Three dimensional cam and valve drive apparatus

Abstract: An engine valve drive apparatus. A camshaft (10) rotatably supported by the engine (1) includes a cam (11) for selectively opening and closing a valve (18). The cam (11) has a cam surface (11a) for driving the valve (18). The cam surface (11a) has a profile that varies continuously in the direction of the cam axis (A). A valve lifter (191, 192) is arranged between the cam (11) and the valve (18) to convey the motion of the cam (11) to the valve (18). A cam follower (25) is supported on the valve lifter (191, 192). The cam follower (25) includes a slide surface (25a) having a pair of edges (25b, 25c). The cam surface (11a) is arched outwardly in the direction of the cam axis (A) to prevent the slide surface edges (25b, 25c) from contacting the cam surface (11a). The curved surface (11a) prevents damage to the cam surface (11a) and enables smooth sliding between the cam surface (11a) and the cam follower (25). Alternatively, the slide surface (25a) of the cam follower (25) may be arched outwardly.

Description: TECHNICAL FIELD TO WHICH THE INVENTION BELONGS The present invention relates to a cam mechanism including a three-dimensional cam having a surface that varies continuously in the axial direction, according to the preamble of claim 1. More particularly, the present invention relates to a three-dimensional engine valve cam having a profile for controlling the opening and closing of engine valves in accordance with the operating state of the engine, according to the preamble of claim 5. The present invention also relates to an engine valve drive apparatus employing such three-dimensional cams, as well as to a cam follower according to the preamble of claim 6. From document JP-A-56167804 a cam mechanism has become known in which for varying the timing and the lift level of a valve a profiled cam section is in rolling contact with a bearing member of a lever. From this document as well as from document DE 2355794 A1 a cam according to the preamble of claim 5 has become known. A similar construction in which no sliding engagement between a cam and a cam follower takes place is described in document FR-2,360,752 dealing with the design of a cam shaft (for a reversible diesel engine). In this construction, the cam is again in rolling contact with the cam follower. From documents US-4,850,311 as well as FR-2,550,273 a cam mechanism has become known in which the cam followers (7 in FR-2,550,273 and 32 in US-4,850,311) have a convex shape. However, this shape has been chosen in order to provide a punctual contact so that the cam follower is able to rotate during operation. Fig. 17 shows a prior art valve drive apparatus that continuously varies the opening and closing timing and lift amount of engine intake valves and engine exhaust valves. This apparatus uses a cam mechanism and a cam follower according to the preamble of claim 1 and 6, respectively. Japanese Examined Patent Publication No. 7-45803 and Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 9-32519 describes such apparatus. As shown in Fig. 24, two valves 543, which are either intake valves or exhaust valves, are provided for a single cylinder of an engine. Each valve 543 is connected to and driven by a three-dimensional cam 540, which is fixed to a camshaft 542. The cam 540 has a cam surface 540a used to drive the valves 543. A cam nose, the radius of which changes continuously in the direction of the camshaft axis Y of the camshaft 542, is defined on the cam surface 540a. The shifting mechanism 541 shifts the camshaft 542 to displace each cam 540 within a range denoted by D. As the cam 540 shifts, the nose radius of the cam surface 540a changes continuously. This varies the lift amount and opening and closing timing of the associated valve 543. The change in the lift amount (lift control amount) occurs within a range defined between the maximum and minimum values of the cam nose radius. The shifting of the camshaft 542 along the axis Y is controlled so that the maximum lift amount of each valve 543 is small when the engine is in a low speed range and is large when the engine is in a high speed range. This improves engine performance, especially in terms of torque and stability. As shown in Fig. 17, a valve lifter 549 is arranged between each valve 543 and the associated three-dimensional cam 540. A cam follower seat 544 is defined in the top center surface of each valve lifter 549. A cam follower 545 is pivotally received in each follower seat 544 so that the valve lifter 549 can follow the cam surface 540a of the associated cam 540. Each cam follower 545 has a flat slide surface 545a, which slides along the associated cam surface 540. The shape of the cam follower 545 is shown enlarged in Figs. 18(a) and 18(b). As shown in Fig. 18(a), the cam follower 545 has a