NOVEL METAL COMPLEXES

Abstract: Invented are zinc chelated G-CSF receptor ligands, pharmaceutical compositions containing these compounds, and methods of using these compounds as agonist of the G-CSF receptor. Also invented are novel processes used in preparing these compounds. Also invented are novel G-CSF receptor binding moieties of the invented zinc chelated G-CSF receptor ligands.

Description: NOVEL METAL COMPLEXES FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to G-CSFR metal complexed ligands, methods for making and identifying them and their use as agonist of G-CSFR BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a glycoprotein secreted by macrophages, fibroblasts, and endothehal cells originally identified by its ability to stimulate the survival, proliferation, and differentiation in vitro of predominantly neutrophilic granulocytes from bone marrow progenitors (Nicola, N A , Annu Rev Biochem (1989) 58 45) The capacity of G-CSF to regulate in vivo granulopoiesis is supported by animal and clinical studies, which demonstrated a reversible rise in circulating neutrophil levels in response to administered recombinant G-CSF (Gabπlove, J L et al , N_ Engl J Med (1988) 318 1414) G-CSF has pleiotropic effects on mature neutrophils, enhancing their sur\ al and stimulating functional activation, including induction of neutrophil alkaline phosphatase (Sato N et al , J Cell Physiol ( 1988) 37 272) and high affinity IgA F c receptors (Weisbart, R H , et al , Nature (Lond ) ( 1988) 332 647), priming for respiratory burst (Nathan, C F Blood (1989) 73 301) and increased chemotaxis (Wang, J M , Blood (1988) 72 1456) G-CSF effects have also been observed on hematopoietic cells that are not committed to the granulocyte lineage, for example, stimulation of the proliferation on monocytic differentiation in vitro of some myeloid leukemic cells (Geissler, K , J Immunol (1989) 143 140) and the proliferation in vitro of some multipotential hematopoietic precursors (Ferrero, D , Blood ( 1989) 73 402) G-CSF actu ates intracellular processes by binding to the granulocycte colony stimulating factor receptor (G-CSF receptor) (Demetπ. G D and Griffin J D , Blood 1991 , 78, 2791, Avalos, B R Blood, 1996, 88, 761) The G-CSF receptor is single transmembrane cytokine cell surface receptor composed of three domains an extracellular ligand binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signal transduction domain It is now clear that signal transduction by cytokines is accomplished by ligand- mediated receptor dimeπzation (Ullrich, A and Schlessinger, J , "Signal transduction by receptors with tyrosine kinase activity". Cell, 61"203-212 (1990), Kishimoto, T , Taga, T , and Akira, S , "Cytokine signal transduction", Cell. 76 253-262 (1994), Heldin, C H , "Dimeπzation of cell surface receptors in signal transduction", Cell. 80 213-223 (1995), Lemmon, M A and Schlessinger, J , "Regulation of signal transduction and signal diversity by receptor oligomenzation", Trends Biol Sci . 19 459-463 (1994)) G-CSF binds to two receptor subunits resulting in homodimeπzation, an event that promotes activation of cytoplasmic tyrosme kinases that associate with the intracellular domain of the recptors This tyrosme kmase activity then initiates a cascade of intracellular processes Administration of recombinant G-CSF to patients suffering from neutropenia due to various causes indicated that G-CSF is beneficial as an adjuvant in chemotherapy and in bone marrow transplantation (Morstyn, G , et al , Trends Pharmacol Sci 10, (1989) 154- 159) G-CSF activity is also associated with mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells from the marrow to the peripheral blood (Haylock et al , Blood 89.2233-2258, 1997) Despite the success of recombinant G-CSF in producing an agonist response at the G-CSF receptor, it is not considered an ideal pharmaceutical treatment Lack of oral bioavailabihty and a limited serum half-life limit the desirability and efficacy of recombinant G-CSF as a pharmaceutical agent Consequently, the need exists to provide improved ligands which have agonist properties towards the G-CSF receptor The human G-CSF receptor was first sequenced in 1990 (Fukunaga, R , Seto, Y , Mizushima, S , and Nagata, S Three different mRNAs encoding human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor Proc Natl Acad Set U S A 87(22) 8702-8706, 1990) and had already been characterized by radiohgand studies on purified human blood neutrophils by 1986 (Nicola N A, Vadas M A, Lopez A F, J-Cell-Physiol 1986, 128 501-9) Notwithstanding the fact that assay tools have been available for over a decade, only one application (PCT/US97/08864) describes small organic molecules which exhibit G-CSF mimetic activity This application does not mention zinc chelated small organic molecules As disclosed herein it has unexpectedly been discovered that certain selected zinc chelated receptor ligands have agonist properties towards the G-CSF receptor This discovery, that zinc chelated small organic molecules exhibit agonist activity towards the G-CSF receptor is particularly surprising in view of the finding that the natural ligand for the G-CSF receptor (I e G-CSF or recombinant G-CSF) does not utilize zinc chelation during activation This finding is exemplified and further discussed in the examples below SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Accordingly, one aspect of the present invention is a method for agonizing the G- CSF receptor comprising contacting the receptor with a zinc chelated G-CSF receptor ligand Another aspect of the invention is a method for identifying agonists of the G-CSF receptor A third aspect of the invention relates to zinc chelated G-CSF receptor ligands A fourth aspect of the invention relates to an isolated G-CSF receptor binding moiety of a zinc chelated G-CSF receptor ligand A fifth aspect of the invention is a method for making zinc chelated G-CSF receptor ligands BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 shows the activity