AUTOMATED BIOLOGICAL REACTION SYSTEM

Abstract: In the processing of a biological reaction system, there is a need for consistently placing an amount of fluid on a slide. In order to accomplish this, the dispense chamber (412) is substantially in line with the reservoir chamber (408), the reservoir chamber piston is removed, and the flow of fluid through the dispenser is simplified. Further, in order to operate the automated biological reaction system more reliably, the system is designed in modular pieces with higher functions performed by a host device and the execution of the staining operations performed by remote devices. Also, to reliably catalog data which is used by the automated biological reaction system, data is loaded to a memory device, which in turn is used by the operator to update the operator's databases. The generation of the sequence of steps for the automated biological reaction device based on data loaded by the operator, including checks to determine the ability to complete the run, is provided.

Description: AUTOMATED BIOLOGICAL REACTION SYSTEM NOTICE REGARDING COPYRIGHT A. portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains matter sub j ect to copyπght protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent disclosure document as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office files and records but otherwise retains all copyπghts whatsoever BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION A Field of the Invention This invention relates to biological reaction systems, and more particularly relates to a method and apparatus for an automated biological reaction svstem B Descπption of Related Art Immunostaming and in sun DNA analysis are useful tools in histological diagnosis and the study of tissue morphology Immunostainmg relies on the specific binding affinity of antibodies with epitopes in tissue samples, and the increasing availability of antibodies which bind specifically with unique epitopes present onh in certain types of diseased cellular tissue. Immunostainmg requires a seπes of treatment steps conducted on a tissue section mounted on a glass slide to highlight b\ selecm e staining certain morphological indicators of disease states Typical steps include pretrcatment of the tissue section to reduce non-specific binding, antibody treatment and incubation, enzyme labeled secondary antibody treatment and incubation, substrate reaction w ith the enzyme to produce a fluorophore or chromophore highlighting areas of the tissue section having epitopes binding with the antibody, counterstaimng. and the like Each of these steps is separated by multiple πnse steps to remove unreacted residual reagent from the pπor step. Incubations are conducted at elevated temperatures, usually around 40°C, and the tissue must be continuously protected from dehydration. In situ DNA analysis relies upon the specific binding affinity of probes with unique nucleotide sequences in cell or tissue samples and similarly involves a series of process steps, with a variety of reagents and process temperature requirements. Automated biological reaction systems include the biological reaction apparatus and the dispensers for the reagents and other fluids used in the biological reaction apparatus. As disclosed in United States Patent 5,595,707, inventors Copeland et al., entitled Automated Biological Reaction Apparatus, assigned to Ventana Medical Systems, Inc. which is incorporated herein by reference, the biological reaction apparatus may be computer controlled. However, the computer control is limited in that it is dedicated to and resident on the biological reaction apparatus. Moreover, the memory, which is used in conjunction with the computer control, contains data relating to the reagents including serial number, product code (reagent type), package size (250 test), and the like. One of the requirements in a biological reaction system is consistency in testing. In particular, the biological reaction system should apply a predetermined amount of fluid upon the slide in order to consistently test each slide in the automated biological reaction apparatus. Therefore, an important focus of a biological reaction system is to consistently and efficiently apply a predetermined amount of fluid on the slide. Further, as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,232,664 entitled Liquid Dispenser by inventors Krawzak et al. and assigned to Ventana Medical Systems, Inc., which is incorporated herein by reference, reagents must be dispensed on the slide in precise amounts using a fluid dispenser. The fluid dispenser, which is used in conjunction with the biological reaction apparatus, should be easy to manufacture, reliable and compact in size. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In accordance with a first aspect of the invention, a fluid dispenser for an automated biological reaction system is provided. The fluid dispenser has a reservoir chamber, a dispense chamber which is substantially in line with the reservoir chamber, and a means for transferring fluid between the dispense chamber and the reservoir chamber based on pressure differential between the dispense chamber and the reservoir chamber. In accordance with a second aspect of the invention, a fluid dispenser for an automated biological reaction system is provided. The fluid dispenser has a barrel which has a reservoir chamber and an upper portion, a cap connected to the upper portion of the barrel, a valve adjacent to the reservoir chamber, and a coupler having a dispense chamber and the coupler being coaxial w ith the barrel. In accordance with a third aspect of the invention, a fluid dispenser for an automated biological reaction system is provided. The fluid dispenser has a barrel which has a reservoir chamber and an upper portion, a cap connected to the reservoir chamber, a valve adjacent to the reservoir chamber, a coupler having a dispense chamber, and a vent adjacent to the cap. The vent includes a first means to maintain constant pressure in the reservoir chamber, a second means to maintain constant pressure in the reservoir chamber, and a space, the space being between the first and second means to maintain constant pressure in the reservoir chamber. In accordance with a fourth aspect of the invention, a fluid dispenser for an automated biological reaction system is provided. The fluid dispenser has a barrel which has a reservoir chamber and a piston at a lower portion of the barrel, a cap connected to the reservoir chamber, a valve adjacent to the reservoir chamber, and a coupler. The coupler has a dispense chamber whereby the piston moves in the dispense chamber In accordance with a fifth aspect of the invention, a method of assembly of a fluid dispenser for an automated biological reaction system is provided The method includes the step of inserting a valve and a valve insert into the lower portion of a barrel The method also includes the step of welding the cap to the upper portion of the barrel. The method further includes the step of placing the ball in the check valve ball seat Further, the method includes the step of snapping the check valve ball seat into the coupler In addition, the method includes the step of snapping the coupler and barrel together In accordance with a sixth aspect of the invention, a method of filling and priming a fluid dispenser for an automated biological reaction svstem is provided The method includes the step of providing the fluid dispenser with a cap, a barrel having a reservoir chamber, the barrel being adjacent to the cap, a dispense chamber adjacent to the reservoir chamber, and a nozzle adjacent to the dispense chamber The method also includes the step of providing a syπnge with a tip and a syπnge plunger The method further includes the step of opening the cap on the fluid dispenser The method also includes the step of filling the reservoir chamber within the fluid dispenser w ith fluid In addition, the method also includes the step of closing the cap on the fluid dispenser Further, the method also includes the step of placing the tip of the syπnge inside the nozzle of the fluid dispenser without requiπng the fluid dispenser be turned upside down And, the method also includes the step of expanding the plunger of the syπnge in order to draw fluid from the reservoir chamber and the dispense chamber into the syπnge In accordance with a seventh aspect of the invention, an automated biological reaction system is provided The automated biological reaction system has a slide support carousel, drive means engaging the slide support carousel for moving the slide support carousel, a consistency pulse application station comprising at least one nozzle for directing a stream of fluid onto a slide which is less than 35 degrees from the horizontal, and a volume adjust application station positioned above the slide for applying a predetermined amount of fluid on the slide by dropping the fluid onto the slide. In accordance with a eighth aspect of the invention, a method of placing a consistent amount of fluid on a slide in an automated biological reaction apparatus is provided. The automated biological reaction apparatus has at least one rinse station, the rinse station comprising a rinse station nozzle positioned for directing a stream of fluid onto the slide and connected to tubing which is connected to at least one valve. The valve is connected to a bottle containing fluid, wherein the valve controls the flow of fluid from the bottle to the nozzle. The method includes the step of turning on the valve for supplying fluid to the nozzle and directing a stream of fluid onto the slide. The method also includes the step of waiting until the pressure is substantially equal in the tubing. And, the method includes the step of turning off the valve for supplying fluid to the nozzle. In accordance with a ninth aspect of the invention, a method of washing a slide in an automated biological reaction apparatus is provided. The method includes the step of providing a rinse station comprising a first rinse station nozzle and a second rinse station nozzle, the first and second rinse station nozzles positioned to direct a stream of fluid onto the slide. The method also includes the step of directing a stream of fluid onto the slide from the first rinse station nozzle with a first momentum for a first predetermined amount of time. In addition, the method includes the step of directing a stream of fluid onto the slide from the second rinse station nozzle for a second predetermined amount of time with a second momentum. And, the method includes the step of directing a stream of fluid onto the slide from the second rinse station nozzle for a third predetermined amount of time with a third momentum, the third momentum being greater than first or second momentum, the third predetermined amount of time being greater than the first or second predetermined amount of time. In accordance with a tenth aspect of the invention, an automated biological reaction apparatus is provided. The automated biological reaction apparatus includes a slide support carousel, drive means engaging the slide support carousel for moving the slide support carousel, a reagent delivery system for applying a predetermined quantity of reagent to one of the slides by movement of the slide support carousel in a reagent delivery zone, a heat zone for heating samples on the slide support carousel, and a rinse station. The rinse station comprises a first nozzle, a first valve connected to the first nozzle through tubing, the first valve connected to a bottle containing fluid. The rinse station further comprises a controller, the controller controlling the flow of fluid from the bottle to the first nozzle via the operation of the first valve, the controller opening the first valve until the pressure is substantially equal in the tubing. In accordance with a eleventh aspect of the invention, an automated biological reaction system is provided. The automated biological reaction system includes a host device, the host device comprising a processor, a memory device connected to the processor, the memory device including a look-up table which contains steps for staining a slide, the processor creating a sequence of steps from the look-up table. The automated biological reaction system further includes a remote device, the remote device being physically separate from the host device, the remote device being m electπcal communication with the host device The remote device compπses a processor, a memory device connected to the processor, a slide support carousel connected to the processor, dπve means engaging the slide support carousel for moving the slide support carousel, the dπve means connected to the processor, a reagent delivery system for applying a predetermined quantity of reagent to one of the slides by movement of the slide support carousel in a reagent delivery zone, the reagent delivery system connected to the processor, a heat zone for heating samples on the slide support carousel, the heat zone connected to the processor, and a nnse station for πnsmg slides on the slide support carousel, the πnse station connected to the processor, the remote device receiving the sequence of steps from the host device, the remote device executing, through the processor, the sequence of steps in the processor to control the slide support carousel, the reagent delivery system, the heat zone and the πnse station In accordance with a twelfth aspect of the invention, a method for generating a run program in an automated biological reaction system is provide The method includes the step of providing a host device and a remote device, the remote device being physically separate from the host device, the remote device being in communication with the host device The method also includes the step of reading by the remote device of a barcode on a slide in a carousel on the remote device The method further includes the step of reading by the remote device of a barcode on a dispenser m the remote device In addition, the method includes the step of sending of the slide barcode and dispenser barcode from the remote device to the host device Also, the method includes the step of generating of a sequence of steps for a run based on the slide barcode and dispenser barcode Moreover, the method includes the step of determining by the host device whether the remote device is capable of executing the sequence of steps. And, the method includes the step of sending by the host device of the sequence of steps to the remote device. In accordance with a thirteen aspect of the invention, a memory management system for an automated biological reaction apparatus is provided. The memory management system includes a memory device, the memory device including a table containing data for a dispenser used in the automated biological reaction apparatus. The memory management system also including a means to transfer the data in the memory device to a host device. The host device comprises a processor, a host memory device connected to the processor. The host memory device includes a look-up table. The processor is connected, via the means to transfer the data in the memory device to a host device, to the memory device, and the processor updates the look-up table in the host memory device based on comparisons to the table in the memory device. In accordance with a fourteenth aspect of the invention, a method for updating dispenser information in an automated biological reaction system is provided. The method includes the steps of providing a host device and a memory device, the host device comprising a processor, a host memory device connected to the processor, the host memory device including a look-up table, the memory device including barcode and expiration date information for the dispenser used in the automated biological reaction apparatus. The method also includes the step of reading by the host device of the barcode and expiration date information in the memory device. In addition, the method includes the step of updating the look-up table in the host device based on the barcode and expiration date information in the memory device. And. the method includes the step of writing in the memory device that the barcode and expiration date information has previously been read. In accordance with a fifteenth aspect of the invention, a method for programming a memory device for an automated biological reaction system is provided. The method includes the step of selecting a form which includes information on numbers and types of dispensers in a kit for the automated biological reaction system. The method also includes the step of scanning in barcodes for a set of dispensers. Moreover, the method includes the step of determining the type of dispenser for each of the dispensers scanned in. Further, the method includes the step of comparing whether the numbers types of dispensers scanned in correspond to the numbers and types of dispenser in the kit form. And, the method includes the step of programming the memory device if the numbers types of dispensers scanned in equal the numbers and types of dispenser in the kit form. In accordance with a sixteenth aspect of the invention, a fluid dispenser for an automated biological reaction system is provided. The fluid dispenser has a barrel, the barrel having a reservoir chamber and an upper portion. The fluid dispenser also has a cap connected to the upper portion of the barrel. The fluid dispenser also has a cup check valve, the cup check valve having a first end and a second end, the cup check valve adjacent to the reservoir chamber at the first end, the cup check valve having a cup piece at the second end. The fluid dispenser further has a dispense chamber adjacent to the second end of the cup check valve. In accordance with a seventeenth aspect of the invention, a valve is provided. The valve passes fluid from one side of the valve to the other side based on a pressure differential between the one side and the other side, whereby the valve is placed in a housing. The valve includes an attachment, the attachment piece being attached to the housing, a connecting piece being connected to the attachment piece, and a cup piece. The cup piece is connected to the connecting piece. The cup piece abuts against the housing when the pressure on the one side of the valve is equal to the pressure on the other side of the valve. The cup piece does not abut against the housing when the pressure on the one side of the valve is unequal to the pressure on the other side of the valve. In accordance with a eighteenth aspect of the invention, a method for passing liquid through a housing based on a pressure differential is provided. The method includes the step of providing a valve having an attachment piece, a connecting piece being connected to the attachment piece, and a cup piece, the cup piece being connected to the connecting piece. The method also including the step of abutting the cup piece against the housing when the pressure on the one side of the valve is equal to the pressure on the other side of the valve. And, the method includes the step of flexing the cup piece inward so that the cup piece is not abutting against the housing when the pressure on the one side of the valve is unequal to the pressure on the other side of the valve. In accordance with a nineteenth aspect of the invention, a fluid dispenser for an automated biological reaction system is provided. The fluid dispenser has a barrel having a reservoir chamber and a piston, the piston being adjacent to the reservoir chamber. The fluid dispenser also has an extension piece connected to the piston. And, the fluid dispenser has a coupler, wherein the coupler has a dispense chamber. The dispense chamber is adjacent to the reservoir chamber. Further, the extension piece moves inside the coupler. In accordance with a twentieth aspect of the invention, a fluid dispenser for an automated biological reaction system is provided. The fluid dispenser has a barrel, a piston adjacent to the lower portion of the barrel, a lubricated washer, the lubricated washer coaxial with the piston and a dispense chamber, the dispense chamber adjacent to the barrel. Accordingly, a pnmary object of the invention is to provide an automated biological reaction system which is modular in design. Another object of the invention is to provide an automated biological reaction system which provides for a means of automatically downloading data relating to the reagents including seπal numbers, reagent types, lot numbers, expiration dates, dispenser type, and the like in an efficient and reliable manner. Another object of the invention is to provide an automated biological reaction system which consistently and efficiently applies a predetermined amount of buffer upon the slide to which a precise volume of reagent can be added upon the slide. A further object of the invention is to provide a fluid dispenser, which is used in conjunction with the biological reaction apparatus, which is reliable. Yet a further object of the invention is to provide a fluid dispenser, which is used with a wider array of chemistries in conjunction with the biological reaction apparatus, which is easy to manufacture. Still another object of the invention is to provide a fluid dispenser, which is used in conjunction with the biological reaction apparatus, which is compact in size. Still yet another object of the invention is to provide a fluid dispenser which is easy to prime. These and other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention are discussed or apparent in the following detailed description. