus genes' locus itself or closeby, because the weak D expression is inherited along with the RhD phenotype (Stratton, 1946). Besides the mere quantitative reduction, no qualitative differences could be discerned in the RhD antigen of this most prevalent type of weak D Two recent studies addressed the molecular cause of the prevalent weak D phenotypes Both groups, Rouillac et al (1996) and Beckers et al (1997), performed RT-PCR and found no mutations when sequencing of RHD cDNA in weak D samples Using serπi- quantitative RT-PCR, Rouillac et al (1996) reported reduced steady-state levels of RHD transcripts in weak D samples and disclosed, that their observations provided direct evidence of an only quantitative difference in RhD between normal and weak D red blood cells In a similar approach, Beckers et al (1995 and 1997), however, found no differences in the amounts of RHD transcripts and excluded an excess of splice variants (Kajn et al 1995), whose products may be inadequately or not at all incorporated in the red cell membrane (Beckers et al.1997) They concluded that weak D is not caused by regulatory defects of the transcription process and proposed unidentified regulatory genes or factors involved in the Rh-related complex as possible causes of weak D Hence, while the mechanism of weak D expression remained equivocal, no molecular cause was established Screening of random weak D samples by PCR for RHD specific polymorphisms confirmed PCR amplification patterns representative for a normal RHD allele (Avent et al 1997b, Legler et al 1997) However, evidence was accumulating that very few weak D not known to represent partial D, may carry structurally abnormal RHD alleles Four of 44 weak D in England lacked RHD specific iπtron 4 PCR amplicons (Avent et al.1997b) and one out of 94 weak D in Northern Germany lacked RHD specific exon 5 PCR amplicons (Legler et al 1997) In the latter sample the nucleotide T at position 667 was substituted by the RHCE specific G coding for a F223V ammo acid substitution (TJ Legler and A Humpe, personal communications) Thus aberrant alleles were observed only in a small fraction of weak D phenotypes rendering the possibility unlikely that these cnanges at the molecular level were indeed responsible for the general phenomenon of the weak D phenotype, see also Aubin et al 1997 Avent et al 1997b Fukumon et el , 1997, Huang 1997, Issitt and Telen, 1996 Roubinet et al 1996 Consequently, the combined prior art failed to hitherto provide an conveniently applicable and reliable means to detect the weak Rhesus D phenotype in a sample Accordingly, the technical problem underlying the present invention was to establish such a means as well as methods that can conveniently and widely be employed in the analysis of the Rhesus weak D phenotype The solution to said technical problem is achieved by providing the embodiments characterized in the claims Thus, the present invention relates to a nucleic acid molecule encoding a Rhesus D antigen contributing to or indicative of the weak D phenotype, said nucleic acid molecule carrying at least one missense mutation, as compared to the wild type Rhesus D antigen, in its transmembrane and/or intracellular regions In accordance with the present invention the term "contributing to the weak D phenotype" implies an active role of the mutation which may be caused by an ammo acid exchange whereas the term "indicative of the weak D phenotype" does not necessarily imply such a role but may also refer to a silent mutation Such a silent mutation may, for example, occur in conjunction with other mutations such as missense mutations which are addressed in more detail herein below In accordance with the present invention it was found that the observed missense mutations are not only associated with but truly caused a reduced RhD protein integration into the red blood cells' membranes Thus by the present invention it is demonstrated that (i) weak D alleles evolved independently in the different haplotypes, each distinct event being associated with a change in the RhD coding sequence, (n) no sample occurred with a normal coding sequence despite the observation of 16 different alleles in 164 samples and (in) type and distribution of the observed nucleotide substitutions was not compatible with the null hypotheses of random changes The finding that missense mutations in RHD led to reduced D antigen expression fitted into the current model of RhD membrane integration, see Table 7 Both Rh proteins occur in a complex with the Rh50 protein, which can be joined by several additional proteins, like LW, CD47, and glycophoπn B (Huang, 1997) The expression of the whole Rh complex depends on the integrity of at least one Rh protein (JP Cartron, oral presentation at the ISBT/DGTI conference Frankfurt, September 1997) and the Rh50 protein (Cheπf-Zahar et al 1996) Subtle structural changes in the Rh50 protein caused by missense mutations are sufficient to prevent the expression of the Rh complex (Chenf-Zahar et al 1996) Likewise, such subtle structural changes in the RhD protein appear to also affect the expression of the Rh complex involving RhD Based on the distribution and kind of am o acid substitutions, a general picture of the relationship of RhD structure and RhD expression can now be established. All ammo acid substitutions in weak D are located in the intracellular or transmembrane parts of the RhD protein where the alignment was carried out in accordance with the above mentioned current model (see Table 7) Known RHD alleles with exofacial substitutions (Avent et al 1997a, Jones et al 1997, Liu et al 1996, Rouillac et al 1995) were discovered by virtue of their partial D antigen, but may display discrete (DNU and D ") to moderate (D", DHR and DHMi) reductions in RhD expression (Flegel and Wagner, 1996, Jones et al 1997, Jones et al 1996) Most substitutions reported in accordance with this invention were nonconservative and the introduced ammo acids, in particular prolme, likely disrupted the secondary or tertiary structure Two weak D alleles (type 2 and 1 1 ) were associated with conservative substitutions indicating that the involved am o acid regions at positions 295 and 385 were very important for an optimal RhD membrane integration In two alleles (type 4 and type 14), parts of exon 4 and 5 were substituted by the corresponding parts of the RHCE gene Similar exchanges occurred in D vl type I and D vι type II that exhibited a considerably reduced RhD protein expression (Jones et al 1996) too Previous paradoxical observations 3 can be explained if the N1 52T substitution in exon 3 is considered to facilitate the membrane integration (i) D"' a (Huang et al 1997) differing from weak D type 4 by the N152T substitution only has a normal RhD antigen density (Jones et al 1996), and (n) D" lc , D I a , and D vι type III harbouring the N152T substitution have enhanced antigen densities (Flegel et al 1997 Jones et al 1996) compared to their appropriate controls (normal RhD and D vι type II) Several phenotypes with weak D expression, like D vι , D v , DBT, some D ιv and DFR, were recognized long ago as separate entities by their carriers' propensity to produce anti-D (Lomas et al 1994, Tippett and Sanger, 1977, Tippett and Sanger, 1962) These phenotypes were subsequently confirmed and grouped by distinct reaction patterns with monoclonal anti-D (Lomas et al 1993, Lomas et al 1989, Scott, 1996) A serologic classification of most weak D phenotypes, however, has not been successful, because they lacked a consistent reaction pattern with monoclonal anti-D and their carriers seemed not prone to anti-D immunization (Moore, 1984) There was even no defined borderline between normal D and weak D (Agre et al 1992, Moore, 1984, Nelson et al 1995) Nevertheless, variability of the RhD antigen density (antigens per cell) in weak D phenotypes (Hasekura et al 1990, Jones et al 1996, Nelson et al 1995, Nicholson et al 1991 , Tazzaπ et al 1994, Wagner, 1994) and rare aberrant patterns in RHD PCR (Avent et al 1997b Legler et al 1997) did not exclude an underlying molecular diversity The present invention for the first time allows for the convenient classification of weak D and for the unambiguous correlation of distinct alleles with clinical data In conjunction with previously defined rare RHD alleles, the exact molecular definition of most phenotypes with reduced D antigen density has now become possible In the case that patients carrying particular molecular types of weak D were prone to develop anti-D, the classification made possible by the present invention will help to guide a Rhesus negative transfusion policy The availability of weak D samples that are characterized in regard to molecular structure and RhD antigen densities will promote the quality assurance of anti-D reagents They should reliably type probands as RhD positive whose RhD proteins are not prone to frequent anti-D immunization (Wagner et al 1995) Therefore the use of RhD negative red blood cell units for transfusions to weak D patients which has been justified by a presumed potential for anti-D immunization can finally be reduced to a minimum, which can be scientifically deduced Additionally, it was found in accordance with the invention that the mutations cluster in certain stretches of the Rhesus D polypeptide Further, a gene conversion correlating with the weak D phenotype was detected Thus, the invention also relates to a nucleic acid molecule encoding a Rhesus D antigen contributing to or indicative of the weak D phenotype, said nucleic acid molecule (a) carrying at least one missense mutation, as compared to the wild type Rhesus D antigen, in ammo acid positions 2-16, 1 14-149, 179-225 or/and 267 to 397 with the proviso that said D antigen does not carry a single missense mutation leading to a substitution of phenylalanme in ammo acid position 223 by valme or of threonine in position 283 by isoleucme, or (b) carrying a gene conversion involving exons 6 to 9 which are replaced by the corresponding exons of the RHCE gene All the missense mutations found in accordance with the present invention and located in the above regions are associated with the transmembrane region or the intracellular portion of the polypeptide when the above indicated current model of RhD is employed However when different models are employed, the mutations associated with the weak D phenotype may also be found in the extracellular regions The above regions also comprise ammo acid positions which are located in the extracellular regions when the current model is applied Said positions might also be mutated and correlatable with the weak D phenotype Such mutations also fall within the scope of the application In addition to the missense mutations a gene conversion indicative of weak D was identified Said conversion can be used for diagnostic purposes basically to the same extent as the missense mutations In accordance with the invention the breakpoints are determined to be in mtrons 5 and 9 see also Fig 3 The mutants referred to above and further throughout this specification can be conveniently employed for the characterization of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies used in connection with RhD diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment For example by expressing desired nucleic acid molecules encoding such mutants in a suitable system reactivity profiles of said antibodies or antisera can be established. The mutants can also be employed for the characterization of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies that are used as secondary antibodies, for example, anti- globu n and aπti-human-globulin antisera Preferably, the missense mutation causes an ammo acid substitution in position 3, 10, 16, 1 14 149, 182, 198, 201 , 220, 223, 270, 276, 277, 282, 294, 295, 307, 339, 385 or 393 or a combination of/or involving said substitutions This preferred embodiment, besiαes the single mutations indicated, may comprise a combination of these substitutions Additionally, it contemplates the possibility that one or more of said substitutions are involved, and additional mutations such as mutations leading to substitutions are present In accordance with the present invention, it is understood that such additional mutations may be tested for when assessing RhD status in a sample A finding of such a mutation will allow the person skilled in the art to conclude that other mutations identified in this specification occurring in combination with said first mutation will be present Accordingly, such embodiments reflecting the detection of additional mutations occurring in combination with the mutations identified in this specification are also comprised by the invention In a particularly preferred embodiment of the nucleic acid molecule of the invention, said am o acid substitution in position 3 is from Ser to Cys, in position 10 from Arg to Gin, in position 16 from Trp to Cys, in position 1 14 from Arg to Trp, in position 149 from Ala to Asp, in position 182 