PROCESS FOR RECOVERING OILS

Abstract: Heavy oil or crude oil spills in sea water are recovered without polluting environment. A natural rubber latex and a coagulant are scattered around lumps of oil spills to coagulate the latex with the coagulant, so that a membrane of the latex is formed around the oil lumps.

Description: Technical Field This invention relates to a process for the recovery of oil, for example, recovery of heavy oil or crude oil spills on the sea caused by accidents of tankers, recovery of oil deposits on rocks and seashores, recovery of oils leaked from oil tanks, and recovery and removal of oil deposits in tanks at the time of cleaning thereof. Background Art Heavy oils or crude oils are occasionally discharged in sea water upon tanker accidents. Heavy oils or crude oils are mixtures of aromatic oils (aroma oils), nephthene oils, paraffin oils, etc. and contain a large amount of the aromatic oils. Because heavy oil or crude oil spills, which have a smaller specific gravity than sea water, initially afloat on a surface of the sea water in the form of lumps. Paraffin oils and naphthene oils having a low viscosity are gradually separated by diffusion from the lumps due to forces of waves or currents. The remaining aromatic oils having a high density sink in the sea. Thus, part of the oil spills deposits on the seashores and oil deposits are adhered to rocks. It is, therefore, difficult to remove the oil deposits. In addition to a manual method in which oils are collected with an oil fence and manually recovered, processes are known for treating oil spills in which the oils are decomposed with crude oil decomposing bacteria or the oils are mixed with sea water using an emulsifier. The emulsifier and the crude oil decomposing bacteria used as a treatment agent for this purpose serve to convert the oil into fine particles which are easily mixed with the sea water by emulsion and dispersion and to accelerate the spontaneous purification (destroy of oils such as through decomposition by bacteria, and oxidation and vaporization by sunlight). However, such spontaneous purification proceeds so slowly that the known methods are not practical. Additionally, with this method, it is more and more difficult to recover the oil because, in an accident of discharge of a large amount of oil, the oil treating agent diffuses into and is diluted with a non-polluted region with time due to waves and currents. Thus, in practice, it is the general method to collect the discharged oil manually. Tanker accident is not the sole cause of discharge of heavy oils or crude oils. Discard of waste oils from ships and discharge from oil tanks in harbors also cause such a problem. Similar to the removal of oil deposits on rocks, cleaning of oil deposits on tanks brings about a difficulty. It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide a process which can easily recover oil spills. Another object of the present invention is to provide a process which can recover such oils while minimizing environmental pollution. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a process which can easily remove and recover oil deposits on solid surfaces. According to a first aspect of the invention there is provided a process for recovering oil from sea water, comprising the steps of: scattering a natural rubber latex on the sea water containing the oil; scattering bittern powder on the sea water; permitting the natural rubber latex to diffuse around the oil; and forming a membrane of the natural rubber latex around the oil. According to a second aspect of the invention there is provided a process for recovering an oil from a mixture with sea water on a solid surface, comprising the steps of: contacting the oil and sea water mixture on the solid surface with a natural rubber latex and bittern powder; and covering the oil with the natural rubber latex; such that coagulation of the natural rubber latex occurs. The said natural rubber latex is a colloid containing cis-1,4-isoprene polymer (about 54% by weight; concentration hereinafter is expressed in terms of % by weight), water (about 44%) and a protein (about 2%). The latex, which is a hydrophilic colloid diffuses into the water, when it is scattered around oil spills in sea water through a hose. The scattered latex coagulates by reaction with the coagulant. Because the specific gravity of the solids after the coagulation is smaller than water, a membrane is formed around the oil spills. The latex incorporated into lumps of oil spills does not coagulate as such. However, since water is generally present in the oil lumps, the latex is brought into contact with an interface between the oil and water by the action of waves and is thus coagulated. The coagulated latex membrane is insoluble in oil but is compatible therewith. Therefore, the latex is collected in the interface between the oil spills and water and deposits on the interface of the oil spills. Since the coagulated latex membrane (hereinafter referred to simply as latex membrane) is low in stickiness, oil spills can be easily recovered. Further, since the latex membrane is lighter than water, the aroma oils are prevented