of two different samples of compound 1 a (from Example 1 ) on the muπne myeloid cell line NFS60 that contained a G-CSF-responsive element linked to a minimal promoter and the gene for luciferase Activity of compound la is below the threshold of 150% over background The study was performed as a Luciferase assay configured on the G-CSF-responsive NFS60 cell line as described in Tian et al , Science 281, 257-259 (1998) The experiments shown in Figures 2-8 used the same NFS60 cell line Figure 2 shows the same type of expeπment in NFS60 cells, but run in the presence of 1 uM zinc (II) The activity of compound la is about 350% over control, which indicates that zιnc(II) potentiates the activity of compound la Figure 3 is an analysis of the effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (as used herein - EDTA) on the activity of Compound 1 a (from Example 1 ) in NFS60 cells Shown are luciferase response curves of Compound la at the indicated concentrations and in the presence of various concentrations of EDTA EDTA at 1 2 millimolar concentration antagonized the activity of compound la The media in this assay contained a small amount (1-5 uM) of zιnc(II) Figure 4 is an analysis of the effect of EDTA on the activity of recombinant G-CSF on NFS60 cells Shown are luciferase response curves of recombinant G-CSF at the indicated concentrations and in the presents of various concentrations of EDTA EDTA at both 1 2 and 5 millimolar has little effect on the activity of recombinant G-CSF in the assay Figures 5 and 6 depict an analysis of the activity of metal chlorides alone on the basal luciferase level of NFS60 cells Shown are luciferase response curves of the indicated metal chlorides at various concentrations None of the metals have a meaningful effect on the basal luciferase levels at concentrations equal or less than 10 micromolar Figures 7 and 8 show an analysis of the effect of metal chlorides on the EDTA depleted activity of Compound la on NFS60 cells Shown are luciferase response curves as effected by the indicated metal chlorides Only zinc (II) at concentrations 0 5-10 micromolar can overcome the inhibition in luciferase activity caused by 50 micromolar concentration of the metal chelator EDTA None of the other metals tested could overcome the inhibitory effect of EDTA DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION All publications, including but not limited to patents and patent applications, cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference as though fully set forth By the term "heteroatom(s)", as used herein is meant nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, preferably nitrogen By the term "treating" and derivatives thereof as used herein, is meant prophylatic or therapeutic therapy By the term "organic molecule" and derivatives thereof as used herein, is meant the standard usage in the art to the ordinary organic chemist and as such excludes inorganic molecules and peptide molecules By the phrase 'mobilizing peripheral blood stem cells" as used herein is meant the mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells from the marrow to the peripheral blood The zinc chelated receptor ligands of this invention that have agonist properties towards the G-CSF receptor are compounds that consist of one or more G-CSF receptor binding moieties, preferably 1 to 4 moieties, most preferablv 1 or 2 moieties, wherein each G-CSF receptor binding moiety forms at least two coordinate bonds to each of one or more zinc ions, preferably each moiety will form two or three coordinate bonds to each of one or By the term 'G-CSF receptor binding moietv and derivatives thereof, as used herein means a small organic molecule having a molecular weight from about 100 to about 850, preferably having a molecular weight from about 200 to about 750, most preferably having a molecular weight from about 300 to about 650 and having from 1 to 4 zinc binding motifs, preferably having one or two zinc binding motifs In one embodiment, metal chelation forms a symmetrical multimer, such as a dimer, of the receptor binding moiety By the term zinc binding motif and deriv atives thereof, as used herein means a continuation of atoms within a G-CSF receptor binding moiety that have the following characteristics 1) each continuation consist of 3 to 10 atoms, preferably 4 to 8 atoms, most preferably 4 or 5 atoms, 2) each continuation further consisting of two or more heteroatoms, preferably from 2 to 4 heteroatoms, most preferably 2 to 3 heteroatoms, preferably at least one of the heteroatoms is nitrogen, wherein the heteroatoms are separated from each other by one to four additional atoms selected from the group consisting of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen, preferably carbon or nitrogen, preferably by 2 to 4 additional atoms, most preferably by 2 or 3 additional atoms, and 3) the configuration of heteroatoms within the zinc binding motif allows for chelate coordination to a zinc (II) ion by providing for the formation of at least two coordinate bonds, preferably two or three coordinate bonds, simultaneously to a zinc ion Examples of zinc binding motifs for use in the present invention include but are not limited to the following -N-C-C-N-, -N-C=C-N-, -N-C-C=N-, -N=C-C=N-, -O-C-C-N-, - 0-C=C-N-, -0-C-C=N-, -0=C-C=N-, -S-C-C-N-, -S-C=C-N-, -S-C-C=N-, -S=C-C=N-, -S- C-C-S-, -N=C-N-N-, -N-C-N-N-, -0=C-N-N-, -S=C-N-N-, -0-C-C=0-, -0-N-C=0-, -N=C- N-C=N-, -0=C-N-C=N-, -N=C-C-C=N-, -0-C=C-C=0-, -N-C-C-C-N-, -N-C-C=C-N-, - N=C-C=C-N-, -N=C-C=C-0-, -N=C-C=C-S-, -S=C-C=C-S-, -0=C-N-C=N-, -N-N-C-C=N- , -N-N-C-N-N-, -N-C=N-C=N-, -N=C-N-C=N-C-C-N- and -N=C-N-C=N-C-C=N- Preferred G-CSF receptor binding moieties of the present invention comprise one or more of the following functional groups, preferably one or two of the following functional groups 2-guanιdιnobenzιmιdazoles, 2-guanιdιnobenzoxazoles, 2- guanidionbenzothiazole, 2-mercaptomethylpyπdιnes, acylacetones, acylhydrazines, 2- a inoethanethiols, 2-(ιmιdazol-4-yl)ethylamιnes, 2-(ιmιdazol-2-yl)ethylamιnes. 