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS A presently preferred embodiment of the present invention is descπbed herein with reference to the drawings wherein FIG 1 is a left front, isometi ic view of the automated biological reaction system accordmg to a first embodiment of this invention, FIG. 2 is an exploded right front isometπc view of the system shown in FIG. 1; FIG 3 is a partial exploded left front isometπc view of the system shown m FIG. 1 , FIG 4 is a partial exploded tight rear isometπc view of the apparatus shown m FIG. 1 FIG 5 A is a block diagram ot the modulaπty of the host and remote devices of the automated biological reaction system. FIG 5B is a format of the addressing for the host devices and remote devices descπbed in FIG 5A, FIG. 5C is a communication transmission protocol between the host device and remote devices described in FIG 5A. FIG 6A is an expanded block diagram of the remote device in FIG 5 A, FIG. 6B is a circuit board connection diagram for the microcontoller, FIG 7A is a block diagram of the dual πnse and volume adjust components of the remote device in FIG 6A, FIG. 7B is a perspective view of the dual πnse top and dual πnse bottom, volume adjust/coverslip, airknife/barcode blowoff and vortex mixers, FIG. 8A is a side isometπc view of one embodiment of the dual πnse top nozzle and dual rinse bottom nozzle as shown in FIG. 7A; FIG. 8B is a side view of the angle of the dual rinse top nozzle as shown in FIG. 8A; FIG. 8C is a side view of the angle of the dual rinse bottom nozzle as shown in FIG. 8A; FIG. 8D is a side view of one embodiment of the volume adjust as shown in FIG. 7A; FIG. 9 is a flow chart of the dual rinse, the consistency pulse and the volume adjust steps; FIGS. 10 and 1 1 illustrate the mounting of a fluid dispenser on a reagent tray and the manner in which a reagent tray is engaged with a drive carousel; FIG. 12A is an elevational cutaway view of a prefilled fluid dispenser in the extended position; FIG. 12B is an elevational cutaway view of a user fillable fluid dispenser in the extended position; FIG. 12C is an elevational cutaway view of a prefilled fluid dispenser in the compressed position; FIG. 13A is a cutaway view of the ball chamber and nozzle; FIGS. 13B and 13C are front and side cutaway views of the lower portion of the barrel with an extension section; FIG. 14A is an exploded view of an elevational cutaway of a prefilled fluid dispenser; FIG. 14B is an exploded view of an elevational cutaway of a user fillable fluid dispenser; FIG. 15A is a side view of a prefilled fluid dispenser; FIG. 15B is a side view of a customer fillable fluid dispenser with flip top; FIG. 15C is an exploded view of a prefilled fluid dispenser with an evaporation ring adjacent the cap; FIG. 16A is a cutaw ay view of the cap and vent of a prefilled fluid dispenser according to one embodiment: FIG. 16B is an underside view of the cap and vent of FIG. 16A; FIG. 16C is a cutaway % lew of the cap and vent of a prefilled fluid dispenser with a bi-directional duckbill valve. FIG. 16D is a cutaw ay \ lew of the cap and vent of a prefilled fluid dispenser with a uni-directional duckbill v alve: FIG. 16E is a cutaw ay view of the cap and vent of a prefilled fluid dispenser according to another embodiment; FIG. 17A is a cutaway v iew of the lower portion of the barrel, duckbill check valve, duckbill check valve insert, quad seal, ball, ball check valve insert, washer, and coupler of a fluid dispenser; FIG. 17B is a cutaway view of the lower portion of the barrel, duckbill check valve, duckbill check valve insert of a fluid dispenser; FIG. 17C is a cutaway view of the quad seal of a fluid dispenser; FIG. 17D is a cutaway view of an alternative embodiment of the duckbill check valve insert of a fluid dispenser; FIG. 18 A is an alternative embodiment of a cutaway view of the lower portion of the fluid dispenser; FIG. 18B is an alternative embodiment of a cutaway view of the lower portion of the fluid dispenser; FIG. 19A is a cutaway view of a syringe with a restrictor for use in the nozzle of the coupler; FIG. 19B is an exploded view of a syringe with a restrictor and an O-ring for use in the nozzle of the coupler; FIG. 20 is an alternative embodiment of a cutaway view of the lower portion of the fluid dispenser with a cup check valve: FIG. 21A is a side view of the cup check valve: FIG. 2 IB is a bottom view of the cup check valve; FIG. 21C is a top view of the cup check valve; FIG. 21D is a view of the cup check valve at cross-section A-A in FIG. 21C; FIG. 21E is a view of the cup check valve at cross-section B-B in FIG. 21C; FIG. 22 is a block diagram of the manufacturer ' s system for programming an external memory device; FIG. 23 is a flow chart for updating the forms on the manufacturer's reagent database; FIG. 24 is a flow chart for updating the master lot on the manufacturers reagent database and for inputting data into a memory device; FIG. 25 is a flow chart for downloading data from a memory device to the host system; FIG. 26 is a flow chart for updating the memory devices of the user through information downloaded from an external memory device; FIG. 27 is a flow chart for determining if the kit/dispensers for use by the operator is the correct number and correct complement; FIG. 28 is a flow chart of a preparation for a run using the dispense table; and FIG. 29 is a flow chart of the testing run for the remote device. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED AND ALTERNATIVE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION The automated immunostainmg system of this invention performs all steps of immunohistochemical iπespective of complexity or their order, at the time and temperature, and in the environment needed. Specially prepared slides containing a bar code identifier and a mounted tissue section are placed in special supports on a carousel, subjected to a preprogrammed sequence of reactions, and are removed from the carousel, ready for examination. For purposes of clarity of the following description of the apparatus of this invention and not by w ay of limitation, the apparatus will be described in terms of immunohistochemical processes. Figure 1 is front right isometric view of the automated biological reaction system with a host device 32 and one remote device 166. The remote device 166 includes a staining module 167, bulk fluid module 230 and the host device 32 includes a host computer 33, a monitor 34, a keyboard 35 and a mouse 37. Figure 2 is a front right isometric view of the staining module which is part of the automated biological reaction system. Liquid and air supply tubing and electrical wiring connecting the respective components are conventional, well known in the art. and are omitted from the drawings for purposes of clarity. The apparatus has an upper section 2, intermediate section 4 and lower section 6. In the upper section 2, reagent tray 10 which supports the reagent fluid dispensers 12 is mounted for rotation about its central axis 7 on reagent carousel 8. The reagent carousel 8 and slide carousel 24 are circular in the preferred embodiment, but can be any shape which allows integration with other components in the system. Reagent fluid dispensers 12, described herein with respect to FIGS. 10-21, required for the immunohistochemical reactions to be conducted during slide treatment cycle, are supported by the reagent tray 10 and mounted in reagent fluid dispenser receptors 11. These receptors 1 1 are configured to receive reagent fluid dispensers 12 The receptors 11 are preferably equally spaced in a circular pattern axially concentric ith the carousel axis 7. The number of receptors 11 provided should be sufficient to accommodate the number of different reagent fluid dispensers 12 required for a cycle or seπes of cycles. Twenty-five fluid dispenser receptors 1 1 are shown, but the number can be smaller or greater, and the diameter of the reagent tray 10 can be increased to accept a larger number of reagent fluid dispensers 12. The reagent carousel 8 is rotated by the stepper motor 14 dπve belt 16 to a position placing a selected reagent fluid dispenser 1 in the reagent deliver position under the air cylinder reagent delivery actuator ov er a slide to be treated with reagent. The intermediate section 4 compπses a vortex mixing plate to which the 4 of the 6 mix blocks are attached, the remaining two mix blocks being mounted on the lower section. The lower section 6 comprises support plate 22 upon which the slide carousel 24 is rotatably mounted. The slide carousel 24 supports slide supports 26. Heated air is supplied to the apparatus via a resistive heating element and a blower The heated air recirculates within the apparatus as shown in Figure 3 The support plate 22 also supports a remote device microcontroller 36 on the automated biological reaction apparatus, power supply 24 and fluid and pneumauc valves 62. The remote device microcontroller printed circuit board 36, as descπbed subsequently, is generally a processor and can be replaced by a standard computer. The remote device microcontroller printed circuit board 36 interfaces, via an RS-485 line, with a host device 32, as descπbed subsequently in FIGS. 5A-5C. The lower section 6 includes support plate 40 upon which are supported accessories such as power supply 42 and buffer heater 44. In the lower section 6, the stepper motor 48 rotates the slide carousel 24, engaging drive belt 25 engaging the dπve sprocket of the slide carousel 24. The annular waste liquid sump surrounds the shroud and is supported on the bottom of plate 22. The waste reagent and rinse fluids are collected in the sump and passed to a drain through an outlet tube in the sump bottom (not shown). Rinse and Liquid Covershp™ (which is light oil substance used to prevent evaporation of the aqueous solutions on the slide) spray blocks 60 are supplied with fluid through conventional solenoid valv es 62 (see also FIG 6A. 248F-J). Buffer heater temperature sensor 66, mounted on buffer heater 44, controls the heat energy supplied to the buffer heater 44. Slide temperature monitonng sensor 68, mounted on support plate 22, controls the temperature of the air in the apparatus by controlling energy supplied to annular heater elements 27. Power supply 42 provides power to the stepper motors 14, 48 and control systems. FIG. 4 is a left front isometπc view of the bulk fluid module system 230 which is included in the automated biological reaction system 150. The bulk fluid module 230 includes an air compressor 232, a pressure relief valve (prv) 238, cooling tubing 231, a water condenser and filter 234, an air pressure regulator 236, a bottle containing wash buffer 246, and a bottle containing Liquid Covershp™ 244. The air compressor 232 provides compressed air which is regulated by the pressure relief valve (prv) 238 to 25 psi. The air passes from the compressor 232 through the cooling tubing and enters the condenser and filter 234. From the condenser and filter 234, the air passes to the pressure regulator 236. The pressure regulator 236 regulates the pressure to 13 psi. The air. maintained at 13 psi, is supplied to the wash buffer bottle 246 and the Liquid Coverslip™ bottle 244 and the staining module 167 (see FIG. 2). Water condensing out of the compressed air passes out of the condenser and filter through the pressure relief valve and exits the bulk module. Wash buffer and Liquid Coverslip™ are supplied to the staining module. Referring to FIG. 5A. there is shown a block diagram of the automated biological reaction system 150. The automated biological reaction system 150 is segmented into a host device 32, which includes a typical personal computer, and at least one remote device 166, which includes the automated biological reaction device in FIGS. 2 and 6A. In the preferred embodiment, there are up to eight remote devices 166 which communicate with the host device 32. Each remote device 166 on the network has a unique address so that each remote device 166 may be identified and individually controlled by the host device 32. As described subsequently in FIG. 5B, the automated biological reaction system 150 can support up to eight remote devices 166 due to the 3 bits (values 0-7) dedicated to the addressing of the remote devices 166. A rotary switch is provided on the remote device 166 to allow for the identification and the changing of the 3 bit address for each remote device 166. All host messages include this address in them, as described subsequently in FIG. 5B. However, the number of remote devices 166 can be smaller or larger than eight, depending on the capacity requirements or practical limitations of the laboratory in terms of space. Moreover, the remote devices 166 may be immunohistochemistry staining modules, another type of instrument that performs a different type of staining, or another type of medical testing device. Communication between the host device 32 and the remote devices 166 is accomplished using a serial RS-485 link, which serves as a network, that supports one host and up to 32 remotes at one time. In the preferred embodiment, addressing of the remote devices 166 allows up to 8 remote devices to communicate with the host at one time. The RS-485 link has at least two pairs of lines for communication, one pair for transmitting and one pair for receiving. The remote devices 166 which are connected to the network "hear" the host messages but do not "hear" other remote messages. In the preferred embodiment, all communications begin with a host message, followed a short time later by a response by a remote device 166 if present. If the host device 32 sends a message and there is no remote device 166 to respond to it, the host device 32 times out. In this manner, the communication provides a simple, collision-free link between the host device 32 and the remote devices 166. In an alternative embodiment, the remote devices 166, in addition to communicating with the host device 32, address each other. For example, the remote devices 166 address each other using the unique 3 bit address, sending information about staining runs, which are described subsequently. As shown in FIG. 5A, the host device 32 is a typical personal computer with a processor 152 which includes a comparator 154 for comparing values in the processor. The processor 152 is also in communication with memory devices 156, including nonvolatile memory devices such as a ROM 158, volatile memory devices such as a RAM 160, and a hard disk 162. Any of the memory devices may contain databases or look-up tables; however, in the preferred embodiment, the hard disk 162 contains the databases or look-up tables 164. The remote device 166 includes a processor, such as a microcontroller 36 wherein the microcontroller 36 has a comparator 170 for comparing values in the microcontroller 36. In an alternative embodiment, the microcontroller 36 in the remote device 166 is replaced by a personal computer The microcontroller 36 is manufactured by Dallas Semiconductor, model numbei DS2251T 128K Soft microcontroller module The microcontroller 36 has two lines (seπal to PC, seπal to next mst) to facilitate communication between the host and the remote devices As shown in FIG. 5A, the host device 32, through the processor 152, is connected to the seπal to PC pin of the microcontroller 36 of remote dev ice 1 (166) The seπal to next inst line of the microcontroller 36 of remote dev ice 1 (166) is connected to the seπal to PC pin of remote device 2 (166) The connections follow similarly through remote device N (166) In the preferred embodiment, there are up to 8 remote devices on the network In order to terminate the network ith the correct impedance in order to avoid any pulse reflections on the network, the serial to next instrument line is connected to a terminator 171 The terminator 171 can therebv match the impedance of the network In the event that one of the remote devices on the network must be removed from the network, the seπal to PC line and the seπal to next remote device line need only be connected to each other for the remote device 166 to be removed from the network Thereby, the network does not "see" that remote device 166 and is effectiv ely removed from the network Referring to FIG 5B, there is shown a format of the addressing for the host and remote devices 166 descπbed in FIG 5 A Both the host device 32 and the remote devices 166 have the same format and are distinguishable from one another only by the messages m their fields Both the host device command and the remote device response for a given message transaction contains the same message The first character is the start of message character The 8 th bit is always set to 1 , the lower 3 