from sedimenting. The oil spills are surrounded by the latex membrane to prevent the dispersion of the oil lumps. The oil lumps surrounded by the latex membrane have no stickiness and, thus, do not deposit on rocks and sand even when they arrive at seashores. Further, since the water temperature dependency of the coagulation rate of the latex is small, oil spills can be recovered even in winter season or in cold places. The use of natural rubber latex ensures that, unrecovered latex gradually decomposes spontaneously and does not pollute the environment. The present invention is mainly utilized for the recovery of oil spills in sea water. Whilst magnesium chloride and calcium chloride to be a coagulant are originally present in sea water, the concentration thereof is so small that the coagulation rate of the latex is very slow. Thus, the scattered latex is unnecessarily diffused to reduce the efficiency. Therefore, it is necessary to scatter the coagulant. The coagulant is scattered separately from the latex, for example, by using separate hoses. However, the latex may be mixed with the coagulant in a scattering nozzle. The mixture is scattered at a scattering pressure. In this case, for the purpose of preventing the coagulation of the latex by the coagulant within the nozzle, the concentration of the coagulant is controlled to retard the coagulating power of the coagulant. Alternately, this can be achieved by sufficiently reducing the residence time of the mixture in the nozzle as compared with the time required for the coagulation. The use of powder bittern as the coagulant, ensures that no environmental pollution is caused. The present invention can be applied not only to the recovery of crude oils or heavy oils in the sea water but also to any utilization for the recovery of oil spills in water. Further, the present invention can be used not only for the removal and recovery of oil deposits on rocks but also for the removal of oil deposits on, for example, walls of tanks. In practicing the invention, the latex and the coagulant are scattered from recovery ships, helicopters, etc. after crude oils, etc. are discharged. For example, a tanker may be so constructed as to have a double walled bottom structure and to store the latex and the coagulant separately such that they are able to be discharged, if necessary, through valves. The thus stored latex and the coagulant are discharged into sea water when the tanker comes into a grounding accident and is broken at the bottom thereof, so that the diffusion of the oil spills can be prevented in situ. The present invention will become more fully understood from the detailed description given hereinbelow. However, the detailed description and the specific embodiments are illustrative of desired embodiments of the present invention and are described only for the purpose of explanation. Various changes and modifications will be apparent to those ordinary skilled in the art on the basis of the detailed description. The applicant has no intention to give to public any disclosed embodiment. Among the disclosed changes and modifications, those which may not literally fall within the scope of the patent claims constitute, therefore, a part of the present invention in the sense of doctrine of equivalents. Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention Examples and experimental examples concerning the recovery of heavy oils will be described hereinbelow but do not limit the invention thereto. Example 1 A stone (in a state where heavy oil deposited on the entire surface of a stone of a weight about 10 kg) fouled as a result of an accident of oil spills from a Russian tanker "Nahotoka" in January, 1997 was collected at the Sanriku seashore and was immersed for 2 seconds in a natural latex of a polymer emulsion. The stone was separated from the emulsion. Then, the surface of the stone was strongly rubbed with a cloth. As a result, a phenomenon was observed in which fine lumps of polymer particles are formed. Thus, sticky layers of the fouling oil were converted into fine agglomerates surrounded by the latex and were able to be easily removed. A brush was also used to easily remove oil in fine recesses. This was an application of unstabilization (flocculation phenomenon) of the latex from a stable state in which destroy of the stable state of the latex was accelerated by dynamic shearing forces without using a coagulant. In this case, it is preferred that the natural latex be used in conjunction with an emulsifier for reasons that the oil removal efficiency is improved because the natural latex becomes lipophilic. Experimental Example 1 C-Heavy oil (100 g) was placed on 2 liters of sea water in a 5 liter glass vessel to form a sample. A natural rubber latex (10 cc; solid matter content: about 56 %) was added to the vessel from above. The latex was dispersed into the whole sea water so that the sea water became milky white. Subsequently, 20 g of bittern powder (major component: magnesium chloride) was scattered, then the latex was gradually separated from the sea water and afloat with the C-heavy oil being surrounded therewith, so that the sea water became transparent