ANTISENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCES AS INHIBITORS OF MICROORGANISMS

Abstract: The invention relates to antisense oligonucleotides which modulate the expression of the ribonucleotide reductase or the secA genes in microorganisms. This invention is also related to methods of using such oligonucleotides in inhibiting the growth of microorganisms. These antisense oligonucleotides are particularly useful in treating pathological conditions in mammals which are mediated by the growth of microorganisms.

Description: ANTISENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCES AS INHIBITORS OF MICROORGANISMS BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention This invention relates to antisense oligonucleotides which modulate the activity of the ribonucleotide reductase genes and the secA genes in microorganisms. This invention is also related to methods of using such compounds in inhibiting the growth of microorganisms. These antisense oligonucleotides are particularly useful in treating pathological conditions in mammals which are mediated by the growth of microorganisms. Accordingly, this invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and an effective amount of a compound of this invention. These antisense oligonucleotides may also be used as anti-microbial agents for agricultural applications such as crop protection. References The following publications, patent applications and patents are cited in this application as superscript numbers: 1. Nordlund and Eklund "Structure and function of the Escherichia coli ribonucleotide reductase protein R2", J. Mol. Biol (1993) 232:123-164; 2. Carlson et al., "Primary structure of the Escherichia coli ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase operon", PNAS USA (1984) 81:4294-4297; 3. Nilsson et al., "Nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the large subunit of ribonucleotide reductase of Escherichia coli Correction", Nucleic Acids Research (1988) 16:4174; 4. P. Reichard, "The anaerobic ribonucleotide reductase from Escherichia coli", J. Biol. Chem. (1993) 268:8383-8386; 5. Nordlund et al. , Nature (1990) 345:593-598; 6. der Blaauwen et al. , "Inhibition of preprotein translocation and reversion of the membrane inserted state of sec A by a carboxyl terminus binding Mab", Biochemistry (1997) 36:9159-9168; 7. McNicholas et al., "Dual regulation of Escherichia coli secA translation by distinct upstream elements", J. Mol. Biol. (1997) 265:128-141; 8. U.S. Patent No. 5,294,533; 9. Gasparro et al., "Photoactivatable antisense DNA: Suppression of ampicillin resistance in normally resistant Escherichia coli ", Antisense Research and Development (1991) 1:117-140; 10. White et al. , "Inhibition of the multiple antibiotic resistance (mar) operon in Escherichia coli by antisense DNA analogs", Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (1997) 41:2699-2704; 11. Nielsen et al. , Science (1991) 354: 1497; 12. Good and Nielsen, "Inhibition of translation and bacterial growth by peptide nucleic acid targeted to ribosomal RNA", PNAS USA (1998) 95:2073-2076; 13. Buchardt, deceased, et al., U.S. Patent No. 5,766,855; 14. Buchardt, deceased, et al., U.S. Patent No. 5,719,262; 15. U.S. Patent No. 5,034,506; 16. Altschul, et al., "Basic local alignment search tool", J. Mol. Biol. (1990) 215:403-10; 17. Devereux. et al., "A comprehensive set of sequence analysis programs for the VAX", Nucleic Acids Res. (1984) 12:387-395; 18. Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York (1989, 1992); 19. Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley and Sons, Baltimore Maryland (1989); 20. Chang et al., Somatic Gene Therapy, CRC Press, Ann Arbor MI (1995); 21. Vega et al., Gene Targeting, CRC Press, Ann Arbor MI (1995); 22. Vectors: A Survey of Molecular Cloning Vectors and Their Uses, Butterworths, Boston MA (1988) 23. U.S. Patent 5,023,252, issued June 11, 1991 24. Feigner et al., U.S. Patent No. 5,580,859. 25. U.S. Patent 5,011,472 26. Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mace Publishing Company, Philadelphia PA 17 th ed. (1985); 27. Perbal, A Practical Guide to Molecular Cloning, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1988). 28. PCR Protocols: A Guide To Methods And Applications, Academic Press, San Diego, CA (1990). 29. Dower, W. J. , Nucleic Acids Res. (1988) 16:6127; 30. Neuman et al., EMBO J. (1982) 1:841; 31. Taketo A. , Biochim Biophys. Acta (1988) 949:318; 32. Miller J.H. Experiments in Molecular Genetics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1972); 33. Horwitz J.P., J. Med. Chem. (1964) 7:574; 34. Mann et al., Biochem. (1991) 30:1939; 35. Olsvik, et al., Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Immunol. Scand. [B] (1982) 90:319; 36. Laemmli, U.K., Nature (1970) 227:680; 37. Choy et al., Cancer Res. (1988) 48:2029; 38. Wright and Anazodo, Cancer J. (1988) 8: 185-189; 39. Chan et al., Biochemistry (1993) 32:12835-12840; 40. Carpentier P.L., Microbiology 4 h ed. W.B.Saunders Company (1977); and 41. Wright et al., Adv. Enzyme Regul. (1981) 19:105-127. All of the above publications, patent applications and patents are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent application or patent was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference in its entirety. State of the Art Ribonucleotide reductase catalyzes the de novo production of deoxyribonucleotides. The enzyme reduces the four main ribonucleotides to the corresponding deoxyribonucleotides required for DNA synthesis and repair (Wright et al. 41 ). In mammalian and bacterial cells, de novo production of deoxyribonucleotides by ribonucleotide reductase is usually highly regulated on different levels in order to produce the correct amount of deoxyribonucleotides for DNA synthesis. In the DNA viruses, the metabolism of the host cell is directed towards production of viral DNA by virus encoded ribonucleotide reductases (Nordlund and Eklund 1 ). Mammalian cells and many DNA viruses and prokaryotes, have a heterodimeric iron-containing ribonucleotide reductase enzyme of the 2 type. For example, ribonucleotide reductase from E. coli is a multi-subunit c 2 enzyme where the two homo-dimeric proteins are denoted Rl and R2. The larger ctr, protein, Rl, contains the binding sites for substrate and allosteric effectors and also the redox-active cysteine residues. Protein Rl has a molecular mass of 2 x 86,000 where each subunit contains 761 residues. The smaller β 2 protein, denoted R2, contains the dinuclear ferric center and a stable free tyrosyl radical necessary for the enzymatic activity. The R2 protein has a molecular mass of 2 x 43,500, where each subunit contains 375 amino acid residues (Nordlund and Eklund 1 ). The nucleotide sequence of the E. coli K-12 DNA comprising the operon for the structural genes of the subunits of ribonucleotide reductase has been determined. The DNA sequence includes a total length of 8557 nucleotides. An open reading frame between nucleotides 3506 and 5834 has been identified as the nrdA gene. An open reading frame between nucleotides 6012 and 7139 encoding a 375-amino acid polypeptide has been identified as the nrdB gene (Carlson et al. 2 , and Nilsson et al. 3 ). The sequences of the nrdA and nrdB genes for E. coli are shown in Figures 1 and 2. In E. coli, the synthesis of ribonucleotide reductase is controlled at the level of transcription. The nrdA and nrdB genes direct the synthesis of a 3.2 kilobase polycistronic mRNA. Perturbations in DNA replication, either a shift up in growth conditions or an inhibition of DNA synthesis leads to increased synthesis of nrd mRNA (Carlson et al. 2 ). A separate anaerobic ribonucleotide reductase has also been identified from E.coli. The anaerobic E. coli reductase has a molecular mass of 145 kD and is a homodimer. The gene for the anaerobic reductase (nrdD) has been cloned and sequenced (P. Reichard 4 ). The ribonucleotide reductase R2 genomic or cDNA sequences are known for several other species such as bacteriophage T4, clam, mouse, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, vaccinia, herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, varicella and Epstein-Barr virus (Nordlund et al. 5 ). The sequence of the nrdE and nrdF which code for the ribonucleotide reductase genes of S. typhimurium are shown in Figure 3. The sequence of the ribonucleotide reductase gene of Lactococcus lactis is shown in Figure 4. The secA gene of E. coli encodes for one component of a multi-component system for the secretion of proteins across the inner membrane of E. coli (der Blaauwen et al. 6 ). The complete system consists of the SecB protein, a cytosolic chaperone, the SecA protein, the translocation ATPase and the heterotrimeric integral membrane SecY/SecE/SecG complex, which along with SecA serves as the preprotein channel. SecA protein plays a central role in the secretion process by binding the preprotein, secB protein, anionic phospholipids and SecY/SecE/SecG protein. These interactions allow SecA to recognize soluble preprotein and recruit it to translocation sites in the inner membrane. Once such protein translocation complexes have assembled; further steps require an ATP-driven cycle of insertion and de-insertion of sec A protein with the inner membrane, where each cycle appears to be coupled to the translocation of a segment of the preprotein. SecA is the only component of the secretion apparatus that has been shown to be regulated. SecA is the second gene in the geήeX-secA operon and its translation varies over a tenfold range depending on the status of protein secretion in the cell. During protein-export proficient conditions secA auto-represses its translation by binding to a site that overlaps the sec A ribosome-binding site of genes-sec A RNA. SecA protein can also dissociate a preformed 30 S-tRNA MET -genes-secA RNA ternary complex in vitro. However, during a protein export block sec A translation increases substantially although the mechanism responsible for this regulatory response has not been elucidated (McNicholas