from Ser to Thr, in position 198 from Lys to Asn, in position 201 from Thr to Arg, in position 220 from Trp to Arg, in position 223 from Phe to Val, in position 270 from Val to Gly, in position 276 from Ala to Pro, in position 277 from Gly to Glu, in position 282 from Gly to Asp, in position 294 from Ala to Pro in position 295 from Met to lie in position 307 from Gly to Arg in position 339 from Gly to Glu in position 385 from Gly to Ala and in position 393 from Trp to Arg In a further preferred embodiment of the nucleic acid molecule of the invention , said missense mutation occurs in nucleotide position 8 29, 48, 340, 446, 544 , 594, 602, 658, 667, 809, 819, 826 830, 845, 880, 885, 919 1016, 1 154 and 1 177 or in a combination of said positions Particularly preferred is that said missense mutation in position 8 is from C to G, in position 29 from G to A, in position 48 from G to C, in position 340 from C to T, in position 446 from C to A, in position 544 from T to A, in position 594 from A to T, in position 602 from C to G, in position 658 from T to C, in position 667 from T to G, in position 809 from T to G, in position 819 from G to A, in position 826 from G to C, in position 830 from G to A, in position 845 from G to A, in position 880 from G to C, in position 885 from G to T, in position 919 from G to A, in position 1016 from G to A, in position 1 154 from G to C and in position 1 177 from T to C In the case that combinations of missense mutations are involved in the generation of weak D phenotypes, it is preferred that said combination of substitutions is in positions 182, 198 and 201 and is preferably S182T, K198N, T201 R or in position 201 and 223 and is preferably T201 R and F223V, or in position 16, 201 and 223 and is preferably W16C, T201 R and F223V Most preferably, said combination of missense mutations comprises positions 544, 594 and 602 and is preferably T→A at position 544, A→T at position 594 and C→G at position 602 or comprises positions 602, 667 and 819 and is preferably C→G at position 602, T→G at position 667 and G→A at position 819, or comprises positions 48, 602, 667 and 819 and is preferably G→C at position 48, C→G at position 602, T→G at position 667 and G→A at position 819 Although the nucleic acid molecule of the invention may be of various origin including (semi) synthetic origin, it is preferred that the nucleic acid molecule is mRNA or genomic DNA Standard procedures may be employed to obtain any of the above nucleic acids, see, for example Sambrook, et al "Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual" 2 rd ed 1989, CSH Press Cold Spring Harbor N Y The invention also relates to a vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule of the invention The vector may be used for propagation and/or expression or may be designed for gene transfer or targeting purposes Methods of producing such vectors are well known in the art The same holds true for cloning the nucleic acids of the mutation into said vectors, as well as the propagation of vectors in suitable hosts, etc The vector may particularly be a plasmid, a cosmid, a virus or a bactenophage used conventionally in genetic engineering that comprise the nucleic acid molecule of the invention Expression vectors derived from viruses such as retroviruses, vaccinia virus, adeno-associated virus, herpes viruses, or bovine papilloma virus, may be used for delivery of the nucleic acid molecules or vector of the invention into targeted cell populations Methods which are well known to those skilled in the art can be used to construct recombinant viral vectors, see, for example, the techniques described in Sambrook, Molecular Cloning A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (1989) N Y and Ausubel, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Green Publishing Associates and Wiley Interscience, N Y. (1989) Alternatively, the polynucleotides and vectors of the invention can be reconstituted into liposomes for delivery to target cells The vectors containing the nucleic acid molecules of the invention can be transferred into the host cell by well-known methods, which vary depending on the type of cellular host For example, calcium chloride transfection is commonly utilized for prokaryotic cells, whereas calcium phosphate treatment or electroporation may be used for other cellular hosts, see Sambrook, supra Such vectors may comprise further genes such as marker genes which allow for the selection of said vector in a suitable host cell and under suitable conditions Preferably, the nucleic acid molecule of the invention is operatively linked to expression control sequences allowing expression in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells Expression of said polynucleotide comprises transcription of the polynucleotide into a translatable mRNA Regulatory elements ensuring expression in eukaryotic cells, preferably mammalian cells, are well known to those skilled in the art They usually comprise regulatory sequences ensuring initiation of transcription and optionally poly- A signals ensuring termination of transcription and stabilization of the transcript Additional regulatory elements may include transcriptional as well as translational enhancers, and/or naturally-associated or heterologous promoter regions Possible regulatory elements Dermitting expression in prokaryotic host cells comprise, e g , the PL, lac, trp or tac promoter in E coli, and examples for regulatory elements permitting expression in eukaryotic host cells are the AOX1 or GAL1 promoter in yeast or the CMV- SV40- RSV-promoter (Rous sarcoma virus) CMV-enhancer, SV40-enhancer or a globm mtron in mammalian and other animal cells Beside elements which are responsible for the initiation of transcription such regulatory elements may also comprise transcription termination signals, such as the SV40-poly-A site or the tk- poly-A site, downstream of the nucleic acid molecule Furthermore, depending on the expression system used leader sequences capable of directing the polypeptide to a cellular compartment or secreting it into the medium may be added to the coding sequence of the polynucleotide of the invention and are well known in the art The leader sequence(s) is (are) assembled in appropriate phase with translation, initiation and termination sequences, and preferably, a leader sequence capable of directing secretion of translated protein, or a portion thereof, into the periplasmic space or extracellular medium Optionally, the heterologous sequence can encode a fusion protein including an C- or N-terminal identification peptide imparting desired characteristics, e g , stabilization or simplified purification of expressed recombinant product In this context, suitable expression vectors are known in the art such as Okayama-Berg cDNA expression vector pcDV1 (Pharmacia), pCDM8, pRc/CMV, pcDNAI , pcDNA3 (In-vitrogene) or pSPORTI (GIBCO BRL) Preferably, the expression control sequences will be eukaryotic promoter systems in vectors capable of transforming or transfecting eukaryotic host cells, but control sequences for prokaryotic hosts may also be used As mentioned above the vector of the present invention may also be a gene transfer or targeting vector Gene therapy, which is based on introducing therapeutic genes into cells by ex-vivo or in-vivo techniques is one of the most important applications of gene transfer Suitable vectors and methods for in-vitro or in-vivo gene therapy are described in the literature and are known to the person skilled in the art, see, e g , Giordano Nature Medicine 2 (1996) 534-539 Schaper Circ Res 79 (1996), 91 1-919 Anderson Science 256 (1992) 808-813 Isner Lancet 348 (1996), 370-374 Muhlhauser Circ Res 77 (1995) 1077-1086 Wang Nature Medicine 2 (1996), 714-716 W094/29469 WO 97/00957 or Schaper Current Opinion in Biotechnology 7 (1996), 635-640, and references cited therein The polynucleotides and vectors of the invention may be designed for direct introduction or for introduction via liposomes, or viral vectors (e g adenoviral, retroviral) into the cell Preferably, said cell is a germ line cell, embryonic cell or egg cell or derived therefrom, most preferably said cell is a stem cell Additionally, the invention relates to a host transformed with the vector of the invention Appropriate hosts comprise transgenic animals, cells such as bacteria, yeast cells, animal, preferably mammalian cells, fungal cells or insect cells Transformation protocols including transfection, micromjection, electroporation. etc , are also well known in the art Further, the invention relates to a method of producing a Rhesus D antigen contributing to the weak D phenotype comprising culturing the host of the invention under suitable conditions and isolating the Rhesus D antigen produced It is preferred that the antigen is exported into the culture medium where it can be collected according to conventions/methods The term "culturing" as used in accordance with the present invention also comprises the raising of transgenic animals Using appropriate vectors constructions and optionally appropriate feeds, the antigen may, e g , be isolated from milk of, e g transgenic cows The invention additionally relates to Rhesus D antigen encoded by the nucleic acid molecule of the invention or produced by the method of the invention Preferably, the antigen is in the same way post transitionally modified and has the same chemical structure as naturally occurring antigen Accordingly, said antigen, when produced by the method of the invention, is preferably produced in human cells Furthermore, the invention relates to an oligonucleotide hybridizing under stringent conditions to a portion of the nucleic acid molecule of the invention comprising said at least one missense mutation or to the complementary portion thereof or hybridizing to a breakpoint of the gene conversion identified here in the above In this embodiment of the invention it is understood that the oligonucleotides hybridizes directly to the mutated sequence or to the breakpoint The setting of stringent hybridization conditions is well described, for example in Sambrook et al, "Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Handbook" CSH Press, Cold Spring Harbor 1989 or Hames and Higgms, "Nucleic acid hybridization, a practical approach", IRL Press, Oxford (1985) Thus, the detection of the specifically hybridizing sequences will usually require hybridization and washing conditions such as 0 1 xSSC, 0 1 % SDS at 65° As is well known, the length of the probe and the composition of the nucleic acid to be determined constitute further parameters of the stringent hybridization conditions Preferably, the oligonucleotide is a deoxynucleotide It is further preferred that the oligonucleotide comprises 12 to 50 nucleotides and more preferably 15 to 24 nucleotides The hybridization to the breakpoint may be under stringent or non- stringent conditions An example of non-stringent hybridization conditions is hybridization and washing at 50°C in 4xSSC, 0, 1 % SDS Further, the invention relates to an antibody or an aptamer specifically binding to the Rhesus D antigen of the invention The antibody may be tested and used in any serologic technique well known in the art, like agglutionation techniques in tubes, gels, solid phase and capture techniques with or without secondary antibodies, or in flow cytometry with or without immunofiuorescence enhancement The antibody of the invention may be a monoclonal antibody or an antibody derived from or comprised in a polyclonal antiserum The term "antibody", as used in accordance with the present invention, further comprises fragments of said antibody such as Fab, F(ab') 2 , Fv or scFv fragments see, for example Harlow and Lane, "Antibodies A Laboratory Manual" CSH Press 1988, Cold Spring Harbor N Y The antibody or the fragment thereof may be of natural origin or may be (semi) synthetically produced Such synthetic products also comprises non-proteinaceous as semi-proteinaceous material that has the same or essentially the same binding specificity as the antibody of the invention Such products may, for example, be obtained by peptidomimetics Additionally, the invention relates to an antibody or an aptamer or a phage specifically binding to the wild type Rhesus D antigen or to aberrant D Rhesus antigens but not to the Rhesus D antigen of the invention The antibody may be tested and used in any serologic technique well known in the art, like agglutionation techniques in tubes, gels and solid phase techniques, capture techniques or flow cytometry with immunofiuorescence. As regards, the definition, testing and origin of the antibody or the aptamer, the same definitions as above apply here As regards the term "aberrant Rhesus D antigen", the term comprises prior art missense mutations as well as prior art conversions found in RHD genes and the corresponding antigens The term "aptamer" is well known in the art and defined, e g , in Osborπe et al , Curr Opin Chem. Biol I (1997), 5-9 or in Stall and Szoka, Pharm