bits contain the address of the remote and bits 3-6 are unused The host device 32 addresses the remote device 166 in this manner The addressed remote responds in kind with its own address here. The message length is 2 characters in length This number indicates the number of characters in the entire message This includes the start of message character and the message checksum character This is the actual number of characters transmitted as seen through the host/remote seπal ports The message ID is one character in length It tags a message with a number (0-255) that identifies it from other messages The message ID provides identification for message acknowledges from the remote and provides safe message retry processing in the remote The message ID is implemented by incrementing a number until it reaches 255, and thereafter returning to 0 Each successful message transmission causes the message ID to increment by 1 Retransmitted messages from the host, due to unsuccessful acknowledgments from the remote are repeated with the same message ID as the original message The message command is 1 character in length. For host messages, the message command indicates to the remote the type of command the message command data pertains to For remote messages, this field is used to tell the host device 32 how the request was received The message command data is of variable length It contains additional message data, depending on the particular host command The size of the message command data is dictated by the message length, descπbed previously. After removing the other fields from around this field, the remainder is the message information Since message commands may not require message command data, this field may not always be used The message checksum is 1 character in length It contains the computed checksum of all characters in the message, starting with the start of message character and including all message characters up to, but not including, this checksum field No message is processed if the message checksum does not match the actual computed checksum of the received message. Referring to FIG. 5C, there is shown a communication transmission protocol between the host device 32 and remote devices 166 descπbed in FIG. 5 A. Messages are downloaded from the host device 32 to the remote devices 166. The host device initiates a message to send to a remote device (172). The host device allocates memory to hold a message 176 and loads the message into memory 178 The host device 32 then places the message at the top or at the bottom of the queue 180, 182, depending on the pπoπty of the message Since the queue is first-in-first-out, the messages at the bottom of the queue go out first Therefore, if a message must be sent out immediately, it is placed at the bottom of the queue 180 Otherwise, if it is a routine status message, the message is placed at the top of the queue 182 Thereafter, the messages are sent to the message queues for each of the up to eight remote devices 184, 186, 188, 190, 192, 194, 196, 198 Ordinaπly, when a message is sent from the host device 32 to a remote device 166, messages are sent peπodically through the use of a timer When the host device 32 determines that a message needs to be sent rapidly 174, the timer is turned off 200 and all of the messages from the specific queue as indicated by the host are sent 202. If the host device 32 determines that the message does not need to be rapidly sent, the message is sent in the predetermined sequence based on the timer by sending it in the predetermined sequence 206 The host uses the tab position 204, which indicates which remote to send the message to. Referring to FIG 6A, there is shown an expanded block diagram of the remote device 166. As discussed previously, the remote device 166 includes a microcontroller 36. The microcontroller 36 has a user switch and LEDs line which connects to the status PCB (printed circuit board) 294. The status PCB 294 is the interface to the user for the remote device 166 and includes three LEDs (light emitting diodes) for power determination, error notification and notification of a run in progress. The status PCB 294 also includes a switch 295, such as a push-button switch, which is used for testing of various functions. When the push-button switch 295 is depressed, the microcontroller 36 executes the last set of instructions (described later as macro 0) that was entered in the microcontroller 36. Macro 0, as described subsequently, is a list of instructions which are used to execute a staining run in the remote device 166. For testing purposes, operators may wish to review the last staining run. In order to do this without requiring the operator to download the program from the host device 32 to the remote device 166 (which may be in a different location), the operator may depress the push-button switch 295. In this manner, the operator may repeatedly execute the last run at the touch of a button. The microcontroller 36 also has a slide fan out connection which is used to control the blower fan 4. The blower fan 4 recirculates air to heat the slides on the slide carousel 24 of the remote device 166 by forcing air over the heater 302 and then over the slides. The slide temp in connection on microcontroller 36 is connected to the slide temperature monitoring sensor 68 which senses the temperature of the air. The slide temperature monitoring sensor 68 is positioned in the path of the heated air and thereby sends information to the microcontroller 36 when to turn the slide heater 302 on and off. The slide heater out connection is connected to the slide heater 302 which, as discussed previously, heats the air in order to elevate the temperature of the slides. As discussed subsequently, the host device 32 downloads to the remote device 166 both the sequence of steps in a run program, and the sensor monitonng and control logic called the run rules One of the environmental parameters is the upper and lower limit of the air temperature of the slides (used for heating the slides) If, duπng a run, the environmental temperature is below the lower limit, as indicated by slide temperature monitonng sensor 68, the slide heater 302 is turned on Likewise if the environmental temperature is above the upper limit, as indicated by slide temperatuie monitonng sensor 68, the slide heater 302 is turned off. The power supply 24 supplies both 24 VDC and 5 VDC to the applicable 24 VDC and 5 VDC connections The 24 Volt power supply 24 is used to power the motors 14, 48 which move the slide carousel 24 and the reagent carousel 8, and the valves 248A-J, which are described subsequently The 120 VAC input is sent through a power switch 310, a fuse 308 and a filter 306 to the AC In connection of the power supply 24 The 120 VAC input is also used to power the slide heater 302, buffer heater 44 and compressor 232 of the bulk fluid module, which are descπbed subsequently The seπal to PC line and the seπal to next remote device line aie descπbed with reference to FIG 5 A The tub overflow in line receives input from a conductivity sensor 255 which senses the level of the waste in the tub 254 When the conductivity sensor 255 senses that the waste line is above a predetermined level, the conductivity sensor 255 notifies the microcontroller 36, which in turn sends a status message to the host device 32 The operator is first given an opportunity to clear the waste from the tub 254 If the tub 254 is still above the predetermined level, the run is stopped The buffer heater 44 is used to heat the wash buffer before it is placed on the slides since it has been determined that better results are achieved by heating the wash buffer to the temperature of the tissue on the slide The buffer heater 44 consists of a cast aluminum block 250 with a spiral tubing 251 inside the block When the wash buffer flows through the tubing 251 through the block 250, the temperature of the wash buffer will be the temperature of the aluminum block 250 upon exit from the tubmg 251. In order to control the temperature of the block, a buffer heater temperature sensor 66 is used which is physically placed on the aluminum block 250 The microcontroller 36 receives the buffer temperature sensor input via the buffer temp line and can thereby control the temperature of the buffer heater 44 by turning on and off the buffer heater 44 via the buffer heater line on the PCB microcontroller 36 The fluid valves 248A-J for the Liquid Covershp™ and the wash buffer are controlled by the fluid valve connections There is a separate pair of wires (power and ground) for each valve 248A-J shown in FIG 6A which are omitted for ease of display. Each valve 248A-J is a relay which is activated by the microcontroller 36 The volume adjust 266, dual nnse top 263, and two dual πnse bottom 264 devices will be descnbed subsequently in FIGS 7-9 Further, there is a slide door optical sensor 258 which is input to the slide door switch in line connection and hich is used to determine if the front door 256 of the remote device 166 is open This sensor 258 is used for safety reasons so that, if the front door is open and remains open for five minutes, the slide carousel 24 does not move Moreover, there is a second optical sensor, the upper level optical sensor 262, which is used to determine if the upper chassis on the remote device 166 has been opened Further, as shown m FIG. 6A. the dispense cylinder 282 uses the dispense cylinder extend and the dispense cylinder retract so that the dispense plunger extends and retracts the fluid dispensers Using air via the system air line, the dispense cylinder 282 is pushed out by using the dispense cylinder extend line The microcontroller 36 controls the air valves 248A, 248B so that the relay corresponding to the dispense cylinder extend line is activated. In this manner, the dispense cylinder 282 pushes the fluid dispenser down, as described subsequently in FIGS. 12A-12C, thereby dispensing reagent. In order to retract the dispense cylinder 282, the dispense cylinder retract valve 248B is activated using the system air line so that the fluid dispenser is pushed to retraction. Additionally, an extension spring is used to help speed the retraction process, as described subsequently. An optical sensor is used to determine if the dispense is extended, and thereby activated. When the dispense cylinder 282 is extended, the optical sensor is tripped validating that the dispense operation has occurred. Motors 14, 48 move the slide carousel 24 and the reagent carousel 8, and are connected to the slide motor out connection and the reagent motor out connection, respectively. The motors 14, 48 are typically stepper motors. Sensors 274, 286 are placed in proximity to the slide carousel 24 and the reagent carousel 8 in order to determine the "home" position of each. In the case of the slide carousel 24, the slide carousel home sensor 274 is inductive-type and senses a piece of metal placed underneath the slide designated as the "home" position. When the "home" position is found, the sensor 274 sends a signal to the slide home in line of the microcontroller 36. In the case of the reagent tray 10, the sensor 286 also is an inductive- type of sensor. The reagent tray 10 has a large flat metal ring around the entire tray except for the home position. In this manner, when the sensor 286 senses an absence of metal, this is determined to be the home position thereby indicating to the microcontroller 36, via the reagent home in connection, that the home position is found. The sensor 286 senses the reagent tray 10, rather than the reagent carousel 8, since the user may remove the reagent tray 10. Additionally, since the sensor 286 looks for the absence of metal for the home position, the absence of the reagent tray 10 may be tested by looking for the absence of metal in two consecutive positions. System pressure is determined via the system air line which directly feeds into a transducer 290. The transducer 290 generates an analog voltage which is proportional to the pressure. The output of the transducer 290 is then sent to an analog to digital converter (ADC) 292 whose output is sent to the microcontroller 36 via the system pressure in connection. Contrary to previous pressure switches which only indicated whether the pressure was below a minimum value, the transducer 290 and ADC 292 combination indicates to the microcontroller 36 the exact pressure. Therefore, the microcontroller 36 can determine both whether the pressure is too low and too high. In either instance, the microcontroller 36 sends an error message and shuts down the run. As shown in FIG. 6A, the bulk fluid module 230 includes the compressor 232 which pressurizes the air to up to 90 psi. The compressed air is sent to a filter 234 in order to filter out water and other contaminants. Pressure is regulated in a two-step fashion. First, the pressure is regulated at the compressor to approximately 25 psi (± lpsi) via a spring diaphram (prv) 238. The prv 238 is manufactured by Norgren in Littleton, Colorado, part number NIP-702 with a plastic bonnet. Second, the pressure is fine-tuned to 13 psi using an air pressure regulator 236. The pressure regulator 236 is very accurate in terms of precise pressure regulation over long periods of time. In this manner, the compressor 232 need not overwork itself since the prv 238 maintains the pressure at the output of the compressor to 25 psi by opening and letting out excess pressure when the pressure exceeds 25 psi. Water and particulates, which are filtered out of the air via the filter 234, are sent to a waste receptacle. The compressed air pressurizes the Liquid Coverslip™ and wash buffer bottles 244, 246 so that when the valves 248F-J are opened corresponding to the Liquid Coverslip™, volume adjust, dual rinse top, dual rinse bottom lines, the pressure is already on the line and the fluid may flow. In addition, the compressed air is used for the dispense cylinder extend line, the dispense cylinder retract line, the mirror air cylinder line, the vortex mixers line, and the bar code blowoff/airknife line. Filters 240 are used at the outputs of the Liquid Coverslip™ and wash buffer bottles 244, 246 in order to remove particulates which may get caught in the valves 248. The mirror air cylinder line is used to turn the mirror cylinder 278 so that the bar code reader 276 either reads bar codes on the slides of the slide carousel 24 or bar codes on the fluid dispensers on the reagent carousel 8. The output from the bar code reader 276 is input to the microcontroller 36 via the bar code serial I/O connection. In between the valve 248C for the mirror air cylinder line and the mirror cylinder is a flow restrictor 268. The flow restrictor 268 slows the flow of air in the line while still maintaining the 13 psi pressure on the line. In this manner, this moves the mirror slower than would otherwise be done without the restrictor 268. The vortex mixers 271 likewise operate off of the 13 psi system air line to mix the contents on the slide. The vortex mixers 271 may be used in a single stream or in a dual stream mode. In particular, a single stream of air or a dual stream of air may be used to mix the contents on the slide. Further, restrictors 268 are used in the vortex mixers lines in order to reduce the flow of air. In this manner, when the vortex mixers 271 are used to mix the contents on the slide, the fluid does not blow off the slide and the mixers do not dry any particular spot on the slide. The bar code blowoff/airknife 267 is used to blow air on the portion of the slide which contains the bar code In this manner, the bar code is easier to read. Further, fluid can be kept on the slide better due to surface tension if fluid near the edge of the slide is removed Referring to FIG 6B, there is shown a circuit board connection diagram for the microcontoller The sensors and motors for the remote device 166 plug into this board which in turn is in communication with the microcontroller Referring to FIG 7A, there is shown a block diagram of the dual πnse and volume adjust components 263, 264, 266 of the remote device 166 in FIG 6A A run is generally executed in a senes of steps including the following reagent is applied to the shde, Liquid Covershp™ is applied to the slide, the reagent reacts with the tissue on the slide, a different reagent is applied to the slide, Liquid Covershp™ is applied to the slide, the different reagent reacts with the slide, etc After the reagent reacts with the slide, but before the next reagent is applied to the slide, the excess reagent which did not react with the sample should be removed from the shde Otherwise, there is the possibility of having non-specific staining, or background staining, on the slide This non-specific staining may interfere with the visual analysis of the slide at the end of the run In order to minimize the non-specific staining, the residual reagent from the prev ious step is washed from the sample using a wash buffer Washing may be achieved using a dual nnse device which executes a dual nnse step using a dual πnse top valve 248 H and a dual nnse bottom valve 2481, as shown in FIG 7A The microcontroller 36 controls the valves so that the wash buffer pulses the slide with the dual rinse top valve 248H and one of the dual πnse bottom valves 2481 or 248J consecutively In particular, duπng the dual πnse step, the microcontroller 36 turns on the dual rinse top valve 248H, then one of the dual rinse bottom valves 2481 or 248J, and so on. As described subsequently, there are two dual rinse bottom valves 2481 or 248J in order to achieve the consistency pulse. Referring to FIG. 7B. there is shown a perspective view of the dual rinse top and dual rinse bottom, volume adjust/coverslip, airknife/barcode blowoff and vortex mixers. The configuration is in the form of a boomerang whereby the boomerang follows the curved portion of the slide carousel 24. Referring to FIG. 8A, there is shown a side isometric view of one embodiment of the wash block 312 which employs the dual rinse top nozzle 263 and dual rinse bottom nozzle 264 as shown in FIG. 7A. The wash block 312 comprises a lower set of nozzle outlet openings 316 corresponding to the dual rinse bottom nozzle 264 and an upper set of nozzle outlet openings 314 corresponding to the dual rinse top nozzle 263. In the preferred embodiment, the dual rinse bottom nozzle 264 and dual rinse top nozzle 263 each comprise a plurality of openings. In an alternate embodiment, the dual rinse bottom nozzle 264 and dual rinse top nozzle 263 each comprise a single opening. During the dual rinse step, these openings 314, 316 direct streams of pulsed rinsed fluid towards one or the other of the longitudinal edges 322 of the slide 318. The streams of the pulsed rinsing fluid, from each of the lower and upper sets of nozzle outlet openings 314, 316 preferably impact the slide 318 at the rinse fluid impact zone 320 which is upstream on the slide 318 from the tissue sample (not shown) positioned thereon. Positioning of the wash block 312 is important due to the fragile nature of the tissue sample positioned on the slide. By directing streams of pulsed rinsing fluid at the impact zone 320 of the