Method and apparatus for correcting image distortion for a plasma display panel using minimum MPD distance code

Abstract: A plasma display device employs a minimum moving pixel distortion (MPD) set of codewords for reducing visually perceived artifacts viewed on a plasma display panel (PDP). The plasma display device includes a minimum MPD mapping process, which maps by, for example, a ROM look-up table, received pixel intensity values into intensity levels corresponding to selected ones of the set of codewords. By increasing the number of subfields (or rounding the least significant bits (LSBs) of the intensity pixels), redundant codewords that express pixel intensities can be generated based on the sustain pulse vector with predetermined constraints. An optimal set of codewords can be determined though (1) a random search; (2) an exhaustive search; (3) dynamic programming or (4) a genetic algorithm based search which minimizes the MPD distance. The mapped codewords are stored in a ROM lookup table as display data by a plasma display controller. The plasma display controller then provides the display data, line by line, to the plasma display panel (PDP) using a scan driver and a data driver. Once the display data is loaded into the PDP for an image, the plasma display controller enables the sustain pulse drivers to illuminate the addressed cells with the intended sustain pulse train encoded by the codeword.

Description: FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to plasma display device panels and, more particularly, to an apparatus and device for driving same employing a minimum moving pixel distortion (MPD) distance code. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Plasma display panels normally use a binary-coded light-emission-period (discharge period) scheme for displaying digital images with certain gray-scale depth. For a typical 6-bit panel (6 bit system), there are 2 6 =64 possible intensity or gray-scale levels. To translate each data bit into a proper light intensity value on the screen, one TV frame period is divided into 6 subfield periods corresponding to bit 0 through bit 5 of a binary-coded decimal pixel intensity. The number of light-emission pulses (sustain pulses) of each discharge period for a cell in the panel varies from 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 to 32 for subfields 1 to 6 respectively. Although this binary-coded scheme is adequate for displaying still images, annoying false contours (contour artifacts) may appear in the image when either a subject within the image moves, or viewer's eyes move relative to the subject. This phenomenon is termed moving pixel distortion (MPD). In order to address this problem, some systems employ MPD correction with equalization pulses. In this situation, the transition between subfields that may cause a contour artifact is detected and a light emission pulse is added or subtracted before the transition occurs. Other systems may employ a modified binary-coded light-emission method to scatter the contour artifacts. By increasing the number of subfields, for example, from 6 to 8 in a 6-bit panel, the method redistributes the length of the two largest light-emission blocks into four blocks with equal length (e.g., 16 + 32 = 12 + 12 + 12 +12). To retain the same total number of pulses as used in the traditional system, the number of sustain pulses included in each of these four newly formed blocks is 12 pulses. The contour artifacts that may appear in this modified system are scattered through the image. The result is a more uniform temporal emission achieved by randomly selecting one of the many choices which have the same number of pulses for a given pixel value. When randomization is done at each pixel level, however, the contour artifacts are transformed into moiré-like noise which, in some circumstances, may be a little bit less annoying to the viewer. This form of system only scatters the artifacts, it does not try to minimize them. European patent application no. 0 833 299 is published after the priority date of the present application and concerns a method for mitigating moving pixel distortion in a plasma display device by centering brighter subfields within the field interval. According to this method, MPD occurs with both positive (brightening) and negative (darkening) effects which balance to provide a more visually pleasing image. International application no WO 94/09473 concerns a method for mitigating moving pixel distortion in a digital micro-mirror display device by centering the darker subfields within the field interval. This method also produces moving pixel distortion that is both positive and negative. European patent application 0 766 222 relates to a method for analyzing the characteristics of a particular sub-field sequence that is used with a digital micro-mirror display device. The method forms differences between adjacent code values. Published French patent application no 2 740 253 concerns a method for driving a plasma display device which attempts to balance positive and negative moving pixel distortion by assigning the sub-fields having the greatest illumination to the central portion of the field time. European patent application 0 874 348 is published after the priority date of the present application and relates to a method for driving a plasma display panel that adjusts the duty cycle of the line drivers used to activate the columns of the display device by assigning different codes that produce the same illumination level to respective pixels in a single image. This method uses multiple codes that produce the same illumination level. