Apo-2DcR

Abstract: Novel polypeptides, designated Apo-2DcR, which are capable of binding Apo-2 ligand are provided. Compositions including Apo-2DcR chimeras, nucleic acid encoding Apo-2DcR, and antibodies to Apo-2DcR are also provided.

Description: Apo-2DcR FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates generally to the identification, isolation, and recombinant production of novel polypeptides, designated herein as "Apo-2DcR" and to antι-Apo-2DcR antibodies BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Apoptosis or "Programmed Cell Death" Control of cell numbers in mammals is believed to be determined, in part, by a balance between cell proliferation and cell death One form of cell death, sometimes referred to as necrotic cell death, is typically characterized as a pathologic form of cell death resulting from some trauma or cellular injury In contrast, there is another, "physiologic" form of cell death which usually proceeds in an orderly or controlled manner This orderly or controlled form of cell death is often referred to as "apoptosis" [see e g , Barr et al , Bio/Technologv. 2 487-493 (1994), Steller et al , Science. 267 1445-1449 (1995)] Apoptotic cell death naturally occurs in many physiological processes, including embryonic development and clonal selection in the immune system [Itoh et al . Cell. 66 233-243 (1991)] Decreased levels of apoptotic cell death have been associated with a variety of pathological conditions, including cancer, lupus, and herpes virus infection [Thompson, Science. 267 1456- 1462 ( 1995)] Increased levels of apoptotic cell death may be associated with a variety of other pathological conditions, including AIDS, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis multiple sclerosis, retinitis pigmentosa, cerebellar degeneration aplastic anemia, myocardial infarction, stroke, reperfusion injury, and toxin-induced liver disease [see, Thompson, supra] Apoptotic cell death is typicallv accompanied by one or more characteristic morphological and biochemical changes in cells, such as condensation of cytoplasm, loss of plasma membrane microvilh, segmentation of the nucleus, degradation of chromosomal DNA or loss of mitochondπal function A variety of extrinsic and intrinsic signals are believed to trigger or induce such morphological and biochemical cellular changes [Raff. Nature. 356 397-400 (1992), Steller, supra. Sachs et al , Blood. 82 15 (1993)] For instance, they can be triggered by hormonal stimuli, such as glucocorticoidhormones for immature thymocytes, as well as withdrawal of certain growth factors [Watanabe-Fukunagaet al , Nature. 356 314-317 ( 1992)] Also, some identified oncogenes such as myc, rel, and El A, and tumor suppressors, like p53, have been reported to have a role in inducing apoptosis Certain chemotherapy drugs and some forms of radiation have likewise been observed to have apoptosis-inducing activity [Thompson, supra] TNF Family of Cytokines Various molecules, such as tumor necrosis factor-α ("TNF-α"), tumor necrosis factor-β ("TNF-β" or "lymphotoxιn"),CD30 ligand, CD27 ligand, CD40 ligand, OX-40 ligand, 4- 1 BB ligand, Apo- 1 ligand (also referred to as Fas ligand or CD95 ligand), and Apo-2 ligand (also referred to as TRAIL) have been identified as members of the tumor necrosis factor ("TNF") family of cytokines [See, e g , Gruss and Dower, Blood. 85 3378-3404(1995), Wiley et al , Immunity. _. 673-682 (1995), Pitti et al , J Biol Chem . 271 12687-12690 (1996)] Among these molecules, TNF-α, TNF-β, CD30 ligand, 4-1BB ligand, Apo-1 ligand, and Apo-2 ligand (TRAIL) have been reported to be involved in apoptotic cell death Both TNF-α and TNF-β have been reported to induce apoptotic death in susceptible tumor cells [Schmid et al , Proc Natl Acad Sci . 83 1881 (1986), Dealtry et al , Eur J Immunol . 17 689 (1987)] Zheng et al have reported that TNF-α is involved in post-stimulation apoptosis of CD8-posιtιve T cells [Zheng et al , Nature. 377 348-351 (1995)] Other investigators have reported that CD30 ligand may be involved in deletion of self-reactive T cells in the thymus [Amakawa et al , Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Symposium on Programmed Cell Death, Abstr No 10, (1995)] Mutations in the mouse Fas/Apo-1 receptor or ligand genes (called Ipr and gld, respectively) have been associated with some autoimmune disorders, indicating that Apo-1 ligand may play a role in regulating the clonal deletion of self-reactive lymphocytes in the periphery [Krammer et al , Curr Op Immunol . 6 279- 289 (1994), Nagata et al , Science. 267 1449-1456 (1995)] Apo- 1 ligand is also reported to induce post- stimulation apoptosis in CD4-posιtιve T lymphocytes and in B lymphocytes, and may be involved in the ehminationof activated lymphocytes when their function is no longer needed [Krammer et al , supra. Nagata et al , supra] Agonist mouse monoclonal antibodies specifically binding to the Apo- 1 receptor have been reported to exhibit cell killing activity that is comparable to or similar to that of TNF-α [Yonehara et al , J_ Exp Med . 169 1747- 1756 ( 1989)] TNF Family of Receptors Induction of various cellular responses mediated by such TNF family cytokines is believed to be initiated by their binding to specific cell receptors Two distinct TNF receptors of approximately 55-kDa (TNFRl) and 75-kDa(TNFR2) have been ιdentιfied [Hohman et al . J Biol Chem . 264 14927-14934(1989), Brockhaus et al , Proc Natl Acad Sci . 87 3127-3131 (1990) EP 417 563 published March 20, 1991] and human and mouse cDNAs corresponding to both receptor types have been isolated and characterized rLoetscheret al . Cell. 61 351 ( 1990). Schall et al . Cell. 61 361 ( 1990). Smith et al . Science, 248 1019-1023 ( 1990), Lewis et al , Proc Natl Acad Sci . 88 2830-2834 ( 1991 ) Goodwin et al , Mol Cell Biol . _± 3020- 3026 (1991 )] Eλtensivepolvmorphismshave been associated with both TNF receptorgenes [see e g Takao et al . Immunogenetics. 37 199-203 ( 1993)] Both TNFRs share the typical structure of cell surface receptors including extracellular, transmembraneand intracellularregions The extracellular portions of both receptors are found naturally also as soluble TNF-binding proteins [Nophar, Y et al , EMBO J . 9 3269 (1990), and Kohno, T et al , Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 87 8331 (1990)] More recently, the cloning of recombinant soluble TNF receptors was reported by Hale et al [J Cell Biochem Supplement 15F. 1991. p 1 13 (P424)] The extracellular portion of type 1 and type 2 TNFRs (TNFRl and TNFR2) contains a repetitive ammo acid sequence pattern of four cysteine-πch domains (CRDs) designated 1 through 4, starting from the NH 2 -termιnus Each CRD is about 40 amino acids long and contains 4 to 6 cysteine residues at positions which are well conserved [Schall et al , supra. Loetscheret al , supra. Smith et al , supra. Nophar et al , supra. Kohno et al . supra] In TNFRl , the approximate boundaries of the four CRDs are as follows CRDl- amino acids 14 to about 53, CRD2- amino acids from about 54 to about 97, CRD3- amino acids from about 98 to about 138, CRD4- amino acids from about 139 to about 167 In TNFR2, CRD1 includes amino acids 17 to about 54, CRD2- amino acids from about 55 to about 97, CRD3- amino acids from abo t 98 to about 140, and CRD4- ammo acids from about 141 to about 179 [Banner et al , CeU, 73 431-435 (1993)] The potential role of the CRDs in ligand binding is also described by Banner et al , supra A similar repetitive pattern of CRDs exists in several other cell-surface proteins, including the p75 nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR) [Johnson et al , CeH, 47 545 (1986), Radeke et al , Nature. 325 593 (1987)], the B cell antigen CD40 [Stamenkovic et al , EMBO J . 8 1403 (1989)], the T cell antigen OX40 [Mallet et al , EMBO J . 9 1063 ( 1990)] and the Fas antigen [Yonehara et al , supra and Itoh et al , supra] CRDs are also found in the soluble TNFR (sTNFR)-lιke T2 proteins of the Shope and myxoma poxviruses [Upton et al , Virology. 160 20-29 ( 1987), Smith et al , Biochem Biophys Res Commun . 176 335 (1991), Upton et al , Virology. 184 370 ( 1991 )] Optimal alignment of these sequences indicates that the positions of the cysteine residues are well conserved These receptors are sometimes collectively referred to as members of the TNF NGF receptor superfamily Recent studies on p75NGFR showed that the deletion of CRD 1 [Welcher A A et al Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 159-163 (1991 )] or a 5-amιno acid insertion in this domain [Yan H and Chao M V J Biol Chem . 266 12099- 12104 ( 1991 )] had little or no effect on NGF binding [Yan H and Chao V supra] p75 NGFR contains a proline-πch stretch of about 60 amino acids between its CRD4 and transmembrane region, which is not involved in NGF binding [Peetre, C et al , Eur J Hematol . 41 414-419 ( 1988) Seckinger P et al . J Biol Chem . 264 1 1966-1 1973 (1989). Yan. H and Chao, M V supra] A similar proline-πch region is found in TNFR2 but not m TNFRl Itoh et al disclose that the Apo- 1 receptor can signal an apoptotic cell death similar to that signaled by the 55-kDa TNFR l [Itoh et al supra] Expression of the Apo- 1 antigen has also been reported to be down-regulate d along w ith that of TNFR l when cells are treated with either TNF-α or antι-Apo- 1 mouse monoclonal antibody [Krammer et al supra. Nagata et al , supra] Accordingly, some investigators have hypothesized that cell lines that co-express both Apo- 1 and TNFRl receptors mav mediate cell killing through common signaling pathwavs [Id ] The TNF family ligands identified to date, with the exception of lymphotoxin-α. are type II transmembrane proteins whose C-terminus is extracellular In contrast the receptors in the TNF receptor (TNFR) family identified to date are tvpe I transmembrane proteins In both the TNF ligand and receptor families however homology identified between family members has been found mainly in the extracellular domain ("ECD") Several of the TNF family cytokines, including TNF-α, Apo-1 ligand and CD40 ligand, are cleaved proteolytically at the cell surface, the resulting protein in each case typically forms a homotπmeπc molecule that functions as a soluble cytokine TNF receptor family proteins are also usually cleaved proteolytically- to release soluble receptor ECDs that can function as inhibitors of the cognate cytokines Recently, other members of the TNFR family have been identified In Marsters et al , Curr Biol . 6 750 (1996), investigators describe a full length native sequence human polypeptide, called Apo-3, which exhibits similarity to the TNFR family in its extracellular cysteine-πch repeats and resembles TNFRl and CD95 in that it contains a cytoplasmic death domain sequence [see also Marsters et al , Curr Biol . 6 1669 (1996)] Apo-3 has also been referred to by other investigators as DR3, wsl- 1 and TRAMP [Chmnaiyan et al , Science. 274 990 (1996), Kitson et al , Nature. 384 372 (1996), Bodmer et al , Immunity. 6 79 (1997)] Pan et al have disclosed another TNF receptor family member referred to as "DR4" [Pan et al , Science. 276 1 1 1- 1 13 (1997)] The DR4 was reported to contain a cytoplasmic death domain capable of engaging the cell suicide apparatus Pan et al disclose that DR4 is believed to be a receptor for the ligand known as Apo-2 ligand or TRAIL The Apoptosis-Inducmg Signaling Complex As presently understood, the cell death program contains at least three important elements- activators, inhibitors and effectors, in C elegans, these elements are encoded respectively by three genes, Ced-4 Ced-9 and Ced-3 [Steller, Science. 267 1445 (1995), Chmnaiyan et al , Science. 275 1 122-1 126 (1997)] Two of the TNFR family members, TNFRl and Fas/Apol (CD95), can activate apoptotic cell death [Chmnaiyan and Dixit, Current Biology. 6 555-562 ( 1996), Fraser and Evan, Cell, 85 781 -784 ( 1996)] TNFR 1 is also known to mediate activation of the transcription factor, NF-κB [Tartaglia et al Cell. 74 845-853 ( 1993), Hsu et al , Cell. 84 299-308(1996)] In addition to some ECD homology, these two receptors share homology in their intracellulardomain (ICD) in an oligomeπzation interface known as the death domain [Tartaglia et al . supra. Nagata, Cell. 8j> 355 ( 1997)] Death domains are also found in several metazoan proteins that regulate apoptosis namely, the Drosophilaprotein Reaper, and the mammalian proteins referred to as FADD/MORT1, TRADD and RIP [Cleavelandand Ihle CeU 81 79-482 ( 1995)] Using the veast-two hvbπd system Raven et al report the identification of protein wsl- 1, which binds to the TNFR l death domain [Raven et al Programmed Cell Death Meeting, September 20-24, 1995 Abstract at page 127 Raven et al , European Cytokine Network. 7 Abstr 82 at page 210 (April-June 1996)] The wsl- 1 protein is described as being homologous to TNFRl (48% identity) and having a restricted tissue distribution According to Raven et al , the tissue distribution of wsl- 1 is significantly different from the TNFR l binding protein TRADD Upon ligand binding and receptor clustering, TNFR l and CD95 are believed to recruit FADD into a death-inducing signalling complex CD95 purportedly binds FADD directly while TNFRl binds FADD indirectly via TRADD [Chmnaiyan et al CeU, 81 505-512 ( 1995) Boldin et al J Biol Chem . 270 387-391 ( 1995), Hsu et al , supra. Chmnaiyan et al J Biol Chem . 271 4961 -4965 ( 1996)] It has been reported that FADD serves as an adaptor protein which recruits the Ced i-related protease MACHα/FLICE (caspase 8), into the death signalling complex [Boldin et al , CeU, 85 803-815 ( 1996) Muzio et al , Cej], 85 817-827 ( 1996)] MACHα/FLICE appears to be the trigger that sets off a cascade of apoptotic proteases, including the interleukin-l β converting enzyme (ICE) and CPP32/Yama which mav execute some critical aspects of the cell death programme [Fraser and Evan, supra] It was recently disclosed that programmed cell death involves the activity of members of a family of cysteine proteases related to the C elegans cell death gene, ced-3 and to the mammalian IL-1 -converting enzyme, ICE The activity of the ICE and CPP32/Yama proteases can be inhibited by the product of the cowpox virus gene, crmA [Ray et al , CeU, 69 597-604 ( 1992), Tewaπ et al , CeU, 81 801 -809 ( 1995)] Recent studies show that CrmA can inhibit TNFRl- and CD95-mduced cell death [Enaπ et al , Nature. 375 78-81 (1995), Tewaπ et al , J Biol Chem . 270 3255-3260 (1995)] As reviewed recently by Tewaπ et al , TNFRl, TNFR2 and CD40 modulate the expression of proinflammatory and costimulatory cytokines, cytokine receptors, and cell adhesion molecules through activation of the transcription factor, NF-κB [Tewaπ et al , Curr Op Genet Develop . 6 39-44 (1996)] NF- KB IS the prototype of a family of dimeπc transcription factors whose subunits contain conserved Rel regions [Verma et al Genes Develop . 9 2723-2735 ( 1996), Baldwin, Ann Rev Immunol . 4 649-681 ( 1996)] In its latent form, NF-κB is complexed with members of the IκB inhibitor family, upon inactivation of the IκB in response to certain stimuli, released NF-κB translocates to the nucleus where it binds to specific DNA sequences and activates gene transcription For a review of the TNF family of cytokines and their receptors, see Gruss and Dower, supra SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Applicants have identified cDNA clones that encode novel polypeptides, designated in the present application as "Apo-2DcR " It is believed that Apo-2DcR is a member of the TNFR family, full-length native sequence human Apo-2DcR polypeptide exhibits similarity to the TNFR family in its extracellular cysteme- πch repeats Applicants found that Apo-2DcR binds Apo-2 ligand (Apo-2L) In one embodiment, the invention provides isolated Apo-2DcR polypeptide In particular, the invention provides isolated native sequence Apo-2DcR polypeptide, which in one embodiment, includes an amino acid sequence comprising residues 1 to 259 of Figure 1 A (SEQ ID NO 1 ) In other embodiments, the isolated Apo-2DcR polypeptide comprises at least about 80% amino acid sequence identity with native sequence Apo-2DcRpolypeptιdecompπsιngresιdues 1 to 259 of Figure 1 A (SEQ ID NO 1 ) Optionally, the isolated Apo-2DcR polypeptide includes an amino acid sequence comprising residues identified in Figure 1 B as -40 to 259 (SEQ ID NO 3) Optionally the Apo-2DcR polypeptide is obtained or obtainable by expressing the polypeptide encoded by the cDNA insert of the vector deposited as ATCC 209087 In another embodiment, the invention provides an isolated extracellular domain (ECD) sequence of Apo-2DcR Optionally, the isolated extracellular domain sequence comprises amino acid residues I to 236 of Fig 1A (SEQ ID NO 1 ) or residues 1 to 161 of Fig 1A (SEQ ID NO 1) Optionally, the isolated extracellu lar domain sequence comprises an amino acid sequence wherein one or more of the amino acids identified in anv of the Apo-2DcR pseudorepeats identified herein (See, Figure 2) have been deleted Such isolated extracellular domain sequences may include polypeptides comprising a sequence of amino acid residues 1 to X wherein X is any one of ammo acid residues 161 to 236 of Figure 1A (SEQ ID NO 1 ) In another embodiment the invention provides chimeπc molecules comprising Apo-2DcR polypeptide fused to a heterologous polypeptide or amino acid sequence An example of such a chimeric molecule comprises an Apo-2DcR fused to an immunoglobulin sequence Another example comprises an extracellular domain sequence of Apo-2DcR fused to a heterologouspolypeptideor amino acid sequence, such as an immunoglobulin sequence In another embodiment, the invention provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding Apo-2DcR polypeptide In. one aspect, the nucleic acid molecule is RNA or DNA that encodes an Apo-2DcR polypeptide or a particular domain of Apo-2DcR, or is complementary to such encoding nucleic acid sequence, and remains stably bound to it under at least moderate, and optionally, under high stringency conditions In one embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence is selected from (a) the coding region of the nucleic acid sequence of Figure 1 A (SEQ ID NO 2) that codes for residue 1 to residue 259 (l e , nucleotides 193-195 through 967-969), inclusive, (b) the coding region of the nucleic acid sequence of Figure 1 A (SEQ ID NO 2) that codes for residue 1 to residue 236 (l e , nucleotides 193-195 through 898-900), inclusive, (c) the coding region of the nucleic acid sequence of Figure 1 B (SEQ ID NO 4) that codes for residue -40 to residue 259 (l e , nucleotides 73-75 through 967-969), inclusive, (d) a sequence correspond gto the sequence of (a), (b) or (c) within the scope of degeneracy of the genetic code In a further embodiment, the invention provides a vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule encoding the Apo-2DcR polypeptide or particular domain of Apo-2DcR A host cell comprising the vector or the nucleic acid molecule is also provided A method of producing Apo-2DcR is further provided In another embodiment, the invention provides an antibody which binds to Apo-2DcR The antibody may be an agonistic, blocking or neutralizing antibody In another embodiment, the invention provides non-human, transgenic or knock-out animals A further embodiment of the invention provides articles of manufacture and kits that include Apo- 2DcR or Apo-2DcR antibodies BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 A shows the nucleotide sequence of a native sequence human Apo-2DcR cDNA and its derived amino acid sequence (initiation site assigned at residue 1 (nucleotides 193- 195)) Figure I B shows the nucleotide sequence of a native sequence human Apo-2DcR cDNA and its derived amino acid sequence (initiation site assigned at residue -40 (nucleotides 73-75)) Figure 2 shows the primary structure and mRNA expression of Apo-2 and Apo-2DcR The figure depicts the deduced amino acid sequences of human Apo-2 and Apo-2DcR aligned with full-length DR4 The death domain of Apo-2 is aligned w ith those of DR4, Apo-3/DR3, TNFRl , and CD95, asterisks indicate residues that are essential for death signaling by TNFRl [Tartaglia et al , supral Indicated are the predicted signal peptide cleavage sites (arrows), the two cysteine-πch domains (CRD 1 2) and the transmembrane domain of Apo-2 and DR4 or the hvdrophobic C-terminus of Apo-2DcR (underlined) Also indicated are the five potential N-linked givcosvlation sites (black boxes) and the five sequence pseudo-repeats (brackets) of Apo-2DcR Figure 3 shows hvdropathv plots of Apo-2 and Apo-2DcR Numbers at the top indicate amino acid positions Figure 4 shows binding of radioiodinated Apo-2L to Apo-2DcR-transfected cells and its inhibition by pre-treatment of cells with PI-PLC Figure 5 shows inhibition of Apo-2L induction of apoptosis by Apo-2DcR Figure- 6 shows inhibition of Apo-2L activation of NF-κB by Apo-2DcR Figure 7A shows expression of Apo-2DcR mRNA in human tissues as analyzed by Northern hybridization of human tissue poly A RNA blots Figuie 7B shows (lack of) expression of Apo-2DcR mRNA in human cancer cell lines as analyzed by Northern hybridization of human cancer cell line poly A RNA blots Figure 8 shows the nucleotide sequence of a native sequence human Apo-2 cDNA and its derived amino acid sequence Figure 9 shows the derived amino acid sequence of a native sequence human Apo-2 - the putative signal sequence is underlined, the putative transmembrane domain is boxed, and the putative death domain sequence is dash underlined The cysteines of the two cysteine-πch domains are individually underlined Figure 10 shows the interaction of the Apo-2 ECD with Apo-2L Supernatantsfrom mock-transfected 293 cells or from 293 cells transfected with Flag epitope-tagged Apo-2 ECD were incubated with poly-His- taggedApo-2L and subjected to lmmunoprecipitationwith anti-Flag conjugated or Nickel conjugated agarose beads The precipitated proteins were resolved by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels, and detected by immunoblot with antι-Apo-2L or anti-Flag antibody Figure 1 1 shows the induction of apoptosis by Apo-2 and inhibition of Apo-2L activity by soluble Apo-2 ECD Human 293 cells (A, B) or HeLa cells (C) were transfected by pRK5 vector or by pRK5-based plasmids encoding Apo-2 and/or CrmA Apoptosis was assessed by morphology (A), DNA fragmentatιon(B), or by FACS (C-E) Soluble Apo-2L was pre-incubated with buffer or affinity-purified Apo-2 ECD together with anti-Flag antibody or Apo-2 ECD lmmunoadhesin or DR4 or TNFRl immunoadhesins and added to HeLa cells The ceils were later analvzed for apoptosis (D) Dose-responseanalysis using Apo-2L w ith Apo-2 ECD lmmunoadhesin was also determined (E) Figure 12 shows activation of NF-κB by Apo-2 DR4, and Apo-2L (A) HeLa cells were transfected with expression plasmids encoding the indicated proteins Nuclear extracts were prepared and analyzed by an electrophoretic mobihtv shift assay (B) HeLa cells or MCF7 cells were treated with buffer, Apo-2L or TNF-alpha and assayed for NF- B activity (C) HeLa cells were preincubated with buffer, ALLN or cyclohexamide before addition of Apo-2L Apoptosis was later analyzed by FACS Figure 13 shows expression of Apo-2 mRNA in human tissues as analyzed by Northern hybπdization of human tissue poly A RNA blots Figure 14 shows the FACS analysis of Apo-2DcR antibodies (illustrated b\ the bold lines) as compared to IgG controls (doited lines) The antibodies (4G3 9 9, 6D10 9 7 and 1 C5 24 1 respectively) recognized the Apo-2DcR receptor expressed in HUMEC cells Figure 15 contains graphs showing results of ELISAs testing binding of Apo-2DcR antibodies 4G3 9 9 6D 10 9 7, and I C5 24 1 respectively, to Apo-2DcR and to other known Apo-2L receptors referred to as DR4 Apo-2 and DcR2 Figure 16 is a table providing a summary of isotype and cross-reactivity properties of antibodies 1 C5 24 l, 4G3 9 9, and 6D10 9 7 . DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS I Definitions The terms "Apo-2DcR polypeptide" and "Apo-2DcR"when used herein encompass native sequence Apo-2DcR and Apo-2DcR variants (which are further defined herein) These terms encompass Apo-2DcR from a variety of mammals, including humans The Apo-2DcR may be isolated from a variety of sources, such as from human tissue types or from another source, or prepared by recombinant or synthetic methods A "native sequence Apo-2DcR" comprises a polypeptide having the same amino acid sequence as an Apo-2DcR derived from nature Thus, a native sequence Apo-2DcR can have the am o acid sequence of naturally-occurring Apo-2DcR from any mammal Such native sequence Apo-2DcR can be isolated from nature or can be produced by recombinant or synthetic means The term "native sequence Apo-2DcR" specifically encompasses naturally-occurπngtruncated, secreted, or soluble forms of the Apo-2DcR (e g , an extracellular domain sequence), naturally-occurring variant forms (e g alternativelv spliced forms) and naturally-occurring allelic variants of the Apo-2DcR In one embodiment of the invention the native sequence Apo-2DcR is a mature or full-length native sequence Apo-2DcR comprising amino acids 1 to 259 of Fig 1 A (SEQ ID NO 1) or amino acids -40 to 259 of Figure I B (SEQ ID NO 3) Optionally, the Apo-2DcR polypeptide is obtained or obtainable by expressing the polypeptide encoded by the cDN A insert of the vector deposited as ATCC 209087 The "Apo-2DcR extracellular domain" or "Apo-2DcR ECD" refers to a form of Apo-2DcR which is essentially free of transmembraneand cytoplasmicdomains Ordinarily, Apo-2DcR ECD will have less than 1% of such transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains and preferably, will have less than 0 5% of such domains Optionally, Apo-2DcRECD will compπseamino acid residues 1 to 236 of Fig 1A (SEQ ID N0 1) or amino acid residues 1 to 161 of Fig 1 A (SEQ ID NO 1 ) Optionally the isolated extracellular domain sequence comprises an amino acid sequence wherein one or more of the amino acids identified in any of the Apo-2DcR pseudorepeats identified herein (See, Figure 2) have been deleted Such isolated extracellular domain sequences may include polypeptides comprising a sequence of amino acid residues 1 to X, wherein X is any one of ammo acid residues 161 to 236 of Figure 1 A (SEQ ID NO I ) "Apo-2DcR variant" means a biologically active Apo-2DcR as defined below having at least about 80% amino acid sequence identity with the Apo-2DcR having the deduced amino acid sequence shown in Fig 1A (SEQ ID NO l ) for a full-length native sequence human Apo-2DcR or the sequences identified herein for Apo-2DcR ECD Such Apo-2DcR variants include, for instance Apo-2DcR polypeptides wherein one or more amino acid residues are added or deleted, at the N- or C-terminus of the sequence of Fig 1 A (SEQ ID NO 1 ) or the sequences identified herein for Apo-2DcR ECD Ordinarily an Apo-2DcR variant will have at least about 80% amino acid sequence identity, more preferably at least about 90% amino acid sequence identity and even more preferably at least about 95% ammo acid sequence identity w ith the amino acid sequence of Fig 1 A (SEQ ID NO 1 ) "Percent (%) amino acid sequence identity" with respect to the Apo-2DcR sequences identified herein is defined as the percentage of amino acid residues in a candidate sequence that are identical with the amino acid residues in the Apo-2DcR sequence, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity, and not considering any conservative substitutions as part of the sequence identity Alignment for purposes of determining percent am o acid sequence identity can be achieved in various ways that are within the skill in the art, for instance, using publicly available computer software such as ALIGN or Mega gn (DNASTAR) software Those skilled in the art can determine appropriate parameters for measuring alignment, including any algorithms needed to achieve maximal alignment over the full length of the sequences being compared The term "epitope tagged" when used herein refers to a chimeπc polypeptide comprising Apo-2DcR, or a domain sequence thereof, fused to a "tag polypeptide" The tag polypeptide has enough residues to provide an epitope against which an antibody can be made, yet is short enough such that it does not interfere with activity of the Apo-2DcR The tag polypeptide preferably also is fairly unique so that the antibody does not substantially cross-react with other epitopes Suitable tag polypeptides generally have at least six ammo acid residues and usually between about 8 to about 50 amino acid residues (preferably, between about 10 to about 20 residues) "Isolated," when used to describe the various polypeptides disclosed herein, means polypeptide that has been identified and separated and/or recovered from a component of its natural environment Contaminant components of its natural environment are materials that would typically interfere with diagnostic or therapeutic uses for the polypeptide, and may include enzymes, hormones, and other protemaceous or non- protemaceous solutes In preferred embodiments, the polypeptide will be purified (1) to a degree sufficient to obtain at least 15 residues of N-terminal or internal amino acid sequence by use of a spinning cup sequenator, or (2) to homogeneity by SDS-PAGE under non-reducing or reducing conditions using Coomassie blue or, preferably, silver stain Isolated polypeptide includes polypeptide m situ within recombinant cells, since at least one component of the Apo-2DcR natural environment will not be present Ordinarily, however, isolated polypeptide will be prepared by at least one purification step An "isolated " Apo-2DcR nucleic acid molecule is a nucleic acid molecule that is identified and separated from at least one contaminant nucleic acid molecule with which it is ordinarily associated in the natural source of the Apo-2DcR nucleic acid An isolated Apo-2DcR nucleic acid molecule is other than in the form or setting in which it is found in nature Isolated Apo-2DcR nucleic acid molecules therefore are distinguished from the Apo-2DcR nucleic acid molecule as it exists natural cells However, an isolated Apo-2DcR nucleic acid molecule includes Apo-2DcR nucleic acid molecules contained in cells that ordinarily express Apo-2DcR where for example, the nucleic acid molecule is in a chromosomal location different from that of natural cells The term 'control sequences" refers to DNA sequences necessary for the expression of an operably linked coding sequence in a particularhost organism The control sequences that are suitable for prokaryotes, for example, include a promoter, optionally an operator sequence and a πbosome binding site Eukaryotic cells are known to utilize promoters polyadenylation signals and enhancers Nucleic acid is "operably linked" when it is placed into a functional relationship with another nucleic acid sequence For example, DNA for a presequence or secretory leader is operably linked to DNA for a polypeptide if it is expressed as a preprotein that participates in the secretion of the polypeptide, a promoter or enhancer is operably linked to a coding sequence if it affects the transcription of the sequence, or a πbosome binding site is operably linked to a coding sequence if it is positioned so as to facilitate translation Generally, "opejably linked" means that the DNA sequences being linked are contiguous, and, in the case of a secretory leader, contiguous and in reading phase However, enhancers do not have to be contiguous Linking is accomplished by hgation at convenient restriction sites If such sites do not exist, the synthetic oligonucleotide adaptors or linkers are used in accordance with conventional practice The term "antibody" is used in the broadest sense and specifically covers single antι-Apo-2DcR monoclonal antibodies (including agonist, antagonist, and neutralizing antibodies) and antι-Apo-2DcR antibody compositions with polyepitopic specificity The term "monoclonal antibody" as used herein refers to an antibody obtained from a population of substantiallyhomogeneous antibodies, ; e , the individual antibodies comprising the population are identical except for possible naturally-occurring mutations that may be present in minor amounts Monoclonal antibodies are highly specific, being directed against a single antigenic site Furthermore, in contrast to conventional (polyclonal) antibody preparationswhich typically include different antibodies directed against different determinants (epitopes), each monoclonal antibody is directed against a single determinant on the antigen. The monoclonal antibodies herein include hybrid and recombinant antibodies produced by splicing a variable (including hypervaπable) domain of an antι-Apo-2DcR antibody with a constant domain (e g "humanized" antibodies), or a light chain with a heavy chain, or a chain from one species with a chain from another species, or fusions with heterologous proteins, regardless of species of origin or lmmunoglobu nclass or subclass designation, as well as antibody fragments (e g , Fab, F(ab') 2 , and Fv). so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity See, e g U S Pat No 4,816,567 and Mage et al , in Monoclonal Antibody Production Techniques and Applications, pp 79-97 (Marcel Dekker, Inc New York, 1987) Thus, the modifier "monoclonal" indicates the character of the antibody as being obtained from a substantiallyhomogeneouspopulation of antibodies, and is not to be construed as requiring production of the antibody by any particular method For example, the monoclonal antibodies to be used in accordance with the present invention may be made by the hybπdoma method first described by Kohler and Milstein, Nature, 256 495 (1975), or may be made by recombinant DNA methods such as described in U S Pat No 4,816,567 The "monoclonal antibodies" may also be isolated from phage libraries generated using the techniques described in McCafferty et al , Nature. 348 552-554 (1990), for example "Humanized" forms of non-human (e g murine) antibodies are specific chimeπc immunoglobulins, immunoglobulin chains, or fragments thereof (such as Fv, Fab, Fab', F(ab') 2 or other antigen-binding subsequences of antιbodιes)whιch contain minimal sequence derived from non-human immunoglobulin. For the most part, humanized antibodies are human ιmmunoglobuhns(recιpιent antibody) in which residues from a complementary determining region (CDR) of the recipient are replaced by residues from a CDR of a non- human species (donor antibody) such as mouse, rat, or rabbit having the desired specificity, affinity, and capacity In some instances. Fv framework region (FR) lesidues of the human immunoglobulin are replaced by coπespondingnon-human residues Furthermore, the humanized antibody may comprise residues which are found neither in the recipient antibody nor in the imported CDR or framework sequences These modifications are made to further refine and optimize antibody performance In general, the humanized antibody will comprise substantially all of at least one, and typically two, variable domains, in which all or substantially alj of the CDR regions correspond to those of a non-human immunoglobulin and all or substantially all of the FR regions are those of a human lmmunoglobuhnconsensus sequence The humanized antibody optimally also will comprise at least a portion of an immunoglobulin constant region or domain (Fc), typically that of a human immunoglobulin "Biologically active" and "desired biological activity" for the purposes herein means ( 1 ) having the ability to modulate apoptosis (either in an agonistic or stimulating manner or in an antagonistic or blocking manner) in at least one type of mammalian cell in vivo or ex vivo, (2) having the ability to bind Apo-2 ligand, or (3) having the ability to modulate Apo-2 ligand signaling and Apo-2 ligand activity The terms "apoptosis" and "apoptotic activity" are used in a broad sense and refer to the orderly or controlled form of cell death in mammals that is typically accompanied by one or more characteristic cell changes, including condensation of cytoplasm, loss of plasma membrane microvilli. segmentation of the nucleus, degradation of chromosomal DNA or loss of mitochondπal function This activity can be determined and measured, for instance, by cell viability assays, FACS analysis or DNA electrophoresis, all of which are known in the art The terms "cancer" and "cancerous" refer to or describe the physiologicalcondition in mammals that is typically characterized by unregulated cell growth Examples of cancer include but are not limited to, carcinoma, lymphoma, blastoma, sarcoma, and leukemia More particular examples of such cancers include squamous cell cancer, small-cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, blastoma, gastrointestinal cancer, renal cancer, pancreatic cancer, ghoblastoma, neuroblastoma, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, liver cancer, stomach cancer, bladder cancer hepatoma breast cancer, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, endometπal cancer, salivary gland cancer, kidney cancer prostate cancer, vulval cancer, thyroid cancer, hepatic carcinoma, and various types of head and neck cancer The terms "treating ' "treatment," and "therapy" as used herein refer to curative therapy, prophylactic therapy, and preventative therapy The term "mammal ' as used herein refers to any mammal classified as a mammal, including humans, cows, horses, dogs and cats In a prefeπed embodiment of the invention, the mammal is a human II Compositions and Methods of the Invention The present invention provides newly identified and isolated Apo-2DcR polypeptides In particular, Applicants have identified and isolated various human Apo-2DcR polypeptides The properties and characteristics of some of these Apo-2DcRpolypeptιdesare described in further detail in the Examples below Based upon the properties and characteπsticsof the Apo-2DcRpolypeptιdesdιsclosed herein, it is Applicants' present belief that Apo-2DcR is a member of the TNFR family A description follows as to how Apo-2DcR, as well as Apo-2DcRchιmeπc molecules and anti-Apo- 2DcR antibodies, may be prepared A Preparation of Apo-2DcR The description below relates primarily to production of Apo-2DcR by cultuπng cells transformed or transfected with a vector containing Apo-2DcR nucleic acid It is of course, contemplated that alternative methods, which are well known in the art, may be employed to prepare Apo-2DcR - 1 Isolation of DNA Encoding Apo-2DcR The DNA encoding Apo-2DcR may be obtained from any cDNA library prepared from tissue believed to possess the Apo-2DcR mRNA and to express it at a detectable level. Accordingly, human Apo-2DcRDNA can be conveniently obtained from a cDN A library prepared from human tissues, such as libraries of human cDNA described in Example 1 The Apo-2DcR-encodιng gene may also be obtained from a genomic library or by oligonucleotide synthesis Libraries can be screened with probes (such as antibodies to the Apo-2DcR or oligonucleotides of at least about 20-80 bases) designed to identify the gene of interest or the protein encoded by it Screening the cDNA or genomic library with the selected probe may be conducted using standard procedures, such as described in Sambrook et al , Molecular Cloning A Laboratory Manual (New York Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989) An alternative means to isolate the gene encoding Apo-2DcR is to use PCR methodology [Sambrook et al , supra. Dieffenbach et al , PCR Primer A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1995)] One method of screening employs selected ohgonucleotidesequences to screen cDNA libraries from various human tissues Example 1 below describes techniques for screening a cDNA library The ohgonucleotidesequences selected as probes should be of sufficient length and sufficiently unambiguous that false positives are minimized The oligonucleotide is preferably labeled such that it can be detected upon hybridization to DNA in the library being screened Methods of labeling are well known in the art, and include the use of radiolabels like 2 P-labeled ATP, biotinylation or enzyme labeling Hybridization conditions, including moderate stringency and high stringency, are provided in Sambrook et al , supra Nucleic acid having all the protein coding sequence may be obtained by screening selected cDNA or genomic libraries using the deduced amino acid sequence disclosed herein for the first time, and, if necessary, using conventional primer extension procedures as descnbed in Sambrook et al , supra, to detect precursors and processing intermediates of mRNA that may not have been reverse-transcribed into cDNA Apo-2DcR variants can be prepared by introducing appropriate nucleotide changes into the Apo- 2DcR DNA or by synthesisofthe desired Apo-2DcRpolypeptιde Those skilled in the art will appreciate that amino acid changes may alter post-translational processes of the Apo-2DcR such as changing the number or position of glycosylation sites or altering the membrane anchoring characteristics Variations in the native full-length sequence Apo-2DcR or in various domains of the Apo-2DcR described herein, can be made for example, using any of the techniques and guidelines for conservative and non-conservati ve mutations set forth, for instance in U S Pat No 5 364 934 Variations may be a substitution deletion or insertion of one or more codons encoding the Apo-2DcR that results in a change in the am o acid sequence ofthe Apo-2DcRas compared with the native sequence Apo-2DcR Optionally the variation is substitution of at least one amino acid with any other ammo acid in one or more of the domains of the Apo-2DcR molecule The variations can be made using methods known in the art such as olιgonucleotιde-medιated(stte-dιrected)mutagenesιs,alanιne scanning, and PCR mutagenesis Site-directed mutagenesis ICarter et al . Nucl Acids Res , 13 4331 ( 1986) Zolleret al Nucl Acids Res . 10 6487 (1982)1, cassette mutagenesis [Wells et al , Gene, 34 315 (1985)], restriction selection mutagenesis [Wells et al , Philos Trans R Soc London SerA, 317 415 (1986)] or other known techniques can be performed on the cloned DNA to produce the Apo-2DcR variant DNA Scanning amino acid analysis can also be employed to identify one or more amino acids along a contiguous sequence which are involved in the interaction with a particular ligand or receptor Among the preferred scanning amino acids are relatively small, neutral amino acids Such amino acids include alanine, glycine serine, and cysteine Alanine is the preferred scanning amino acid among this group because it e minatesthe side-chain beyond the beta-carbon and is less likely to alter the mam-chain conformation ofthe variant Alanine is also preferred because it is the most common ammo acid Further, it is frequently found in both buried and exposed positions [Creighton.The Proteins, (W H Freeman & Co , N Y ), Chothia, J Mol Biol . 105 1 ( 1976)] If alanine substitution does not yield adequate amounts of variant, an lsoteπc am o acid can be used Once selected Apo-2DcR variants are produced, they can be contacted with, for instance, Apo-2L, and the interaction, if any, can be determined The interaction between the Apo-2DcR variant and Apo-2L can be measured by an in vitro assay, such as described in the Examples below While any number of analytical measurements can be used to compare activities and properties between a native sequence Apo- 2DcR and an Apo-2DcR variant, a convenient one for binding is the dissociation constant K d ofthe complex formed between the Apo-2DcR variant and Apo-2L as compared to the K d for the native sequence Apo-2DcR Generally, a > 3-fold increase or decrease in K d per substituted residue indicates that the substituted resιdue(s) is active in the interaction ofthe native sequence Apo-2DcR with the Apo-2L Optionally, representative sites in the Apo-2DcR sequence suitable for mutagenesis (such as deletion of one or more amino acids) would include sites within the extracellular domain, and particularly, within one or more of the cvsteme-rich domains or within one or more of the pseudorepeats Such variations can be accomplished using the methods described above 2 Insertion of Nucleic Acid into A Replicable Vector The nucleic acid (e g , cDNA or genomic DNA) encoding Apo-2DcR may be inserted into a replicable vector for further cloning (amplification of the DNA) or for expression Various vectors are publicly available The vector components generally include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following a signal sequence an origin of replication, one or more marker genes, an enhancer element, a promoter and a transcription termination sequence, each of which is described below (i) Signal Sequence Component The Apo-2DcR may be produced recombinantly not only directly, but also as a fusion polypeptide with a heterologous polypeptide, which may be a signal sequence or other polypeptide having a specific cleavage site at the N-terminus of the mature protein or polypeptide In general, the signal sequence may be a component of the vector or it may be a part ofthe Apo-2DcR DNA that is inserted into the vector The heterologous signal sequence selected preferably is one that is recognized and processed (; e , cleaved by a signal peptidase) by the host cell The signal sequence may be a prokaryotic signal sequence selected, for example, from the group ofthe alkaline phosphatase,penιcιlhnase,lpp, or heat-stable enterotoxin II leaders For yeast secretion the signal sequence may be, e g , the yeast invertase leader, alpha factor leader (including Saccharomyces and Khiweromyces α-factor leaders, the latter described in U S Pat No 5,010, 182), or acid phosphatase leader, the C albica s glucoamylase leader (EP 362,179 published 4 April 1990), or the signal described in WO 90/13646 published 15 November 1990 In mammalian cell expression the native Apo-2DcR presequencethat normally directs insertion of Apo-2DcR in the cell membrane of human cells in vivo is satisfactory, although other mammalian signal sequences may be used to direct secretion ofthe protein, such as signal sequences from secreted polypeptides ofthe same or related species, as well as viral secretory leaders, for example, the herpes simplex glycoprotein D signal The DNA for such precursor region is preferably hgated in reading frame to DNA encoding Apo- 2DcR (u) Origin of Replication Component Both expression and cloning vectors contain a nucleic acid sequence that enables the vector to replicate in one or more selected host cells Generally, in cloning vectors this sequence is one that enables the vector to replicate independently of the host chromosomal DNA, and includes origins of replication or autonomously replicating sequences Such sequences are well known for a variety of bacteria, yeast, and viruses The origin of replication from the plasmid pBR322 is suitable for most Gram-negative bacteria, the 2μ plasmid origin is suitable for yeast, and various viral origins (SV40, polyoma, adenovirus, VSV or BPV) are useful for cloning vectors in mammalian cells Generally, the origin of replication component is not needed for mammalian expression vectors (the SV40 origin may typically be used because it contains the early promoter) Most expression vectors are "shuttle" vectors, . e , they are capable of replication in at least one class of organisms but can be transfected into another organism for expression For example, a vector is cioned in E coli and then the same vector is transfected into yeast or mammalian cells for expression even though it is not capable of replicating independently of the host cell chromosome DNA may also be amplified by insertion into the host genome This is readily accomplished using Bacillus species as hosts, for example, by including in the vector a DNA sequence that is complementary to a sequence found in Bacillus genomic DNA Transfection of Bacillus with this vector results in homologous recombination with the genome and insertion of Apo-2DcR DNA However, the recovery of genomic DNA encoding Apo-2DcR is more complex than that of an exogenously replicated vector because restriction enzyme digestion is required to excise the Apo-2DcR DNA (in) Selection Gene Component Expression and cloning vectors typically contain a selection gene, also termed a selectable marker This gene encodes a protein necessary for the survival or growth of transformed host cells grown in a selective culture medium Host cells not transformed with the vector containing the selection gene will not survive in the culture medium Typical selection genes encode proteins that (a) confer resistance to antibiotics or other toxins, e g , ampicillin, neomycin, methotrexate, or tetracychne, (b) complement auxotrophic deficiencies, or (c) supply critical nutrients not available from complex media, e g , the gene encoding D-alanine racemase for Bacilli One example of a selection scheme utilizes a drug to arrest growth of a host cell Those cells that are successfully transformed with a heterologous gene produce a protein conferring drug resistance and thus survive the selection regimen Examples of such dominant selection use the drugs neomycin [Southern et al , J Molec Appl Genet . 