et al. 7 ). The sequence of the sec A gene of E. coli is shown in Figure 5. The secA gene sequence has been identified for a number of other species including Mycobacterium bovis (Figure 6), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Figure 7), Staphylococcus aureus (Figure 8), Staphylococcus carnosus (Figure 9), Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus firmus , Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Borrelia burgdorferi, P. sativum, S. griseus, and Synechoccus sp. Antibiotics are important pharmaceuticals for the treatment of infectious diseases in a variety of animals including man. The tremendous utility and efficacy of antibiotics results from the interruption of bacterial (prokaryotic) cell growth with rninimal damage or side effects to the eukaryotic host harboring the pathogenic organisms. In general, antibiotics destroy bacteria by interfering with the DNA replication, DNA to RNA transcription, translation (that is RNA to protein) or cell wall synthesis. Although bacterial antibiotic resistance has been recognized since the advent of antimicrobial agents, the consequence of the emergence of resistant microorganisms, such resistance was historically controlled by the continued availability of effective alternative drugs. Now, drug resistance has emerged as a serious medical problem in the community, leading to increasing morbidity and mortality. The problem is worsened by the growing number of pathogens resistant to multiple, structurally unrelated drugs. The situation has become so desperate that antibiotics once removed from use because of toxic effects may be prescribed in an attempt to deal with the otherwise untreatable drug resistant bacteria. Antisense oligonucleotides have been used to decrease the expression of specific genes by inhibiting transcription or translation of the desired gene and thereby achieving a phenotypic effect based upon the expression of that gene (Wright and Anazado 38 ). For example, antisense RNA is important in plasmid DNA copy number control, in development of bacteriophage P22. Antisense RNA's have been used experimentally to specifically inhibit in vitro translation of mRNA coding specifically from Drosophila hsp23, to inhibit Rous sarcoma virus replication and to inhibit 3T3 cell proliferation when directed toward the oncogene c-fos. Furthermore, it is not necessary to use the entire antisense mRNA since a short antisense oligonucleotide can inhibit gene expression. This is seen in the inhibition of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene expression and in the inhibition of specific antiviral activity to vesicular stomatitus virus by inhibiting the N-protein initiation site. Antisense oligonucleotides directed to the macromolecular synthesis operon of bacteria, containing the rpsU gene, the rpoD gene and the dnaG gene have been used for the detection of bacteria. (U.S. Patent No. 5, 294, 533 8 ). Furthermore, photoactivatable antisense DNA complementary to a segment of the β-lactamase gene has been used to suppress ampicillin resistance in normally resistant E. coli (Gasparro et al. 9 ). Antisense DNA analogs have also been used to inhibit the multiple antibiotic resistant (mar) operon in Escherichia coli (White et al. 10 ). Accordingly, there is a need to develop antisense oligonucleotides which will act to inhibit the growth of microorganisms. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION This invention is directed to antisense oligonucleotides which modulate the expression of the ribonucleotide reductase and secA genes in microorganisms and pharmaceutical compositions comprising such antisense oligonucleotides. This invention is also related to methods of using such antisense oligonucleotides for inhibiting the growth of microorganisms. Accordingly, in one of its composition aspects, this invention is directed to an antisense oligonucleotide, which oligonucleotide is nuclease resistant and comprises from about 3 to about 50 nucleotides, which nucleotides are complementary to the ribonucleotide reductase gene or the sec A gene of a microorganism. The antisense oligonucleotide may have one or more phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages. In another of its composition aspects, this invention is directed to an antisense oligonucleotide comprising from about 3 to about 50 nucleotides which is capable of binding to the ribonucleotide reductase gene or the sec A gene of a microorganism, wherein the oligonucleotide comprises all or part of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:22; SEQ ID NO:43; SEQ ID NO:62; SEQ ID NO:74; SEQ ID NO:75; SEQ ID NO:76; SEQ ID NO: 143; SEQ ID NO: 145; SEQ ID NO: 152; SEQ ID NO: 164; SEQ ID NO: 176; SEQ ID NO: 186; SEQ ID NO: 188; SEQ ID NO: 189; SEQ ID NO:191; SEQ ID NO: 192; SEQ ID NO:195; SEQ ID NO:197; SEQ ID NO:206; SEQ ID NO:212; SEQ ID NO:220; SEQ ID NO:229; SEQ ID NO:235; SEQ ID NO:254; SEQ ID NO:261; SEQ ID NO:262; SEQ ID NO:263; SEQ ID NO:264; and SEQ ID NO:265. In still another of its composition aspects, this invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and an effective amount of an antisense oligonucleotide, which oligonucleotide is nuclease resistant and comprises from about 3 to about 50 nucleotides, which nucleotides are complementary to the ribonucleotide reductase gene or the secA gene of a microorganism. The oligonucleotide may be modified, for example, the oligonucleotide may have one or more phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages. In one of its method aspects, this invention is directed to a method for inhibiting the expression of the ribonucleotide reductase gene in a microorganism having a ribonucleotide reductase gene comprising, administering to said microorganism or to a cell infected with said microorganism an effective amount of an antisense oligonucleotide comprising from at least about 3 nucleotides which are complementary to the ribonucleotide reductase gene of the microorganism under conditions such that the expression of the ribonucleotide reductase gene is inhibited. In another of its method aspects, this invention is directed to a method for inhibiting the expression of the sec A gene in a microorganism having a sec A gene, comprising administering to said microorganism an effective amount of an antisense oligonucleotide comprising from at least about 3 nucleotides which are complementary to the secA gene of the microorganism under conditions such that expression of the sec A gene is inhibited. In one of its method aspects, this invention is directed to a method for inhibiting the growth of a microorganism encoding a ribonucleotide reductase gene or a sec A gene, which method comprises admimstering to said microorganism or a cell infected with said microorganism an effective amount of an antisense oligonucleotide comprising from at least about 3 nucleotides which are complementary to either the ribonucleotide reductase gene or the secA gene of the microorganism under conditions such that the growth of the microorganism is inhibited. Preferably, the antisense oligonucleotide is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 22; SEQ ID NO:43; SEQ ID NO:62; SEQ ID NO:74; SEQ ID NO:75; SEQ ID NO:76; SEQ ID NO: 143; SEQ ID NO: 145; SEQ ID NO: 152; SEQ ID NO: 164; SEQ ID NO: 176; SEQ ID NO: 186; SEQ ID NO: 188; SEQ ID NO: 189; SEQ ID NO: 191; SEQ ID NO: 192; SEQ ID NO: 195; SEQ ID NO: 197; SEQ ID NO:206; SEQ ID NO:212; SEQ ID NO:220; SEQ ID NO:229; SEQ ID NO:235; SEQ ID NO:254; SEQ ID NO:261; SEQ ID NO:262; SEQ ID NO:263; SEQ ID NO:264; and SEQ ID NO:265. In another of its method aspects, this invention is directed to a method for treating a mammalian pathologic condition mediated by a microorganism, which method comprises identifying a mammal having a pathologic condition mediated by a microorganism having a ribonucleotide reductase gene or a secA gene and administering to said mammal an effective amount of an antisense oligonucleotide comprising from at least about 3 nucleotides which are complementary to either the ribonucleotide reductase gene or the secA gene of the microorganism under conditions such that the growth of the microorganism is inhibited. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 is the sequence of the E. coli nrdA gene encoding the ribonucleotide reductase Rl subunit [SEQ ID NO: l]. Figure 2 is the sequence of the E. coli nrdB gene encoding the ribonucleotide reductase R2 subunit [SEQ ID NO: 2]. The nrdB gene is encoded by nucleotides 7668 to 8798 of SEQ ID NO:2. Figure 3 is the sequence of the S. typhimurium nrdE and nrdF genes encoding the ribonucleotide reductase subunits [SEQ ID NO: 3]. The nrdE gene is encoded by nucleotides 836 to 2980 and the nrdF gene is encoded by nucleotides 2991 to 3950 of SEQ ID NO:3. Figure 4 is the sequence of the Lactococcus lactis nrdEF operon encoding ribonucleotide reductase [SEQ ID NO: 4]. Figure 5 is the sequence of the E. coli sec A gene [SEQ ID NO: 5]. Figure 6 is the sequence of the Mycobacterium bovis secA gene [SEQ ID NO:6]. Figure 7 is the sequence of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis secA gene [SEQ ID NO:7]. Figure 8 is the sequence of the Staphylococcus aureus secA gene [SEQ ID NO: 8]. Figure 9 is the sequence of the Staphylococcus carnosus secA gene [SEQ ID NO:9]. Figure 10 is the sequence of the bovine herpes virus ribonucleotide reductase small subunit gene [SEQ ID NO: 10]. Figure 11 is the sequence of the Herpes simplex virus type 1 UL39 gene encoding ribonucleotide reductase 1 [SEQ ID NO: 11]. Figure 12 is the sequence of the Herpes simplex type 2 ribonucleotide reductase gene [SEQ ID NO: 12]. The ribonucleotide reductase gene is encoded by nucleotides 419 to 3853 of SEQ ID NO: 12. Figure 13 is the sequence of the equine herpes virus 4 ribonucleotide reductase large subunit and small subunit [SEQ ID NO: 13]. The large subunit is encoded by nucleotides 77 to 2446 and the small subunit by nucleotides 2485-3447 of SEQ ID NO:13. Figure 14 is a photograph of a Western blot of a polyacrylamide gel of the