Res 12 (1995), 465-483 Furthermore, the invention relates to a method for testing for the presence of a nucleic acid molecule encoding a Rhesus D antigen contributing to or indicative of the weak D phenotype in a sample comprising hybridizing the oligonucleotide of the invention or an oligonucleotide hybridizing to a nucleic acid molecule encoding a Rhesus D antigen contributing to or indicative of the weak D phenotype, said nucleic acid molecule carrying at least one missense mutation, as compared to the wild type Rhesus D antigen, said missense mutation causing an ammo acid substitution in position 223 or 283 which is in position 223 preferably from Phe to Val and in position 283 preferably from Thr to lie, said missense mutation further preferably occurring in nucleotide position 667 or 848 wherein most preferably said mutation in position 667 is form T to G and in position 848 from C to T under stringent conditions to nucleic acid molecules comprised in the sample obtained from a human and detecting said hybridization Preferably, the method of the invention further comprises digesting the product of said hybridization with a restriction endonuclease or subjecting the product of said hybridization to digestion with a restriction endonuclease and analyzing the product of said digestion This preferred embodiment of the invention allows by convenient means, the differentiation between an effective hybridization and a non-effective hybridization For example, if the wild type Rhesus D antigen comprises an endonuclease restriction site, the hybridized product will be cleavable by an appropriate restriction enzyme whereas a mutated sequence will yield no double-stranded product or will not comprise the recognizable restriction site and, accordingly, will not be cleaved Alternatively, the hybridizing oligonucleotide may only hybridize to the mutated sequence In this case, only a hybrid comprising the mutated sequence, but not the wild type sequence, will be cleaved by the appropriate restriction enzyme The analysis of the digestion product can be effected by conventional means, such as by gel electrophoresis which may be optionally combined by the staining of the nucleic acid with, for example, ethidium bromide Combinations with further techniques such as Southern blotting are also envisaged Detection of said hybridization may be effected, for example, by an anti-DNA double-strand antibody or by employing a labeled oligonucleotide Conveniently, the method of the invention is employed together with blotting techniques such as Southern or Northern blotting and related techniques Labeling may be effected, for example, by standard protocols and includes labeling with radioactive markers, fluorescent, phosphorescent, chemilummescent, enzymatic labels, etc The invention additionally relates to a method of testing for the presence of a nucleic acid molecule encoding a Rhesus D antigen contributing to or indicative of the weak D phenotype in a sample comprising determining the nucleic acid sequence of at least a portion of the nucleic acid molecule of the invention said portion encoding at least one of said missense mutations or a breakpoint of said gene conversion or a nucieic acid molecule encoding a Rhesus D antigen contributing to or indicative of the weak D phenotype, said nucleic acid molecule carrying at least one missense mutation, as compared to the wild type Rhesus D antigen said missense mutation causing an ammo acid substitution in position 223 or 283 which is in position 223 preferably from Phe to Val and in position 283 preτerably from Thr to lie, said missense mutation further preferably occurring in nucleotide position 667 or 848 wherein most preferably said mutation in position 667 is form T to G and in position 848 from C to T Preferably, the method of the invention further comprises, prior to determining said nucleic acid sequence amplification of at least said portion of said nucleic acid molecule Preferably, amplification is effected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Other amplification methods such as ligase chain reaction may also be employed Furthermore, the invention relates to a method for testing for the presence of a nucleic acid molecule encoding a Rhesus D antigen contributing to or indicative of the weak D phenotype in a sample comprising carrying out an amplification reaction wherein at least one of the primers employed in said amplification reaction is the oligonucleotide of the invention or an oligonucleotide hybridizing to a nucleic acid molecule encoding a Rhesus D antigen contributing to the weak D phenotype, said nucleic acid molecule carrying at least one missense mutation, as compared to the wild type Rhesus D antigen said missense mutation causing an ammo acid substitution in position 223 or 283 which is in position 223 preferably from Phe to Val and in position 283 preferably from Thr to lie, said missense mutation further preferably occurring in nucleotide position 667 or 848 wherein most preferably said mutation in position 667 is form T to G and in position 848 from C to T and assaying for an amplification product The method of the invention will result in an amplification of only the target sequence, if said target sequence carries the or at least one mutation This is because the oligonucleotide will under preferably stringent hybridization conditions not hybridize to the wild type sequence (with the consequence that no amplification product is obtained) but only to the mutated sequence Naturally, primer oligonucleotides hybridizing to one or more as one such as two mutated sequences may be employed in the method of the invention The latter embodiment may be favorable in cases where combinations of mutations are tested for It is important to note that not all or none of said mutations are necessarily missense mutations This may be true for cases where other types of mutations occur in combination with the above missense mutations or with the above gene conversion Preferably, in the method of the invention said amplification or amplification reaction is or is effected by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Other amplification methods such as ligase chain reaction may also be employed Further, the invention relates to a method for testing for the presence of a Rhesus D antigen contributing to or indicative of the weak D phenotype in a sample comprising assaying a sample obtained from a human for specific binding to the antibody or aptamer or phage of the invention or to an antibody or aptamer or phage to a Rhesus D antigen contributing to or indicative of the weak D phenotype and encoded by a nucleic acid molecule carrying at least one missense mutation, as compared to the wild type Rhesus D antigen, said missense mutation causing an am o acid substitution in position 223 or 283 which is in position 223 preferably from Phe to Val and in position 283 preferably from Thr to lie, said missense mutation further preferably occurring in nucleotide position 667 or 848 wherein most preferably said mutation in position 667 is form T to G and in position 848 from C to T Testing for binding may, again, involve the employment of standard techniques such as ELISAs, see, for example, Harlow and Lane, "Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual" CSH Press 1988, Cold Spring Harbor The invention also relates to the method of testing a sample for the presence of wild type Rhesus D antigen and the absence of the Rhesus D antigen of the invention comprising assaying a sample obtained from a human for specific binding to the antibody or aptamer or phage of the invention said antibody or aptamer or phage specifically binding to the wild type Rhesus D antigen or to aberrant D Rhesus antigens but not to the Rhesus D antigen of the invention Results obtained in accordance with their method of invention may well be employed in strategies of blood transfusion as outlined herein above Preferably in the method of the invention said sample is blood, serum, plasma, fetal tissue saliva urine mucosal tissue mucus vaginal tissue fetal tissue obtained from the vagina skin hair hair follicle or another human tissue Furthermore the method of the invention preferably comprises the step of enrichment of fetal cells This enrichment may be achieved by using appropriate antibodies, lectms or other reagents specifically binding fetal cells or by any technique attempting the differential separation of maternal and fetal cells, like by density gradients Also preferably in said method fetal DNA or mRNA from material tissue like peripheral blood, serum or plasma may be extracted advantageously according to conventional procedures In an additional preferred embodiment of the method of the invention, said nucleic acid molecule or protemaceous material from said sample is fixed to a solid support Preferably, said solid support is a chip The advantages of chips are well known in the art and need not be discussed herein in detail These include the small size as well as an easy access of computer based analysis of analytes Furthermore, the present invention relates to the use of the nucleic acid molecule of the invention or of a nucleic acid molecule encoding a Rhesus D antigen contributing to or indicative of the weak D phenotype, said nucleic acid molecule carrying at least one missense mutation, as compared to the wild type Rhesus D antigen, said missense mutation causing an ammo acid substitution in position 223 or 283 which is in position 223 preferably from Phe to Val and in position 283 preferably from Thr to lie said missense mutation further preferably occurring in nucleotide position 667 or 848 wherein most preferably said mutation in position 667 is form T to G and in position 848 from C to T or of a combination thereof for the analysis of a weak Rhesus D phenotype The analysis can be effected, for example, on the basis of the methods described herein above The invention also relates to the use of the nucleic acid molecule of the invention, the vector of the invention or the Rhesus D antigen of the invention for the assessment of the affinity, avidity and/or reactivity of monoclonal anti-D antibodies or of polyclonal anti-D antisera or of anti-globulin or of anti-humaπ-globulin antisera or of preparations thereof The invention also relates to the use of cells, preferably red blood cells, from probands for the assessment of the affinity, avidity and/or reactivity of monoclonal anti-D antibodies or of polyclonal anti-D antisera or of anti-globulin or of anti-human- globulm antisera or of preparations thereof Said preparations can be provided according to techniques well known in the art Said preparations may comprise stabilisators such as albumins, further sodium azide, salt ions, buffers etc The formulation of the preparation may have an influence on the binding characteristics of the antibodies, as is well known in the art For example, in a first step, the Rhesus D gene of a carrier or of a blood donor and its alle c status is analyzed and it is determined whether said gene comprises a mutation that was found in accordance with the present invention In a second step, said mutation is correlated to a certain RhD antigen density on the surface of red blood cells Conveniently, said correlation can be established by data provided in the present invention (such as mutations per se) and techniques that are well known in the art (see, e g Jones et al 1996, Flegel and Wagner, 1996) In a third step, the features of an antibody or an antiserum such as reactivity, sensitivity, affinity, avidity, and/or specificity are determined with suitable blood group serological techniques preferably using red blood cells that were molecularly and with respect to the RhD antigen surface density characterized as described in step 2 Such data can be used, for example in duality controls standardization etc The invention will be most useful for the characterization standardization an quality control of monoclonal and polyclonal antisera preferably anti-D monoclonals or antisera Further for example anti-globulin and anti-human-globulm antisera can I? be characterized on the basis of the teachings of the present invention. An appropriately characterized anti-D monoclonal antibody can be conveniently used in RhD diagnostics For example, a suitably characterized monoclonal antibody will be useful in determining the weak D antigen density on the surface of blood cells Cut-off values for monoclonal antibodies useful in diagnosis can thus be established This is important for the quality control of antibodies used in RhD diagnosis Thus, the invention also relates to a method for the characterization of monoclonal antibodies or polyclonal antisera or of a preparation thereof, said method comprising (a) testing the nucleic acid of sample of a proband for the presence of a mutation as defined in accordance with the invention, (b) correlating, on the basis of the mutation status and the allelic status of the RHD gene, the nucleic acid with the