ION-SELECTIVE ELECTRODE AND METHOD FOR SELECTIVE DETERMINATION OF ANALYTES IN BODY FLUIDS

Abstract: The present invention concerns an ion-selective electrode for interferent-free determination of carbon dioxide and other analytes in aqueous samples. The invention also relates to a membrane structure and a method for analysis of body fluids containing analytes and interferents. The electrode according to the present invention comprises an internal reference electrode (1, 2), a liquid-phase ion-selective membrane (3) and a discriminating membrane (4) comprising a hydrophilic membrane having a medium pore size of less than 0.1 mu m. The liquid-phase ion-selective membrane is placed in intimate contact with the discriminating membrane, which preferably comprises a membrane made from cellulose fibers, regenerated cellulose fibers or fibers of cellulose derivatives.

Description: ION-SELECTIVE ELECTRODE AND METHOD FOR SELECTIVE DETERMINATION OF ANALYTES IN BODY FLUIDS Background of the Invention Field of the Invention The present invention relates to the determination of analytes in aqueous samples. In particular, the invention concerns an ion-selective eletrode and a method for determining the total concentration of carbon dioxide and other analytes in body fluids, e.g. blood, plasma or serum. The invention further concerns a membrane structure of an ion-selective electrode, which is particularly suitable for interferent-free analysis of aqueous samples containing analytes and interferents. Description of Related Art The acid-base and the electrolyte balance in the human body is regulated by pulmonary and renal mechanisms. Bicarbonate is the main ion connecting these two regulative mechanisms. A dysfunction in either of the two mechanisms is generally manifested by changes in the bicarbonate concentration accompanied by concentration changes of other anions and pH. The actual concentration of bicarbonate is interdependent on the total concentration of all other forms in which CO 2 exists in blood, namely dissolved carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, carbonates, carbamates, and on pH [Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry, C.A.Burtis and E.R.Ashwood, eds, fourth edition, W.B.Saunders, Co., Philadelphia, p.525]. F 'or this reason the measurement of total CO 2 belongs to the group of highest importance in the clinical laboratory. The chemical conditions of blood are such that the value of total CO 2 can be easily calculated if only pH and the concentration of one form of CO 2 are measured. This is why carbon dioxide sensors able to measure dissolved CO 2 or carbonate ion-selective electrodes have been used in the prior art (cf. U.S. Pat. No. 3,723,281). The main disadvantage of the gas sensor is its mechanically complicated structure and a need for calibration with gases. The carbonate ion-selective electrodes described so far are lacking sensitivity and selectivity. The insufficient sensitivity requires inconvenient adjustment (i.e. increase) of the pH of the sample by addition of an alkaline buffer prior to the measurement, or introduction of sophisticated layers alkalizing the electrode surface (U.S. Pat. No. 4,272,328). Thus, electrodes in serial measurements cannot be applied. The attempts made to improving the sensitivity have adversely affected the selectivity, especially for frequently used medicines, such as the aspirins (salicylates). This has, in turn, resulted in a need for introducing an interferent-removing zone (cf. U.S. Pat. No. 4,303,408 ), which adds to the mechanical complexity of the electrode, though still did not allowing for salicylate-free measurement. Furthermore, interference from substances such as proteins and surfactants can be regarded as a general problem associated with the determination of electrolytes (Na + , K + , Cl ~ , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Li + , H + ) with polymeric (e.g. PVC) membrane electrodes, cf. Oesch, D. Ammann and W. Simon, " on-selective membrane electrodes for clinical use" Clinical Chemistry, Vol. 32, No. 8, 1986, pp. 1448-1459, and C. Espadas-Torre, E. Bakker, S. Barker and M.E. Meyerhoff, "Influence ofnonionic surfactants on the potentiometric response of hydrogen ion-selective polymeric membrane electrodes", Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 68, No. 9, May 1, 1996, pp. 1623-1631). Summary of the Invention The present invention aims at eliminating the problems relating to the prior art and it is an object of the invention to provide a sensor comprising a novel ion-selective electrode, which makes it possible directly to determine the total carbon dioxide concentration of body fluids and which makes it possible to decrease the interference from other substances such as proteins and surfactants when measuring other ions such as Na + , K + , Cl " , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Li + and H + with ion-selective electrodes. It is another object of the invention to provide a novel membrane combination for ion- selective electrodes which, broadly, allows for interferent-free determination of analytes present in aqueous samples containing interfering agents. In particular, the invention aims