semicircular cross-section. Fig. 18(b) is a side view of the cam follower 545. As shown in Fig. 19, the cam follower 545 has a first edge 545b and a second edge 545c that engage the cam surface 540a. Contact between the cam follower 545 and the cam surface 540a occurs between the first edge 545b and the second edge 545c. The first edge 545b contacts the cam surface 540a where the cam nose radius is smaller than that where the second edge 545c contacts the cam surface 540a. Fig. 20 is a perspective view showing the cam surface 540a. The uniformly dashed line represents one axial end of the cam 540, or cam profile 547, where the cam nose radius is smallest. The long and short dashed line represents the other axial end of the cam 540, or cam profile 548, where the cam nose radius is greatest. As apparent from the drawing, the profile of the cam 540 varies continuously in the axial direction. Each elemental line 546 shown in the drawing represents the same angular position on the cam surface 540a. In other words, the lines 546 represent intersections between the cam surface and planes that include the axis Y. Although the drawing shows a limited number of lines 546, an infinite number of lines 546 may be defined along the cam surface 540. Hence, the cam follower 545 comes into linear contact with the cam surface 540a along part of each line 546. As shown in Fig. 19, when the three-dimensional cam 540 shifts along the axis Y, the slide surface 545a between the first and second edges 545b, 545c of the cam follower 545 is in linear contact with and moves relative to the cam surface 540a. Lubricating oil is removed from the cam surface 540a when relative movement takes place between the cam follower 545 and the cam surface 540a. This occurs especially when the second edge 545c scrapes off the lubricating oil from the cam surface 540a as the cam follower 545 shifts along the cam surface 540a from the smaller radius side to the larger radius side. As a result, lubrication between the second edge 545c and the cam surface 540a becomes insufficient. This may lead to wear of the second edge 545c and the cam surface 540a. Generally, the small radius side of the cam 540 is used more frequently than the large radius side. Therefore, a difference in wear occurs along the cam surface 540a in the axial direction Y. The wear difference causes the cam surface 540a to become uneven. An uneven cam surface 540a may interfere with the movement of the second edge 545c and thus hinder with smooth shifting of the opening and closing timing and lift amount of the associated valve 543. Additionally, the cam surface 540 is machined with precision so that the surface 540a is straight as shown in Fig. 27. However, tolerances permitted during machining of the cam surface 546 may result in a slight concavity in surface 540a, as shown in Fig. 28. In such case, only the first and second edges 545b, 545c of the cam follower 545 contact the cam surface 540a. This may cause the first and second edges 545b, 545c to scratch the cam surface 540a during rotation of the cam 545 or cause biased wear of the cam follower 545 at the edges 545b, 545c. When scratches are formed in the cam surface 540a, the scratches may interfere with axial movement of the three-dimensional cam 540. This would hinder with smooth varying of the opening and closing timing and lift amount of the associated valve 543. Accordingly, it is an objective of the present invention to provide a three-dimensional cam and a valve drive apparatus, i.e. a cam mechanism that enable smooth relative movement between the cam surface and the cam follower without damage or wear of the cam surface and cam follower. These above are achieved by a cam mechanism according to claim 1 and a cam and a cam follower according to claim 5 and 6, respectively. The cam rotates about its axis to drive the driven member with the cam follower. The cam mechanism further includes a cam surface defined on the cam to slidably engage the cam follower. The cam surface has a profile that varies continuously in the direction of the cam axis. The cam moves axially and changes the position of the cam surface with respect to the cam follower to vary the behavior of the driven member. A slide surface is defined on the cam follower to slidably engage the cam surface. At least one of the cam surface and the slide surface is convexly arched in the direction of the cam axis. The above cam mechanism is preferably applied to a valve drive apparatus of an automobile engine. The cam is rotatable about its axis and has a cam surface to slidably engage the cam follower. The cam surface has a profile that varies continuously in the direction of the cam axis and is convexly arched in the direction of the cam axis. The cam follower is arranged between a cam and a driven member to convey the motion of the cam to