cellular protein from E. coli cells carrying a plasmid containing the mouse ribonucleotide reductase R2 gene after treatment with either 20μM or 200 μM of oligonucleotide AS-II-626-20. Figure 15 is a graph of the inhibition of E. coli growth after treatment of E. coli cells with ribonculeotide reductase antisense oligonucleotides. Figure 16 is a graph of the number of colony forming units/ml of E. coli cells after treatment with ribonucleotide reductase antisense oligonucleotides. Figure 17 is a photograph of a Western blot of a polyacrylamide gel of cellular protein from E. coli cells after treatment with sec A antisense oligonucleotides. Figures 18a and 18b are graphs of the number of colony forming units/ml of E. coli cells after treatment with sec A antisense oligonucleotides. Figures 19a-g are graphs of growth curves of E. coli K12 after treatment with antisense oligonucleotides. Figure 19a shows the growth after treatment with 16 μM or 80 μM of antisense ES799 [SEQ ID NO: 195]. Figure 19b shows the growth after treatment with 20 μM of antisense ES1739 [SEQ ID NO:229]. Figure 19c shows the growth after treatment with 80 μM of antisense ES851 [SEQ ID NO: 197]. Figure 19d shows the growth after treatment with 80 μM of antisense ES553 [SEQ ID NO: 188] . Figure 19e shows the growth after treatment with 80 μM of antisense ES646 [SEQ ID NO: 191]. Figure 19f shows the growth after treatment with 80 μM of antisense ESI 845 [SEQ ID NO: 235]. Figure 19g shows the growth after treatment with 80 μM of antisense ES2537 [SEQ ID NO:254]. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides compounds that inhibit the growth of microbes by inhibiting the expression of a ribonucleotide reductase protein or the secA protein. Without being limited to any theory, the compounds inhibit the expression of the ribonucleotide reductase or the secA protein by inhibiting the transcription of the gene or the translation of the mRNA to protein. Such compounds include antisense oligonucleotides. Definitions: As used herein, the following terms have the following meanings: The term "antisense oligonucleotide" as used herein means a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to the mRNA for the desired gene. Preferably, the antisense oligonucleotide is complementary to the mRNA for ribonucleotide reductase or sec A. The term "oligonucleotide" refers to an oligomer or polymer of nucleotide or nucleoside monomers consisting of naturally occurring bases, sugars, and inter-sugar (backbone) linkages. The term also includes modified or substituted oligomers comprising non-naturally occurring monomers or portions thereof, which function similarly. Such modified or substituted oligomers may be preferred over naturally occurring forms because of the properties such as enhanced cellular uptake, or increased stability in the presence of nucleases. The term also includes chimeric oligonucleotides which contain two or more chemically distinct regions. For example, chimeric oligonucleotides may contain at least one region of modified nucleotides that confer beneficial properties (e.g. increased nuclease resistance, increased uptake into cells) or two or more oligonucleotides of the invention may be joined to form a chimeric oligonucleotide. The antisense oligonucleotides of the present invention may be ribonucleic or deoxyribonucleic acids and may contain naturally occurring or synthetic monomeric bases, including adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine and uracil. The oligonucleotides may also contain modified bases such as xanthine, hypoxanthine, 2-aminoadenine, 6- methyl, 2-propyl and other alkyl adenines, 5 -halo uracil, 5 -halo cytosine, 6-aza uracil, 6-aza cytosine and 6-aza thymine, pseudo uracil, 4-thiouracil, 8-halo adenine, 8- aminoadenine, 8-thiol adenine, 8-thiolalkyl adenines, 8-hydroxyl adenine and other 8- substituted adenines, 8-halo guanines, 8-amino guanine, 8-thiol guanine, 8-thioalkyl guanines, 8-hydroxyl guanine and other 8-substituted guanines, other aza and deaza uracils, thymidines, cytosines or guanines, 5-trifluoromethyl uracil and 5-trifluoro cytosine. The antisense oligonucleotides of the invention may also comprise modified phosphorus oxygen heteroatoms in the phosphate backbone, short chain alkyl or cycloalkyl intersugar linkages or short chain heteroatom or heterocyclic intersugar linkages. For example, the antisense oligonucleotides may contain methyl phosphonates, phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, phosphotriesters, and morpholino oligomers. In one embodiment of the invention, the antisense oligonucleotides comprise phosphorothioate bonds linking between the four to six 3'- terminus nucleotides. In another embodiment, the phosphorothioate bonds link all the nucleotides. The antisense oligonucleotides may also have sugar mimetics. The antisense oligonucleotides of the invention may also comprise nucleotide analogues wherein the structure of the nucleotide is fundamentally altered. An example of such an oligonucleotide analogue is a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) wherein the deoxyribose (or ribose) phosphate backbone in DNA (or RNA) is replaced with a polyamide backbone which is similar to that found in peptides (Nielsen et al. 11 ; Good and Nielsen 12 ; Buchardt, deceased, et al. 13 , U.S. Patent No. 5,766,855; Buchardt, deceased, et al. 14 , U.S. Patent No. 5,719,262). PNA analogues have been shown to be resistant to degradation by enzymes and to have extended lives in vivo and in vitro. PNAs also bind more strongly to a complementary DNA sequence than to a naturally occurring nucleic acid molecule due to the lack of charge repulsion between the PNA strand and the DNA strand. The oligonucleotides of the present invention may also include other nucleotides comprising polymer backbones, cyclic backbones, or acyclic backbones. For example, the nucleotides may comprise morpholino backbone structures (U.S. Patent No. 5,034,506 15 ). The oligonucleotides of the present invention are "nuclease resistant" when they have either been modified such that they are not susceptible to degradation by DNA and RNA nucleases or alternatively they have been placed in a delivery vehicle which in itself protects the oligonucleotide from DNA or RNA nucleases. Nuclease resistant oligonucleotides include, for example, methyl phosphonates, phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, phosphotriesters, and morpholino oligomers. Suitable delivery vehicles for conferring nuclease resistance include, for example liposomes. The oligonucleotides of the present invention may also contain groups, such as groups for improving the pharmacokinetic properties of an oligonucleotides, or groups for improving the pharmacodynamic properties of an oligonucleotide. Preferably, the oligonucleotides do not contain reporter groups or labels, such as fluorescent dyes or radioactive labels. The antisense oligonucleotides may be complementary to the complete ribonucleotide reductase or sec A gene including the introns. Preferably, the antisense oligonucleotides are complimentary to the mRNA region from the ribonucleotide reductase gene or the sec A gene. The antisense oligonucleotides may be selected from the sequence complementary to the ribonucletide reductase or secA genes such that the sequence exhibits the least likelihood of showing duplex formation, hair-pin formation, and homooligomer/sequence repeats but has a high to moderate potential to bind to the ribonucleotides reductase gene or the sec A gene sequence and contains a GC clamp. These properties may be determined using the computer modeling program OLIGO Primer Analysis Software, Version 5.0 (distributed by National Biosciences, Inc., Plymouth, MN). This computer program allows the determination of a qualitative estimation of these five parameters. Alternatively, the antisense oligonucleotides may also be selected on the basis that the sequence is highly conserved for either the ribonucleotide reductase or the secA genes between two or more microbial species. These properties may be determined using the BLASTN program (Altschul, et al. 16 ) of the University of Wisconsin Computer group (GCG) software (Devereux J. et al. 17 ) with the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) databases. The antisense oligonucleotides generally comprise from at least about 3 nucleotides or nucleotide analogs, preferably from about 3 to about 50 nucleotides or nucleotide analogs, more preferably, from about 7 to about 35 nucleotides or nucleotide analogs, most preferably from about 15 to about 25 nucleotide or nucleotide analogs. Preferably, the antisense oligonucleotides comprise from 3 to about 50 nucleotides or nucleotide analogs, more preferably from 20 to about 50 nucleotides or nucleotide analogs and further comprise all or part of the sequences set forth in Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4 (below). Preferably, the oligonucleotides complementary to the ribonucleotide reductase gene comprise SEQ ID NOS. : 14 to 157 as shown in Tables 1 and 2 . Preferably, the antisense oligonucleotides complementary to the sec A gene comprise the SEQ ID NOS.: 158 to 265 as shown in Tables 3 and 4. Table 1 Antisense oligonucleotides that target the Escherichia coli K12 ribonucleotide reductase large subunit (Rl) Table 2 Antisense oligonucleotides that target the Escherichia coli K12 ribonucleotide reductase small subunit (R2) Table 3 Antisense Sequences that Target Escherichia coli SecA Table 4 Antisense Sequences that Target E. coli SecA based on Conserved Sequences In Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4, the "Tm" is the melting temperature of an oligonucleotide duplex calculated according to the nearest-neighbor thermodynamic values. At this temperature 50% of nucleic acid molecules are in duplex and 50% are denatured. The "ΔG" is the free energy of the oligonucleotide, which is a measurement of an oligonucleotide duplex stability. The following sequences have been determined to be conserved among species: ES386 [SEQ ID NO: 261] is conserved among Escherichia coli and Mycobacterium tuberculosis; ES388 [SEQ ID NO:262] is conserved among Escherichia coli; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; and Mycobacterium bovis; ES553 [SEQ ID NO: 188] is conserved among Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, Streptomyces coelicolor; and Streptomyces lividans; ES556 [SEQ ID NO: 189] is conserved among Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, Streptomyces coelicolor; and Streptomyces lividans; and Synechoccus sp. ; and ES646 [SEQ ID NO: 191] is conserved among Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus carnosus; ESI 126 [SEQ ID NO: 263] is conserved among Escherichia coli and Rhodobacter capsulatus SecA genes. ES2644 [SEQ ID NO:265] is conserved among Escherichia coli SecA gene, MutA (A:T to C:G transversion), and tyrosine-specific transport protein (tyrP) gene. The term "alkyl" refers to monovalent alkyl groups preferably having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms and more preferably 1 to 6 carbon atoms. This term is exemplified by groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, wo-propyl, /z-butyl, wσ-butyl, π-hexyl, and the like. The term "aryl" refers to an unsaturated aromatic carbocyclic group of from 6 to 14 carbon atoms having a single ring (e.g., phenyl) or multiple condensed (fused) rings (e.g., naphthyl or anthryl). Preferred aryls include phenyl, naphthyl and the like. The term "cycloalkyl" refers to cyclic alkyl groups of from 3 to 20 carbon atoms having a single cyclic ring or multiple condensed rings. Such cycloalkyl groups include, by way of example, single ring structures such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclooctyl, and the like, or multiple ring structures such as adamantanyl, and the like. The term "halo" or "halogen" refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo and preferably is either fluoro or chloro. The term "thiol" refers to the group -SH. As to any of the above groups which contain one or more substituents, it is understood, of course, that such groups do not contain any substitution or substitution patterns which are sterically impractical and/ or synthetically non-feasible. In addition, the compounds of this invention include all stereochemical isomers arising from the substitution of these compounds. The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salt" refers to salts which retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the antisense oligonucleotides of this invention and which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable. In many cases, the antisense oligonucleotides of this invention are capable of forming acid and/or base salts by virtue of the presence of amino and/or carboxyl groups or groups similar thereto. Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts can be prepared from inorganic and organic bases. Salts derived from inorganic bases, include by way of example only, sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium, calcium and magnesium salts. Salts derived from organic bases include, but are not limited to, salts of primary, secondary and tertiary amines, such as alkyl amines, dialkyl amines, trialkyl amines, substituted alkyl amines, di(substituted alkyl) amines, tri(substituted alkyl) amines, alkenyl amines, dialkenyl amines, trialkenyl amines, substituted alkenyl amines, di(substituted alkenyl) amines, tri(substituted alkenyl) amines, cycloalkyl amines, di(cycloalkyl) amines, tri(cycloalkyl) amines, substituted cycloalkyl amines, disubstituted cycloalkyl amine, trisubstituted cycloalkyl amines, cycloalkenyl amines, di(cycloalkenyl) amines, tri(cycloalkenyl) amines, substituted cycloalkenyl amines, disubstituted cycloalkenyl amine, trisubstituted cycloalkenyl amines, aryl amines, diary 1 amines, triaryl amines, heteroaryl amines, diheteroaryl amines, triheteroaryl amines, heterocyclic amines, diheterocyclic amines, triheterocyclic amines, mixed di- and tri-amines where at least two of the substituents on the amine are different and are selected from the group consisting of alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and the like. Also included are amines where the two or three substituents, together with the amino nitrogen, form a heterocyclic or heteroaryl group. Examples of suitable amines include, by way of example only, isopropylamine, trimethyl amine, diethyl amine, tri(wo-propyl) amine, tri(w-propyl) amine, ethanolamine, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, tromethamine, lysine, arginine, histidine, caffeine, procaine, hydrabamine, choline, betaine, ethylenediamine, glucosamine, N- alkylglucamines, theobromine, purines, piperazine, piperidine, morpholine, N- ethylpiperidine, and the like. It should also be understood that other carboxylic acid derivatives would be useful in the practice of this invention, for example, carboxylic acid amides, including carboxamides, lower alkyl carboxamides, dialkyl carboxamides, and the like. Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts may be prepared from inorganic and organic acids. Salts derived from inorganic acids include hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like. Salts derived from organic acids include acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, -toluene-sulfonic acid, salicylic acid, and the like. The term "ribonucleotide reductase gene" or the "ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase gene" refers to any gene which encodes a protein that either reduces the four main ribonucleotides to the corresponding deoxyribonucleotides involved in DNA synthesis or encodes a subunit of a multimeric enzyme which reduces the four main ribonucleotides to the corresponding deoxyribonucleotides. Without being limiting, examples of ribonucleotide reductase genes from bacteria include the E. coli nrdA, nrdB and nrd D genes; the S. typhimurium nrdE and nrdF genes; and the Lactococcus lactis nrdEF gene. Examples of the ribonucleotide reductase genes from viruses include the herpes simplex type 1 and 2 ribonucleotide reductases and the bovine and equine herpes simplex ribonucleotide reductases. The term "secA" refers to an oligonucleotide sequence which encodes a protein having similar properties as those expressed by the E. coli sec A gene. Without being limiting, examples of sec A genes from bacteria include the Mycobacterium bovis sec A gene; the Mycobacterium tuberculosis sec A gene, the Staphylococcus aureus sec A gene and the Staphylococcus carnosus sec A gene. The term "microorganism" means a bacteria, fungi or virus having either a ribonucleotide reductase or sec A gene. Specifically excluded from this definition is the malerial parasite, plasmodium. The term "bacteria" refers to any bacteria encoding either a ribonucleotide reductase gene or a sec A gene, including Escherichi coli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Salmonella typhimurium, Thermoplasma acidophilum, Pyrococcus furiosus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus firmus, Lactococcus lactis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus carnosus, Listeria monocytogenes, Borrelia burgdorferi, P. sativum, S. griseus, and Synechoccus sp. The term "virus" refers to any virus having a ribonucleotide reductase gene. Preferably the virus will be a DNA virus. Examples of suitable viruses include various herpes viruses (such as herpes simplex types 1 and 2, varicella-herpes zoster, cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus) and the various hepatitis viruses. The term "complementary to" means that the antisense oligonucleotide sequence is capable of binding to the target sequence, ie the ribonucleotide reductase gene or the sec A gene. Preferably the antisense oligonucleotide sequence has at least about 75% identity with the target sequence, preferably at least about 90% identity and most preferably at least about 95% identity with the target sequence allowing for gaps or mismatches of several bases. Identitiy can be determined, for example, by using the BLASTN program of the University of Wisconsin Computer Group (GCG) software. The term "inhibiting growth" means a reduction in the growth of the bacteria or viruses of at least 25 % , more preferably of at least 50% and most preferably of at least 75% . The reduction in growth can be determined for bacteria by a measuring the optical density of a liquid bacteria culture with a spectrophotometer or by counting the number of colony forming units/ml (CFU/ml) upon plating on culture plates. The reduction in growth can be determined for viruses by measuring the number of plaque forming units/ml upon plating on susceptible cells. Preparation of the Antisense Oligonucleotides The antisense oligonucleotides of the present invention may be prepared by conventional and well-known techniques. For example, the oligonucleotides may be prepared using solid-phase synthesis and in particular using commercially available equipment such as the equipment available from Applied Biosystems Canada Inc., Mississauga, Canada. The oligonucleotides may also be prepared by enzymatic digestion of the naturally occurring ribonucleotide reductase or secA gene by methods known in the art. Isolation and Purification of the Antisense Oligonucleotides Isolation and purification of the antisense oligonucleotides described herein can be effected, if desired, by any suitable separation or purification such as, for example, filtration, extraction, crystallization, column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, thick-layer chromatography, preparative low or high-pressure liquid chromatography or a combination of these procedures. However, other equivalent separation or isolation procedures could, of course, also be used. The invention contemplates a method of evaluating if an antisense oligonucleotide inhibits the growth of a microbe having a ribonucleotide reductase or sec A gene. The method comprises selecting the microbe/microorganism having a ribonucleotide reductase or sec A gene, administering