2- (ιmιdazol-4-yl)ethyhmιnes, 2-(ιmιdazol-2-yl)ethylιmιnes, 2-pιcolylamιne, 8- hydroxyquinohnes, 8-amιnoquιnolιnes, 8-mercaptoquιnolιnes, ethylenediamines, pyπdine- 2-carboxaldιmιnes, 2,2'-bιpyπdyls, 2-thιobenzaldιmιnes, 2-hydroxybenzaldιmιnes and 2,5- dumιno-3a,6a-dιaryl-l,2,3,3a,4,5,6,6a-octahydroιmιdazo[4,5-d]ιmιdazoles The above functional groups will generally form part of a larger molecule and may be further substituted in the formation of a G-CSF receptor binding moiety Preferred substituents for optional use on the above functional groups consist of one or more groups selected from the following alkyl, aryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, acyloxy, carbamoyl, amino, N- acylamino, ketone, halogen, cyano, thio, carboxy and carboxamido As noted from the depiction of bιs{2,5-bιs[2-benzιmιdazolylιmιno]-3a.6a-bιs(2- pyπdyl)- l,2,3,3a,4,5,6,6a-octahydroιmιdazo[4,5-d]ιmιdazole-N,N'}-zιnc(II) in Example 1 below, an 8 atom zinc binding motif (specifically the -N=C-N-C=N-C-C=N-) is essentially an overlap of a 5 atom zinc binding motif (that is -N=C-N-C=N-) and a 4 atom zinc binding motif (that is -N-C-C=N-) in a continuation As such, preferred zinc binding motifs of the instant invention consist of a continuation of 4 or 5 atoms either individually or as part of a combination Further, each atom of a zinc binding motif of the present invention may be further substituted, may be saturated or contain various degrees of unsaturation or may form part of a larger linear system or an aromatic or nonaromatic ring system The zinc chelated G-CSF receptor ligands of this invention are included in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention and used in the methods of the invention The G-CSF receptor binding moieties of this invention are included in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention and used in the methods of the invention By the term "co-administeπng" and derivatives thereof as used herein is meant either simultaneous administration or any manner of separate sequential administration of a zinc chelated G-CSF receptor ligand, as described herein, and a further active ingredient or ingredients, such as antibacterial agents, antifungal agents as well as agents known to treat neutropenia, including chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and bone marrow transplantation and in mobilizing peripheral blood stem cells and other conditions with depressed leukocyte production Preferably, if the administration is not simultaneous, the agents are administered in a close time proximity to each other Furthermore, it does not matter if the agents are administered in the same dosage form, e g one agent may be administered subcutaneously and another agent may be administered orally The zinc chelated G-CSF receptor ligands of this invention are prepared by reacting one or more G-CSF receptor binding moieties and a zinc ion source, such as Zn(N03)2, in a solvent, followed by optional isolation of the zinc chelated G-CSF receptor ligand The order in which the indicated ingredients are utilized in the presently invented process is not critical All orders of addition of the indicated ingredients are within the scope of the invention Further, the zinc chelated G-CSF receptor ligands of this invention can be prepared in vivo by the administration of a G-CSF receptor binding moiety to a subject and utilization of naturally occurring zinc ions in the body of the subject Pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates and solvates are formed when appropriate by methods well known to those of skill in the art Because the pharmaceutically active compounds of the present invention are active as agonist of the G-CSF receptor they exhibit therapeutic utility in treating bacterial infections, fungal infections, neutropenia, including chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and bone marrow transplantation and in mobilizing peripheral blood stem cells and other conditions with depressed leukocyte production In determining the potency of the presently invented compounds as agonist of the G-CSF receptor, the following assays are employed Luciferase Assay Compounds of the present invention were tested for potency as agonist of the G- CSF receptor in a Luciferase reporter gene assay such as described in Tian et al , Science 281. 257-259 (1998) The NFS60 cells (Holmes, et al , Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82 6687-6691 (1985)) were selected because they express endogenous G-CSF receptors closely matching the pattern of ST AT (signal transducers and activators of transcription) activation observed in pπmary muπne and human bone marrow cells Luciferase Assay and EDTA In order to determine the requisiteness of zinc chelation of small organic molecules to agonist activity at the G-CSF receptor, the above luciferase assay was performed in the presence of EDTA EDTA is a strong metal chelator and had as its only effect, the removal of zinc from the hgand-receptor interaction CFU-G Assay Compounds of this invention are also tested for activity in the following assays CFU-G assay (an example of which is described in King AG. Talmadge J , Badger AM, Pelus LM. Regulation of colony stimulating activity production from bone marrow stromal cells by the hematoregulatory peptide, HP-5 Exp Hematol 20 223-228, 1992) and in vivo evaluation of peripheral blood neutrophil and monocyte count in the mouse (an example of which is described in Pelus, L M , King, A G , Broxmeyer, H E , DeMarsh, P L , Petteway, S R , Bhatnagar, P K , In vivo modulation of hematopoiesis by a novel hematoregulatory peptide Exp-Hematol 1994 22(3) 239-47) In order to confirm the requirement for zιnc(II) chelation, the above CFU-G assay was also conducted in the presence of EDTA Isothermal Titration Microcaloπmetrv Zinc-mediated affinity of compounds from this invention for the G-CSF receptor was measured by isothermal titration microcaloπmetry experiments Titration microcaloπmetry detects