RhD antigen density on the surface of red blood cells of said proband, (c) reacting said monoclonal antibodies or polyclonal antisera or said preparation thereof with a cell carrying the RhD antigen on its surface, (d) characterizing said monoclonal antibodies or polyclonal antisera or said preparation thereof on the basis of the results obtain in step (c) As regards the term "allelic status" this term describes the possibilities that the RHD alleles in a proband are present in a homozygous, heterozygous or hemizygous state Also comprised by this term is the possibility that the two alleles carry two different mutations (including the conversion) defined herein above In a preferred embodiment of the method of the invention, said characterization comprises the determination of reactivity sensitivity, avidity, affinity, specificity and/or other characteristics of antibodies and antisera Furthermore preferred is a method wherein said cell carrying the RhD antigen on its surface is a red blood cell The invention also relates to a method for determining whether a patient in need of a blood transfusion is to be transfused with Rh D negative blood from a donor comprising the step of testing a sample from said patient for the presence of one or more Rh D antigens of the invention, wherein a positive testing for at least one of said antigens is indicative of the need for a transfusion with Rh negative blood The invention has important implications for devising a transfusion therapy in humans For example, it can now be conveniently tested whether the patient actually needs a transfusion with a Rh D negative blood or whether such precautions need not be taken The transfusion of red blood cells of some molecularly defined subgroups of the weak D phenotype determined by such methods may be immunogenic, if carriers of the wild type Rhesus D antigen, an aberrant D antigen or another weak D type of the invention were transfused by some subgroup of the weak D phenotype Such carriers, like blood donors, may be determined by previously established methods in the art or by methods established in the invention and subsequently the transfusion of some subgroups of the weak D phenotype may be avoided Furthermore, the invention relates to a method for determining whether blood of a donor may be used for transfusion to a patient in need thereof comprising the step of testing a sample from said donor for the presence of one or more Rh D antigens of the invention, wherein a positive testing for at least one or said antigens excludes the transfusion of patients that are typed as having wild type Rh D antigen or (a) weak D type(s) other than the weak D type(s) of said donors On the basis of the method of the invention, it is advantageous and desired to avoid transfusion of a patient with weak D typed blood from a donor, if the weak D antigens in both donor and recipient are not totally identical The samples referred to in the above recited methods may be samples that are referred to throughout the specification, such as blood serum etc As regards the guidelines for transfusing a patient on the basis of any of the above recited methods, the utmost care must be taken that suboptimal transfusion policy is avoided The risk factor is always to be considered by the physician in charge In all cases the potential risk for the patient is to be minimized The present invention is particularly suitable for establishing criteria which will guide the future strategies in blood transfusion policy According to the molecular criteria established by the invention, the weak D phenotype can be grouped Some molecularly defined subgroups of the weak D phenotype determined by such methods may be prone to immunization if the carriers were transfused with the wild type Rhesus D antigen, an aberrant D antigen or another weak D type of the invention, and may produce an anti-D Such carriers may be determined by methods established in the invention and subsequently transfused with Rhesus negative blood components, like erythrocyte, thrombocyte and plasma blood units The majority of carriers with weak D phenotype is by the current art not considered prone to be immunized in such a way by Rhesus D positive blood transfusions and may, hence, by the means established by the invention safely be transfused Rhesus D positive, because of their classification to a distinct weak D type according to the present invention The invention also relates to the use of a phage, aptamer, monoclonal antibody or a polyclonal antisera or a preparation thereof as characterized in the present invention for RhD antigen determination In a preferred embodiment of said use, said RhD antigen determination is effected in connection with blood group typing Furthermore, the invention relates to a preparation comprising the antibody or aptamer or phage of the invention The weak D types defined by the invention correlate with certain RhD epitope and RhD antigen densities, i e RhD antigens per cell expressed on the red blood cell surface (Flegel and Wagner 1996) (data from few examples are provided in Table 8) Antibodies and preparations thereof may be tested by any standard blood group seroiogy technique with one or more weak D types of the invention The reactivity, sensitivity, avidity, affinity, specificity and/or other characteristics of antibodies and antisera known in the art may be determined by its reaction with one or more weak D types of the invention under predetermined conditions in standard blood group seroiogy techniques well know in the art The preparation may be a diagnostic or pharmaceutical oreparation The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may further comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or diluent Examples of suitable pharmaceutical carriers are well known in the art and include phosphate buffered saline solutions, water, emulsions, such as oil/water emulsions, various types of wetting agents, sterile solutions etc Compositions comprising such carriers can be formulated by well known conventional methods These pharmaceutical compositions can be administered to the subject at a suitable dose Administration of the suitable compositions may be effected by different ways, e g , by intravenous, intrapeπtoneal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, topical, mtradermal, mtranasal or mtrabronchial administration The dosage regimen will be determined by the attending physician and clinical factors As is well known in the medical arts, dosages for any one patient depends upon many factors including the patient's size, body surface area, age, the particular compound to be administered, sex, time and route of administration, general health, and other drugs being administered concurrently A typical dose can be, for example, in the range of 0 001 to 1000 μg, however, doses below or above this exemplary range are envisioned, especially considering the aforementioned factors Generally, the regimen as a regular administration of the pharmaceutical composition should be in the range of 1 μg to 10 mg units per day If the regimen is a continuous infusion, it should also be in the range of 1 μg to 10 mg units per kilogram of body weight per minute, respectively Progress can be monitored by periodic assessment The compositions of the invention may be administered locally or systemically Administration will generally be parenterally, e g , intravenously, DNA may also be administered directly to the target site, e g , by biolistic delivery to an internal or external target site or by catheter to a site in an artery Preparations for parenteral administration include sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solutions suspensions and emulsions Examples of non-aqueous solvents are propylene glycol polyethylene giycol vegetable oils such as olive oil ana injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate Aqueous carriers include water, alcoholic/aqueous solutions, emulsions or suspensions, including saline and buffered media Parenteral vehicles include sodium chloride solution Ringer's dextrose αextrose and sodium chloride, lactated Ringer's, or fixed oils Intravenous vehicles include fluid and nutrient replenishers, electrolyte replenishers (such as those based on Ringer's dextrose), and the like Preservatives and other additives may also be present such as for example, antimicrobials, anti-oxidants, chelatmg agents and inert gases and the like Furthermore, the pharmaceutical composition of the invention may comprise further agents such as interleukms or interferons depending on the intended use of the pharmaceutical composition An antibody and its preparation may be characterized by its reaction or lack of reaction to surfaces with certain RhD epitope densities For example, antibody preparations may be characterized by agglutinating red blood cells with 1 ,000 RhD antigens per cell - a RhD antigen density deliberately chosen to be met for quality control purposes The invention also relates to treating a pregnant woman being Rhesus D negative or being hemizygous for a mutation defined herein above wherein the child is Rhesus D positive or carries a different mutation defined herein above in a hemizygous state comprising administering anti-D to said woman Pregnant women may be currently treated with an anti-D prophylaxis, when a Rhesus negative mother carries a RhD positive fetus The invention allows the discrimination of an anti-D prophylaxis requirement depending on the status of the mother's and/or the fetus' possessing a RhD protein of the invention One or more of the RhD proteins of the invention may be prone to immunization of their carriers and, hence would be indicative for the therapy of the mother Similarly, one or more RhD proteins of the invention, when carried by the fetus, may be known to be of low immunogenicity to the mother and, hence, would be indicative for the omission of anti- D prophylaxis in difference to current clinical therapy The administration can be effected by standard routes and doses which can be defined by the attending physician Mollison, 1993 Preferably a monoclonal anti-D or combinations/mixtures of monoclonal anti-Ds is/are administered in doses of 50 μg to or exceeding 500 ug anti-D antibody/antisera for intravenous or intramuscular administration (Bowman 1998) For the quality control of these anti-D antibodies/antisera the results and methods provided by the present invention may be advantageously employed The present invention also relates to a method of identifying an antibody V H or V L chain or a combination thereof or an aptamer specifically binding to a weak D polypeptide of the invention comprising (a) contacting the weak D polypeptide of the invention with a phage library displaying V H or V L chains or combinations thereof on the surface of the phage or with aptamers, (b) identifying phage or aptamers that bind to said weak D polypeptide, and optionally (c) repeating steps (a) and (b) one or more times The preparation of phage library and the screening/identification of desired antibody (chains) per se is well known in the art and reviewed, for example, in Winter et al , Annu Rev Immunol 12 (1994), 433-455 and references cited therein Also, aptamers can be prepared and cloned in phage according to conventional protocols Whereas single V H or V L chains may be identified by the method of the invention as binding to the weak D polypeptide of the invention, it is preferred to identify V H -V L combinations expressed by the phage because this situation resembles the situation of natural antibody binding By repeating steps (a) and (b) one or more times, better binding specificities may be identified Protocols for the optimization of binding properties such as affinities including eiution steps for removing bound phage, are well established in the art For example once a V H chain with a convenient binding capacity has been found, V ^ chains may be identified that significantly improve the binding capacity of the antibody e g by replacing the V L chain that was associated with the V u chain in the first selection step with a more suitable V ^ chain The invention also relates to a method or identifying a monoclonal antibody specifically binding to a weak D polypeptide/antigen of the invention comprising (a) contacting the weak D polypeptide of the invention with one or more monoclonal antibodies; (b) identifying monoclonal antibodies that bind to said weak D polypeptide; and optionally (c) repeating steps (a) and (b) one or more times The invention also relates to a method of identifying an antibody V H or V L chain or a combination thereof or an aptamer specifically binding to a weak D polypeptide/antigen of the invention comprising (a) contacting the weak D polypeptide and (aa) a second or more weak D weak D polypeptιde(s) and/or (ab) a normal Rhesus D polypeptide wherein the second or more weak D polypeptιde(s) and/or the normal Rhesus D polypeptide are present in a molar mass that is higher, equal or less than the weak D polypeptide