at providing a membrane combination suitable for determining carbonates present in body fluids containing salicylate ions. It is still a third object of the invention to provide a novel method for direct determination of total CO 2 of body fluids without changing the pH of the sample. These and other objects, together with the advantages thereof over known ion-selective electrodes and methods for using such electrodes and sensors, which shall become apparent from the specification which follows, are accomplished by the invention as hereinafter described and claimed. In connection with the present invention, it has been found that it is possible to provide interferent-free, in particular salicylate-free, determination of carbonates by an ion- selective electrode without pH adjustment if said electrode comprises a liquid-phase ion- selective membrane, which is intimately contacted with a discriminating membrane. Although we do not wish to be bound to any specific theory, it appears that it is the interphase between the discriminating membrane and the liquid-phase ion-selective membrane which is mainly responsible for the discrimination of the ions rather than the discriminating membrane as such. However, for the purpose of the present invention, the term "discriminating membrane" is used for a hydrophilic membrane having small pores, which is permeable to the analyte but apparently (e.g. as a result of an interaction with the liquid ion-selective membrane) essentially impermeable to the interferent. Preferably the hydrophilic membrane has a medium pore size of less than 0.1 μm, in particular less than 0.01 μm. In connection with the present invention it has also been found that it is possible to eliminate the interference from surfactants on magnesium ion-selective electrodes. Therefore this invention offers a general strategy to eliminate interferences on polymeric (e.g. PVC) membrane electrodes, as understood by persons skilled in the art. Said "ion-selective membrane" is essentially hydrophobic and comprises a substance specifically binding the analyte which is to be determined. If that substance is in itself a liquid, it can be used as such. Otherwise, the substance is dissolved in a solvent to provide a liquid-phase membrane. For interferent-free determination, the liquid phase should preferably be essentially free of dissolved polymers typically used in conventional ion- selective membranes. More specifically, the present ion-selective electrode comprises - an internal reference electrode, - a liquid-phase ion-selective membrane and - a discriminating membrane comprising a hydrophilic membrane having a medium pore size of less than 0.1 μm, in particular less than about 0.01 μm, said liquid-phase ion-selective membrane being placed in intimate contact with said discriminating membrane. The novel membrane structure according to the invention comprises in combination - a hydrophobic liquid-phase ion-selective membrane which is essentially free of polymers dispersed in the liquid phase, and - a discriminating membrane placed in intimate contact with said ion-selective membrane, said discriminating membrane being permeable to the analyte and essentially non- permeable to the interferent. The present method for determining the total carbon dioxide concentration or the concentration (activity) of other ions in body fluids comprises using two or, preferably, three electrodes in serial arrangement. According to the present method, a sample of the body fluid is taken and a first portion thereof is contacted with a ion-selective electrode of the above-described structure, a second portion of the sample is contacted with a conventional (external) reference electrode to complete the electrical circuit and the voltage difference between the two electrodes is determined. From the signal obtained the carbon dioxide concentration or the concentration (activity) of other ions in the sample is calculated. Preferably, a third portion of the sample is used for determination of the pH of the sample, which data is utilized for calculation of the carbon dioxide concentration. In direct measurements, pH is measured simultaneously with the carbonate by a third electrode or sensor placed in serial arrangement with the other two electrodes. The measurement of pH is not a prerequisite for utilizing this invention for the determination of other ions such as magnesium ions. Brief Description of the Drawings Figure 1 is a cross-sectional view of an ion-selective electrode according to the invention; Figure 2 a simplified representation of the structure of the present ion-selective electrode; Figure 3 depicts in graphical form the total carbon dioxide concentration of blood samples tested with the present ion-selective electrode; and Figure 4 depicts in graphical form the influence of polyoxyethylenes on magnesium electrodes with and without protective membrane. Detailed Description of the Invention Figure 1 gives a rough overview of an ion-selective electrode according to the invention. Reference numerals 1 and 2 refer to the internal reference electrode which can consist on different layers 1 and 2, as will be explained below in more detail. Numeral 3 indicates