again after about 220 seconds. The temperature of the sea water was about 10°C throughout the above procedure. When the sea water had a temperature of 0°C, it took about 230 seconds until the sea water became transparent again. In the case of 30°C, the time required was about 200 seconds. Thus, the temperature dependency of the time required for forming a latex membrane around the C-heavy oil was low. The C-heavy oil surrounded by the latex membrane had no stickiness and was able to be easily recovered. Further, since the 100 g of the C-heavy oil was formed into one ball, the fluidity thereof was low. The latex membrane of the ball surface was white and rubber-like. However, since the C-heavy oil located inside was able to see through the membrane, the whole color tone was white-gray-grayish black in spots. Experimental Example 2 Under the same conditions as above (water temperature: 10°C), 100 g of heavy oil recovered in the Noto Peninsula (light brown heavy oil spills from a tanker recovered on the sea) was used in place of the C-heavy oil. In the same manner as above, 10 cc of a natural rubber latex and 20 g of bittern powder (major ingredient: magnesium chloride) were used. When the latex was coagulated, a latex membrane was formed around the recovered oil. The sea water became transparent after about 220 seconds. As a consequence of the coagulation of the latex membrane, a white-brown ball was formed, in which the recovered oil was surrounded, and the ball was free of stickiness and fluidity. Since the latex was also present inside the ball, the hardness of the ball was higher than that in Experimental Example 1. This was because water was present inside the oil lump. The latex was thus dispersed in the water within the oil lump, so that the latex membrane was also formed inside the oil lump. Comparative Example 1 An experiment was performed under the same conditions (water temperature: 10°C) as those in Experimental Example 1 except that no coagulant was used. In this case, the emulsion dispersed in the sea water remained milky state. The sea water did not return to a transparent state until a long time had passed. Thus, 5 days were required for the sea water to become transparent. In practice, the non-coagulated emulsion will diffuse into sea water by waves and currents. No satisfactory results are obtained. Comparative Example 2 C-Heavy oil was applied on a rock to form an oil film. The oil film-bearing rock was allowed to stand out door for 2 days (temperature: 0-10°C). As a lipophilic emulsion, a mixed emulsion obtained by blending 100 parts by weight of a natural rubber latex, 2 parts by weight of nonylphenol ether and 2 parts by weight of polyoxyethylene alkyl ether, and then mixing the blend, with stirring, with 1.5 parts by weight of colloidal sulfur, 1.5 parts by weight of ZnO and 15 parts by weight of a spindle oil was used. The emulsion was applied onto the oil film with a brush. Thereafter, an aqueous solution obtained by dissolving 20 parts by weight of Na 2 SiF 6 and 15 parts by weight of sodium di-n-butyldithiocarbamate as a curing accelerator in 100 cc of warm water was scattered over the surface of the emulsion. As a result of the application of the emulsion, the oil film was solubilized and dissolved in the emulsion. The oil was coagulated by the coagulant to form a gel and was able to be removed from the rock. In the case where a silicate compound such as the above Na 2 SiF 6 is used as a coagulant, heating of the emulsion to about 50°C with a hot wind or a hot water is effective to accelerate the coagulation because the coagulant is heat-sensitive. Thus, the coagulation proceeds more rapidly. One preferred embodiment of the present invention is concerned with a process for recovering an oil, characterized by scattering a latex and a coagulant therefor over an oil-containing water, permitting the latex to diffuse around the oil in the water, and coagulating the latex with the coagulant for forming a coagulated latex membrane around the oil for the recovery thereof. In this case, the process for recovering an oil may be characterized in that the latex is a natural rubber latex. Further, the process may be characterized in that the coagulant is a salt of Mg or Ca and in that the oil is a heavy oil or crude oil in sea water. Moreover, the process for recovering an oil may be characterized by contacting an oil which deposits on a solid surface with a lipophilic polymer emulsion to solubilize the oil in the emulsion and, then, coagulating the emulsion to recover the oil. In the foregoing description, the coagulant is a substance that shows the following function. Namely, the coagulant is a substance which can unstabilize a material which is homogeneously dispersed in a colloidal state in water as an emulsion and which is in a stable state. Thus, the coagulant is an unstabilizing agent and may be said as being a gelling agent or a flocculating agent. The term "coagulation" is a phenomenon that a polymer in a latex is separated from the serum, forming a lump, where the serum loses polymer to become transparent or the serum does not completely lose polymer the concentration of which