Printed-circuit board-mountable ferrite EMI filter

Abstract: A printed circuit (PC) board-mountable ferrite electromagnetic interference (EMI) filter (702, 1003, 1003") for striplines (701, 1001, 1002) of a printed circuit (PC) board (700, 1000) that accommodates large numbers of striplines, and is cost-effective. One embodiment of the EMI filter is used with a PC board (700) that routes striplines (701) in a step-function (i.e., a "U"-shaped) pattern. The EMI filter comprises a ferrite body (702) that defines two parallel passageways (708, 709), i.e., has a figure-8 shape in cross section. The portion (710) of the PC board that defines the stripline portions extending in the one direction lies in one passageway, whereas the portion (711) of the PC board that defines the stripline portions extending in the other direction lies in the other passageway. A different embodiment of the EMI filter is used with a PC board (1000) that routes sets (1001, 1002) of striplines in a cross-hatch (i.e., a "#"-shaped) pattern, where the striplines end (are interrupted) before intersecting so that each stripline comprises two separate straight on-board parts. This EMI filter comprises a ferrite body (1003) that defines two orthogonal sets (1012, 1013) of off-board "U"-shaped conductors, one set for each orthogonal set of striplines with one conductor of a set for each stripline of a set. Each stripline's corresponding "U"-shaped conductor interconnects the two straight on-board parts of the stripline.

Description: Technical Field This invention relates to filters for suppressing electromagnetic interference (EMI). Background of the Invention Existing schemes for achieving EMI suppression are numerous. Nevertheless, the art has had little or no success in developing a cost-effective EMI filter that mounts directly onto a printed circuit (PC) board and that accommodates a large number of PC board-defined conductors (striplines). An example of an existing EMI filter is a large ferrite core, which is a large (up to 5 cm or more in diameter) cylinder of ferrite material through which a bundle of signal-conducting wires is looped (see US-A-5 455 552). Because of its size, the ferrite core is expensive and cannot be mounted directly onto PC boards. Moreover, because the conductors must be looped through the center of the core, the core cannot directly accommodate striplines, which are printed on the PC board. Since the large ferrite core is an off-board EMI suppression solution, its performance is not optimized because its physical distance from the source causing the EMI interference is not short. Another example of an existing EMI filter is a capacitive connector, which is a connector that has each pin or socket connected to ground by a shunting capacitor. Due to the large number of components involved, a capacitive connector is not cost-effective. Moreover, the capacitors cause significant attenuation not only of the interfering signals, but of the desired signals as well, and they are effective only at high frequencies (greater than about 200 MHz). Another drawback is that capacitive connectors are not transparent to differential (bidirectional) mode signals, such as tip and ring phone signals. Although capacitive connectors are PC board-mountable, they are limited in the number of striplines that they can accommodate -- typically fewer than 50. Yet other examples of existing PC board-mountable EMI filters are in-line ferrite devices such as those shown in FIGS. 1-6. Due to its geometrical structure, the filter of FIGS. 1-2 provides low, and therefore often inadequate, EMI suppression. The filter of FIGS. 3-4 also provides low suppression, plus it has a low capacity in the number of signal lines that it can reasonably accommodate. Also, this device is not transparent to differential (bidirectional) signals. Finally, the filter of FIGS. 5-6 also has a low capacity in the number of signal lines that it can accommodate, because its performance degrades rapidly with increases in its size (its circumference). This device is also not transparent to differential signals. Furthermore, just like the ferrite core, it cannot directly accommodate striplines. Summary of the Invention This invention is directed towards solving these and other problems and disadvantages of the prior art. Generally, the invention provides a circuit pack comprising a PC board and an EMI filter as defined in claim 1. Illustratively, the purpose of the circuit pack is to allow the planar magnetic EMI device to be packaged as a module for plug-in or peripheral applications. Otherwise, the planar magnetic EMI device is mounted directly onto the host PC board or backplane. According to an embodiment of the invention, the EMI filter comprises a ferrite body adapted for mounting on the PC board and defining at least a pair of substantially parallel tunnels. The first portion of the PC board and the striplines defined thereby extend through one of the tunnels, and the second portion of the PC board and the striplines defined thereby extend through the other tunnel. This geometry can be extended to include N tunnels, in which N > 2, illustratively by adding additional ferrite "legs" to the structure. Advantageously, the EMI filter uses a planar magnetic structure and a simple stripline routing pattern, which makes the filter inexpensive to manufacture and to use. The EMI filter can also accommodate a large number (for example, 50 or more) striplines, yet mounts directly onto the PC board, which also