binding as heat originating from the intrinsic bond forming enthalpy change In this assay, the compounds were titrated first against zιnc(II) alone In a separate experiment, the compounds were then assayed in the presence of zinc and a G- CSF/Fc fusion protein, which contained the extracellular domain of the G-CSF receptor presented in a dimeπc form due to the Fc component Interaction with G-CSF/Fc was confirmed from the binding enthalpy change, which was substantially increased over that of zinc alone When the latter experiment was carried out in the absence of zinc, no heat of binding was detected, indicating that no interaction with G-CSF/Fc occurred under those conditions Compounds la and 3a bind to the G-CSF/Fc fusion protein with high, submicromolar affinity only in the presence of zinc Compounds 1, 1a, 2a, and 3a showed activation above 150% of control between the concentration range of 1 to 100 micromolar in the luciferase assay Further, compound la and 3a showed activation above 150% of control between the concentration range of 1 to 100 micromolar in the murine CFU-G assay Compounds la and 3a showed elevation of peripheral blood neutrophil and monocyte count in the mouse As demonstrated by the results depicted in Figure 1 , the G-CSF agonist activity of Compound la in the absence of zinc is below the activity threshold of 150% over background However, as shown in Figure 2, the presence of 1 uM zιnc(II) activates compound la, so that it becomes a G-CSF agonist with an efficacy of 350% over background at 1 uM This is an indication that zιnc(II) mediates the activity of compound la As demonstrated by the results depicted in Figure 3, the G-CSF agonist activity of Compound la was abrogated in the presence of EDTA, confirming that a metal ion mediates the activity Conversely, the results depicted in Figure 4 indicate that the agonist activity of the natural ligand (l e G-CSF or recombinant G-CSF as used herein) is not mediated by metal The results depicted in Figures 5 and 6 indicate that metal ions alone are insufficient to trigger an agonist response at the G-CSF receptor The results depicted in Figures 7 and 8 indicate that chelation of a small molecule to zinc ions (and not ions of manganese, iron, copper or cobalt) is a requirement tor activation of the G-CSF receptor by organic molecules The results depicted in Figures 1 through 8 demonstrate tor the first time that zinc chelated small molecules, or zinc chelated receptor ligands as used herein are necessary for activation of the G-CSF receptor bv organic molecules Based on the description in the specification and in the Examples one of skill in the art can readily design and prepare a zinc chelated G CSF receptor ligand Further, one of skill in the art can readily determine if a G-CSF receptor ligand candidate is acting as an agonist of the G-CSF receptor by using the assays described herein and then repeating the experiments of Figures 1 through 8 The pharmaceutically active compounds within the scope of this invention are useful as G-CSF mimetics in mammals, including humans in need thereof The present invention therefor provides a method of treating bacterial infections, fungal infections neutropenia including chemotherapv-induced neutropenia and bone transplantation and in mobilizing peripheral blood stem cells and other conditions with depressed leukocyte production, which comprises administering a zinc chelated G- CSF receptor ligand in a quantity effective to enhance leukocyte production The zinc chelated G-CSF receptor ligands of the present invention also provide for a method of treating the above indicated disease states because of their demonstrated ability to act as agonist of the G-CSF receptor The drug may be administered to a patient in need thereof by any conventional route of administration, including, but not limited to, intravenous, intramuscular, oral, subcutaneous, intradermal, and parenteral Also, the drug may be formed in vivo by the administration of a G-CSF receptor binding moiety by the same methods of administration described herein and in about the same amounts as described herein for zinc chelated G-CSF receptor ligands Further, the possibility exists that solubility and bioavailabihty concerns will be associated with the zinc chelated G-CSF receptor ligands of the present invention Thus, depending on the particular moiety in question, it will often be preferable to administer a G-CSF receptor binding moiety of the present invention and theremby subsequently form a zinc chelated G-CSF receptor ligand in vivo using plasma as the solvent and naturally occurring zinc ions It is also contemplated herein that a receptor binding moiety of the present invention be administered with a zinc source so as to facilitate the in vivo formation of a zinc chelated receptor ligand The pharmaceutically active zinc chelated G-CSF receptor ligands of the present invention or, when desired and appropriate, the G-CSF receptor binding moieties of the present invention are incorporated into convenient dosage forms such as capsules, tablets, or mjectable preparations Solid or liquid pharmaceutical carriers are employed Solid carriers include, starch, lactose, calcium sulfate dihydrate, terra alba, sucrose, talc, gelatin, agar, pectin, acacia, magnesium stearate. and steaπc acid Liquid carriers include syrup, peanut oil, olive oil. saline, and water Similarly, the carrier or diluent may include any prolonged release material, such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate, alone or with a wax The amount of solid carrier varies widely but, preferably, will be from about 25 mg to about 1 g per dosage unit When a liquid carrier is used, the preparation will be in the form of a syrup, elixir, emulsion, soft gelatin capsule, sterile mjectable liquid such as an ampoule, or an aqueous or nonaqueous liquid suspension The pharmaceutical preparations are made following conventional techniques of a pharmaceutical chemist involving mixing, granulating, and compressing, when