RUTHENIUM AND OSMIUM CARBENE CATALYSTS

Abstract: The invention relates to penta- and hexacoordinated ruthenium and osmium carbene catalysts, in which a sulfur, oxygen or nitrogen atom is attached to the carbene group which is coordinated with the central ruthenium or osmium atom, to their preparation and to their use for synthesizing polymers, for ring-closing metathesis of olefins and for isomerizing olefins.

Description: Ruthenium and osmium carbene catalysts The invention relates to penta- and hexacoordinated ruthenium and osmium carbene catalysts, to their preparation and to their use for synthesizing polymers, for ring-closing metathesis of olefins and for isomerizing olefins. The thermal metathesis polymerization of cycloolefins which are under ring strain, which has acquired great importance in recent times, requires appropriate catalysts. Whereas initially use was made of catalyst and cocatalyst - see, for example US Patent 4,060,468 and International Patent Application WO 93/13171 - one-component catalysts have also been disclosed [H.H. Thoi et al., J. Mol. Catal. 15:245-270 (1982)]. Catalysts of particular interest for the application are so-called metal carbenes, i.e. transition metal compounds, for example ruthenium and osmium complexes, having a group =CR R *' attached to the central metal atom [WO 93/20111; S.Kanaoka et al., Macromolecules 28:4707-4713 (1995); C.Fraser et al., Polym. Prepr. 36:237-238 (1995); P. Schwab et al., Angew. Chem. 107:2179-2181 (1995)]. This type of complex is also suitable for catalysing ring closure in dienes [WO 96/04289]. The known catalysts are pentacoordinated and in addition to the group =CR * R ** contain two identical tertiary phosphine groups, attached to the metal atoms, as neutral e " donor ligands [WO 93/20111; WO 96/04289]. The present invention is based on the object of providing further, improved catalysts for thermal metathesis polymerization. It has surprisingly been found that pentacoordinated ruthenium and osmium catalysts having a group =CR * R "' (R*= hydrogen and R ** = arylthio) attached to the central metal atom, and hexacoordinated ruthenium and osmium catalysts having the group =CR ' R " in which one of the radicals R* or R** is an organic radical which is attached via a nonmetallic heteroatom of the oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen type to the carbon atom of the carbene group, are excellent catalysts for metathesis reactions and for the ring closure of dienes. By an appropriate choice of neutral and anionic ligands it is possible to exercise close control over the reactivity, for example the latency, over a wide range. The invention provides compounds of the formula in which Me and Me independently of one another are ruthenium or osmium; X, X , Y and Y independently of one another are anionic ligands or X and Y and X' and Y' in each case together are bisanionic ligands; L 1 , L 2 , L 2 , L 3 , L , L 5 and L 5 independently of one another are monodentate, neutral e~ donor ligands; L 4 is a bidentate- or, together with two of the ligands L 1 , L 2 , L 2' , L 3' , L 5 and L 5 , a tetradentate- neutral e ~ donor iigand; Z is sulfur or the groups — N— (A) and — p — (A'), R " R " in which R is hydrogen or a hydrocarbon radical; Z 1 and Z r independently of one another are oxygen, sulfur or the groups A and A'; R is unsubstituted or substituted aryl if Z is sulfur or is a hydrocarbon radical if Z is the groups A and A'; and R and R are a hydrocarbon radical, and isomers of these compounds. The invention likewise provides compounds of the formulae la - le including all cases of isomerism of the type, for example, of coordination isomerism or bond isomerism, which results from differing spatial arrangement of the ligands around the central atom, but also stereoisomers. For compounds of the formula la the following isomeric structures of the formulae =CH-Z-R (la"), L Me=CH-Z-R (la'"), Me=CH-Z-R (la""), / L 2 I Y , 2 Y L are possible, in which Me, X, Y, L 1 , L 2 , Z and R are as defined above. For compounds of the formulae lb - le analogous isomeric structures are possible, which are likewise provided by the present invention. The invention likewise provides sterereoisomeric compounds which result from the presence of a centre of chirality in one of the specified ligands or in a side chain. These cases of isomerism include optically pure enantiomers, diastereomers and racemic mixtures. The terms and definitions used in the description of the present invention preferably have the following meanings: In the compounds of the formula la - le Me and Me' are preferably ruthenium. The anionic ligands X, X , Y and Y are, for example, hydride ions (H~) or are derived from inorganic or organic acids, examples being halides, e.g. F~ Cl " Br~or iTf'uoro complexes of the type BF 4 ~ PF 6 ~, SbF 6 ~or AsF 6 ~ , anions of oxygen acids, alcoholates or acetylides or anions of cyclopentadiene. The anions of oxygen acids can be, for example, sulfate, phosphate, perchlorate, perbromate, periodate, antimonate, arsenate, nitrate, carbonate, the anion of a CrC 8 carboxylic acid, such as formate, acetate, propionate, butyrate, benzoate, phenylacetate, mono-, di- or trichloro- or -fluoroacetate, sulfonates, for example methylsulfonate, ethyisulfonate, propylsulfonate, butylsulfonate, trifluoromethylsuifonate (triflate), unsubstituted or C 1 -C 4 alkyl, d-C 4 alkoxy or halo-, especially fluoro-, chloro- or bromo-substituted phenyisulfonate or benzylsulfonate, for example tosylate, mesylate, brosylate, p-methoxy- or p-ethoxyphenylsulfonate, pentafluorophenylsulfonate or 2,4,6- triisopropylsulfonate. Such anions are, for example, anions of oxygen acids, examples being sulfate, phosphate, perchlorate, perbromate, periodate, antimonate, arsenate, nitrate or carbonate, sulfonates, for example methylsulfonate, ethyisulfonate, propylsulfonate, butylsulfonate, trifluoromethylsuifonate (triflate), unsubstituted or Cι-C alkyl-, Cι-C 4 alkoxy- or halo-, especially fluoro-, chloro- or bromo-substituted phenyisulfonate or benzylsulfonate, for example tosylate, mesylate, brosylate, p-methoxy- or p-ethoxyphenylsulfonate, pentafluorophenylsulfonate or 2,4,6-triisopropylsulfonate, phosphonates, for example methylphosphonate, ethylphosphonate, propylphosphonate, butyiphosphonate, phenylphosphonate, p-methyl- phenylphosphonate or benzyiphosphonate, carboxylates derived from a d-C 8 carboxylic acid, for example formate, acetate, propionate, butyrate, benzoate, phenylacetate, mono-, di- or trichloro- or -fluoroacetate, and also Cι-C 12 -, preferably d-C 6 - and, with particular preference, CrC 4 alcoholates, which in particular are branched, being for example of the formula R x R y R z C-O " in which R x is H or Cι-C 10 alkyl, R y is d-C 10 alkyl and R z is Cι-C 10 alkyl or phenyl, and the sum of the carbon atoms of R x , R y and R z is at least 2, preferably at least 3 and up to 10. Other suitable anions are Cι-C 12 -, preferably C C 6 - and, with particular preference, Cι-C 4 alcoholates, which in particular are branched, being for example of the formula R x R y R z C-O " in which R x is H or d-C 10 alkyl, R y is d-C 10 alkyl and R z is d-Cι 0 alkyl or phenyl, and the sum of the carbon atoms of R x , R y and R z is at least 2, preferably at least 3 and up to 10. Other suitable anions are C 3 -C 18 -, preferably C 5 -C 14 - and, with particular preference, C 5 -C 12 acetylides, which may be of the formula R W -C≡C " in which R w is d-C 16 alkyl, preferably α-branched C 3 -C 12 alkyl, for example of the formula R x R y R z C-, or is unsubstituted or mono- to tri-Cι-C alkyl or -C C 4 alkoxy-substituted phenyl or benzyl. Some examples are i-propyl, i- and t-butyl, phenyl, benzyl, 2-methylphenyl, 2,6-dimethylphenyi, 2-i-propylphenyl, 2-i-propyl- 6-methylphenyl, 2-t-butylphenyl, 2,6-di-t-butylphenyl and 2-methyl-6-t-butylphenyl acetylide. Further anionic ligands are organic radicals having negative charges, such as d-C 12 alkyl, e.g. methyl, or aralkyl, e.g. benzyl. Particularly preferred anionic ligands are H~ F~; Cl " , Br~ BF 4 ~ PF 6 ~ SbF 6 ~ , AsF 6 " , CF 3 SO 3 ~ C 6 H 5 -SO 3 ~, 4-methyl-C 6 H 4 -SO 3 " 3,5-dimethyl-C 6 H 3 -SO 3 " , 2,4,6-trimethyl-C 6 H 2 -SO 3 ~and 4- CF 3 -C 6 H 4 -SO 3 ~and also cyclopentadienyi (Cp~). CPis particularly preferred. Examples of bisanionic ligands X, X', Y and Y' are the bisanions of diols, diamines and hydroxyamines, such as catechol, N,N'-dimethyl-1 ,2-benzenediamine, 2-(methyl- amino)phenol, 3-(methylamino)-2-butanol and N,N'-bis(1 ,1-dimethylethyl)-1 ,2- ethanediamine. In the compounds of the formulae (la) - (le) one or two neutral ligands from the group L 1 , L 2 , L 2' , L 3 , L 3 , L 5 and L 5 are tertiary-substituted phosphine having 3 - about 40, preferably 3 - 30 and, with particular preference, 3 - 18 carbon atoms. The tertiary-substituted phosphine is preferably a compound of the formula R 1 — " p ~ - R 3 (II), in which R 1 , R 2 and R 3 independently of one another are d-C 2 oalkyl, C 3 -C 12 cycloalkyl, d- , heterocycloalkyl, C 5 -C 12 aryl, C C ^heteroaryl or C 6 -d 4 aralkyl, where alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl and aralkyl are unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents of the group consisting of Crdalkyl, d-C 6 alkoxy, d-Cehaloalkyl, C 5 -C 12 aryl, -NO 2 , SO 3 ' , ammonium and halogen; the radicals R 1 and R 2 together are unsubstituted or Cι-C 6 alkyl-, d-C 6 haloalkyl-, -NO 2 - or C C 6 alkoxy-substituted tetra- or pentamethylene, which may be fused to 1 or 2 1 ,2-phenylene radicals, and R 3 is as defined above. Examples of alkyl are methyl, ethyl and the isomers of propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl and dodecyl. An example of aryl-substituted alkyl is benzyl. Examples of alkoxy are methoxy, ethoxy and the isomers of propoxy and butoxy. Some examples of cycloalkyl are cyclobutyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyi and especially cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl. Examples of substituted cycloalkyl are methyl-, dimethyl-, trimethyl-, methoxy-, dimethoxy-, trimethoxy-, trifluoromethyl-, bis-trifluoromethyl- and tris- trifluoromethyl-substituted cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl. Examples of aryl are phenyl and naphthyl. Examples of aryloxy are phenoxy and naphthyloxy. Examples of substituted aryl are methyl-, dimethyl-, trimethyl-, methoxy-, dimethoxy-, trimethoxy-, trifluoromethyl-, bis-trifluoromethyl- or tris-trifluoromethyl-substituted phenyl. An example of aralkyl is benzyl. Examples of substituted aralkyl are methyl-, dimethyl-, trimethyl-, methoxy-, dimethoxy-, trimethoxy-, trifluoromethyl-, bis-trifluoromethyl or tris-trifluoromethyl-substituted benzyl. In the context of the present invention heterocycloalkyl embraces one or two and heteroaryl from one to four heteroatoms, the heteroatoms being selected from the group nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen. Some examples of heterocycloalkyl are tetrahydrofuryl, pyrrolidinyl, piperazinyl and tetrahydrothienyl. Some examples of heteroaryl are furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyhdyl and pyrimidinyl. Preference is given to compounds of the formulae la - le in which one or two ligands from the group L 1 , L 2 , L 2 , L 3 , L 3 , L 5 and L 5 are tertiary-substituted phosphine of the formula II in which R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are identical substituents, e.g. d-C 6 alkyl or phenyl. Particular preference is given, furthermore, to radicals R 1 , R 2 and R 3 which are sterically bulky, for example cyclic or branched, especially α,α-di-branched and very especially α-branched alkyl groups. Another group of preferred compounds is formed by those compounds of the formulae la - le in which one or two ligands from the group L 1 , L 2 , L 2 , L 3 , L 3 , L 5 and L 5 independently of one another are tertiary-substituted phosphine (II) in which R 1 , R 2 and R 3 independently of one another are d-C 12 alkyl, C 5 -C 8 cycloalkyl, C 6 -C 12 aryl or C 7 -d 3 aralkyl in which alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl and aralkyl are unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group d-C 6 alkyl, d-C 6 alkoxy, d-C 6 haloalkyl, sulfo, trimethylamino, triethyiamino, ammonium and trifluoromethyl. Within this group particular preference is given to those phosphines (II) in which R 1 , R 2 and R 3 independently of one another are C C 8 alkyl, C 5 - or C 6 -cycloalkyl, C 6 -C 10 aryl or C 7 -C 12 aralkyl in which alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl and aralkyl are unsubstituted or substituted by from one to three substituents selected from the group methyl, methoxy, ethyl, ethoxy and trifluoromethyl. Particular preference is given to phosphines (II) in which R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are methyl, ethyl, n- or i-propyl, n-, i-, s- or t-butyl, 1-, 2- or 3-pentyl, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-hexyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, naphthyl or benzyl. Particular preference is given to compounds (II) in which R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are methyl, ethyl, n- or i-propyl, n-, i-, s- or t-butyl, 1-, 2- or 3-pentyl, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-hexyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, naphthyl or benzyl, e.g. (i-C 3 H 7 ) 3 P, (C 5 H 9 ) 3 P and (C 6 Hn) 3 P. In the compounds of the formulae (la) - (le) some ligands from the group L , L , L , L , L , L and L 5 are monodentate, neutral e ~ donor ligands having electron donor properties, two ligands from this group together are bidentate, neutral e ~ donor ligands and the neutral ligand from the group L 4 is a bidentate - or, together with two ligands of the group L , L , L 2 , L 3' , L 5 and L 5 , a tetradentate - neutral e~ donor ligand. Such ligands are derived from unsubstituted or substituted heteroarenes from the group consisting of furan, thiophene, pyrrole, pyridine, bis-pyridine, picolylimine, γ-pyran, γ-thiopyran, phenanthroline, pyrimidine, bis-pyrimidine, pyrazine, indole, coumarone, thionaphthene, carbazole, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, pyrazole, imidazole, benzimidazole, oxazole, thiazole, bis-thiazole, isoxazole, isothiazole, quinoline, bis-quinoline, isoquinoline, bis-isoquinoline, acridine, chromene, phenazine, phenoxazine, phenothiazine, triazine, thianthrene, purine, bis- imidazole and bis-oxazole. Examples of substituents of these groups are OH, halo, -C(=O)-OR s1 , C(=O)R s2 , nitro, NH 2 , cyano, -SO 3 M y , -O-SO 3 M y , -N(R 20 )-SO 3 M y , -N=N-R s2 , Cι-C 12 alkyl, C 2 -C 12 alkenyl, d-C 12 alkoxy, C 3 -C 12 cycloalkyl, C 3 -C 12 cycloalkenyl, C 2 -Cι 3 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -C 13 heterocycloalkenyl, C 5 -C 12 aryl, C 5 -C 12 aryloxy, C 6 -C 14 aralkyl, C 6 -C 14 aralkoxy, C 6 -C 14 - aralkenyl, d-Cgheteroaryl, C 2 -C 9 heteroaryloxy, C 2 -C 12 heteroaralkyl, C 3 -C 12 heteroaralkenyl, monoamino, diamino, sulfonyl, sulfonamide, carbamide, carbamate, sulfonhydrazide, carbohydrazide, carbohydroxamic acid and aminocarbonylamide, in which M y , R S1; R s2 , Rs4 and R 20 are d-C 12 alkyl, C 2 -C 12 alkenyl, C 3 -C 12 cycloalkyl, C 3 -C 12 cycloalkenyl, C 2 -C 3 - heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -C 13 heterocycloalkenyl, C 5 -C 12 aryl, C 5 -d 4 aralkyl, C 6 -C 14 aralkenyl, d-C 9 - heteroaryl, C 2 -C 12 heteroaralkyl or C 3 -C 12 heteroaralkenyl and R s1 , R s2 , R s4 and R 20 are otherwise hydrogen, and alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl or heteroaralkenyl are in turn unsubstituted or substituted by one of the specified substituents; and y is 1 and M is a monovalent metal or y is 1/2 and M is a bivalent metal cation.' In the context of the description of the present invention the terms metal and cations mean an alkali metal, for example Li, Na or K, an alkaline earth metal, for example Mg, Ca or Sr, or Mn, Fe, Zn or Ag, and the corresponding cations. Salts with lithium, sodium and potassium cations are preferred. Monoamino, diamino, carbamide, carbamate, carbohydrazide, sulfonamide, sulfohydrazide and aminocarbonyiamide correspond preferably to a group R 8 C(=O)(NH)pN(R 9 )-, -C(=O)(NH) p NR 8 R 9 , R 8 O-C(=O)(NH) p N(R 9 )-, R 8 R 40 N-C(=O)(NH) P N(R 9 )-, -OC(=O)(NH) p NR 8 R 9 , -N(R 40 )-C(=O)(NH) P NR 8 R 9 , R 8 S(O) 2 (NH) p N(R 9 )-; -S(O) 2 (NH) p NR 8 R 9 ; R 8 R 40 NS(O) 2 N(R 9 )- or -NR 40 S(O) 2 NR 8 R 9 , in which R 8 , R 9 and R 0 independently of one another are hydrogen or substituents from the group OH, d-C^alkyl, C 2 -C 12 aikenyl, C 3 -Cι 2 - cycloalkyl, C 3 -C 12 cycloalkenyl, C 2 -Cι 3 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -Cι 3 heterocycloalkenyl, C 5 -C 12 aryl, d-C 9 heteroaryl, C 6 -C 14 aralkyl, C 7 -C 14 aralkenyl with C 2 -C 6 alkenylene and C 5 -C 12 aryl, C 6 -C 15 - heteroaralkyl, C 5 -Cι 4 heteroaralkenyl and di-C 6 -Cιoaryl-d-C 6 alkyl, and in which in the group R 8 'R 9 'N the substituents R 8 . and R ff independently of one another are hydrogen or substituents from the group OH, SO 3 M y , OSO 3 M y , d-C 12 alkyl, C 3 -C 12 cycloalkyl, C 2 -Cn heterocycloalkyl, C 6 -C 10 aryl, C 5 -C 9 heteroaryl, C 7 -dιaralkyl, C 6 -C 10 heteroaralkyl, C 8 -C 16 aralkenyl with C 2 -C 6 -alkenylene and C 6 -C 10 aryl and di-Ce-Cioaryl-d-dalkyl, which are unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents from the group OH, halo, -C(=O)- OR s1 , -O-C(=O)R s4 , -C(=O)R s2 , nitro, NH 2 , cyano, -SO 3 M y , -O-SO 3 M y , -N(R 20 )-SO 3 M y , -N=N- R S2 , d-C 12 alkyl, C 2 -C 12 alkenyl, d-C 12 alkoxy, C 3 -C 12 cycloalkyl, C 3 -C 12 cycloalkenyl, C 2 - Cι 3 heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -C 13 -heterocycloalkenyl, C 5 -C 12 aryl, C 5 -C 12 aryloxy, C 6 -C 14 aralkyl, C 6 - C 1 aralkoxy, C 7 -C 1 aralkenyl, d-C 9 heteroaryl, C 2 -C 9 heteroaryloxy, C 2 -C 12 heteroaralkyl, C 3 - C 12 heteroaralkenyl, monoamino, diamino, sulfonyl, sulfonamide, carbamide, carbamate, sulfohydrazide, carbohydrazide, the carbohydramic acid radical and aminocarbonyiamide radical, in which M y , R s1 , R s2 , R s4 and R 20 are C C 12 alkyl, C 2 -C 12 alkenyl, C 3 -C 12 cycloalkyl, C 3 - C 12 cycloalkenyl, C 2 -C 13 -heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -dι heterocycloalkenyl, C 6 -Cι 2 aryl, C 6 -C 13 araikyl, C 6 -C 13 aralkenyl, d-C 9 -heteroaryl, C 2 -Cι 2 heteroaralkyl or C 3 -d 2 heteroaralkenyl and R s1 , R s2 , R^ and R 20 are otherwise hydrogen, and alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl or heteroaralkenyl in turn are unsubstituted or substituted by one of the specified substituents; and y is 1 and M is a monovalent metal or y is 1/2 and M is a divalent metal; or R 8 and R 9 or R 8' and R 9 ' or R 8 and R 0 in the case of -NR 8 R 9 or -NR 8 R 9 ' or R 8 R 40 N- together are tetramethylene, pentamethylene, -(CH 2 ) 2 -O-(CH 2 ) 2 -, -(CH 2 ) 2 -S-(CH 2 ) 2 - or -(CH 2 ) 2 -NR 7 -(CH 2 ) 2 - , and R 7 is hydrogen, d-C 6 alkyl, C 6 -C 13 aralkyl, -C(=O)R s2 or suifonyl. The suifonyl substituent corresponds, for example, to the formula R 10 -SO 2 - in which Rι 0 is C C 12 alkyl, C 3 -Cι 2 cycloalkyl, C 2 -dιheterocycloalkyl, C 5 -d 2 aryl, d-Cgheteroaryl, C 6 -C 13 - aralkyl or C 2 -C 13 heteroaralkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents from the group OH, halo, -C(=O)-OR s1 , -O-C(=O)R s4 , -C(=O)R s2 , nitro, NH 2 , cyano, -SO 3 M y , -O-SO 3 M y , -N(R 20 )-SO 3 M y , -N=N-R s2 , d-C 12 alkyl, C 2 -C 12 alkenyl, C C 12 - alkoxy, C 3 -Cι 2 cycloalkyl, C 3 -C 12 cycloalkenyl, C 2 -C 13 heterocycloaikyl, C 2 -C 13 - heterocycloalkenyl, C 5 -C 12 aryl, C 5 -C 12 aryloxy, C 6 -C 13 aralkyl, C 6 -C 13 aralkoxy, C 6 -C 13 aralkenyl, CrCgheteroaryl, C 2 -C 9 heteroaryloxy, C 2 -C 12 heteroaralkyl, C 3 -C 12 heteroaralkenyl, monoamino, diamino, suifonyl, sulfonamide, carbamide, carbamate, sulfohydrazide, carbohydrazide, the carbohydroxamic acid radical and aminocarbonyiamide radical, in which M y , R s ι, R s2 , R and R 20 are d-C 12 alkyl, C 2 -C 12 aikenyl, C 3 -Cι 2 cycloalkyl, C 3 -C 12 cycloalkenyl, C 2 -C 13 -heterocycloalkyl, C 2 -C 13 heterocycloalkenyl, C 5 -Cι 2 aryl, C 6 -C 13 aralkyl, C 6 -C 13 aralkenyl, CrCg-heteroaryl, C 2 -C 12 heteroaralkyl or C 3 -C 12 heteroaralkenyi and R s1 , R s2 , R^ and R 20 are otherwise hydrogen, and alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl or heteroaralkenyl in turn are unsubstituted or substituted by one of the specified substituents; and y is 1 and M is a monovalent metal or y is 1/2 and M is a bivalent metal cation. Preferred monodentate and bidentate e ~ donor ligands are derived, for example, from heteroarenes of the group: A preferred group is formed by those compounds of the formulae la - le in which one or two ligands from the group L 1 , L 2 , L 2 , L 3 , L 3 , L 5 and L 5 in each case independently of one another are monodentate pyridine which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents from the group d-C 12 alkyl, C 2 -Cn heterocycloalkyl, C 5 -C 9 heteroaryl, monoamino, diamino and -C(=O)H. Examples of such ligands are Another preferred group of compounds is formed by compounds of the formulae la - le, in which two of the ligands L 1 , L 2 , L 2' , L 3 , L 3' , L 5 and L 5' together are bidentate bis-pyridine, phenanthrolinyl, bis-thiazolyl, bis-pyrimidine or picolylimine, which are unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents from the group Cι-C 12 alkyl, C 6 -Cιoaryl and cyano where the substituents alkyl and aryl in turn are unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents from the group d-Cι 2 alkyl t nitro, monoamino, diamino and nitro- or secondary amino-substituted -N=N-C 6 -C 10 aryl. Examples of such ligands are Another preferred group of compounds is formed by compounds of the formulae la - le, in which L is bidentate bipyridine or together with two of the ligands L , L , L , L , L and L is tetradentate bipyrimidine, which are unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents from the group Cι-C 12 alkyl, C 2 -Cnheterocycloalkyl, C 5 -C 9 heteroaryl, monoamino, diamino and -C(=O)H. One example of a tetradentate ligand of this type is A further