slide, the rinse fluid is provided with laminar flow by the time the πnse fluid reaches the tissue sample As a result, undue damage to the fragile tissue sample is prevented The upper set of nozzle outlet openings 314 is constructed so that the associated streams of πnse fluid are off-set at an angle from the longitudinal center line of the slide so that the pulsed streams of rinse fluid are directed toward one of the longitudinal edges of the slide 318 The lower set of nozzle openings 316 is constructed so that the associated streams of πnsing fluid are also off-set at an angle from the longitudinal center line of the slide so that the pulsed streams of πnse fluid are directed toward the other one of the longitudinal edges of the slide 318 As a result of this arrangement, pulsed streams of πnse fluid are alternatively and repeatedly directed to one and then the other of the longitudinal edges of the slide As shown in FIG 7A, separate plumbing and al ing are provided for each of the lower and upper sets of nozzle outlet openings 314, 316 of the dual πnse top nozzle and dual πnse bottom nozzle 263, 264 to permit independent operation thereof In operation of the dual rinse step, the wash block 312 directs streams ot pulsed πnsing fluid, for example from the lower set of nozzle openings 316 toward a single longitudinal edge of the slide and after completion then directs streams of pulsed πnsc fluid, for example from the upper set of nozzle openings 314, to the other longitudinal edge of the slide This procedure is repeated, via control of the valves 248H-J using the microcontroller 36, and has the effect of nnsmg the previous layer of πnse fluid and chemicals off of the slide The wash block nozzle axis of each of the dual πnse top nozzle and dual πnse bottom nozzle 263, 264 forms an angle with the hoπzontal of between 15 and 35 degrees, preferably substantially 35 degrees for the dual πnse top nozzle 263 and substantially 25 degrees for the dual nnse bottom nozzle 264, as descπbed in FIGS. 8B and 8C. Moreover, the angle of the slide is substantially horizontal (.5 degrees to 1.25 degrees) so that the wash buffer both washes the excess reagents off of the slide and also flows off of the slide. After cleaning the excess reagent off of the slide, a precise amount of wash buffer should be applied to the slide. Ordinaπly, 270 μL is the optimal amount of buffer which should be placed on the slide for the next step. In executing the dual rinse step, there is residual wash buffer on the slide; however, the amount of wash buffer left on the slide varies considerably. In order to consistently leave a specific amount of fluid on the slide, the microcontroller 36 executes a consistency pulse. The consistency pulse consistently leaves an amount of fluid on the slide with variation in amount lower than a shorter pulse, and the consistency pulse cleans the slide of excess reagents. The consistency pulse is a pulse of wash buffer which is executed for a longer period of time than the individual pulses of the dual rinse step. To send wash buffer onto the slide, the tubing containing the wash buffer is pressurized. Because of this pressure and because of the turning on and off of the wash buffer valves 248H-J, there is a pressure wave effect generated in the wash buffer tubing (i.e., there are "reflections" with a certain frequency that travel through the tubing based on, among other things, the length and geometry of the tubing). Therefore, one cannot consistently determine where one is on the wave. Because of this wave effect, the amount of pressure that the pulse has varies so that the amount of buffer left on the slide varies as well. In order to minimize the wave effect, the consistency pulse turns the valve on for a peπod of sufficient time and/or for a sufficient strength in order to let the wave effect minimize within the tubing. This sufficient amount of time amounts to a few periods of the frequency of the reflected wave. Since the reflected wave is a decaying sinusoid, after a few peπods, the wave is no longer a factor in the consistency pulse. The consistency pulse is therefore an extended burst of either the dual πnse top nozzle 263 or the dual πnse bottom nozzle 264 for a period longer than the dual nnse step For example, as descnbe in FIG. 9 in more detail below, the penod for a pulse dunng the dual πnse step is 60 mSec whereas the penod for the consistency pulse is 300 mSec Moreover, m order for the consistency pulse to leave a consistent amount of fluid on the slide, the momentum of the consistency pulse should be greater than that dunng the dual rinse step In the preferred embodiment, the increase in momentum of the pulse is achieved by increasing the volume ol wash buffer flow using two dual πnse bottom valves 2481 and 248J, as shown in FIG 7. as opposed to using only one dual πnse valve 2481 or 248 J dunng the dual nnse step In this manner, the stream of wash buffer with an increased momentum is sent across the slide with the result that the residual volume of buffer left on the slide after the consistency pulse is lower and also has a lower variation. If a pulse of lower momentum is used, more solution is left on the slide due to interaction with the surface tension of the slide In an alternative embodiment, the increase in volume and subsequent increase in momentum for the consistency pulse may be achieved using a valve which has an opening which is larger than the opening of the valves 248H-J used dunng the dual nnse step The consistency pulse therefore has a strong flow out of the nozzle, generating a laminar, not turbulent, flow on the slide The laminar flow then washes off the slide, consistently leaving an amount of fluid on the slide. Moreover, the consistency pulse is consistent, not only from run to run on an individual machine, but also from machine to machine as well Therefore, machine may be interchanged w ithout the need for recalibrating the system to determine the amount of buffer left on the slide. Further, when both a consistent and a minimal amount of buffer is desired to be left on the slide, the dual πnse bottom nozzle 264 should be used rather than the dual πnse top nozzle 263 The angle of the dual nnse bottom nozzle 264 is less than the angle for the dual πnse top nozzle 263, therefore, the less steep the angle, the more likely the buffer will flow off of the slide, not interacting with the surface tension of the slide. For example, using a dual nnse top nozzle 263 with a single valve leaves approximately 275 ± 40 μL on the shde whereas using a dual πnse bottom nozzle 264 with a dual valve leaves approximately 180 ± 20 uL on the slide With varying the time of the pulse, the angle of the pulse, and the momentum, the consistency pulse may be used in several ways The first way is for the consistency pulse to leave a minimal amount of wash buffer on the slide with minimal vanation from run to run and machine to machine ( 180 ± 20 μL) for any given instrument In particular, this variation of ± 20 μL is across all machines so that, in the ev ent that one machine must be replaced by a second machine, the variation is small enough so that the amount of fluid left on the slide is within acceptable parameters Moreover, the vanation from run to run within a single machine is approximately ± 10 μL, therefore, once the machine is calibrated (and the amount of volume dispensed from the volume adjust, as discussed subsequently, is determined to achieve a total volume of 270 μL), the fluid on the slides for a particular machine does not vary significantly run to run The modification of the consistency pulse is done by using a time longer than the individual dual step pulse, the dual rinse bottom nozzle 264, and the two valves 2481 and 248J; after the consistency pulse step, the required amount of buffer on the slide (as determined by experiment) may be added using the volume adjust 266, which is described subsequently, with extreme precision. Apart from using the consistency pulse to leave a minimal amount of buffer on the slide, the consistency pulse may be used to leave an amount greater than a minimal amount, while still having a low variation in the amount left on the slide. For example, the operator may adjust the amount of momentum of the pulse, the duration of the pulse, the angle of the outlet nozzle with respect to the slide, and the angle of slide with respect to horizontal. As one example, the outlet of the nozzle may be designed with an angle which is less than the angle of the dual rinse bottom nozzle. In this manner, the operator may tailor the amount left on the slide depending on the amount and variance of the buffer necessary for the experiment. After the consistency pulse, if additional buffer is necessary to be placed on the slide to run the experiment, the volume adjust is used, as shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B. The microcontroller 36 turns on the valve 248G for the volume adjust line to place buffer on the slide. As described previously, the volume adjust line has a restrictor 268 which reduces the volume flow of the wash buffer through the line. This is done so that the buffer does not disturb the tissue on the slide since the needle of the volume adjust nozzle 388 is directly above the slide and the wash buffer is dropped onto the slide. A precise amount of buffer is able to be placed on the slide. This is based on the amount of pressure in the wash buffer bottle, the amount of time the valve 248G for the volume adjust line is open, and the amount of flow through the restrictor 268. Based on these parameters, the amount of volume placed on the slide may be adjusted by changing the dial nozzle which controls the amount of time the valv e for the volume adjust line is open. In the alternative, the amount of time the valve is open may be adjusted using a potentiometer. In operation, the volume adjust 266 is more accurate when it is turned on for more than 60 mSec Operating the volume adjust 266 less than 60 mSec makes the dispensing of the buffer less accurate This is due to the fact that the turning on and off of the valves, which is controlled by the microcroller. is interrupt dnven There is a window of accuracy of approximately 10 mSec w hen turning on off the valves (e g , if the volume adjust 266 is to be turned on for 50 mSec the actual time in which the valve for the volume adjust is turned on is between 40 mSec and 50 mSec) Therefore, when designing a system which combines both the consistencv pulse with the volume adjust, the consistency pulse should leave a volume of fluid on the slide low enough so that the volume adjust may be turned on for more than 60 mSec (which is determined to be the minimal amount of time in which the accuracy of the v olume adjust is acceptable) In order to accomplish this, the consistency pulse is designed to leav e a minimal amount of fluid on the slide by using the dual rinse bottom nozzle 264 and the two valves 2481 and 248 J In practice, after the consistency pulse using the dual πnse bottom nozzle 264 and the two valves 2481 and 248J, there is 180 ± 20 μL By turning on the volume adjust for approximately 100 mSec, the volume on the slide is increased to approximately 270 μL Referring to FIGS 8B and 8C. there are shown side views of the angles of the dual πnse top nozzle 263 and dual πnse bottom nozzle 264, respectively, as shown m FIG 8A. Note that both FIGS. 8B and 8C are positioned upside down for ease of reference of the angles of the nozzle openings The angle, as descπbed previously, is 35 degrees from the honzontal for the outlet of the dual rinse top nozzle (263) is 25 honzontal for the outlet of the dual rinse bottom nozzle (264). These angles may be varied in order to modify the amount and/or variation of fluid left on the slide after the consistency pulse. Referring to FIG. 8D, there is shown a side view of one embodiment of the volume adjust as shown in FIG. 7A. The needle 388 of the volume adjust is composed of a stainless steel with a 90 degree needle. Fluid therefore goes at a downward angle and drops onto the slide, thereby allowing for greater control of the placement of the fluid. The connector pieces which connect the needle 388 to the acrylic block 392 of the volume adjust are also composed of stainless steel. The stainless steel is used since it does not react with the wash buffer. At the back of the acrylic block 392 is a connector 394 which connects to the volume adjust line of FIG. 6A. At the side of the acrylic block is a connector 396 which connects to the Liquid Coverslip™ line of FIG. 6A. Referring to FIG. 9, there is shown a flow chart of the dual rinse, the consistency pulse and the volume adjust steps. For the dual rinse step, one of the dual rinse bottom valves (2481 or 248J) is first turned on 324, the microcontroller 36 waits for 60 mSec 326, and the dual rinse bottom valve (2481 or 248J) is turned off 328. The microcontroller 36 then delays for 30 mSec 330. The dual rinse top valve (248H) is then turned on 332, the microcontroller 36 waits for 60 mSec 334, and the dual rinse top valve (248H) is turned off 336. The microcontroller 36 then delays for 30 mSec 338. This sequence is repeated two times 340. Then, the microcontroller 36 waits 1 100 mSec 342. Then, the dual rinse top valve (248H) is turned on 344, the microcontroller 36 waits for 60 mSec 346, and the dual rinse top valve (248H) is turned off 348. The microcontroller 36 then delays for 30 mSec 350. One of the dual rinse bottom valves (2481 or 248J) is first turned on 352, the microcontroller 36 waits for 60 mSec 354, and the dual rinse bottom valve (2481 or 248J) is turned off 356. The microcontroller 36 then delays for 30 mSec 358. This sequence is repeated four times 360. Then the dual nnse top valve (248H) is tumed on 362, the microcontroller 36 waits for 60 mSec 364, and the dual rinse top valve (248H) is tumed off 366. The microcontroller 36 then waits 1200 mSec 368. In the preferred embodiment, the dual nnse step begins with a bottom-top, bottom- top rinse cycle, and then a top-bottom, top-bottom, top-bottom, top-bottom πnse cycle. In this manner, the slide is cleaned better. This switching of the dual rinse step, starting with one set of nozzles (in the preferred embodiment, the dual nnse bottom valve), and in the next step, starting with the other set of nozzles (in the preferred embodiment, the dual nnse top valve), allows for quicker cleaning of the shde while using less buffer. Depending on the πnsing needs of the slides, the number of pulses (top-bottom or bottom-top) and the amount of buffer sent m the pulses are vaned Rinsing removes excessive reagent in the slide and the tissue, which in turn ill reduce the background staining on the slide and aid in analysis of the slide By expeπmentation, 6 5 to 7 5 mL of buffer should be used in the dual rinse step. More than 7 5 mL in the dual πnse step uses an excessive amount of buffer (i e , one may run out of buffer dunng a staining run), and may limit the amount of dual rinse steps performed in one run. Moreover, by expeπmentation. the dual rinse step should end by using the bottom valve and bottom nozzle. This is so that, the consistency pulse, which also uses the bottom valves, is run more consistently For the consistency pulse step, both the dual rinse bottom valves (2481 and 248J) are tumed on 370, 372, the microcontroller 36 then delays 300 mSec 374, and both the dual nnse bottom valves (2481 and 248J) are tumed off 376, 378. For the volume adjust step, after the slide carousel 24 is moved one position 380, the valve 248G for the volume adjust line is tumed on 382 The microcontroller 36 waits, depending on the amount of fluid to be deposited on the slide 384 Then, the valve (248G) for the volume adjust line is tumed off 386 Delays in between the dual nnse step, consistency pulse step, and volume adjust step are inserted in the steps above in order to minimize the possibility of having too many valves on in the system at the same time If this occurs, this drops the pressure and, in turn, reduces the force of fluid of wash buffer and Liquid Covershp™ FIGS 10 and 1 1 illustrate the manner of mounting a fluid dispenser 400 in a reagent tray which is engaged in the reagent carousel 8 The foot 440 is initially inserted into a circular U-shaped groove 442 formed in the reagent trav 10 In an alternative embodiment, the foot is inserted into a rectangular shaped groove Groove 444 of spπng member 448 engages a circumferential lip 446 of the reagent tray 10 FIG 1 1 shows a cross sectional view of the fluid dispenser 400 after it has been mounted on the reagent tray 10 showing in particular the manner in w hich foot 440 fits into groove 442 and showing the flexing of spπng member 448 to hold the fluid dispenser 400 firmly in place To remove the fluid dispenser 400, spring member 448 is simplv bent inward slightly so that the groove 444 clears the lip 446 and the foot 440 is w ithdravvn from groove 442 Referπng to FIG 12A, there is shown an elevational cutaway view of a prefilled fluid dispenser 400 in the extended position FIG 12B show s an elevational cutaway view of a user fillable fluid dispenser 400 in the extended position The main difference between the prefilled and customer fillable dispensers is the substitution of a flip cap 402 to replace the snap cap 404 The fluid dispenser 400 has a reservoir chamber 410, which stores the fluid, and a dispense chamber 412. whereby the reservoir chamber 410 is above the dispense chamber 412 The reservoir chamber 410 is substantially in line with the dispense chamber, and in the preferred embodiment, coaxial with the dispense chamber 412. Previous liquid dispensers had a side by side arrangement whereby the reservoir chamber was to the side of the dispense chamber In this configuration, the reservoir chamber was smaller and therefore held less fluid In the present invention the reservoir chamber can be enlarged therebv holding more fluid For example, in previous dispensers, the reservoir chamber could hold approximately 27 5 mL of fluid whereas, in the present invention, the reservoir chamber can hold approximately 34 0 mL of fluid Ordinaπly, a single dispenser is rated to gi e 250 shots (z e , 250 dispenses of fluid) In order to provide the 250 shots in the prev ious dispensers, different types of couplers, depending on different types of reagents had to be made This was due, in part, to the limited capacity of the reservoir chamber and to the thickness of the fluids (some fluids dispense different amounts based on the v iscosity of the fluid) Because of the increased capacity of the reservoir chamber m the present inv ention, the dispenser can provide 250 shots, regardless of the viscosity of the fluid, so that different couplers are not necessary Moreover, previous fluid dispensers which included a reservoir chamber 410 that was to the side of the dispense chamber 412 required a connecting or honzontal section which connected the reservoir chamber 410 with the dispense chamber 412 In addition to potential problems of clogging of the honzontal section, the previous design was more difficult to manufacture In particular, the side-by-side design required that the molding