the driven member. The cam rotates about its axis and has a cam surface to slidably engage the cam follower. The cam surface has a profile that varies continuously in the direction of the cam axis. The cam follower has a slide surface to slidably engage the cam surface. The slide surface has edges. The slide surface is convexly arched in the direction of the cam axis at least at the edges. Other aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, illustrating by way of example the principles of the invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The features of the present invention that are believed to be novel are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The invention, together with objects and advantages thereof, may best be understood by reference to the following description of the presently preferred embodiments together with the accompanying drawings in which: Fig. 1 is a perspective view showing the cam surface shape of an intake valve cam in a first embodiment according to the present invention; Fig. 2 is a perspective view showing an engine valve drive apparatus used to drive the valve of Fig. 1; Fig. 3 is a graph showing the cam surface shape relative to the axial direction of the intake valve cam of Fig. 1; Fig. 4 is a perspective view of a valve lifter employed in the valve drive apparatus of Fig. 2; Fig. 5(a) is a cross-sectional view of a cam follower of the valve lifter shown in Fig. 4, and Fig. 5(b) is a side view of the cam follower; Fig. 6 is an enlarged cross-sectional view partially showing the valve drive apparatus of Fig. 2; Fig. 7 is a partial enlarged cross-sectional view, as seen in the same direction as Fig. 6, showing contact between the cam surface of the intake valve cam shown in Fig. 1 and the cam follower; Fig. 8 is a block diagram showing a three-dimensional measuring apparatus which can be used when manufacturing the cam of to present invention; Fig. 9 is a perspective view showing a three-dimensional cam profile measuring tool employed in the measuring apparatus of Fig. 8; Fig. 10 is a perspective view showing a contact element of the three-dimensional profile measuring tool of Fig. 9; Fig. 11 is a perspective view showing the contact element of Fig. 10 contacting the intake valve cam; Fig. 12(a) is a cross-sectional view showing a cam follower employed in a further embodiment according to the present invention, and Fig. 12(b) is a side view showing the cam follower; Figs. 13(a), 13(b), 13(c) are partially enlarged cross-sectional views showing the relationship between the cam follower of Fig. 12(a) and the cam surface; Fig. 14(a) is an end view showing a cam follower employed in a further embodiment according to the present invention, and Fig. 14(b) is a side view showing the cam follower of Fig. 21(a); Fig. 15 is a cross-sectional view showing a cam follower employed in a further embodiment according to the present invention; Fig. 16 is a cross-sectional view showing a cam follower employed in a further embodiment according to the present invention; Fig. 17 is a cross-sectional view showing a prior art valve drive apparatus; Fig. 18(a) is a cross-sectional view showing a cam follower of the valve drive apparatus of Fig. 17, and Fig. 18(b) is a side view of the cam follower of Fig. 18(a) ; Fig. 19 is a partially enlarged cross-sectional view showing a state of contact between the cam follower of Fig 18(a) and the cam surface; Fig. 20 is a perspective view showing the cam surface shape of a three-dimensional cam of the valve drive apparatus of Fig. 17; and Fig. 21 is a partial enlarged view showing a state of contact between the cam surface of the cam of Fig. 20 and the cam follower. DESCRIPTION OF SPECIAL EMBODIMENTS A valve drive apparatus employed in a double overhead cam (DOHC) engine 1 is shown in Fig. 2. The engine 1 includes cylinders 3 that are each provided with four valves (two intake valves and two exhaust valves). The engine 1 has a cylinder block 2, which houses the cylinders 3. A piston 4 is retained in each cylinder 3. Each piston 4 is connected to a crankshaft 6 by a connecting rod 7. The crankshaft 6 is supported in a crank case 5 and has an end to which a timing pulley 8 is fixed. A cylinder head 9 is mounted on the cylinder block 2. An intake valve camshaft 10 is supported in the cylinder head 9 by a plurality of bearings (not shown) so that the camshaft 10 is rotatable and axially movable. Two intake valve cams 11 are formed integrally with the camshaft 10 in correspondence with each cylinder 3. In the same manner, an exhaust valve camshaft 12 is supported in the cylinder head 9 by a plurality of bearings (not shown) so that the camshaft 12 is rotatable. Two exhaust valve cams 13 are formed integrally with the camshaft 12 in correspondence with each cylinder 3. The intake valve camshaft 10 has an end to