preferred group of compounds is formed by compounds of the formulae la - le, in which two of the ligands L 1 , L 2 , L 2 , L 3 , L 5 and L 5 together, or L 4 , is bidentate pyridine which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents from the group d-d 2 alkyl, d-Cnheterocycloalkyl, C 5 -C 9 heteroaryl, monoamino, diamino and -C(=O)H. One example of a ligand of this type is In compounds of the formula la Z is sulfur or the groups — — (A) and — P— (A'), R R in which R is hydrogen or a hydrocarbon radical. The term hydrocarbon radical for R embraces the definitions given earlier for R 1 , R 2 and R 3 under compounds (II), especially the aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or cycloaliphatic-aiiphatic radicals, carbocyclic aryl radicals or aryl- aliphatic radicals specified there with the further substituents which were likewise mentioned, and also the heterocyclic groups defined under the ligands of the group L 1 , L 2 , L 2 , L 3 , L 3 , L 5 and L 5' with the further substituents specified there. Provided that Z has the definitions of A or A , R is a hydrocarbon radical having the definitions specified for R . If Z in compounds of the formula la is sulfur, R is aryl, for example unsubstituted phenyl or phenyl which is substituted by one or more substituents from the group consising of d-C 6 - alkyl, d-C 6 alkoxy, carboxyl, d-C 6 alkoxycarbonyl, d-C 6 haloalkyl, nitro, sulfo, ammonium and halo. ln compounds of the formulae la Z can also be the groups A and A, in which R is preferably hydrogen, d-C 20 alkyl, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, C 3 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl, C 5 -C 12 aryl or d-C 9 heteroaryl, in which alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl are unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents from the group d-C 6 alkyl, d-C 6 haloalkyl, C C 6 alk- oxy, carboxyl, d-C 6 alkoxycarbonyl, C 5 -C 12 aryl, C 5 -C 12 aryloxy, -NO 2 and halo. R in this case is a hydrocarbon radical having the definitions specified for R '" . In compounds of the formulae lb - le Z 1 and Z 1 independently of one another are oxygen, sulfur or the groups A and A' having the specified definitions. If Z 1 and Z 1 in compounds of the formulae lb - le have these definitions, R and R are hydrocarbon radicals having the definitions specified for R under A and A , especially the aliphatic, cycloaiiphatic or cycloaliphatic-aliphatic radicals, carbocyclic aryl radicals or aryl- aliphatic radicals specified there with the further substituents specified there, in dimeric compounds of the formulae lc, Id and le, R and R can also be bridged with one another by way, for example, of C 2 -Cιoalkylene groups which can in turn be substituted by functional groups, e.g. halo, hydroxyl, alkoxy, etc. in compounds of the formulae lb - le R and R are preferably d-C 20 alkyl, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, C 3 -C 7 heterocycloalkyl, C 5 -C 12 aryl or d-Cgheteroaryl, in which alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl are unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents from the group d-C 6 alkyl, d-C 6 haloalkyl, d-C 6 alkoxy, carboxyl, d-C 6 alkoxycarbonyl, C 5 -C 12 aryl, C 5 -C 12 aryloxy, -NO 2 and halo. If Z and Z r in compounds of the formulae lb - le are the groups A and A , R therein has the preferred definitions specified for R and R " . Furthermore, if Z, Z 1 or Z 1 in compounds of the formulae la - le has the definition of the groups A and A , the substituents R'" and R or R and R , including phosphorus or preferably nitrogen of the group Z, can be joined to one another to form a heterocycle which can be unsaturated, partly saturated or fully saturated and can carry further substituents, e.g. alkyl, alkoxy, halo, hydroxyl or oxo. This case is illustrated by the following example: lkylene The invention preferably provides compounds of the formulae (I'b), in which L 2 , L 2 , L 3 , L 3 and L 5 independently of one another are monodentate, neutral e ~ donor ligands; L 4 is a bidentate - or, together with two of the ligands L 2 , L 2 , L 3 and L 5 , a tetradentate - neutral e ~ donor ligand; R 1 , R 2 and R 3 independently of one another are d-C 2 oalkyl, C 3 -C 12 cycloalkyl, C 2 -Cn heterocycloalkyl, C 5 -C 12 aryl, C C 9 heteroaryl or C 6 -C 13 aralkyl, and alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl and aralkyl are unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents from the group consisting of d-C 6 alkyl, d-C 6 alkoxy, carboxyl, d-C 6 alkoxycarbonyl, CrCehaloalkyl, C 5 -C 12 aryl, C 5 -C 12 - aryloxy, -NO 2 , sulfo, ammonium and halo; the radicals R 1 and R 2 together are unsubstituted or d-C 6 alkyl-, d-C 6 haloalkyl-, -NO 2 - or d-C 6 alkoxy-substituted tetra- or pentamethylene, or are unsubstituted or C C 6 alkyl-, CrCehaloalkyl-, -NO 2 or CrCealkoxy-substituted tetra- or pentamethylene which are fused to one or two 1 ,2-phenylenes, and R 3 is as defined; Z is sulfur or the groups — N— (A) an — p — (A'), I ... I .. R R in which R is hydrogen or a hydrocarbon radical from the group d-C 20 alkyl, C 3 -C 8 - cycloalkyl, C 3 -C 8 heterocycloalkyl, C 5 -C 12 aryl, d-C 9 heteroaryl and C 6 -C 13 aralkyl, in which alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl are unsubstituted or substituted by d-Cealkyl, d-C 6 haloaikyl, d-C 6 alkoxy, carboxyl, d-C 6 alkoxycarbonyl, C 5 -C 12 aryl, C5-C 12 - aryloxy, -NO 2 or halo; Z 1 and Z 1 independently of one another are oxygen, sulfur or the groups A and A' with the definitions specified for R ; R is unsubstituted or substituted aryl if Z is sulfur or is a hydrocarbon radical having the definitions specified for R if Z has the definition of the groups A and A; and R' and R" are a hydrocarbon radical having the definitions specified for R'", and isomers of these compounds. The invention preferably provides a selected group of compounds of the formulae I'a - I'e, in which L 2 , L 2 , L 3 and L 3 independently of one another are pyridyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents from the group d-C 12 alkyl, d-Cnheterocycloalkyl, d-C 9 heteroaryl, monoamino, diamino and -C(=O)H; or two ligands L 2 , L 2 , L 3 and L 3 together are bis-pyridine, phenanthroline, bis-thiazole, bis-pyrimidine, bis-quinoline or picolylimine which are unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents from the group d-d 2- alkyl, C 6 -Cιoaryl and cyano, where the substituents alkyl and aryl are in turn unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents from the group d-C^alkyl, nitro, monoamino, diamino and nitro- or diamino-substituted -N=N-C 6 -Cι 0 aryl; L 4 is bis-pyridine or bis- pyrimidine; R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are isopropyl, sec-butyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl; Z is sulfur or groups A and A , in which R is hydrogen, Cι-C 4 alkyl, phenyl or d-C 4 -alkyl- substituted phenyl; Z 1 and Z 1 independently of one another are oxygen, sulfur or the groups A and A' with the definitions specified for R '" ; R is phenyl if Z is sulfur or is d-C 4 alkyl, phenyl or d-dalkyl-substituted phenyl if Z has the definition of the groups A and A'; and R and R are C C alkyl, phenyl or d-C 4 alkyl-substituted phenyl, and isomers of these compounds. The invention likewise preferably provides the specified compounds of the formulae la - le, in which Z and/or Z 1 or Z 1 has the definition of the groups A and A, the substituents R'" and R and/or R and R including nitrogen from the group Z and/or Z 1 or Z 1 are joined to one another to form a heterocycle which is unsaturated, partly saturated or fully saturated and can carry further substituents, for example alkyl, alkoxy, halo, hydroxyl or oxo. The invention likewise preferably provides the compounds specified in the Examples, e.g. dichiorobis[tricyclohexylphosphino]phenylthiomethinoruthenium or dichlorobis- [tricyclohexylphosphino]-1-(2-oxopyrrolidino)methinoruthenium and isomers of these compounds. The invention likewise provides a process for preparing compounds of the formulae la - le aaccccoorrddiinng claim 1 , which comprises replacing the ligand L 2 or L 3 in a compound of the formula in which R a is an eliminable leaving group of the substrate and X, Y, L 1 , L 2 and L 3 are as defined for the formulae la and lb with a vinyl ether, vinyl thioether, vinylamine or vinylphosphine of the formula R b = C — Z-R (IVa) Rb — c_ z ι _ R . ( ιv ), H or H in which R b is an eliminable leaving group of the reagent and Z, Z 1 , R and R are as defined for formulae la and lb, and, if desired, for the preparation of dimeric compounds of the formulae lc, Id and le, replacing the ligand L 2 or L 3 by a bidentate or tetradentate ligand L 4 , and/or substituting the groups X, X', Y and Y' and also L 1 , L 2 , L 2' , L 3 , L 3' , L 5 and L 5' in an obtainable compound of the formulae la - le. The process of the invention is advantageously conducted in such a way that the compounds of the formulae Ilia and lllb are dissolved in a solvent and then the desired vinyl ether, vinyl thioether, vinylamine or vinylphosphine (IVa) or (IVb) is added. The mass ratio of compounds (Ilia) and (lllb) to compounds (IVa) and (IVb) is generally within the range from 1 :1 to 1:100, preference being given to a ratio in the range from 1 :1 to 1:5. The reaction takes place within a temperature range from -80°C to 150°C, preferably from 0°C to 100°C and, with particular preference, at from room temperature to 50°C. The invention likewise provides a composition comprising (α) dicyclopentadiene or another strained cycloolefin, or dicyclopentadiene in a mixture with another strained cycloolefin, and (β) a catalytic amount of at least one compound of the formulae la - le, in which Me and Me independently of one another are ruthenium or osmium and X, X , Y, Y , L 1 , L 2 , L 2 , L 3 , L 3 , L 4 , L 5 and L 5 , Z, Z 1 Z 1 , R, R and R are as defined, and isomers of these compounds and, if desired, further additives for polymers. Dicyclopentadiene is the dimer of cyclopentadiene, which is known and commercially available and has the formula . It is known that, together with further cyclopentadiene, dicyclopentadiene forms so-called Diels-Alder adducts and hence forms oligomers which can likewise be used. In accordance with the invention the composition may comprise pure dicyclopentadiene, oligomers of dicyclopentadiene or mixtures thereof. The oligomers are of the formula , in which p is from 1 to 100, preferably froml to 50, with particular preference from 1 to 20 and, with especial preference, from 1 to 10. The cycloolefins known as strained cycloolefins, which may be present as comonomers in the composition of the invention, are known. The cyclic olefins can be monocyclic or polycyclic, fused and/or bridged ring systems, which have, for example, from two to four rings and which are unsubstituted or substituted and can contain heteroatoms such as O, S, N or Si, for example, in one or more rings and/or can contain fused aromatic or heteroaromatic rings, such as o-phenylene, o-naphthylene, o-pyridinylene or o-pyrimidinylene. The individual