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION . The present invention relates to an apparatus for displaying a sequence of video image frames on a display device, wherein a plurality of subfield periods are defined for each video image frame, each of the subfield periods has a respective illumination level which is applied to the display device, and each video image frame includes a plurality of picture elements (pixels), each pixel being displayed at a respective pixel position on the display device and each pixel having a respective intensity value of a set of intensity values. The apparatus includes a mapping means for mapping the intensity value of each respective pixel into a respective one of a set of minimum MPD codes, wherein at least one combination of subfield periods and respective illumination levels are defined for each one of the set of intensity values to form the set of minimum moving pixel distortion (MPD) codes so as to minimize moving pixel distortion on the display device between successive frames. The apparatus also includes a plasma display means for displaying the sequence of video image frames by using, for each pixel, the respective combination of subfield periods and respective illumination levels produced by mapping each pixel intensity value into the respective defined one of minimum MPD codes. Moreover, the present invention is related to a method of displaying a sequence of video mage frames as defined in claim 1 and to a method of forming a set of codewords from a sustain pulse vector as defined in claim 2. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS These and other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein: Figure 1, consisting of Figures 1A and 1B, are high level diagrams of a simplified 8-bit plasma display as is employed in one embodiment according to the present invention. Figure 2A (Prior Art) is a side plan view of a single cell of a plasma display device which illustrates a cell arrangement of a three electrode surface discharge alternating current PDP as is used in an exemplary embodiment according to the present invention. Figure 2B (Prior Art) is a partial top plan view of a plasma display which illustrates an M X N cell matrix of cells as illustrated in Figure 2a. Figure 3 is a timing diagram which illustrates timing of a conventional PDP driving method employing binary codewords to achieve 64 intensity levels as is known in the prior art. Figure 4A illustrates a timing diagram for a subfield discharge operation for an exemplary self-erase addressing method. Figure 4B illustrates a timing diagram for a subfield discharge operation for an exemplary selective write addressing method. Figure 4C illustrates an alternative timing diagram for a subfield discharge operation for an exemplary selective write addressing method. Figure 5 illustrates an average MPD distance property for a set of exemplary codewords given in Table 1. Figure 6 is a graph illustrating a difference in MPD distance for two sets of codewords chosen from Appendix A. Figure 7 is a graph illustrating an optimal set of codewords for a sustain pulse vector determined to have minimal MPD distances. Figure 8 shows a "close up" exemplary subfields' waveform integrated by visual perception for a ramp input signal using a MPD code with and without a weighting vector. DETAILED DESCRIPTION General Description of Plasma Display Device Figure 1, consisting of Figures 1A and 1B, are simplified block diagrams of a plasma display device as is employed in one embodiment of the present invention. As shown, the plasma display device includes Intensity Mapping Processor 102, Plasma Display Controller 104, Frame Memory 106, Clock and Synchronization Generator 108 and Plasma Display Unit 110. The Intensity Mapping Processor 102 receives, pixel by pixel, digital video input data for a line, pixel by pixel, of a video image frame. The image frame may be of progressive format. For color images, the video input data for each pixel may consist of a Red intensity value, a Green intensity value and a Blue intensity value. For the sake of simplification, the following discussion only assumes one grey scale intensity value is being used. The Intensity Mapping Processor 102 includes, for example, a look-up table or mapping table that translates the pixel intensity value to one of a group of Intensity Levels. Each one of the group of Intensity Levels is defined by a binary codeword. If a binary codeword with eight bits is used to represent these intensity levels, up to 256 intensity levels may be provided, however, the NTSC standard, for example, requires 64 or more intensity levels. The Intensity Mapping Processor 102 may also include an optional inverse Gamma Correction sub-processor which corrects