the liquid ion-selective membrane and numeral 4 the discriminating membrane. As explained above, in connection with the present invention it has been found that certain combinations of positions of the membrane of the ion-selective electrode and certain constructions of the electrode containing the same membranes exhibit high sensitivity and high selectivity for analytes over interferents, in particular for carbonate ions over interfering salicylates. The basic concept of the invention is to use a discriminating membrane to exclude potential interferents from the ion-selective membrane. Based on this concept, various potentially useful discriminating membranes were tested. Surprisingly only hydrophilic membranes having small medium pore sizes have been found to be effective. In particular, a hydrophilic membrane comprising fibers based on cellulose, regenerated cellulose or cellulose derivatives, has been found effectively to exclude salicylates due to a combined pore dimension-charge effect. The thickness of said disciminating membrane should be less than about 200 μm, in particular less than 100 μm. Preferably, the discriminating membrane comprises a membrane made from viscose fibers and having a medium pore size of less than about 0.1 μm, in particular less than about 0.01 μm. The discriminating membrane used in the examples below comprises a cellophane film (a film made from regenerated cellulose fibers) having a thickness of less than about 50 μm and a medium pore size of less than about 0.005 μm. The discriminating membrane impedes the entry of interfering ions while allowing for the intimate contact with the carbonate ions. However, it has turned out that the discriminating properties of the above-described membrane are obtained only if the ion-selective membrane used is a liquid ion-selective membrane, not a conventional plastic-based one. Furthermore, the ion-selective membrane has to be placed in intimate contact with the discriminating membrane. Thus, the use of a liquid ion-selective membrane in close physical and chemical contact with the discriminating, preferably hydrophilic, membrane is a characteristic feature of the invention described herein. The ion-selective membrane should be essentially free of polymers dissolved in the liquid phase. Typically, present state-of-the art ion-selective membranes comprise poly(vinyl chloride) dissolved in a solvent to provide an essentially solid-phase (dry) membrane. In contrast, the present membrane is a liquid at room temperature and it comprises a substance specifically binding carbonate ions and a solvent thereof. In addition to these components, the membrane can contain mediating substances and impeding substances. By "essentially free of polymers" it is meant that there should be no or only minute amounts of, e.g. PVC and similar polymers dissolved in the liquid phase, such that they do not interfer with the operation of the combination formed by the ion-selective membrane and the discriminating membrane. Generally, the amount of these polymers should be less than about 2 - 3 wt-%, preferably less than 1 wt-%, in particular less than 0.1 wt-%. Some amounts of dispersed polymers can be allowed in the liquid phase. Thus, the ion-selective membrane generally comprises - about 5 to 50 mol-% of an ionophore, - 0 to about 10 mol-% of a mediating substance, - 0 to about 10 mol-% of a impeding substance, and - about 30 to 95 mol-% of a solvent. Said substance specifically binding carbonate ions is preferably an ionophore is selected from the group consisting of 1-trifluoroacetophenones, such as 4-butyl-α,α,α- trifluoroacetophenone and 4-hexadecyl-α,α,α-trifluoroacetophenone, trifluoroacetophenone, 1 -(dodecylsulfonyl)-4-trifluoroacetylbenzene, heptyl-4- trifluoroacetylbenzoate, and N-dodecyl-4-trifluoro-acetylacetanilide. Of the above- mentioned ionophores, 4-butyl-α,α,α-trifluoroaceto-phenone is a liquid and can be used as such in the membrane without any solvent. For other ions, suitable ionophores specifically binding said ions can be used. For the determination of anions, the mediating substance, if any, is preferably a quaternary ammonium salt, which can be selected from the group consisting of tridodecyl-methyl- ammonium chloride and tridodecylmethylammonium carbonate. For the determination of cations, the mediating substance, if any, is preferably a derivative of tetraphenylborate, for example tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)borate. The impeding substance is also a quaternary ammonium salt, such as tetradodecyl- ammonium tetrakis (4-chlorophenyl)borate. The solvent of the ion-selective membrane should be capable of dissolving all of the components contained therein. Suitable solvents include the adipates, sebacates, and ethers and mixtures thereof. In particular, the solvent can be selected from the group consisting of bis(2-ethylhexyl)adipate, bis(2-ethylhexyl)sebacate and 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether. It should be pointed out that the basic concept of the invention can be broadened generally to encompass analysis of aqueous samples containing an analyte and an interferent. Thus, a membrane structure comprising in combination