process of the honzontal or connecting piece be carefully controlled so that all sides of the connecting piece interact correctly with the reservoir chamber 410, the dispense chamber 412, and the ball chamber 432 and nozzle 430 As descnbed subsequently, the ball chamber 432 includes a ball 426 which seats in the upper part of the ball chamber 432 dunng a portion of the operation of the fluid dispenser 400 In previous designs, the coupler was formed via a T-shaped chamber, l e. a honzontal chamber abutting two vertical pieces At the intersection of the pieces, the ball seat area was formed. In manufactunng this coupler, the consistency of the T-shaped piece vaπed so that the ball seat area was, at times, difficult to manufacture properly In the present invention, the fluid dispenser 400 requires no horizontal connecting portion between the reservoir chamber 410 and the dispense chamber 412. The reservoir chamber 410 is on top of dispense chamber 412 and, the preferred embodiment, the reservoir chamber 410 is coaxial with the dispense chamber 412 Since the flow is substantially in one line or vertical, the T-shaped piece is removed Moreover, the ball seat area is replaced by a check valve ball insert 424 which is a separate and smaller molded piece, and therefore can be controlled, from a manufacturing standpoint, better than in previous designs In the preferred embodiment, the reservoir chamber 410 shape is as shown in FIGS 12A and 12B The reservoir shape may also be funnel-like or any other shape which drains the fluid through the connecting means between the reservoir chamber 410 and the dispense chamber 412. The connecting means between the reservoir chamber 410 to the dispense chamber 412 in the preferred embodiment is a valve, such as a duckbill check valve 416 which has a means to sense pressure differentials The duckbill check valve is manufactured by Vemay Laboratories, Inc. m Yellow Spnngs, Ohio, part number X6597-E In alternate embodiments, the connecting means is any device which transfers fluid m one direction (from the reservoir chamber 410 to the dispense chamber 412) and which passes fluid based on a pressure differential. This includes using an umbrella valve or the cup check valve 792 as described in FIGS. 20-21. Fluid is ejected from the dispense chamber 412 by exerting a downward force on the cap, against the force of the compression spring 418. This forces the barrel 408 downward until it reaches the stop 420 which prevents the barrel 408 from further downward movement, as shown in FIG. 12C. When the fluid dispenser 400 is mounted on a reagent tray 10, as described in FIGS. 10 and 1 1, the downward force on the cap 404 is applied by the dispense cylinder extend air line, as described in FIG. 6A, or by some other means to push the barrel 408 downward. The downward movement of the barrel 408, including the lower portion of the barrel which acts as a piston, expels fluid from the dispense chamber 412. As the spring 418 expands, the barrel 408 moves upward and the ball 426 moves upward as well. Referring to FIG. 13 A. there is shown a detailed view of the ball chamber 432 and nozzle 430. The coupler 428 is formed where a hole in the coupler is offset for ball chamber 432 so that an inner edge of nozzle 430 protrudes into the outlet of ball chamber 432. Ball chamber 432 contains a ball 426 which fits loosely against the cylindπcal surface of ball chamber 432 and is free to move between an uppermost position and a lowermost position. In its uppermost position, ball 426 mates with the ball check valve insert 424, thereby preventing fluid flow in the direction from nozzle 430 to dispense chamber 412. At its lowermost position, the ball 426 is restrained by inner edge of nozzle 430 and prevented from falling into nozzle 430. This does not prevent fluid from flowing from ball chamber 432 to nozzle 430, however. Using the above described structure as a basis, the operation and unique characteristics of fluid dispenser 400 will now be described. At the beginning of a dispense stroke, the fluid dispenser 400 is in the positions shown in FIGS. 12A and 12B. When fluid is to be dispensed, a downward force is applied against cap 402. This overcomes the force of compression spring 418 and forces the barrel 408 downward until it reaches the top of the stop 420, thereby dispensing a predetermined volume of liquid equal to approximately 100 μL. This is equal to the liquid volume of the area that the barrel 408 moves down minus the "suck back" (which is the amount of fluid that travels past the ball on the upstroke of the barrel 408 before the ball 426 shuts off the flow). The fluid flows from dispense chamber 412 into ball chamber 432. The downward flow through ball chamber 432 forces ball 426 to its lowermost position, abutting edge 434, but this does not prevent flow in this direction and the measured amount of fluid is ejected from nozzle 430. When the barrel 408 has reached its lower extreme position, the downward force on cap 402 is released, by the microcontroller 36 actuating the valve 248B for the dispense cylinder retract air line, as described in FIG. 6A, and compression spring 418 takes over, forcing barrel 408 and cap 402 in an upward direction. Fluid begins to be sucked into dispense chamber 412, which was described previously as the "suck back." It is here that the interplay of ball check valve insert 424 and ball 426 in the ball chamber 432 is described. The ball 426 moves freely w ithin ball chamber 432, and therefore provides essentially no resistance to fluid flow from nozzle 430 until it reaches its sealing position at the ball check valve insert 424. When the dispenser operation is completed, the fluid flow has forced ball 426 to its lowermost position, abutting edge 434. As the upward movement of the barrel 408 begins to draw fluid back into dispense chamber 412, the upward flow of fluid in ball chamber 432 pulls ball 426 upward until it reaches ball check valve insert 424, where it cuts off any further fluid flow toward dispense chamber 412. Until ball 426 reaches the ball check valve insert 424, however, there is virtually no resistance to fluid flow from nozzle 430, and therefore no pressure differential is created across duck bill check valve 416 sufficient to cause fluid flow from reservoir chamber 410 to dispense chamber 412. The volume of fluid w hich flows from nozzle towards dispense chamber 412 ("suck back") while ball 426 is mo ing from its lowermost to its uppermost position is preselected to be a volume equal to the volume of the hanging drop left at tip at the end of the dispense cycle. Thus, the drip is effectively drawn back into nozzle 430 and an internal meniscus forms at tip. When ball 426 reaches the ball check valve insert 424. it shuts off further flow from nozzle 430 into dispense chamber 412. This immediately creates a pressure differential across duckbill check valve 416 and causes fluid to flow from reservoir chamber 410 into dispense chamber 412. The suction generated in dispense chamber 412 keeps ball 426 firmly seated against the ball check valve insert 424 and prevents any further flow from nozzle 430. When compression spnng 418 has forced barrel 408 upward, as shown in FIGS. 12A and 12B, the fluid dispenser 400 is ready for another dispense cycle. When the pressure differential is at equilibrium, the ball 426, being made of a material slightly more dense than the liquid, falls through ball chamber 432 until it make contact again with edge 434. Referring to FIGS. 13B and 13C, there is shown a front and side cutaway of the lower portion of the fluid dispenser 400, respectively, in an alternative embodiment of the invention wherein the ball check valve insert 424 and ball 426 are removed. In order to retract a hanging drop from the edge of the nozzle 430. the piston 454 on the end of the barrel 408 has an extension piece 456 connected to it. In this manner, when the barrel 408 is raised upward, the extension piece 456 moves upward as well, thereby retracting any drops on the edge of the nozzle 430. In particular, FIG. 13B shows the barrel is in the down position. Moreover, the diameter of the piston and the diameter of the cavity in which the piston moves, may vary in dimensions based on the needs of the liquid dispenser. There are holes 806 where the extension piece is attached to the bottom of the piston 454. In an alternate embodiment, the piston 454 has a single hole 806. When the piston rides down, the O-ring 810 is a tight fit with the extension piece so that the O-ring 810 travels with the extension piece. Because the O-ring 810 is not flush with the chamfer 808 (which is a cone shaped), fluid in the dispense chamber can flow down around the back side of the O-ring 810 and out through the nozzle 430. A second O-ring 814 takes the place of the quad seal 422, as shown in FIGS. 14A-14B. On the upstroke, the O-ring 810 travels with the extension piece 454, which is attached to the piston 454, until the O-ring 810 seats against the chamfer 808. In this manner, the extension piece 454 acts as a piston extension. The chamfer 808 is housed inside the O-ring insert 812 and is fixed during movement of the piston. The O-ring insert 812 is connected to the coupler 428. When the O-ring 810 seats in the chamfer 808 (closing off any flow), there is a vacuum created in the dispense chamber 412, which creates the pressure differential to dispense fluid into the dispense chamber 412 through the check valve 482. Simultaneously with the upstroke, the fluid travels with the extension piece 454, and the drop at the end of the tip of the dispenser travels with the fluid due to surface tension. Therefore, the hanging drop is pulled back into the nozzle 430. Moreover, with the barrel 408 in the up position, fluid does not travel through the holes 806 due to the O-ring 810 seating inside the chamfer 808. In this embodiment, the ball and ball check valve insert is not necessary. Referring to FIGS. 14A and 14B. there are shown exploded views of a cutaway of a prefilled and user fillable fluid dispenser 400, respectively. Differences between the prefilled and the user fillable fluid dispensers include: ( 1 ) the snap cap 404, as shown in FIGS. 14A and 14B; the barrel 408 being transparent in the user fillable fluid dispenser; and (3) the lack of an evaporation ring 405 in the user fillable fluid dispenser. Fluid can be filled into the reservoir through a fill hole and subsequently closed using a snap cap 404 in order to close the system. For prefilled fluid dispensers, the snap cap 404 is permanently attached over the fill hole after filling. The fill hole and the snap cap 404 are matched using a luer fitting design in order to be a tight seal, as shown in FIG. 16. The user fillable fluid dispenser 400 utilizes a living hinge design and luer slip design between the fill hole and the flip cap 402. The cap 406, as previously described, is sonically welded to the barrel 408. The cap 406 also has a vent 460, which is described subsequently with respect to FIG. 16. The duckbill check valve insert 414 holds the duckbill check valve 416 in place and creates a seal so that fluid cannot drip either from the dispense chamber 412 to the reservoir chamber 410 or from the reservoir chamber 410 to the dispense chamber 412. Further, the duckbill check valve insert 414 has a protrusion, or a nipple, which holds the duckbill to it for ease of assembly, as shown m more detail in FIG. 17B The duckbill check valve 416, which serves as a check valve, is snapped to the duckbill check valve insert 414 The duckbill check valve 416 is a one way valve with a high cracking pressure of between 6 to 3.0 psi This acts to hold the fluid in the reservoir chamber 410 since the cracking pressure is greater than the head pressure of fluid in the reservoir chamber 410. And, the duckbill passes fluid from the reservoir chamber 410 to the dispense chamber 412 on the upstroke of the barrel 408 while preventing fluid to pass dunng the downstroke of the baπel 408 The duckbill check valve 416 and duckbill check valve insert 414 are seated in the lower portion of the barrel 408 as shown in FIG 17A The spnng 418 is a compression spπng which expands and contracts based on the movement of the barrel 408 The stop 420, as described previously, stops the downward stroke of the barrel 408 The stop also holds the quad seal 422 in place dunng movement of the fluid dispenser 400 and composed of polypropylene The stop 420 is held in place based on the compression spnng 418 with the force varies based on the movement of the barrel 408 The stop 420 is held in place, in turn keeps the quad seal 422 in place via a ledge 420A, as shown in FIG 17C. on the stop 420 The quad seal 422 ensures that the fluid dispenser 400 is always a closed system thereby keeping the fluid dispenser 400 pnmed The quad seal 422 is made of Viton™ rubber that is a fluoroelastomer, and is distπbuted by Lutz Sales, in Hanover Park, Illinois part number QS-008-2799 The quad seal 422 may also be made from ethvlene propylene diamonomer (EPDM) The ball check valve insert 424 is a separate part from the coupler 428 and is seated inside the coupler 428, being snapped into place by grooves m the chamber of the coupler 428 and by being seated on a ledge 428A, as shown in FIG 17A The ball check valve insert 424 has a ball seat 424A on the inside with which to engage the ball 426 on the upstroke of the barrel 408. Previous fluid dispensers integrated the coupler with the ball check valve insert for the ball. However, manufacturing of the coupler integrating those functions was difficult due to the fact that 3 pins, at the positions of 12:00, 3:00 and 6:00, had to come together and not distort the ball check valve insert. Therefore, processing is simplified by separating the ball check valve insert 424 from the coupler 428. The inner cavity 432 of the ball check valve insert 424, which engages the ball 426, may then be manufactured more easily. The ball 426 is made of borosilicate (which is a type of glass). In an alternative embodiment, a ball 426 composed of rubber may be used. In certain instances, a bber ball may seat better in the plastic ball check valve insert 424, provided there is no chemical interaction of the rubber ball with the reagents. Assembly and filling of the fluid dispenser 400 is simple based on the invention. The duckbill check valve 416 and duckbill check valve insert 414 are placed in the lower part of the barrel 408. The cap 406 is welded to the barrel. The ball 426 is placed, the ball check valve insert 424 is snapped and then the quad seal 422 is inserted into the coupler 428. The stop 420 and the spring 418 are inserted into the coupler 428 and the coupler 428 is snapped on to the barrel 408. The barrel 408 is filled with reagent and the fluid dispenser 400 is primed. The cap 404 is placed on the top of the dispenser and the nozzle cap 458 is placed on the output of the nozzle 430 on the coupler 428. Further, the present invention allows for easier manufacture and filling of the reagents in the fluid dispenser 400. Previous fluid dispensers required gluing of many pieces and sonic welding after filling the dispenser, thus requiring a certain level of skill and training. In contrast, the fluid dispenser of the present invention requires snapping in of pieces and only the sonic welding of the vent 460 to the cap 406 and the cap 406 to the barrel 408. Moreover, the filling of the reagents in the fluid dispenser 400 is easier in the present invention. In previous fluid dispensers, the fluid dispenser is assembled except for the piston, piston guide, cap and nozzle cap. The reservoir chamber is filled with reagent. The piston and piston guide are then placed in the reservoir chamber and any leftover fluid on top of the piston is evacuated. Finally, the cap is sonically welded or screwed onto the top of the barrel 408. In the present invention, since there is no piston in the reservoir chamber 410, there is no need to evacuate the area on top of the piston. Instead, the cap 406 is first sonically welded to the barrel 408, and then the reagents are added to the reservoir chamber 410. In this manner, there are fewer steps in the filling of the dispenser. Moreover, in the present invention, some of the more manufacturing sensitive parts are smaller, thereby making manufacturing easier. In the preferred embodiment, the material used is polypropylene. Under these conditions, smaller parts have a higher level of dimensional stability. Therefore, smaller components, such as the ball check valve insert 424 (which is, in the present invention, a separate component from the coupler 428) are able to be processed more consistently. Referring to FIGS. 15A and 15B. there are shown side views of a prefilled fluid dispenser 400 and customer fillable fluid dispenser 400, respectively. Both types of dispensers have barcode labels which are read by the barcode reader 276, as described above. In order to allow the customer to fill the fluid dispenser 400 with reagent, the snap cap 404 is replaced by a flip cap 402 which varies in two ways from the snap cap: (1) the flip cap has an attachment to the cap: and (2) the flip cap has a protrusion 402A which acts as a thumbpad to prop open the flip cap 402. In previous fluid dispensers, the fluid dispenser had to be inverted m order to pnme the synnge The customer was required to first fill up a transfer syπnge manually, push on an epindorf synnge and fill up this synnge Then, the customer pressed this synnge into the coupler and forced fluid from the syπnge through the connecting section between the reservoir chamber and the dispense chamber The customer had to then pump the plunger, at least 6 to 8 times, holding the coupler upside-down, until fluid came out of the nozzle which did not have any bubbles In the present invention, the customer opens the flip cap, fills the reservoir chamber 410, and closes the flip cap The customer, without turning the fluid dispenser upside down, uses a typical synnge 459, as shown in FIG 19A, to pπme the fluid dispenser 400 The syπnge may be manufactured by B-D Corp . in Franklin Lakes. New Jersey, size 20cc, part number BC301032 The syπnge 459 has a restrictor 459A and an O-πng 459B The restπctor 459A has an internal diameter of approximately 5 thousandths of an inch The syπnge 459 is placed inside the nozzle 430 of the coupler 428 and the syπnge plunger is expanded to draw fluid from the reservoir chamber 410 and the dispense chamber 412. To pπme the fluid dispenser 400 more quickly, the barrel 408 is pushed down, and is released simultaneously when the synnge plunger is expanded In this manner, there is significantly less waste of reagent In the previous fluid dispensers, the pumping of the plunger 6-8 times wasted reagent In the present fluid dispenser 400, any reagent is sucked into the syπnge 459. Because the syπnge 459 is clean, its contents may be placed back into the reservoir chamber 410 through the flip cap 402, without w aste of any reagent Referring to FIG 19B, there is shown an exploded view of the synnge 459 (and a syπnge label 788) with a restπctor 459A and an O-πng 459B for use in the nozzle of the coupler The O-πng 459B is