1327 (1982)], mycophenolic acid (Mulligan et al . Science. 209 1422 (1980)] or hygromycin [Sugden et al , Mol Cell Biol . 5 410-413 (1985)] The three examples given above employ bacterial genes under eukaryotic control to convey resistance to the appropriate drug G418 or neomycin (geneticin), xgpt (mycophenolic acid), or hygromycin, respectively Another example of suitable selectable markers for mammalian cells are those that enable the identification of cells competent to take up the Apo-2DcR nucleic acid, such as DHFR or thymidine kinase The mammalian cell transformantsare placed under selection pressure that only the transform ants are uniquely adapted to survive by virtue of having taken up the marker Selection pressure is imposed by cultuπng the transformants under conditions in which the concentration of selection agent in the medium is successively changed, thereby leading to amplification of both the selection gene and the DNA that encodes Apo-2DcR Amplification is the process by which genes in greater demand for the production of a protein critical for growth are reiterated in tandem within the chromosomes of successive generations of recombinant cells Increased quantities of Apo-2DcR are synthesized from the amplified DNA Other examples of amp fiable genes include metallothιoneιn-I and -II, adenosme deaminase, and ornithine decarboxylase Cells transformed with the DHFR selection gene may first be identified by cultuπng all of the transformants in a culture medium that contains methotrexate (Mtx), a competitive antagonist of DHFR An appropriate host cell when wild-type DHFR is employed is the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line deficient in DHFR activity prepared and propagated as described by Uriaub et al . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 77 4216 (1980) The transformed cells are then exposed to increased levels of methotrexate This leads to the synthesis of multiple copies of the DHFR gene, and, concomitantly, multiple copies of other DNA comprising the expression vectors such as the DNA encoding Apo-2DcR This amplification technique can be used with any otherwise suitable host e g ATCC No CCL61 CHO-K1 notwithstanding the presence of endogenous DHFR if for example a mutant DHFR gene that is highly resistant to Mt\ is employed (EP 1 17,060) Alternatively host cells (particularly wild-type hosts that contain endogenous DHFR) transformed or co-transformedwith DNA sequences encoding Apo-2DcR, wild-type DHFR protein and another selectable marker such as aminogK coside 3 -phosphotransferase (APH) can be selected by cell growth in medium containing a selection agent for the selectable marker such as an aminoglycosidic antibiotic g , kanamycin, neomycin, or G418 See U S Patent No 4 965, 199 A suitable selection gene for use in yeast is the trpl gene present in the veast plasmid YRp7 [Stinchcomb et al , Nature. 282 39 ( 1979) Kings an et al , Gene. 7 141 (1979), Tschemper et al , Gene. 10 157 (1980)] The trp \ gene provides a selection marker for a mutant strain of yeast lacking the ability to grow in tryptophan for example ATCC No 44076 or PEP4-1 [Jones Genetics. 85 23 ( 1977)1 The presence of the trpl lesion in the veast host cell genome then provides an effective environment for detecting transformation by growth in the absence of tryptophan Similarly, Z.e./2-deficιent yeast strains (ATCC 20,622 or 38,626) are complemented by known plasmids bearing the Leιι2 gene In addition, vectors derived from the 1 6 μm circular plasmid pKDl can be used for transformation oϊ Khiweromyces yeasts [Bianchi et al , Cuπ Genet . 12 185 (1987)] More recently, an expression system for large-scale production of recombinant calf chymosin was reported for K lactis [Van den Berg, Bio/Technology. 8 135 (1990)] Stable multi-copy expression vectors for secretion of mature recombinant human serum albumin by industrial strains of Kluyveromyces have also been disclosed [Fleer et al , Bio/Technology. 9 968-975 ( 1991 )] (iv) Promoter Component Expression and cloning vectors usually contain a promoter that is recognized by the host organism and is operably linked to the Apo-2DcR nucleic acid sequence Promoters are untranslated sequences located upstream (5') to the start codon of a structural gene (generally within about 100 to 1000 bp) that control the transcription and translation of particular nucleic acid sequence, such as the Apo-2DcR nucleic acid sequence, to which they are operably linked Such promoters typically fall into two classes, inducible and constitutive Inducible promoters are promoters that initiate increased levels of transcription from DNA under their control in response to some change in culture conditions, e g , the presence or absence of a nutrient or a change in temperature At this time a large number of promoters recognized by a variety of potential host cells are well known These promoters are operably linked to Apo-2DcR encoding DNA by removing the promoter from the source DNA by restriction enzyme digestion and inserting the isolated promoter sequence into the vector Both the native Apo-2DcR promoter sequence and many heterologous promoters may be used to direct amplification and/or expression ofthe Apo-2DcR DNA Promoters suitable for use with prokaryotic hosts include the β-lactamase and lactose promoter systems [Chang et al , Nature. 275 617 ( 1978), Goeddel et al , Nature. 281 544 ( 1 79)], alkaline phosphatase, a tryptophan (trp) promoter system [Goeddel, Nucleic Acids Res . 8 4057 (1980), EP 36,776], and hybrid promoters such as the tac promoter [deBoer et al , Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 80 21 -25 (1983)] However, other known bacterial promoters are suitable Their nucleotide sequences have been published, thereby enabling a skilled worker operably to ligate them to DNA encoding Apo-2DcR [Siebenhst et al , Cell, 20 269 (1980)] using linkers or adaptors to supply any required restriction sites Promoters for use in bacterial systems also will contain a Shιne-Dalgarno(S D ) sequence operably linked to the DNA encoding Apo-2DcR Promoter sequences are known for eukaryotes Virtually all eukaryotic genes have an AT-πch region located approxιmately25 to 30 bases upstream from the site where transcription is initiated Another sequence found 70 to 80 bases upstream from the start of transcription of many genes is a CXCAAT region where X may be any nucleotide At the 3' end of most eukaryotic genes is an AATAAA sequence that may be the signal for addition ofthe poly A tail to the 3' end ofthe coding sequence AU of these sequences are suitably inserted into eukaryotic expression vectors Examples of suitable promoting sequences for use with yeast hosts include the promoters for 3- phosphoglycerate kinase [Hitzeman et al , J Biol Chem . 255 2073 ( 1980)] or other glycolytic enzymes [Hess et al , J Adv Enzyme Reg , 7 149 ( 1968), Holland, Biochemistrx 17 4900 ( 1978)], such as enolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase hexokinase, pyruvate decarboxylase, phosphofructokinase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, 3-phosphoglycerate mutase, pyruvate kinase, tπosephosphate isomerase, phosphoglucose isomerase, and glucokinase Other yeast promoters, which are inducible promoters having the additional advantage of transcription controlled by growth conditions, are the promoterregions for alcohol dehydrogenase 2, isocytochromeC, acid phosphatase. degradative enzymes associated with nitrogen metabolism, metallothionein, glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate dehydrogenase, and enzymes responsible for maltose and galactose utilization Suitable vectors and promoters for use in yeast expression are further described in EP 73,657 Yeast enhancers also are advantageously used with yeast promoters Apo-2DcR transcription from vectors in mammalian host cells is controlled, for example, by promoters obtained from the genomes of viruses such as polyoma virus, fowlpox virus (UK 2,211,504 published 5 July 1989), adenovirus (such as Adenovirus 2), bovine papilloma virus, avian sarcoma virus, cytomegalovirus, a retrovirus, hepatitis-B virus and most preferably Simian Virus 40 (SV40), from heterologous mammalian promoters, e g , the actm promoter or an ιmmunoglobulιnpromoter,from heat-shock promoters, and from the promoter normally associated with the Apo-2DcR sequence, provided such promoters are compatible with the host cell systems The early and late promoters of the SV40 virus are conveniently obtained as an SV40 restriction fragment that also contains the S V40 viral origin of replication [Fiers et al , Nature. 273 113 ( 1978), Mulligan and Berg. Science. 209 1422- 1427(1980). Pavlakis et al . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 78 7398-7402 (1981 )] The immediate early promoter of the human cytomegalovirus is conveniently obtained as a Hindlll E restriction fragment [Greenaway et al , Gene. 18 355-360 (1982)] A system for expressing DNA in mammalianhosts using the bovine papilloma virus as a vector is disclosed in U S Patent No 4,419,446 A modificationofthis system is described in U S Patent No 4,601 ,978 [See also Gray et al , Nature. 295 503- 508 (1982) on expressing cDN A encoding immune interferon in monkey cells, Reyes et al , Nature, 297 598- 601 ( 1982) on expression of human β-interferoncDNA in mouse cells under the control of a thymidine kinase promoter from herpes simplex virus, Canaani and Berg, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79 5166-5170 ( 1982) on expression ofthe human interferon βl gene in cultured mouse and rabbit cells, and Gorman et al . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 79 6777-6781 ( 1982) on expression of bacterial CAT sequences in CV-1 monkey kidney cells, chicken embryo fibroblasts, Chinese hamster ovary cells HeLa cells and mouse NIH-3T3 cells using the Rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat as a promoter] (v) Enhancer Flement Component Transcription of a DNA encoding the Apo-2DcR of this invention by higher eukaryotes may be increased bv inserting an enhancer sequence into the vector Enhancers are cis-acting elements of DNA, usually about from 10 to 300 bp, that act on a promoter to increase its transcription Enhancers are relatively orientation and position independent, having been found 5' [Laimms et al , Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 78 464 ( 1981 ]) and 3' [Lusky et al , Mol Cell Bio . 3 1 108 ( 1983]) to the transcription unit, within an intron [Banerji et al Cell. 33 729 (1983)], as well as within the coding sequence itself [Osborne et al , Mol Cell Bio . 4 1293 ( 1984)] Many enhancer sequences are now known from mammalian genes (globin, elastase albumin α-fetoprotem and insulin) Typically however, one will use an enhancerfrom a eukaryotic cell virus Examples include the SV40 enhancer on the late side of the replication origin (bp 100-270), the cytomegalovirus early promoter enhancer, the polyoma enhancer on the late side ofthe replication origin, and adenovirus enhancers See also Yaniv, Nature. 297 17-18 (1982) on enhancing elements for activation of eukaryotic promoters The enhancer may be spliced into the vector at a position 5' or 3' to the Apo-2DcR coding sequence, but is preferably located at a site 5' from the promoter (vi) Transcription Termination Component Expression vectors used in eukaryotic host cells (yeast, fungi, insect, plant, animal, human, or nucleated cells from other multicellular organisms) will also contain sequences necessary for the termination of transcription and for stabilizing the mRNA Such sequences are commonly available from the 5' and, occasionally 3', untranslated regions of eukaryotic or viral DNAs or cDNAs These regions contain nucleotide segments transcribed as polyadenylated fragments in the untranslated portion of the mRNA encoding Apo-2DcR (vn) Construction and Analysis of Vectors Construction of suitable vectors containing one or more of the above-listed components employs standard hgation techniques Isolated plasmids or DNA fragments are cleaved, tailored, and re-ligated in the form desired to generate the plasmids required For analysis to confirm correct sequences in plasmids constructed, the hgation mixtures can be used to transform E coli K12 strain 294 (ATCC 31,446) and successful transformants selected by ampicillin or tetracyc ne resistance where appropriate Plasmids from the transformants are prepared, analyzed by restriction endonuclease digestion, and/or sequenced by the method of Messing et al , Nucleic Acids Res . 9 309 ( 1981 ) or by the method of Maxam et al , Methods Enzvmologv. 65 499 ( 1980) (vni) Transient Expression Vectors Expression vectors that provide for the transient expression in mammalian cells of DNA encoding Apo-2DcR may be employed In general, transient expression involves the use of an expression vector that is able to replicate efficiently in a host cell, such that the host cell accumulates many copies of the expression vector and in turn, synthesizes high levels of a desired polypeptide encoded by the expression vector [Sambrook et al , supra] Transient expression systems, comprising a suitable expression vector and a host cell, allow for the convenient positive identification of polypeptides encoded by cloned DNAs, as well as for the rapid screening of such polypeptides for desired biological or physiological properties Thus, transient expression systems are particularly useful in the invention for purposes of identifying Apo-2DcR variants (IX) Suitable Exemplary Vertebrate Cell Vectors Other methods, vectors, and host cells suitable for adaptation to the synthesis of Apo-2DcR in recombinant vertebrate cell culture are described in Gethin et al Nature. 293 620-625 (1981), Mantei et al , Nature. 281 40-46 (1979), EP 1 17,060, and EP 1 17,058 3 Selection and Transformation of Host Cells Suitable host cells for cloning or expressing the DNA in the vectors herein are the prokaryote, yeast, or higher eukaryote cells described above Suitable prokaryotes for this purpose include but are not limited to eubacteπa, such as Gram-negative or Gram-positive organisms, for example, Enterobacteπaceaesuch as Escherichia, e g , E colt, Enterobacter, Erwinia Klebsiella Proteus. Salmonella, e g , Salmonella tvphimunum, Serratia, e g , Serratia marcescans, and Shigella, as well as Bacilli such as B subtilis and B cheniformis (e g , B cheniformis 4 IP disclosed in DD 266,710 published 12 April 1989), Pseudomonas such as P aeruginosa, and Streptomyces Preferably, the host cell should secrete minimal amounts of proteolytic enzymes In addition to prokaryotes, eukaryotic microbes such as filamentous fungi or yeast are suitable cloning or expression hosts for Apo-2DcR-encodιng vectors Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or common baker's yeast, is the most commonly used among lower eukaryotic host microorganisms However, a number of other genera, species, and strains are commonly available and useful herein Suitable host cells for the expression of glycosylated Apo-2DcR are derived from multicellular organisms Such host cells are capable of complex processing and glycosylation activities In principle, any higher eukaryotic cell culture is workable, whether from vertebrate or invertebrate culture Examples of invertebrate cells include plant and insect cells Numerous baculoviral strains and variants and coπespond g permissive insect host cells from hosts such as Spodopterafrugiperda (caterpillar), Aedes aegypti (mosquito), Aedes albopictus (mosquito) Drotophila melanogaster (fruitfly), and Bombyx mori have been identified [See, e g , Luckow et al . Bio/Technology. 6 47-55 (1988), Miller et al , in Genetic Engineering. Setlow et al , eds , Vol 8 (Plenum Publishing, 1986), pp 277-279, and Maeda et al . Nature, 315 592-594 (1985)] A variety of viral strains for transfection are publicly available, e g , the L-l variant of Autographa cahfomica NPV and the Bm-5 strain of Bombyx mori NPV Plant cell cultures of cotton corn, potato, soybean, petunia, tomato, and tobacco can be utilized as hosts Typically, plant cells are transfected by incubation with certain strains ofthe bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens During incubation of the plant cell culture with A tumefaciens. the DNA encoding the Apo- 2DcR can be transfeπedto the plant cell host such that it is transfected, and will, under appropriate conditions, express the Apo-2DcR-encodιng DNA In addition, regulatory and signal sequences compatible with plant cells are available, such as the nopal ine svnthase promoter and polyadenylation signal sequences [Depicker et al , J Mol Appl Gen 1 ">61 ( 1982)] In addition DNA segments isolated from the upstream region of the T-DNA 780 gene are capable of activating or increasing transcription levels of plant-expressible genes in recombinant DNA-containing plant tissue [EP 321 196 published 21 June 1989] Propagation of vertebrate cells in culture (tissue culture) is also well known in the art [See, e g , Tissue Culture. Academic Press Kruse and Patterson, editors ( 1973)] Examples of useful mammalian host cell lines are monkev kidnev CV I line transformed by SV40 (COS-7, ATCC CRL 1651), human embryonic kidney line (293 or 293 cells subcloned for growth in suspension culture, Graham et al , J Gen Virol . 36 59 (1977)) baby hamsterkιdnev cells (BHK ATCC CCL 10), Chinese hamster ovary cells'-DHFR^HO, Uriaub and Chasm, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77 4216 ( 1980)), mouse sertoli cells (TM4 Mather Biol Reprod . 22 243-251 ( 1980)) monkev kidney cells (CV 1 ATCC CCL 70), African green monkey kidney cells (VERO- 76, ATCC CRL-1587) human cervical carcinomacells (HELA, ATCC CCL 2), canine kidnev cells (MDCK, ATCC CCL 34) buffalo rat liver cells (BRL 3A ATCC CRL 1442), human lung cells (W138 ATCC CCL 75), human liver cells (Hep G2 HB 8065) mouse mammary tumor (MMT 060562, ATCC CCL51 ), TRI cells (Mather et al Annals N Y Acad Sci . 383 44-68 ( 1982)), MRC 5 cells, and FS4 cells Host cells are transfected and preferablytransformedwith the above-describedexpression or cloning vectors for Apo-2DcR production and cultured in conventional nutrient media modified as appropriate for inducing promoters, selecting transformants, or amplifying the genes encoding the desired sequences Transfection refers to the taking up of an expression vector by a host cell whether or not any coding sequences are in fact expressed Numerous methods of transfection are known to the ordinarily skilled artisan, for example, CaP0 4 and electroporation Successful transfection is generally recognized when any indication ofthe operation of this vector occurs within the host cell Transformationmeans introducingDNA into an organism so that the DNA is replicable, either as an extrachromosomal element or by chromosomal integrant Depending on the host cell used, transformation is done using standard techniques appropriate to such cells The calcium treatment employing calcium chloride, as described in Sambrook et al , supra, or electroporation is generally used for prokaryotes or other cells that contain substantial cell-wall barriers Infection with Agrobacterium tumefaciens is used for transformation of certain plant cells, as described by Shaw et al , Gene. 23 315 (1983) and WO 89/05859 published 29 June 1989 In addition, plants may be transfectedusing ultrasoundtreatmentas described in WO 91/00358 published 10 January 1991 For mammalian cells without such cell walls, the calcium phosphate precipitation method of Graham and van der Eb, Virology. 52 456-467 (1973) is preferred General aspects of mammalian cell host system transformations have been described in U S Pat No 4,399,216 Transformations into yeast are typically carried out according to the method of Van Solmgen et al , J Bact . 130 946 (1977) and Hsiao et al , Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA). 76 3829 (1979) However, other methods for introducing DNA into cells, such as by nuclear microinjection, electroporation. bacterial protoplast fusion with intact cells, or polycations, e g , polybrene, polyornifhine, may also be used For various techniques for transforming mammalian cells, see Keown et al , Methods in Enzvmology. 185 527-537 ( 1990) and Mansour et al , Nature. 336 348-352 (1988) 4 Cultuπng the Host Cells Prokaryotic cells used to produce Apo-2DcRmav be cultured in suitable media as described generally in Sambrook et al , supra The mammalian host cells used to produce Apo-2DcR may be cultured in a variety of media Examples of commercially available media include Ham's F10 (Sigma), Minimal Essential Medium ("MEM", Sigma), RPMI- 1640 (Sigma), and Dulbecco s Modified Eagle's Medium ("DMEM", Sigma) Any such media may be supplemented as necessary with hormones and or other growth factors (such as insulin, transferπn, or epidermal growth factor) salts (such as sodium chloride, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate), buffers (such as HEPES), nucleosιdes(such as adenosine and thymidine), antibiotics (such as Gentamycin™ drug), trace elements (defined as inorganic compounds usually present at final concentrations in the micromolar range), and glucose or an equivalent energy source Any other necessary supplements may also be included at appropriate concentrations that would be known to those skilled in the art The culture conditions, such as temperature, pH, and the like, are those previously used with the host cell selected for expression, and will be apparent to the ordinarily skilled artisan In general principles, protocols and practical techniques for maximizing the productivity of mammalian cell cultures can be found in Mammalian Cell Biotechnology a Practical Approach. M Butler, ed (IRL Press, 1991 ) The host cells re feπed to in this disciosureencompass cells in culture as well as cells that are within a host animal . 