necessary, for tablet forms, or mixing, filling and dissolving the ingreidents, as appropriate, to give the desired oral or parenteral products Doses of the presently invented pharmaceutically active zinc chelated G-CSF receptor ligands of the present invention or, when desired and appropriate, the G-CSF receptor binding moieties of the present invention, in a pharmaceutical dosage unit as described above will be an efficacious, nontoxic quantity preferably selected from the range of 0001 - 125 mg/kg of active compound, preferably 0001 - 60 mg/kg When treating a human patient in need of an agonist of the G-CSF receptor, the selected dose is administered preferably from 1-6 times daily, orally or parenterally Preferred forms of parenteral administration include topically, rectally, transdermally, by injection and continuously by infusion Oral dosage units for human administration preferably contain from 0 05 to 3500 mg of active compound Oral administration, which uses lower dosages is preferred Parenteral administration, at high dosages, however, also can be used when safe and convenient for the patient Optimal dosages to be administered may be readily determined by those skilled in the art, and will vary with the particular zinc chelated G-CSF receptor ligand or G-CSF receptor binding moiety in use, the strength of the preparation, the mode of administration, and the advancement of the disease condition. Additional factors depending on the particular patient being treated will result in a need to adjust dosages, including patient age, weight, diet, and time of administration. Another aspect of the present invention is a method for identifying agonists of the G-CSF receptor and G-CSF receptor ligands identified thereby. 'In the method, the G-CSF receptor is contacted with G-CSF receptor ligand candidates in the presence of a micromolar concentration of zinc(II). Ligand candidates which bind to the G-CSF receptor are selected by receptor binding assays well known to those skilled in the art, such as competitive and non-competitive binding measurements (Immobilized Affinity Ligand Techniques, G.T. Hermanson, A. K. Mallia, P.K. Smith Eds., Academic Press Inc. San Diego, CA 1992), isothermal microcalorimetry (Rapid Measurement of Binding Constants and Heats of Binding Using a New Titration Calorimeter T. Wiseman, S. Williston, J. F. Brandts, and L.-N. Lin (1989) Analytical Biochemistry 179, 131-137.), sedimentation equilibrium (T. Horan et al. Biochemistry 1996, 35, 4886-4896), ELISA, RIA methodologies (An Introduction to Radioimmunoassays and Related Techniques, T. Chard, Elsevier Science Publishers. Amsterdam. The Netherlands, 1990). BIAcore® (BIAtechnology Handbook, Pharmacia Biosensor AB, Uppsala, Sweden, 1994), fluorescence anysotropy methodology (Luminesct Spectroscopy of Proteins, E. A. Permyakov, CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL 1992), flow cytometry technology (Flow Cytometry and Cell Sorting, A. Radbruch, Springer- Verlag, New York, NY 1992). In general, the G-CSF receptor in isolated, immobilized or cell-bound form is contacted with a plurality of zinc chelated G-CSF receptor ligand candidates and those candidates which bind to and interact with the receptor are selected. Optionally, the isolated, immobilized or cell-bound G-CSF receptor is contacted with a variety of metal- chelating G-CSF receptor ligand candidates in the presence of zinc(II). Binding interaction can be measured directly by using radioactively labeled ligand candidates or indirectly, by using cells expressing the G-CSF receptor and measuring the occurrence of an event mediated by the formation of a G-CSF receptor - ligand complex. Alternatively, the ligand candidates can be subjected to competitive binding assays in which the known receptor ligand, labeled preferably with an analytically detectable reagent, most preferably radioactivity, is included with the ligand candidates and a candidate's ability to inhibit the binding of the labeled ligand is measured. Positive G-CSF receptor ligand candidates are screened for biological function by any one of the G-CSF receptor function assays well known to those skilled in the art. It is expected that a positive ligand binding candidate will exhibit agonist activity in receptor function assays. An example of an appropriate competitive binding assay involves the immobilization of the G-CSF receptor and incubation with compounds of interest with 1^5 radiolabeled G-CSF following the general procedure already described for other cytokine receptors (C L Martens et al J Biol Chem 1995, 270, 21129, E Whitehorn et al Biotechnology 1995, 13, 1215, S D Yanofsky et al Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996, 93, 7381, N C Wπghton et al Science, 1996, 273, 458, S E Cwirla, Science, 1997, 276, 1696) The method of this invention of inducing agonist activity at the G-CSF receptor in mammals, including humans, comprises administering to a subject in need of such activity an effective amount of a pharmaceutically active zinc chelated G-CSF receptor ligand of the present invention or, when desired and appropriate, a G-CSF receptor binding moiety of the present invention The invention also provides for the use of a presently invented zinc chelated G-CSF receptor ligand or a presently invented G-CSF receptor binding moietv in the manufacture of a medicament for use as an agonist of the G-CSF receptor The invention also provides for the use of a zinc chelated G-CSF receptor ligand or a G-CSF receptor binding moiety in the manufacture of a medicament for use in therapy The invention also provides for the use of a zinc chelated G-CSF receptor ligand or a G-CSF receptor binding moiety in the manufacture of a medicament for use in enhancing leukocyte production The invention also provides for the use of a zinc chelated G CSF receptor ligand or a G-CSF receptor binding moietv in the manufacture of a medicament for use in treating bacterial and fungal infections The invention also provides for a pharmaceutical composition