the intensity value for the visually perceived transfer characteristics of the Plasma Display. The Frame Memory 106 stores Display Data which is the intensity level for each pixel of a scan line for each line of an frame and a corresponding address for the Plasma Display Unit 110 determined by the Plasma Display Controller 104. The Plasma Display Unit 110 further includes a Plasma Display Panel (PDP) 130, an Addressing/Data Electrode Driver 132, Scan Line Driver 134, and Sustain Pulse Driver 136. The PDP 130 is a display screen formed using a matrix of display cells, each cell corresponding to a pixel value to be displayed. The PDP 130 is shown in more detail in Figure 2a and 2b. Figure 2a illustrates an arrangement of a three electrode surface discharge alternating current PDP 130. Figure 2b shows the matrix formed by M X N cells. As shown in Figure 2a, numeral 1 is a front glass substrate, 2 is a rear glass substrate, 3 is an addressing electrode, 4 is a wall, 5 is a fluorescent material deposited between the walls, 6 is a dielectric layer, and 7 and 8 are the X- and Y-electrodes which are maintenance electrodes. Light emission (by electrical discharge in the presence of the fluorescent material) is accomplished through application of Sustain Pulses (also known as sustain or maintenance discharges) between the X- and Y- electrodes. To select cells corresponding to display data, the addressing electrodes 3 corresponding to the cells are selected to cause a discharge to be deposited against the corresponding cell's Y-electrode. The walls 4 define the discharge space for a cell, and as shown in Figure 2b, the Y-electrodes are selected through the addressing electrodes 3, and the X-electrodes are connected together. The Addressing/Data Electrode Driver 132 (shown in Figure 1) receives the Display Data for each line of the scanned image from the Frame Memory 106. As shown, the exemplary embodiment includes Addressing/Data Electrode Driver 132 which may also include an Even Display Data Driver 150 for the even number scan lines of the image, and an Odd Display Data Driver 152 for the odd numbered scan lines of the image. By enabling the Addressing/Electrode Driver 132 to process even and odd scan lines separately, the time to retrieve and load data may be reduced. However, the present invention is not so limited, and a single Addressing/Data Electrode Driver 132 receiving even and odd scan lines sequentially may also be used. Display Data consists of each cell address corresponding to each pixel to be displayed, and the corresponding intensity level codeword (determined by the Intensity Mapping Processor 102). The Scan Line Driver 134, responsive to control signals from the Plasma Display Controller 104, is used to sequentially select each line of cells corresponding to the scanning line of the image to be displayed. The Scan Line Driver 134 works with the Addressing/Data Electrode Driver 132 to erase and prepare each cell for illumination by the Sustain Pulse Driver 136. The Sustain Pulse Driver 136 is used to provide the train of sustain pulses for maintenance discharge corresponding to the selected display data value. As shown previously, the X electrodes of the PDP are tied together. The Sustain Pulse Driver 136 applies sustain pulses for a period of time (maintenance discharge period) to all cells for all scan lines; however, only those cells will experience a maintenance discharge which have the Y-electrode addressed by the Addressing/Data Electrode Driver 132. The Plasma Display Controller 104 further includes a Display Data Controller 120, a Panel Driver Controller 122, Main Processor 126 and optional Field/Frame Interpolation Processor 124. The Plasma Display Controller 104 provides the general control functionality for the elements of the plasma display unit. The Main Processor 126 is a general purpose controller which administers various input/output functions of the Plasma Display Controller 104, calculates a cell address corresponding to the received pixel address, receives the mapped intensity levels of each received pixel, and stores these values in Frame Memory 106 for the current frame. The Main Processor 126 may also interface with the optional Field/Frame Interpolation Processor to convert stored fields into a single frame for display. The Display Data Controller 120 retrieves stored Display Data from the Frame Memory 106 and transfers the Display Data for a scan line to the Addressing/Data Electrode Driver 132 responsive to a drive timing clock signal from the Clock and Synchronization Generator 108. The Panel Driver Controller 122 determines the timing for selecting each scan line, and provides the timing data to the Scan Line Driver 134 in concert with the Display Data controller transferring the Display Data for the scan line to the Addressing/Data Electrode Driver 132. Once the Display Data is transferred, the Panel Driver Controller 122 enables the signal for the Y-electrodes for each scan line to ready the cell for the maintenance discharge. To facilitate an understanding of the method of the present invention, the use of binary codewords for representing intensity levels of the pixels as is known in the prior art is