the antisense oligonucleotide; and comparing the growth of the treated microbe with the growth of an untreated microorganism. In order for the antisense oligonucleotide to effectively interrupt the expression of the ribonucleotide reductase or sec A gene, the antisense oligonucleotide enters the microorganism's cell, in the case of fungal or bacterial cells or enter the mammalian cell having the virus target. Although oligonucleotides are taken up by bacterial cells, some modification of the oligonucleotides may help facilitate or regulate said uptake, thus, a carier molecule, for example an amino acid, can be linked to the oligonucleotide. for example, bacteria have multiple transport systems for the recognition and uptake of molecules of leucine. The addition of this amino acid to the oligonucleotide may facilitate the uptake of the oligonucleotide in the bacteria and not substantially interfere with the activity of the antisense oligonucleotide in the bacterial cell. Other methods are contemplated for facilitating the uptake of the antisense oligonucleotide into bacteria. For example, the addition of other amino acids or peptides or primary amines to the 3' or 5' termini of the antisense oligonucleotide may enable utilization of specific transport systems. Addition of lactose to the oligonucleotide by a covalent linkage may also be used to enable transport of the antisense oligonucleotide by lactose permease. Other sugar transport systems are also known to be functional in bacteria and can be utilized in this invention. With regard to inhibiting the expression of ribonucleotide reductase in DNA viruses, the antisense oligonucleotide is preferably introduced into the cell infected with the DNA virus. The antisense oligonucleotides may be delivered using vectors or liposomes. An expression vector comprising the antisense oligonucleotide sequence may be constructed having regard to the sequence of the oligonucleotide and using procedures known in the art. The vectors may be selected from plasmids or benign viral vectors depending on the eukaryotic cell and the DNA virus. Phagemids are a specific example of beneficial vectors because they can be used either as plasmids or a bacteriophage vectors. Examples of other vectors include viruses such as bacteriiophages, baculoviruses and retroviruses, DNA viruses, liposomes and other recombination vectors. Vectors can be constructed by those skilled in the art to contain all the expression elements required to achieve the desired transcription of the antisense oligonucleotide sequences. Therefore, the invention provides vectors comprising a transcription control sequence operatively linked to a sequence which encodes an antisense oligonucleotide. Suitable transcription and translation elements may be derived from a variety of sources, including bacterial, fungal, viral, mammalian or insect genes. Selection of appropriate elements is dependent on the host cell chosen. Reporter genes may be included in the vector. Suitable reporter genes include β-galactosidase (e.g. lacZ), chloramphenicol, acetyl-transf erase, firefly luciferase, or an immunoglobulin or portion thereof. Transcription of the antisense oligonucleotide may be monitored by monitoring for the expression of the reporter gene. The vectors can be introduced into cells or tissues by any one of a variety of known methods within the art. Such methods can be found generally described in Sambrook et al. 18 ; Ausubel et al. 19 ; Chang et al. 20 ; Vega et al. 21 ; and Vectors: A Survey of Molecular Cloning Vectors and Their Uses 22 and include, for example, stable or transient transfection, lipofection, electroporation and infection with recombinant viral vectors. Introduction of nucleic acids by infection offers several advantages. Higher efficiency and specificity for tissue type can be obtained. Viruses typically infect and propagate in specific cell types. Thus, the virus' specificity may be used to target the vector to specific cell types in vivo or within a tissue or mixed culture of cells. Viral vectors can also be modified with specific receptors or ligands to alter target specificity through receptor mediated events. Pharmaceutical Formulations When employed as pharmaceuticals, the antisense oligonucleotides are usually administered in the form of pharmaceutical compositions. These compounds can be administered by a variety of routes including oral, rectal, transdermal, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, and intranasal. These compounds are effective as both injectable and oral compositions. Such compositions are prepared in a manner well known in the pharmaceutical art and comprise at least one active compound. This invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions which contain, as the active ingredient, one or more of the antisense oligonucleotides associated with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. In making the compositions of this invention, the active ingredient is usually mixed with an excipient, diluted by an excipient or enclosed within such a carrier which can be in the form of a capsule, sachet, paper or other container. When the excipient serves as a diluent, it can be a solid, semi-solid, or liquid material, which acts as a vehicle, carrier or medium for the active ingredient. Thus, the compositions can be in the form of tablets, pills, powders, lozenges, sachets, cachets, elixirs, suspensions, emulsions, solutions, syrups, aerosols (as a solid or in a liquid medium), ointments containing, for example, up to 10% by weight of the active compound, soft and hard gelatin capsules, suppositories, sterile injectable solutions, and sterile packaged powders. In preparing a formulation, it may be necessary to mill the active compound to provide the appropriate particle size prior to combining with the other ingredients. If the active compound is substantially insoluble, it ordinarily is milled to a particle size of less than 200 mesh. If the active compound is substantially water soluble, the particle size is normally adjusted by milling to provide a substantially uniform distribution in the formulation, e.g. about 40 mesh. Some examples of suitable excipients include lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, starches, gum acacia, calcium phosphate, alginates, tragacanth, gelatin, calcium silicate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose, sterile water, syrup, and methyl cellulose. The formulations can additionally include: lubricating agents such as talc, magnesium stearate, and mineral oil; wetting agents; emulsifying and suspending agents; preserving agents such as methyl- and propylhydroxy-benzoates; sweetening agents; and flavoring agents. The compositions of the invention can be formulated so as to provide quick, sustained or delayed release of the active ingredient after administration to the patient by employing procedures known in the art. The compositions are preferably formulated in a unit dosage form, each dosage containing from about 5 to about 100 mg, more usually about 10 to about 30 mg, of the active ingredient. The term "unit dosage forms" refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosages for human subjects and other mammals, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active material calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect, in association with a suitable pharmaceutical excipient. Preferably, the antisense oligonucleotide is employed at no more than about 20 weight percent of the pharmaceutical composition, more preferably no more than about 15 weight percent, with the balance being pharmaceutically inert carrier(s). The antisense oligonucleotide is effective over a wide dosage range and is generally admimstered in a pharmaceutically effective amount. It, will be understood, however, that the amount of the antisense oligonucleotide actually administered will be determined by a physician, in the light of the relevant circumstances, including the condition to be treated, the chosen route of administration, the actual compound administered, the age, weight, and response of the individual patient, the severity of the patient's symptoms, and the like. For preparing solid compositions such as tablets, the principal active ingredient/antisense oligonucleotide is mixed with a pharmaceutical excipient to form a solid preformulation composition containing a homogeneous mixture of a compound of the present invention. When referring to these preformulation compositions as homogeneous, it is meant that the active ingredient is dispersed evenly throughout the composition so that the composition may be readily subdivided into equally effective unit dosage forms such as tablets, pills and capsules. This solid preformulation is then subdivided into unit dosage forms of the type described above containing from, for example, 0.1 to about 500 mg of the active ingredient of the present invention. The tablets or pills of the present invention may be coated or otherwise compounded to provide a dosage form affording the advantage of prolonged action. For example, the tablet or pill can comprise an inner dosage and an outer dosage component, the latter being in the form of an envelope over the former. The two components can be separated by an enteric layer which serves to resist disintegration in the stomach and permit the inner component to pass intact into the duodenum or to be delayed in release. A variety of materials can be used for such enteric layers or coatings, such materials including a number of polymeric acids and mixtures of polymeric acids with such materials as shellac, cetyl alcohol, and cellulose acetate. The liquid forms in which the novel compositions of the present invention may be incorporated for administration orally or by injection include aqueous solutions, suitably flavored syrups, aqueous or oil suspensions, and flavored emulsions with edible oils such as corn oil, cottonseed oil, sesame oil, coconut oil, or peanut oil, as well as elixirs and similar pharmaceutical vehicles. Compositions