5 Detecting Gene Amplification/Expression Gene amplification and/or expression may be measured in a sample directly, for example, by conventional Southern blotting, Northern blotting to quantitatethe transcription of mRNA [Thomas, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 77 5201-5205 (1980)], dot blotting (DNA analysis), or in situ hybridization, using an appropriately labeled probe based on the sequences provided herein Various labels may be employed, most commonly radioisotopes, and particularly 32 P However, other techniques may also be employed, such as using biotin-modifiednucleotidesfor introduction into a polynucleotide The biotin then serves as the site for binding to avidin or antibodies, which may be labeled with a wide variety of labels, such as radionucleotides, fluorescers or enzymes Alternatively, antibodies may be employed that can recognize specific duplexes, including DNA duplexes RNA duplexes, and DNA-RNA hybrid duplexes or DNA-protein duplexes The antibodies in turn may be labeled and the assay may be earned out where the duplex is bound to a surface, so that upon the formation of duplex on the surface, the presence of antibody bound to the duplex can be detected Gene expression alternatively, may be measured by immunological methods, such as lmmunohistochemicalstaining of cells or tissue sections and assay of cell culture or body fluids, to quantitate directly the expression of gene product With immunohistochemical staining techniques, a cell sample is prepared, typically by dehydration and fixation, followed by reaction with labeled antibodies specific for the gene product coupled, where the labels are usually visually detectable, such as enzymatic labels, fluorescent labels, or luminescent labels Antibodies useful for immunohistochemical staining and or assay of sample fluids may be either monoclonal or polyclonal and may be prepared in any mammal Conveniently, the antibodies may be prepared against a native sequence Apo-2DcR polypeptide or against a synthetic peptide based on the DNA sequences provided herein or against exogenous sequence fused to Apo-2DcR DNA and encoding a specific antibody epitope 6 Purification of Apo-2DcR Polypeptide Forms of Apo-2DcR may be recovered from culture medium or from host cell lysates If the Apo-2DcR ιs membrane-bound it can be released from the membrane using a suitable detergent solution (e g Tπton-X 100) or its extracellular domain may be released by enzymatic cleavage Apo-2DcR can also be released from the cell-surface by enzymatic cleavage of its glycophospholipid membrane anchor When Apo-2DcR is produced in a recombinant cell other than one of human origin, the Apo-2DcR is free of proteins or polypeptides of human origin However it may be desired to purify Apo-2DcR from recombinant cell proteins or polvpeptidesto obtain preparations that are substantially homogeneous as to Apo- 2DcR As a firststep the culture medium or lysate may be centπfugedto remove particulate cell debris Apo- 2 DcR thereafter is purified from contaminant soluble proteins and polypeptides with the following procedures being exemplary of suitable purification procedures by fractionation on an ion-exchange column ethanol precipitation, reverse phase HPLC chromatography on silica or on a cation-exchange resin such as DEAE, chromatofocusing, SDS-PAGE ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration using, for example, Sephadex G-75, and protein A Sepharose columns to remove contaminants such as IgG Apo-2DcR variants in which residues have been deleted, inserted, or substituted can be recovered in the same fashion as native sequence Apo-2DcR, taking account of changes in properties occasioned by the variation For example preparation of an Apo-2DcR fusion with another protein or polypeptide, e g , a bacterial or viral antigen, immunoglobulin sequence, or receptor sequence, may facilitate purification, an immunoaffinity column containing antibody to the sequence can be used to adsorb the fusion polypeptide Other types of affinity matrices also can be used A protease inhibitor such as phenyl methyl sulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) also may be useful to inhibit proteolytic degradation during purification, and antibiotics may be included to prevent the growth of adventitious contaminants One skilled in the art will appreciate that purification methods suitable for native sequence Apo-2DcR may require modification to account for changes in the character of Apo-2DcR or its variants upon expression in recombinant cell culture 7 Covalent Modifications of Apo-2DcR Polypeptides Covalent modifications of Apo-2DcR are included within the scope of this invention One type of covalent modification of the Apo-2DcR is introduced into the molecule by reacting targeted amino acid residues of the Apo-2DcR with an organic derivatizing agent that is capable of reacting with selected side chains or the N- or C- terminal residues ofthe Apo-2DcR Deπvatization with bifunctional agents is useful for crosslinking Apo-2DcR to a water-insoluble support matrix or surface for use in the method for purifying antι-Apo-2DcR antibodies, and vice-versa Deπvatizationwith one or more bifunctionalagentswill also be useful for crosslinking Apo-2DcR molecules to generate Apo-2DcR dimers Such dimers may increase binding avidity and extend half-life ofthe molecule in vivo Commonly used crosslinking agents include, e g , l. l -bιs(dιazoacetyl)-2-phenylethane, glutaraldehyde, N-hydroxysuccinimideesters, for example, esters with 4-azιdosalιcylιcacιd, homobifunctional imidoesters, includingdisuccinimidylesters such as 3,3'-dιthιobιs(succιnιmιdylpropιonate), and bifunctional maleimides such as bιs-N-maleιmιdo-l ,8-octane Derivatizing agents such as methyl-3-[(p-azιdophenyl)- dιthιo]propιoιmιdate yield photoactivatable intermediates that are capable of forming crosslinks in the presence of light Alternatively, reactive water-insoluble matrices such as cyanogen bromide-activated carbohydrates and the reactive substrates described in U S Patent Nos 3,969,287, 3,691 ,016, 4,195,128, 4,247,642, 4,229.537, and 4 330,440 are employed for protein immobilization Other modifications include deamidation of glutaminy 1 and asparaginyl residues to the corresponding glutamy 1 and asparty I residues, respectively, hydroxy lation of prohne and lysine, phosphorylationofhydroxyl groups of sery l or threonvl residues, methylation ofthe α-amino groups of lvsme. arginine, and histidine side chains [T E Creighton, Proteins Structure and Molecular Properties. W H Freeman & Co , San Francisco, pp 79-86 ( 1983)], acetylation ofthe N-terminal amine, and amidation of any C-terminal carboxyl group The modified forms of the residues fall within the scope ofthe present invention Another type of covalent modification of the Apo-2DcR polypeptide included within the scope of this invention comprises altering the native glycosy lation pattern of the polypeptide "Altering the native glycosylation pattern" is intended for purposes herein to mean deleting one or more carbohydrate moieties found in native sequence Apo-2DcR. and/or adding one or more glycosylation sites that are not present in the native sequence Apo-2DcR Glycosylation of polypeptides is typically either N-linked or O-linked N-linked refers to the attachment of the carbohydrate moiety to the side chain of an asparagme residue The tπpeptide sequences asparagin e-X-seπne and asparagine-X-threonine, where X is any amino acid except proline, are the recognition sequences for enzymatic attachment of the carbohydrate moiety to the asparagme side chain Thus, the presence of either of these tπpeptide sequences in a polypeptide creates a potential glycosy lation site O-linked glycosylation refers to the attachment of one ofthe sugars N-aceylgalactosamιne,galactose, or xylose to a hydroxylaminoacid. most commonly serine or threonine, although 5-hydroxyprolιne or 5-hydroxylysιne may also be used Addition of glycosylation sites to the Apo-2DcR polypeptide may be accomplished by altering the amino acid sequence such that it contains one or more of the above-described tπpeptide sequences (for N- l nked glycosylation sites) The alteration may also be made by the addition of or substitution by, one or more serine or threonine residues to the native sequence Apo-2DcR (for O-linked glycosylation sites) The Apo- 2DcR ammo acid sequence may optionally be altered through changes at the DNA level, particularly by mutatingthe DNA encoding the Apo-2DcR polypeptide at preselected bases such that codons are generated that will translate into the desired amino acids The DNA mutatιon(s) may be made using methods described above and in U S Pat No 5,364,934, supra Another means of increasing the number of carbohydrate moieties on the Apo-2DcR polypeptide is by chemical or enzymatic coupling of glycosidesto the polypeptide Depending on the coupling mode used, the sugar(s) may be attached to (a) arginine and histidineJb) free carboxyl groups, (c) free sulfhydryl groups such as those of cysteine (d) free hydroxyl groups such as those of serine, threonine, or hvdroxyprohne, (e) aromatic residues such as those of phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan, or (f) the amide group of glutamine These methods are described in WO 87 05330 published 1 1 September 1987 and in Ap n and Wπston, CRC Cπt Rev Biochem . pp 259-306 ( 1981 ) Removal of carbohydrate moieties present on the Apo-2DcR polypeptide ma\ be accomplished chemically or enzvmaticallv or bv mutational substitution of codons encoding for amino acid residues that serve as targets for glycosylation For instance, chemical deglycosylation bv exposing the polypeptide to the compoundtπfluoromethanesulfonicacid or an equivalent compound can result in the cleavage of most or all sugars except the linking sugar (N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine), while leaving the polypeptide intact Chemical deglvcosvlation is described by Hakimuddin, et al , Arch Biochem Biophvs . 259 52 (1987) and by Edge et al Anal Biochem . 1 18 131 (1981) Enzymatic cleavage of carbohydrate moietieson polypeptidescan be achieved by the use of a variety of endo- and exo-glycosidases as described by Thotakura et al Meth Cnzvmol . 138 350 ( 1987) Givcosvlat ion at potential glycosylation sites may be prevented by the use of the compound tunicamycin as described bv Duksin et al , J Biol Chem . 257 3105 ( 1982) Tunicamycin blocks the formation of protem-N-glycoside linkages Another type ot covalent modification of Apo-2DcR comprises linking the Apo-2DcR polypeptide to one of a variety of nonproteinaceous polymers, e g , polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, or polyoxyalkylenes. in the manner set forth in U S Patent Nos 4,640,835, 4,496,689, 4,301 144, 4,670,417, 4,791,192 or 4,479,337 8 Apo-2DcR Chimeras The present invention also provides chimeπc molecules comprising Apo-2DcR fused to another, heterologous polypeptide or amino acid sequence In one embodiment the chimeπc molecule comprises a fusion of the Apo-2DcR with a tag polypeptide which provides an epitope to which an anti-tag antibody can selectively bind The epitope tag is generally placed at the amino- or carboxy 1- terminus ofthe Apo-2DcR The presence of such epitope-tagged forms ofthe Apo-2DcR can be detected using an antibody against the tag polypeptide Also, provision of the epitope tag enables the Apo-2DcRto be readily purified by affinity purification using an anti-tag antibody or another type of affinity matrix that binds to the epitope tag Various tag polypeptides and their respective antibodies are well known in the art Examples include the flu HA tag polypeptide and its antibody 12CA5 [Field et al , Mol Cell Biol . 8 2159-2165 (1988)], the c-myc tag and the 8F9, 3C7, 6E10. G4, B7 and 9E10 antibodies thereto [Evan et al , Molecular and Cellular Biology. 5 3610-3616 (1985)], and the Herpes Simplex virus glycoprotein D (gD) tag and its antibody [Paborsky et al , Protein Engmeenng. 3(6) 547-553 ( 1990)] Other tag polypeptides include the Flag-peptide [Hopp et al . BioTechnologv. 6 1204-1210(1988)], the KT3 epitope peptide [Martin et al Science. 255 192- 194 ( 1992)] , an α-tubuhn epitope peptide [Skinner et al , J Biol Chem . 266 14163- 14166 ( 1991 )], and the T7 gene 10 protein peptide tag [Lutz-Freyermufh et al , Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 87 6393-6397 (1990)] Once the tag polypeptide has been selected, an antibody thereto can be generated using the techniques disclosed herein Generally, epitope-tagged Apo-2DcR may be constructed and produced according to the methods described above Apo-2DcR-tag polypeptide fusions are preferably constructed by fusing the cDNA sequence encoding the Apo-2DcR portion in-frame to the tag polypeptide DNA sequence and expressing the resultant DNA fusion construct in appropriate host cells Ordinarily when preparing the Apo-2DcR-tag polypeptide chimeras of the present invention, nucleic acid encoding the Apo-2DcR will be fused at its 3' end to nucleic acid encoding the N-terminus of the tag polypeptide, however 5' fusions are also possible For example, a polyhistidi ne sequence of about 5 to about 10 histidme residues may be fused at the N- terminus or the C- terminus and used as a purification handle in affinity chromatography Epιtope-taggedApo-2DcR can be purified by affinity chromatography using the anti-tag antibody The matrix to which the affinity antibody is attached may include for instance agarose controlled pore glass or poly(styrenedιvιnyl)benzene The epitope-tagged Apo-2DcR can then be eluted from the affinity column using techniques known in the art In another embodiment the chimeπc molecule comprises an Apo-2DcR poK peptide fused to an immunoglobulinsequence The chimeπc molecule may also comprise a particular domain sequence of Apo- 2DcR such as an extracellular domain sequence of Apo-2DcR fused to an immunoglobulin sequence This includes chimeras in monomeπc, homo- or heteromultimeπc, and particularly homo- or heterodimeπc, or - tetrameπc forms, optionally, the chimeras may be in dimeπc forms or homodimeπc heavy chain forms Generally, these assembled immunoglobulinswiU have known unit structures as represented by the following diagrams X or A C H or C L X or A \ Y C H or C L A A \ C L V H \ C L \ c H v L A \ c L \ c H X A \ c L \ C H A X \ C L \ c H A basic four chain structural unit is the form in which IgG, IgD and IgE exist A four chain unit is repeated in the higher molecular weight immunoglobulins, IgM generally exists as a pentamer of basic four- chain units held together by disulfide bonds IgA globulin, and occasionally IgG globulin, may also exist in a multimeπc form in serum In the case of multimers, each four chain unit may be the same or different The following diagrams depict some exemplary monomer, homo- and heterodimer and homo- and heteromuitimer structures These diagrams are merely illustrative, and the chains ofthe multimers are believed to be disulfide bonded in the same fashion as native immunoglobulins monomer A C L or C H homodimer A \ C L or C H C [ or C H / A heterodimer A \ C or C H C L or C H . / X A homotetramer A \ C, or C H _C L or C H ' C L A / A A X and A X \ L \ C L or C H C L or C H / C L A / X In the foregoing diagrams "A" means an Apo-2DcR sequence or an Apo-2DcR sequence fused to a heterologous sequence X is an additional agent, which mav be the same as A or different, a portion of an immunoglobulin superfamily member such as a variable region or a variable region-like domain, including a native or chimeπc immunoglobulin variable region, a toxin such a pseudomonas exotoxin or πcin, or a sequence functionally binding to another protein, such as other cytokines (l e , IL- 1 - interferon-γ) or cell surface molecules (l e , NGFR, CD40, OX40, Fas antigen, T2 proteins of Shope and myxoma poxviruses), or a polypeptide therapeutic agent not otherwise normally associated with a constant domain, Y is a linker or another receptor sequence, and V L , V t f , C and C H represent light or heavy chain variable or constant domains of an immunoglobulin Structures comprising at least one CRD of an Apo-2DcR sequence as "A" and another cell-surface protein having a repetitive pattern of CRDs (such as TNFR) as "X" are specifically included It will be understood that the above diagrams are merely exemplary of the possible structures ofthe chimeras ofthe present invention, and do not encompass all possibilities For example, there might desirably be several different "A"s, "X"s or "Y"s in any of these constructs Also the heavy or light chain constant domains may be originated from the same or different immunoglobulins All possible permutations ofthe illustrated and similar structures are all within the scope of the invention herein In general, the chimeπc molecules can be constructed in a fashion similar to chimeπc antibodies in which a variable domain from an antibody of one species is substituted for the variable domain of another species See, for example, EP 0 125 023, EP 173,494, Munro, Nature. 312 597 (13 December 1984), Neuberger et al , Nature. 312 604-608 ( 13 December 1984), Sharon et al Nature. 309 364-367 (24 May 1984), Momson et al , Proc Nat'l Acad Sci USA. 81 6851 -6855 ( 1984), Moπison et al , Science, 229 1202- 1207 ( 1985), Bou anne et al , Nature, 312 643-646 ( 13 December 1984), Capon et al , Nature. 337 525-531 (1989), Traunecker et al , Nature. 339 68-70 (1989) Alternatively, the chimeπc molecules may be constructed as follows The DNA including a region encoding the desired sequence, such as an Apo-2DcR and/or TNFR sequence is cleaved by a restriction enzyme at or proximal to the 3' end ofthe DNA encoding the immunogiobulin-like domam(s) and at a point at or near the DNA encoding the N-terminal end of the Apo-2DcR or TNFR polypeptide (where use of a different leader is contemplated) or at or proximal to the N-terminal coding region for TNFR (where the native signal is employed) This DNA fragment then is readily inserted proximal to DNA encoding an immunoglobulin light or heavy chain constant region and. if necessary, the resulting construct tailored by deletional mutagenesis Preferably, the Ig is a human immunoglobulinwhen the chimeπc molecule is intended for in vivo therapy for humans DNA encoding immunoglobulin light or heavy chain constant regions is known or readily available from cDNA libraries or is synthesized See for example, Adams et al , Biochemistry. 19 271 1-2719 (1980), Gough et al , Biochemistry. 19 2702-2710 (1980). Dolby et al , Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 77 6027-6031 ( 1980), Rice et al , Proc Natl Acad Sci . 79 7862-7865 (1982), Falkner et al , Nature. 298 286-288 (1982), and Morrison et al , Ann Rev Immunol . 2239-256 (1984) Further details of how to prepare such fusions are found in publications concerning the preparation of immunoadhesins Immunoadhesins in general, and CD4-Ig fusion molecules specificallv are disclosed in WO 89/02922, published 6 April 1989) Moleculescompπsingthe extracellular portion of CD4, the receptor for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), linked to IgG heavy chain constant region are known in the art and have been found to have a markedly longer half-life and lower clearance than the soluble extracellular portion of CD4 [Capon et al , supra. Byrn et al Nature. 344 667 (1990)] The construction of specific chimeπc TNFR-IgG molecules is also described in Ashkenazi et al Proc Natl Acad Sci . 88 10535-10539 (1991), Lesslauer et al [J Cell Biochem Supplement 15F. 1991, p 1 15 (P 432)], and Peppel and Beutler, J Cell Biochem Supplement I 5F 1991 p 1 18 (P 439)] B Therapeutic and Non-therapeutic Uses for Apo-2DcR Apo-2DcR as disclosed in the present specification, can be employed therapeutically to regulate apoptosis and/or NF-κB activation by Apo-2L or by another ligand that Apo-2DcR binds to in mammalian cells This therapy can be accomplished for instance, using in vivo or ex \ιvo gene therapy techniques and includes the use of the death domain sequences disclosed herein The Apo-2DcR chimeπc molecules (including the chimeπc molecules containing an extracellular domain sequence of Apo-2DcR or the Apo-2DcR lmmunoadhesin described in the Examples below) comprising immunoglobulin sequences can also be employed therapeutically to inhibit Apo-2L activities, for example, apoptosis or NF-κB induction or the activity of another ligand that Apo-2DcR binds to Suitable caπiers and their foπnulationsare described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 16th ed , 1980, Mack Publishing Co , edited by Oslo et al Typically, an appropriate amount of a pharmaceutically- acceptable salt is used in the formulation to render the formulation lsotomc Examples of the caπier include buffers such as saline, Ringer's solution and dextrose solution The pH ofthe solution is preferably from about 5 to about 8, and more preferably from about 7 4 to about 7 8 It will be apparent to those persons skilled in the art that certain caπiers may be more preferable depending upon, for instance, the route of administration Administration to a mammal may be accomplished by injection (e g , intravenous, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intramuscular), or by other methods such as infusion that ensure delivery to the bloodstream in an effective form Effective dosages and schedules for administration may be determined empirically, and making such determinations is within the skill in the art It is contemplated that other, additional therapies may be administered to the mammal, and such includes but is not limited to, chemotherapy and radiation therapy, ιmmunoadjuvants,cytokιnes, and antibody- based therapies Examples include interleukins (e g , IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-6), leukemia inhibitory factor, mterferons, TGF-beta, erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, and HER-2 antibody Other agents known to induce apoptosis in mammalian cells may also employed, and such agents include TNF-α, TNF-β (lymphotoxin-α), CD30 ligand 4- I BB ligand, and Apo-1 ligand Chemotherapies contemplated by the invention include chemical substances or drugs which are known in the art and are commercially available, such as Doxorubicin, 5-Fluorouracιl, Cytosine arabinoside ("Ara-C"), Cyclophosphamide, Thiotepa, Busulfan, Cytoxm, Taxol, Methotrexate, Cisplatin, Melphalan, Vinblastine and Carboplatin Preparation and dosing schedules for such chemotherapy may be used according to manufacturers' instructions or as determined empirically by the skilled practitioner Preparation and dosing schedules for such chemotherapy are also described in Chemotherapy Service Ed , M C Perry, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD ( 1992) The chemotherapy is preferably administered in a pharmaceutically- acceptable caπier, such as those described above The Apo-2DcR of the invention also has utility in non-therapeutic applications Nucleic acid sequences encoding the Apo-2DcR may be used as a diagnostic for tissue-specific typing For example, procedures like in situ hybridization, Northern and Southern blotting, and PCR analysis may be used to determine whether DNA and/or RNA encoding Apo-2DcR is present in the cell type(s) being evaluated Apo- 2DcR nucleic acid will also be useful for the preparation of Apo-2DcR by the recombinant techniques described herein The isolated Apo-2DcR may be used in quantitative diagnostic assays as a control against which samples containing unknown quantities of Apo-2DcR may be prepared Apo-2DcR preparations are also useful in generating antibodies, as standards in assays for Apo-2DcR (e g , by labeling Apo-2DcR for use as a standard in a radioimmunoassay, radioreceptor assay, or enzyme-linked immunoassay), in affinity purification techniques, and in competitive-type receptor binding assays when labeled with, for instance, radioiodine enzymes, or fluorophores Isolated, native forms of Apo-2DcR such as described in the Examples, may be employed to identify alternate forms of Apo-2DcR, for example, forms that possess cytoplasmιcdomaιn(s)whιch may be involved in signaling pathway(s) Modified forms ofthe Apo-2DcR, such as the Apo-2DcR-IgG chimeπc molecules (immunoadhesins) described above, can be used as immunogens in producing antι-Apo-2DcR antibodies Nucleic acids which encode Apo-2DcR or its modified forms can also be used to generate either transgenic animals or "knock out" animals which, in turn, are useful in the development and screening of therapeutically. useful reagents A transgenic animal (e g , a mouse or