tor use as an agonist of the G-CSF receptor which comprises a zinc chelated G CSF receptor ligand or a G-CSF receptor binding moiety and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier The invention also provides for a pharmaceutical composition for use in the treatment of neutropenia which comprises a zinc chelated G-CSF receptor ligand or a G- CSF receptor binding moiety and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier The invention also provides for a pharmaceutical composition for use in enhancing leukocyte production which comprises a zinc chelated G-CSF receptor ligand or a G-CSF receptor binding moiety and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier The invention also provides for a pharmaceutical composition for use in treating bacterial infections which comprises a zinc chelated G-CSF receptor ligand or a G-CSF receptor binding moiety and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier The invention also provides for a pharmaceutical composition for use in treating fungal infections which comprises a zinc chelated G-CSF receptor ligand or a G-CSF receptor binding moiety and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The invention also provides for a process for preparing a pharmaceutical composition containing a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent and a zinc chelated G-CSF receptor ligand or a G-CSF receptor binding moiety which comprises bringing the zinc chelated G-CSF receptor ligand or the G-CSF receptor binding moiety into association with the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent No unacceptable toxicological effects are expected when compounds of the invention are administered in accordance with the present invention In addition, the pharmaceutically active compounds of the present invention can be co-administered with further active ingredients, such as other compounds known to treat bacterial infections, fungal infections, neutropenia, including chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and bone marrow transplantation and in mobilizing peripheral blood stem cells and other conditions with depressed leukocyte production, or compounds known to have utility when used in combination with an agonist of the G-CSF receptor Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilled in the art can, using the preceding description, utilize the present invention to its fullest extent The following Examples are. therefore, to be construed as merely illustrative and not a limitation of the scope of the present invention in any way Experimental Details Example 1 Preparation of Compound 1 Bιs{2,5-bιs|2-benzιmιdazolvlιmιno]-3d.6a-bιs(2-pyπdyl)- l ,2,3,3a,4,5,6.6a-octahydroιmιdazo[4,5-d]ιmιdazole-N.N'}-zιnc(II) a)- Preparation of Compound la - 2,5-Bιs[2-benzιmιdazolylιmιno]-3a,6a-bιs(2-pyπdyl)- l,2,3,3a,4,5.6,6a-octahydroιmιdazo[4,5-d]ιmιdazole A mixture of 2,2'-pyπdιl (15 8 g, 74 4 mmol) and 2-guanιdιnobenzιmιdazole (19 5 g, 1 11 7 mmol) in methanol (440 mL) was treated with a solution of sodium hydroxide (2 97 g, 74 4 mmol) in 74 mL and the resulting mixture was left standing at room temperature for 4 days The crystalline material was filtered and dried under vacuum to yield 21 1 g of the title compound as off-white crystals (72%) mp 305-307 °C (dec), HPLC retention time 4 5 mm (reversed phase, Beckman ultrasphere ODS 4 6 mm x 25 cm column, 20 mm gradient elution with 20 80 to 60 40 acetonitπle water containing 0 1 % TFA @ 2 mL/min), ! H NMR (300 MHz, d 6 -DMSO) d 11 5 (br s, NH, 2 H), 10 0 (br s, NH, 2 H), 8 6 (br s, NH, 2 H), 8 38 (d, J = 4 2 Hz, 2 H), 7 55 (t, J = 7 8 Hz, 2 H), 7 29 (d, J = 7 8 Hz, 2 H), 7 27-7 21 (m, 4 H), 7 14 (br s, 2 H), 6 98 (dd, J = 5 8, 3 2 Hz, 4 H), MS (ESI) m/z 527 [M + H]+, Anal Calcd for C 2 sH22 i2 2/3H 2 0 C, 62 44, H, 4 37 N, 31 21 , Found C, 62 72. H, 4 08, N, 30 86 b)- Preparation of Compound 1- Bιs{2.5-bιs[2-benzιmιdazolylιmιno]-3a,6a-bιs(2-pyπdyl)- l ,2,3,3a,4,5,6,6a-octahydroιmιdazo[4,5-d]ιmιdazole-N,N' }-zιnc(II) A solution of compound from Example la (40 mg, 0 076 mmol) in 2 mL of 10% aqueous acetic acid was treated with a solution of zinc nitrate hexahydrate (24 9 mg, 0 0836 mmol) in water ( 1 mL) The mixture was left standing at room temperature for 6 h, and was then centπfuged, decanted and rinsed with water three times The title compound was obtained as a hite powder ( 13 mg) HPLC retention time 10 4 mm (reversed phase, Beckman ultrasphere ODS 4 6 mm x 25 cm column, 20 mm gradient elution with 20 80 to 60 40 acetonitπle water containing 0 1 % TFA @ 2 mL/min), MS (ESI) m/z 1 182 [M]+, 591 [MJ++ Example 2 Preparation of Compound 2 - Bιs{2,5-bιs[2-benzιmιdazolylιmιno]-3a,6a-dιphenyl- l,2,3,3a,4,5,6.6a-octahydroιmιdazo[4,5-d]ιmιdazole-N,N }-zιnc(II) a)- Preparation of Compound 2a - 2,5-Bis[2-benzιmιdazolyhmιno]-3a,6a-dιphenyl- l ,2,3,3a,4,5,6.6a-octahydroιmιdazo[4,5-d]ιmidazole. A mixture of benzil (1.05 g, 5.0 mmol) and 2-guanιdιnobenzιmιdazole ( 1.57 g, 9.0 mmol) in benzene (25 mL) was refiuxed in pyπdine ( 10 mL) for 1 h. After evaporating most of the pyπdine under reduced pressure, the residue was treated with hot toluene and the resulting precipitate was filtered. The precipitate was then dissolved in 9: 1 wateπacetic acid (30 mL); the solution was filtered and the filtrate was neutralized to pH 7 with phosphate buffer. A precipitate formed, that was then collected and triturated with water to afford the title compound (0.42 g, 16%). l H NMR (300 MHz, d 6 -DMSO) d 11.5 (br s, NH, 2 H), 10.0 (br s, NH, 2 H), 8.6 (br s, NH, 2 H), 7.28-7.10 (m, 14 H), 6.97 (dd, J = 6.0, 3.0 Hz, 4 H); MS (ESI) m z 525 [M + H]+; Anal. Calcd. for C 30 H 2 4N 10 . 1/2 CH 3 C0 2 H . 