placed on the side of the restπctor 459A that does not have the v-notch in it. The restrictor 459A. with the O-ring 459B side down, is placed into a holding fixture 790, as shown in FIG. 19B. The syringe 459 is then pressed onto the restrictor 459A for assembly. The restrictor 459A is made by Airlogic, in Racine, Wisconsin, part number F-2815-050 (color: lime green), with a one inch orifice for the restnctor 459A. The O-ring 459B is manufactured by Parker Co., in Lexington, Kentucky, part number 2-003. The restrictor 459A fits well in the nozzle of the syringe 459 so that the syringe 459 does not need the O-ring 459B to seat against the coupler. Because of potential differences in mold runs for the coupler 428 of the fluid dispenser 400, the O- ring 459B is used so that the restrictor 459A fits tightly against the coupler 428. To check for a good prime, the customer may flip the dispenser upside-down, tap the dispenser, dislodging any trapped air then pressing down on the barrel slowly to move the air bubble past the ball seat. The customer may then flip the coupler right-side-up and release the baπel. Good priming occurs with approximately one drop of waste. Referring to FIG. 15C. there is shown an exploded view of a prefilled fluid dispenser with an evaporation ring 405 adjacent to the cap. The interaction of the vent, the evaporation πng 405 and the cap are discussed subsequently w ith respect to FIGS. 16A-E. The barcode label 784 is placed on the dispenser in order to be read by the barcode reader 276. The dispenser label 786 is also placed on the dispenser Referring to FIG. 16A. there is shown a cutaway view ot the cap 406 and vent 460 of a fluid dispenser 400. The vent is the component ad)acent the top of the cap and includes the vent area 464, vent material 466. and backing 46S. The vent 460 is used as a means to allow air to flow both into and out of the reservoir chamber 410 (i.e., so that the reservoir chamber can "breathe"). The vent 460 allows for a constant pressure in the reservoir chamber and equalizes the pressure in the reservoir chamber 410 with the pressure in the atmosphere. There are several ways in which to construct the vent in order to maintain a constant pressure in the reservoir chamber 410 and/or equalize the pressure in the reservoir chamber 410. In the preferred embodiment, as discussed more fully in subsequent figures, the vent area is approximately 70 thousandths of an inch, with a vent material 466 composed of a hydrophobic material. By experimentation, it was determined that due to size of the opening, fluid in the reservoir chamber was evaporating through the vent area. In order to reduce the evaporation (i.e., have the reservoir chamber "breathe" less), an evaporation ring 405, as shown in FIGS. 15C and 16A, was inserted in the air gap formed between the snap cap 404 and the cap 406. This evaporation ring 405 restricts the amount of air flow across the vent area, thereby reducing the amount of evaporation of fluid from the reservoir chamber. In an alternative embodiment, the vent area is reduced to approximately 10 thousandths of an inch, thereby reducing the amount of evaporation from the reservoir chamber 410. However, processing a fluid dispenser with a reduced vent area is more difficult due to the corresponding reduced area of the vent material. In another alternative embodiment, the vent area 464 may be any area. And, the vent material may be composed of a tighter material, thereby reducing the air flow through the vent material and reducing the amount of evaporation through the vent area 464. In the preferred embodiment, the vent material is lμm in the size of the mesh. Reducing the size of the mesh, such as to .25μm, further reduces the amount of evaporation through the vent area 464. In another alternative embodiment, the vent area may be any area and a section of tape is placed across the vent area The tape contains a pm hole whereby the vent area is effectively reduced thereby reducing the amount of evaporation As shown in FIG 16A. the cap 406 and snap cap 404 (or flip cap 402 for user fillable fluid dispensers) are luer fitting design so that the cap 406 and snap cap 404 portion which engage each other to seal the fill hole is conical At the lower portion of the conical section of the snap cap 404 is a πng or a lip 462 that is used to snap the snap cap 404 into place In this manner, the snap cap 404 is pushed down until it locks into the cap 406 The snap cap 404 has a curved section 472 that abuts against a curved section of the cap thereby stopping the snap cap 404 at that point The snap cap 404 also engages the cap 406 to form an air space 474 that is adjacent to the v ent area This air space 474 forms a nng, so that regardless of the orientation of the snap cap to the cap, a hollow section is adjacent to the vent area 464 (which is approximately 70 thousandths of an inch or less). Further, the outside diameter of the snap cap 404 is slightly smaller than the inner diameter of the cap 406 so that a small air gap 476 is formed adjacent to the air space 474 to the outside of the dispenser The air space 474 serves as a path from the vent 460 to the outside atmosphere as well as serving as a buffer between the outside of the dispenser and the vent 460 In an alternative embodiment, the air gap 476 may be used in conjunction with a notch in the side of the cap, as shown in FIG 15C This notch allows more air into the air gap 476, in the event that the greater air flow is required Moreover, the notch may replace the air gap 476, so that the sole means of air flow into the air space 474 is through the notch The vent 460 is a hydrophobic vent which allows air to flow through the vent while keeping fluid trapped mside the reservoir chamber 410 The vent is composed of a filter material 466 such as a teflon material with a backing to attach the vent to the cap. The vent opening or area 464, as described previously, is approximately 70 thousandths of an inch. The pressure inside the reservoir chamber 410 is constant, even though the level of reagent may be changing inside the reservoir chamber 410 since air is allowed to flow into the reservoir chamber 410. Moreover, some reagents produce a by-product of gas (called outgassing). In the event that a reagent outgasses, the hydrophobic vent 460 allows gas through the vent 460, thereby avoiding any pressure build-up inside the reservoir chamber 410. In this manner, previous fluid dispensers that required a piston to exert force on the fluid in the reservoir chamber 410 may be removed. The piston in previous designs suffered from several drawbacks. First, certain reagents (such as proteins) may stick to the reservoir chamber, therefore preventing the piston from traveling with the fluid in the reservoir chamber. Additionally, the interaction between the piston and the barrel rely on lubricants. Certain reagents are composed, in part, of detergents and the detergents interfere with the lubrication between the piston and the barrel. Both effects interfere with the performance of the fluid dispenser, thereby giving inconsistent dispensing of fluid. Further, outgassing interacts with the piston either to increase the flow out of the reservoir chamber 410 or to create a compressible air gap between the piston and the main section of the reservoir chamber 410. Also, certain types of reagents interact with the quad seal 422, causing the quad seal 422 to break down. In order to minimize this interaction, the quad seal 422 is coated with fluorine. Fluorine reacts with the outer layer of the quad seal 422, thereby discouraging reactions with certain types of reagents. In addition, as shown in FIGS 15C and 16A, inside the air space 474 is an evaporation nng 405 The evaporation nng 405 is composed of low density polyethylene matenal manufactured by Whitmark (vendor part number 105060), and is 1/8 mch thick. As discussed previously, the πng acts as a bamer, making it more difficult for air to pass across the vent In this manner, the ring acts as a restπctor (of air), thereby reducing the amount of evaporation, while still allowing the reservoir chamber 410 to breathe The nng is a closed cell foam, and is inexpensive in nature The πng may be composed of any matenal or foam that acts to restnct the air across the vent area 464 Dunng manufacture of the fluid dispenser, the nng is inserted in between the cap 406 and the snap cap 404 The ring should abut the vent area 464. thereby restπctmg the air flow across the vent area 464 Moreover, the ring, being composed of cell foam, compresses to fill up the air section 474 Refemng to FIG 16A, there are protrusions 470 on the inside upper portion of the cap 406 which are used to align the piece of vent material The vent 460 is therefore centered on top of that upper portion of the cap 406 Refemng to FIG 16B, there is shown an underside view of the vent 460 Included with the vent 460 is a platform 468 for the vent 460, star-shaped in design, w hich holds the vent 460 flat When air is passing through the vent 460, particularly when outgassing, the vent 460 has a tendency to flex which may damage the teflon in the vent In order to minimize flexing of the vent 460, the platform 468 is adjacent to the vent Therefore, the surface area of the vent may still be relatively large but still have a grid support to stabilize the vent 460 dunng outgassing. The platform 466 is star-shaped due to ease of molding, however, the shape of the platform may be any design, which supports or stabilizes the vent In an alternative embodiment, as shown in FIG. 16C, the vent may be substituted with a bi-directional valve 478 or bi-directional duckbill (or two valves or two duckbills) as another means by which to allow air to flow into and out of the reservoir chamber 410. The bi-directional valve 478 has a bi-directional valve insert 480 for placement of the bi- directional valve 478. The bi-directional valve 478 also has a hydrophobic layer which allows air to flow through the bi-directional valve 478 while keeping fluid trapped inside the reservoir chamber 410. In one direction (air flowing into the reservoir chamber 410), the bi-directional duckbill 478 has a low cracking pressure, in order to equalize the pressure in the reservoir chamber 410 when fluid is dispensed. In the second direction (air flowing out of the reservoir chamber 410), the bi-directional duckbill 478 has a high cracking pressure, in order to alleviate any pressure due to outgassing. The bi-directional duckbill 478 allows air to flow through while keeping fluid trapped inside the reservoir chamber 410. Therefore, the bi-directional duckbill 478 allows air to flow into and out of the reservoir chamber 410 and allows for equalization of the pressure. In practice, a bi- directional duckbill 478 may have less refinement in tenns of control when compared to two uni-directional duckbills. If additional refinement is required, the bi-directional duckbill 478 may be replaced by two uni-directional duckbills, as shown in FIG. 16D. Moreover, when integrating the two uni-directional duckbills, with another uni-directional duckbill at the bottom of the barrel, the system becomes a three duckbill system. In this configuration, the duckbill that releases to atmosphere has the light cracking pressure, the duckbill that allows air into the reservoir chamber has the light cracking pressure, and the duckbill check valve 416 that is down in the barrel has a medium cracking pressure. The duckbill check valve 416 in the barrel should be of a higher cracking pressure than the duckbill releasing air to the atmosphere so that pressure built up in the reservoir should be relieved through the lighter cracking pressure duckbill. Pressure differentials caused by outflow of fluid from the reservoir chamber 410, as discussed previously, may make the dispensing of fluid difficult. Further, m certain instances, outgassing may not interfere with the operation of the fluid dispenser 400. Therefore, the vent 460 may be substituted with a uni-directional valve or duckbill 482, (made by Vernay in Yellow Spnngs, Ohio, part number VL-857-101) with a duckbill valve insert 484. In the one direction (air flowing into the reservoir chamber 410), the uni- directional duckbill 482 has a low ciacking pressure to alleviate pressure due to outflow of fluid from the reservoir chamber 410 In this embodiment, vent matenal is not required since the air is flowing only into the reservoir chamber. In a further embodiment, as shown in FIG. 16E, the vent opening 464 may be reduced to approximately 10 thousandths of an inch (from 70 thousandths of an inch as shown in FIG. 16A). The snap cap 404, for prefilled fluid dispensers, or the flip cap 402, for user fillable fluid dispensers, mav also be modified to include a seal 488 where the snap cap 404 or flip cap 402 engages the cap 406 Thus, this alternative embodiment does not have a gap 476 between the snap cap 404 (or flip cap 402) and the cap 406, but instead includes a seal 488. In order for the flow of air into or out of the reservoir chamber 410, there is an opening 486, such as a pin hole or a second vent, placed in the top of the snap cap 404 (or flip cap 402) which is adjacent to the air region 474 formed between the snap cap 404 and the cap 406 Referring to FIG. 17 A, there is shown a cutaway view of the lower portion of the barrel 408, duckbill check valve 416, duckbill check valve insert 414, washer 421, quad seal 422, ball 426, ball check valve insert 424 and coupler 428 of a fluid dispenser 400. The barrel 408 has protrusions 408A, which mate with the coupler in order to, maintain the position of the barrel 408 on the upstroke. Otherwise, if the spring pushes the barrel 408 upward too high, the seal, as provided by the quad seal 422. may be broken thereby creating an air path and causing the fluid dispenser 400 to lose prime. Positioned in between the stop 420 and the quad seal 422 is the washer 421. The washer 421 has the shape of a conventional washer with an inner diameter dimension of .180 inches, an outer diameter of .300 inches and a thickness of .020 inches. In this manner, the washer 421 is sandwiched in between the stop 420 and the quad seal 422. The washer 421 is made of a felt material and is treated with a lubricant, such as a medical grade silicone lubricant. Without the washer, there is a tendency for the piston of the barrel to stick after multiple upward and downward motions of the barrel. To remedy this, the washer 421, treated with a lubricant, keeps the piston lubricated, thereby keeping the movement smooth. In particular, the washer 421, which envelops the piston, allows the piston to remain lubricated as the piston moves upward and downward. The barrel 408 also has a flange 408B which mates with the stop 420 on the downstroke. The barrel 408 also has a pocket 408C, where the duckbill check valve insert 414 is inserted. This pocket acts as a funnel so that no puddles are formed at the bottom of the barrel 408 at the interaction point with the duckbill check valve 416 or duckbill check valve insert 414, thereby minimizing waste. The barrel 408 also has at its lower portion a piston 454 by which fluid is expelled in the dispenser 400. At the lower portion of FIG. 17A is a nozzle cap 458 for engagement with the nozzle 430 of the coupler 428. The nozzle cap 454 and nozzle 430 are matched using a luer fitting design in order to be a fluid tight seal. Referring to FIG. 17B, there is shown a cutaway view of the lower portion of the barrel, duckbill check valve, and duckbill check valve insert of a fluid dispenser. As shown in FIG. 17B, there is a protrusion 414a on the duckbill check valve insert 414 in order to hold the duckbill check valve insert 414 in place. Referring to FIG. 17C, there is shown a cutaway view of the quad seal of a fluid dispenser. Referring to FIG. 17D, there is shown a cutaway view of an alternative embodiment of the duckbill check valve insert of a fluid dispenser. The protrusion 414a on the duckbill check valve insert 414 in FIG. 17D is placed on the upper portion of the duckbill check valve insert 414. FIG. 17A also shows a cutaway view of the coupler 428. The coupler 428 has grooves 428B in which the ball check valve insert 424 snaps. The grooves 428B act to prevent any leakage of fluid downward or air upward through the walls of the ball check valve insert 424 and the coupler wall. The coupler 428 also has protrusions 428C, which ensure that the dispenser is aligned on the reagent tray 10. For example, if the dispenser is misaligned, the dispense cylinder may not engage the dispenser properly. The coupler also has stabilizing bumps 428D, which reduce any rocking back and forth of the fluid dispenser 400. Further, in an alternative embodiment as shown in FIG. 18A, there is shown a barrel 408 which has a lower section which acts as a piston 454 at its lower end, similar to FIGS. 12A-12C. Instead of a throughhole at the bottom of the piston 454 at the lower section of the barrel in the piston area, there are holes 450 in the side of the piston 454 that contact O-ring seals 452. In this manner, when the barrel 408 is pushed downward, the holes 450 are exposed, dispensing fluid from the reservoir chamber 410. When the barrel is returning to the up position, the pressure differential is such that the duckbill check valve 482 opens and fills the dispense chamber 410 with fluid. Because of the lack of a high pressure differential on the upstroke of the barrel, the duckbill check valve 482 in FIG. 18A is a duckbill check valve of low cracking pressure. Further, when the barrel is in the up position, the end of the piston 454A is closed by the O-ring seals 452 thereby sealing the bottom of the barrel 408 except for the holes 450. Referring to another alternative embodiment as shown in FIG. 18B, there is shown a barrel 408 which has a lower section which acts as a piston 454 at its lower end, similar to FIG. 18A. Instead of placing O-ring seals 452 to cover the hole 450 in the lower end of the piston 454 A, a quad seal 422, similar to the quad seal used in FIGS. 14A and 14B, is used. Referring to FIG. 20, there is shown an alternative embodiment of a cutaway view of the lower portion of the fluid dispenser with a cup check valve 792. The lower portion of the cup check valve 792 (i.e., the cup piece 794) abuts against the piston 454 of the barrel 408, thereby disallowing liquid to pass through the lower portion of the barrel 408. The upper portion of the cup check valve 792, which is composed of an upper ledge 800 and side walls 802, abuts against the duckbill check valve insert 414 and the side of the piston 454. The cup check valve 792 operates in a manner similar to the duckbill check valve 416, as shown in FIG. 17A in that it operates based on a pressure differential. During the downstroke of the barrel 408, the cup piece 794 of the cup check valve 792 remains rigid so that the piston, and the cup piece, push the liquid out of the dispense chamber 412. During the upstroke of the barrel 408, the ball 434 in the ball chamber 432 seats against the check valve ball insert 424, as described in FIG. 13 A, creating a vacuum in the dispense chamber. This vacuum creates a