rat) is an animal having cells that contain a transgene, which transgene was introduced into the animal or an ancestor of the animal at a prenatal, e g , an embryonic stage A transgene is a DNA which is integrated into the genome of a cell from which a transgenic animal develops In one embodiment, cDNA encoding Apo-2DcR or an appropriate sequence thereof (such as Apo-2DcR-IgG)can be used to clone genomic DNA encoding Apo-2DcR in accordance with established techniques and the genomic sequences used to generate transgenic animals that contain cells which express DNA encoding Apo-2DcR Methods for generating transgenic animals, particularly animals such as mice or rats, have become conventional in the art and are described, for example, in U S Patent Nos 4,736,866 and 4,870,009 Typically, particular cells would be targeted for Apo-2DcR transgene incorporation with tissue-specific enhancers Transgenic animals that include a copy of a transgene encoding Apo-2DcR introduced into the germ line of the animal at an embryonic stage can be used to examine the effect of increased expression of DNA encoding Apo-2DcR Such animals can be used as tester animals for reagents thought to confer protection from, for example, pathological conditions associated with excessive apoptosis In accordance with this facet ofthe invention, an animal is treated with the reagent and a reduced incidence ofthe pathological condition, compared to untreated animals bearing the transgene, would indicate a potential therapeutic intervention for the pathological condition In another embodiment, transgenic animals that carry a soluble form of Apo-2DcRsuch as the Apo-2DcRECD or an immunoglobulin chimera of such form could be constructed to test the effect of chronic neutralization of Apo-2L, a ligand of Apo-2DcR Alternatively , non-human homologues of Apo-2DcR can be used to construct an Apo-2DcR "knock out" animal which has a defective or altered gene encoding Apo-2DcR as a result of homologous recombination between the endogenous gene encoding Apo-2DcR and altered genomic DNA encoding Apo- 2DcR introduced into an embryonic cell ofthe animal For example, cDNA encoding Apo-2DcR can be used to clone genomic DNA encoding Apo-2DcR in accordance with established techniques A portion of the genomic DNA encoding Apo-2DcR can be deleted or replaced with another gene, such as a gene encoding a selectable marker which can be used to monitor integration Typically, several kilobases of unaltered flanking DNA (both at the 5' and 3' ends) are included in the vector [see e g , Thomas and Capecchi, Cell. 51 503 (1987) for a description of homologous recombination vectors] The vector is introduced into an embryonic stem cell line (e g , by electroporation) and cells in which the introduced DNA has homologously recombined with the endogenous DNA are selected [see e g , Li et al , Cell. 69 915 (1992)] The selected cells are then injected into a blastocyst of an animal (e g , a mouse or rat) to form aggregation chimeras [see e g , Bradley, in Teratocarcinomas and Embryonic Stem Cells A Practical Approach, E J Robertson, ed (IRL, Oxford, 1987), pp 1 13- 152] A chimeπc embryo can then be implanted into a suitable pseudopregnantfemale foster animal and the embryo brought to term to create a "knock out" animal Progeny harboring the homologously recombined DNA in their germ cells can be identified bv standard techniques and used to breed animals in which all cells ofthe animal contain the homologously recombined DNA Knockout animals can be characterized for instance for their ability to defend against certain pathological conditions and for their development of pathological conditions due to absence of the Apo-2DcR polypeptide, including for example, development of tumors C Antι-Apo-2DcR Antibody Preparation The present invention further provides antι-Apo-2DcR antibodies Antibodies against Apo-2DcR may be prepared as follows Exemplary antibodies include polyclonal, monoclonal, humanized, bispecific, and heteroconjugate antibodies 1 Polyclonal Antibodies The Apo-2DcR antibodies may comprise polyclonal antibodies Methods of preparing polyclonal antibodies are known to the skilled artisan Polyclonal antibodies can be raised in a mammal, for example, by one or more injections of an immunizing agent and, if desired, an adjuvant Typically, the immunizing agent and/or adjuvant will be injected in the mammal by multiple subcutaneous or intrapeπtoneal injections The immunizing agent may include the Apo-2DcR polypeptide or a fusion protein thereof An example of a suitable immunizing agent is a Apo-2DcR-IgG fusion protein or chimeπc molecule (including an Apo-2DcRECD-IgG fusion protein) Cells expressing Apo-2DcR at their surface may also be employed It may be useful to conjugate the immunizing agent to a protein known to be lmmunogenic in the mammal being immunized Examples of such lmmunogenic proteins which may be employed include but are not limited to keyhole limpet hemocyanin, serum albumin, bovine thyroglobu n, and soybean trypsin inhibitor An aggregating agent such as alum may also be employed to enhance the mammal's immune response Examples of adjuvants which may be employed include Freund's complete adjuvant and MPL-TDM adjuvant (monophosphory 1 Lipid A, synthetic trehalose dicorynomycolate) The immunization protocol may be selected by one skilled in the art without undue experimentation The mammal can then be bled, and the serum assayed for antibody titer If desired, the mammal can be boosted until the antibody titer increases or plateaus 2 Monoclonal Antibodies The Apo-2DcR antibodies may, alternatively be monoclonal antibodies Monoclonal antibodies may be prepared using hybndoma methods, such as those described by Kohler and Milstein supra In a hybndoma method, a mouse, hamster, or other appropriate host animal, is typically immunized (such as described above) with an immunizing agent to elicit lymphocytes that produce or are capable of producing antibodies that will specifically bind to the immunizing agent Alternatively, the lymphocytes may be immunized n vitro The immunizing agent will typically include the Apo-2DcR polypeptide or a fusion protein thereof An example of a suitable immunizing agent is a Apo-2DcR-IgG fusion protein or chimeπc molecule A specific example of an immunogen is described in Example 13 below Cells expressing Apo-2DcR at their surface may also be employed Generally, either peripheral blood lymphocytes ("PBLs") are used if cells of human origin are desired or spleen cells or lymph node cells are used if non-human mammalian sources are desired The lymphocytes are then fused with an lmmortalizedcell line using a suitable fusing agent, such as polyethylene glycol to form a hybndoma cell [Goding, Monoclonal Antibodies Principles and Practice. Academic Press, ( 1986) pp 59-103] Immortalized cell lines are usually transformed mammalian cells, particularly myeloma cells of rodent, bovine and human origin Usually, rat or mouse myeloma cell lines are employed The hybndoma cells may be cultured in a suitable culture medium that preferably contains one or more substances that inhibit the growth or survival ofthe unfused, immortalized cells For example, if the parental cells lack the enzyme hypoxanthme guanine phosphoπbosyl transferase (HGPRT or HPRT), the culture medium for the hybπdomas typically will include hypoxanthme, ammopteπn, and thymidine ("HAT medium"), which substances prevent the growth of HGPRT-deficient cells Prefeπed immortalized cell lines are those that fuse efficiently, support stable high level expression of antibody by the selected antibody-producing cells, and are sensitive to a medium such as HAT medium More prefeπed lmmortalizedcell lines are murine myeloma lines, which can be obtained, for instance, from the Salk Institute Cell Distribution Center, San Diego, California and the American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Virginia Human myeloma and mouse-human heteromyeloma cell lines also have been described for the production of human monoclonal antibodies [Kozbor, J Immunol , 133 3001 X1984), Brodeur et al , Monoclonal Antibody Production Techniques and Applications. Marcel Dekker, Inc , New York, (1987) pp 51-63] The culture medium in which the hybndoma cells are cultured can then be assayed for the presence of monoclonal antibodies directed against Apo-2DcR Preferably, the binding specificity of monoclonal antibodies produced by the hybndoma cells is determined by immunoprecipitation or by an in vitro binding assay, such as radιoιmmunoassay(RIA) or enzyme-linked immunoabsorbentassay (ELISA) Such techniques and assays are known in the art The binding affinity of the monoclonal antibody can, for example, be determined by the Scatchard analysis of Munson and Pollard, Anal Biochem . 107 220 (1980) After the desired hybndoma cells are identified, the clones may be subcloned by limiting dilution procedures and grown by standard methods [Goding, supra] Suitable culture media for this purpose include, for example, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium and RPMI-1640 medium Alternatively, the hybndoma cells may be grown in vivo as ascites in a mammal The monoclonal antibodies secreted by the subclones may be isolated or purified from the culture medium or ascites fluid bv conventional lmmunoglobulinpuπfication procedures such as for example, protein A-Sepharose, hydroxy lapatite chromatography, gel electrophoresis, dialysis or affinity chromatography The monoclonal antibodies may also be made by recombinant DNA methods, such as those described in U S Patent No 4,816 567 DNA encoding the monoclonal antibodies of the invention can be readily isolated and sequenced using conventional procedures (e g , by using oligonucleotide probes that are capable of binding specifically to genes encoding the heavy and light chains of murine antibodies) The hybndoma cells ofthe invention serve as a prefeπed source of such DNA Once isolated, the DNA may be placed into expression vectors which are then transfected into host cells such as simian COS cells, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, or myeloma cells that do not otherwise produce immunoglobulinprotein, to obtain the synthesis of monoclona l antibodies in the recombinant host cells The DNA also may be modified for example, by substituting the coding sequence for human heavy and light chain constant domains in place of the homologous murine sequences [U S Patent No 4,816,567, Morrison et al , supra] or bv covalently joining to the immunoglobulin coding sequence all or part of the coding sequence for a non-immunoglobuhn polypeptide Such a non-immunoglobulin polypeptide can be substituted for the constant domains of an antibody of the invention or can be substituted for the variable domains of one antigen-combining site of an antibody ofthe invention to create a chimeπc bivalent antibody As described in the Examples below, antι-Apo-2DcR monoclonal antibodies have been prepared Several ofthese antibodies.refeπed to as 4G3 9 9, 6D10 9 7, and 1C5 24 1 have been deposited with ATCC and have been assigned deposit accession numbers , , and , respectively In one embodiment, the monoclonal antibodies ofthe invention will have the same biological characteristics as one or more ofthe antibodies secreted by the hybndoma cell lines deposited under accession numbers , , or The term "biological characteristics" is used to refer to the in vitro and or in vivo activities or properties of the monoclonal antibodies, such as the ability to bind to Apo-2DcR or to substantially block, induce, or enhance Apo-2DcR activation Optionally, the monoclonal antibody will bind to the same epitope as at least one ofthe three antibodiesspecificallyrefeπedto above Such epitope binding can be determined by conducting various assays, like those described herein and in the examples The antibodiesmay be monovalentantibodies Methodsforprepaπngmonovalentantibodiesare well known in the art For example, one method involves recombinant expression of immunoglobulin light chain and modified heavy chain The heavy chain is truncated generally at any point in the Fc region so as to prevent heavy chain crosslinking Alternatively, the relevant cysteme residues are substituted with another amino acid residue or are deleted so as to prevent crosslinking In vitro methods are also suitable for preparing monovalent antibodies Digestion of antibodies to produce fragments thereof, particularly, Fab fragments, can be accomplished using routine techniques known in the art For instance, digestion can be performed using papain Examples of papain digestion are described in WO 94/29348 published 12/22/94 and U S Patent No 4,342,566 Papain digestion of antibodies typically produces two identical antigen binding fragments, called Fab fragments, each with a single antigen binding site, and a residual Fc fragment Pepsin treatment yields an F(ab') 2 fragment that has two antigen combining sites and is still capable of cross-linking antigen The Fab fragments produced in the antibody digestion also contain the constant domains of the light chain and the first constant domain (CH ] ) ofthe heavy chain Fab' fragments differ from Fab fragments by the addition of a few residues at the carboxy terminus ofthe heavy chain CH | domain including one or more cysteines from the antibody hinge region Fab'-SH is the designation herein for Fab' in which the cysteine resιdue(s) of the constant domains bear a free thiol group F(ab') 2 antibody fragments originally were produced as pairs of Fab' fragments which have hinge cysteines between them Other chemical couplings of antibody fragments are also known 3 Humanized Antibodies The Apo-2DcR antibodies of the invention may further comprise humanized antibodies or human antibodies Humanized forms of non-human (e g , murine) antibodies are chimeπc immunoglobulins, immunoglobulin chains or fragments thereof (such as Fv, Fab, Fab', F(ab') 2 or other antigen-b inding subsequences of antibodies) which contain minimal sequence derived from non-human immunoglobulin Humanized antibodies include human immunoglobulins (recipient antibody) in which residues from a complementary determining region (CDR) of the recipient are replaced by residues from a CDR of a non-human species (donor antibody) such as mouse, rat or rabbit having the desired specificity, affinity and capacity In some instances, Fv framework residues of the human immunoglobulin are replaced by coπesponding non-human residues Humanized antibodies may also comprise residues which are found neither in the recipient antibody nor in the imported CDR or framework sequences In general, the humanized antibody will comprise substantially all of at least one, and typically two, variable domains, in which all or substantially all of the CDR regions coπespond to those of a non-human immunoglobulin and all or substantially all ofthe FR regions are those of a human immunoglobulin consensus sequence The humanized antibody optimally also will comprise at least a portion of an immunoglobulin constant region (Fc), typically that of a human immunoglobulin [Jones et al , Nature. 321 522-525 (1986), Reichmann et al , Nature. 332 323-329 (1988), and Presta, Cuπ Op Struct Biol . 2 593-596 (1992)] Methods for humanizing non-human antibodies are well known in the art Generally, a humanized antibody has one or more amino acid residues introduced into it from a source which is non-human These non-human ammo acid residues are often referred to as "import" residues, which are typically taken from an "import" variable domain. Humanization can be essentially performed following the method of Winter and co-workers [Jones et al., Nature. 321:522-525 (1986); Riechmann et al., Nature. 332:323-327 (1988); Verhoeyen et al., Science. 239: 1534-1536 (1988)], by substituting rodent CDRs or CDR sequences for the corresponding sequences of a human antibody. Accordingly, such "humanized" antibodies are chimeric antibodies (U.S. Patent No. 4,816,567), wherein substantially less than an intact human variable domain has been substitutedby the coπesponding sequence from a non-human species. In practice, humanized antibodies are typically human antibodies in which some CDR residues and possibly some FR residues are substituted by residues from analogous sites in rodent antibodies. The choice of human variable domains, both light and heavy, to be used in making the humanized antibodies is very important in order to reduce antigenicity. According to the "best-fit" method, the sequence of the variable domain of a rodent antibody is screened against the entire library of known human variable domain sequences. The human sequence which is closest to that ofthe rodent is then accepted as the human framework (FR) for the humanized antibody [Sims et al., J. Immunol.. 151 :2296 (1993); Chothia and Lesk, J. Mol. Biol.. 196:901 (1987)]. Another method uses a particular framework derived from the consensus sequence ofall human antibodiesofa particularsubgroup of light or heavy chains. The same framework may be used for several different humanized antibodies [Carter et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 89:4285 (1992); Presta et al., J. Immunol.. 151:2623 (1993)]. It is further important that antibodies be humanized with retention of high affinity for the antigen and other favorable biological properties. To achieve this goal, according to a prefeπed method, humanized antibodies are prepared by a process of analysis ofthe parental sequences and various conceptual humanized products using three dimensional models of the parental and humanized sequences. Three dimensional immunoglobulin models are commonly available and are familiar to those skilled in the art. Computer programs are available which illustrate and display probable three-dimensional conformational structures of selected candidate immunoglobulinsequences. Inspection ofthese displays permits analysis ofthe likely role ofthe residues in the functioningof the candidate immunoglobulinsequence. i.e., the analysis of residues that influence the ability of the candidate immunoglobulin to bind its antigen. In this way, FR residues can be selected and combined from the consensus and import sequence so that the desired antibody characteristic, such as increased affinity for the target antigen(s), is achieved. In general, the CDR residues are directly and most substantially involved in influencing antigen binding [see, WO 94/04679 published 3 March 1994]. Transgenic animals (e.g., mice) that are capable, upon immunization, of producing a full repertoire of human antibodies in the absence of endogenous immunoglobulin production can be employed. For example, it has been described that the homozygous deletion ofthe antibody heavy chain joining region (J H ) gene in chimeric and germ-line mutant mice results in complete inhibition of endogenous antibody production. Transfer of the human germ-line immunoglobulingene aπay in such germ-line mutant mice will result in the production of human antibodies upon antigen challenge [see, e.g., Jakobovits et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 90:2551-255 (1993); Jakobovits et al. Nature. 362:255-258 (1993); Bruggemann et al., Year in Immuno.. 7:33 (1993)]. Human antibodies can also be produced in phage display libraries [Hoogenboom and Winter, J. Mol. Biol.. 227:381 (1992); Marks et al, J. Mol. Biol.. 222:581 (1991)]. The techniques of Cole et al. and Boerner et al. are also available for the preparation of human monoclonal antibodies (Cole et al, Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy. Alan R. Liss, p. 77 (1985) and Boerner et al, J. Immunol.. 147(l):86-95 (1991)]. 4. Bispecific Antibodies Bispecific antibodies are monoclonal, preferably human or humanized, antibodies that have binding specificities for at least two different antigens. In the present case, one of the binding specificities is for the Apo-2DcR, the other one is for any other antigen, and preferably for a cell-surface protein or receptor or receptor subunit. Methods for making bispecific antibodies are known in the art. Traditionally, the recombinant production of bispecific antibodies is based on the co-expression of two immunoglobulin heavy-chain/light- chain pairs, where the two heavy chains have different specificities [Milstein and Cuello, Nature. 305:537-539 (1983)] . Because of the random assortment of immunoglobulin heavy and light chains, these hybridomas (quadromas) produce a potential mixture often different antibody molecules, of which only one has the correct bispecific structure. The purification of the coπect molecule is usually accomplished by affinity chromatography steps. Similar procedures are disclosed in WO 93/08829, published 13 May 1993, and in Traunecker et al, EMBO J.. 10:3655-3659 (1991). According to a different and more prefeπed approach, antibody variable domains with the desired binding specificities (antibody-antigen combining sites) are fused to immunoglobulin constant domain sequences. The fusion preferably is with an immunoglobulinheavy-chain constant domain, comprising at least part ofthe hinge, CH2, and CH3 regions. It is prefeπed to have the first heavy-chain constant region (CHI) containing the site necessary for light-chain binding present in at least one ofthe fusions. DNAs encoding the immunoglobulin heavy-chain fusions and, if desired, the immunoglobulin light chain, are inserted into separate expression vectors, and are co-transfected into a suitable host organism. This provides for great flexibility in adjusting the mutual proportions ofthe three polypeptide fragments in embodiments when unequal ratios of the three polypeptide chains used in the construction provide the optimum yields. It is, however, possible to insert the coding sequences for two or all three polypeptide chains in one expression vector when the expression of at least two polypeptide chains in equal ratios results in high yields or when the ratios are of no particular significance. In a prefeπed embodiment of this approach, the bispecific antibodies are composed of a hybrid immunoglobulin heavy chain with a first binding specificity in one arm, and a hybrid immunoglobulin heavy-chain/light-chain pair (providing a second binding specificity) in the other arm. It was found that this asymmetric structure facilitates the separation ofthe desired bispecific compound from unwanted immunoglobulinchain combinations, as the presence of an immunoglobulin light chain in only one half of the bispecific molecule provides for a facile way of separation. This approach is disclosed in WO 94/04690 published 3 March 1994. For further details of generating bispecific antibodies see, for example, Suresh et al. Methods in Enzvmologv. 121 :210 (1986). 