3/4H 2 0: C, 65.37, H, 4.88, N, 24.65. Found: C, 65.36; H, 4 79; N, 24.48. b)- Preparation of Compound 2 - Bιs{2,5-bιs[2-benzιmιdazolylιmιno]-3a,6a-dιphenyl- l,2,3,3a,4,5,6,6a-octahydroιmιdazo[4,5-d]ιmιdazole-N,N'}-zιnc(II). A solution of compound from Example 2a (50 mg, 0.095 mmol) in 2 mL of methanol containing a drop of formic acid was treated with a solution of zinc nitrate hexahydrate (31.0 mg, 0.104 mmol) in methanol (1 mL). The mixture was left standing at room temperature for 18 h, and was then centrifuged, decanted and rinsed with water three times to yield the title compound as a white powder (35 mg). MS (ESI) m/z 1 178 [M] + , 589 [M] ++ . Example 3 Preparation of Compound 3 Bis{5-(2-benzimidazolylimino)-2-[(5-methyl-2- benzimidazolyl)imino]-3a,6a-bis(2-pyridyl)-l,2,3,3a,4,5,6,6a-octahydroimidazo[4,5- d]imidazole-NN'}-zinc(II) a) Preparation of Compound 3a - 5-(2-benzimidazolylimino)-2-[(5-methyl-2- benzimidazolyl)imino]-3a,6a-bis(2-pyridyl)-l,2,3,3a,4,5,6,6a-octahydroimidazo[4,5- d]imidazole bis(trifluoroacetate) salt. A mixture of 2,2'-pyridil ( 135 mg, 0.636 mmol), 2-guanidinobenzimidazole (92.8 mg, 0.530 mmol) and 5-methyl-2-guanidinobenzimidazole (100 mg, 0.530 mmol) in methanol (3 mL) was treated with a solution of sodium hydroxide (38 mg, 0.95 mmol) in 0.5 mL of water and the resulting mixture was left standing at room temperature for 2 days. The crystalline material was filtered and purified by reversed phase preparative HPLC (Rainin Dynamax, 5 μM C18 column: 21.4 mm x 25 cm, elution with gradient acetonitrile-water containing 0.1% trifiuoroacetic acid) to yield the title compound as a white powder (88 mg, 18%). Η NMR (300 MHz, d 6 -DMSO) δ 13.0 (br s, NH, 4 H), 9.8 (br s, NH, 4 H), 8.39 (d, J = 4.3 Hz, 2 H), 7.64 (td, J = 7.8, 1 Hz, 2 H), 7.57 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2 H), 7.49- 7.46 (m, 2 H), 7.38-7.33 (m, 3 H), 7.27 (s, 1 H), 7.21-7.13 (m, 3 H), 2.44 (s, 3 H); MS (ESI) m z 541 [M + H] + b)- Preparation of Compound 3 - Bis{5-(2-benzimidazolylimino)-2-[(5-methyl-2- benzimidazolyl)imino]-3a,6a-bis(2-pyridyl)- 1,2,3, 3a,4,5,6,6a-octahydroimidazo[4,5- d]imidazole-N,N'} -zinc(II) A solution of compound from Example 3a (70 mg, 0.091 mmol) in 10 L of water was treated with a solution of zinc nitrate hexahydrate (40 mg, 0.136 mmol) in water ( 1 L). The mixture was left standing at room temperature for 1 d, and was then centrifuged, decanted and rinsed with water three times. The title compound was obtained as a white powder (29 mg). HPLC retention time 11.8 m (reversed phase, Beckman ultrasphere ODS 4.6 mm x 25 cm column, 20 mm gradient elution with 20:80 to 60.40 acetomtπle water containing 0.1% TFA @ 2 mL/min); MS (ESI) m/z 1210 [M]+, 605 [M]++ Example 4 Preparation of Compound 4 - Bιs{2,5-bιs[(5-methyl-2-benzιmidazolyl)ιmino]-3a.6a-bis(2- pyridyl)-l,2,3,3a,4,5,6,6a-octahydroιmidazo[4,5-d]imιdazole-NN'}-zιnc(II) a) Preparation of Compound 4d - 2,5-bιs[(5-methyl-2-benzιmιdazoly l)ιmιno]-3a.6a-bιs(2- pyπdyl)- l,2,3,3a,4,5,6,6a-octahydroιmιdazo[4,5-d]ιmιdazole A mixture of 2,2'-pyπdιl (603 mg. 2 84 mmol) and 5-methyl-2-guanιdιnobenzιmιdazole (489 mg, 2 58 mmol) in methanol ( 17 mL) was treated with a solution of sodium hydroxide ( 1 13 6 mg, 2 84 mmol) in 2.8 mL of water The title compound was isolated as a grey powder (450 mg. 63% y ield) mp 290-291 °C (dec). HPLC retention time 7 1 mm (reversed phase. Beckman ultrasphere ODS 4 6 mm x 25 cm column. 20 min gradient elution with 20:80 to 60 40 acetonitπle . water containing 0 1 % TFA @ 2 mL/mιn); 'H NMR (300 MHz. d 6 -DMSO) δ 1 1 3 (br s, NH, 2 H), 10.0 (br s, NH, 2 H), 8.5 (br s. NH, 2 H), 8.32 (d, J = 4.2 Hz, 2 H), 7.54 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 2 H), 7 31 (d, J = 1 6 Hz, 2 H). 7 16 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2 H), 7.16-7.09 (m, 2 H), 7.09 (s, 2 H), 7.14 (br s, 2 H), 6 86 (d, J = 7.8. Hz, 2 H), 2.34 (s, 6 H); MS (ESI) m/z 555 [M + H]+ b)- Preparation of Compound 4 - Bis{2,5-bis[(5-methyl-2-benzimιdazolyl)irnιno]-3a,6a- bis(2-pyridyl)- 1 ,2,3,3a,4,5,6,6a-octahydroιmidazo[4,5-d]ιmιdazole-N,N }-zinc(II) A solution of compound from Example 4a (50 mg, 0.091 mmol) in 10 mL of water containing a few drops of formic acid was treated with a solution of zinc nitrate hexahydrate (40 mg, 0.136 mmol) in water (1 mL). The mixture was left standing at room temperature for 1 d, and was then centnfuged, decanted and rinsed with water three times The title compound was obtained as a white powder (19 mg) HPLC retention time 13 3 min (reversed phase, Beckman ultrasphere ODS 4 6 mm x 25 cm column, 20 mm gradient elution with 20 80 to 60 40 acetonitπle water containing 0 1 % TFA @ 2 mL/min), MS (ESI) m z 1238 [M]+, 619 [M] ++ Example 5 - Capsule Composition An oral dosage form for administering a presently invented agonist of the G-CSF receptor is produced by filing a standard two piece hard gelatin capsule with the ingredients in the proportions shown in Table I, below Table I INGREDIENTS AMOUNTS Bιs{2,5-bιs[2-benzιmιdazolylιmιno]-3a,6a-bιs(2-pyπdyl)- 25 mg l,2,3,3a.4,5,6,6a-octahydroιmιdazo[4,5-d]ιmιdazole-N.N'}- zιnc(II) (Compound 1) Lactose 55 mg Talc 16 mg Magnesium Stearate 4 mg Example 6 - Iniectable Parenteral Composition An mjectable form for administering a presently invented agonist of the G-CSF receptor is produced bv stirring 1 5% by weight of 2,5-Bιs[2-benzιmιdazolyhmιno]-3a,6a- dιphenyl- 1 2,3.3a 4.5.6 6a-octahydroιmιdazo[4,5-d]ιmιdazole (Compound 2a) in 10% by volume propylene glycol in water Example 7 - Tablet Composition The sucrose, calcium sulfate dihydrate and a presently invented agonist of the G- CSF receptor, as shown in Table II below, are mixed and granulated in the proportions shown with a 10% gelatin solution The wet granules are screened, dried, mixed with the starch, talc and steaπc acid, screened and compressed into a tablet Table II INGREDIENTS AMOUNTS 2,5-Bis[2-benzimidazolylimino]-3a,6a-bis(2-pyridyl)- 20 mg l,2,3,3a,4,5,6,6a-octahydroimidazo[4,5-d]imidazole (Compound la) calcium sulfate dihydrate 30 mg sucrose 4 mg starch 2 mg talc 1 mg stearic acid 0.5 mg While the preferred embodiments of the invention are illustrated by the above, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the precise instructions herein disclosed and that the right to all modifications coming within the scope of the following claims is reserved.