pressure in the dispense chamber and in the adjacent piston area of the barrel 408, causing the cup piece 794 of the cup check valve 792 to flex inward, so that the cup piece 794 does not abut against the piston 454. When this occurs, fluid in the reservoir chamber is allowed to pass around the cup check valve 792 and into the dispense chamber. The cup piece 794 is flexed inward until the pressure equalizes between the dispense chamber and reservoir chamber. As such, the dispense chamber receives fluid on the upstroke of the barrel 408. For better flexing effect due to the vacuum caused in the dispense chamber, the cup piece 794 of the cup check valve 792 should sit low in the piston 454 of the baπel 408. In this manner, the less area under the cup, the more suction effect caused by the vacuum. Referring to FIG. 21 A, there is shown a side view of the cup check valve 792. The cup piece 794 spreads outward at angle of approximately 71° from the horizontal. However, the cup piece 794 may be curved outward or inward, depending on the flexing needs of the cup piece 794. Moreover, the upper ledge 800 and side walls 802 are formed to abut against the duckbill check valve insert 414 and the side of the piston 454. This upper piece may be of such a form in order to be held securely in place. Referring to FIG. 2 IB, there is shown a bottom view of the cup check valve 792. The bottom 796 is round, in order to abut the round sidewalls of the piston 454. The bottom of the cup check valve 792 may be any shape that forms against the surface abutting it, in this case, the piston 454. Referring to FIG. 21C, there is shown a top view of the cup check valve 792. The top 798 is round, in order to abut the round sidewalls of the duckbill check valve insert 414. The top of the cup check valve 792 may be any shape that forms against the surface abutting it, in this case, the duckbill check valve insert 414. Referring to FIGS. 21D and 21 E. there are shown views of the cup check valve 792 at cross-sections A-A and B-B in FIG. 21C, respectively. The cup piece 794 of the cup check valve 792 is forked for ease of flexing. The thickness and shape of the cup piece 794 may be varied depending on the flexing needs of the cup piece. Further, the connecting piece 804 may be any sliape that connects the upper piece of the cup check valve 792 to the cup piece 794 In the prefeπed embodiment, the connecting piece 804 is cylindrical so as not to interfere ith the flow of fluid through the piston 454. In another embodiment of the invention, there is provided a means by which to transfer data from the manufacturer to the customer. The manufacturer uses a manufacturing database in order to maintain a record of reagents, master lots, and serial numbers for kits and dispensers. The manufacturing database is an Interbase (client/server) database contained a single file. The manufacturing database definition consists of domains, tables, v iews, and triggers. Domains define the variable types and requirements used in tables. Tables define the data that is stored for each record. Views (meta-tables) are accessed as tables but do not contain data. The views collect data from tables. Triggers are programs that are executed on the Interbase server in response to defined events. Information is stored on the database to define kits (which contain several dispensers) or single dispensers. Each package, whether a kit or a dispenser, will include a barcode identifying the contents. For kits, the barcode will contain the part number, master lot number and serial number. For single dispensers, the barcode will contain the part number, lot number and serial number Senal numbers are assigned to kits sequentially for each master lot starting at 1 (i.e., the first kit created from each master lot will be assigned seπal #1) The package barcodes are separate from the barcodes that appear on the individual dispensers withm the package In particular, in the case of a single dispenser package, the seπal on the package barcode label need not match the senal number of the single dispenser contained in the package The barcode is encoded with the Code 128 Symbology The plain text interpretation of the barcode is to appear as standard ASCII text below the barcode This allows for operator veπfication of the data obtained by scanning The three fields on the package label will be fixed in length and combined into a single barcode by concatenation. For the dispensers, one of the fields is a 4 digit product code, which determines the contents of the dispenser, and another one of the fields is a senal number The seπal number is unique to the type of dispenser (z e , the serial number for each dispenser of a certain type is incremented by one) By scanning in these two fields, the device that programs the touch memory device, which is described subsequently, recognizes the type of dispenser Moreover, the host device, which obtains the scanned code from the barcode reader on the remote device, which is described subsequently, also determines the type of the dispenser based on the barcode For a barcode on a kit, there is a field that corresponds to a particular kit form, so that, when the kit barcode is scanned in, the computer determines, through a look-up table, the particular kit form associated with the kit barcode, as descπbed subsequently. Refemng to FIG. 22, there is shown a block diagram of the manufacturer's system for programming an external memory device The manufactuπng computer 500 is a typical personal computer, with a processor 502 including a comparator 504, and memory 506 including RAM 508 and ROM 510. As descnbed subsequently, the processor 502 is in communication with a barcode scanner 512 and a memory device 516 such as an EPROM (erasable programmable read only memory). In the preferred embodiment, the processor 502 is in communication with the memory device 516 via a memory wand 514, as descπbed subsequently. As descπbed in Appendix A. there is software that implements the acquisition of data from registration tables, and stores the data into an external memory device. Referring to FIG. 23, there is shown a flow chart for updating the forms on the manufacturers database. The forms are used as templates for the manufacturing database for kits, dispensers, dispenser models, etc., which are later entered to program the touch memory device. The forms include reagents, dispenser models, dispensers, kits and filled kits. For example, in the reagent form, data about a particular reagent, such as the reagent name, group name, etc. may be entered The dispenser models include user fillable and prefillable dispensers. Referring to FIG. 23, the operator is asked if he or she wishes to update the reagent form 522. If so, the manufacturing database determines if the reagent form is new or old 524 If new. a blank template is displaved for the operator to enter data 526. If a reagent form is to be modified, the reagent template is displayed 528, 530. The contents are entered or modified and the data sav ed to the database 532, 534. Likewise, the forms may be modified for the dispenser form, which includes data on the part number, reagent, code, whether the dispenser is prefillable, the dispenser model, whether the reagent is active, etc. The operator is prompted whether the form is new 540, and if new a blank template is displayed 542. If old. the previous dispenser forms are displayed 544 and the user selects a form 546 Data is entered 548 and saved 550 The forms may be modified for the kit configuration as well The kit configuration includes data on the dispensers included m a kit sent to the end user This information includes the part number, the descnption of the kit, whether the dispensers in the kit are active, the number of reagents in the kit, and data on the dispensers m the kit The operator is prompted whether the form is new 556, and if new a blank template is displayed 558 If old, the previous dispenser forms are displayed 560 and the user selects a form 562 Data is entered 564 and saved 566 The foπris interact with one another for ease of updating. For example, if the dispenser model is modified, the dispenser form, which is dependent on the dispenser model, is modified as well Further, if the dispenser is modified, so is the kit configuration, which m turn depends on the dispenser The updating of the master lot and entenng data into the memory device is shown in the flow chart in FIG 24 The master lot form supports assignment of master lot numbers to predefined kits, as well as lot numbers and expiration dates to each of the dispensers in the kit The expiration date of the kit is the earliest of the expiration dates of the dispensers in that kit If the operator wishes to update the master lot 570, the manufactuπng database determines if the master lot is old or new 572 If new, the list of kits is displayed 574 and a blank template for the user selected kit 576 If old, the previous master lot is listed 578 and the user selected master lot is displayed 580. Data is entered for the master lot 582 and then saved 584 Once the forms are set, the operator may begin to program the touch memory device 588 In the preferred embodiment, the memory device 576 is an EPROM such as the Dallas Semiconductor DS1985 F5 16 Kbit add-only touch memory device. Other memory devices may be used to store the information and allow the end user to retπeve the information. For example, diskettes may be used as memory devices. First, the package bar code labels are scanned 590. A Welsh Allyn Scanteam 5400/5700 hand held scanner is used. The scanner need only be configured once to identify the hardware platform and bar code symbology. The scanner is programmed to send a '!' as a prefix character and also a '!' as a suffix character. The prefix is used to differentiate input from the scanner trom input from the keyboard. The suffix is used to identify completion of acquisition Based on the information scanned from the package, the kit type is determined based on the information in the ktt lorms 592 In an alternative embodiment, the user is prompted to enter the type of kit Based on this information, the computer determines the kit type. The barcodes for each of the dispensers in the package is then scanned 594. Information in the kit form is compared with the information scanned in 596. For example, the number of dispensers in the package is checked. If the number is too high or too low, the user is notified and the memory device is not programmed. Further, if the type of the dispensers in the package does not match the type of dispensers in the kit form, the user is notified and the memory device is not programmed This is one of the methods to increase the quality control If there was an error in the packaging of the package, (e.g., an incoπect dispenser was placed in the package), the user will be notified to correct the problem 598. If the number and type of dispensers are correct, the database collects all data necessary for the current kit and dispensers 602. The touch memory data is programmed into the touch memory device using object oriented programming. To do this, a touch_memory object is created which contains the form in which the memory will be stored 604. The data for the cuπent kit and dispensers is written to the touch_memory object buffers 606. Finally, the touch_memory object buffers are transferred to the touch memory device 608. In order to program or read the touch memory device, a probe (Dallas Semiconductor DS9092GT) mounted in a hand held wand 514 is used. This wand 514 is attached to the serial port of the manufacturing computer 500 programming the touch memory device 516 through a Dallas Semiconductor DS9097 or DS9097E serial port (DB- 25) adapter. In an alternative embodiment that uses a diskette as a memory device, a disk drive is used to transfer the data on the memory device to the computer 500. At the end user, the memory device accompanies the kit or single dispenser. Referring to FIG. 25, there is shown a flow chart for downloading data from a memory device to the host system. The probe is first connected to the touch memory device 612. The contents of the touch memory device are downloaded to the host computer 614 and displayed to the user 616. It is then determined whether the touch memory device has been downloaded previously 618. This is done based on the contents of the touch memory device. If the memory contents were previously downloaded, a flag is set in the memory contents. Therefore, this kit has already been "used" and therefore should not be reprocessed. The user is prompted whether he or she wants to update the user's databases with the kit/dispenser data 624. If so. the probe is reconnected to the touch memory device 626, verified that it is the same touch memory device by comparing the current downloading with the previous download of data 630. The flag indicating that the touch memory device is "used" is set inside the memory device 628 In this manner, a memory device may be downloaded only once for purposes of secunty The contents of the user's databases are updated with information contained in the touch memory device such as name, type, group, lot, seπal number, charactenstics, quantity, expiration dates for the reagents, and the usable life, maximum volume, dead volume and registration date for the dispenser 632 Regulations require that a user must maintain a database of the fluids used in staining Pπor to this invention, users were required to manually input data into the database This process was not only time-consum g, but also prone to error In contrast, the cuπent invention uses information m the touch memory device to update the required database The user database, which is required by the regulations contains vanous tables including the registration, receive and quality control tables for use by the operator. Within each of the registration, receive and quality control tables, there are five different types of categoπes (1) antibodies, (2) reagents, (3) kits (4) consumables, and (5) control slides Antibodies are chemicals that have living cells w ithin w hich attach to the patient's tissue Reagents are non-antibody chemicals that tvpicallv contain no living matenal Kits, as descnbed above, contain vanous combinations of dispensers Consumables are matenals such as the Liquid Coverslip™, wash buffer, etc Each of these matenals are regulated in different manners, thereby requiring different information contained within the registration, receive and quality control tables For example, since antibodies are living matenal, they are regulated more highly and therefore require additional information in the tables The registration table contains the background information for the specific material. For example, the registration table contains the name of the material (antibody, reagent, kit, consumable, or control slide), the manufacturer, the clone number (for antibodies) and other information describing the material. As described previously, one field in the dispenser barcode is the type of dispenser. This information is programmed into the touch memory device, which is subsequently downloaded to the registration table. Therefore, when the barcodes for the dispensers are scanned in preparation for a run, as described subsequently, the registration table is used to determine what type of fluid is contained in the dispenser. This table is updated only when the material is first received. The receive table is a table which records each time when a certain material is received and the expiration date of that material as well as other information specific to this lot of material including the serial number. Therefore, while the registration table may describe the properties of a certain antibody, the receive table will describe on which dates each dispenser of that antibody was received, the expiration date for that antibody, the serial number and the lot number. This information is used not only to generate reports that are required by regulation, but also to check for the expiration date of the chemical during a run, which is described subsequently. The quality control table records when a particular chemical was validated. Regulations require that when a new chemical or when a new lot for a previously received chemical is received, the lab must check to make sure the material performs in the expected manner (i.e., the material was processed correctly and not damaged in shipment). To determine if the material is "acceptable" to use in testing on patient tissue samples, end users have tissue samples that are known to test positive with undamaged reagents. The quality control table will track whether the chemical was tested for effectiveness and which tissue sample was used to test the chemical. In this manner, the tables, which are generated in large part by information from the touch memory, allow the end user to comply with the regulations without the need for time consuming data entry. Other tables are used during a mn which provide for better quality assurance in testing. For example, there is a dispenser table that contains, for each dispenser, the pertinent information for quality assurance during a n. For example, for each dispenser with a corresponding barcode (which contains the serial number for the dispenser), the table contains the expiration date, and the number of drops in the dispenser. Refemng to FIG. 26. there is shown a flow chart for updating the registration, receive and quality control tables on the host computer for use by the operator. Based on the data in the touch memory device, the computer determines whether the touch memory holds kit information, prefilled antibody information or prefilled reagent information. In particular, the computer may examine the format of the data in the touch memory device and determine what type of data the touch memory object holds. In the altemative, the touch memory device may specifically state whether the data relates to kit information, prefilled antibody information or prefilled reagent information. In particular, one of the fields in the touch memory device signifies what is the type of information. Dispenser/kit information is read from the touch memory device. The computer determines if the touch memory device holds kit information 638. If so, the touch memory device searches the registration table to determine if the kit was previously received 640. If the kit was not received previously, the registration table must be updated with the kit registration information (i.e. background information) such as manufacturer and catalog number 642. This kit registration information is obtained from the touch memory device. The individual dispenser information within the kit, also obtained from the touch memory device, is updated in the dispenser table including the serial number, product code, master lot number, total dispenses (by number of drops) and expiration date 644. The receive table is also updated to include the receive date, lot number, serial number, and receiver 646. The receive date is generated based on the date in the host device processor and the serial number is obtained from the touch memory device. The receiver field in