now described. Figure 3 illustrates the timing of a conventional PDP driving method employing binary codewords to achieve 64 intensity levels as is known in the prior art. The cell address and binary codeword value are stored in, and retrieved from, memory as Display Data. In Figure 3, an image frame is divided into 6 subfields SF1 through SF6. The number of sustain pulses of each maintenance discharge period for a cell in the panel varies from 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, to 32 for subfields 1 to 6 respectively. Other subfield orders are possible, such as 32, 16, 8, 4, 2 to 1. Each subfield has a corresponding defined bit 0 through bit 5. Each subfield is divided into an addressing period, having a write period W and a line sequential selection and erase period SL (corresponding to the address selection and erase discharge operation), and a discharge period, also known as a maintenance discharge period, S1 through S6 (corresponding to the maintenance discharge operation) in which sustain pulses are applied to the cell to emit light. As is shown, the ratio of the number of sustain pulses, T SUS (SFi), i= 1-6, for each of the discharge periods for this scheme is 1:2:4:8:16:32. To display an image, the required level of intensity for each of the pixels in the image on a line by line basis is determined by the Intensity Mapping Processor 102. The Plasma Display Controller 104 converts the pixel address into a cell address, and converts the intensity level into a binary codeword value. As described previously, the binary codeword value of the prior art is a 6 bit value, with each bit value enabling or disabling a corresponding one of the 6 subfields corresponding to bit 0 through bit 5. Then, for all of the display lines of the image, the corresponding cells of PDP 130 are sequentially selected for performing a subfield discharge operation. The subfield discharge operation consists of a write and erase discharge operation in which the addressing pulse is applied to the cell to enable writing data to the cell and to erase any existing wall charge in the cell, and a corresponding discharge operation in which the train of sustain pulses is applied to the cell to illuminate the pixel position and maintain wall charge. Figures 4A, 4B and 4C illustrate timing diagrams for the subfield discharge operation for the self-erase addressing method and the selective write addressing method, respectively. Each of these methods is described below. Referring to Figure 4A, an exemplary method of driving the PDP 130 as shown in Figure 2b employing the self-erase addressing method is shown. A positive write pulse having a voltage of Vw is applied to the X-electrodes 7. At the same time, one of the Y-electrodes 8 corresponding to the selected display line is set to a ground level GND, and the remaining Y-electrodes 8 corresponding to unselected display lines are set to a level of Vs. As a result, a voltage between the X-electrodes 7 and the Y-electrodes 8 of the selected display line becomes Vw, and a voltage between the X-electrodes 7 and the Y-electrodes 8 of the unselected display lines becomes Vw-Vs. These voltages are set as Vw > Vf (Vf is the firing voltage which starts the discharge and Vf > > Vw-Vs). Accordingly, all cells of the selected display line start to discharge. After the discharge, an alternating voltage of Vs is applied to the X-electrodes 7 and Y-electrodes 8. At each alteration, the accumulated wall charges are enhanced by the applied voltage, and therefore, the effective voltage of the wall charges exceeds the discharge start voltage Vf, to repeat the maintenance discharges. The cells to be erased in selected display line are first subjected to a single maintenance discharge to accumulate charge on the X electrodes 7 and Y-electrodes 8. Then, a positive addressing pulse having a voltage of Va is applied to the addressing electrodes 3 corresponding to the cells to be erased and the Y-electrodes 8 of the selected display line are set to Ground. The addressing pulse causes another single maintenance discharge of the selected display line which also causes an additional discharge between the addressing electrodes 3 and the Y-electrodes 8.. Then, if voltage Va is applied such that the accumulated wall charge in the Y-electrode exceeds the firing voltage Vf, the wall charges start a self-erase discharge once all external voltages are removed. In Figure 4B, the selective write addressing method writes all cells of a selected display line and then erases these cells. Thereafter, the method writes data to selected cells of the selected display line according to display data. In Figure 4C, the cells are driven with a separate addressing period and maintenance discharge periods. Given the plasma display device and display code scheme of the prior art, the occurrence of the contour artifact is predominantly noticed upon particular transitions between pixels. For example, if a 31 to 32 pixel intensity level transition occurs between two neighboring pixels (in either spatial or temporal direction), all the bits 0-4 except bit 5 are on for level 31 and all the bits 0-4 except bit 5 are off for level 32. Consequently this non-uniformly