cyclic rings include 3 to 16, preferably 3 to 12 and, with particular preference, 3 to 8 ring members. The cyclic olefins may contain further nonaromatic double bonds, preferably from 2 to 4 such additional double bonds depending on ring size. The ring substituents involved are those which are inert; in other words, those which do not impair the chemical stability of the ruthenium and osmium compounds. The cycloolefins are strained rings or ring systems. If the cyclic olefins contain more than one double bond, for example 2 to 4 double bonds, then depending on the reaction conditions, on the chosen monomer and on the amount of catalyst it is also possible for crosslinked polymers to form. Fused-on alicyclic rings contain preferably 3 to 8, more preferably 4 to 7 and, with particular preference, 5 or 6 ring carbon atoms. The cyclic olefins which are present in the composition and which may be polymerized with the aid of the catalysts of the invention are known and are described, for example, in WO 96/20235. The comonomeric cycloolefins can be present in an amount of from 0.01 to 99% by weight, preferably from 0.1 to 95% by weight, with particular preference from 1 to 90% by weight and, with especial preference, from 5 to 80% by weight, based on the monomers present in the composition. Very particular preference is given to norbornene as comonomer in amounts, for example, of from 20 to 60% by weight. The dienes which are present in the composition and which can be ring-closed with the aid of the catalysts of the invention are described, for example, in Miller etal. [Miller, S.J., Blackwell, H.E., Grubbs, R.H., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118:9606-9614 (1996)] or in Grubbs et al. [Grubbs, R.H., Miller, S.J., Fu, G.C., Ace. Chem. Res. 28:446-452 (1995)]. The catalysts of the invention can also be used for breaking down unsaturated polymers or for isomerizing double bonds, as has already been described for ruthenium catalysts in McGrath and Grubbs [McGrath, D. V., Grubbs, R.H., Organometallics 13:224 (1994)] The composition of the invention can comprise inert solvents. One particular advantage is that in the case of liquid monomers metathesis polymerization can be carried out without the use of a solvent. A further advantage is that the polymerization can even be carried out in water, polar and protic solvents or water/solvent mixtures. In such cases it is of advantage, in the context of the present invention, to use a surfactant. Examples of suitable inert solvents are protic polar and aprotic solvents, which can be used alone or in mixtures of at least two solvents. Examples are ethers (dibutyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, ethylene glycol monomethyl or dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl or diethyi ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, triethylene glycol dimethyl ether), halogenated hydrocarbons, etc.. Compositions of the invention comprising a DCPD are insensitive to oxygen and moisture, which permits storage and reaction without an inert gas. In the context of the present invention, catalytic amounts denote preferably an amount from 0.001 to 20 mol-%, with particular preference from 0.01 to 15 mol-% and, with very particular preference, from 0.01 to 10 mol-%, based on the amount of monomer. On the basis of the high thermocatalytic activity, very particular preference is given to amounts from 0.001 to 2 mol-%. The composition of the invention which is used for the polymerization can be prepared directly prior to polymerization or can be used as a preformulated mixture, since the catalysts used are of particularly high stability. The mixture may even be stored for a prolonged period prior to polymerization, as a ready-to-use formulation, which is of advantage for large-scale industrial use. The composition of the invention can comprise additives suitable for polymers, which additives are preferably used as formulating auxiliaries to improve the chemical and physical properties. The auxiliaries can be present in surprisingly high proportions without adversely affecting the polymerization; for example, in amounts of up to 70% by weight, preferably from 1 to 70% by weight, more preferably from 5 to 60% by weight, with particular preference from 10 to 50% by weight and with especial preference from 10 to 40% by weight, based on the composition. Such auxiliaries have been disclosed in large numbers and are set out by way of example in the following list of auxiliaries: 1. Antioxidants 1.1. Alkylated monophenols. for example 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methyiphenol, 2-butyl-4,6- dimethylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-n-butylphenol, 2,6-di-tert- butyl-4-isobutylphenol, 2,6-dicyclopentyl-4-methylphenol, 2-(α-methylcyciohexyl)-4,6- dimethylphenol, 2,6-dioctadecyl-4-methylphenol, 2,4,6-tricyclohexylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl- 4-methoxymethylphenoi, linear or sidechain-branched nonylphenois; such as 2,6-dinonyl- 4-methylphenol, 2,4-dimethyl-6-(1 '-methylundec-1'-yl)phenol, 2,4-dimethyl-6-(1'- methyiheptadec-1'-yl)phenol, 2,4-dimethyl-6-(1'-methyltridec-1'-yl)phenol and mixtures thereof. 1.2. Alkylthiomethviphenols, for example 2,4-dioctylthiomethyl-6-tert-butylphenol, 2,4-dioctylthiomethyl-6-methylphenol, 2,4-dioctylthiomethyl-6-ethyiphenol, 2,6-didodecyl- thiomethyl-4-nonylphenol. 1.3. Hvdroαuinones and alkylated hvdroαuinones. for example 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4- methoxyphenol, 2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone, 2,5-di-tert-amylhydroquinone, 2,6-diphenyl-4- octadecyloxyphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butylhydroquinone, 2,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, 3,5-di- tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisoie, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl stearate, bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxyphenyl) adipate. 1.4. Tocopherols. for example α-tocopherol, β-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, δ-tocopheroi and mixtures thereof (vitamin E). 1.5. Hvdroxylated thiodiphenyl ethers, for example 2,2'-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol), 2,2'-thiobis(4-octylphenol), 4,4'-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-3-methylphenol), 4,4'-thiobis(6-tert-butyl- 2-methylphenol), 4,4'-thiobis(3,6-di-sec-amylphenol), 4,4'-bis(2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) disulfide. 1.6. Alkylidenebisphenols, for example 2,2'-methyienebis(6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol), 2,2'-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol), 2,2'-methylenebis[4-methyl-6-(α-methylcyclo- hexyl)phenoi], 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-cyclohexylphenol), 2,2'-methylenebis(€-nonyl-4- methylphenol), 2,2'-methylenebis(4,6-di-tert-butyiphenol), 2,2'-ethylidenebis(4,6-di-tert- butylphenoi), 2,2'-ethylidenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-isobutylphenol), 2,2'-methylenebis[6-(α- methylbenzyl)-4-nonylphenol], 2,2'-methylenebis[6-(α,α-dimethylbenzyl)-4-nonylphenol], 4,4'- methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol), 4,4'-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-2-methylphenol), 1 ,1- bis(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)butane, 2,6-bis(3-tert-butyl-5-methyl-2- hydroxybenzyl)-4-methylphenol, 1 , 1 ,3-tris(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)butane, 1 ,1-bis(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)-3-n-dodecylmercaptobutane, ethylene glycol bis[3,3-bis(3'-tert-butyl-4'-hydroxyphenyl)butyrate], bis(3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-5- methylphenyl)dicyclopentadiene, bis[2-(3'-tert-butyl-2'-hydroxy-5'-methylbenzyl)-6-tert-butyl- 4-methylphenyl] terephthalate, 1 ,1-bis(3,5-dimethyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)butane, 2,2-bis(3,5-di- tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propane, 2,2-bis(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)-4-n- dodecylmercaptobutane, 1 ,1 ,5,5-tetra-(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyi)pentane. 1.7. O-. N- and S-benzyl compounds, for example 3,5,3', 5'-tetra-tert-butyl-4,4'- dihydroxydibenzyl ether, octadecyl 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylbenzylmercaptoacetate, tridecyl 4-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butylbenzylmercaptoacetate, tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)- amine, bis(4-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylbenzyi) dithioterephthalate, bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl- 4-hydroxybenzyl) sulfide, isooctyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylmercaptoacetate. 1.8. Hvdroxybenzylated malonates. for example dioctadecyl 2,2-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-2- hydroxybenzyl)malonate, dioctadecyl 2-(3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-5-methylbenzyl)malonate, didodecyl mercaptoethyl-2,2-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyi)maionate, di-[4-(1 ,1 ,3,3- tetramethylbutyl)phenyl] 2,2-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)malonate. 1.9. Aromatic hvdroxybenzyl compounds, for example 1,3,5-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxybenzyl)-2,4,6-trimethylbenzene, 1 ,4-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)-2,3,5,6- tetramethylbenzene, 2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)phenol. 1.10. Triazine compounds, for example 2,4-bisoctylmercapto-6-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxyanilino)-1 ,3,5-triazine, 2-octylmercapto-4,6-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanilino)- 1 ,3,5-triazine, 2-octylmercapto-4,6-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenoxy)-1 ,3,5-triazine, 2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenoxy)-1 ,2,3-triazine, 1 ,3,5-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxybenzyl) isocyanurate, 1 ,3,5-tris(4-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylbenzyl) isocyanurate, 2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylethyl)-1 ,3,5-triazine, 1 ,3,5-ths(3,5-di- tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylpropionyl)hexahydro-1 ,3,5-triazine, 1 ,3,5-tris(3,5-dicyclohexyl-4- hydroxybenzyl) isocyanurate. 1.11. Benz lphosphonates, for example dimethyl 2,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl- phosphonate, diethyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylphosphonate, dioctadecyl 3,5-di-tert- butyl-4-hydroxybenzylphosphonate, dioctadecyl 5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-3- methylbenzylphosphonate, the calcium salt of the monoethyl. ester of 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxybenzylphosphonic acid. 1.12. Acylaminophenols, for example 4-hydroxylauranilide, 4-hydroxystearanilide, octyl N- (3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)carbamate. 