decreases. The polymer coagulated in this manner is referred to as coagulated substance or coagulum. The term "gelation" is a phenomenon that a latex in a solution loses its fluidity and is solidified as a whole in a gelatin-like state in conformity with the shape of a vessel. The product is called gel. The gel thereafter shrinks so that a transparent serum is separated. This phenomenon is called syneresis. The term "flocculation" is a phenomenon that fine agglomerates of polymer particles are formed in a large amount. Chemicals which accelerate the destroy of a stable state of a normal emulsion such as a latex are herein referred to as coagulants or unstabilizing agents. The concept of emulsion latex in the present invention will be described here. There are a variety of kinds of polymer emulsion latex. Various classifications are adopted therefor. As a rough calssification, a classification as shown in Table 1 is adopted on the basis of the production methods or procedures for the production. In the present invention, the emulsion latex is a general term of materials in which a dispersed substance is a polymer and a dispersing medium is water or other liquids. Namely, the emulsion latex refers to a stable state of a polymer as a discontinuous phase with water or other liquid forming a continuous phase. Industrial Applicability As having been described in the foregoing, according to a process for the recovery of an oil of the present invention, it is possible to easily recover, for example, heavy oil or crude oil spills on the sea caused by accidents of tankers, recover oil deposits on rocks and seashores, recover oils leaked from oil tanks, and recover and remove oil deposits in tanks at the time of cleaning thereof. Classification of Emulsion Latex According to Kind of Polymer Classification of Polymer Classification of Composition and Short Name Abbreviation Common Name in Japan Natural rubber NR Natural rubber latex Styrene-butadiene copolymer Polybutadiene (styrene content: 0) EBR EBR latex Low styrene (styrene content: 5-40) SBR SBR latex Medium styrene (styrene content: 40-70) SB SB latex High styrene (styrene content: 70-95) HS High styrene latex Polystyrene latex Polystyrene (styrene content: 100) PS Acrylonitrilebutadiene copolymer Low nitrile (A.N. content: 18-24) Medium nitrile (A.N. content: 25-32) NBR NBR latex Medium high nitrile (A.N. content: 18-24) Methyl methacrylatebutadiene copolymer MBR (ABR) MBR latex Polychloroprene CR Chloroprene latex Vinylpyridine copolymer VP VP (vinylpyridine latex cis-1,4-Polyisoprene IR IR latex Butyl rubber IIR Butyl latex Polyvulcanized rubber T Thiokole latex Polyurethane U Urethane latex Polybutene PIB Polybutene emulsion Polyacrylate AR, AM Acrylate latex, Acryl emulsion Vinyl chloride polymer PVC Vinyl chloride (PVC) latex Vinyl acetate polymer PVAc Vinyl acetate latex Vinylidene chloride polymer PVdC Vinylidene chloride latex Polyethylene PE Polyethylene emulsion Vinyl acetate ethylene copolymer EVA Ethylene vinyl acetate emulsion Remarks: In addition to the above, there may be mentioned those materials which are obtained by copolymerizing trace components with the above various polymers and which are named to have an affix such as modified-, crosslinked, self-crosslinked- or carboxy-.

Claims: A process for recovering oil from sea water, comprising the steps of: scattering a natural rubber latex on the sea water containing the oil; scattering bittern powder on the sea water; permitting the natural rubber latex to diffuse around the oil; and forming a membrane of the natural rubber latex around the oil. A process according to claim 1, wherein the natural rubber latex is a colloid containing, as main ingredients, cis-1,-4-isoprene polymer and a protein. A process according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the oil is heavy oil or crude oil. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the bittern powder is mixed with the natural rubber latex before the bittern powder and the natural rubber latex are scattered on the sea water. A process according to claim 4, wherein the residence time of the mixture of the bittern powder and the natural rubber latex is shorter than the time required for coagulation of the natural rubber latex caused by the bittern powder. A process for recovering an oil from a mixture with sea water on a solid surface, comprising the steps of: contacting the oil and sea water mixture on the solid surface with a natural rubber latex and bittern powder; and covering the oil with the natural rubber latex; such that coagulation of the natural rubber latex occurs.

Inventors: MIYAGISHI KIYOE, YAMADA HIROSHI-ISHIKAWAGIKENGO, YANO SHOICHIRO, YOSHIDA HITOSHI, MIYAGISHI, KIYOE, YAMADA, HIROSHI, YANO, SHOICHIRO;, YOSHIDA, HITOSHI;, YAMADA, Hiroshi-Ishikawagikengomu Kabushiki Kaisha
Applicants: FAMS YK, HOKURIKU DENWA KOUJI KABUSHIKI, JP AGENCY OF INDUSTRIALSCIENCE, HOKURIKU DENWA KOUJI KABUSHIKIKAISHA, JAPAN AS REPRESENTED BY DIRECTOR GENERAL OF AGENCY OF INDUSTRIALSCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, YUGENKAISHA FAMS
Application year: 1998
Main classification: C02F1
IPC codes: E02B15, B01D17, C09K3, C02F1