of (a) with a phage library displaying V H or V L chains or combinations thereof on the surface of the phage or with aptamers, (b) identifying phage or aptamers that bind to said weak D polypeptide of (a); and optionally (c) repeating steps (a) and (b) one or more times. Particularly preferred in step (ab) is that the molar mass of the second weak D polypeptide and the normal Rhesus D polypeptide is higher than that of the weak D polypeptide of (a). In the case that only one round of selection is employed for the identification (i.e. when step (c) does not apply), it is preferred that the number of weak D polypeptide molecules of (a) is in molar excess over the number of phage particles. The preferred embodiments of the method of identifying an antibody V H or V L chain or of a combination thereof or of an aptamer described hereinbefore equally apply to this embodiment of the invention The invention also relates to a method of identifying a monoclonal antibody specifically binding to a weak D polypeptide/antigen of the invention comprising (a) contacting the weak D polypeptide and (aa) a second or more weak D polypeptιde(s) and/or (ab) a normal D polypeptide wherein the second or more weak D polypeptιde(s) and/or the normal D polypeptide are present in a molar mass that is higher equal or less than the weak D polypeptide of (a) with one or more monoclonal antibodies, (b) identifying monoclonal antibodies that bind to said weak D polypeptide of (a), and optionally (c) repeating steps (a) and (b) one or more times Preferably, the weak D polypeptide is exposed on the surface of a cell. An appropriate surface is the surface of an erythrocyte However, other host cells may be transfected with a vector suitable for expression of the weak D polypeptide and express the same on their surface Antibodies may also bind to recombinant proteins of or parts of proteins of weak D and purified proteins It is further preferred that the polypeptide or host cell is affixed to a solid support Suitable examples for solid supports are microtiter plates or beads In an additionally preferred antibody, subsequent to step (b) or (c), the following step is carried out (d) identifying the ammo acid sequence of the V H or V L chains and/or identifying the nucleic acid sequences encoding said am o acid sequence The identification of the ammo acid/nucleic acid sequences can be effected according to conventional protocols see, e g , Sambrook et al , loc cit Finally, the invention relates to a kit comprising (a) the oligonucleotide of the invention, and/or (b) the antibody of the invention (c) the aptamer of the invention and/or (d) the phage of the invention The kit of the invention which may comprise various types of antibodies described herein above is particularly suitable for the analysis of weak Ds in samples obtained from humans The components of the kit may be packaged as appropriate Preferably, different components are packaged in different vials The disclosure content of the documents as cited in this specification is herewith incorporated by reference The figures show Figure 1 Schematic representation of the ammo acid variations observed in weak D types with single missense mutations The affected ammo acids of the prevalent normal RhD protein and their positions are shown on top Their substitutions occurring in the weak D types are shown below the bar Figure 2. The cDNA nucleotide and predicted ammo acid sequences of the prevalent allele of the RHD gene The consensus sequences are shown that are deposited in the EMBL nucleotide sequence data base under the accession number X54534 by Avent et al and modified as noted in the description (C at 1 ,036) The positions of the nucleotides and ammo acids are indicated by the numbers above and below the sequences respectively Figure 3. Part of intron 5 of the RHCE and RHD genes The nucleotide sequence of the RHCE gene is shown Numbers indicate the position relative to the first base of exon 5 in the RHCE gene Dashes denote nucleotides in the RHD gene that are identical to the RHCE gene The 5' breakpoint region (178 bp) of the gene conversion characteristic for D category IV type III is indicated by asterisks The full intron 5 nucleotide sequences are deposited in EMBL/Genbank under accession numbers Z97333 (RHCE) and Z97334 (RHD) Figure 4. Detection of weak D types by PCR-RFLP Four weak D types harboured point mutations that obliterated restriction sites Weak D type 1 lacks an Alw44 site (Panel A) weak D type 3 a Sacl site (Panel C) weak D type 4 an Alu\ site (Panel D) and weak D type 6 a Mspϊ site (Panel E) In a fifth weak D type, a point mutation introduced a restriction site Weak D type 2 gained an Alu\ site (Panel B) On the left side of the gels, 100 bp ladders are shown, the position of the 500 bp and 100 bp fragments are indicated on the right side of the panels For the PCR reaction of panel A the largest restriction fragment approximation 3,000 bp is not shown The example illustrates the invention Example: Molecular Analysis of Samples of the Weak D Phenotype A method for RHD specific sequencing of the ten RHD exons and their splice sites was developed (Table 1 and 2) In a sequential analysis strategy, blood samples with weak expression of antigen D were checked by this method PCR-RFLP (Table 3) and RHD PCR-SSP (Gassner et al 1997) For this purpose, EDTA- or citrate- anticoagulated blood samples were collected from white blood donors and characterized as weak D during donor typing in accordance with published standards („D u -test") (Wissenschaftlicher Beirat der Bundesarztekammer and Bundesgesundheitsamt, 1992) as described (Wagner et al 1995) D category VI samples were excluded from this study Coding sequence of RHD in weak D phenotypes. Sequencing of the ten RHD exons from genomic DNA. DNA was prepared as described previously (Gassner et al 1997) Nucleotide sequencing was performed with a DNA sequencing unit (Prism dye terminator cycle-sequencing kit with AmpliTaq FS DNA polymerase, ABI 373A, Applied Biosystems, Weiterstadt, Germany) Nucleotide sequencing of genomic DNA stretches representative of all ten RHD exons and parts of the promoter (see below) was accomplished using primers (Table 1 ) and amplification procedures (Table 2) that obviated the need of subclonmg steps Control of RHD specificity. RHD exons 3 to 7 and 9 carry at least one RHD specific nucleotide, which was used to verify the RHD origin of the sequences For exon 1 characteristic nucleotides in the adjacent parts of intron 1 were used (EMBL nucleotide sequence data base accession numbers Z97362 and Z97363) For exon 8, the RHD specificity of the PCR amplification was checked by RHD non-specific sequencing of the informative exon 9 since exons 8 and 9 were amplified as a single PCR amplicon (Table 2) Exon 2 and 10 were amplified in an RHD specific way (Table 2) based on published RHD specific nucleotide sequences used (EMBL nucleotide sequence data base accession numbers U66340 and U66341 Kemp et al 1996, Le Van Kim et al 1992) no PCR amplicons were obtained in RhD negative controls All normal D and weak D samples showed a G at position 654 (Arce et al 1993) and a C at position 1036 (Le Van Kim et al 1992), supporting the notion (Cartron, 1996) that the alternatively described C (Le Van Kim et al 1992) and T (Arce et al 1993), respectively, were sequencing errors Detection of weak D specific mutations by PCR-RFLP and PCR-RFLP. PCR- RFLP as well as RH PCR-SSP (Gassner et al 1997) were developed or applied to characterize distinct nucleotide substitutions detected in five RHD alleles (see aiso Tables 3 and 4) The C to G substitution at position 8 led to the loss of a Sac\ restriction site in amplicons obtained with re01 and re1 1 d (G to A at 29, loss of Msp\ site, re01/re1 1 d, C to A at 446, loss of Alul site, rb20d/rb21d, T to G at 809, loss of Alw44\ site, rf51/re71 , G to C at 1 154, introduction of Alul site, re82/re93) Conditions for the rf51/re71 PCR reaction were as shown in Table 2 The rb20d/rb21 d reaction was done with non-proofreading Taq-polymerase (Boehrmger Mannhaim or Qiagen) with 20 s denaturation at 94°C, 30 s annealing at 60°C and 30 s extension at 72°C The other PCR reactions were done with non-proofreading Taq-polymerase with 20 s denaturation at 94°C, 30 s annealing at 55°C and 1 mm extension at 72°C Another four RHD alleles were detected by a standard RH PCR-SSP 15 The RHD(T201 R, F223V) and RHD(S182T, K198N, T201 R) alleles lacked specific amplicons for RHD exon 4, the RHD(G307R) and RHD(A276P) alleles those for RHD exon 6. For all other weak D types, the authenticity of the point mutations was checked by nucleotide sequencing of independent PCR amplicons Sequencing of exons 6 to 9 in D' v type III. In D ιv type III exons 6 to 9 were amplified and sequenced using primers that were specific for RHCE and RHD Therefore, primer re71 (Table 2) was substituted by primer rb7, primer re621 by rb26, and primer re52 by re74 Sixteen RHD alleles with distinct nucleotide changes coding for ammo acid substitutions were identified (Table 4) One allele represented a typical, yet unpublished RHD-CE-D hybrid allele dubbed hereby D type III Another allele was DHMi (LIU et al 1996) Of the remaining 14 alleles 12 showed single, but distinct previously unknown missense mutations None of the encoded variant am o acids occurred at the corresponding positions in the RhCE proteins Two alleles exhibited multiple nucleotide changes typical for the RHCE gene, which were interspersed by RHD specific sequences Distribution of weak D alleles in whites. A set of 161 samples with weak expression of antigen D were chosen from random blood donors in South-Western Germany D category VI samples but no other partial D were excluded by serologic methods Thus, three samples represented known partial D (DHMi (Liu et al 1996) and D category IV (Lomas et al 1989)) Without any exception, all samples could be assigned to distinct RHD alleles with aberrant coding sequences (Table 5) For the purpose of the present invention, it is proposed that the new molecular weak D types should be referred to by trivial names, e g weak D type 1 , or by their molecular structures, e g RHD (V270G) The weak D type 1 was the most frequent known RHD allele (f=1 277) with aberrant coding sequence, exceeding even the D " allele frequency (Wagner et al 1997) Amino acid substitutions in weak D alleles are clustered. The am o acid substitutions observed in weak D types with single missense mutations were not evenly distributed in the RhD protein (Fig 1 ) The majority of substitutions occurred in the region of ammo acid positions 267 to 397 Single and multiple ammo acid substitutions in smaller portions of the RhD protein around positions 2 to 13, 149, and 179 to 225 (weak D type 4 and 14) were also found in weak D alleles According to the current RhD loop model, the involved ammo acids were positioned in the transmembrane and intracellular protein segments Normal RhD phenotype controls and RHD promoter. Six control samples with normal RhD phenotype showed a normal RhD protein sequence by RHD specific sequencing of the ten RHD exons To check for mutations in the RHD promoter, a 675 bp region using primer pair rb13 and rbl l d were amplified (Table 2) The promoter region was sequenced using primers re02 and re01 starting at nucleotide position - 545 relative to the first nucleotide of the start codon One sample of each weak D type, DHMi and D' v type III was employed No deviation from the published RHD promoter sequence (Huang 1996) was found Statistical evidence that missense mutations can cause weak D phenotypes. The frequency of altered RhD proteins in weak D (158 of 158) and normal D samples (0 of 6) was statistically significantly different (p<0 0001 , 2x2 contingency table, Fisher s exact test) A normal RhD coding sequence in the weak D phenotype was expected to occur in less than 1 9 % (upper limit of 95% confidence interval Poisson distribution) It was further excluded that these ammo acid substitutions reflected random nucleotide changes only, because of two observations (i) In the 417 codons of the RHD gene 2,766 missense and 919 silent mutations may occur If nucleotide changes in weak D alleles were random, silent mutations were expected with a frequency of 0 249 One silent mutation was observed among a total of 18 mutations in weak D alleles (p=0 039, binomial distribution) Nonsense mutations were assumed to prevent RhD expression (Avent et al 1997b) and thus excluded from the calculation (n) 1 ,796 bp of the RHD gene were sequenced representing 1 ,251 bp coding sequence and 545 bp noncodmg sequence If nucleotide changes were random, their occurrence in the noncodmg sequence of weak D alleles was expected with a frequency of 0 303 All 18 mutations were, however, located in the coding sequence (p=0 005, binomial distribution) Haplotype-specific RHD polymorphisms. Introns 3 and 6 were analyzed To check the RHD intron 3 by RFLP the 3' part of intron 3 using the RHD specific primer pair