for inhalation or insufflation include solutions and suspensions in pharmaceutically acceptable, aqueous or organic solvents, or mixtures thereof, and powders. The liquid or solid compositions may contain suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients as described supra. Preferably the compositions are administered by the oral or nasal respiratory route for local or systemic effect. Compositions in preferably pharmaceutically acceptable solvents may be nebulized by use of inert gases. Nebulized solutions may be inhaled directly from the nebulizing device or the nebulizing device may be attached to a face mask tent, or intermittent positive pressure breathing machine. Solution, suspension, or powder compositions may be administered, preferably orally or nasally, from devices which deliver the formulation in an appropriate manner. The following formulation examples illustrate representative pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. Formulation Example 1 Hard gelatin capsules containing the following ingredients are prepared: Quantity Ingredient (mg/papsule) Active Ingredient 30.0 Starch 305.0 Magnesium stearate 5.0 The above ingredients are mixed and filled into hard gelatin capsules in 340 mg quantities. Formulation Example 2 A tablet formula is prepared using the ingredients below: Quantity Ingredient (mg/tablet) Active Ingredient 25.0 Cellulose, microcrystalline 200.0 Colloidal silicon dioxide 10.0 Stearic acid 5.0 The components are blended and compressed to form tablets, each weighing 240 mg. Formulation Example 3 A dry powder inhaler formulation is prepared containing the following components: Ingredient Weight % Active Ingredient 5 Lactose 95 The active ingredient is mixed with the lactose and the mixture is added to a dry powder inhaling appliance. Formulation Example 4 Tablets, each containing 30 mg of active ingredient, are prepared as follows: Quantity Ingredient (mg/tablet) Active Ingredient 30.0 mg Starch 45.0 mg Microcrystalline cellulose 35.0 mg Polyvinylpyrrolidone (as 10% solution in sterile water) 4.0 mg Sodium carboxymethyl starch 4.5 mg Magnesium stearate 0.5 mg Talc 1.0 mg Total 120 mg The active ingredient, starch and cellulose are passed through a No. 20 mesh U.S. sieve and mixed thoroughly. The solution of polyvinylpyrrolidone is mixed with the resultant powders, which are then passed through a 16 mesh U.S. sieve. The granules so produced are dried at 50° to 60 °C and passed through a 16 mesh U.S. sieve. The sodium carboxymethyl starch, magnesium stearate, and talc, previously passed through a No. 30 mesh U.S. sieve, are then added to the granules which, after mixing, are compressed on a tablet machine to yield tablets each weighing 120 mg. Formulation Example 5 Capsules, each containing 40 mg of medicament are made as follows: Quantity Ingredient (mg/capsule) Active Ingredient 40.0 mg Starch 109.0 mg Magnesium stearate 1.0 mg Total 150.0 mg The active ingredient, starch, and magnesium stearate are blended, passed through a No. 20 mesh U.S. sieve, and filled into hard gelatin capsules in 150 mg quantities. Formulation Example 6 Suppositories, each containing 25 mg of active ingredient are made as follows: Ingredient Amount Active Ingredient 25 mg Saturated fatty acid glycerides to 2,000 mg The active ingredient is passed through a No. 60 mesh U.S. sieve and suspended in the saturated fatty acid glycerides previously melted using the minimum heat necessary. The mixture is then poured into a suppository mold of nominal 2.0 g capacity and allowed to cool. Formulation Example 7 Suspensions, each containing 50 mg of medicament per 5.0 mL dose are made as follows: Ingredient Amount Active Ingredient 50.0 mg Xanthan gum 4.0 mg Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (11 %) Microcrystalline cellulose (89%) 50.0 mg Sucrose 1.75 g Sodium benzoate 10.0 mg Flavor and Color q.v. Purified water to 5.0 mL The active ingredient, sucrose and xanthan gum are blended, passed through a No. 10 mesh U.S. sieve, and then mixed with a previously made solution of the microcrystalline cellulose and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose in water. The sodium benzoate, flavor, and color are diluted with some of the water and added with stirring. Sufficient water is then added to produce the required volume. Formulation Example 8 Quantity Ingredient (mg/capsule) Active Ingredient 15.0 mg Starch 407.0 mg Magnesium stearate 3.0 mg Total 425.0 mg The active ingredient, starch, and magnesium stearate are blended, passed through a No. 20 mesh U.S. sieve, and filled into hard gelatin capsules in 425.0 mg quantities. Formulation Example 9 A formulation may be prepared as follows: Ingredient Quantity Active Ingredient 5.0 mg Corn Oil l.O mL Formulation Example 10 A topical formulation may be prepared as follows: Ingredient Quantity Active Ingredient 1-10 g Emulsifying Wax 30 g Liquid Paraffin 20 g White Soft Paraffin to 100 g The white soft paraffin is heated until molten. The liquid paraffin and emulsifying wax are incorporated and stirred until dissolved. The active ingredient is added and stirring is continued until dispersed. The mixture is then cooled until solid. Another preferred formulation employed in the methods of the present invention employs transdermal delivery devices ("patches"). Such transdermal patches may be used to provide continuous or discontinuous infusion of the antisense oligonucleotides of the present invention in controlled amounts. The construction and use of transdermal patches for the delivery of pharmaceutical agents is well known in the art. See, for example, U.S. Patent 5,023,252 23 , herein incorporated by reference. Such patches may be constructed for continuous, pulsatile, or on demand delivery of pharmaceutical agents. Another preferred method of delivery involves "shotgun" delivery of the naked antisense oligonucleotides across the dermal layer. The delivery of "naked" antisense oligonucleotides is well known in the art. See, for example, Feigner et al.,U.S. Patent No. 5,580,859 24 . It is contemplated that the antisense oligonucleotides may be packaged in a lipid vesicle before "shotgun" delivery of the antisense oligonucleotide. Frequently, it will be desirable or necessary to introduce the pharmaceutical composition to the brain, either directly or indirectly. Direct techniques usually involve placement of a drug delivery catheter into the host's ventricular system to bypass the blood-brain barrier. One such implantable delivery system used for the transport of biological factors to specific anatomical regions of the body is described in U.S. Patent 5,011,472 25 which is herein incorporated by reference. Indirect techniques, which are generally preferred, usually involve formulating the compositions to provide for drag latentiation by the conversion of hydrophilic drags into lipid-soluble drags. Latentiation is generally achieved through blocking of the hydroxy, carbonyl, sulfate, and primary amine groups present on the drag to render the drag more lipid soluble and amenable to transportation across the blood-brain barrier. Alternatively, the delivery of hydrophilic drags may be enhanced by intra-arterial infusion of hypertonic solutions which can transiently open the blood-brain barrier. Other suitable formulations for use in the present invention can be found in Remington 's Pharmaceutical Sciences 26 . The antisense oligonucleotides or the pharmaceutical composition comprising the antisense oligonucleotides may be packaged into convenient kits providing the necessary materials packaged into suitable containers. Utility The antisense oligonucleotides of the present invention may be used for a variety of purposes. They may be used to inhibit the expression of the ribonucleotide reductase gene in a microorganism, resulting in the inhibition of growth of that microorganism. They may be used to inhibit the expression of the secA gene in a microorganism, resulting in the inhibition of growth of that microorganism. The oligonucleotides may be used as hybridization probes to detect the presence of the ribonucleotide reductase gene or the sec A gene in the microorganism. When so used the oligonucleotides may be labeled with a suitable detectable group (a radioisotope, a ligand, another member of a specific binding pair, for example, biotin). The oligonucleotides may also be used to determine the presence of a particular microorganism in a biological sample. Finally, the oligonucleotides may be used as molecular wight markers. In order to further illustrate the present invention and advantages thereof, the following specific examples are given but are not meant to limit the scope of the claims in any way. EXAMPLES In the examples below, all temperatures are in degrees Celsius (unless otherwise indicated) and all percentages are weight percentages (also unless otherwise indicated). In the examples below, the following abbreviations have the following meanings. If an abbreviation is not defined, it has its generally accepted meaning: μM = micromolar mM = millimolar M = molar ml = milliliter μl = microliter mg = milligram μg = microgram IPTG = isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside PAGE = polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis PVDF = polyvinylidene difluoride rpm = revolutions per minute OD = optical density CFU = colony forming units ΔG = free energy, a measurement of oligonucleotide duplex stability kcal = kilocalories General Methods in Molecular Biology: Standard molecular biology techniques known in the art and not specifically described were generally followed as in Sambrook et al. 18 ; Ausubel et al. 19 ; and Perbal 27 . The antisense oligonucleotides in Tables 1, 2 and 3 were selected from the sequence complementary to the ribonucletide reductase or secA genes of E. coli such that the sequence exhibited the least likelihood of showing one or more of duplex formation, hair-pin formation, and homooligomer/sequence repeats but had a high to moderate potential to bind to the ribonucleotide reductase gene or the secA gene sequence. These properties were determined using the computer modeling program OLIGO Primer Analysis Software, Version 5.0 (distributed by National Biosciences, Inc., Plymouth, MN). The antisense oligonucleotides in Table 4 were selected on the basis that the sequence is highly conserved for the secA genes between two or more microbial species. This property was determined using the BLASTN program (Altschul, et al. 16 ) of the University of Wisconsin Computer group (GCG) software (Devereux J. et al. 17 ) with the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) databases Phosphorothioate oligonucleotides comprising the desired sequences were specially ordered either from Boston BioSy stems, Bedford MA; Canadian Life Technologies, Burlington, Canada; Dalton Chemical Laboratories, Inc., North York, Canada; Hybridon, Inc., Milford Ma; Oligos Etc., or Oligos Therapeutics, Inc. , Wilsonvill OR; or TriLink Bio Technologies, San Diego, CA. Antisense oligonucleotides may also be made by methods known in the art. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out generally as in PCR Protocols: A Guide To Methods And Applications 2 *. Example 1 : Inhibition of mouse ribonucleotide reductase small subunit (R2) expression in Escherichia coli by antisense oligonucleotide AS-II-626-20 Competent BL21 (DE3) cells carrying a plasmid containing the mouse ribonucleotide reductase R2 gene were used. (Mann et al. 34 ) The antisense oligonucleotide, AS-II-626-20, GGCTAAATCGCTCCACCAAG [SEQ ID NO:266] is specifically complementary to the mouse ribonucleotide reductase R2 gene. Approximately 10 10 bacteria/ml were electroporated using a Cell Porator (Gibco BRL, Burlington, Canada) in micro electro-chambers (0.4 cm between the electrodes) at a pulse of 2.4 kV, 4 kΩ with either 20 μM or 200 μM of antisense oligonucleotide AS- 11-626-20, following methods described by the manufacturer (Dower W. J. 29 ; Neuman et; and Taketo, A. 31 ). Control populations were subjected to electroporation but without the antisense oligonucleotide AS-II-626-20. The bacterial cells were then transferred to Luria-Bertani broth (Miller J.H. 32 ) containing 50 μg/ml of ampicillin and 0.4 mM of isopropyl β-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG) (expression inducer) (Horwitz J.P. 33 ) to grow at 30°C on a shaker at 250 rotations per minute (rpm) for 5 hours. The cells were harvested by centrifugation and treated with 2 x sample loading buffer (100 mM Tris[hydroxymethy aminomethane, pH 6.8, 200 mM dithiothrietol, 4% sodium dodecyl sulfate, 20% glycerol and 0.015% bromophenol blue) and sonicated (Olsvik, et al. 35 ) for 15 seconds. The superaatants were resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) (Laemmli U.K. 36 ). The ribonucleotide reductase R2 expression was detected by Western blot. The protein gel was blotted onto polyvinylidene difuoride (PVDF) protein sequencing membrane. (Choy et al. 37 ). The presence of the mouse ribonucleotide reductase was detected with a rabbit anti-mouse R2 subunit antibody (Chan et al. 39 ). The presence of the antibody bound to the ribonucleotide reducatase was detected using a second goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin linked with horseradish peroxidase (Amersham Life Sciences, Oakville Canada). The upper panel of Figure 14 is a photograph of the Western Blot results. The lower panel of Figure 14 is a photograph of the membrane stained with India ink to indicate the level of protein loaded in each lane. It is clear that administration of either 20 μM or 200 μM AS-II-626-20 resulted in a marked reduction of mouse ribonucleotide reductase gene expression in the E. coli cells. Example 2: Inhibition of bacteria Escherichia coli K12 growth by antisense oligonucleotides ER1-169 and ER2-724 targeting E. coli ribonucleotide reductase large subunit (Rl and small subunit (R2) E. coli cells were electroporated by the method set forth in Example 1 with ER1-169 [SEQ ID NO:22] or ER2-724 [SEQ ID NO: 145] at the concentrations shown in Figure 15, while the control cells received oligonucleotide AS-II-626-20 [SEQ ID NO: ] (targeting mouse ribonucleotide reductase small subunit). The E. coli cells were then transferred to fresh Luria-Bertani broth (Miller J.H. 32 ) to grow at 30°C on a shaker at 250 rpm for 3 hours. The flasks for the test and the control each contained the same number of bacteria per ml at the start of the experiment. The optical density at 590 ran (OD 590 ) of the cultures was measured at the start and at the end of the 3 hours. The inhibition of E. coli growth was calculated by comparing the increase in OD 590 values at the start and the end of the 3 hours of the oligonucleotide-treated cultures to the increase of the control cultures at the start and at the end of the 3 hours. (Carpentier P.L. 40 ) The results indicate that ER1-169 [SEQ ID NO:22] and ER2-724 [SEQ ID NO: 145] inhibited the growth of E. coli. Example 3: Killing of Escherichia coli K12 by antisense oligonucleotides targeting the ribonucleotide reductase large subunit (R or the small subunit (R2 E. coli cells (approximately 2 x 10 9 were incubated with 20 μM of each of the phosphorothioate oligonucleotides set forth in Figure 12 on ice for 45 minutes. A control without oligonucleotides was also incubated for each experiment. Cells were heat shocked by placing them in a 42° C bath for 45 seconds. (Sambrook J. et al. 18 ) Luria-Bertani (LB) broth (Miller J.H. 32 ) was added and the samples were incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes. Dilutions of treated and untreated bacteria were incubated overnight at 37°C on culture plates containing LB medium, and the number of colonies was counted. The number of killed bacteria was calculated by subtracting the surviving colony forming units (CFU/ml) of the oligonucleotide-treated bacteria from the CFU/ml of the control. Figure 16 shows the number of bacteria killed by treatment with the antisense sequences: ERl-640 [SEQ ID NO:43]; ERl-1059 [SEQ ID NO:62]; ER1-1320 [SEQ ID NO:75]; ER1-1315 [SEQ ID NO:74]; ERM326 [SEQ ID NO:76]; ER2-704 [SEQ ID NO: 143] and ER2-983 [SEQ ID NO: 152]. The results from Figure 16 show that antisense oligonucleotides complementary to either the Rl or R2 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase are effective as anti-bacterial agents. Example 4: Inhibition of the sec A protein expression in Escherichia coli following treatment with antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides E. coli cells were heat shock transformed by the method set forth in Example 3 above with the 80 μM of each of the antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides set forth in Figure 17. Luria-Bertani broth was then added to the treated E. coli cells and they were allowed to grow at 30° C on a shaker at 250 rpm for 3 hours. Approximately the same quantity of treated and untreated bacteria, based on optical density, were washed in phosphate buffered saline, suspended in 2X Laemmli sample buffer (Laemmli U.K. 36 ), heated for 5 minutes at 95°C and subjected to SDS- PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis). The gel was blotted onto polyvinylidene difluoride protein sequencing membrane by the methods set forth in Example 1. A rabbit polyclonal SecA antiseram (der Blaauwen et al. 6 ) was used to detect the expression of the E. coli sec A gene. The presence of bound rabbit antibody was detected using a goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin (Amersham Life Sciences, Oakville, Canada). Figure 17 is a photograph of the Western Blot of E. coli cells treated with oligonucleotides ES799 [SEQ ID NO: 195] (lane 1); ES1845 [SEQ ID NO:235] (lane 2); and the control (lane 3). When compared to the control, lane 3, the ES799 [SEQ ID NO: 195] and ES1845 [SEQ ID NO:235] oligonucleotides clearly decreased the SecA protein levels in the treated E. coli cells. The top band in the Figure 17 represents SecA. Non-specific background bands appear below the SecA protein band. It has been found that the antisense oligonucleotides are effective inhibitors of SecA expression in E. coli. Example 5: Killing of Escherichia coli K12 by antisense secA oligonucleotides E. coli cells were heat shock transformed by the method described in Example 3 above with either 100 μM or 20 μM of the antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides set forth in Figures 18a and 18b Luria-Bertani (LB) broth (Miller J.H. 32 ) was added and the bacterial samples were incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes. Dilutions of treated and untreated bacteria were incubated overnight at 37 °C on culture plates containing LB medium, and the number of colonies was counted. The number of killed bacteria was calculated by subtracting the surviving colony forming units (CFU/ml) of the oligonucleotide-treated bacteria from the CFU/ml of the control. Figures 18a and 18b show the number of bacteria killed by treatment with the various antisense sequences. Accordingly, antisense oligonucleotides complementary to the secA gene act to inhibit the growth of E. coli. Example 6: Effect of antisense oligonucleotides on Escherichia coli K12 growth E. coli cells were heat shock transformed by the method described in Example 3 with either 16 μM, 20 μM or 80 μM of each of the antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides set forth in Figures 19a-g. Equal numbers of the treated E. coli cells were then transferred to flasks containing fresh Luria-Bertani broth to grow at 30°C on a shaker at 250 rpm. The number of bacteria per flask was determined by the turbidity of the cultures at OD 620 taken each hour (Carpentier P.L. 40 ). Figures 19a-g show the rate of growth of the E. coli in each of the flasks after treatment with the various oligonucleotides. When growth curves of the treated and untreated cultures were statistically analyzed, the growth of the antisense treated cultures was found to be significantly inhibited when compared to the control cultures. The statistical p values are found in the Figures.