distributed pulse train across level 31 and 32 causes a spatial non-uniformity which is perceived by the viewer if there is relative motion between viewer and the displayed image scene. Therefore, a reduction of the spatial non-uniformity of the MPD disturbance is desirable to improve visual quality of the images displayed on the plasma display panel. The operation of the Plasma Display Device employing the minimum distance MPD codes of an exemplary embodiment according to the present invention is now described with reference to Figure 1. The Intensity mapping Processor 102 as used with the exemplary embodiment of the present invention may include a table used to. map the (decimal) pixel intensity to a MPD codeword. The PDP 130 as described . employs an 8-bit plasma display system to express a 6-bit intensity images in which minimum MPD distance codewords are used to redistribute the number of sustaining pulses for given discharge periods of the subfields. Alternatively, the PDP 130 may employ a 8-bit plasma display system to express 8-bit intensity images. In this case the two LSBs of a 8-bit pixel may be rounded to make up for two additional subfields. Error diffusion techniques may be used to improve the picture quality due to LSB rounding. Both rounding and error diffusion operations can be implemented in the mapping processor 102. Once the pixel intensities are mapped into the intensity level codewords, the Main Processor 126 receives the pixel address and the codeword for each pixel of a scan line. The Main Processor 126 determines the cell address of the PDP 130 which corresponds to the received pixel address, and then stores address and codeword for each pixel as Display Data in Frame Memory 106. The Main Processor then repeats this process for each scan line until the complete input frame is processed and stored in Frame Memory 106 as Display Data. For the present system, the described exemplary embodiment assumes that the complete image is loaded into the PDP 130 before "firing" (i.e. applying the sustain pulses for light emission). In this situation, the Plasma Display Controller 104 receives each line of the image from the Intensity Mapping Processor 102 until the complete frame is received, and performs any subsequent processing. Once the complete frame is available in Frame Memory 106 as Display Data, called a PDP image frame, the Plasma Display Controller 104 prepares the PDP image frame for display. Referring to Figure 1, the Display Data Controller 120 transfers the Display Data (DAT) to the Addressing/Data Electrode Driver 132 through signals (not shown) transfer clock (TCLK) and latching signal (Latch) according to the drive timing signal PDPCLK for the PDP 130 as generated by the Clock and Synchronization Generator 108. The Panel Driver Controller 122 determines from the PDPCLK signal timing to apply the high voltage waveform to the cells of the PDP 130. In addition, the Panel Driver Controller uses this timing to also provide scan data, SCANDAT, bit by bit according to transfer clock TCLK to turn on the Scan Drivers 134 for each line of the PDP 130. The Panel Driver Controller 122 also provides signals for turning ON and OFF the X-electrodes 7 using voltage signals Vs and Vw described previously. The Display Data Controller 120 generates addresses for reading out the Display Data from Frame Memory 106 synchronized to the high-voltage drive signals Vs and Vw for PDP 130. For the exemplary embodiment, the Display Data Controller 120 transfers the Display Data line by line, alternating the transfer to the Even Display Data Driver 150 and Odd Display Data Driver 152 respectively. Once the Display Data values for the PDP 130 are loaded for the first subfield period (SF1), the Display Data controller 120 begins driving the PDP 130 by generating a Vsync signal for the Sustain Pulse Drivers 136 to begin strobing the cells with maintenance discharge pulses for all lines concurrently. Other exemplary embodiments may strobe the lines sequentially, or alternatively by strobing the even lines first and then the odd lines. Once the first subfield period ends, the addressing period is repeated for the next subfield, although this may not require transferring Display Data from the Frame Memory 106, the Addressing/Data Electrode Driver 132, Panel Driver Controller 122, and Display Data Controller 120 repeat the loading process of the PDP 130 with the next subfield (SF2) display data value and repeat strobing the PDP 130 by the Sustain Pulse Drivers 136. This process repeats until all subfield periods are complete. Determination of Minimum MPD Distance Codes The present invention employs a set of codewords which are applied to each pixel in the image to substantially eliminate the contour artifacts as much as possible, instead of scattering them randomly in an image, as is employed by systems of the prior art. To quantitatively analyze the problem of MPD, a MPD distance is defined which measures the severity of a particular contour artifact for a transition. In general, large MPD distance is an indication of the presence of more distinctive contour artifacts existing in the perceived image. For an example according to the invention 