a liquid ion-selective membrane which is essentially free of polymers dispersed in the liquid phase, and a hydrophilic membrane placed in intimate contact with said ion-selective membrane, said discriminating membrane being permeable to the analyte and essentially non-permeable to the interferent, can be used in connection with any conventional ion-selective electrode structure. As an example of alternative analytes, chloride can be mentioned. Typical interferents are exemplified by proteins, ascorbic acid, salicylate, p-aminosalicylate, gentisic acid, thiocyanate and tetrahexylammonium chloride. As another example of alternative analytes, magnesium can be mentioned. Typical interferents are exemplified by proteins and surfactants. The present invention can be used to analyze aqueous liquids, such as water containing analytes. Preferably it is used for analyzing body fluids, such as blood, serum or plasma. The ion-selective membrane compositions and electrodes containing same are prepared according to the procedures typically applied for the preparation of any traditional ion- selective electrode. However, the electrode body is specially designed to make possible incorporation of all electrode elements. Figure 2 shows the simplified layout of an ion-selective electrode according to the present invention. The present an ion-selective electrode for determination of total CO 2 in physiological fluids comprises a housing or support 15 having therein and thereon, in sequence: an internal reference electrode 11, 12, an ion-selective membrane 13 and a discriminating membrane 14. Depending on the mechanical strengthness of the discriminating membrane 14 it can be self-supported or arranged on, e.g., a wire gause or another permeable support means. A sample channel 17 is arranged next to the discriminating membrane and provided with an opening 18 facing said membrane so as to contact a sample flowing through the channel with the membrane. The internal reference electrode is provided with contact means for coupling with a measuring device. In the present embodiment, the space 16 above the ion-selective membrane is filled with gas, such as air. It can also be evacuated. Further, space 16 can also be eliminated by lowering the roof of the space to contact with the liquid surface of the ion selective membrane. As will be seen from the figure, it is an advantageous feature of the invention that the internal reference electrode 11, 12 can be directly immersed into the ion-selective membrane 13. However, connection of the internal electrode via an intermediate charge- mediating liquid or solid layer is also within the spirit and scope of the invention, as apparent to person skilled in the art. This liquid or solid layer is then placed in space 16. The internal reference electrode can consist of any known electrodes, such as metals 11 and metal halides 12, and metals and electroactive polymers. Redox polymers and conductive polymers are examples of the electroactive polymers. Particularly preferred combinations consist of noble metals and nobel metal halides, such as silver and silver chloride. The internal reference electrode can also consist of an internal ion-selective electrode. According to a preferred embodiment, the metal halide portion of the electrode is immersed into the ion-selective membrane. The metal halide can be coated with a polymer layer to decrease the dissolution of the metal ions from the metal halide. An external reference electrode and a pH electrode (not shown) can be inserted into the sample channel to provide for simultaneous determination of a reference voltage and pH. The above-described apparatus is used as follows: A sample of the body fluid of interest is taken and conducted through the sample channel The first portion of the sample is brought into contact with the discriminating membrane at the opening. Carbonate ions of the sample will penetrate through the discriminating membraned and reach the liquid ion-selective membrane, where they will interact with the ionophore. The carbonate-binding ionophore molecule will enter into electrical equilibrium with the internal electrode, thus creating a first potential.The discriminating membrane in combination with the ionophore of the ion-selective membrane will prevent the interferents from interacting with the components of the ion-selective membrane and therefore the interferents will not influence the potential of the ion-selective electrode. The sample (or the second and third portions thereof) is also in contact with the external reference electrode and pH electrode. The reference electrode can be of any known structure and is in electrical contact with the sample either directly or through a bridge. The reference electrode establishes a second potential in equilibrium with the sample and by measuring the voltage difference between the ion-selective electrode and the external reference electrode, respectively, a voltage difference corresponding to the concentration of carbonate ions in the sample will be obtained. By comparing said voltage with reference voltages of predetermined carbonate concentrations it is possible to determine the concentration soluble carbonates. By