1.13. Esters of β-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hvdroχyphenyl)propionic acid with mono- or polyhydric alcohols, e.g. with methanol, ethanol, n-octanoi, i-octanol, octadecanol, 1 ,6-hexanediol, 1 ,9- nonanediol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, neopentyl glycol, thiodiethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, pentaerythritol, tris(hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate, N,N'-bis(hydroxyethyl)oxalamide, 3-thiaundecanoi, 3-thiapentadecanol, trimethylhexanediol, trimethylolpropane, 4-hydroxymethyl-1-phospha-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane. 1.14. Esters of β-(5-tert-butyl-4-hvdroxy-3-methylphenvπpropionic acid with mono- or polyhydric alcohols, e.g. with methanol, ethanol, n-octanol, i-octanol, octadecanol, 1 ,6-hexanediol, 1 ,9-nonanediol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, neopentyl glycol, thiodiethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, pentaerythritol, tris(hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate, N,N'-bis(hydroxyethyl)oxalamide, 3-thiaundecanol, 3-thiapentadecanol, trimethylhexanediol, trimethylolpropane, 4-hydroxymethyl-1 -phospha-2,6,7- trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane. 1.15. Esters of β-(3,5-dicvclohexyl-4-hvdroxyphenvπpropionic acid with mono- or polyhydric alcohols, e.g. with methanol, ethanol, octanol, octadecanol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1 ,9-nonanediol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, neopentyl glycol, thiodiethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, pentaerythritol, tris(hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate, N,N'-bis(hydroxyethyl)- oxalamide, 3-thiaundecanol, 3-thiapentadecanol, trimethylhexanediol, trimethylolpropane, 4-hydroxymethyl-1-phospha-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane. 1 16 Esters of 3, 5-dι-tert-butyl-4-hvdroxyphenylacetιc acid with mono- or polyhydric alcohols, e.g with methanol, ethanol, octanol, octadecanol, 1 ,6-hexanediol, 1 ,9-nonanediol, ethylene glycol, 1 ,2-propanediol, neopentyl glycol, thiodiethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, pentaerythritol, trιs(hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate, N,N'-bιs(hydroxyethyl)- oxalamide, 3-thιaundecanol, 3-thιapentadecanol, trimethylhexanediol, trimethylolpropane, 4-hydroxymethyl-1-phospha-2,6,7-trιoxabιcyclo[2.2.2]octane 1 17 Amides of β-(3,5-dι-tert-butyl-4-hvdroxyphenyl)propιonιc acid, e g N,N'-bιs(3,5-dι-tert- butyl-4-hydroxyphenyipropιonyl)hexamethyienedιamιde, N,N'-bιs(3,5-dι-tert-butyl-4- hydroxyphenylpropιonyl)tπmethylenedιamιde, N,N'-bιs(3,5-dι-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl- propιonyl)hydrazιde, N,N'-bιs[2-(3-[3,5-dι-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl]propιonyloxy)ethyl]- oxamide (Naugard ® XL-1 from Uniroyal) 1 18 Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) 1 19 Aminic antioxidants, for example N,N'-dιιsopropyi-p-phenylenedιamιne, N,N'-dι-sec- butyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,N'-bιs(1 ,4-dιmethyl-pentyl)-p-phenylenedιamιne, N,N'-bιs(1- ethyl-3-methyl-pentyl)-p-phenylenedιamιne, N,N'-bιs(1-methylheptyl)-p-phenylenedιamιne, N,N'-dιcyclohexyl-p-phenylenedιamιne, N,N'-dιphenyl-p-phenylenedιamιne, N,N'-dι- (2-naphthyl)-p-phenylenedιamιne, N-isopropyl-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, N-(1 ,3- dιmethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenedιamιne, N-(1-methylheptyl)-N'-phenyl-p- phenylenediamine, N-cyclohexyl-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, 4-(p-toluenesulfonamιdo)- diphenylamine, N,N'-dιmethyl-N,N'-dι-sec-butyl-p-phenylenedιamιne, diphenylamine, N-allyldiphenylamme, 4-ιsopropoxydιphenylamιne, N-phenyl-1-naphthylamιne, N-(4-tert- octylphenyl)-1-naphthylamιne, N-phenyl-2-naphthyiamιne, octylated diphenylamine, for example p,p'-dι-tert-octyldιphenylamιne, 4-n-butyiamιnophenol, 4-butyrylamιnophenol, 4-nonanoylamιnophenol, 4-dodecanoylamιnophenol, 4-octadecanoylamιnophenol, dι-(4- methoxyphenyl)amιne, 2,6-dι-tert-butyl-4-dιmethylamιnomethylphenol, 2,4'-dιamιnodιphenylmethane, 4,4'-dιamιnodιphenylmethane, N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-4,4'- diamino-diphenylmethane, 1 ,2-dι[(2-methylphenyi)amιno]ethane, 1 ,2-dι(phenylamιno)- propane, (o-tolyl)bιguanιde, dι-[4-(1 ',3'-dιmethylbutyi)phenyl]amιne, tert-octylated N-phenyl- 1-naphthylamιne, a mixture of mono- and dialkylated tert-butyl/tert-octyldiphenylamines, a mixture of mono- and dialkylated nonyldiphenylamines, a mixture of mono- and dialkylated dodecyldiphenylammes, a mixture of mono- and dialkylated isopropyl/isohexyl- diphenylamines, mixtures of mono- and dialkylated tert-butyldiphenylamines, 2,3-dihydro- 3,3-dimethyl-4H-1 ,4-benzothiazine, phenothiazine, a mixture of mono- and dialkylated tert- butyl/tert-octyl-phenothiazines, a mixture of mono- and dialkylated tert-octyl-phenothiazines, N-allylphenothiazine, N,N,N',N'-tetraphenyl-1 ,4-diaminobut-2-ene, N,N-bis(2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)hexamethylenediamine, bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl) sebacate, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-one and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-ol. 2. UV absorbers and light stabilizers 2.1. 2-(2'-Hvdroχyphenyl)benzotriazoles, for example 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-methylphenyl)- benzotriazole, 2-(3',5 , -di-tert-butyl-2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(5'-tert-butyl-2'- hydroxyphenyl)benzotrιazole, 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-(1 ,1 ,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl)- benzotriazole, 2-(3',5'-di-tert-butyl-2'-hydroxyphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole, 2-(3'-tert-butyl-2'- hydroxy-5'-methylphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole, 2-(3'-sec-butyl-5'-tert-butyl-2'- hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(2'-hydroxy-4'-octoxyphenyl)benzotriazoie, 2-(3',5'-di-tert- amyl-2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(3',5'-bis(α,α-dimethylbenzyl)-2'-hydroxyphenyl)- benzotriazole, 2-(3'-tert-butyl-2'-hydroxy-5'-(2-octyloxycarbonylethyl)phenyl)-5- chlorobenzotriazole, 2-(3'-tert-butyl-5'-[2-(2-ethylhexyloxy)carbonylethyl]-2'-hydroxyphenyl)-5- chlorobenzotriazoie, 2-(3'-tert-butyl-2'-hydroxy-5'-(2-methoxycarbonylethyl)phenyl)-5- chlorobenzotriazole, 2-(3'-tert-butyl-2'-hydroxy-5'-(2-methoxycarbonylethyl)phenyi)- benzotriazole, 2-(3'-tert-butyl-2'-hydroxy-5'-(2-octyloxycarbonylethyl)phenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(3'-tert-butyl-5'-[2-(2-ethylhexyioxy)carbonylethyl]-2'-hydroxyphenyi)benzotriazole, 2-(3 , -dodecyl-2'-hydroxy-5'-methylphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(3'-tert-butyl-2'-hydroxy-5'-(2- isooctyloxycarbonylethyl)phenylbenzotriazole, 2,2'-methyienebis[4-(1 ,1 ,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)- 6-benzotriazol-2-ylphenol]; the transesterification product of 2-[3'-tert-butyl-5'-(2-methoxy- carbonylethyl)-2'-hydroxyphenyi]benzotriazole with polyethylene glycol 300; [R-CH 2 CH— COO-CH 2 CH 2 -3- where R = 3'-tert-butyl-4'-hydroxy-5'-2H-benzotriazol-2- yl-phenyl; 2-[2'-hydroxy-3'-(α,α-dimethylbenzyl)-5'-(1,1 ,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl]benzotri- azole; 2-[2'-hydroxy-3'-(1 ,1 ,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-5'-(α,α-dimethylbenzyl)phenyl]- benzotriazole. 2.2. 2-Hvdroxybenzophenones, for example the 4-hydroxy, 4-methoxy, 4-octoxy, 4-decyloxy, 4-dodecyioxy, 4-benzyloxy, 4,2',4'-trihydroxy and 2'-hydroxy-4,4'-dimethoxy derivative. 2.3. Esters of substituted or unsubstituted benzoic acids, for example 4-tert-butyl-phenyl salicylate, phenyl salicylate, octylphenyl salicylate, dibenzoylresorcinol, bis(4-tert- butylbenzoyl)resorcinol, benzoylresorcinol, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxybenzoate, hexadecyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, octadecyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl- 4-hydroxybenzoate, 2-methyl-4,6-di-tert-butylphenyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate. 2.4. Acrylates. for example ethyl α-cyano-β,β-diphenylacrylate or isooctyl α-cyano-β,β- diphenylacrylate, methyl α-carbomethoxycinnamate, methyl α-cyano-β-methyl-p-methoxy- cinnamate or butyl α-cyano-β-methyl-p-methoxycinnamate, methyl α-carbomethoxy-p- methoxycinnamate and N-(β-carbomethoxy-β-cyanovinyl)-2-methylindoline. 2.5. Nickel compounds, for example nickel complexes of 2,2'-thiobis[4-(1 , 1 ,3,3- tetramethylbutyl)phenol], such as the 1:1 or 1:2 complex, with or without additional ligands such as n-butylamine, triethanoiamine or N-cyciohexyldiethanolamine, nickel dibutyldithiocarbamate, nickel salts of monoalkyl esters, such as of the methyl or ethyl ester, of 4-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butylbenzylphosphonic acid, nickel complexes of ketoximes, e.g. of 2-hydroxy-4-methylphenyl undecyl ketoxime, nickel complexes of 1-phenyl-4-lauroyl-5- hydroxypyrazole, with or without additional ligands. 2.6. Stericallv hindered amines, for example bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyipiperidin-4-yl) sebacate, bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-y!) succinate, bis(1 ,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidin-4-yl) sebacate, bis(1-octyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl) sebacate, bis(1, 2,2,6,6- pentamethylpiperidyl) n-butyl-3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylmalonate, the condensate of 1-hydroxyethyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-hydroxypiperidine and succinic acid, the linear or cyclic condensates of N,N'-bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)hexamethylenediamine and 4-tert- octylamino-2,6-dichloro-1 ,3,5-s-triazine, tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl) nitrilotriacetate, tetrakis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl) 1 ,2,3,4-butanetetraoate, 1 ,1 '-(1 ,2- ethanediyl)bis(3,3,5,5-tetramethylpiperazinone), 4-benzoyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine, 4- stearyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine, bis(1 ,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidyl)-2-n-butyl-2-(2- hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butylbenzyl) malonate, 3-n-octyl-7,7,9,9-tetramethyl-1 ,3,8- triazaspiro[4.5]decane-2,4-dione, bis(1-octyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl) sebacate, bis(1- octyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl) succinate, the linear or cyclic condensates of N,N'-bis- (2,2,6, 6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)hexamethylenediamine and 4-morpholino-2,6-dichloro-1 ,3,5- triazine, the condensate of 2-chloro-4,6-di(4-n-butylamino-2,2,6,6-tetramethyipiperidyl)-1 ,3,5- tnazine and 1 ,2-bιs(3-amιnopropylamιno)ethane, the condensate of 2-chloro-4,6-dι-(4-n- butylamιno-1 ,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpιperιdyl)-1 ,3,5-trιazιne and 1 ,2-bιs-(3- amιnopropylamιno)ethane, 8-acetyl-3-dodecyl-7,7,9,9-tetramethyl-1 ,3,8- trιazaspιro[4 5]decane-2,4-dιone, 3-dodecyl-1-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-pιperιdyl)pyrrolιdιne-2,5- dione, 