6-bit panel with 6 subfields is expanded to include two more subfields. Accordingly, the affected data path is assumed to be expanded to 8 bits as well so as to be compatible with expanded subfields. However, one skilled in the art could easily extend this technique to other scenarios where m subfields have been expanded to m+n subfields (n> 0). If two more subfields are added to a panel with 6 subfields, the corresponding sustain pulse vector of equation (1) SP = [sp 1 sp 2 sp 3 sp 4 sp 5 sp 6 sp 7 sp 8 ] has to satisfy two conditions. The first condition is given by equation (2) : The second condition is that for every 6-bit intensity pixel x e [0, 63], . there exists at least one binary codeword B x = [b 7 b 6 b 5 b 4 b 3 b 2 b 1 b 0 ] such that equation (3) is true: x = [b 7 b 6 b 5 b 4 b 3 b 2 b 1 b 0 ]* SP T In equation (3), b i ∈ {0, 1} for (i = 0, i, ..., 7) and SP T is the transpose of the SP vector. For example, SP = [12 12 8 4 2 1 12 12] satisfies both conditions. Once SP is selected, the mapping from a 6-bit intensity pixel x to binary codewords under SP of equation (1) may then be determined, and the mapping is in general one-to-many depending on the number of additional subfields added. Appendix A shows such a mapping from x to its binary codewords under SP (i.e., [12 12 8 4 2 1 12 12] ). A criterion is needed to choose a codeword with smaller MPD to express x. The inventors have defined a MPD distance between pixel intensities i and j as a measure for the degree of a MPD artifact, which is given by equation (4): d mpd (B i , B j , SP) = |Bi-Bj| *SP T - | i-j | where B i and B j are the binary codewords of decimal pixel intensities i and j, respectively, under SP. For example, the binary codewords for 31 and 32 for a straight 6-bit panel (i.e., SP = [32 16 8 4 2 1]) are B i = [011111] and B j = [100000], respectively. Using eq.(4), the MPD distance between 31 and 32 is given by equation (5) : d mpd = [1 1 1 1 1 1]*[32 16 8 4 2 1] T - |31-32| =62 For a MPD distance of 62, which is the maximum of a 6-bit panel, transition between 31 and 32 will exhibit the strongest MPD in the perceived images. In contrast, for a transition between level 30 and 31 given by (6), d mpd = [0 0 0 0 0 1]* [32 16 8 4 2 1] T - |30-31|=0 there will be no MPD artifacts in this case. The exemplary embodiment according to the present invention reduces MPD by reducing MPD distances among all the possible pixel intensity transitions. To achieve this reduction, redundancy is added to the light-emission scheme. One exemplary method is to add two more subfields and redistribute the total number of sustain pulses in an optimal manner. Alternatively, one may use two subfields corresponding to the two LSBs as two redundant subfields when adding extra subfields to the existing panel is not feasible, at the expense of reducing the dynamic range of the original PDP panel. As can be seen from Table A, there are approximately 2.8x10 28 possible codeword sets for the given SP. Each codeword set has 64 codewords that could be used in the light-emission scheme to express any pixel intensity from 0 to 63. One method employed by the present invention may simply randomly choose a codeword set derived from a single SP. However, good and bad codewords in the MPD distance sense are selected without discrimination in the random selection scheme. For example, the following codeword set of Table 1 is randomly selected from Table A : Figure 5 illustrates an average MPD distance property for the exemplary codeword sets given in Table 1. The average MPD calculated based on equation (4) is defined in equation (7) where Δ = 1, 2, ..., 62. Referring to Figure 5, the average MPD distance peaks at Δ = li-jl = 9, which translates to the worst MPD artifacts (on average) occurring at level transition with pixel intensity distance of 9. The next step of the exemplary method accoprding to the present invention is to select the best codeword set from Table A with the minimum overall average MPD distance property. One exemplary method may be to simply compute and compare the overall average MPD distances with exhaustive or random search strategy. Figure 6 shows two typical search results and indicates that codeword set.II is better than codeword set I. Mathematically, one has to find a (binary) codeword set { B k } 63 / k =0 for pixel intensity from 0 to 63 such that equation (8) is minimized : Minimization of equation (8) can be carried out by numerical search techniques which are well known to one skilled in the art, and may be again, for example, (i) Exhaustive search; (ii) Random search; (iii) Genetic search; or iv) Dynamic programming. Therefore, for the exemplary embodiment according to the present invention, the overall average MPD artifacts at the lowest level possible given a sustain pulse vector SP can be found from a group of binary codewords such as the exemplary group in Appendix A. Since overall average minimum MPD distance found by applying equation (8) is limited by SP, another exemplary optimization method of the present invention involves a joint minimization of equation (8) with respect to {B k } 63 / k =0 and SP given the constraints of equations (2) and (3). Computation