measuring the pH of the sample, it is possible to convert this value into the total carbon dioxide in the sample. It should be pointed out that although various "portions" of the sample are referred to above, said portions all belong to the same sample plug in the channel, they form the same sample and are in electrical contact with each other via the ions of the sample (there is formed a closed circuit between the ion-selective electrode and the external reference electrode). The same general strategy as explained above can be used for the construction of electrodes for other ions such as Mg 2+ by selecting a liquid membrane appropriate for Mg 2+ , as understood by persons skilled in the art. The measurement of pH is not a requirement for utilizing the advantages of this invention for determination of other ions such as magnesium ions (Mg 2+ ). The following non-limiting example illustrates the invention in more detail. Example An ion-selective electrode for CO 2 determination was manufactured as follows: Discriminating membrane: Cellophane (supplied by 35 g/m 2 Wistom-Chemtex, Poland) ca 20 μm (Ion-discriminating membrane) Ion-selective membrane: 4-(n-hexadecyl)-α,α,α,-trifluoro- 25 mol % acetophenone (Ionophore) Tridodecylmethylammonium 2.5 mol % carbonate (Mediating substance) Tetradodecylammonium tetrakis 2.5 mol % (4-chlorophenyl)borate (Impeding substance) Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate 70 mol % (Solvent) Internal electrode: Silver/silver chloride Using the above ion-selective electrode, electrical potential differences of blood serum samples having various carbon dioxide concentrations were studied in the presence and absence of salicylate ions. Figure 3 depicts the electrical potential of the serum sample depending on TCO 2 for three different salicylate concentrations (0, 1 and 2 raM salicylate). As is apparent from the Figure, for practical purposes, the electrical potential is independent of the salicylate concentration, which means that the present ion-selective electrode provides for interferent-free determination of carbonate. Figure 4 illustrates the influence of selected surfactants (different polyoxyethylenes) on magnesium electrodes with and without protective membrane. The measured potential is the difference between solutions with and without 500 mg/1 of surfactant. Magnesium concentration was 0.6 mmol/1. The sensitivity for magnesium of the electrode with the protective layer was 70 % of that of the bare electrode. The invention has been described in detail with particular reference to preferred embodiments thereof, but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims: WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. An ion-selective electrode for determination of analytes in aqueous samples, said electrode comprising - an internal reference electrode (1, 2; 11, 12), - a liquid-phase ion-selective membrane (3; 13) and - a discriminating membrane (4; 14) comprising a hydrophilic membrane having a medium pore size of less than 0.1 μm, said liquid-phase ion-selective membrane (3; 13) being placed in intimate contact with said discriminating membrane (4 ; 14). 2. The electrode according to claim 1, wherein said discriminating membrane (4; 14) is selected from the group consisting of membranes made from cellulose fibers, regenerated cellulose fibers, and fibers of cellulose derivatives. 3. The electrode according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the thickness of said disciminating membrane (4; 14) is less than 200 μm. 4. The electrode according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein said discriminating membrane (4; 14) comprises a membrane made from viscose fibers and having a medium pore size of less than about 0.01 μm. 5. The electrode according to claim 4, wherein said discriminating membrane (4; 14) comprises a cellophane film having a thickness of less than about 50 μm. 6. The electrode according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein said ion-selective membrane (3; 13) is essentially free of polymers dissolved in the liquid phase. 7. The electrode according to any one of claims 1 to 6 for determining carbonate in aqueous samples, wherein said ion-selective membrane (3; 13) comprises a substance specifically binding carbonate ions and a solvent. 8. The electrode according to any one of claims 1 to 7 for determining carbonate in aqueous samples, wherein said ion-selective membrane (3; 13) comprises a substance specifically binding carbonate ions, a mediating substance, an impeding substance and a solvent. 9. The ion-selective electrode according to claim 7 or 8, wherein said substance specifically binding carbonate ions is an ionophore 10. The ion-selective electrode according to claim 9, wherein said ionophore is selected from the group consisting of 4-butyl-α,α,α-trifluoroacetophenone, 4-hexadecyl-α,α,α- trifluoroacetophenone, 1 -(dodecylsulfonyl)-4-trifluoroacetylbenzene, 4-heptyl-α,α,α- trifluoroacetylbenzoate, 4-N-dodecyl-α,α,α-trifluoroacetylacetanilide. 