3-dodecyl-1-(1 ,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-pιperιdyl)pyrrolιdιne-2,5-dιone, a mixture of 4- hexadecyloxy- and 4-stearyloxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpιperιdιne, the condensate of N,N'- bιs(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-pιperιdyl)-hexamethylenedιamιne and 4-cyclohexylamιno-2,6- dιchloro-1 ,3,5-trιazιne, the condensate of 1 ,2-bιs(3-amιnopropylamιno)ethane and 2,4,6- trιchloro-1 ,3,5-trιazιne and also 4-butylamιno-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpιperιdιne (CAS Reg No [136504-96-6]), N-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-pιperιdyl)-n-dodecylsuccιnιmιde, N-(1 ,2,2,6,6- pentamethyl-4-pιperιdyl)-n-dodecylsuccιnιmιde, 2-undecyl-7,7,9,9-tetramethyl-1-oxa-3,8- dιaza-4-oxospιro[4 5]decane, the reaction product of 7,7,9,9-tetramethyl-2-cycloundecyl-1- oxa-3,8-dιaza-4-oxospιro[4 5]decane and epichlorohydπne, 1 ,1-bιs(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4- pιperιdyloxycarbonyl)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl) ether, N,N'-bιsformyl-N,N'-bιs(2,2,6,6- tetramethyl-4-pιperιdyl)-hexamethylenedιamιne, the diester of 4-methoxymethylenemalonιc acid with 1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-hydroxypιpeπdιne, poly[methylpropyl-3-oxy-4-(2,2,6,6- tetramethyl-4-pιperιdyl)]sιloxane, the reaction product of maleic anhydnde-α-olefin copolymer and 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-amιnopιperιdιne or 1 , 2,2,6, 6-pentamethyl-4-amιnopιperιdιne 2 7 Oxalamides. for example 4,4'-dιoctyloxyoxanιlιde, 2,2'-dιethoxy-oxanιlιde, 2,2'-dιoctyloxy-5,5'-dι-tert-butyloxanιiιde, 2,2'-dιdodecyloxy-5,5'-dι-tert-butyloxanιlιde, 2- ethoxy-2'-ethyloxanιlιde, N,N'-bιs(3-dιmethylamιnopropyl)oxalamιde, 2-ethoxy-5-tert-butyl-2'- ethyloxani de and its mixture with 2-ethoxy-2'-ethyl-5,4'-dι-tert-butyloxanιlιde and mixtures of o- and p-methoxy- and of o- and p-ethoxy-disubstituted oxanihdes 2 8 2-(2-Hvdroχyphenyl)-1 ,3,5-trιazιnes. for example 2,4,6-tπs(2-hydroxy-4-octyloxyphenyl)- 1 ,3,5-trιazιne, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-octyloxyphenyl)-4,6-bιs(2,4-dιmethyiphenyl)-1 ,3,5-trιazιne, 2-(2,4-dιhydroxyphenyl)-4,6-bιs(2,4-dιmethylphenyl)-1 ,3,5-tπazιne, 2,4-bιs(2-hydroxy-4- propyloxyphenyl)-6-(2,4-dιmethylphenyl)-1 ,3,5-trιazιne, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-octyloxyphenyl)-4,6- bιs(4-methylphenyl)-1 ,3,5-trιazιne, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-dodecyloxyphenyl)-4,6-bιs(2,4- dιmethylphenyl)-1 ,3,5-trιazιne, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-tπdecyioxyphenyl)-4,6-bιs(2,4- dιmethylphenyl)-1,3,5-trιazιne, 2-[2-hydroxy-4-(2-hydroxy-3-butyloxypropyloxy)phenyl]-4,6- bιs(2,4-dιmethyiphenyl)-1 ,3,5-trιazιne, 2-[2-hydroxy-4-(2-hydroxy-3-octyloxypropyloxy)- phenyl]-4,6-bιs(2,4-dιmethylphenyl)-1 ,3,5-trιazιne, 2-[4-(dodecyloxy/trιdecyloxy-2- hydroxypropoxy)-2-hydroxyphenyl]-4,6-bιs(2,4-dιmethylphenyl)-1 ,3,5-trιazιne 2-[2-hydroxy-4- (2-hydroxy-3-dodecyloxy-propoxy)phenyl]-4,6-bιs(2,4-dιmethylphenyl)-1 ,3,5-trιazιne, 2-(2- hydroxy-4-hexyloxy)phenyl-4,6-dιphenyl-1 ,3,5-trιazιne, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-4,6- dιphenyl-1 ,3,5-trιazιne, 2,4,6-trιs[2-hydroxy-4-(3-butoxy-2-hydroxy-propoxy)phenyl]-1 ,3,5- tnazine, 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-phenyl-1 ,3,5-trιazιne, 2-{2-hydroxy-4-[3- (2-ethylhexyl-1-oxy)-2-hydroxypropyloxy]phenyl}-4,6-bιs(2,4-dιmethylphenyl)-1 ,3,5-trιazιne 3 Metal deactivators, for example, N,N'-dιphenyloxalamιde, N-salicylal-N'-sa cyloyl hydrazine, N,N'-bιs(salιcyloyl)hydrazιne, N,N'-bιs(3,5-dι-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyi- propιonyl)hydrazιne, 3-saiιcyloylamιno-1 ,2,4-trιazole, bιs(benzyiιdene)oxaiyl dihydrazide, oxani de, isophthaloyl dihydrazide, sebacoyl bisphenylhydrazide, N,N'-dιacetyladιpoyl dihydrazide, N,N'-bιs(salιcyloyl)oxalyl dihydrazide, N,N'-bιs(salιcyloyl)thιopropιonyl dihydrazide 4 Phosphites, phosphines and phosphonites, for example tnphenyl phosphite, diphenyl alkyl phosphites, phenyl dialkyl phosphites, trιs(nonylphenyl) phosphite, tnlauryl phosphite, tnoctadecyl phosphite, tπmethylphosphine, tn-n-butylphosphine, triphenylphosphine, distearyi pentaerythritol diphosphite, trιs(2,4-dι-tert-butylphenyi) phosphite, dnsodecyl pentaerythritol diphosphite, bιs(2,4-dι-tert-butylphenyl)pentaerythrιtol diphosphite, bιs(2,6-dι- tert-butyl-4-methylphenyl)pentaerythrιtol diphosphite, bisisodecyloxypentaerythntol diphosphite, bιs(2,4-dι-tert-butyl-6-methylphenyl)pentaerythrιtol diphosphite, bιs(2,4,6-tπ-tert- butylphenyl)pentaerythrιtol diphosphite, tπstearyl sorbitol tnphosphite, tetrakιs(2,4-dι-tert- butylphenyl) 4,4'-bιphenylene diphosphonite, 6-ιsooctyioxy-2,4,8,10-tetra-tert-butyl-12H- dιbenzo[d,g]-1 ,3,2-dιoxaphosphocιn, 6-fluoro-2,4,8, 10-tetra-tert-butyl-12-methyl- dιbenzo[d,g]-1 ,3,2-dιoxaphosphocιn, bιs(2,4-dι-tert-butyl-6-methylphenyl) methyl phosphite, bιs(2,4-dι-tert-butyl-6-methylphenyi) ethyl phosphite, 2,2',2"-nιtπlo[tπethyl-trιs(3,3 , ,5,5"tetra- tert-butyl-1 ,1 '-bιphenyl-2,2'-dιyl) phosphite], 2-ethylhexyl (3,3',5,5'-tetra-tert-butyl-1 ,1'- bιphenyl-2,2'-dιyl) phosphite Particular preference is given to using the following phosphites Trιs(2,4-dι-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite (irgafos ® 168, Ciba-Geigy), trιs(nonylphenyl) phosphite, 5. Hvdroxylamines, for example N,N-dibenzylhydroxylamine, N,N-diethylhydroxylamine, N,N-dioctylhydroxylamine, N,N-dilaurylhydroxylamine, N,N-ditetradecylhydroxylamine, N,N-dihexadecylhydroxylamine, N,N-dioctadecylhydroxylamine, N-hexadecyl-N- octadecylhydroxylamine, N-heptadecyl-N-octadecylhydroxylamine, N,N-diaikylhydroxylamine from hydrogenated tallow fatty amines. 6. Nitrones, for example N-benzyl alpha-phenyl nitrone, N-ethyl alpha-methyl nitrone, N-octyl alpha-heptyl nitrone, N-lauryl alpha-undecyl nitrone, N-tetradecyl aipha-tridecyl nitrone, N-hexadecyl alpha-pentadecyl nitrone, N-octadecyl alpha-heptadecyl nitrone, N-hexadecyl alpha-heptadecyl nitrone, N-octadecyl alpha-pentadecyl nitrone, N-heptadecyl alpha- heptadecyl nitrone, N-octadecyl alpha-hexadecyl-nitrone, and nitrones derived from N,N-dialkylhydroxylamines prepared from hydrogenated tallow fatty amines. 7. Thiosvnergists, for example dilauryl thiodiproprionate or distearyl thiodipropionate. 8. Peroxide scavengers, for example esters of β-thiodipropionic acid, for example the lauryl, stearyl, myristyl or tridecyl esters, mercaptobenzimidazole, the zinc salt of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole, zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate, dioctadecyl disulfide, pentaerythritol tetrakis(β-dodecylmercapto)propionate. 9. Polvamide stabilizers, for example copper salts in combination with iodides and/or phosphorus compounds and salts of divalent manganese. 10. Basic co-stabilizers, for example melamine, polyvinylpyrrolidone, dicyandiamide, triallyl cyanurate, urea derivatives, hydrazine derivatives, amines, polyamides, polyurethanes, alkali metal salts and alkaline earth metal salts of higher fatty acids, for example calcium stearate, zinc stearate, magnesium behenate, magnesium stearate, sodium ricinoleate, potassium palmitate, antimony pyrocatecholate or zinc pyrocatecholate. 11. Nucleating agents, for example inorganic substances, such as talc, metal oxides such as titanium dioxide or magnesium oxide, phosphates, carbonates or sulfates of, preferably, alkaline earth metals; organic compounds such as mono- or polycarboxylic acids and their salts, such as 4-tert-butylbenzoic acid, adipic acid, diphenyl acetic acid, sodium succinate or sodium benzoate; and polymeric compounds, for example ionic copolymers (ionomers). 12. Fillers and reinforcing agents, for example calcium carbonate, silicates, glass fibres, glass beads, talc, kaolin, mica, barium sulfate, metal oxides and hydroxides, carbon black, graphite, wood flour and flours or fibres of other natural products, and synthetic fibres. 13. Other additives, for example plasticizers, lubricants, emulsifiers, pigments, rheological additives, catalysts, levelling assistants, optical brighteners, flameproofing agents, antistatic agents, blowing agents. 14. Benzofuranones and indolinones, as described, for example, in U.S. 4 325 863; U.S. 4 338 244; U.S. 5 175 312, U.S. 5 216 052; US. 5 252 643; DE-A-4316611; DE-A-4316622; DE-A-4316876; EP-A-0589839 or EP-A-0591102, or 3-[4-(2-acetoxyethoxy)phenyl]-5,7-di- tert-butylbenzofuran-2-one, 5,7-di-tert-butyl-3-[4-(2-stearoyloxyethoxy)phenyl]benzofuran-2- one, 3,3'-bis[5,7-di-tert-butyl-3-(4-[2-hydroxyethoxy]phenyl)benzofuran-2-one], 5,7-di-tert- butyl-3-(4-ethoxyphenyl)benzofuran-2-one, 3-(4-acetoxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)-5,7-di-tert- butylbenzofuran-2-one, 3-(3,5-dimethyl-4-pivaloyloxyphenyl)-5,7-di-tert-butyibenzofuran-2- one, 3-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-5,7-di-tert-butylbenzofuran-2-one, 3-(2,3-dimethylphenyi)-5,7-di- tert-butylbenzofuran-2-one. The invention provides, furthermore, a process for preparing metathesis polymers, which comprises heating a composition comprising (α') dicyclopentadiene or another strained cycloolefin, or dicyclopentadiene in a mixture with another strained cycloolefin, and (β') a catalytic amount of at least one compound of the formulae la - le, in which Me and Me independently of one another are ruthenium or osmium and X, X , Y, Y , L , L , L , L 3 , L 3 , L 4 , L 5 and L 5 , Z, Z 1 Z 1 , R, R and R are as defined, and isomers of these compounds and, if desired, further additives for polymers and, if desired, subjecting the obtainable metathesis polymer to a shaping process. The process of the invention is preferably carried out at a temperature of at least 0°C. In particular, the process of the invention is conducted at temperatures from 0° to 300°C, preferably at from room temperature to 250°C, with particular preference from room temperature to 200°C and, with especial preference, at from room temperature to 160°C Following polymerization it may be advantageous to condition the polymers at elevated temperatures, for example from 80 to 200°C To prepare linear polymers the reaction is preferably carried out in dilute solutions Polymerization can be associated with shaping processes such as calendering, casting, compression moulding, injection moulding or extrusion, for example With the process of the invention it is possible to produce materials for the machining production of shaped articles or thermoplastically deformable materials for producing mouldings of all kinds and coatings Advantageously, shaping and polymerization are connected in solvent-free reactive systems, it being possible to employ processing techniques such as injection moulding, extrusion, polymerization in predetermined forms (possibly under superatmospheπc pressure), for example The invention also provides the polymers obtainable by the process of the invention Of the polymers, preference is given to those containing only carbon and hydrogen The polymers prepared by the process of the invention can be homopolymers or copolymers