5. Heterocon jugate Antibodies Heteroconjugate antibodies are also within the scope of the present invention. Heteroconjugate antibodies are composed of two covalently joined antibodies. Such antibodies have, for example, been proposed to target immune system cells to unwanted cells [US Patent No. 4,676,980], and for treatment of HIV infection [WO 91/00360; WO 92/20373; EP 03089]. It is contemplated that the antibodies may be prepared in vitro using known methods in synthetic protein chemistry, including those involving crosslinkingagents For example, immunotoxins may be constructed using a disulfide exchange reaction or by forming a thioether bond Examples of suitable reagents for this purpose include lminothiolate and methyl- 4-mercaptobutyπmιdate and those disclosed, for example, in U S Pat No 4 676,980 D Therapeutic and Non-therapeutic Uses for Apo-2DcR Antibodies The Apo-2DcR antibodies of the invention have therapeutic utility For example, Apo-2DcR antibodies which cross-react with other receptors for Apo-2 ligand may be used to block excessive apoptosis (for instance in neurodegenerative disease) or to block potential autoimmune/inflammatory effects Optionally, Apo-2DcR blocking antibodies can be used in combination with an Apo-2 ligand treatment Such Apo-2DcR antibodies can block the Apo-2DcR receptor, and increase bioavailabihty of the administered Apo- 2 ligand Therapeutic compositions and modes of administration (such as described above for Apo-2DcR) may be employed Apo-2DcR antibodies may further be used in immunohistochemistry staining assays or diagnostic assays for Apo-2DcR e g detecting its expression in specific cells tissues or serum Various diagnostic assay techniques known in the art may be used, such as competitive binding assavs, direct or indirect sandwich assays and immunoprecipitattonassays conducted in either heterogeneous or homogeneous phases [Zola. Monoclonal Antibodies A Manual of Techniques. CRC Press. Inc ( 1987) pp 147- 158] The antibodies used in the diagnostic assays can be labeled with a detectable moiety The detectable moiety should be capable of producing either directly or indirectly, a detectable signal For example, the detectable moiety may be a radioisotope such as 3 H l C, 3 P, 3:ι S, or 12" T, a fluorescent or chemiluminescent compound, such as fluoresce in isothiocvanate rhodamine or lucifeπn, or an enzyme such as alkaline phosphatase. beta- galactosidase or horseradish peroxidase Any method known in the art for conjugating the antibody to the detectable moiety may be employed, including those methods described by Hunter et al Nature. 194 495 ( 1962) David et al Biochemistry, 13 1014 (1974), Pain et al J Immunol Meth . 40 219 (1981 ). and Nygren J Histochem and Cvtochem . 30 407 ( 1982) Apo-2DcR antibodies also are useful for the affinity purification of Apo-2DcR from recombinant cell culture or natural sources In this process, the antibodies against Apo-2DcR are immobilized on a suitable support such a Sephadex resin or filter paper, using methods well known in the art The immobilized antibody then is contactedwith a sample containingthe Apo-2DcRto be purified, and thereafter the support is washed with a suitable solvent that will remove substantially all the material in the sample except the Apo-2DcR, which is bound to the immobilized antibody Finally, the support is washed with another suitable solvent that will release the Apo-2DcR from the antibody E Kits Containing Apo-2DcR or Apo-2DcR Antibodies In a further embodiment of the invention, there are provided articlesof manufacture and kits containing Apo-2DcR or Apo-2DcR antibodies which can be used, for instance, for the therapeutic or non- therapeutic applications described above The article of manufacture comprises a container with a label Suitable containers include, for example, bottles, vials, and test tubes The containers may be formed from a variety of materials such as glass or plastic The container holds a composition which includes an active agent that is effective for therapeutic or non-therapeutic applications, such as described above The active agent in the composition is Apo-2DcR or an Apo-2DcR antibody The label on the container indicates that the composition is used for a specific therapy or non-therapeuticapphcation. and may also indicate directions for either in vivo or in vitro use, such as those described above The kit of the invention will typically comprise the container described above and one or more other containers comprising materials desirable from a commercial and user standpoint, including buffers, diluents, filters, needles, syringes, and package inserts with instructions for use The following examples are offered for illustrative purposes only, and are not intended to limit the scope ofthe present invention in any way All patent and literature references cited in the present specification are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety EXAMPLES All restriction enzymes refeπed to in the examples were purchased from New England Biolabs and used according to manufacturer's instructions All other commercially available reagents refeπed to in the examples were used according to manufacturer smstructionsunless otherwise indicated The source of those cells identified in the following examples, and throughout the specification by ATCC accession numbers is the American Type Culture Collection, Mannasas, Virginia EXAMPLE 1 Isolation of cDNA clones Encoding Human Apo-2DcR 1 Preparation of oligo dT primed cDNA library ("LIB 1 1 1 ") mRNA was isolated from human breast carcinoma tissue using reagents and protocols from Invitrogen, San Diego, CA (Fast Track 2) This RNA was used to generate an oligo dT primed cDNA library ("LIB1 1 1 ") in the vector pRK5D using reagents and protocols from Life Technologies. Gaithersburg. MD (Super Script Plasmid System) In this procedure, the double stranded cDNA was sized to greater than 1000 bp and the Sall NotI hnkered cDNA was cloned into Xhol NotI cleaved vector pRK5D is a cloning vector that has an sp6 transcription initiation site loUowed by an Sfil restriction enzyme site preceding the Xhol NotI cDNA cloning sites 2 Preparation of random primed cDNA library ("LIB 1 18") A secondary cDN A library was generated in order to preferentially represent the 5' ends of the primary cDNA clones Sp6 RNA was generated from the primary library (LIB1 11, described above), and this RNA was used to generate a random primed cDNA library ("LIB1 18") in the vector pSST-AMY 0 using reagents and protocols from Life Technologies (Super Script Plasmid System, referenced above) In this procedure the double stranded cDN A was sized to 500- 1000 bp, hnkered with blunt to NotI adaptors, cleaved with Sfil, and cloned into Sfil/Notl cleaved vector pSST-AMY 0 is a cloning vector that has a yeast alcohol dehydrogenase promoter preceding the cDNA cloning sites and the mouse amylase sequence (the mature sequence without the secretion signal) followed by the yeast alcohol dehydrogenase terminator, after the cloning sites Thus, cDNAs cloned into this vector that are fused in frame with amylase sequence will lead to the secretion of amylase from appropriately transfected yeast colonies 3 Transformation and Detection DNA from LIB1 18 was chilled on ice to which was added electrocompetent DH10B bacteria (Life Technologies, 20 ml) The bacteria vector mixture was then electroporated as recommendedby the manufacturer Subsequently, SOC media (Life Technologies, 1 ml) was added and the mixture was incubated at 37°C for 30 minutes The transformants were then plated onto 20 standard 150 mm LB plates containing ampicillin and incubated for 16 hours (37°C) Positive colonies were scraped off the plates and the DNA was isolated from the bacterial pellet using standard protocols, e g CsCl-gradient The purified DNA was then caπied on to the yeast protocols below The yeast methods employed in the present invention were divided into three categories (1) Transformationofyeast with the plasmid cDN A combined vector. (2) Detection and isolation of yeast clones secreting amylase. and (3) PCR amplification of the insert directly from the yeast colony and purification of the DNA for sequencing and further analysis While any yeast strain containing a stable mutant ura3 is useable with the present invention, the preferable yeast strain used with the practice of the invention was HD56-5A (ATCC-90785) This strain had the following genotype MAT alpha ura3-52. leu2-3, leu2- l 12, hιs3- l 1 , hts3- 15, MAL + , SUC + , GAL + Transformation w as performed based on the protocol outlined by Gietz et al , Nucl Acid Res 20 1425 ( 1992) With this procedure we obtained transformation efficiencies of approximately 1 x lO 3 transformants per microgram of DNA Transformed cells were then inoculated from agar into YEPD complex media broth ( 100 ml) and grown overnight at 30°C The YEPD broth was prepared as described in Kaiser et al . Methods in Yeast Genetics Cold Spring Harbor Press Cold Spring Harbor N Y, USA, p 207 (1994) The overnight culture was then diluted to about 2 x 10 6 cells'ml (approx OD 600 -0 1 ) into fresh YEPD broth (500 ml) and regrown to 1 x 10 7 cells/ml (approx OD 600 =0 4-0 5) This usually took about 3 hours to complete The cells were then harvested and prepared for transformation b\ transfer into GS3 rotor bottles in a Sorval GS3 rotor at 5 000 rpm for 5 minutes, the supernatant discarded and then resuspended into sterile water, and centπfuged again in 50 ml falcon tubes at 3,500 rpm in a Beckman GS-6KR centrifuge The supernatant was discarded and the cells were subsequently washed with LiAc/TE ( 10 ml, 10 mM Tns-HCI, 1 mM EDTA pH 7 5, 100 mM Lι 2 OOCCH 3 ), and resuspended into LiAc/TE (2 5 ml) Transformation took place by mixing the prepared cells ( 100 μl) with freshly denatured single stranded salmon testes DNA (Lofstrand Labs, Gaithersburg, MD USA) and transforming DNA (1 μg, vol < 10 μl) in microfuge tubes The mixture was mixed briefly by vortexing, then 40% PEG/TE (600 μl, 40% polyethylene glycol-4000, 10 mM Tns-HCI, 1 mM EDTA, 100 mM Lι 2 OOCCH 3 , pH 7 5) was added This mixture was gently mixed and incubated at 30°C while agitating for 30 minutes The cells were then heat shocked at 42°C for 15 minutes, and the reaction vessel centπfuged in a microfuge at 12.000 rpm for 5-10 seconds, decanted and resuspended into TE (500 μl, 10 mM Tns-HCI, 1 mM EDTA pH 7 5) followed by recentπfugation The cells were then diluted into TE (1 ml) and aliquots (200 μl) were spread onto the selective media previously prepared in 150 mm growth plates (VWR) Alternatively, instead of multiple small reactions, the transformation was performed using a single, large scale reaction, wherein reagent amounts were scaled up accordingly The selective media used was a synthetic complete dextrose agar lacking uracil (SCD-Ura) prepared as described m Kaiser et al , Methods in Yeast Genetics, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N Y , USA, p 208-210 (1994) Transformants were grown at 30° C for 2-3 days The detection of colonies secreting amylase was performed by including red starch in the selective growth media Starch was coupled to the red dye (Reactive Red- 120, Sigma) as per the procedure described by Biely et al , Anal Biochem . 172 176-179 (1988) The coupled starch was incoφorated into the SCD-Ura agar plates at a final concentration of 0 15% (w/v), and was buffered with potassium phosphate to a pH of 7 0 (50-100 mM final concentration) The positive colonies were picked and streaked across fresh selective media (onto 150 mm plates) in order to obtain well isolated and identifiable single colonies This step also ensured maintenance of the plasmid amongst the transformants Well isolated single colonies positive for amylase secretion were detected by direct incoφoration of red starch into buffered SCD-Ura agar Positive colonies were determined by their ability to break down starch resulting in a clear halo around the positive colony visualized directly 4 Isolation of DNA b\ PCR Amplification When a positive colony was isolated, a portion of it was picked by a toothpick and diluted into sterile water (30 μl) in a 96 well plate At this time, the positive colonies were either frozen and stored for subsequentanalysis or immediately amplified An aliquot of cells (5 μi) was used as a template for the PCR reaction in a 25 μl volume containing 0 5 μl Klentaq (Clontech, Palo Alto, CA), 4 0 μl 10 mM dNTP's (Perkin Elmer-Cetus), 2 5 μl Kentaq buffer (Clontech), 0 25 μl forward oligo 1 , 0 25 μl reverse oligo 2, 12 5 μl distilled water The sequence of the forward oligonucleotide 1 was TGTAAAACG ΛCGGCCAGTTAAATAGACCTGCAATTATTAATCT [SEQ ID NO 5] The sequence of reverse oligonucleotide 2 was CAGGAAACAGCTATGACCACCTGCACACCTGCAAATCCATT [SEQ ID NO 6] PCR was then performed as follows a Denature 92 °C. 5 minutes b 3 cycles of Denature 92 °C, 30 seconds Anneal 59°C, 30 seconds Extend 72 °C, 60 seconds c 3 cycles of Denature 92 °C, 30 seconds Anneal 57°C, 30 seconds Extend 72 °C, 60 seconds d 25 cycles of Denature 92°C, 30 seconds Anneal 55 °C, 30 seconds Extend -72°C, 60 seconds e Hold 4°C The underlined regions of the ohgonucleotidesannealedto the ADH promoter region and the amylase region, respectively, and amplified a 307 bp region from vector pSST-AMY 0 when no insert was present Typically, the first 18 nucleotides of the 5' end of these oligonucleotides contained annealing sites for the sequencing primers Thus, the total product ofthe PCR reaction from an empty vector was 343 bp However, signal sequence-fused cDNA resulted in considerably longer nucleotide sequences Following the PCR, an aliquot ofthe reaction (5 μl) was examined by agarose gel electrophoresis in a 1% agarose using a Tπs-Borate-EDTA (TBE) buffering system as described by Sambrook et al , supra Clones resulting in a single strong PCR product larger than 400 bp were further analyzed by DNA sequencing after purification with a 96 Qiaquick PCR clean-up column (Qiagen Inc . Chatsworth. CA) 5 Identification of Full-length Clone A cDNA sequence ("DNA21705") isolated in the above screen was found to have certain amino acid sequence similarity or homology with human TNFRl TNFRl 81 CRECESG- SFTASENHLRHC SCSKCRKEMG DNA21705 164 CNPCTEGVDYTNASNNEPSCFPCTVCKSD- - QVEISSCTVDRDTVCGCRK ( SEQ ID NO 7 ) QKHKSSCT TRDTVCQCKE ( SEQ ID NO . 8 ) Based on the similarity, probes were generated from the sequence of DN A21705 and used to screen a human fetal lung library ("LIB25") prepared as described in paragraph 1 above The cloning vector was pRK5B (pRK5B is a precursor of pRK5D that does not contain the Sfil site), and the cDNA size cut w as less than 2800 bp A full length clone was identified (DNA33085) (pRK5-hApo-2DcR) (also refeπed to as Apo2-DcR deposited as ATCC 209087 as indicated below) that contained a single open reading frame w ith an apparent translational initiation site at nucleotide positions 193-195 [Kozak et al , supral and ending at the stop codon found at nucleotide positions 970-972 (Fig 1 A, SEQ ID NO 2) The predicted polypeptide precursor is 259 amino acids long and has a calculated molecular weight of approximately 27 4 kDa Sequence analysis indicated an N-terminal signal peptide, two cysteine-πch domains, a sequence that contains four nearly identical 15 amino acid tandem repeats, and a hydrophobic C-terminal region (Figures 2 and 3) The hydrophobic sequence at the C-terminus is preceded by a pair of small amino acids (Ala223 and Ala224), this structure and the absence of an apparent cytoplasmic domain suggests that Apo-2DcR may be a glycosy Iphosphatydihnositol (GPI) anchored protein [see, Moran, J Biol Chem . 266 1250-1257 (1991)] Apo-2DcR contains five potential N-linked glycosylation sites (Fig 2) TNF receptor family proteins are typically characterized by the presence of multiple (usually four) cysteine-πch domains in their extracellular regions — each cysteine-πch domain being approximately 45 amino acids long and containing approximately 6, regularly spaced, cysteine residues Based on the crystal structure of the type 1 TNF receptor, the cysteines in each domain typically form three disulfide bonds in which usually cysteines 1 and 2, 3 and 5, and 4 and 6 are paired together Like DR4 and Apo-2 (described further below), Apo-2DcR contains two extracellular cysteine-πch pseudorepeats (Fig 2), whereas other identified mammalian TNFR family members contain three or more such domains [Smith et al , Cell. 76 959 (1994)] Based on an alignment analysis of the full-length sequence shown in Figure 1 A (SEQ ID NO 1), Apo- 2DcR shows more sequence identity to DR4 (60%) and Apo-2 (50%) than to other apoptosis-hnked receptors, such as Apo-3, TNFRl, or Fas/Apo-1 In Fig I B, Applicants have shown that the apparent translational initiation site may alternatively be assigned at nucleotide positions 93-95 (identified in Fig I B as amino acid residue -40, SEQ ID NO 4) The Apo-2DcR shown in Fig IB includes amino acid residues -40 to 259 EXAMPLE 2 Binding of Apo-2DcR to Apo-2L and Effect of PI-PLC on Apo-2DcR Activity To test whether Apo-2DcR binds to Apo-2L, and to assess whether Apo-2DcR is GPI- nked, binding of radioiodmated Apo-2L to Apo-2DcR-transfected 293 cells was analyzed The effect of pre-treatment of the cells with phosphatidvlinositol-specific phosphohpase C (PI-PLC) on the binding was also analyzed Human 293 cells (ATCC CRL 1573) were plated in 100mm plates ( 1 x 10 6 cells/plate) and transfected with 20 μg/plate pRK5 or pRK5 encoding the full-length Apo-2DcR (described in Example 1 , ATCC deposit 209087) using calcium phosphate precipitation After 24 hours, the cells were harvested in PBS/10 mM EDTA, washed in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), resuspended in 2 ml PBS per original plate and divided into two I ml aliquots per transfection PI-PLC [Treanor et al , Nature. 382 80-83 (1996)] (1 μg/ml) was added to one of the two aliquots derived from each transfection. and the cells were incubated 1 hour at 37° C The cells were washed and respuspended in 1 ml PBS containing 1% BSA (Sigma), and 0 04 ml aliquots were placed into tubes in triplicate To these tubes was added approxιmately20,000cpm 12" 'I-Apo- 2L (Apo-2L is described in Pitti et al , supra, and was radioiodmated by conventional lactoperoxidase methodology) in O 005ml, along with 0 005 ml PBS, or 0 005 μl unlabeledApo-2L ιn PBS (final concentration 0 5 μg/ml) for determination of nonspecific binding After a 1 hour incubation at room temperature, the cells were washed in ice cold PBS. pelleted and counted for radioactivity Transfection by Apo-2DcR led to a marked increase in the amount of specific Apo-2L binding, indicatingthat Apo-2DcR binds Apo-2L (Fig 4) Treatmentwith PI-PLC caused a marked reduction in Apo- 2L binding, indicating that Apo-2DcR is a GPI-anchored receptor (Fig 4) EXAMPLE 3 Inhibition of Apo-2L Function bv Full-length Apo-2DcR The absence of a cytoplasmic region in Apo-2DcR suggested that this receptor is involved in modulation, rather than in transduction of Apo-2L signaling Thus, the effect of Apo-2DcR transfection on cellular responsiveness to Apo-2L was examined Human 293 cells, which express both DR4 and Apo-2 mRNA (data not shown), were plated in 100mm plates (1 x 10 6 cells/plate)and transfected with 3 μg per plate pRK encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP, purchased from Clontech)togetherwιth 20 μg platepRK5 or pRK5-hApo-2DcR(see Example 2) using calcium phosphate precipitation After 18 hours, the cells were treated with PBS or with Apo-2L (Pitti et al , supra. 0 5 μg/ml) and examined over 6 hours under a fluorescencemicroscope equipped with Hoffman optics (which enables clear viewing of non-fixed cells on plastic) GFP-positive cells were identified by green fluorescence and scored for apoptosis by moφhologic criteria such as membrane blebbing and cytoplasmic condensation Transfection by Apo-2DcR markedly reduced responsiveness to Apo-2L as measured by apoptosis induction (Fig 5) In a similar experiment, the 293 ceils were transfected by pRK5 or pRK5-h Apo-2DcR (20 μg/plate) and analyzed 18 hours later for activation of NF-κB by Apo-2L (0 5 μg/ml), as in Example 10 below The results showed that Apo-2DcR inhibits Apo-2L function as measured by apoptosis induction as well as by NF- KB activation (Fig 6) EXAMPLE 4 Northern Blot Analysis Expression of Apo-2DcR mRNA in human tissues was examined by Northern blot analysis Human RNA blots were hybridized to a 1 2 kilobase 32 P-labelled DNA probe based on the full length Apo-2DcR cDNA, the probe was generated bv digesting the pRK5-Apo-2DcRplasm id with EcoRI and purifying the Apo- 2DcR cDNA insert Human fetal RNA blot MTN (Clontech) human adult RNA blot MTN-II (Clontech) and human cancer cell line RNA blot (Clontech)were incubated with the DNA probes Blots were incubated with the probes in hybridization buff er (5X SSPE 2X Denhardt's solution 100 mg mL denatured sheared salmon sperm DNA, 50% formamide 2% SDS) for 60 hours at 42°C The blots were washed several times in 2X SSC, 0 05% SDS for 1 hour at room temperature, followed by a 30 minute wash in 0 1 X SSC 0 1% SDS at 50°C The blots were developed after overnight exposure b\ phosphoπmager analysis (Fuji) As shown in Fig 7A several Apo-2DcRmRNA transcπptswere detected Relatively high expression was seen in adult peripheral blood leukoc tes(PBL), spleen lung liver and placenta Some adult tissues that express Apo-2DcR e g PBL and spleen have been shown to express Apo 2 (Example 1 1 below) and DR4 [Pan et al , supra] As shown in Fig 7B the Apo-2DcR message is absent from most of the human tumor cell lines examined (namely HL60 promvelocvtic leukemia, HeLa S3 cervical carcinoma, K562 chronic myelogenous leukemia, MOLT4 acute l\ mphoblastic leukemia, SW480 colorectal adenocarcinoma, A549 lung carcinoma, and G361 melanoma), and particularly the approximate 1 5 kB transcript which coπesponds in size to the Apo- 2DcR cDNA The apparent expression of Apo-2DcR in the above-mentioned normal human tissues but not the identified tumor cell types suggests that the Apo-2DcR receptor may allow for preferential killing of cancer cells by Apo-2 ligand (possibly through protection of normal cells but not cancerous cells) EXAMPLE 5 Isolation of cDNA clones Encoding Human Apo-2 An expressed sequence tag (EST) DNA database (LIFESEQ™, Incyte Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, CA) was searched and an EST was identified which showed homology to the death domain of the Apo-3 receptor [Marsters et al , Cuπ Biol , 6 750 (1996)] Human pancreas ("LIB55") and human kidney ("LIB28") cDN A libraries (prepared as described in Example 1 above in pRK5 vectors), were screened by hybridization with a synthetic oligonucleotide probe GGGAGCCGCTCATGAGGAAGTTGGGCCTCATGGACAATGAGATAAAGGTGGCTAAAGCTGAG GCAGCGGG (SEQ ID NO 9) based on the EST Three cDNA clones were sequenced in entirety The overlapping coding regions ofthe cDN As were identical except for codon 410 (using the numbering system for Fig 8), this position encoded a leucine residue (TTG) in both pancreatic cDNAs, and a methionine residue (ATG) in the kidney cDNA, possibly due to polymoφhism The entire nucleotide sequence of Apo-2 is shown in Figure 8 (SEQ ID NO 10) Clone 27868 (also refeπed to as pRK5-Apo-2 deposited as ATCC 209021, as indicated below) contains a single open reading frame with an apparent translational initiation site at nucleotide positions 140-142 [Kozak et al , supra] and ending at the stop codon found at nucleotide positions 1373-1375 (Fig 8, SEQ ID NO 10) The predicted polypeptide precursor is 41 1 amino acids long, a type I transmembrane protein and has a calculated molecular weight of approximately 45 kDa Hydropathy analysis (not shown) suggested the presence of a signal sequence (residues 1-53), followed by an extracellular domain (residues 54- 182) a transmembrane domain (residues 183-208) and an intracellular domain (residues 209-41 1 ) (Fig 9 SEQ ID NO 1 1 ) N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis of Apo-2-IgG expressed in 293 cells showed that the mature polypeptide starts at amino acid residue 54 indicating that the actual signal sequence comprises residues 1 -53 Like DR4 and Apo-2DcR, Apo-2 contains two extracellular cvsteme-πch pseudorepeats (Fig 9), whereas other identified mammalian TNFR family members contain three or more such domains [Smith et al . Cell. 76 959 ( 1994)] The cytoplasmic region of Apo-2 contains a death domain (amino acid residues 324-391 shown in Fig 8, see also Fig 2) which shows significantly more ammo acid sequence identity to the death domain of DR4 (64%) than to the death domain of TNFRl (30%), CD95 (19%) or Apo-3/DR3 (29%) (Fιg 2) Four out of six death domain amino acids that are required for signaling by TNFRl [Tartaglia et al , supra] are conserved in Apo-2 while the other two residues are semi-conserved (see Fig 2) Based on an alignment analysis (using the ALIGN computer program) of the full-length sequence Apo-2 shows more sequence identity to DR4 (55%) than to other apoptosis-hnked receptors such as TNFRl ( 19%), CD95 (17%), or Apo-3 (also refeπed to as DR3, WSL- 1 or TRAMP) (29%) EXAMPLE 6 A Expression of Apo-2 ECD A soluble extracellular domain (ECD) fusion construct was prepared An Apo-2 ECD (amino acid residues 1 -184 shown in Figure 8) was obtained by PCR and fused to a C-terminal Flag epitope tag (Sigma) (The Apo-2 ECD construct included residues 183 and 184 shown in Figure 8 to provide flexibility at the junction, even though residues 183 and 184 are predicted to be in the transmembrane region) The Flag epitope-tagged molecule was then inserted into pRK5, and expressed by transient transfection into human 293 cells (ATCC CRL 1573) After a 48 hour incubation, the cell supernatants were collected and either used directly for co- precipitation studies (see Example 7) or subjected to purification of the Apo-2 ECD-Flag by affinity chromatography on anti-Flag agarose beads, according to manufacturer's instructions (Sigma) B Expression of Apo-2 ECD as an lmmunoadhesin A soluble Apo-2 ECD lmmunoadhesin construct was prepared The Apo-2 ECD (amino acids 1 - 184 shown in Fig 8) was fused to the hinge and Fc region of human immunoglobulin G i heavy chain in pRK5 as described previously [Ashkenazi et al . Proc Natl Acad Sci . 