rb46 and rb12 was amplified and the PCR products digested with Haelll To examine TATT tandem repeats in RHD intron 6 the full length intron 6 using the RHD specific primer pair rf51 and re71 and primer rg62 was amplified used for sequencing Polymorphic RHD sequences that differed between the prevalent RHD alleles of the CDe and cDE haplotypes were detected (Table 6) In RHD intron 3 there was a G/C polymorphism that determined a Haelll-RFLP at position -371 relative to the intron 3/exon 4 junction In RHD intron 6, there was a variable length TATT tandem repeat starting 1 ,915 bp 3 of exon 6 In the prevalent RHD allele of the CDe haplotype the Haelll restriction site was present and the TATT repeat region comprised 9 repeats In the prevalent RHD allele of the cDE haplotype, the Haelll restriction site was absent and the TATT repeat region comprised 8 repeats Weak D alleles were identical to the prevalent alleles of the same RH haplotype in regard to these polymorphisms in intron 3 and 6 with the single exception of weak D type 4 that showed 13 TATT repeats It was concluded that weak D alleles evolved independently in the different RH haplotypes. Table 1. Primers used Genomic RHD Name Nucleotide sequence region Position ' Strandedness specific ra21 gtgccacttgacttgggact intron 2 2.823 to 2,842 sense no rb7 atctctccaagcagacccagcaagc exon 7 1 ,022 to 998 antisense no rb11 tacctttgaattaagcacttcacag intron 4 161 to 185 sense yes rb12 tcctgaacctgctctgtgaagtgc intron 4 198 to 175 antisense yes rb13 ctagagccaaacccacatctcctt promoter -675 to -652 sense no rb15 ttattggctacttggtgcc intron 5 -612 to -630 antisense no rb20d tcctggctctccctctct intron 2 -25 to -8 sense yes rb21 aggtccctcctccagcac intron 3 28 to 1 1 antisense no rb21 d cccaggtccctcctcccagcac intron 3 32 to 1 1 antisense no rb22 gggagattttttcagccag intron 4 82 to 64 antisense no rb24 agacctttggagcaggagtg intron 4 -53 to -34 sense no rb25 agcagggaggatgttacag intron 5 -1 1 1 to -93 sense no rb26 aggggtgggtagggaatatg intron 6 -62 to -43 sense no rb44 gcttgaaatagaagggaaatgggagg intron 7 = 3,000 antisense no rb46 tggcaagaacctggaccttgacttt intron 3 -1 ,279 to -1 ,255 sense no rb52 ccaggttgttaagcattgctgtacc intron 7 = - 3.300 sense yes re01 atagagaggccagcacaa promoter -149 to -132 sense yes re02 tgtaactatgaggagtcag promoter -572 to -554 sense yes re11d agaagatgggggaatctttttcct intron 1 129 to 106 antisense no re12d attagccgggcacggtggca intron 1 -1 , 188 to -1 , 168 sense yes re13 actctaatttcataccaccc intron 1 -72 to -53 sense no re23 aaaggatgcaggaggaatgtaggc intron 2 251 to 227 antisense no re31 tgatgaccatcctcaggt exon 3 472 to 455 antisense yes re617 tctcagctcactgcaacctc intron 6 1 ,998 to 2,017 sense no re621 catccccctttggtggcc intron 6 - -102 to -85 sense yes re71 acccagcaagctgaagttgtagcc exon 7 1 ,008 to 985 antisense yes re73 cctttttgtccctgatgacc intron 7 - 67 to -48 sense no re74 tatccatgaggtgctgggaac intron 7 = -200 sense no re75 aaggtaggggctggacag intron 7 = 120 antisense yes re82 aaaaatcctgtgctccaaac intron 8 = -45 sense yes re83 gagattaaaaatcctgtgctcca intron 8 = -50 sense no re91 caagagatcaagccaaaatcagt intron 9 = -40 sense no re93 cacccgcatgtcagactatttggc intron 9 = 300 antisense no rf51 caaaaacccattcttcccg intron 5 -332 to -314 sense no rg62 tgtattccaggcagaaggc intron 6 1 ,736 to 1 ,755 sense no rh5 gcacagagacggacacag 5' UTR 2 -19 to -2 sense no rh7 acgtacaaatgcaggcaac 3' UTR 2 1 ,330 to 1 ,313 antisense no rr1 tgttggagagaggggtgatg 5' UTR -60 to -41 sense no rr3 cagtctgttgtttaccagatg 3' UTR 1 ,512 to 1 ,492 antisense yes rr4 agcttactggatgaccacca 3' UTR 1 ,541 to 1 ,522 antisense yes The positions of the synthetic oligonucleotides are indicated relative to their distances from the first nucleotide position of the start codon ATG for all primers in the promoter and in the exons including the 3' untranslated part of exon 10 or relative to their adjacent exon/iπtron boundaries for all other primers Primer ra21 was reported previously (Poulter et al 1996) 5 UTR 5 untranslated region of exon 1 UTR 3 untranslated region of exon 10 Table 2. Sequencing method for all ten RHD exons from genomic DNA PCR primers RHD PCR conditions 1 Sequencing RHD RHD exon Sense Antisense specific 2 : Extension Annealing primers specific 2 Exon 1 rb13 rb1 1 d no 10 mm 60°C re01 yes Exon 2 re12d re23 yes 3 mm 65°C re13 no Exon 3 ra21 rb21 no 10 mm 60°C re31 and rb20d yes Exon 4 rb46 rb12 yes 10 mm 60°C rb22 no Exon 5 rb1 1 rh2 yes 10 mm 60°C rb24 no Exon 6 rf51 re71 yes 10 mm 60°C rb25 no Exon 7 re617 rb44 no 10 mm 60°C re621 and re75 yes Exon 8 rb52 rb93 yes 10 mm 60°C re73 no Exon 9 rb52 rb93 yes 10 mm 60°C re82/re83 yes/no Exon 10 re91 rr4 yes 10 mm 60°C rr3/ rh7 yes/no Primers were used at a concentration of 1 nM in the Expand High Fidelity PCR System (Boehπnger Mannheim Mannheim Germany) In the exon 10 PCR, the concentration of MgCI 2 was 2 0 nM Denaturation was 20 s at 92°C annealing 30 s elongation temperature 68°C Elongation time was increased by 20 s for each cycle after the 10th cycle except for the re12d/re23 primer pair To achieve RHD specificity for genomic nucleotide sequencing the PCR primer pairs or the sequencing primer or both must not concurrently detect RHCE-deπved nucleotide sequences Primer sequences are given in Table 1 O Table 3. PCR-RFLP analysis of five RHD alleles Allele Substitution PCR pi rimers Restriction enzyme RHD(S3C) 8 C→G re01 re1 1 d Sacl RHD(R10Q) 29 G→A re01 re1 1 d Mspl KHD(A149D) 446 C→A rb20d rb21 Alul HD(V270G) 809 T→G rf51 re71 Alw44l RHD(G385A) 1 154 G→C re82 re93 Alul Conditions for the rf51/re71 PCR reaction as shown in Table 2 All other PCR reactions were done with non-proofreading Taq-polymerase (Boehnnger Mannheim) with 20 s denaturation at 94°C 30 s annealing at 55°C and 1 mm extension at 72°C Examples for these PCR-RFLPs of weak D types 1 , 2, 3, 5, 6, are shown in Fig 4 Table 4. Molecular basis of weak RhD phenotypes Effect on Exons Predicted localization Allele Nucleotide change protein sequence involved in the cell membrane 1 RHD(S3C) C→G at 8 Ser to Cys at 3 1 IC RHD(R10Q) G→A at 29 Arg to Gin at 10 1 IC RHD(W16C, T201R, F223V) G→C at 48, Trp to Cys at 16 1 TM C→G at 602, Thr to Arg at 201 4 IC T→G at 667, Phe to Val at 223 5 TM G→A at 819 no change 6 - R/ /D(R1 14W) C→T at 340 Arg to Trp at 1 14 3 TM ft/7D(A149D) C→A at 446 Ala to Asp at 149 3 TM RHD(S182T, K198N, T201 R) T→A at 544, Ser to Thr at 182 4 TM A >T at 594, Lys to Asn at 198 4 IC C >G at 602 Thr to Arg at 201 4 IC ιWD(T201 R,F223V) C→G at 602, Thr to Arg at 201 4 IC T→G at 667, Phe to Val at 223 5 TM G→A at 819 no change 6 - RHD(\N22QR) T→C at 858 Trp to Cys at 220 5 TM RHD(V270G) T→G at 809 Val to Gly at 270 6 TM RHD(A276P) G→C at 826 Ala to Pro at 276 6 TM RHD(G277E) G→A at 830 Gly to Glu at 277 6 TM RHO(G282D) G→A at 845 Gly to Asp at 282 6 TM W/D(A294P) G→C at 880 Ala to Pro at 294 6 TM R/7D(M295I) G→T at 885 Met to lie at 295 6 TM R/ /D(G307R) G→A at 919 Gly to Arg at 307 6 IC RHD(G339E) G >A at 1016 Gly to Glu at 339 7 TM D' v type III RHD-CE(6-9)-D multiple 6 to 9 EF/TM/IC IC - intracellular, TM - transmembranous, EF - exofacial Table 5. Proposed nomenclature for RHD alleles coding for weak D phenotypes and their minimal population frequencies Trivial Molecular Phenotype Minimal population frequency' name basis (allele) n' frequency 2 phenotype haplotype weak D type 1 RHD(V270G) 95 70 29% 0 2964% 0 003606 (1 277) weak D type 2 RHDCG385A) 43 18 01 % 0 0759% 0 000924 (1 1 ,082) weak D type 3 RHD(S3C) 7 5 19% 0 0219% 0 000266 (1 3,759) weak D type 4 ' RHD(T201 R,F223V) 6 1 30% 0 0055% 0 000067 (1 14 925) weak D type 5 RHD(G307R) 0 74% 0 0031 % 0 000038 (1 26,316) weak D type 6 f?HD(R10Q) 0 74% 0 0031 % 0 000038 (1 26,316) weak D type 7 RHD(G339E) 0 74% 0 0031 % 0 000038 (1 26,316) weak D type 8 RHD(A294P) 0 42% 0 0017% 0 000021 (1 47,619) weak D type 9 f?HD(A149D) 0 42% 0 0017% 0 000021 (1 47,619) weak D type 10 RHD(W393R) 0 42% 0 0018% 0 000021 (1 47,619) > -~Λ weak D type 1 1 RHD(M295\) 0 22% 0 0009% 0 00001 1 (1 90,909) weak D type 12 RHD{G277E) 0 - - - weak D type 13 RHD{A276P) 0 - - - weak D type 14 RHD(S182T.K198N,T201 R) 0 - - - weak D type 15 RHD{G282D) 0 - - - weak D type 16 RHD(W220R) 0 - - - weak D type 17 /?HD(R1 14W) 0 - - - DHMi KHD(T283I) 2 0 84% 0 0035% 0 000043 (1 23,256) D ιv type III RHD-CE(6-9)-D 1 0 60% 0 0025% 0 000031 (1 32,258) Total 161 100% 0 4185% 0 005094 • weak I) type '1 can bi subdivided in two forms: • w ak 1) t> pe 'la, bee veak D type 4, in the Table ak I ) t> pe -l b Λ7/D(W I 6C, I20 I K, l " 223V) Table 5 - Continued 1 Number of samples observed among 161 blood samples with weak antigen D expression Types 12 to 17 were not detected among these blood samples, but found independently. I he phenotype frequencies among weak D samples were calculated adjusting for the frequencies of the serologic weak D phenotypes (Wagnei et al 1995) ccDEE weak D samples were assumed to be cDE/cdE. J Phenotype frequencies in the population were calculated from the population frequency of the weak D phenotype in South-Western Germany (Wagner et al 1995). These are minimal estimates, because some samples with only moderately weakened D expression may have been grouped to normal strength D. Haplotype frequencies were calculated using a haplotype frequency of 0.411 for RhD negative haplotypes (Wagner et al 1995) assuming that all weak D samples were heterozygous. 00 Table 6. RHD polymorphisms in RHD genes of various haplotypes Haelll site TATT-repeat Haplotype' Allel in intron 3 in intron 6 CDe prevalent RHD present 9 CDe weak D type 1 present 9 CDe weak D type 3 present 9 CDe weak D type 5 present 9 CDe weak D type 6 present 9 CDe weak D type 7 present 9 CDe weak D type 12 present 9 CDe weak D type 13 present 9 CDe weak D type 17 N.D. 9 CDe D ιv type III present cDE prevalent RHD 2 absent 8 cDE weak D type 2 absent 8 cDE weak D type 8 absent cDE weak D type 9 absent 8 cDE weak D type 10 absent 8 cDE weak D type 14 absent 8 cDE weak D type 15 absent 8 cDE weak-D type 16 absent cDE DHMi absent c(W16C)De prevalent RHD present 9 c{W 6C)De weak D type 4 present 13 cDe prevalent RHD' mostly present 8 or 9 cDe weak D type 11 present 8 1 The haplotype association of the Haelll site was tested in 10 CCDee, 8 ccDEE, 10 cc(W16C)De and 10 ccDee samples, The haplotype association of the TATT repeat was tested in 3 CCDee, 3 ccDEE, IccDEe, 2 cc(W16C)De and 2 ccDee samples. 2 Intron 6 derived from RHCE due to a gene conversion. Continued on next page [ ble 6 - Continued J Six uf seven alleles investigated showed 8 repeats, one 9 repeats ' ' I he Haelll site was piesent in 8 of 10 samples tested Samples with Haelll site showed 9 TAl l -repeats, samples without Haelll site ϋ repeats N IJ - Not determined o Table 7. Predicted localization ot RhD protein segments reiatne to the red blood cells' membrane Range ot IntraTrans- Length amino acids cellular membranous Exofacial (amino acids) \ 10 2 \ 20 DJ X 22 54- 71 X 18 72- " ^ \ 4 76- 93 X 18 94- 110 X 17 111 - 130 X 20 131 - 134 X 4 135 - 153 X 19 154- 169 X 16 170- 187 X 18 188- 207 X 20 208- 225 226- 238 13 239- 256 257- 264 265- 282 X 18 283- 286 4 287- 306 20 307- 333 27 334- 351 X 18 352- 370 19 371 - 388 389- 417 29 Total 5 loops and 12 helices 6 loops 416 2 2 se g ments Locahzation of the amino- and carbovΛ terminal protein end according to et al {J Biol Chem 1992} and Hermand et al [Blood 1993] The transmembranous helices were predicted PHDhtm {www embl- heidelberg de'predictproteinφredictprotcin htmlj . the helix at positions 371 to 388 by T pred (ulrec3 unil ch / softv * are'TMPRED_form html} The amino acid (methionine) at position 1 is not expressed in the mature RhD protein as shown b amino acid sequencing Btochem J 1988) Table 8. Sample RhD epitope densities for weak D types. weak D RhD epitope density (RhD antigens/red cell) type 3 1 ,500 type 1 900 type 2 500 type 12 <100 One sample of each weak D type was tested with a polyclonal anti-D (Lome Laboratories Ltd., Redding, Berkshire, England) as described previously (Flegel and Wagner 1996). Similar results were obtained by monoclonal anti-D (BS228, Biotest AG, Dreieich, Germany; and P3x290, Diagast, Lille, France). References Agre P C Davies D M Issitt P D Lamy B M Schmidt P J Treacy, M , and Vengelen-Tyler, V 1992 A proposal to standardize terminology for weak D antigen [Letter] Transfusion 32 86-87 Arce M A , Thompson, E S Wagner S Coyne, K E , Ferdman, B A and Lublin, D M 1993 Molecular cloning of RhD cDNA derived from a gene present in RhD- positive but not RhD-negative individuals Blood 82 651-655 Aubin J T , Le Van Kim, C , Mouro, I , Colin, Y , Bignozzi, C , Brossard, Y , and Cartron, J P 1997 Specificity and sensitivity of RHD genotypmg methods by PCR-based DNA amplification British Journal of Haematology 98 356-364 Avent, N D , Butcher, S K , Liu, W , Mawby, W J , Mallmson, G Parsons, S F„ Anstee, D J , Tanner, M J 1992 Localization of the C termini of the Rh(rhesus) polypeptides to the cytoplasmic face of the human erythrocyte membrane J Biol Chem 267 15134-15139 Avent, N D , Jones, J