which a timing pulley 14 and a shaft shifting mechanism 15 are connected. The exhaust valve camshaft 12 also has an end to which a timing pulley 16 is fixed. The camshaft timing pulleys 14, 16 are connected to the crankshaft timing pulley 8 by a timing belt 17. Thus, the rotation of the crankshaft 6 rotates the intake valve camshaft 10 and the exhaust valve camshaft 12. Two intake valves 18 are provided for each cylinder 3. Each intake valve 18 is connected to one of the associated intake valve cams 11 by a valve lifter 191 or 192. The valve lifters 191, 192 are each slidably retained in a lifter bore (not shown) provided in the cylinder head 9. Two exhaust valves 20 are provided for each cylinder 3. Each exhaust valve 20 is connected to one of the associated exhaust valve cams 11 by a valve lifter 21. Each valve lifter 21 is slidably retained in a lifter bore (not shown) provided in the cylinder head 9. A combustion chamber 3a is defined in each cylinder by the associated piston 4. Each combustion chamber 3a is connected to an intake passage and an exhaust passage (neither shown). Each pair of intake valves 18 is arranged in the intake passage to control the flow of air sent from the intake passage to the associated combustion chamber 3a. Each pair of exhaust valves 20 is arranged in the exhaust passage to control the flow of exhaust gases from the associated combustion chamber 3a to the exhaust passage. The rotation of the intake valve camshaft 10 causes the cams 11 to selectively open and close the intake valves 18 with the associated valve lifter 191, 192. The rotation of the exhaust valve camshaft 13 causes the cams 13 to selectively open and close the exhaust valves 20 with the valve lifters 21. As shown in the perspective view of Fig. 1, each intake valve cam 11 is a three-dimensional cam and includes a cam surface 11a. The uniformly dashed line represents one end of the intake valve cam 11 with respect to the camshaft axis A, or a cam profile 47 where the cam nose radius is smallest. The cam profile 47 minimizes the lift amount of the associated intake valve 18. The long and short dashed line represent the other end of the cam 11, or a cam profile 48 where the cam nose radius is greatest. The cam profile 48 maximizes the lift amount of the associated intake valve 18. As apparent from the drawing, the cam profile of the cam 11 varies continuously in the axial direction. Lines 46 shown in the drawing represent the same rotational phase on the cam surface 11a. That is, each line 46 represents the intersection of the cam surface 11a with a plane that contains the axis A. Although the drawing shows a limited number of lines 46, an infinite number of lines 46 may actually be defined along the cam surface 11a. As shown in Fig. 3, the cam surface 11a of the cam 11 differs from the cam surface 540a of the prior art cam 540 shown in Fig. 27 in that the cam surface 540a is convex in the axial direction A. The reference line shown in Fig. 3 represents a theoretical linear intersection between the cam surface 11a and a plane that includes the axis A. As apparent from the graph, the middle portion of the line 46 representing the cam. surface 11a is arched outwards. In other words, the cam surface 11a is convex. The projecting amount of the line 46 with respect to the reference line is exaggerated in Fig. 3. The actual projection amount is about 1µm to 20µm. As shown in Fig. 4, the valve lifters 191, 192, which are identical to each other, are cylindrical. A guide 23 is provided on the peripheral surface 19a of each valve lifter 191, 192. The guide 23 is pressed into or welded into a slot 19b extending along the peripheral surface 19a. An engaging portion (not shown), which may be a groove or the like, is formed in the wall of the associated lifter bore to engage the guide 23 so that rotation of the valve lifter 191, 192 in the lifter bore is restricted while axial movement is permitted. Each valve lifter 191, 192 has a top surface 19c that includes a cam follower seat 24. A cam follower 25 is tiltably held in each follower seat 24. Figs. 5(a) and 5(b) are enlarged views showing the shape of the cam follower 25. The cam follower 25 has a flat slide surface 25a, which contacts the cam surface 11a of the associated cam 11, and a cylindrical surface, which is pivotally received in the seat 24. The long edges of the slide surface 25a are first and second edges 25b, 25c, which are continuous with the cylindrical surface. The shaft shifting mechanism 15 shown in Fig. 2 is a known mechanism driven by a hydraulic circuit (not shown) to move the intake valve camshaft 10 and its cams 11 in the axial direction in accordance with the operating conditions of the engine 1 (the conditions include at least the engine speed). As shown in Fig. 6, the shaft shifting mechanism 15 moves the camshaft 10 so