with random distribution of the structural units, graft polymers or block polymers, and crosslinked polymers of this kind They may have an average molecular weight ( Mw ) of, for example, from 500 to 2 million daltons, preferably from 1000 to 1 million daltons (determined by GPC by comparison with polystyrene standards of narrow distribution) It has surprisingly been found that the polymerization leads in high yields to a polydicyclopentadiene which corresponds to a linear polymer or copolymer having structural units of the formula and represents a preferred subject of the invention A further preferred subject of the invention comprises crosslinked copolymers having structural units of the formula which can be prepared by the process of the invention. The uncrosslinked or linear polymers comprise oligomers and polymers and can contain, for example, from 5 to 5000, advantageously from 10 to 2000, preferably from 20 to 1000, with particular preference from 20 to 500 and, with especial preference, from 20 to 300 structural units. Where the polymers are processed further preference is given to relatively low molecular weights, and in the case of processing to mouldings use is judiciously made of polymers having relatively high molecular weights. Depending on the nature and amount of the monomers used, the polymers of the invention may have different properties. Some are notable for very high oxygen permeability, excellent dielectric properties (low dielectric constants, low loss factors or tan δ values), good thermal stability (glass transition temperatures above 100°C), good toughnesses (impact and notched impact strength), flexibility and mechanical strengths (fracture resistance), hardness and low water absorption. Others have outstanding optical properties, such as high transparency and low reflective indices, for example. Also deserving of emphasis are the low shrinkage and the excellent surface properties (smoothness, gloss, adhesion). They can therefore be used in a very wide variety of industrial fields. As coats on the surface of carrier materials, the polymers of the invention are notable for high adhesive strength. In addition, the coated materials are notable for high surface smoothness and gloss. Among the good mechanical properties particular emphasis should be placed on the low shrinkage and high impact strength, but also the thermal stability. Also deserving of mention are the ease of demouiding and the high solvent resistance. The surfaces can be modified further, for example painted or printed, and the high adhesive strengths of the coatings should be mentioned in this case, too. The polymers obtainable in accordance with the invention are particularly suitable for producing articles of all kinds, such as mouldings for cars, boats, leisure articles, pallets, pipes, sheets, etc.; as insulating materials for producing electrical and electronic components, as implants; as binders for coating materials; as heat-curable compositions for modelling or as adhesives for bonding substrates having low surface energies (TEFLON, polyethylene or polypropylene). The compositions of the invention can also be used to prepare coatings by thermal polymerization, it being possible to use both clear (transparent) and even pigmented compositions. Both white and colour pigments can be used. The production of mouldings by thermoplastic shaping processes for consumer articles of all kinds should also be mentioned. The compositions of the invention are also suitable in particular for producing protective coats. The invention also provides a variant of the process of the invention for producing coated materials, in which the composition of the invention is applied with or without solvent as a film to a carrier, for example by dipping, brushing, flow coating, rolling, knife coating or spin coating techniques, the solvent (if used) is removed, and the film is heated for polymerization. With this process it is possible to modify or protect the surfaces of substrates (corrosion protection). The present invention provides, furthermore, a coated carrier material wherein a coat of the polymer of the invention has been applied to a substrate. The present invention likewise provides a coated substrate having a cured film of the polymer of the invention. Examples of suitable substrates (carrier materials) are those of glass, minerals, ceramics, plastics, wood, semi-metals, metals, metal oxides and metal nitrides. The film thicknesses depend essentially on the desired use and can, for example, be from 0.1 to 1000 μm, preferably from 0.5 to 500 μm and, with particular preference, from 1 to 100 μm. The coated materials are notable for high adhesive strength and good thermal and mechanical properties. The coated materials of the invention can be prepared by known methods such as brushing, knife coating, flow coating methods such as curtain coating or spin coating. In the case of coatings, particularly good results are often achieved if the thermal metathesis polymerization is carried out with the additional use of cycloolefins which in addition contain from 1 to three, and preferably one, further double bonds and which in the context of the invention are polycyclic fused ring systems The examples which follow illustrate the invention A) Preparing the catalysts Example 1 Preparing [PCy 3 = P (CβHntø a) 200 mg of RuCI 2 [P(C 6 H 11 ) 3 ] 2 (=CH-C 6 H 5 ) are dissolved in 10 ml of methylene chloride At room temperature (RT) 5 equivalents of phenyl vinyl suifide are added After 30 minutes of stirring at RT the reaction mixture is concentrated in vacuo and the residue is washed twice with hexane and dried in vacuo The pure product is obtained in virtually quantitative yield b) Alternatively to a) this compound can be prepared by reacting a brown suspension containing 1 32 g (4 7 mmol) of RuCI 2 (cιs,cιs-cyclooctadιene), 1 42 ml (9 4 mmol) of 1 ,8- dιazabιcyclo[5 4 0]undec-7-ene and 2 7 g of tncyclohexylphosphine in 50 ml of isopropanol The suspension is stirred for one hour at 80°C The clear red solution obtainable is cooled for one hour at -20°C Following the addition of 9 4 ml of a 1 -molar HCI solution in diethyl ether stirring is continued for 15 minutes 1 0 ml of 1-hexyne and 1 3 ml of phenyl vinyl suifide are added to the yellow suspension Further working up is as 1 H NMR (CDCI 3 ) 17 63 (s, 1, carbene-H), 7 3 (m, 5, S-C 6 H 5 ), 2 63 (m, 6, H α -PCy 3 ), 2 0 - 1 5 (m, 60 PCy 3 ) 13 C NMR 280 6 (carbene-C) Elemental analysis C 60 40 (calc ), 60 66 (found), H 8 49 (calc ), 8 72 (found), Cl 8 29 (calc ), 8 05 (found), P 7 25 (calc ), 7 20 (found) Example 2 Preparing The pure product is obtained in virtually quantitative yield from 200 mg of RuCI 2 [P(C 6 H 11 ) 3 ] 2 (=CH-C 6 H 5 ) and 5 equivalents of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone by the method of Example 1 . 1 H NMR (CDCI 3 ): 16.02 (s, 1, carbene-H). Example 3 Preparing [PiPr 3 = P(C 3 H 7 ) 3 ] a) The pure product is obtained in virtually quantitative yield from 200 mg of RuCI 2 [P(C 6 H 11 ) 3 ] 2 (=CH-C 6 H 5 ) and 5 equivalents of phenyl vinyl suifide by the method of Example 1. b) Alternatively to a) this compound can be prepared by reacting a brown suspension containing 5.25 g (18.7 mmol) of RuCI 2 (cis,cis-cyclooctadiene), 5.25 ml (37.4 mmol) of triethylamine and 7.5 ml of triisopropyiphosphine in 250 ml of isopropanol. The suspension is stirred at 80°C for three and a half hours. The clear red solution obtainable is cooled for one hour at -20°C. Following the addition of 37.5 ml of a 1 -molar HCI solution in diethyl ether stirring is continued for 15 minutes. 1.0 ml of 1-pentyne and 4.9 ml of phenyl vinyl suifide are added to the yellow suspension. Subsequent working up is as in Example 1 a). 1 H NMR (CDCI 3 ): 17.65 (s, 1 , carbene-H). 3 C NMR (CDCI 3 ): 281.6 (carbene-C). 31 P NMR (CDCI 3 ): 42.3. elemental analysis: C: 48.85 (calc), 49.10 (found); H: 7.87 (calc), 8.05 (found); Cl: 11.54 (calc), 11.21 (found); P: 10.08 (calc), 9.60 (found). Example 4 Preparing 108 mg of RuCI 2 (=CH-S-C 6 H 5 )[P(C 3 H 7 ) 3 ] 2 are dissolved in in 15 ml of methylene chloride. 33 mg of 4,4'-dimethylbipyridine (1 equivalent) are added at room temperature. After 30 minutes of stirring at room temperature the reaction mixture is concentrated in vacuo and the residue is washed three times with 5 ml of hexane and dried in vacuo. The pure product is obtained in virtually quantitative yield. 1 H NMR (CDCI 3 ): 19.11 (d, 1 , 3 J PH = 4,38 Hz, carbene-H). B) Use example Example 5 5.1. Polymerizing DCPD (= dicyclopentadiene): 3 mg of catalyst are dissolved in 3 g of DCPD (from BFGoodrich, 98%) (0.1 % by weight). Then the heat produced and the onset temperatures are measured by means of DSC (differential scanning calorimetry). in a second measurement the glass transition temperature of the poly-DCPD is measured. 5.2. Comparing the polymerization of cyclic olefins: 1 mg of RuCI 2 (=CH-SC 6 H 5 )(PiPr 3 ) 2 is dissolved in 3 g of liquid olefin (0.035% by weight). Curing cycle: 1 hour at 120 °C and 2 hours at 150°C. The glass transition temperature is measured by means of DSC. 5.3. Effect of catalyst concentration on the glass transition temperature of poly-DCPD: A defined amount of RuCl 2 (=CH-SC 6 H 5 )(PCy 3 ) 2 is dissolved in 3 g of DCPD. Curing cycle: 1 hour at 120°C and 2 hours at 150°C. The glass transition temperature is measured by means of DSC. Example 6 Ring closure reaction of diethyl 2-diallylmalonate: I RuCI 2 (CH-S-C 6 H 5 )(PiPr ' 3 3)/2 + Ethylen 120 mg (0.5 mmol) of diethyl 2-diallyimalonate are dissolved in 2 ml of methylene chloride. The catalyst RuCI 2 (=CH-SC 6 H 5 )(PCy 3 ) 2 , 0.5 mol-% based on open-chain diolefin, is added under nitrogen. Reaction is allowed to take place at room temperature with stirring and the conversion, i.e. the formation of the cyclic olefin, is monitored by means of GC at periodic intervals of time. Example 7 Effect of additives [antioxidants, HALS (HALS: Hindered Amine Light Stabilizers), UV absorbers]: 7.1. DCPD (98%, BFGoodrich) is admixed with 0.025 % by weight of [RuCI 2 (=CHSPh)(PiPr 3 ) 2 ] and 1 % by weight of the relevant additive. Curing conditions: 2 hours at 120°C, 1 hour at 150°C. Determination of T g by DSC. a Blend 1 : 0.75% by weight of additive 8, 0.25 % by weight of 12, 0.4% by weight of 21. b Blend 2: 0.75 % by weight of 8, 0.25 % by weight of 12, 0.4 % by weight of 21 , 0.2 % by weight of 32. Antioxidants: 4 6 (Vitamin E) 7 IRGANOX 802 IRGANOX 1010 9 IRGANOX 1520 10 IRGANOX 1330 1 1 IRGAFOS 168 12 HALS: 21 TINUVIN 765 22 TINUVIN 770 23 TINUVIN 622 24 CHIMASSORB 119 25 CHIMASSORB 944 UV absorbers: 31 TINUVIN 123 32 TINUVIN 328 7.2. DCPD (94%, Shell) is admixed with 0.010% by weight of [RuCI 2 (=CHSPh)(PiPr 3 ) 2 ] and various amounts (concentration in % by weight) of the relevant additive. Curing conditions: 2 hours at 120°C, 1 hour at 150°C. Determination of T g by DSC. a Blend 1 : 0.75% by weight of 8, 0.05% by weight of 11 , 0.02% by weight of 12, 0.2% by weight of 32. b Blend 2: 0.2% by weight of 8, 0.1 % by weight of 11 , 0.6% by weight of 7, 0.2% by weight of 32.