complexity, however, may be difficult for this method because there are millions of codes to choose from even for a fixed SP. One approach of the exemplary embodiment manually selects SP first for each test and then finds the optimal { B k } 63 / k =0 by a minimization of equation (8). For example, the inventors have determined by this method that under SP = [2 13 4 13 5 13 1 12], the resulting codeword set { B opt / k } 63 / k =0 gives a minimum overall average MPD distance which is illustrated in Figure 7. MPD code optimization using subfield weighting The worst MPD perceived in an image often occurs in the middle of the level transitions, i.e., between subfield 8 of the current frame and subfield 1 of the next frame. To further reduce the MPD artifacts visually, one can make the front portion of the codes resemble each other so as to mitigate the worst MPD spot. To accomplish this, the definition of the MPD distance measure may be modified according to the following equation (9) to form a weighted MPD distance d : where W(r) is a weighting vector having the same number of elements as SP and d n (i,j) = |i-j|. Equation (9) coincides with Equation (4) if W=[1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1]. The inventors have determined that W = (8/17) [3 11/4 5/2 9/4 2 7/4 3/2 5/4] is useful. Figure 8 shows an exemplary waveform for a subfield integrated by visual perception for a ramp input signal using an MPD codewords with (code II) and without (code I) the weighting vector. As shown in Figure 8, codewords with weighting has smoother level transitions than the codewords without weighting. A complete list of the exemplary codewords with weighting is shown in Table 2. The exemplary embodiments of the present invention have been described with reference to a 6 bit plasma display panel with its 8-bit coding method. However, one skilled in the art would recognize that the invention may be extended to other systems, e.g. 4-bit or 8-bit systems with subfields extension other than 2. An the possible binary codes for SP 1 =[12 12 8 4 2 1 12]

Claims: A method of displaying a sequence of video image frames on a display device, wherein a plurality of subfield periods are defined for each video image frame, each of the subfield periods having a respective illumination level which is applied to the display device, and each video image frame including a plurality of picture elements (pixels), each pixel being displayed at a reference respective pixel position on the display device and each pixel having a respective intensity value of a set of intensity values, the method comprising the steps of: defining at least one combination of subfield periods and respective illumination levels for each one of the set of intensity values wherein each combination of subfield periods corresponds to a binary codeword each bit value indicating whether to enable application of the respective illumination level of the one of the subfield periods and a plurality of the intensity values are defined by multiple codewords; selecting a plurality of respectively different sets of binary codewords each set including one codeword corresponding to each intensity value in the set of intensity values; determining a moving pixel distortion (MPD) distance for each set of binary codewords by determining a difference binary codeword between each binary codeword in the set and the other binary code words in the set, wherein each bit equals the absolute value of the difference of those bits of the binary codewords which correspond to the same subfield, and forming a weighted sum of all one-valued bits of each difference binary codeword where each one-valued bit is weighted according to its corresponding illumination level; selecting of the set of binary codewords having an MPD distance that is less than the MPD distance of any other set of binary codewords to form a set of minimum MPD codes so as to minimize moving pixel distortion on the display device between successive frames or within a frame; mapping the intensity value of each respective pixel into a respective one of the set of minimum MPD codes; and displaying the sequence of video image frames by using, for each pixel, the respective combination of subfield periods and respective illumination levels produced by mapping each pixel intensity value into the respective defined one of minimum MPD codes. A method of forming a set of minimum Moving Pixel Distortion (MPD) codewords from a sustain pulse vector having a first number of elements in sequence, each element corresponding to a subfield illumination period wherein respectively different combinations of the first number of elements are represented by respectively different binary codewords and correspond to respectively different intensity values wherein each bit value of each binary codeword indicates whether to enable application of the respective illumination period and the combination of all of the first number of elements corresponds to a maximum intensity value, the method comprising the steps of: defining a new sustain pulse vector having a second number of elements, the second number being at least one greater than the first number, wherein a combination of all