W , Liu, W , Scott, M L , Voak, D , Flegel, W A , Wagner, F F , and Green, C 1997a Molecular basis of the D variant phenotypes DNU and Dll allows localization of critical am o acids required for expression of Rh D epitopes epD3, 4 and 9 to the sixth external domain of the Rh D protein Bπtish Journal of Haematology 97 366-371 Avent N D , Martin, P G r Armstrong-Fisher, S S , Liu, W , Finning K M Maddocks, D and Urbaniak, S J 1997b Evidence of genetic diversity underlying Rh D negative, weak D (D u ) and partial D phenotypes as determined by multiplex PCR analysis of the RHD gene Blood 89 2568-2577 Avent, N D , Rigwell, K , Mawby, W J , Tanner, M J , Anstee, D J , Kumpel, B 1988 Protein-sequence studies on Rh-related polypeptides suggest the presence of at least two groups of proteins which associate in the human red-cell membrane Biochem J 256 1043-1046 Beckers, E A , Faas, B H , Ligthart P , Overbeeke, M A , von dem Borne, A E , van der Schoot, C E , and van Rhenen D J 1997 Lower antigen site density and weak D immunogenicity cannot be explained by structural genomic abnormalities or regulatory defects of the RHD gene Transfusion 37 616-623 Beckers E A M , Faas, B H W Overbeeke M A M , von dem Borne A E G K , van Rhenen, D J , and van der Schoot C E 1995 Molecular aspects of the weak-D phenotype Transfusion 35 50S Bowman J M 1998 RhD hemolytic disease of the newborn N Engl J Med 339 1775-1777 Cartron, J -P 1996 Rh DNA - coordinator's report Transfusion Clinique et Biologique 3 491 -495 Ceppellmi, R , Dunn L C and Turry, M 1955 An interaction between alleles at the Rh locus in man which weakens the reactivity of the Rho factor (D u ) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U S A 41 283-288 Chenf-Zahar, B , Raynal V Gane, P , Mattel, M G Bailly P Gibbs, B , Colin, Y , and Cartron, J -P 1996 Candidate gene acting as a suppressor of the RH locus in most cases of Rh-deficiency Nature Genetics 12 168-173 Flegel, W A , Muller, T H , Schunter, F , Gassner, C , Schonitzer, D , and Wagner, F F 1997 D category VI type III A D-Ce(3-6)-D hybrid protein with normal RhD antigen density on red cells [Abstract] Transfusion 37S 101 S Flegel, W A and Wagner, F F 1996 RHD epitope density profiles of RHD variant red cells analyzed by flow cytometry Transfusion Clinique et Biologique 3 429-431. Fukumon, Y , Hon, Y , Ohnoki, S , Nagao, N , Shibata, H , Okubo, Y , and Yamaguchi, H 1997 Further analysis of Del (D-elute) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with RHD gene-specific primers Transfusion Medicine 7 227- 231 Gassner, C , Schmarda, A , Kilga-Nogler, S., Jenny-Feldkircher, B , Ramer, E , Muller, T H., Wagner, F F , Flegel, W A., and Schonitzer, D 1997 RhesusD/CE typing by polymerase chain reaction using sequence-specific primers Transfusion 37.1020-1026 Hasekura, H , Ota, M Ito, S , Hasegawa, Y , lchmose A Fukushima, H , and Ogata, H. 1990 Flow cytometπc studies of the D antigen of various Rh phenotypes with particular reference to D u and D el Transfusion 30 236-238 Hermand, P., Mouro, I , Huet, M , Bloy, C , Suyama, K , Goldstein, J , Cartron, J.P , Bailly, P. 1993 Immunochemical characterization of rhesus proteins with antibodies raised against synthetic peptides. Blood 82 669-676 Huang, C H 1996 Alteration of RH gene structure and expression in human dCCee and DCW- red blood cells phenotypic homozygosity versus genotypic heterozygosity Blood 88 2326-2333 Huang, C H 1997 Molecular insights into the Rh protein family and associated antigens Current Opinion in Hematology Λ 94-103 Huang, C H , Chen Y and Reid, M 1997 Human D(llla) erythrocytes RhD protein is associated with multiple dispersed ammo acid variations Am J Hematol 55 139-145 Issitt P D and Telen, M J 1996 D weak D (D u ), and partial D the molecular story unfolds Transfusion 36 97-100 Jones, J W Finning, K M , Mattock R , Voak, D , Scott, M L , and Avent N D 1997. The serological profile and molecular basis of a new partial D phenotype, DHR. Vox Sanguinis 73 252-256 Jones, J W Lloyd-Evans, P , and Kumpel, B M 1996 Quantitation of Rh D antigen sites on weak D and D variant red cells by flow cytometry Vox Sanguinis 71 176-183 Kajn, E , Umenishi, F , Omi, T , and Ikemoto, S 1995 Intricate combinatorial patterns of exon splicing generate multiple Rh- related isoforms in human erythroid cells. Human Genetics 95 657-665 Kemp, T J , Poulter, M , and Carritt, B 1996 A recombination hot spot in the Rh genes revealed by analysis of unrelated donors with the rare D- phenotype. American Journal of Human Genetics 59 1066-1073 Le Van Kim, C , Mouro, I , Chenf-Zahar, B , Raynal, V , Cherner, C , Cartron, J.P., and Colin, Y 1992. Molecular cloning and primary structure of the human blood group RhD polypeptide Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U S A 89 10925-10929 Leader, K A , Kumpel, B.M , Poole G D , Kirkwood, J T , Merry A H and Bradley, B.A. 1990 Human monoclonal anti-D with reactivity against category DVI cells used in blood grouping and determination of the incidence of the category DVI phenotype in the DU population Vox Sang 58 (2).106-1 1 Legler, T J , Blaschke, V , ' Bustami, N , Malekan, M , Schwartz, D W M , Mayr, W.R , Panzer, S , and Kohler, M 1997 RHD genotypmg on exons 2, 5, 7, intron 4 and the 3' non-coding region in D wea \ D vι , DFR and D-- individuals Transfusion 37.100S Liu, W , Jones, J W , Scott, M L , Voak, D , and Avent, N D 1996 Molecular analysis of two D-vaπants, D HMl and D HM " [Abstract] Transfusion Medicine 6(suppl 2).21 Lomas, C , Grassmann, W , Ford, D , Watt, J , Gooch, A , Jones, J , Beolet, M , Stern, D , Wallace, M , and Tippett, P 1994 FPTT is a low-incidence Rh antigen associated with a "new" partial Rh D phenotype, DFR Transfusion 34 612-616. Lomas, C , McColl, K , and Tippett, P 1993 Further complexities of the Rh antigen D disclosed by testing category D" cells with monoclonal anti-D Transfusion Medicine 3 67-69 Lomas, C , Tippett, P , Thompson, K M , Melamed, M D , and Hughes-Jones, N.C 1989 Demonstration of seven epitopes on the Rh antigen D using human monoclonal anti-D antibodies and red cells from D categories Vox Sanguinis 57 261 -264 Mollison P L , Engelfnet, C P and Contreras, M 1993 Blood transfusion in clinical medicine 9th ed London Blackwell Scientific Publications Moore, B P L 1984 Does knowledge of D u status serve a useful purpose Vox Sanguinis 46S1 95-97 Mourant, A E , Kopec, A C , and Domaniewska-Sobczak, K 1976 The distribution of the human blood groups and other polymorphisms 2nd ed London Oxford University Press Nelson, M , Barrow, L A , Popp, H , and Gibson, J 1995 Some observations on D antigen expression of D-positive and 'weak D- positive' red cells as assessed by flow cytometry Vox Sanguinis 69 152-154 Nicholson, G , Lawrence, A , Ala, F A , and Bird, G W G 1991 Semi-quantitative assay of D antigen site density by flow cytometnc analysis Transfusion Medicine 1 87-90 Poulter, M , Kemp, T J , and Carritt, B 1996 DNA-based Rhesus typing simultaneous determination of RHC and RHD status using the polymerase chain reaction Vox Sanguinis 7 164-168 Roubmet, F , Apoil, P A , and Blancher, A 1996 Frequency of partial D phenotypes in the south western region of France Transfusion Clinique et Biologique 3 247- 255 Rouillac, C , Gane, P , Cartron, J -P , Le Pennec, P Y , and Colin, Y 1996 Molecular basis of the altered antigenic expression of RhD in weak D (D u ) and RhC/e in R N phenotypes Blood 87 4853-4861 Rouillac, C , Le Van Kim, C , Beolet, M , Cartron, J P , and Colin, Y 1995 Leu1 10Pro substitution in the RhD polypeptide is responsible for the D v " category blood group phenotype American Journal of Hematology 49 87-88 Salmon, C , Cartron, J -P , and Rouger, P 1984 The human blood groups New York Masson Scott, M 1996 Rh seroiogy - coordinator's report Transfusion Clinique et Biologique 3 333-337 Siege!, D L , Silberstem, L E 1994 Expression and characterization of recombinant antι-Rh(D) antibodies on filamentous phage a model system for isolating human red blood cell antibodies by repertoire cloning Blood Apr 15 83(8) 2334-44 Stratton F 1946 A new Rh allelomorph Nature 158 25 Tazzan, P L , Bontadmi, A Belletti, D , Malferrari F and Conte R 1994 Flow cytometry a tool in immunohematology for D+ w (D u ) antigen evaluation? Vox Sanguinis 67 382-386 Tippett P and Sanger R 1962 Observations on subdivisions of Rh antigen D Vox Sanguinis 7 9-13 Tippett, P and Sanger, R 1977 Further observations on subdivisions of the Rh antigen D Das Arztliche Laboratonum 23 476-480 Wagner, F F 1994 Influence of Rh phenotype on the antigen density of C, c, and D flow cytometπc study using a frozen standard red cell Transfusion 34 671-676 Wagner, F F , Hillesheim B , and Flegel, W A 1997 D-Kategoπe VII beruht emheitlich auf der Aminosauresubstitution Leu(1 10)Pro Beitrage zur Infusionstherapie und Transfusionsmedizin 34 220-223 Wagner, F F , Kasulke D Kerowgan, M , and Flegel W A 1995 Frequencies of the blood groups ABO, Rhesus, D category VI, Kell and of clinically relevant high- frequency antigens in South-Western Germany Infusionstherapie und Transfusionsmedizin 22 285-290 Wissenschaftlicher Beirat der Bundesarztekammer and Bundesgesundheitsamt 1992 Richtlinien zur Blutgruppenbestimmung und Bluttransfusion Koln Deutscher Arzte-Verlag

Claims: CLAIMS A nucleic acid molecule encoding a Rhesus D antigen contributing to or indicative of the weak D phenotype, said nucleic acid molecule carrying at least one missense mutation as compared to the wild type Rhesus D antigen, in its transmembrane and/or intracellular regions A nucleic acid molecule encoding a Rhesus D antigen contributing to or indicative of the weak D phenotype, said nucleic acid molecule (a) carrying at least one missense mutation, as compared to the wild type Rhesus D antigen, in ammo acid positions 2-16, 1 14-149, 179-225 or/and 267 to 397 with the proviso that said D antigen does carry not a single missense mutation leading to a substitution of phenylalanme in ammo acid position 223 by valme or of threonme in position 283 by isoleucine, or (b) carrying a gene conversion involving exons 6 to 9 which are replaced by the corresponding exons of the RHCE gene The nucleic acid molecule of claim 1 or 2 wherein said missense mutation causes an ammo acid substitution in position 3, 10, 16, 1 14, 149, 182, 198, 201 , 220, 223, 270, 276, 277 282, 294, 295, 307, 339, 385 and 393 or a combination of/or involving said substitutions The nucleic acid molecule of claim 3 wherein said ammo acid substitution in position 3 is from Ser to Cys, in position 10 from Arg to Gin, in position 16 from Trp to Cys, in position 1 14 from Arg to Trp, in position 149 from Ala to Asp, in position 182 from Ser to Thr, in position 198 from Lys to Asn, in position 201 from Thr to Arg, in position 220 from Trp to Arg, in position 223 from Phe to Val, in position 270 from Val to Gly in position 276 from Ala to Pro, in position 277 from Gly to Glu in position 282 from Gly to Asp, in position 294 from Ala to Pro, in position 295 from Met to He in position 307 from Gly to Arg in position 339 from Gly to Glu, in position 385 from Gly to Ala and in position 393 from Trp to Arg 5. The nucleic acid molecule of any one of claims 1 to 4 wherein said missense mutation occurs in nucleotide position 8, 29, 48. 340, 446, 544, 594, 602, 658, 667, 809, 819, 826, 830, 845, 880, 885. 919, 1016, 1 154 or 1 177 or in a combination of said positions. 6. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 5 wherein said missense mutation in position 8 is from C to G, in position 29 from G to A, in position 48 from G to C, in position 340 from C to T, in position 446 from C to A, in position 544 from T to A, in position 594 from A to T, in position 602 from C to G, in position 658 from T to C, in position 667 from T to G, in position 809 from T to G, in position 819 from G to A, in position 826 from G to C, in position 830 from G to A, in position 845 from G to A, in position 880 from G to C, in position 885 from G to T, in position 919 from G to A, in position 1016 from G to A, in position 1 154 from G to C and in position 1 177 from T to C. 7. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 3 or 4 wherein said combination of substitutions is in positions 182, 198 and 201 and is preferably S182T, K198N, T201 R or in position 201 and 223 and is preferably T201 R and F223V, or in position 16, 201 and 223 and is preferably W16C, T201 R and F223V. 8. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 5 or 6 wherein said combination of missense mutations comprises positions 544, 594 and 602 and is preferably T→A at position 544, A→T at position 594 and C→G at position 602 or comprises positions 602, 677 and 819 and is preferably C→G at position 602, T→G at position 667 and G→A at position 819 or comprises positions 48, 602, 667 and 819 and is preferably G→C at position 48, C→G at position 602, T→G at position 667 and G→A at position 819. 