11. The ion-selective electrode according to claim 8, wherein said mediating substance is a quaternary ammonium salt. 12. The ion-selective electrode according to claim 11, wherein said mediating substance is a quaternary ammonium salt, selected from the group consisting of tridodecyl-methyl- ammonium chloride and tridodecylmethylammonium carbonate. 13. The ion-selective electrode according to claim 8, wherein said impeding substance is a quaternary ammonium salt. 14. The ion-selective electrode according to claim 13, wherein said quaternary ammonium salt is tetradodecylammonium tetrakis (4-chlorophenyl)borate. 15. The ion-selective electrode according to claim 6 or 7, wherein said solvent is an adipate, a sebacates, an ether or a mixture thereof. 16. The ion-selective electrode according to claim 15, wherein said solvent is selected from the group consisting of bis(2-ethylhexyl)adipate, bis(2-ethylhexyl)sebacate and 2- nitrophenyl octyl ether. 17. The ion-selective electrode according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the internal reference electrode (1, 2; 11, 12) is at least partially immersed into the ion- selective membrane (3; 13). 18. The ion-selective electrode according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the internal reference electrode (1, 2; 11, 12) consists of a combination selected from the group consisting of metals and metal halides, and metals and electroactive polymers. 19. The ion-selective electrode according to claim 18, wherein the internal reference electrode (1, 2; 11, 12) consists of silver and silver chloride. 20. The ion-selective electrode according to claim 18 or 19, wherein the metal halide portion (2; 12) of said reference electrode is immersed into the ion-selective membrane (3; 13). 21. The ion-selective electrode according to any one of claims 1 to 17, wherein the internal reference electrode consists of an internal ion-selective electrode. 22. The ion-selective electrode according to any one of claims 8 to 21, wherein the ion- selective membrane (3; 13) comprises - 5 to 50 mol-% of an ionophore, - 0 to 10 mol-% of a mediating substance, - 0 to 10 mol-% of a impeding substance, and - 30 to 95 mol-% of a solvent. 23. A membrane structure of an ion-selective electrode for analysis of an aqueous sample containing an analyte and an interferent, comprising in combination - a hydrophobic liquid-phase ion-selective membrane (3; 13) which is essentially free of polymers dissolved in the liquid phase, and - a discriminating membrane (4; 14) placed in intimate contact with said ion- selective membrane and comprising a hydrophilic membrane having a medium pore size of less than 0.1 μm, said discriminating membrane being permeable to the analyte and essentially non- permeable to the interferent. 24. The membrane structure according to claim 23, wherein said discriminating membrane is permeable to carbonate ions and essentially non-permeable to salicylate ions. 25. The membrane structure according to claim 23, wherein said discriminating membrane is permeable to ions selected from the group of Na + , K + , Cl " , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Li + and H + . 26. The membrane structure according to claim 25, wherein said discriminating membrane is essentially non-permeable to interferents selected from the group of proteins, ascorbic acid, salicylate, p-aminosalicylate, gentisic acid, thiocyanate, tetrahexylammonium chloride and surfactants. 27. The membrane structure according to any of claims 23 to 26, wherein said ion- selective membrane (3; 13) comprises an ionophore, optionally a mediating substance, optionally an impeding substance and a common solvent for said ionophore, said mediating substance and said impeding substance; and said discriminating membrane comprises a film (4; 14) made from regenerated cellulose fibers. 28. A method of determining the total concentration of carbon dioxide in body fluids, comprising the steps of - taking a sample of the body fluid, - contacting a first portion of the sample with an ion-selective electrode including an internal reference electrode (1, 2; 11, 12), a liquid-phase ion-selective membrane (3; 13) and a discriminating membrane (4; 14) comprising a hydrophilic membrane having a medium pore size of less than 0.1 μm, said liquid-phase ion-selective membrane (3; 13) being placed in intimate contact with said discriminating membrane (4; 14), - contacting a second portion of the sample, which is in contact with the first portion of the sample, with an external reference electrode, - measuring the voltage difference between the external reference eletrode and the ion-selective electrode corresponding to the concentration of carbonate ions in the sample and - comparing said voltage with reference voltages of predetermined carbon dioxide concentrations in order to determine the concentration of carbon dioxide in the sample. 29. The method according to claim 28, wherein the pH of the sample is simultaneously measured. 30. The method according to claim 28 or 29, wherein the body fluid comprises blood, plasma or serum.

Inventors: BOBACKA JOHAN, LEWENSTAM ANDRZEJ, BOBACKA, JOHAN, LEWENSTAM, ANDRZEJ
Applicants: BOBACKA JOHAN, KONE INSTR OY, LEWENSTAM ANDRZEJ, BOBACKA, JOHAN, KONE INSTRUMENTS OY, LEWENSTAM, ANDRZEJ
Application year: 1998
Main classification: G01N27
IPC codes: G01N27, G01N33