of the second number of elements of the new sustain pulse vector is equivalent to the maximum intensity value and a plurality of the intensity values are each represented by multiple combinations of selected ones of the second number of elements, each combination of selected ones of the second number of elements corresponding to a respectively different binary codeword for the new sustain pulse vector; selecting a plurality of respectively different sets of binary codewords for the new sustain pulse vector each set including one codeword corresponding to each of the plurality of intensity values; determining a moving pixel distortion (MPD) distance for each set of binary codewords for the new sustain pulse vector by determining a difference binary codeword between each binary codewords in the set and the other codewords in the set wherein each bit equals the absolute value of the difference of those bits of the binary codewords which correspond to the same subfield, and forming a weighted sum of all one-valued bits of each difference binary codeword; and selecting of the set of binary codewords having an MPD distance that is less than the MPD distance of any other set of binary codewords to form the set of minimum MPD codes. Apparatus for displaying a sequence of video image frames on a display device (110), wherein a plurality of subfield periods (SF1, SF2, SF3, SF4, SF5 and SF6) are defined for each video image frame (FRAME), each of the subfield periods having a respective illumination level (S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 and S6) which is applied to the display device (110), and each video image frame includes a plurality of picture elements, hereafter called pixels, each pixel being displayed at a respective pixel position on the display device (110) and each pixel having a respective intensity value of a set of intensity values, the apparatus comprising: plasma display means (110) display arranged to the sequence of video image frames by using, for each pixel, the respective combination of subfield periods and respective illumination levels produced by mapping each pixel intensity value into the respective defined codes; and mapping means (102) arranged to map the intensity value of each respective pixel into a respective one of a set of codes, wherein at least one combination of subfield periods and respective illumination levels is defined for each one of the set of intensity values to form the set of codes being characterized in that the set of codes is a set of minimum moving pixel distortion (MPD) codes (Table 1, Table 2), each code corresponding to a respectively different binary codeword, wherein each one-valued bit in each binary codeword corresponds to a respective illumination level such that each binary codeword in the sec of minimum MPD codes corresponds to a respectively different intensity value of the set of intensity values and wherein die set of minimum MPD codes has an average MPD distance, d mpd, determined according to the following equations d mpd (B i , B j , SP) =|B i - B j | * SP T - |i-j| where B i and B j are respective codewords in the set of codewords. SP is a vector of illumination levels corresponding to the bit positions of the binary codewords and Δ is the sequence 1 2, ... N where N is one less than the value of a binary codeword having all one values, wherein the set of minimum MPD codes is the set of codes having an MPD distance which is less than the MPD distance for any other set of codes that correspond to all of the intensity values in the set of intensity values for the vector of illumination levels. Apparatus for displaying a sequence of video image frames on a display device according to claim 3 wherein: the plasma display means includes : a plasma display panel (PDP) (130) having a plurality of cells, each cell having a cell address, cell addressing means (132, 134) for selecting one of the plurality of cells responsive to an address signal, and cell illuminating means (136) for illuminating a cell responsive to a pulse signal; and further comprising control means (104) including: means for determining from the pixel address the corresponding cell address of the plasma display panel, means for associating for each of the plurality of pixel intensity values the corresponding mapped pixel value and the respective cell address to form a display data value, and means for displaying the processed image frame by selecting ones of the plurality of cells by providing the cell addressing means the addressing signal based on the corresponding cell address and mapped pixel value of each display data value, and by providing the pulse signal to the illuminating means. The apparatus for displaying the video image frame as recited in claim 4, further including means for applying an inverse gamma correction value to each one of the plurality of received pixel intensity values.

Inventors: LEACOCK THOMAS JAMES, ZHU DANIEL QIANG DR, LEACOCK, THOMAS JAMES, ZHU, DANIEL QIANG, DR.
Applicants: MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC IND CO LTD, MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD.
Application year: 1998
Main classification: G09G3
IPC codes: H04N5, G09G3