that the point of contact between each cam surface 11a and the slide surface 25a moves between the position where the radius of the cam nose is smallest (refer to the long and short dashed line in Fig. 6) and the position where the cam nose radius is greatest (refer to the solid line in Fig. 6). In other words, each cam 11 is displaced within a range denoted by D. The movement of the camshaft 10 varies the lift amount of the intake valves 18 in accordance with the operating conditions of the engine 1. The middle portion of the cam surface 11a of each intake cam 11 is convexly arched from the axial ends of the cam surface 11a, as shown in Fig. 3. Thus, the middle portion of the cam surface 11a is not recessed regardless of machining tolerances. In other words, tolerances are taken into consideration when designing the cams 11 so that the middle portion of each cam surface 11a is higher than the axial ends of the cam surface 11a. Accordingly, as shown in Fig. 7, only the middle portion of the slide surface 25a of each cam follower 25 contacts the cam surface 11a. Thus, the edges 25b, 25c of the cam follower 25 do not contact the cam surface 11a. As a result, the edges 25b, 25c of the cam follower 25 do not scrape off the lubricating oil film applied to the cam surface 11a during axial movement of the associated cam 11. This maintains sufficient lubrication between the cam surface 11a and the cam follower 25. Thus, smooth relative movement is carried out without causing damage or wear of the cam surface 11a and the cam follower 25. In addition, the cam surface 11a is prevented from becoming uneven when wear occurs. Furthermore, scratches, which are formed when the edges 25b, 25c of the cam follower 25 contact the cam surface 11a, and biased wear of the edges 25b, 25c are prevented. Thus, when each cam 11 moves axially, there is no interference between the associated cam follower 25 and scratches or an uneven surface. Accordingly, the lift amount and opening and closing timing of the intake valves 18 are varied smoothly. With reference to the Figs. 8 to 11, an apparatus for measuring the cam profile of the intake cam 11 will be briefly described. Fig. 8 is a block diagram showing the structure of a three-dimensional cam profile measuring apparatus 100. The measuring apparatus 100 includes a control circuit 102, a rotary drive device 104, a linear drive device 106, a scale device 108, a measuring unit 110, an external memory 112, a display device 114, and a printer 116. Although not shown in the diagram, the measuring apparatus 100 further includes a host computer and a communication circuit. The control circuit 102 is a computer system that incorporates a central processing unit (CPU), a read only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), an input/output interface, a bus line, an internal memory, and other devices. The CPU executes necessary computations based on programs, which are stored in the ROM, the RAM, the external memory 112, and other devices, using data sent from the scale device 108 and the measuring unit 110 via the input/output interfaces. The CPU also stores computation results (data related to the cam profile of the cam surface 11a of each intake cam 11) in the external memory 112 through the input/output interface, displays the computation results on the display device 114, and prints out the computation results with the printer 116. The rotary drive device 104 includes a stepping motor, a servomotor, or the like. The control circuit 102 sends command signals to the rotary drive device 104 to adjust the rotary phase of the intake valve camshaft 10 when measuring cam profiles. The linear drive device 106 is constituted by a linear movement mechanism, which includes a motor associated with a linear solenoid or ball screw. The control circuit 102 sends command signals to the linear drive device 106 to adjust the axial position of the intake valve camshaft 10. The scale device 108 includes a rotary position sensor and a linear position sensor. The rotary position sensor employs a synchro, a resolver, a rotary encoder, or the like. The linear position sensor employs a potentiometer, a differential transformer, a scale, or the like. The scale device 108 measures the precise rotary phase and axial position of the camshaft 10, which is rotated by the rotary drive device 104 and moved axially by the linear drive device 106. Signals corresponding to the measurement results are sent to the control circuit 102. The measuring unit 110 includes a three-dimensional cam profile measuring tool 120 and a linear position sensor, which employs a potentiometer, a differential transformer, a scale, or the like. The measuring unit 110 has a supporter 110a for supporting the measuring tool 120. The supporter 110a permits movement of the measuring tool 120 along a moving axis G (described later) and urges the measuring tool 120 toward the intake valve cam 11. The measuring unit 110 measures the movement distance of the measuring tool 120 when the measuring tool 120 is in contact with the cam surface 11a of the intake valve cam 11. Signals corresponding to the measurement results are sent to the control circuit 102. The structure of the profile measuring tool 120 will now be described. As shown in Fig. 9, the measuring tool 120 includes a contact element 122 and a holder 124, which holds the ends of the contact element 122. As shown in Fig. 10, the contact element 122 is generally cylindrical and has shafts 126 and 128 projecting from its ends. The contact element 122 shown in Fig. 10 is illustrated upside down with respect to that shown in Fig. 9. The holder 124 has two arms 130, 132 to hold the shafts 126, 128 so that the contact element 122 is supported pivotally about its axis F. The middle portion 122a of the contact element 122 is cut in half axially along a plane that includes the contact axis F. The contact element 122 is also cut at side to form a plate-like portion as shown in Fig. 10. The plate-like middle portion 122a has a measuring surface 122b, which includes the axis F. The contact element 122 is made of cemented carbide, and the measuring surface 122b is finished with extremely high accuracy. The holder 124 has a base 134 to which the two arms 130, 132 are connected. The base 134 is supported by the supporter 110a of the measuring unit 110. The supporter 110a holds the base 134 so as to permit movement of the base 134 along the moving axis G, which extends perpendicular to the axis F of the contact element 122, while preventing rotation of the base 134 about the axis G. As shown in Fig. 11, during profile measurement of each intake valve cam 11, the measuring surface 122b is pressed against the cam surface 11a of the cam 11 so that the axis F of the contact element 122 is perpendicular to the axis A of the cam 11. The profile measurement is executed by the control circuit 102 accordance with a specific flowchart which cannot be described in detail. With reference to Figs. 12(a), 12(b) and 13 an improved cam follower 25 of the valve lifters 191, 192 employed in the previously described embodiment will be explained. The cam follower 25 of this embodiment may be used with either the cam 11 of the first embodiment or the cam 540 of the prior art. In this embodiment, the cam follower 25 is applied to a valve drive apparatus employing intake valve cams 311, which are identical to the prior art cams 540. The structure of the third embodiment differs from the first embodiment only in the cam follower 25 and the intake valve cam 311. Thus, parts that are like or identical to corresponding parts in the first embodiment are denoted with the same reference numerals. As shown in Figs. 12(a) and 12(b), the slide surface 25a of each cam follower 25 is convex so that the middle portion is projected in comparison to the long edges. The slide surface 25a has a radius of curvature that is 50 to 300 times greater than the width of the cam follower 25, where the width is measured in the horizontal direction of Fig. 12(a). As shown in Figs. 13(a), the portion of the cam surface 311 corresponding to the base circle is parallel to the axis of the cam 311, or cylindrical. The portion of the cam surface 311 corresponding to the cam nose is inclined with respect to the axis of the cam 311, as shown in Fig. 13(b). Thus, during rotation of the cam 311, the cam follower 25 is pivoted in its seat 24 in accordance with the inclination of the cam surface 311a. As shown in Fig. 13(a), a slight clearance exists between the cam surface 311a and the slide surface 25a of the cam follower 25 when the cam follower 25 faces the portion of the cam surface 311a corresponding to the base circle of the cam 311. The clearance is provided to prevent the portion of the cam surface 311a corresponding to the base circle of the cam 311 from opening the associate valve 18 when the cam 311, the associated valve lifter 191, 192, and the associated valve thermally expand. The cam 311 rotates from the state shown in Fig. 13(a) to the state shown in Fig. 13(b) When the portion of the cam surface 311a corresponding to the cam nose faces the cam follower 25, the cam surface 311a comes into contact with the slide surface 25a. If the slide surface 25a is flat, the edge 25c of the cam follower 25 would first come into contact with the cam surface 311a, this may damage the cam surface 311a. However, in this embodiment, the slide surface 311a is convex. Thus, damage to the cam surface 311a is prevented since the edge 25c does not contact the cam surface 311a. Furthermore, the convexly arched slide surface 25a is in contact with the cam surface 311a, as shown in Figs. 13(b) and 13(c). This reduces the force