Claims: What is claimed is 1 A method for agonizing the G-CSF receptor in a subject in need thereof which comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a zinc chelated G-CSF receptor ligand 2 A method for agonizing the G-CSF receptor in a subject in need thereof which comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of an organic molecule having a molecular weight from about 100 to about 850, containing from 1 to 4 zinc binding motifs and provided that each zinc binding motif forms at least two coordinate bonds to a zinc ion 3 A method for identifying agonists of the G-CSF receptor which comprises contacting the receptor with G-CSF receptor ligand candidates in the presence ot a zinc ion source, and selecting ligand candidates which bind to the receptor 4 A process for the preparation of a zinc chelated G-CSF receptor ligand which comprises reacting one or more G-CSF receptor binding moieties and a zinc ion source followed by optional isolation of the zinc chelated G-CSF receptor ligand 5 A zinc chelated G-CSF receptor ligand prepared by the process of claim 4 6 A zinc chelated G-CSF receptor ligand 7 A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound of Claim 5 8 A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound of Claim 6 9 A pharmaceutical composition for use in enhancing leukocyte production which comprises a compound of Claim 5 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier 10 A pharmaceutical composition for use in enhancing leukocyte production which compnses a compound of Claim 6 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier 11 A pharmaceutical composition for use in treating bacterial infections which comprises a compound of Claim 5 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier 12 A pharmaceutical composition for use in treating bacterial infections which comprises a compound of Claim 6 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier 13 A pharmaceutical composition for use in treating fungal infections which compnses a compound of Claim 5 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier 14 A pharmaceutical composition for use in treating fungal infections which comprises a compound of Claim 6 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier 15 A method of enhancing leukocyte production in a subject which comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Claim 5 16 A method of enhancing leukocyte production in a subject which comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Claim 6 17 A method of treating neutropenia in a subject which comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Claim 5 18 A method of treating neutropenia in a subject which comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Claim 6 19 A compound of claim 5 for use as an active therapeutic substance 20 A compound of claim 6 for use as an active therapeutic substance 21 Use of a compound of claim 5 in the manufacture of a medicament for use in therapy 22 Use of a compound of claim 6 in the manufacture of a medicament for use in therapy 23 A process for preparing a pharmaceutical composition containing a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent and an effective amount of a compound of claim 5 which process comprises bringing the compound of claim 5 into association with the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent 24 A process for preparing a pharmaceutical composition containing a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent and an effective amount of a compound of a compound of claim 6 which process comprises bringing the compound of claim 6 into association with the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent 25 An isolated G-CSF receptor binding moiety of a zinc chelated G-CSF receptor ligand 26 A G-CSF receptor binding moiety 27 The method of claim 1 wherein the G-CSF receptor is the human G-CSF receptor 28 The method of claim 2 wherein the G-CSF receptor is the human G-CSF receptor 29 The method of claim 15 wherein the subject is a human 30 The method of claim 16 wherein the subject is a human 31 A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound of Claim 25 32 A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound of Claim 26 33 A pharmaceutical composition for use in enhancing leukocyte production which comprises a compound of Claim 25 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier 34 A pharmaceutical composition for use in enhancing leukocyte production which compnses a compound of Claim 26 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier 35 pharmaceutical composition for use in treating bacterial infections which comprises a compound of Claim 25 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier 36. pharmaceutical composition for use in treating bacterial infections which comprises a compound of Claim 26 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 37. A pharmaceutical composition for use in treating fungal infections which comprises a compound of Claim 25 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 38. A pharmaceutical composition for use in treating fungal infections which comprises a compound of Claim 26 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 39. A compound of claim 6 selected from: Bis{2,5-bis[2-benzimidazolylimino]-3a,6a-bis(2-pyridyl)- l,2,3,3a,4,5,6,6a- octahydroimidazo[4,5-d]imidazole-N,N'}-zinc(II); Bis{2,5-bis[2-benzimidazolylimino]-3a,6a-diphenyl-l,2,3,3a,4,5,6,6a- octahydroimidazo[4,5-d]imidazole-N,N'}-zinc(II); Bis{5-(2-benzimidazolylimino)-2-[(5-methyl-2-benzimidazolyl)imino]-3a,6a- bis(2-pyridyl)-l,2,3,3a,4,5,6,6a-octahydroimidazo[4,5-d]imidazole-N,N'}-zinc(II); and Bis{2,5-bis[(5-methyl-2-benzimidazolyl)imino]-3a,6a-bis(2-pyridyl)- l,2,3,3a,4,5,6,6a-octahydroimidazo[4,5-d]imidazole-N,N'}-zinc(II). 40. A process for preparing a pharmaceutical composition containing a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent and an effective amount of a compound of claim 25 which process comprises bringing the compound of claim 25 into association with the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. 41. A process for preparing a pharmaceutical composition containing a pharmaceutically acceptable ca ier or diluent and an effective amount of a compound of a compound of claim 26 which process comprises bringing the compound of claim 26 into association with the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. 42. A method for agonizing the G-CSF receptor in a subject in need thereof which comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 25. 43. A method for agonizing the G-CSF receptor in a subject in need thereof which comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 26. 44. A method of enhancing leukocyte production in a subject which comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Claim 25. 45. A method of enhancing leukocyte production in a subject which comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Claim 26. 46. A method of treating neutropenia in a subject which comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Claim 25. 47. A method of treating neutropenia in a subject which comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Claim 26. 48. A compound of claim 25 for use as an active therapeutic substance. 49. A compound of claim 26 for use as an active therapeutic substance. 50. Use of a compound of claim 25 in the manufacture of a medicament for use in therapy. 51. Use of a compound of claim 26 in the manufacture of a medicament for use in therapy. 52. The method of claim 42 wherein the G-CSF receptor is the human G-CSF receptor. 53. The method of claim 43 wherein the G-CSF receptor is the human G-CSF receptor. 54. The method of claim 44 wherein the subject is a human. 55. The method of claim 45 wherein the subject is a human. 56. The method of claim 42 wherein said metal chelated dimeric cell-surface receptor ligand comprises a symmetrical multimer of a receptor binding moiety.

Inventors: LUENGO JUAN I, MILLER STEPHEN G, LUENGO, JUAN, I., MILLER, STEPHEN, G.
Applicants: LIGAND PHARMACEUTICALS, LUENGO JUAN I, MILLER STEPHEN G, SMITHKLINE BEECHAM CORP, LUENGO, JUAN, I., MILLER, STEPHEN, G., SMITHKLINE BEECHAM CORPORATION
Application year: 1998
Main classification: A61K31
IPC codes: A61K31, A61K45, A61P7, A61P37, A61P43, C07D487, C07D519, C07F3