makes use of the filter cost-effective. Furthermore, the filter effectively accommodates both single-layer and multi-layer PC boards. Due to its unique geometry, this planar magnetic device provides significant EMI suppression for all striplines routed through the device. According to another embodiment of the invention, the EMI filter, for striplines of a PC board that defines a first set of striplines comprising at least one stripline and a second set of striplines comprising at least one stripline, comprises a ferrite body adapted for surface-mounting onto the PC board and defining a first set and a second set of substantially "U"-shaped conductors. Each "U"-shaped conductor of the first set of conductors is conductively connected in series with a different one of the striplines of the first set of striplines and extends substantially in parallel with the other "U"-shaped conductors of the first set of conductors through the ferrite body. Each "U"-shaped conductor of the second set of conductors is conductively connected in series with a different one of the striplines of the second set of striplines and extends substantially in parallel with the other "U"-shaped conductors of the second set of conductors through the ferrite body. The "U"-shaped conductors of the second set of conductors are oriented with respect to the "U"-shaped conductors of the first set of conductors such that planes in which lie the "U"-shaped conductors of the first set of conductors are substantially orthogonal to planes in which lie the "U"-shaped conductors of the second set of conductors. Advantageously, the EMI filter uses multi-layer magnetic structures which make it simple and inexpensive to manufacture. The EMI filter is compact, can accommodate a large number of striplines, and is suitable for either surface mounting or through-hole mounting to the PC board, which makes use of the filter efficient and cost-effective, as well as compatible with common circuit-pack manufacturing technology. Furthermore, the filter effectively accommodates both single-layer and multi-layer PC boards. The capacity (number of PC board striplines) that this device can accommodate increases as the number of device layers are increased in the dimension orthogonal to the layers. These and other advantages and features of the present invention will become more apparent from a description of an illustrative implementation of the invention taken together with the drawing. Brief Description of the Drawing FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a first prior-art in-line ferrite EMI filter; FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the filter of FIG. 1; FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a second prior-art in-line ferrite EMI filter; FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the filter of FIG. 3; FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a third prior-art in-line ferrite EMI filter; FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of the filter of FIG. 5; FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a first illustrative embodiment of a ferrite EMI filter configured according to the invention; FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of the filter of FIG. 7; FIG. 9 is an alternative cross-sectional view of the filter of FIG. 7 for multi-layer PC boards; FIG. 10 is a partial cut-away view of an alternative embodiment of the filter of FIG. 7. Detailed Description FIGS. 7-8 show a PC board-mounted EMI filter 702 characterized by "E-I"-shaped planar magnetic structures and a simple stripline routing pattern. EMI filter 702 is made of any desired ferrite ceramic material, such as nickel-zinc (NiZn) or manganese-zinc (MnZn)-based materials. Suitable materials illustratively include the nickel-zinc materials 25, 27, 28, 29 and 31 of Steward, Inc. of Chattanooga, TN, and the manganese-zinc materials 3S1, 3S3 and 3S4 of Philips Components of The Netherlands. Other lossy ferrites, both conductive and non-conductive, may be used as well. EMI filter 702 comprises a portion 703 having an "E" shape (a trident shape) in cross-section and a portion 707 having an "I" shape (flat) in cross-section. EMI filter 702 can alternatively comprise two "E"-shaped portions. Portion 703 is mounted to one side of PC board 700 over striplines 701, and portion 707 is mounted to the other side of PC board 700 underneath portion 703. The outer legs 704 and 706 and the inner leg 705 of portion 703 extend through rectangular holes in PC board 700 to make contact with portion 707. The assembled EMI filter 702 thus has a figure-8 shape that defines two passageways, or tunnels 708 and 709, that encircle striplines 701. Each stripline 701 is routed by PC board 700 in a step-function (a "U"-shaped) pattern and winds through both tunnels 708 and 709 in opposite directions. Both the striplines 701 and the portions 710 and 711 of PC board 700 which route striplines 701 in opposite directions extend through tunnels 708 and 709 and are surrounded by EMI filter 702. The current (i) flowing through each stripline 701 induces a magnetic flux that is captured by filter 702. The aggregate flux, denoted by contours C 1 and C 2 within filter 702, induces an impedance (Z) across each stripline that presents a barrier to common-mode electromagnetic interference and thus constitutes an EMI choke. The impedance (Z) produced across each stripline 701 by filter 702 is defined by the following equation: where j = -1 f = EMI signal frequency N = number of striplines 701 a = cross-sectional area, perpendicular to the magnetic contours (C), of a wall of filter 702 L = the mean (average) path-length of magnetic contours (C), where L = LC 1 = length of contour C 1 = LC 2 = length of contour C 2 µ o = free-space permeability (4πx10 -7 H/m) µ r = real component of permeability of the material of filter 702 µ i = imaginary component of permeability of the material of filter 702. The first half of the equation defines the reactive component of the impedance (Z), and the second half of the equation defines the resistive component of the impedance. FIG. 9 shows how the stripline capacity of filter 702 may be substantially increased without substantially increasing the mean path-length (L) of magnetic contours (C). In this configuration, filter 702 is used with a multi-layer PC board 700' instead of the single-layer PC board 700 of FIG. 8. Each layer of PC board 700' defines a set of striplines 701', and the sets are stacked one on top of the other. Filter 702 encircles striplines 701' defined by PC board portions 710' and 711' of all layers of PC board 700'. An experimental demonstration was conducted to determine the radiated emissions spectra of the filter 702 of FIG. 7 vis-a-vis those of a ferrite core and a capacitive connector. Eighteen striplines were passed through the two tunnels of filter 702; eighteen 24-ga wires were looped through a NiZn ferrite core; and eighteen striplines were connected to the capacitors of a capacitive connector. Their respective average margins were then determined; by definition, the average margin is the average of the radiated emissions spectrum for the ten frequencies that have the least EMI suppression. The respective average margins were found to be 6.6dB, 5.8dB, and 6.3dB, showing that filter 702 performs better than both the ferrite core and the capacitive connector. Yet because of its shape and configuration, filter 702 is easy to produce and to mount on PC boards, and hence is relatively inexpensive. FIG. 10 shows an alternative embodiment of the filter of FIG. 7, designated by the numeral 702'. This embodiment encloses not only the legs of the "U"-shaped portions of striplines 701, but the entire "U"-shaped portions of striplines 701, thereby increasing the amount of EMI attenuation provided by the filter. Of course, various changes and modifications to the illustrative embodiments described above will be apparent to those skilled in the art. For example, the filters may be constructed from hybrid materials, such as a combination of NiZn and MnZn, whereby tuning of the impedance of the filters is facilitated. Also, the winding of the striplines through the filter structure may be shaped differently (e.g., step-function shape, omega shape, back-to-back "U" shape, multiple-loop shape, etc.). Such changes and modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the following claims.

Claims: A circuit pack comprising a PC board (700 or 700') wherein: the PC board having a first portion (710 or 710') defining along a surface of the first portion at least one planar conductor extending in a first direction and having a second portion (711 or 711') defining along a surface of the second portion said at least one planar conductor extending in a second direction substantially opposite to said first direction; and a ferrite EMI filter having a ferrite body (702 or 702') mounted on the PC board and defining a pair of passageways (708 and 709) substantially parallel to each other and to the surfaces of the first and the second portion, the first portion of the PC board and the at least one planar conductor defined thereby extending through one of the passageways and the second portion of the PC board and the at least one planar conductor defined thereby extending through another of the passageways. The circuit pack of claim 1 wherein: the filter ferrite body comprises a first ferrite body portion (703) having a substantially "E" shape defining three legs (704-706) in cross section perpendicular to the at least planar conductor and a planar second body portion (707), wherein the legs of the first body portion extend through openings defined by the PC board from one side of the PC board to another side of the PC board such that the at least one planar conductor extends between the legs and the second body portion connects the legs together on the other side of the PC board to form the passageway with the first body portion. The circuit pack of claim 1 wherein: each said at least one planar conductor has a substantially "U"-shaped portion, and said pair of passageways are joined to form a substantially "U"-shaped passageway that envelopes the "U"-shaped portions of said at least one stripline. The circuit pack of claim 1 wherein: the filter ferrite body has a substantially figure-8 shape in cross section perpendicular to the at least one planar conductor. The circuit pack of claim 1 wherein: the ferrite body comprises at least one of (a) a nickel-zinc material and (b) manganese-zinc material. The circuit pack of claim 1 wherein: the PC board is a multi-layer board and the first and the second portion of the PC board each define at least one planar conductor on each one of a plurality of the layers.

Inventors: CARTER GALEN L, NORTE DAVID A, YOON WOONG K, CARTER, GALEN L., NORTE, DAVID A., YOON, WOONG K.
Applicants: LUCENT TECHNOLOGIES INC, LUCENT TECHNOLOGIES INC.
Application year: 1998
Main classification: H05K1
IPC codes: H05K1, H05K9, H03H1, H05K3, H01F17