and impact applied to the cam surface 311a when the slide surface 25a comes into contact with the cam surface 311a in comparison to when the edge 25c comes into contact with the slide surface 25a. As a result, damage to and wear of the cam surface 311a is prevented. As shown in Fig. 13(b), the cam follower 311a pivots in. the direction of the arrow when contacting the cam surface 311a. This faces the slide surface 25a of the cam follower 25 toward the cam surface 311a. In this state, the middle portion of the slide surface 25a contacts the cam surface 311a and the edges 25b, 25c of the cam follower 25 do not contact the cam surface 311a. Accordingly, the same advantages obtained in the first embodiment are obtained in this embodiment by providing the convex slide surface 25a. More specifically, satisfactory lubrication is maintained between the cam surface 311a and the cam follower 25 in the same manner as in the first embodiment. Thus, damage to and wear of the cam surface 311a and the cam follower 25 are reduced or eliminated. This maintains smooth relative movement between the cam surface 311a and the cam follower 25. Furthermore, the cam surface 311a is prevented from becoming uneven due to wear and is prevented from becoming scratched. Therefore, the cam follower 25 is not interfered with by an uneven surface or scratches when the cam 311 moves axially. Accordingly, the open and closing timing and valve lift amount of the intake valves 18 are varied smoothly. A further embodiment according to the present invention will now be described with reference to Figs. 14(a) and 14(b). In this embodiment, the cam follower 25 of the third embodiment is modified. The cam follower 25 has a slide surface 25a that is convexly arched not only in the axial direction of the cam, but also in a direction perpendicular to the axis of the cam. A further embodiment according to the present invention will now be described with reference to Fig. 15. The cam follower 25 of the embodiment of Fig. 12 and 13 is modified in this embodiment. The cam follower 25 has a slide surface 25a provided with a flat middle portion and rounded edges 25b, 25c. In other words, only the edges of the slide surface 25a are curved. The radii of curvature R of the edges 25b, 25c are equal to each other. A further embodiment according to the present invention will now be described with reference to Fig. 16. The cam follower 25 of this embodiment differs from that of the embodiment shown in Fig. 15 in that each edge 25b, 25c is rounded to define a curved surface having three radii of curvatures R1, R2, R3. In other words, each edge 25b, 25c includes three portions, each portion having a different radius of curvature R1, R2, R3. In the cam follower 25 of Fig. 15, a ridge line exists between the slide surface 25a and the curved surface. However, a ridge line does not exist in the cam follower 25 of Fig. 16. This guarantees the prevention of damages to the cam surface of the associated cam. If the shaft shifting mechanism 15 shown in Fig. 2 is provided for the exhaust valve camshaft 12 in addition to or in lieu of that of the intake valve camshaft 10, the present invention may be applied to cams 13 of the camshaft 12 and the cam followers of the associated valve lifters 21. In the valve drive apparatus shown in Fig. 6, the intake valve cams 11 are provided integrally with the camshaft 10 and the shaft shifting mechanism 15 axially moves the camshaft 10 together with the cams 11. However, the camshaft 10 and the cams 11 may be constructed so that the camshaft 10 remains in a fixed position while only the cams 11 move axially. The engine 1 shown in Fig. 2 has four valves for each cylinder. However, the present invention may be applied to an engine -that employs more than or less than four valves for each cylinder. In the valve drive apparatus shown in Fig. 2, each valve 11 drives a corresponding valve lifter 191, 192. However, the present invention may be employed in a valve drive apparatus that drives two valve lifters with a single cam 11. The profile measuring tool 120 shown in Fig. 9 pivotally supports the contact element 122 with the holder 124. However, the contact element 122 need not be pivotally supported by the holder 124. For example, the structure supporting the contact element 122 may be replaced by a structure similar to that of the structure supporting the cam follower seat 24 with the associated valve lifter 191, 192. In other words, the holder 124 may have concave recesses similar to that of the cam follower seat 24 to pivotally receive the contact element 122. Therefore, the present examples and embodiments are to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive and the invention is not to be limited to the details given herein, but may be modified within the scope and equivalence of the appended claims.