9 The nucleic acid molecule of any one of claims 1 to 8 which is mRNA or genomic DNA 10. A vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule of any one of claims 1 to 9 1 1 . A host transformed with the vector of claim 10. 12. A method of producing a Rhesus D antigen contributing to the weak D phenotype comprising culturing the host of claim 1 1 under suitable conditions and isolating the Rhesus D antigen produced. 13. A Rhesus D antigen encoded by the nucleic acid molecule of any one of claims 1 to 9 or produced by the method of claim 12. 14. An oligonucleotide hybridizing under stringent conditions to a portion of the nucleic acid molecule of any one of claims 1 to 9 comprising said at least one missense mutation or to the complementary portion thereof or hybridizing to a breakpoint of the gene conversion identified in claim 2. 15. An antibody or aptamer or phage specifically binding to the Rhesus D antigen of claim 13. 16. An antibody or aptamer or phage specifically binding to the wild type Rhesus D antigen or to aberrant Rhesus D antigens but not to the Rhesus D antigen of claim 13. 17. A method for testing for the presence of a nucleic acid molecule encoding a Rhesus D antigen contributing to the weak D phenotype in a sample comprising hybridizing the oligonucleotide of claim 14 or an oligonucleotide hybridizing to a nucleic acid molecule encoding a Rhesus D antigen contributing to or indicative of the weak D phenotype, said nucleic acid molecule carrying at least one missense mutation, as compared to the wild type Rhesus D antigen, said missense mutation causing an am o acid substitution in position 223 or 283 which is in position 223 preferably from Phe to Val and in position 283 preferably from Thr to He, said missense mutation further preferably occurring in nucleotide position 667 or 848 wherein most preferably said mutation in position 667 is from T to G and in position 848 from C to T under stringent conditions to nucleic acid molecules comprised in the sample obtained from a human and detecting said hybridization The method of claim 17 further comprising digesting the product of said hybridization with a restriction endonuclease and analyzing the product of said digestion A method of testing for the presence of a nucleic acid encoding a Rhesus D antigen contribution to or indicative of the weak D phenotype in a sample comprising determining the nucleic acid sequence of at least a portion of the nucleic acid molecule of any one of claims 1 to 9, said portion encoding at least one of said missense mutations or a breakpoint of said gene conversion or a nucleic acid molecule encoding a Rhesus D antigen contributing to the weak D phenotype, said nucleic acid molecule carrying at least one missense mutation, as compared to the wild type Rhesus D antigen, said missense mutation causing an ammo acid substitution in position 223 or 283 which is in position 223 preferably from Phe to Val and in position 283 preferably from Thr to He, said missense mutation further preferably occurring in nucleotide position 667 or 848 wherein most preferably said mutation in position 667 is form T to G and in position 848 from C to T The method of claim 19 further comprising, prior to determining said nucleic acid sequence, amplification of at least said portion of said nucleic acid molecule A method for testing for the presence of a nucleic acid molecule encoding a Rhesus D antigen contributing to or indicative of the weak D phenotype in a sample comprising carrying out an amplification reaction wherein at least one of the primers employed in said amplification reaction is the oligonucleotide of claim 14 or an oligonucleotide hybridizing to a nucleic acid molecule encoding a Rhesus D antigen contributing to or indicative of the weak D phenotype said nucleic acid molecule carrying at least one missense mutation, as compared to the wild type Rhesus D antigen, said missense mutation causing an am o acid substitution in position 223 or 283 which is in position 223 preferably from Phe to Val and in position 283 preferably from Thr to He, said missense mutation further preferably occurring in nucleotide position 667 or 848 wherein most preferably said mutation in position 667 is form T to G and in position 848 from C to T and assaying for an amplification product The method of claim 20 or 21 wherein said amplification or amplification reaction is or is effected by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) A method for testing for the presence of a Rhesus D antigen contributing to or indicative of the weak D phenotype in a sample comprising assaying a sample obtained from a human for specific binding to the antibody or aptamer or phage of claim 15 or to an antibody or aptamer or phage to a Rhesus D antigen contributing to or indicative of the weak D phenotype and encoded by a nucleic acid molecule carrying at least one missense mutation, as compared to the wild type Rhesus D antigen, said missense mutation causing an ammo acid substitution in position 223 or 283 which is in position 223 preferably from Phe to Val and in position 283 preferably from Thr to He, said missense mutation further preferably occurring in nucleotide position 667 or 848 wherein most preferably said mutation in position 667 is form T to G and in position 848 from C to T A method of testing a sample for the presence of wild type Rhesus D antigen and the absence of the Rhesus D antigen of claim 13 comprising assaying a sample obtained from a human for specific binding to the antibody or aptamer or phage of claim 16 The method of any one of claims 17 to 24 wherein said sample is blood, serum, plasma, fetal tissue saliva urine mucosal tissue, mucus vaginal tissue, fetal tissue obtained from the vagina skin hair, hair follicle or another human tissue The method of 25 comprising enrichment of fetal cells or extraction of fetal DNA or mRNA from material tissue like peripheral blood serum or plasma The method of any one of claims 17 to 26 wherein said nucleic acid molecule or protemaceous material from said sample is fixed to a solid support The method of claim 27 wherein said solid support is a chip Use of the nucleic acid molecule of any one of claims 1 to 9 or of a nucleic acid molecule encoding a Rhesus D antigen contributing to or indicative of the weak D phenotype, said nucleic acid molecule carrying at least one missense mutation, as compared to the wild type Rhesus D antigen, said missense mutation causing an am o acid substitution in position 223 or 283 which is in position 223 preferably from Phe to Val and in position 283 preferably from Thr to lie, said missense mutation further preferably occurring in nucleotide position 667 or 848 wherein most preferably said mutation in position 667 is form T to G and in position 848 from C to T or of a combination thereof for the analysis of a weak Rhesus D phenotype Use of the nucleic acid molecule of any one of claims 1 to 9, the vector of claim 10 or the Rhesus D antigen of claim 13 for the assessment of the affinity, avidity and/or reactivity of monoclonal antibodies or of polyclonal antisera preferably anti-D antisera anti-globulin or anti-human-globulm antisera A method for the characterization of the monoclonal antibodies or polyclonal antisera or of a preparation thereof said method comprising (a) testing the nucleic acid of sample of a proband for the presence of a mutation as defined in any one of claims 1 to 24 (b) correlating, on the basis of the mutation status and the allelic status of the RHD gene the nucleic acid with the RhD antigen density on the surface of red blood cells of said proband, (c) reacting said monoclonal antibodies or polyclonal antisera or said preparation thereof with a cell carrying the RhD antigen on its surface, (d) characterizing said monoclonal antibodies or polyclonal antisera or said preparation thereof on the basis of the results obtain in step (c) The method of claim 31 wherein said characterization comprises the determination of reactivity sensitivity avidity affinity, specificity and/or other characteristics of antibodies and antisera The method of claim 31 or 32 wherein said cell carrying the RhD antigen on its surface is a red blood cell Use of an aptamer phage, monoclonal antibody or a polyclonal antisera or a preparation thereof as characterized in claim 15 or 16 for RhD antigen determination Use of claim 34 wherein said RhD antigen determination is effected in connection with blood group typing A preparation comprising the antibody or aptamer or phage of claim 15 or 16 A method of identifying an antibody V H or V L chain or a combination thereof or an aptamer specifically binding to a weak D polypeptide of claim 13 comprising (a) contacting the weak D polypeptide of claim 13 with a phage library displaying V H or V ^ chains or combinations thereof on the surface of the phage or with aptamers, (b) identifying phage or aptamers that bind to said weak D polypeptide, and optionally (c) repeating steps (a) and (b) one or more times A method of identifying a monoclonal antibody specifically binding to a weak D polypeptide/antigen of claim 13 comprising (a) contacting the weak D polypeptide of claim 13 with one or more monoclonal antibodies, (b) identifying monoclonal antibodies that bind to said weak D polypeptide and optionally (c) repeating steps (a) and (b) one or more times 39 A method of identifying an antibody V H or V L chain or a combination thereof or an aptamer specifically binding to a weak D polypeptide/antigen of claim 13 comprising (a) contacting the weak D polypeptide and (aa) a second or more weak D polypeptιde(s) and/or (ab) a normal D polypeptide wherein the second or more weak D polypeptιde(s) and/or the normal D polypeptide are present in a molar mass that is higher, equal or less than the weak D polypeptide of (a) with a phage library displaying V H or V L chains or combinations thereof on the surface of the phage or with aptamers; (b) identifying phage or aptamers that bind to said weak D polypeptide of (a); and optionally (c) repeating steps (a) and (b) one or more times. 40. A method of identifying a monoclonal antibody specifically binding to a weak D polypeptide/antigen of claim 13 comprising (a) contacting the weak D polypeptide and (aa) a second or more weak D polypeptιde(s) and/or (ab) a normal D polypeptide wherein the second or more weak D polypeptιde(s) and/or the normal D polypeptide are present in a molar mass which is higher, equal or less than the weak D polypeptide of (a) with one or more monoclonal antibodies; (b) identifying monoclonal antibodies that bind to said weak D polypeptide of (a); and optionally (c) repeating steps (a) and (b) one or more times. 41. The method according to any one of claims 37 to 40, wherein the weak D polypeptide is exposed on the surface of a cell 42. The method according to any one of claims 37 to 41 , wherein the polypeptide or host cell is affixed to a solid support. 43. The method of any one of claims 37 to 42, wherein subsequent to step (b) or (c), the following step is carried out: (d) identifying the ammo acid sequence of the V H or V L chains and/or identifying the nucleic acid sequence encoding said amino acid sequence. 44. The method according to any one of claims 39 to 43, wherein, in the case that only one round of selection is employed for the identification, the number of weak D polypeptide molecules of (a) is in molar excess over the number of phage particles. 45. Use of cells, preferably red blood cells, from probands for the assessment of the affinity, avidity and/or reactivity of monoclonal anti-D antibodies or of polyclonal anti-D antisera or of anti-globulin or of anti-human-globulin antisera or of preparations thereof. 46. A method for determining whether a patient in need of a blood transfusion is to be transfused with Rh D negative blood from a donor comprising the step of testing a sample from said patient for the presence of one or more Rh D antigens of claim 13, wherein a positive testing for at least one of said antigens is indicative of the need for a transfusion with Rh D negative blood. 47. A method for determining whether blood of a donor may be used for transfusion to a patient in need thereof comprising the step of testing a sample from said donor for the presence of one or more Rh D antigens of claim 13, wherein a positive testing for at least one or said antigens excludes the transfusion of patients that are typed as having wild type Rh D antigen or (a) weak D type(s) other than the weak D type(s) of said donor 8. Kit comprising (a) the oligonucleotide of claim 14; and/or (b) the antibody of claim 15; and/or (c) the antibody of claim 16; (d) the aptamer of claim 15 or 16: and/or (e) the phage of claim 15 or 16.

Inventors: FLEGEL WILLY A, WAGNER FRANZ F, FLEGEL, WILLY, A., WAGNER, FRANZ, F.
Applicants: DRK BLUTSPENDEDIENST BADEN WUE, FLEGEL WILLY A, WAGNER FRANZ F, DRK BLUTSPENDEDIENST BADEN-WUERTTEMBERG GGMBH, FLEGEL, WILLY, A., WAGNER, FRANZ, F.
Application year: 1998
Main classification: C12N15
IPC codes: C07K14, C07K16, C12N1, C12N5, C12N15, C12P21, C12Q1, G01N33