88 10535- 10539(1991 )] The lmmunoadhesin was expressed by transient transfection into human 293 cells and purified from cell supernatants by protein A affinity chromatography, as described by Ashkenazi et al , supra EXAMPLE 7 Immunoprecipitation Assay Showing Binding Interaction Between Apo-2 and Apo-2 Ligand To determine whether Apo-2 and Apo-2L interact or associate with each other, supernatants from mock-transfected 293 cells or from 293 cells transfected with Apo-2 ECD-Flag (described in Example 6 above) (5 ml) were incubated with 5 μg poly-histidine-tagged soluble Apo-2L [Pitti et al supra] for 30 minutes at room temperature and then analyzed for complex formation by a co-precipitation assay The samples were subjected to immunoprecipitation using 25 \ anti-Flag conjugated agarose beads (Sigma) or Nickel-conjugated agarose beads (Qiagen) After a 1 5 hour incubation at 4° C the beads were spun down and washed four times in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) By using anti-Flag agarose. the Apo-2L was precipitated through the Flag-tagged Apo-2 ECD, by using Nickel-agarose. the Apo-2 ECD was precipitatedthrough the His-tagged Apo-2L The precipitated proteins were released by boiling the beads for 5 minutes in SDS-PAGE buffer, resolved by electrophoresis on 12% polyacrylamide gels, and then detected by immunoblot with antι-Apo-2L or anti-Flag antibody (2 μg/ml) as described in Marsters et al , J Biol Chem . 272 14029-14032 ( 1997) The results, shown in Figure 10 indicate that the Apo-2 ECD and Apo-2L can associate with each other The binding interaction was further analyzed by purifying Apo-2 ECD from the transfected 293 cell supernatants with anti-Flag beads (see Example 6) and then analyzing the samples on a BIACORE™ instrument The BIACORE I M analysis indicated a dissociation constant (K d ) of about 1 nM BIACORE 1 M analysis also showed that the Apo-2 ECD is not capable of binding other apoptosis-inducing TNF family members namely, TNF-alpha (Genentech, Inc , Pennica et al , Nature, 312 724 ( 1984), lymphotoxin-alpha (Genentech, Inc ), or Fas/Apo- 1 ligand (Alexis Biochemicals) The data thus shows that Apo-2 is a specific receptor for Apo-2L EXAMPLE 8 Induction of Apoptosis bv Apo-2 Because death domains can function as oligomeπzation interfaces, over-expression of receptors that contain death domains may lead to activation of signaling in the absence of ligand [Frazer et al , supra, Nagata et al . supra] To determine whether Apo-2 was capable of inducing cell death, human 293 cells or HeLa cells (ATCC CCL 2 2) were transiently transfected by calcium phosphate precιpιtatιon(293 cells) or electroporation (HeLa cells) with a pRK5 vector or pRK5-based plasmids encoding Apo-2 and/or CrmA When applicable, the total amount of plasmid DNA was adjusted by adding vector DNA Apoptosis was assessed 24 hours after transfection by moφhology (Fig 1 1 A), DNA fragmentation (Fig 1 IB), or by FACS analysis of PI 1 IWl phosphatydilseπneexposure (Fig 1 1 C) as described in Marsters et al , Cuπ Biol . 6 1669 ( 1996) As shown in Figs 1 1 A and 1 IB, the Apo-2 transfected 293 cells underwent marked apoptosis For samples assayed by FACS, the HeLa cells were co-transfected with pRK5-CD4 as a marker for transfection and apoptosis was determined in CD4-expressιngceIls, FADD was co-transfected with the Apo-2 plasmid, the data are means + SEM of at least three experiments, as described in Marsters et al , Cuπ Biol . 6 1669 (1996) The caspase inhibitors, DEVD-fmk (Enzyme Systems) or z-VAD-fmk(ResearchBιochemιcals Intl ) were added at 200 μM at the time of transfection As shown in Fig 1 1 C, the caspase inhibitors CrmA, DEVD-fmk, and z-VAD-fmk blocked apoptosis induction by Apo-2, indicatingthe ιnvolvementofCed-3-lιke proteases in this response FADD is an adaptor protein that mediates apoptosis activation by CD95, TNFRl , and Apo-3/DR3 [Nagata et al , supra], but does not appear necessary for apoptosis induction by Apo-2L [Marsters et al , supra] or by DR4 [Pan et al . supra 1 A dominant-negativemutant form of FADD which blocks apoptosis induction by CD95, TNFR 1 , or Apo-3/DR3 [Frazer et al , supra. Nagata et al , supra. Chinnayian et al , supra] did not inhibit apoptosis induction by Apo-2 when co-transfected into HeLa cells with Apo-2 (Fig 1 1C) These results suggest that Apo-2 signals apoptosis independently of FADD Consistent with this conclusion, a glutathione- S-transterase fusion protein containing the Apo-2 cytoplasmic region did not bind to in vitro transcribed and translated FADD (data not shown) EXAMPLE 9 Inhibition of Apo-2L Activity bv Soluble Apo-2 ECD Soluble Apo-2L (0 5 μg/ml, prepared as described in Pitti et al , su£ra) was pre-incubated for 1 hour at room temperature with PBS buffer or affinity-purified Apo-2 ECD (5 μg/ml) together with anti-Flag antibody (Sigma) (1 μg/ml) and added to HeLa cells After a 5 hour incubation, the cells were analyzed for apoptosis by FACS (as above) (Fig 1 1 D) Apo-2L induced marked apoptosis in HeLa cells, and the soluble Apo-2 ECD was capable of blocking Apo-2L action (Fig 1 I D), confirming a specific interaction between Apo-2L and Apo-2 Similar results were obtained with the Apo-2 ECD ιmmunoadhesιn(Fιg 1 I E) Dose-response analysis showed half- maximal inhibition at approximately 0 3 nM Apo-2 lmmunoadhesin (Fig 1 I E) EXAMPLE 10 Activation of NF-κB bv Apo-2 An assay was conducted to determine whether Apo-2 activates NF-κB HeLa cells were transfected with pRK5 expression plasmids encoding full-length native sequence Apo-2, DR4 or Apo-3 and harvested 24 hours after transfection Nuclear extracts were prepared and 1 μg of nuclear protein was reacted with a 32 P-labelled NF-κB-specιfic synthetic oligonucleotide probe ATCAGGGACTTTCCGCTGGGGACTTTCCG (SEQ ID NO 12) [see, also, MacKay et al , J Immunol . 153 5274-5284 ( 1994)], alone or together with a 50-fold excess of unlabelled probe, or with an irrelevant 32 P- labelled synthetic oligonucleotide AGGATGGGAAGTGTGTGATATATCCTTGAT (SEQ ID NO 13) In some samples, antibody to p65/RelA subunits of NF-κB (1 μg/ml, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) was added DNA binding was analyzed by an electrophoretic mobility shift assay as described by Hsu et al , supra. Marsters et al , supra, and MacKay et al , supra The results are shown in Fig 12 As shown in Fig 12 A, upon transfection into HeLa cells, both Apo- 2 and DR4 induced sιgmficantNF-κB activation as measured by the electrophoretic mobility shift assay, the level of activation was comparable to activation observed for Apo-3/DR3 Antibody to the p65/RelA subunit of NF-κB inhibited the mobility of the NF-κB probe, implicating p65 in the response to all 3 receptors An assay was also conductedto determine if Apo-2L itself can regulate NF-κB activity HeLa cells or MCF7 cells (human breast adenocarcinoma cell line, ATCC HTB 22) were treated with PBS buffer, soluble Apo-2L (Pitti et al , supra) or TNF-alpha (Genentech, Inc , see Penmca et al , Nature. 312 724 (1984)) (1 μg/ml) and assayed for NF-κB activity as above The results are shown in Fig 12B The Apo-2L induced a significant NF-κB activation in the treated HeLa cells but not in the treated MCF7 cells, the TNF-alpha induced a more pronounced activation in both cell lines Several studies have disclosed that NF-κB activation by TNF can protect cells against TNF-induced apoptosis [Nagata. supra] The effects of a NF-κB inhibitor ALLN (N-acetyl-Leu-Leu-norleucιnal)and a transcription inhibitor, cyclohexamide were also tested The HeLa cells (plated in 6-well dishes) were preincubated with PBS buffer, ALLN (Calbιochem)(40 g ml) or cvclohexamιde(Sιgma) (50 μg/ml) for 1 hour before addition of Apo-2L ( 1 μg/ml) After a 5 hour incubation apoptosis was analyzed by FACS (see 1 lg 12C) The results are shown in Fig 12C Both ALLN and cyclohexamide increased the level of Apo-2L- lnduced apoptosis in the HeLa cells The data indicates that Apo-2L can induce protective NF-κB-dependent genes The data also indicates that Apo-2L is capable of activating NF-κB in certain cell lines and that both Apo-2 and DR4 may mediate that function EXAMPLF 1 1 Northern Blot Analysis Expression of Apo-2 mRNA in human tissues was examined bv Northern blot analysis Human RNA blots were hybridized to a 4 6 kilobase 32 P-labelled DNA probe based on the full length Apo-2 cDNA, the probe was generated bv digesting the pRK5-Apo-2 plasmid with EcoRI Human fetal RNA blot MTN (Clontech)and human adult RNA blot MTN-II (Clontech) ere incubated w ith the DNA probes Blots were incubated w ith the probes in h bπdization buffer (5X SSPE 2X Denhardt s solution, 100 mg/mL denatured sheared salmon sperm DNA 50% formamιde,2% SDS) for 60 hours at 42°C The blots were washed several times in 2X SSC, 0 05% SDS for 1 hour at room temperature, followed by a 30 minute wash in 0 I X SSC, 0 1% SDS at 50°C The blots were developed after overnight exposure As shown in Fig 13 a predominant mRNA transcript of approximately 4 6kb was detected in multiple tissues Expression was relatively high in fetal and adult liver and lung, and in adult ovary and peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL), while no mRNA expression was detected in fetal and adult brain Intermediate levels of expression were seen in adult colon, small intestine, testis, prostate, thymus, pancreas, kidney, skeletal muscle, placenta, and heart Several adult tissues that express Apo-2, e g , PBL, ovary, and spleen, have been shown previously to express DR4 [Pan et al , supra], however, the relative levels of expression of each receptor mRNA appear to be different EXAMPLE 12 Chromosomal Localization of the Apo-2. DR4 and Apo-2DcR genes Chromosomal locahzationof the human Apo-2 gene was examined by radiation hvbπd (RH) panel analysis RH mapping was performed by PCR using a human-mouse cell radiation hybrid panel (Research Genetics) and primers based on the coding region of the Apo-2 cDNA [Gelb et al , Hum Genet . 98 141 (1996)] Analysis ofthe PCR data using the Stanford Human Genome Center Database indicates that Apo-2 is linked to the marker D8S481 , with an LOD of 1 1 05, D8S481 is linked in turn to D8S2055 which maps to human chromosome 8p21 A similar analysis of DR4 showed that DR4 is linked to the marker D8S2127 (with an LOD of 13 00), which maps also to human chromosome 8p21 Analysis of Apo-2DcR using radiation hybrid panel examination showed that the Apo-2DcR gene is linked to the marker WI-6536. which in turn is linked to D8S298 which maps also to human chromosome 8p21 and is nested between D8S2005 and D8S2127 Thus the human genes for three Apo-2L receptors Apo-2 Apo-2DcR and DR4, all map to chromosome 8p21 To Applicants present knowledge to date, no other member of the TNFR gene family has been located to chromosome 8p EXAMPLE 13 Preparation of Monoclonal Antibodies for Apo-2DcR Balb/c mice (obtained from Charles River Laboratories) were immunized by injecting 0 5μg/50μl of an Apo-2DcR lmmunoadhesin protein (diluted in MPL-TDM adjuvant purchased from Ribi Immunochemical Research Inc , Hamilton MT) 1 1 times into each hind foot pad at 3 day intervals The Apo- 2DcR lmmunoadhesin protein was generated by fusing an N-terminal region of Apo-2DcR (amino acids 1- 165 shown in Fig 1A) to the hinge and Fc region of human immunoglobulin G, heavv chain in pRK5 as described previously [Ashkenazi et al . Proc Natl Acad Sci . 88 10535- 10539( 1991)] The lmmunoadhesin protein was expressed bv transient transfection into human 293 cells and purified from cell supernatants by protein A affinitv chromatography as described by Ashkenazi et al , supra Three davs after the final boost, popliteal lymph nodes were removed from the mice and a single cell suspension was prepared in DMEM media (obtained from Biowhitakker Corp ) supplemented with 1% penicill in-streptomycin The lymph node cells were then fused with murine myeloma cells P3X63AgU 1 (ATCC CRL 1597) using 35% polyethylene glycol and cultured in 96-well culture plates Hybπdomas resulting from the fusion were selected in HAT medium Ten days after the fusion, hybndoma culture supernatants were screened in an ELISA to test for the presence of monoclonal antibodies binding to the Apo- 2DcR lmmunoadhesin protein In the ELISA, 96-well microtiter plates (Maxisorb, Nunc, Kamstrup, Denmark) were coated by adding 50 μl of 2 ug/ml goat anti-human IgG Fc (purchased from Cappel Laboratories) in PBS to each well and incubating at 4 °C overnight The plates were then washed three times with wash buffer (PBS containing 0 05%) Tween 20) The wells in the microtiter plates were then blocked with 200 μl of 2 0% bovine serum albumin in PBS and incubated at room temperature for 1 hour The plates were then washed again three times with wash buffer After the washing step, 50 μl of 0 4 μg ml Apo-2DcR lmmunoadhesin protein (as described above) in assay buffer (PBS containing 0 5% BSA) was added to each well The plates were incubated for 1 hour at room temperature on a shaker apparatus, followed by washing three times with wash buffer Following the wash steps, 100 μl ofthe hybndoma supernatants or purified antibody (using Protein G-sepharose columns) (1 μg/ml) was added to designated wells in assay buffer 100 ul of P3X63AgU 1 myeloma cell conditioned medium was added to other designated wells as controls The plates were incubated at room temperature for 1 hour on a shaker apparatus and then washed three times with wash buffer Next, 50 μl HRP-conjugatedgoat anti-mouse IgG Fc (purchased from Cappel Laboratories), diluted 1 1000 in assay buffer, was added to each well and the plates incubated for 1 hour at room temperature on a shaker apparatus The plates were washed three times with wash buffer, followed by addition of 50 μl of substrate (TMB microwell peroxidase substrate, Kirkegaard & Perry, Gaithersburg, MD) to each well and incubation at room temperature for 10 minutes The reaction was stopped by adding 50 μl of TMB 1- component stop solution (diethyl glycol, Kirkegaard & Perry) to each well, and absorbance at 450 nm was read in an automated microtiter plate reader Ofthe hybndoma supernatants screened in the ELISA 47 supernatants tested positive (calculated as approximately 4 times above background) The supernatants testing positive in the ELISA were further analyzed by FACS analysis using HUMEC cells (a human microvascularendothelial cell line expressing Apo- 2DcR, Cell Systems, Kirkland WA) and PE-conjugatedgoat anti-mouse IgG For this analysis, 25 μl of cells suspended (at 4 X 10 6 cells/ml) in cell sorter buffer (PBS containing 1 % FCS and 0 02% NaN 3 ) were added to U-bottom microtiter wells, mixed with 100 μl of culture supernatant or purified antibody (purified on Protein G-sepharose columns) ( 10 μg /ml) in cell sorter buffer and incubated for 30 minutes on ice The cells were then washed and incubated with 100 μl PE-conjugatedgoat anti-mouse IgG for 30 minutes at 4°C Cells were then washed twice, resuspended in 200 μl of cell sorter buffer and then analyzed bv FACScan (Becton Dickinson, Mountain View, CA) FACS analysis showed 12/35 supernatants were positive for antι-Apo-2 antibodies Figure 14 shows the FACS staining of HUMEC cells incubated with the Apo-2DcR antibodies, refeπed to as 4G3 9 9.6D10 9 7. and 1C5 24 1 As shown in Figure 14 the respective antibodies recognize the Apo-2DcR receptor expressed in HUMEC cells EXAMPLE 14 ELISA Assay to Test Binding of Apo-2DcR Antibodies to Other Apo-2 Ligand Receptors An ELISA was conducted to determine if the monoclonal antibodies described in Example 13 were able to bind other known Apo-2L receptors beside Apo-2DcR Specifically, the 4G3 9 9, 6D10 9 7, and 1C5 24 1 antibodies, respectively, were tested for binding to the Apo-2DcR described herein and to DR4 [Pan et al . supra]. Apo-2 [described in the Examples above], and DcR2 [Marsters et al , Cuπ Biol . 7 1003-1006 (1997)] The ELISA was performed essentially as described in Example 13 above The results are shown in Figure 15 The Apo-2DcR antibody 4G3 9 9 bound to Apo-2DcR The 4G3 9 9 antibody also showed some cross-reactivity to DR4 and Apo-2, as well as somewhat limited cross- reactivity to DcR2 The 6D10 9 7 antibody bound to Apo-2DcR and showed somewhat limited cross- reactivity to DR4, Apo-2 and DcR2 Finally, the 1C5 24 1 antibody bound to Apo-2DcR and showed some cross-reactivity to DR4 The 1C5 24 1 antibody exhibited somewhat less cross-reactivity to Apo-2 and DcR2 A summary ofthe cross-reactive properties is also provided in Figure 16 EXAMPLE 15 Antibody Isotvping The isotype ofthe Apo-2DcRantιbodιes(as described above in Examples 13 and 14) was determined by coating microtiterplates with isotype specific goat anti-mouse Ig (Fisher Biotech, Pittsburgh, PA) overnight at 4°C The plates were then washed with wash buffer (as described in Example 13 above) The wells in the microtiter plates were then blocked with 200 μl of 2% bovine serum albumin (BSA) and incubated at room temperature for one hour The plates were washed again three times with wash buffer Next, 100 μl of hybndoma culture supernatant or 5 μg/ml of purified antibody was added to designated wells The plates were incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes and then 50 μl HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (as described above in Example 13) was added to each well The plates were incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature The level of HRP bound to the plate was detected using HRP substrate as described above The isotyping analysis showed that the 4G3 9 9 and 1C5 24 1 antibodies are IgG l antibodies The analysis also showed that the 6D 10 9 7 antibody is an IgG2b antibody These results are also shown in Figure 16 Deposit of Material The following materials have been deposited with the American Tvpe Culture Collection, 10801 University Blvd , Manassas Virginia USA (ATCC) Material ATCC Pep No Deposit Date pRK5-Apo-2 209021 May 8, 1997 Apo2-DcR 209087 May 30, 1997 4G3 9 9 6D10 9 7 1C5 24 1 This deposit was made under the provisions ofthe Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Puφose of Patent Procedure and the Regulations thereunder (Budapest Treaty) This assures maintenance of a viable culture of the deposit for 30 years from the date of deposit The deposit will be made available by ATCC under the terms of the Budapest Treaty, and subject to an agreement between Genentech, Inc and ATCC, which assures permanent and unrestricted availability of the progeny o the culture ofthe deposit to the public upon issuance of the pertinent U S patent or upon laying open to the public of any U S or foreign patent application, whichever comes first, and assures availability ofthe progeny to one determined by the U S Commissionerof Patents and Trademarks to be entitled thereto according to 35 USC § 122 and the Commissioner's rules pursuant thereto (including 37 CFR § 1 14 with particular reference to 886 OG 638) The assignee of the present application has agreed that if a culture of the materials on deposit should die or be lost or destroyed when cultivated under suitable conditions, the materials will be promptly replaced on notification with another of the same Availability of the deposited material is not to be construed as a license to practice the invention in contravention of the rights granted under the authority of any government in accordance with its patent laws The foregoing written specification is considered to be sufficient to enable one skilled in the art to practice the invention The present invention is not to be limited in scope by the construct deposited, since the deposited embodiment is intended as a single illustration of certain aspects of the invention and any constructs that are functionally equivalent are within the scope of this invention The deposit of material herein does not constitute an admission that the written description herein contained is inadequate to enable the practice of any aspect ofthe invention, including the best mode thereof, nor is it to be construed as limiting the scope of the claims to the specific illustrations that it represents Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to those shown and described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description and fall within the scope of the appended claims SEQUENCE LISTING (1) GENERAL INFORMATION: (i) APPLICANT: Genentech, Inc. (ii) TITLE OF INVENTION: Apo-2DcR (iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 13 (iv) CORRESPONDENCE ADDRESS: (A) ADDRESSEE: Genentech, Inc. (B) STREET: 1 DNA Way (C) CITY: South San Francisco (D) STATE: California (E) COUNTRY: USA (F) ZIP: 94080 (v) COMPUTER READABLE FORM: (A) MEDIUM TYPE: 3.5 inch, 1.44 Mb floppy disk (B) COMPUTER: IBM PC compatible (C) OPERATING SYSTEM: PC-DOS/MS-DOS (D) SOFTWARE: WinPatin (Genentech) (vi) CURRENT APPLICATION DATA: (A) APPLICATION NUMBER: (B) FILING DATE: 12-Jun-1998 (C) CLASSIFICATION: (vii) PRIOR APPLICATION DATA: (A) APPLICATION NUMBER: 08/878168 (B) FILING DATE: 18-JUN-1997 (viii) ATTORNEY/AGENT INFORMATION: (A) NAME: Marschang, Diane L. (B) REGISTRATION NUMBER: 35,600 (C) REFERENCE/DOCKET NUMBER: P1110P1PCT (ix) TELECOMMUNICATION INFORMATION: (A) TELEPHONE: 650/225-5416 (B) TELEFAX: 650/952-9881 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO : 1 : (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 259 amino acids (B) .TYPE: Amino Acid (D) TOPOLOGY: Linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO : 1 : Met Ala Arg lie Pro Lys Thr Leu Lys Phe Val Val Val lie Val 1 5 10 15 Ala Val Leu Leu Pro Val Leu Ala Tyr Ser Ala Thr Thr Ala Arg 20 25 30 Gin Glu Glu Val Pro Gin Gin Thr Val Ala Pro Gin Gin Gin Arg 35 40 45 His Ser Phe Lys Gly Glu Glu Cys Pro Ala Gly Ser His Arg Ser 50 55 60 Glu His Thr Gly Ala Cys Asn Pro Cys Thr Glu Gly Val Asp Tyr 65 70 75 Thr Asn Ala Ser Asn Asn Glu Pro Ser Cys Phe Pro Cys Thr Val 80 85 90 Cys Lys Ser Asp Gin Lys His Lys Ser Ser Cys Thr Met Thr Arg 95 100 105 Asp Thr Val Cys Gin Cys Lys Glu Gly Thr Phe Arg Asn Glu Asn 110 115 120 Ser Pro Glu Met Cys Arg Lys Cys Ser Arg Cys Pro Ser Gly Glu 125 130 135 Val Gin Val Ser Asn Cys Thr Ser Trp Asp Asp lie Gin Cys Val 140 145 150 Glu Glu Phe Gly Ala Asn Ala Thr Val Glu Thr Pro Ala Ala Glu 155 160 165 Glu Thr Met Asn Thr Ser Pro Gly Thr Pro Ala Pro Ala Ala Glu 170 175 180 Glu Thr Met Asn Thr Ser Pro Gly Thr Pro Ala Pro Ala Ala Glu 185 190 195 Glu Thr Met Thr Thr Ser Pro Gly Thr Pro Ala Pro Ala Ala Glu 200 205 210 Glu Thr Met Thr Thr Ser Pro Gly Thr Pro Ala Pro Ala Ala Glu 215 220 225 Glu Thr Met Thr Thr Ser Pro Gly Thr Pro Ala Ser Ser His Tyr 230 235 240 Leu Ser Cys Thr lie Val Gly lie lie Val Leu He Val Leu Leu 245 250 255 He Val Phe Val 259 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO : : (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 1180 base pairs (B) TYPE: Nucleic Acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: Single (D) TOPOLOGY: Linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO : 2 : GCTGTGGGAA CCTCTCCACG CGCACGAACT CAGCCAACGA TTTCTGATAG 50 ATTTTTGGGA GTTTGACCAG AGATGCAAGG GGTGAAGGAG CGCTTCCTAC 100 CGTTAGGGAA CTCTGGGGAC AGAGCGCCCC GGCCGCCTGA TGGCCGAGGC 150 AGGGTGCGAC CCAGGACCCA GGACGGCGTC GGGAACCATA CC ATG 195 Met 1 GCC CGG ATC CCC AAG ACC CTA AAG TTC GTC GTC GTC ATC 234 Ala Arg He Pro Lys Thr Leu Lys Phe Val Val Val He 5 10 GTC GCG GTC CTG CTG CCA GTC CTA GCT TAC TCT GCC ACC 273 Val Ala Val Leu Leu Pro Val Leu Ala Tyr Ser Ala Thr 15 20 25 ACT GCC CGG CAG GAG GAA GTT CCC CAG CAG ACA GTG GCC 312 Thr Ala Arg Gin Glu Glu Val Pro Gin Gin Thr Val Ala 30 35 40 CCA CAG CAA CAG AGG CAC AGC TTC AAG GGG GAG GAG TGT 351 Pro Gin Gin Gin Arg His Ser Phe Lys Gly Glu Glu Cys 45 50 CCA GCA GGA TCT CAT AGA TCA GAA CAT ACT GGA GCC TGT 390 Pro Ala Gly Ser His Arg Ser Glu His Thr Gly Ala Cys 55 60 65 AAC CCG TGC ACA GAG GGT GTG GAT TAC ACC AAC GCT TCC 429 Asn Pro Cys Thr Glu Gly Val Asp Tyr Thr Asn Ala Ser 70 75 AAC AAT GAA CCT TCT TGC TTC CCA TGT ACA GTT TGT AAA 468 Asn Asn Glu Pro Ser Cys Phe Pro Cys Thr Val Cys Lys 80 85 90 TCA GAT CAA AAA CAT AAA AGT TCC TGC ACC ATG ACC AGA 507 Ser Asp Gin Lys His Lys Ser Ser Cys Thr Met Thr Arg 95 100 105 GAC ACA GTG TGT CAG TGT AAA GAA GGC ACC TTC CGG AAT 546 Asp Thr Val Cys Gin Cys Lys Glu Gly Thr Phe Arg Asn 110 115 GAA AAC TCC CCA GAG ATG TGC CGG AAG TGT AGC AGG TGC 585 Glu Asn Ser Pro Glu Met Cys Arg Lys Cys Ser Arg Cys 120 125 130 CCT AGT GGG GAA GTC CAA GTC AGT AAT TGT ACG TCC TGG 624 Pro Ser Gly Glu Val Gin Val Ser Asn Cys Thr Ser Trp 135 140 GAT GAT ATC CAG TGT GTT GAA GAA TTT GGT GCC AAT GCC 663 Asp Asp He Gin Cys Val Glu Glu Phe Gly Ala Asn Ala 145 150 155 ACT GTG GAA ACC CCA GCT GCT GAA GAG ACA ATG AAC ACC 702 Thr Val Glu Thr Pro Ala Ala Glu Glu Thr Met Asn Thr 160 165 170 AGC CCG GGG ACT CCT GCC CCA GCT GCT GAA GAG ACA ATG 741 Ser Pro Gly Thr Pro Ala Pro Ala Ala Glu Glu Thr Met 175 180 AAC ACC AGC CCA GGG ACT CCT GCC CCA GCT GCT GAA GAG 780 Asn Thr Ser Pro Gly Thr Pro Ala Pro Ala Ala Glu Glu 185 190 195 ACA ATG ACC ACC AGC CCG GGG ACT CCT GCC CCA GCT GCT 819 Thr Met Thr Thr Ser Pro Gly Thr Pro Ala Pro Ala Ala 200 205 GAA GAG ACA ATG ACC ACC AGC CCG GGG ACT CCT GCC CCA 858 Glu Glu Thr Met Thr Thr Ser Pro Gly Thr Pro Ala Pro 210 215 220 GCT GCT GAA GAG ACA ATG ACC ACC AGC CCG GGG ACT CCT 897 Ala Ala Glu Glu Thr Met Thr Thr Ser Pro Gly Thr Pro 225 230 235 GCC TCT TCT CAT TAC CTC TCA TGC ACC ATC GTA GGG ATC 936 Ala Ser Ser His Tyr Leu Ser Cys Thr He Val Gly He 240 245 ATA GTT CTA ATT GTG CTT CTG ATT GTG TTT GTT T 970 He Val Leu He Val Leu Leu He Val Phe Val 250 255 259 GAAAGACTTC ACTGTGGAAG AAATTCCTTC CTTACCTGAA AGGTTCAGGT 1020 AGGCGCTGGC TGAGGGCGGG GGGCGCTGGA CACTCTCTGC CCTGCCTCCC 1070 TCTGCTGTGT TCCCACAGAC AGAAACGCCT GCCCCTGCCC CAAAAAAAAA 1120 AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA 1170 AAAAAAAAAA 1180 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO : 3 : (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 299 amino acids (B) TYPE: Amino Acid (D)_ TOPOLOGY: Linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO : 3 : Met Gin Gly Val Lys Glu Arg Phe Leu Pro Leu Gly Asn Ser Gly -40 -35 -30 Asp Arg Ala Pro Arg Pro Pro Asp Gly Arg Gly Arg Val Arg Pro -25 " -20 -15 Arg Thr Gin Asp Gly Val Gly Asn His Thr Met Ala Arg He Pro -10 -5 1 "' 5 Lys Thr Leu Lys Phe Val Val Val He Val Ala Val Leu Leu Pro 10 15 20 Val Leu Ala Tyr Ser Ala Thr Thr Ala Arg Gin Glu Glu Val Pro 25 30 35 Gin Gin Thr Val Ala Pro Gin Gin Gin Arg His Ser Phe Lys Gly 40 45 50 Glu Glu Cys Pro Ala Gly Ser His Arg Ser Glu His Thr Gly Ala 55 60 65 Cys Asn Pro Cys Thr Glu Gly Val Asp Tyr Thr Asn Ala Ser Asn 70 75 80 Asn Glu Pro Ser Cys Phe Pro Cys Thr Val Cys Lys Ser Asp Gin 85 90 95 Lys His Lys Ser Ser Cys Thr Met Thr Arg Asp Thr Val Cys Gin 100 105 110 Cys Lys Glu Gly Thr Phe Arg Asn Glu Asn Ser Pro Glu Met Cys 115 120 125 Arg Lys Cys Ser Arg Cys Pro Ser Gly Glu Val Gin Val Ser Asn 130 135 140 Cys Thr Ser Trp Asp Asp He Gin Cys Val Glu Glu Phe Gly Ala 145 150 155 Asn Ala Thr Val Glu Thr Pro Ala Ala Glu Glu Thr Met Asn Thr 160 165 170 Ser Pro Gly Thr Pro Ala Pro Ala Ala Glu Glu Thr Met Asn Thr 175 180 185 Ser Pro Gly Thr Pro Ala Pro Ala Ala Glu Glu Thr Met Thr Thr 190 195 200 Ser Pro Gly Thr Pro Ala Pro Ala Ala Glu Glu Thr Met Thr Thr 205 210 215 Ser Pro Gly Thr Pro Ala Pro Ala Ala Glu Glu Thr Met Thr Thr 220 225 230 Ser Pro Gly Thr Pro Ala Ser Ser His Tyr Leu Ser Cys Thr He 235 240 245 Val Gly He He Val Leu He Val Leu Leu He Val Phe Val 250 255 259 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO : 4 : (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 1180 base pairs (B) TYPE: Nucleic Acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: Single (D) TOPOLOGY: Linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO : 4 : GCTGTGGGAA CCTCTCCACG CGCACGAACT CAGCCAACGA TTTCTGATAG 50 ATTTTTGGGA GTTTGACCAG AG ATG CAA GGG GTG AAG GAG 90 Met Gin Gly Val Lys Glu -40 -35 CGC TTC CTA CCG TTA GGG AAC TCT GGG GAC AGA GCG CCC 129 Arg Phe Leu Pro Leu Gly Asn Ser Gly Asp Arg Ala Pro -30 -25 CGG CCG CCT GAT GGC CGA GGC AGG GTG CGA CCC AGG ACC 168 Arg Pro Pro Asp Gly Arg Gly Arg Val Arg Pro Arg Thr -20 -15 -10 CAG GAC GGC GTC GGG AAC CAT ACC ATG GCC CGG ATC CCC 207 Gin Asp Gly Val Gly Asn His Thr Met Ala Arg He Pro -5 1 5 AAG ACC CTA AAG TTC GTC GTC GTC ATC GTC GCG GTC CTG 246 Lys Thr Leu Lys Phe Val Val Val He Val Ala Val Leu 10 15 CTG CCA GTC CTA GCT TAC TCT GCC ACC ACT GCC CGG CAG 285 Leu Pro Val Leu Ala Tyr Ser Ala Thr Thr Ala Arg Gin 20 25 30 GAG GAA GTT CCC CAG CAG ACA GTG GCC CCA CAG CAA CAG 324 Glu Glu Val Pro Gin Gin Thr Val Ala Pro Gin Gin Gin 35 40 AGG CAC AGC TTC AAG GGG GAG GAG TGT CCA GCA GGA TCT 363 Arg His Ser Phe Lys Gly Glu Glu Cys Pro Ala Gly Ser 45 50 55 CAT AGA TCA GAA CAT ACT GGA GCC TGT AAC CCG TGC ACA 402 His Arg Ser Glu His Thr Gly Ala Cys Asn Pro Cys Thr 60 65 70 GAG GGT GTG GAT TAC ACC AAC GCT TCC AAC AAT GAA CCT 441 Glu Gly Val Asp Tyr Thr Asn Ala Ser Asn Asn Glu Pro 75 80 TCT TGC T.TC CCA TGT ACA GTT TGT AAA TCA GAT CAA AAA 480 Ser Cys Phe Pro Cys Thr Val Cys Lys Ser Asp Gin Lys 85 90 95 CAT AAA AGT TCC TGC ACC ATG ACC AGA GAC ACA GTG TGT 519 His Lys Ser Ser Cys Thr Met Thr Arg Asp Thr Val Cys 100 105 CAG TGT AAA GAA GGC ACC TTC CGG AAT GAA AAC TCC CCA 558 Gin Cys Lys Glu Gly Thr Phe Arg Asn Glu Asn Ser Pro 110 115 120 GAG ATG TGC CGG AAG TGT AGC AGG TGC CCT AGT GGG GAA 597 Glu Met Cys Arg Lys Cys Ser Arg Cys Pro Ser Gly Glu 125 130 135 GTC CAA GTC AGT AAT TGT ACG TCC TGG GAT GAT ATC CAG 636 Val Gin Val Ser Asn Cys Thr Ser Trp Asp Asp He Gin 140 145 TGT GTT GAA GAA TTT GGT GCC AAT GCC ACT GTG GAA ACC 675 Cys Val Glu Glu Phe Gly Ala Asn Ala Thr Val Glu Thr 150 155 160 CCA GCT GCT GAA GAG ACA ATG AAC ACC AGC CCG GGG ACT 714 Pro Ala Ala Glu Glu Thr Met Asn Thr Ser Pro Gly Thr 165 170 CCT GCC CCA GCT GCT GAA GAG ACA ATG AAC ACC AGC CCA 753 Pro Ala Pro Ala Ala Glu Glu Thr Met Asn Thr Ser Pro 175 180 185 GGG ACT CCT GCC CCA GCT GCT GAA GAG ACA ATG ACC ACC 792 Gly Thr Pro Ala Pro Ala Ala Glu Glu Thr Met Thr Thr 190 195 200 AGC CCG GGG ACT CCT GCC CCA GCT GCT GAA GAG ACA ATG 831 Ser Pro Gly Thr Pro Ala Pro Ala Ala Glu Glu Thr Met 205 210 ACC ACC AGC CCG GGG ACT CCT GCC CCA GCT GCT GAA GAG 870 Thr Thr Ser Pro Gly Thr Pro Ala Pro Ala Ala Glu Glu 215 220 225 ACA ATG ACC ACC AGC CCG GGG ACT CCT GCC TCT TCT CAT 909 Thr Met Thr Thr Ser Pro Gly Thr Pro Ala Ser Ser His 230 235 TAC CTC TCA TGC ACC ATC GTA GGG ATC ATA GTT CTA ATT 948 Tyr Leu Ser Cys Thr He Val Gly He He Val Leu He 240 245 250 GTG CTT CTG ATT GTG TTT GTT T GAAAGACTTC ACTGTGGAAG 990 Val Leu Leu He Val Phe Val 255 259 AAATTCCTTC CTTACCTGAA AGGTTCAGGT AGGCGCTGGC TGAGGGCGGG 1040 GGGCGCTGGA CACTCTCTGC CCTGCCTCCC TCTGCTGTGT TCCCACAGAC 1090 AGAAACGCCT GCCCCTGCCC CAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA 1140 AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA 1180 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 5: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 43 base pairs (B) TYPE: Nucleic Acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: Single (D) TOPOLOGY: Linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO : 5 : TGTAAAACGA CGGCCAGTTA AATAGACCTG CAATTATTAA TCT 43 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO : 6 : (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 41 base pairs (B) TYPE: Nucleic Acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: Single (D) TOPOLOGY: Linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO : 6 : CAGGAAACAG CTATGACCAC CTGCACACCT GCAAATCCAT T 41 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO : 7 : (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 49 ammo acids (B) TYPE: Ammo Acid (D) TOPOLOGY: Linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO : 7 : Cys Arg Glu Cys Glu Ser Gly Ser Phe Thr Ala Ser Glu Asn His 1 5 10 15 Leu Arg His Cys Leu Ser Cys Ser Lys Cys Arg Lys Glu Met Gly 20 25 30 Gin Val Glu He Ser Ser Cys Thr Val Asp Arg Asp Thr Val Cys 35 40 45 Gly Cys Arg Lys 49 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO : 8 : (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 48 amino acids (B) TYPE: Ammo Acid (D) TOPOLOGY: Linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO : 8 : Cys Asn Pro Cys Thr Glu Gly Val Asp Tyr Thr Asn Ala Ser Asn 1 5 10 15 Asn Glu Pro Ser Cys Phe Pro Cys Thr Val Cys Lys Ser Asp Gin 20 25 30 Lys His Lys Ser Ser Cys Thr Met Thr Arg Asp Thr Val Cys Gin 35 40 .45 Cys Lys Glu 48 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO : 9 : (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 70 base pairs (B) TYPE: Nucleic Acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: Single (D) TOPOLOGY: Linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO : 9 : GGGAGCCGCT CATGAGGAAG TTGGGCCTCA TGGACAATGA GATAAAGGTG 50 GCTAAAGCTG AGGCAGCGGG 70 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 10: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 1799 base pairs (B) TYPE: Nucleic Acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: Single (D) TOPOLOGY: Linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 10: CCCACGCGTC CGCATAAATC AGCACGCGGC CGGAGAACCC CGCAATCTCT 50 GCGCCCACAA AATACACCGA CGATGCCCGA TCTACTTTAA GGGCTGAAAC 100 CCACGGGCCT GAGAGACTAT AAGAGCGTTC CCTACCGCC ATG GAA 145 Met Glu 1 CAA CGG GGA CAG AAC GCC CCG GCC GCT TCG GGG GCC CGG 184 Gin Arg Gly Gin Asn Ala Pro Ala Ala Ser Gly Ala Arg 5 10 15 AAA AGG CAC GGC CCA GGA CCC AGG GAG GCG CGG GGA GCC 223 Lys Arg His Gly Pro Gly Pro Arg Glu Ala Arg Gly Ala 20 25 AGG CCT GGG CTC CGG GTC CCC AAG ACC CTT GTG CTC GTT 262 Arg Pro Gly Leu Arg Val Pro Lys Thr Leu Val Leu Val 30 35 40 GTC GCC GCG GTC CTG CTG TTG GTC TCA GCT GAG TCT GCT 301 Val Ala Ala Val Leu Leu Leu Val Ser Ala Glu Ser Ala 45 50 CTG ATC ACC CAA CAA GAC CTA GCT CCC CAG CAG AGA GCG 340 Leu He Thr Gin Gin Asp Leu Ala Pro Gin Gin Arg Ala 55 60 65 GCC CCA CAA CAA AAG AGG TCC AGC CCC TCA GAG GGA TTG 379 Ala Pro Gin Gin Lys Arg Ser Ser Pro Ser Glu Gly Leu 70 75 80 TGT CCA CCT GGA CAC CAT ATC TCA GAA GAC GGT AGA GAT 418 Cys Pro Pro Gly His His He Ser Glu Asp Gly Arg Asp 85 90 TGC ATC TCC TGC AAA TAT GGA CAG GAC TAT AGC ACT CAC 457 Cys He Ser Cys Lys Tyr Gly Gin Asp Tyr Ser Thr His 95 100 105 TGG AAT GAC CTC CTT TTC TGC TTG CGC TGC ACC AGG TGT 496 Trp Asn Asp Leu Leu Phe Cys Leu Arg Cys Thr Arg Cys 110 115 GAT TCA GGT GAA GTG GAG CTA AGT CCC TGC ACC ACG ACC 535 Asp Ser Gly Glu Val Glu Leu Ser Pro Cys Thr Thr Thr 120 125 130 AGA AAC ACA GTG TGT CAG TGC GAA GAA GGC ACC TTC CGG 574 Arg Asn Thr Val Cys Gin Cys Glu Glu Gly Thr Phe Arg 135 140 145 GAA GAA GAT TCT CCT GAG ATG TGC CGG AAG TGC CGC ACA 613 Glu Glu Asp Ser Pro Glu Met Cys Arg Lys Cys Arg Thr 150 155 GGG TGT CCC AGA GGG ATG GTC AAG GTC GGT GAT TGT ACA 652 Gly Cys Pro Arg Gly Met Val Lys Val Gly Asp Cys Thr 160 165 170 CCC TGG AGT GAC ATC GAA TGT GTC CAC AAA GAA TCA GGC 691 Pro Trp Ser Asp He Glu Cys Val His Lys Glu Ser Gly 175 180 ATC ATC ATA GGA GTC ACA GTT GCA GCC GTA GTC TTG ATT 730 He He He Gly Val Thr Val Ala Ala Val Val Leu He 185 190 195 GTG GCT GTG TTT GTT TGC AAG TCT TTA CTG TGG AAG AAA 769 Val Ala Val Phe Val Cys Lys Ser Leu Leu Trp Lys Lys 200 205 210 GTC CTT CCT TAC CTG AAA GGC ATC TGC TCA GGT GGT GGT 808 Val Leu Pro Tyr Leu Lys Gly He Cys Ser Gly Gly Gly 215 220 GGG GAC CCT GAG CGT GTG GAC AGA AGC TCA CAA CGA CCT 847 Gly Asp Pro Glu Arg Val Asp Arg Ser Ser Gin Arg Pro 225 230 235 GGG GCT GAG GAC AAT GTC CTC AAT GAG ATC GTG AGT ATC 886 Gly Ala Glu Asp Asn Val Leu Asn Glu He Val Ser He 240 245 TTG CAG CCC ACC CAG GTC CCT GAG CAG GAA ATG GAA GTC 925 Leu Gin Pro Thr Gin Val Pro Glu Gin Glu Met Glu Val 250 255 260 CAG GAG CCA GCA GAG CCA ACA GGT GTC AAC ATG TTG TCC 964 Gin Glu Pro Ala Glu Pro Thr Gly Val Asn Met Leu Ser 265 270 275 CCC GGG GAG TCA GAG CAT CTG CTG GAA CCG GCA GAA GCT 1003 Pro Gly Glu Ser Glu His Leu Leu Glu Pro Ala Glu Ala 280 285 GAA AGG TCT CAG AGG AGG AGG CTG CTG GTT CCA GCA AAT 1042 Glu Arg Ser Gin Arg Arg Arg Leu Leu Val Pro Ala Asn 290 295 300 GAA GGT GAT CCC ACT GAG ACT CTG AGA CAG TGC TTC GAT 1081 Glu Gly Asp Pro Thr Glu Thr Leu Arg Gin Cys Phe Asp 305 310 GAC TTT GCA GAC TTG GTG CCC TTT GAC TCC TGG GAG CCG 1120 Asp Phe Ala Asp Leu Val Pro Phe Asp Ser Trp Glu Pro 315 320 325 CTC ATG AGG AAG TTG GGC CTC ATG GAC AAT GAG ATA AAG 1159 Leu Met Arg Lys Leu Gly Leu Met Asp Asn Glu He Lys 330 335 340 GTG GCT AAA GCT GAG GCA GCG GGC CAC AGG GAC ACC TTG 1198 Val Ala Lys Ala Glu Ala Ala Gly His Arg Asp Thr Leu 345 350 TAC ACG ATG CTG ATA AAG TGG GTC AAC AAA ACC GGG CGA 1237 Tyr Thr Met Leu He Lys Trp Val Asn Lys Thr Gly Arg 355 360 365 GAT GCC TCT GTC CAC ACC CTG CTG GAT GCC TTG GAG ACG 1276 Asp Ala Ser Val His Thr Leu Leu Asp Ala Leu Glu Thr 370 375 CTG GGA GAG AGA CTT GCC AAG CAG AAG ATT GAG GAC CAC 1315 Leu Gly Glu Arg Leu Ala Lys Gin Lys He Glu Asp His 380 385 390 TTG TTG AGC TCT GGA AAG TTC ATG TAT CTA GAA GGT AAT 1354 Leu Leu Ser Ser Gly Lys Phe Met Tyr Leu Glu Gly Asn 395 400 405 GCA GAC TCT GCC WTG TCC TAAGTGTG ATTCTCTTCA GGAAGTGAGA 1400 Ala Asp Ser Ala Xaa Ser 410 411 CCTTCCCTGG TTTACCTTTT TTCTGGAAAA AGCCCAACTG GACTCCAGTC 1450 AGTAGGAAAG TGCCACAATT GTCACATGAC CGGTACTGGA AGAAACTCTC 1500 CCATCCAACA TCACCCAGTG GATGGAACAT CCTGTAACTT TTCACTGCAC 1550 TTGGCATTAT TTTTATAAGC TGAATGTGAT AATAAGGACA CTATGGAAAT 1600 GTCTGGATCA TTCCGTTTGT GCGTACTTTG AGATTTGGTT TGGGATGTCA 1650 TTGTTTTCAC AGCACTTTTT TATCCTAATG TAAATGCTTT ATTTATTTAT 1700 TTGGGCTACA TTGTAAGATC CATCTACAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAG 1750 GGCGGCCGCG ACTCTAGAGT CGACCTGCAG AAGCTTGGCC GCCATGGCC 1799 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 11: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 411 amino acids (B) TYPE: Amino Acid (D) TOPOLOGY: Linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 11: Met Glu Gin Arg Gly Gin Asn Ala Pro Ala Ala Ser Gly Ala Arg 1 5 10 15 Lys Arg His Gly Pro Gly Pro Arg Glu Ala Arg Gly Ala Arg Pro 20 25 30 Gly Leu Arg Val Pro Lys Thr Leu Val Leu Val Val Ala Ala Val 35 40 45 Leu Leu Leu Val Ser Ala Glu Ser Ala Leu He Thr Gin Gin Asp 50 55 60 Leu Ala Pro Gin Gin Arg Ala Ala Pro Gin Gin Lys Arg Ser Ser 65 70 75 Pro Ser Glu Gly Leu Cys Pro Pro Gly His His He Ser Glu Asp 80 85 90 Gly Arg Asp Cys He Ser Cys Lys Tyr Gly Gin Asp Tyr Ser Thr 95 100 105 His Trp Asn Asp Leu Leu Phe Cys Leu Arg Cys Thr Arg Cys Asp 110 115 120 Ser Gly Glu Val Glu Leu Ser Pro Cys Thr Thr Thr Arg Asn Thr 125 130 135 Val Cys Gin Cys Glu Glu Gly Thr Phe Arg Glu Glu Asp Ser Pro 140 145 150 Glu Met Cys Arg Lys Cys Arg Thr Gly Cys Pro Arg Gly Met Val 155 160 165 Lys Val Gly Asp Cys Thr Pro Trp Ser Asp He Glu Cys Val His 170 175 180 Lys Glu Ser Gly He He He Gly Val Thr Val Ala Ala Val Val 185 190 195 Leu He Val Ala Val Phe Val Cys Lys Ser Leu Leu Trp Lys Lys 200 205 210 Val Leu Pro Tyr Leu Lys Gly He Cys Ser Gly Gly Gly Gly Asp 215 220 225 Pro Glu Arg Val Asp Arg Ser Ser Gin Arg Pro Gly Ala Glu Asp 230 235 240 Asn Val Leu Asn Glu He Val Ser He Leu Gin Pro Thr Gin Val 245 250 255 Pro Glu Gin Glu Met Glu Val Gin Glu Pro Ala Glu Pro Thr Gly 260 265 270 Val Asn Met Leu Ser Pro Gly Glu Ser Glu His Leu Leu Glu Pro 275 280 285 Ala Glu Ala Glu Arg Ser Gin Arg Arg Arg Leu Leu Val Pro Ala 290 295 300 Asn Glu Gly Asp Pro Thr Glu Thr Leu Arg Gin Cys Phe Asp Asp 305 310 315 Phe Ala Asp Leu Val Pro Phe Asp Ser Trp Glu Pro Leu Met Arg 320 325 330 Lys Leu Gly Leu Met Asp Asn Glu He Lys Val Ala Lys Ala Glu 335 340 345 Ala Ala Gly His Arg Asp Thr Leu Tyr Thr Met Leu He Lys Trp 350 355 360 Val Asn Lys Thr Gly Arg Asp Ala Ser Val His Thr Leu Leu Asp 365 370 375 Ala Leu Glu Thr Leu Gly Glu Arg Leu Ala Lys Gin Lys He Glu 380 385 390 Asp His Leu Leu Ser Ser Gly Lys Phe Met Tyr Leu Glu Gly Asn 395 400 405 Ala Asp Ser Ala Xaa Ser 410 411 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 12: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 29 base pairs (B). TYPE: Nucleic Acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: Single (D) TOPOLOGY: Linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 12: ATCAGGGACT TTCCGCTGGG GACTTTCCG 29 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:13: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 30 base pairs (B) TYPE: Nucleic Acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: Single (D) TOPOLOGY: Linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 13 AGGATGGGAA GTGTGTGATA TATCCTTGAT 30

Claims: What is claimed is 1 Isolated Apo-2DcR polypeptide having at least about 80% amino acid sequence identity with native sequence Apo-2DcR polypeptide comprising amino acid residues 1 to 259 of Fig 1 A (SEQ ID NO 1) 2 The Apo-2DcR polypeptide of claim 1 wherein said Apo-2DcR polypeptide has at least about 90% ammo acid sequence identity 3 The Apo-2DcR polypeptide of claim 2 wherein said Apo-2DcR polypeptide has at least about 95% amino acid sequence identity 4 Isolated native sequence Apo-2DcR polypeptide comprising amino acid residues 1 to 259 of Fig 1 A (SEQ ID NO 1) 5 Isolated extracellular domain sequence of Apo-2DcR polypeptide comprising ammo acid residues 1 to 161 of Fig 1A (SEQ ID NO 1) 6 The extracellular domain sequence of claim 5 comprising amino acid residues 1 to 165 of Fig 1A (SEQ ID NO 1) 7 The extracellular domain sequence of claim 5 comprising amino acid residues 1 to 236 of Fig 1A (SEQ ID NO 1) 8 Isolated extracellular domain sequence of Apo-2DcR polypeptide comprising amino acid residues I to X, wherein X is any one of amino acid residues 161 to 236 of Figure 1 A (SEQ ID NO 1 ) 9 Isolated native sequence Apo-2DcR polypeptide comprising amino acid residues -40 to 259 of Fig IB (SEQ ID NO 3) 10 A chimeric molecule comprising the Apo-2DcR polypeptide of claim 1 or the extracellular domain sequence of claim 5 fused to a heterologous amino acid sequence I I The chimeric molecule of claim 10 wherein said heterologous ammo acid sequence is an epitope tag sequence 12 The chimeric molecule of claim 10 wherein said heterologous amino acid sequence is an immunoglobulin sequence 13 The chimeric molecule of claim 12 wherein said immunoglobulin sequence is an IgG 14 The chimeric molecule of claim 12 wherein said extracellulardomain sequence comprises amino acid residues 1 to 165 of Fig 1 A (SEQ ID NO 1) 15 An antibody which binds to the Apo-2DcR polypeptide of claim 1 or the extracellular domain sequence of claim 5 16 The antibody of claim 15 wherein said antibody is a monoclonal antibody 17 The antibody of claim 15 which comprises a blocking antibody 18 The -antibody of claim 15 which comprises an antibody that, in addition to binding Apo-2DcR polypeptide, binds to another Apo-2 ligand receptor 19 The antibody of claim 15 which comprises a chimeric antibody 20 The antibody of claim 15 which comprises a human antibody 21 The antibody of claim 15 which comprises an IgG antibody 22 The antibody of claim 16 having the biological characteristics of the 4G3 9 9 monoclonal antibody produced by the hybndoma cell line deposited as ATCC accession number 23 The antibody of claim 16 having the biological characteπsticsof the 6D 10 9 7 monoclonal antibody produced by the hybndoma cell line deposited as ATCC accession number 24 The antibody of claim 16 having the biological characteristics of the 1 C5 24 1 monoclonal antibody produced by the hybndoma cell line deposited as ATCC accession number 25 The antibody of claim 16 wherein the antibody binds to the same epitope as the epitope to which the 4G3 9 9 monoclonal antibody produced by the hybndoma cell line deposited as ATCC accession number binds 26 The antibody of claim 16 wherein the antibody binds to the same epitope as the epitope to which the 6D10 9 7 monoclonal antibody produced by the hybndoma cell line deposited as ATCC accession number binds 27 The antibody of claim 16 wherein the antibody binds to the same epitope as the epitope to which the 1 C5 24 1 monoclonal antibody produced by the hybndoma cell line deposited as ATCC accession number ______ binds 28 A hybndoma cell line which produces the antibody of claim 16 29 The hybndoma cell line deposited as ATCC accession number 30 The hybndoma cell line deposited as ATCC accession number ___ 31 The hybndoma cell line deposited as ATCC accession number 32 The 4G3 9 9 monoclonal antibody produced by the hybndoma cell line deposited as ATCC accession number 33 The 6D10 9 7 monoclonal antibody produced by the hybndoma cell line deposited as ATCC accession number 34 The 1C5 24 1 monoclonal antibody produced by the hybndoma cell line deposited as ATCC accession number 35 Isolated nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding the Apo-2DcR polypeptide of claim 1 or the extracellular domain sequence of claim 5 36 The nucleic acid of claim 35 wherein said nucleotide sequence encodes native sequence Apo-2DcR polypeptide comprising amino acid residues 1 to 259 of Fig 1 A (SEQ ID NO 1) 37 The nucleic acid of claim 36 wherein said nucleotide sequence comprises nucleotides 193 to 969 of Fig 1A (SEQ ID NO 2) 38 A vector comprising the nucleic acid of claim 35 39 The vector of claim 38 operably linked to control sequences recognized by a host cell transformed with the vector 40 A host cell comprising the vector of claim 38 41 The host cell of claim 40 which comprises a CHO cell 42 The host cell of claim 40 which comprises a yeast cell 43 The host cell of claim 40 which comprises an E coh 44. A process of using a nucleic acid molecule encoding Apo-2DcR polypeptide to effect production of Apo-2DcR polypeptide comprising culturing the host cell of claim 40. 45. A non-human, transgenic animal which contains cells that express nucleic acid encoding Apo-2DcR polypeptide. 46. The animal of claim 45 which is a mouse or rat. 47. A non-human, knockout animal which contains cells having an altered gene encoding Apo-2DcR polypeptide. 48. The animal of claim 47 which is a mouse or rat. 49. A composition comprising the Apo-2DcR of claim 1 or claim 5 and a caπier. 50. A composition comprising the Apo-2DcR antibody of claim 15 and a caπier. 51. An article of manufacture, comprising a container and a composition contained within said container, wherein the composition includes Apo-2DcR polypeptide or Apo-2DcR antibodies. 52. The article of manufacture of claim 51 further comprising instructions for using the Apo-2DcR polypeptide or Apo-2DcR antibodies in vivo or ex vivo. 53. A method ofmodulating apoptosis in mammalian cells comprising exposing said cells to Apo-2DcR polypeptide. 54. The method of claim 53 wherein said cells are further exposed to Apo-2 ligand.

Inventors: ASHKENAZI AVI J, BAKER KEVIN P, CHUNTHARAPAI ANAN, GURNEY AUSTIN, KIM KYUNG JIN, WOOD WILLIAM I, ASHKENAZI, AVI, J., BAKER, KEVIN, P., CHUNTHARAPAI, ANAN, GURNEY, AUSTIN, KIM, KYUNG, JIN, WOOD, WILLIAM, I.
Applicants: GENENTECH INC, GENENTECH, INC.
Application year: 1998
Main classification: C12N15
IPC codes: A61K38, C07K14, C07K16, C07K19, C12N1, C12N5, C12N15, C12P21