Claims: Claims: 1. An antisense oligonucleotide which is nuclease resistant and comprises from about 3 to about 50 nucleotides, which nucleotides are complementary to the ribonucleotide reductase gene or the sec A gene of a microorganism. 2. The oligonucleotide of Claim 1 comprising one or more phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages. 3. An antisense oligonucleotide comprising from about 3 to about 50 nucleotides which is capable of binding to the ribonucleotide reductase gene or the sec A gene of a microorganism, wherein the oligonucleotide comprises all or part of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 22; SEQ ID NO: 43; SEQ ID NO:62; SEQ ID NO:74; SEQ ID NO:75; SEQ ID NO:76; SEQ ID NO: 143; SEQ ID NO: 145; SEQ ID NO: 152; SEQ ID NO: 164; SEQ ID NO: 176; SEQ ID NO: 186; SEQ ID NO: 188; SEQ ID NO: 189; SEQ ID NO: 191 ; SEQ ID NO: 192; SEQ ID NO: 195; SEQ ID NO: 197; SEQ ID NO:206; SEQ ID NO:212; SEQ ID NO:220; SEQ ID NO:229; SEQ ID NO:235; SEQ ID NO:254; SEQ ID NO:261; SEQ ID NO:262; SEQ ID NO:263; SEQ ID NO:264; and SEQ ID NO:265. 4. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and an effective amount of an oligonucleotide which is nuclease resistant and comprises from about 3 to about 50 nucleotides, which nucleotides are complementary to the ribonucleotide reductase gene or the secA gene of a microorganism. 5. The pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and an effective amount of an oligonucleotide comprising from about 3 to about 50 nucleotides which is capable of binding to the ribonucleotide reductase gene or the sec A gene of a microorgamsm, wherein the oligonucleotide comprises all or part of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 22; SEQ ID NO: 43; SEQ ID NO:62; SEQ ID NO:74; SEQ ID NO:75; SEQ ID NO:76; SEQ ID NO: 143; SEQ ID NO: 145; SEQ ID NO: 152; SEQ ID NO: 164; SEQ ID NO: 176; SEQ ID NO: 186; SEQ ID NO: 188; SEQ ID NO: 189; SEQ ID NO: 191; SEQ ID NO: 192; SEQ ID NO: 195; SEQ ID NO: 197; SEQ ID NO:206; SEQ ID NO:212; SEQ ID NO:220; SEQ ID NO:229; SEQ ID NO:235; SEQ ID NO:254; SEQ ID NO:261; SEQ ID NO:262; SEQ ID NO:263; SEQ ID NO:264; and SEQ ID NO:265. 6. A method of inhibiting the expression of a ribonucleotide reductase gene in a microorganism having a ribonucleotide reductase gene, comprising administering to said microorganism or to a cell infected with said microorganism an effective amount of an antisense oligonucleotide comprising from at least about 3 nucleotides which are complementary to the ribonucleotide reductase gene of the microorgamsm under conditions such that the expression of the ribonucleotide reductase gene is inhibited. 7. The method according to Claim 6, wherein said microorganism is a bacterial cell. 8. The method according to Claim 6, wherein said microorganism is a virus. 9. The method according to Claim 6 wherein the antisense oligonucleotide comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 22; SEQ ID NO:43; SEQ ID NO:62; SEQ ID NO:74; SEQ ID NO:75; SEQ ID NO:76; SEQ ID NO: 143; SEQ ID NO: 145; and SEQ ID NO: 152. 10. A method of inhibiting the expression of the sec A gene in a microorganism having a sec A gene, comprising administering to said microorgamsm an effective amount of an antisense oligonucleotide comprising from at least about 3 nucleotides which are complementary to the secA gene of the microorganism under conditions such that the sec A gene is inhibited. 11. The method according to Claim 10, wherein said microorgamsm is a bacterial cell. 12. The method according to Claim 11 wherein the antisense oligonucleotide comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 164; SEQ ID NO: 176; SEQ ID NO: 186; SEQ ID NO: 188; SEQ ID NO: 189; SEQ ID NO: 191; SEQ ID NO: 192; SEQ ID NO: 195; SEQ ID NO: 197; SEQ ID NO:206; SEQ ID NO:212; SEQ ID NO:220; SEQ ID NO:229; SEQ ID NO:235; SEQ ID NO:254; SEQ ID NO:261; SEQ ID NO:262; SEQ ID NO:263; SEQ ID NO:264; and SEQ ID NO:265. 13. A method of inhibiting the growth of a microorganism having a ribonucleotide reductase gene or a sec A gene, which method comprises identifying the microorganism and admimstering to said microorganism an effective amount of an antisense oligonucleotide comprising from at least about 3 nucleotides which are complementary to either the ribonucleotide reductase gene or the sec A gene of the microorganism under conditions whereby the growth of the microorganism is inhibited. 14. The method according to Claim 13, wherein said microorganism is a bacterial cell. 15. The method according to Claim 13, wherein said microorganism is a virus. 16. The method according to Claim 13 wherein the antisense oligonucleotide comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 22; SEQ ID NO:43; SEQ ID NO:62; SEQ ID NO:74; SEQ ID NO:75; SEQ ID NO:76; SEQ ID NO: 143; SEQ ID NO: 145; SEQ ID NO: 152; SEQ ID NO: 164; SEQ ID NO: 176; SEQ ID NO: 186; SEQ ID NO: 188; SEQ ID NO: 189; SEQ ID NO: 191; SEQ ID NO: 192; SEQ ID NO: 195; SEQ ID NO: 197; SEQ ID NO:206; SEQ ID NO:212; SEQ ID NO:220; SEQ ID NO:229; SEQ ID NO:235; SEQ ID NO:254; SEQ ID NO:261; SEQ ID NO:262; SEQ ID NO:263; SEQ ID NO:264; and SEQ ID NO:265. 17. A method for treating a mammalian pathologic condition mediated by microorganisms, which method comprises identifying a mammal having a pathologic condition mediated by microorganisms having a ribonucleotide reductase gene or a secA gene and administering to said mammal an effective amount of an antisense oligonucleotide comprising at least about 3 nucleotides which are complementary to either the ribonucleotide reductase gene or the secA gene of the microorganism under conditions such that the growth of the microorgamsm is inhibited.

Inventors: DUGOURD DOMINIQUE, WRIGHT JIM A, YOUNG AIPING H, DUGOURD, DOMINIQUE, WRIGHT, JIM, A., YOUNG, AIPING, H.
Applicants: DUGOURD DOMINIQUE, GENESENSE TECHNOLOGIES INC, WRIGHT JIM A, YOUNG AIPING H, DUGOURD, DOMINIQUE, GENESENSE TECHNOLOGIES, INC., WRIGHT, JIM, A., YOUNG, AIPING, H.
Application year: 1998
Main classification: C12N15
IPC codes: A61K31, A61K38, C12N15, C12Q1