Claims: WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. A compound of the formula L 1 X. \ Me=CH— Z-R (la), Y Me=CH— Z'-R (lb), / in which Me and Me independently of one another are ruthenium or osmium; X, X , Y and Y independently of one another are anionic ligands or X and Y and X' and Y' in each case together are bisanionic ligands; L 1 , L 2 , L 2' , L 3 , L 3 , L 5 and L 5 independently of one another are monodentate, neutral e~ donor ligands; L 4 is a bidentate- or, together with two of the ligands L 1 , L 2 , L 2 , L 3 , L 5 and L 5 , a tetradentate- neutral e ~ donor ligand; Z is sulfur or the groups — N— (A) and — p — (A'), i - I . R R in which R is hydrogen or a hydrocarbon radical; Z 1 and Z 1 independently of one another are oxygen, sulfur or the groups A and A"; R is unsubstituted or substituted aryl if Z is sulfur or is a hydrocarbon radical if Z is the groups A and A'; and R and R are a hydrocarbon radical, or an isomer of this compound. 2. A compound according to claim 1 , wherein the formula la embraces the isomeric structures of the formulae : :CH — Z-R (la"), in which Me, X, Y, L 1 , L 2 , Z and R are as defined in claim 1. 3. A compound of the formula la - le according to claim 1 , wherein Me is ruthenium. 4. A compound of the formula la - le according to claim 1 , wherein one or two ligands from the group L 1 , L 2 , L 2 , L 3 , L 3 , L 5 and L 5 are tertiary-substituted phosphine selected from the group (i-C 3 H 7 ) 3 P, (sec-C 4 H 9 ) 3 P, (C 5 H 9 ) 3 P and 5. A compound of the formula la - le according to claim 1 , wherein the ligands from the group L 1 , L 2 , L 2 , L 3 , L 3 , L 5 and L 5 are monodentate, neutral e ~ donor ligands having electron donor properties, two ligands from this group together are bidentate, neutral e~ donor ligands and the neutral ligand from the group L 4 is a bidentate - or, together with two ligands of the group L 1 , L 2 , L 2' , L 3' , L 5 and L 5 , a tetradentate - neutral e~ donor ligand and derived from unsubstituted or substituted heteroarenes from the group consisting of furan, thiophene, pyrrole, pyridine, bis-pyridine, picolylimine, γ-pyran, γ-thiopyran, phenanthroline, pyrimidine, bis-pyrimidine, pyrazine, indole, coumarone, thionaphthene, carbazole, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, pyrazole, imidazole, benzimidazole, oxazole, thiazole, bis- thiazole, isoxazole, isothiazole, quinoline, bis-quinoline, isoquinoline, bis-isoquinoline, acridine, chromene, phenazine, phenoxazine, phenothiazine, triazine, thianthrene, purine, bis-imidazole and bis-oxazole. 6. A compound of the formula la according to claim 1 , wherein Z is sulfur and R is unsubstituted phenyl or phenyl which is substituted by one or more substituents from the group consisting of CrCealkyl, CrC 6 alkoxy, carboxyl, CrC 6 alkoxycarbonyl, CrC 6 haloalkyl, nitro, sulfo, ammonium and halogen. 7. A compound of the formula (|'b), according to claim 1 in which L 2 , L , L 3 , L 3 and L 5 independently of one another are monodentate, neutral e~ donor ligands; L 4 is a bidentate - or, together with two of the ligands L 2 , L 2 , L 3 and L 5 , a tetradentate - neutral e ~ donor ligand; R 1 , R 2 and R 3 independently of one another are CrCealkyl, C 3 -C 12 cycloalkyl, C 2 -Cn heterocycloalkyl, C 5 -C 12 aryl, d-Cgheteroaryl or C 6 -C 13 aralkyl, and alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl and aralkyl are unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents from the group consisting of CrCealkyl, CrC 6 alkoxy, carboxyl, CrC 6 alkoxycarbonyl, CrC 6 haloalkyl, C 5 -Cι 2 aryl, C 5 -C 12 - aryloxy, -NO 2 , sulfo, ammonium and halo; the radicals R 1 and R 2 together are unsubstituted or CrC 6 alkyl-, CrCehaloalkyl-, -NO 2 - or CrC 6 alkoxy-substituted tetra- or pentamethylene, or are unsubstituted or CrC 6 alkyl-, CrCehaloalkyl-, -NO 2 or CrC 6 alkoxy-substituted tetra- or pentamethylene which are fused to one or two 1 ,2-phenylenes, and R 3 is as defined; Z is sulfur or the groups — N— (A) and — p — (A'), I . I . R R in which R is hydrogen or a hydrocarbon radical from the group d-C ∑ oalkyl, C 3 -C 8 - cycloalkyl, C 3 -C 8 heterocycioalkyl, C 5 -C 12 aryl, CrCgheteroaryl and C 6 -C 13 aralkyl, in which alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl are unsubstituted or substituted by CrC 6 alkyl, CrCehaloalkyl, CrC 6 alkoxy, carboxyl, CrC 6 alkoxycarbonyl, C 5 -C 12 aryl, C 5 -C 12 - aryloxy, -NO 2 or halo; Z 1 and Z 1 independently of one another are oxygen, sulfur or the groups A and A' with the definitions specified for R ; R is unsubstituted or substituted aryl if Z is sulfur or is a hydrocarbon radical having the definitions specified for R " if Z has the definition of the groups A and A; and R' and R" are a hydrocarbon radical having the definitions specified for R"', or an isomer of this compound. 8. A compound of the formula I'a - I'e according to claim 7, wherein L 2 , L 2 , L 3 and L 3 independently of one another are pyridyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents from the group CrC 12 alkyl, Cs-Cnheterocycloalkyl, CrCgheteroaryl, monoamino, diamino and -C(=O)H; or two ligands L 2 , L 2 , L 3 and L 3 together are bis-pyridine, phenanthroline, bis-thiazole, bis-pyrimidine, bis-quinoline or picolylimine which are unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents from the group CrC 12 -alkyl, C 6 - C 10 aryl and cyano, where the substituents alkyl and aryl are in turn unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents from the group CrC 12 alkyl, nitro, monoamino, diamino and nitro- or diamino-substituted -N=N-C 6 -C 10 aryl; L 4 is bis-pyridine or bis- pyrimidine; R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are isopropyl, sec-butyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl; Z is sulfur or groups A and A , in which R is hydrogen, CrC 4 alkyl, phenyl or CrC 4 -alkyl- substituted phenyl; Z 1 and Z 1 independently of one another are oxygen, sulfur or the groups A and A' with the definitions specified for R '" ; R is phenyl if Z is sulfur or is CrC alkyl, phenyl or CrC 4 alkyl-substituted phenyl if Z has the definition of the groups A and A'; and R and R are CrC alkyl, phenyl or CrC 4 alkyi-substituted phenyl, or an isomer of this compound. 9. Dichlorobis[tricyclohexylphosphino]phenylthiomethinoruthenium or an isomer of this compound according to claim 1. 10. Dichlorobis[tricyclohexylphosphino]-1-(2-oxopyrrolidino)methinoruthenium or an isomer of this compound according to claim 1. 11. A process for preparing a compound of the formulae la - le according to claim 1 , which comprises replacing the ligand L 2 or L 3 in a compound of the formula in which R a is an eliminable leaving group of the substrate and X, Y, L 1 , L 2 and L 3 are as defined for the formulae la and lb with a vinyl ether, vinyl thioether, vinylamine or vinylphosphine of the formula R b = C — Z- R (IVa) R b = C - Z 1 -R' (IVb), H or H in which R b is an eliminable leaving group of the reagent and Z, Z 1 , R and R are as defined for formulae ia and lb, and, if desired, for the preparation of dimeric compounds of the formulae lc, Id and le, replacing the ligand L 2 or L 3 by a bidentate or tetradentate ligand L 4 , and/or substituting the groups X, X', Y and Y' and also L 1 , L 2 , L 2* , L 3 , L 3' , L 5 and L 5' in an obtainable compound of the formulae la - le. 12. A composition comprising (α) dicyclopentadiene or another strained cycloolefin, or dicyclopentadiene in a mixture with another strained cycloolefin, and (β) a catalytic amount of at least one compound of the formulae la - le, in which Me and Me independently of one another are ruthenium or osmium and X, X, Y, Y, L 1 , L , L 2 , L 3 , L 3 , L 4 , L and L , Z, Z 1 Z 1 , R, R and R are as defined, and isomers of these compounds and, if desired, further additives for polymers 13. A process for preparing metathesis polymers, which comprises heating a composition comprising (α') dicyclopentadiene or another strained cycloolefin, or dicyclopentadiene in a mixture with another strained cycloolefin, and (β') a catalytic amount of at least one compound of the formulae la - le, in which Me and Me independently of one another are ruthenium or osmium and X, X, Y, Y, L 1 , L 2 , L 2 , L 3 , L 3' , L 4 , L 5 and L 5' , Z, Z 1 Z 1' , R, R and R " are as defined, and isomers of these compounds and, if desired, further additives for polymers and, if desired, subjecting the obtainable metathesis polymer to a shaping process. 14. A polymer obtainable by a process according to claim 8. 15. A carrier material wherein a coat of a composition according to claim 12 has been applied to a substrate. 16. A coated substrate having a cured film of a composition according to claim 12. 17. The use of a compound of the formulae la - le according to claim 1 in a process for the ring closure of dienes, for isomerizing double bonds or for breaking down unsaturated polymers.

Inventors: HAFNER ANDREAS, MUEHLEBACH ANDREAS, VAN DER SCHAAF PAUL ADRIAAN, HAFNER, ANDREAS, MUEHLEBACH, ANDREAS, VAN DER SCHAAF, PAUL, ADRIAAN
Applicants: CIBA GEIGY AG, HAFNER ANDREAS, MUEHLEBACH ANDREAS, SCHAAF PAUL ADRIAAN V D, CIBA SPECIALTY CHEMICALS HOLDING INC., HAFNER, ANDREAS, MUEHLEBACH, ANDREAS, VAN DER SCHAAF, PAUL, ADRIAAN
Application year: 1998
Main classification: C07F15
IPC codes: B01J31, C07F15, C08F4, C08F32, C08G61