Claims: A cam mechanism including a three-dimensional cam (11), a valve lifter (191, 192), a cam follower (25), wherein : the cam (11) rotates about its axis (A) to drive the valve lifter (191,192) with the cam follower (25), a cam surface (11a) is defined on the cam (11) to slidably engage said cam follower (25), the cam surface (11a) having a profile that varies continuously in the direction of the cam axis (A), the cam (11) moves axially and changes the position of the cam surface (11a) with respect to the cam follower (25) to vary the behavior of the valve lifter (191,192) a cam follower seat (24) is defined in the top center surface of said valve lifter (191, 192) said cam follower (25) has a rectangular substantially flat slide surface (25a) comprising a first edge (25b) and a second edge (25c) extending in a direction transverse to the cam axis (A), which slides along the associated cam surface (11a) and a cylindrical surface which is pivotally received in said follower seat (24)so as to pivot about an axis perpendicular to said cam axis (A) so that the cam follower (25) can follow the cam surface (11a) of the associated cam (11). characterized in that at least one of the cam surface (11a) and the slide surface (25a) of the cam follower (25) is convexly arched in the direction of the cam axis (A). The cam mechanism according to claim 1 characterized in that the cam surface (11a) has axial ends and an axial middie portion, wherein the cam surface (11a) is arched so that the middle portion is projected within a range of one micrometer to twenty micrometers with respect to a straight line connecting the ends at a given location on the cam (11). The cam mechanism according to claim 1 characterized in that the slide surface (25a) is an arched surface having a radius of curvature within the range of 50 to 300 times the width of the cam follower (25), wherein the width is measured in the direction of the cam axis (A). The cam mechanism according to claim 1, wherein the arched cam surface (11a) or the arched slide surface (25a) prevents the slide surface edges (25b, 25c) from contacting the cam surface (11a). A cam for driving a driven member (18) with a cam follower (25), wherein the cam (11) is rotatable about its axis (A) and has a cam surface (11a) to slidably engage the cam follower (25), the cam surface (11a) having a profile that varies continuously in the direction of the cam axis (A) and, whereinthe cam surface (11a) is convexly arched in the direction of the cam axis (A), characterized in that cam surface (11a) has axial ends and an axial middle portion and, the cam surface (11a) is arched so that the middle portion is projected within a range of one micrometer to twenty micrometers with respect to a straight line connecting the ends at a given angular location on the cam (11). A cam follower arranged between a cam (11) and a valve lifter (191,192) driven member (18) to convey the motion of the cam (11) to the valve lifter (191,192), wherein the cam (11) rotates about its axis (A) and has a cam surface (11a) to slidably engage the cam follower (25), the cam surface (11a) having a profile that varies continuously in the direction of the cam axis (A), the cam follower (25) having a rectangular substantially flat slide surface (25a), which slides along the associated cam surface (11a) and a cylindrical surface which is pivotally received in said follower seat (24)so as to pivot about an axis perpendicular to said cam axis (A) so that the cam follower (25) can follow the cam surface (11a) of the associated cam 11 and said cam follower having a first edge (25b) and a second edge (25c) extending in a direction transverse to the cam axis (A), characterized in that the slide surface (25a) is convexly arched in the direction of the cam axis (A). The cam follower according to claim 6 characterized in that the slide surface (25a) is an arched surface having a radius of curvature within the range of 50 to 300 times the width of the cam follower (25), wherein the width is measured in the direction of the cam axis (A) between the edges (25a,25b). The cam follower according to claim 6 or 7, wherein the slide surface (25a) is also convexly arched in a direction parallel to the edges (25b, 25c).

Inventors: HASEGAWA TADAO, IDEN NORIYUKI, MIKAME KAZUHISA, MORIYA YOSHIHITO, SUGIMOTO KIYOSHI, HASEGAWA, TADAO, IDEN, NORIYUKI, MIKAME, KAZUHISA, MORIYA, YOSHIHITO, SUGIMOTO, KIYOSHI
Applicants: TOYOTA MOTOR CO LTD, TOYOTA JIDOSHA KABUSHIKI KAISHA
Application year: 1998
Main classification: F01L13
IPC codes: F01L13, F01L1