the receive table is the person that has input the data from the touch memory device. In the prefeπed embodiment, the host device 32 determines who is cuπently logged on to the host device and writes the user ' s name as the receiver. The quality control table is searched to determine if there is an entry in the table for this kit's lot number (i.e., if this is a new kit or a new kit lot number) 648. If the kit lot number (as obtained from the touch memory device) has already been quality control tested, the user is informed that this has already been done 650. If not, the user is informed that a quality control test must be performed 676. In an altemative embodiment, a separate look-up table is used to select known tissue samples to test the effectiveness of a received chemical received. Based on the chemical received, the known tissue samples are suggested to the user to test the effectiveness of the chemical in order to update the quality control table. The computer determines if the touch memory device holds prefilled antibody information 652. If so, the touch memory device searches the registration table to determine if the antibody information was previously received 654. If the antibody information was not received previously, the registration table is updated with the antibody registration information (located in the touch memory device) such as name, manufacturer, catalog number, clone, Img subclass, presentation, and species 656. The individual dispenser information is also updated m the dispenser table including the seπal number, product code, master lot number, total dispenses (by number of drops) and expiration date 658. The receive table is updated to include the receive date (as determined from the host device), lot number, seπal number, and receiver 660 The quality control table is searched to determine if there is an entry in the table for this antibody lot number (l e , if this is a new antibody or a new antibody lot number) 662. If the antibody lot number has already been quality control tested, the user is informed that this has already been done 650 If not, the user is mfomied that a quality control test must be performed 676. The computer determines if the touch memory device holds prefilled reagent information 664. If so, the touch memory device searches the registration table to determine if the reagent information was previously received 666 If the reagent information was not received previously, the registration table is updated with the reagent registration information (located in the touch memory dev ice) such as name, manufacturer, and catalog number 668 The individual dispenser information (located in the touch memory device) is updated in the dispenser table including the seπal number, product code, master lot number, total dispenses (by number of drops) and expiration date 670. The receive table is updated with information from the touch memory device to include the receive date, lot number, serial number, and receiver 672 The quality control table is searched to determine if there is an entry in the table for this reagent lot number (i.e., if this is a new reagent or new reagent lot number) 674 If the reagent lot number has already been quality control tested, the user is informed that this has already been done 650. If not, the user is informed that a quality control test must be performed 676 The computer determines if the touch memory device holds customer fillable dispenser information 678 If so, the individual dispenser information (located in the touch memory device) is input including the senal number, product code, master lot number, total dispenses, expiration date, dispenser drop life, maximum volume, dead volume and pnming waste 680 In an alternative embodiment, the user is prompted to input the amount of liquid, in milhhters, which is placed in the dispenser This amount in millihters is converted into a number of drops and stored in the table The user may, at a later time, fill the user fillable dispenser and, at that later time, update the dispenser table with the amount of fluid put in the dispenser In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the host device performs a senes of checks using the information from the touch memory Referring to FIG. 27, there is shown a flow chart for determining if the kit/dispensers for use by the operator is the correct number and coπect complement, similar to the check performed while programming the touch memory device, as described in FIG 24 The kit barcode information from the touch memorv is read to determine the type of kit and dispensers contained in the package 682, 684 Based on this barcode information, there is a look-up table which descnbes the number of reagents in the kit and the type or complement of reagents in the kit This histoncal information in the look-up table is compared with what was actually sent in the package If there is a discrepancy as to the number of dispensers in the kit or in the type of reagents in the kit 686, 688, the user is notified and the user's database is not updated with the kit barcode information 690 In this manner, checking whether the proper dispensers were included in the kit may increase the quality control. After the downloading of the data from the touch memory device, the host device 32 and remote devices 166 may execute a run. As described previously, the host device 32 and remote devices 166 are modular in design. The host handles higher level system functions whereas the remote devices 166 perform the execution of the steps for staining. This modularity of design utilizing a personal computer as a host device 32 is beneficial in several respects. First, the host computer can be used to start runs on other remote devices 166. Second, the host device 32 can periodically update the software more efficiently on the remote device 166 based on upgrades in the operating system. For example, the lowest level code in the remote devices 1 6. which handles the basic input and output for the remote device 166 and the execution of programs, may be updated based on changes in eπor messaging, changes in output device design (such as different types of valves), and changes in the messaging protocols between the host and the remote. Third, the modularity multiplies the number of staining modules that may be n by a single machine. Fourth, since the host device 32 is comprised, in the prefeπed embodiment, of a personal computer, the host machine may be easily upwardly compatible, as opposed to previous standalone staining modules. Further, the personal computer can be integrated with a network environment to integrate with other computers. For example, there is a trend in hospitals to standardize the computer hardware used and to interconnect the computer hardware. The host device 32 may be connected to a hospital network, receiving commands from other computers on the network to execute a staining n, described subsequently, or sending results of a n to another computer on the network. Fifth, the host device 32 may serve as a platform through which various staining modules may be integrated For example, there are various types of staining modules, some of which use dispensers versus vials, some of which use honzontal slide trays versus vertical slide trays, etc. The host device 32 may be integrated with a variety of staining modules, downloading programs to the different modules, described subsequently, depending on the particular configuration of the module Sixth, the remote device 166, as a modular piece in the automated biological reaction system, may be serviced more easily Instead of having a large machine dedicated to staining, the remote device 166 is smaller and can be shipped through the mail easily In this manner, when an end user has difficulty with a remote device 166, the user may receive a second remote device through the mail, and send the faulty remote device back to be fixed Therefore, the user need not rely on on-site maintenance for the remote device, and the attendant cost associated with on-site maintenance The host device may execute three different types of runs The first n is a test mn, which is descπbed subsequently The second n is a system n, whereby the remote device 166 reads the barcodes for the slides or the dispensers, or other non-stammg functions required to setup a staining n The third run is a staining run whereby the remote device 166 stains the slides The second and third runs are descπbed in FIG 28 When executing a mn, the host downloads a sequence of steps in a run program to the remote device 166 The n program is compπsed of two separate pieces (1) a main program (defined as macro 0), and (2) subroutines (defined as macros 1-255) The mam program is composed of, but is not necessaπly limited to, calls to the subroutines Therefore, the entire length of the run program through calls to subroutines is less than a line by line execution of the entire program For example, if a subroutine is called 50 times, the main program calls the subroutine 50 times rather than downloading a program which includes the code for the subroutine 50 times. In addition, the subroutines are defined by a programming language of thirty-one low-level commands which perform basic functions on the remote such as checking the timer, turning on an output such as a valve or a heater, or moving the carousel. When downloading the mn program, the macros are downloaded as needed to execute a single mn. In addition to downloading a run program, the host device 32 downloads the sensor monitoring and control logic called the mn rules. This program is made up of a series of continuous checks that must be done during the execution of the mn program. As discussed previously, one of the checks is the upper and lower limit of the temperature of the slides. If, during a mn. the environmental temperature is below the lower limit, as indicated by slide temperature monitoring sensor 68. the slide heater 302 is tumed on. Likewise, if the environmental temperature is above the upper limit, as indicated by slide temperature monitoring sensor 68, the slide heater 302 is tumed off. Another mn rule relates to the opening of a system door. Additional run rules relate to the environment in which the remote device 166 executes the n. If any of the sensors are outside of the boundaries sent by the mn mles, the remote device 166 sends a message which is retrieved by the host device 32. As discussed generally in FIG. 5C with respect to placing messages in the queue, the first priority is the execution of the steps in the n program. In addition to this, where spare processing is available, the host device 32 polls the remote device 166 for status. The host device 32 does this approximately every 17 seconds to receive the status of the remote device 166 including the current temperature of the remote device 166, current step number being processed in the mn program, elapsed time of the n, and any errors during the n. The host device 32 makes a record of any anomalies during the remote device mn and prints the final report at the end of the n. An example of a staining run is shown in flow chart form in FIG. 28. In preparation for a mn, the operator determines the type of staining for the particular slides. Each slide has a barcode attached to it. Based on this barcode, the operator may program the type of staining. In order to assist the operator, the host device provides a set of recipes. For example, one test is a DAB paraffin test. Because this test is commonly used, the user may assign the barcode for the particular slide to that recipe thereby choosing the particular steps to perform the test. In addition, some of the recipes require the operator to enter certain parameters, called protocols. For example a protocol may be the specific temperature for the test or the time period for heating. In contrast to the protocols, the recipes define steps which the user does not control. For example, turning on valves, heating the slides, etc. are operations which the users cannot alter. In an altemative embodiment, each barcode on a slide may be standardized In order to simplify the procedure. For example, if the staining for the slide is to test for prostate cancer, a particular field within the barcode is placed on that slide which is used for every slide which is to be tested for prostate cancer. In that manner, the user is not required to enter a recipe for the particular slide, but rather the reading of the barcode determines the type of test. After the operator has entered the recipes and protocols coπesponding to each slide barcode for the staining mn, step 695 in FIG. 28, the host device 32 may prepare for a staining mn. After the inputting of the recipes and the protocols, and prior to executing a run, the operator is prompted by the host device 32 (696). The host device first questions whether there is sufficient buffer solution in the wash buffer bottle 246. whether there is sufficient Liquid Coverslip™ in the Liquid Coverslip™ bottle 244, whether the level of waste in the waste tub 254 is acceptable, and whether the reagents and reagent tray 10 is loaded. The operator is then prompted for the number of slides that are loaded on the slide tray. The first mn is a system run to read the barcode on the slides. The operator then begins the mn by downloading the file of steps to read the barcode on the slides and to wait for the host device 32 to retπev c the barcode 697. The remote device reads a barcode on the slide 698, stores the barcode in a file 699, to be used subsequently, then waits for the host device 32 to retrieve the barcode and retrigger the remote device 166 to read another barcode on the slide 700. The remote device 166 does this until the last slide is read 702. The second run is another system mn wherein the host device 32 downloads the mn program and mn mles in order to read the barcodes on the dispensers 704. Similar to the first system n, the remote device 166 reads a barcode on the dispenser 706, stores the barcode in a file 707 to be used subsequently, then waits for the host device 32 to retrieve the barcode and retrigger the remote device 166 to read another barcode on the dispenser 708. The remote device 166 does this until the last dispenser is read 710. The host device 32 then reads the slide barcodes already stored in the file 712. If the number of entries in the file is different from the number previously entered by the operator (696). as performed in the loop at step 698, an error message is generated 730. This is done since the barcode reader, at times, may not read one of the barcodes on the slide. In that case, the mn is stopped. The host device 32 then reads the barcodes for the reagents already stored in the database 716. Based on the barcodes, the host device loads the protocols for the slides from the database. For each specific recipe, there are a series of macros which are to be executed by the remote device 166. In the case of a DAB paraffin test, a look-up table indicates the series of steps or macros. As discussed previously, there are macros from 1 to 255 which define basic operations of the remote device 166. For the specific task of a DAB paraffin test, the look-up table includes all the necessary macros, in the proper sequence, to perform the test. Based on these macros, the host device 32 determines the types of reagents and amount of drops required to execute the steps 714. Moreover, in creating the n program, calls to the macros are included in macro 0 and macros 1-255 which are to be called are included after macro 0. All the protocols for the particular recipes are loaded and determined if they exist in the database 718. Those protocols were previously entered at step 695. If so, the host device loads data from the dispense table 720 and determines if all of the dispensers are present and loaded 722. If so, the recipes are loaded from the database 724. The host device 32 then verifies that the recipes can be mn together 726 (i.e.. whether there are any procedures which are incompatible or unsyncronized). For example, if there are two recipes which dictate the temperature of the slides (where the slides are in close proximity), and the temperatures are different, the two recipes cannot be executed; therefore, an error message is generated 730. The steps for the mn are then computed 728. Because there are several slides being tested, and each slide has a series of steps associated with it, the host device 32 generates the mn program which can execute all the steps for all of the slides. The host device 32 is constrained by being able, for example, to mix with the vortex mixers 271 at a certain station on the slide carousel 24. to dual rinse at a certain station, to add fluid at the volume adjust, etc. Based on these constraints, the run program is generated which tells the remote to execute the steps m the proper sequence at the proper station 728 The host device 32 determines if there are multiple dispensers of the same reagent 732. If so, an error message is generated since, for quality control purposes, dispensers from the same kit may only be used in a run In addition, if a step requires applying two different reagents at the same station the host device 32 requires that the reagents be next to each other Otherwise, it would take too long to move the carousel and dispense both reagents As a guideline, each step should be performed within 6 seconds in order to speed up the process of staining The host device 32 then determines if this is a titration run 734 In a user filled dispenser, the user may wish to test varying concentrations of reagent in the fluid dispenser If so, the user executes a titration n wherebv the user is allowed, via the program, to stop the mn in the middle and titrate different concentrations The amount of time for the titrations must be short enough so that the shde will not diy out 736. Otherwise, an eπor message is generated 750 The macio functions aie loaded from a database for the mn 738 and determined if all the macro functions loaded properly 740. The host device 32 determines, based on the dispenser table w hether any of the dispensers are past the expiration date 742 If so, the operator is notified 744 Similarly, the dispenser table is checked to determine if the dispensers hav e sufficient fluid to conduct the mn 746 If not, the operator is notified to refill or replace the dispensers 748. Optionally, quality control can be checked to determine if all of the dispensers have been tested under quality control protocols 752. Therefore, the host device 32 looks up in the dispenser table 716, described in FIG. 26, to determine if the reagents necessary (1) are past their expiration date; (2) are present to perform the mn; (3) have enough drops in the dispensers to execute the mn; or, optionally, (4) have been tested for quality control. If any of the first three conditions fail, the mn cannot be executed and the operator is notified (i.e., one of the dispensers is past its expiration date, one of the dispensers is missing, or one of the dispensers is low on fluid). Optionally, for quality control purposes, the dispenser table is searched to determine if quality control was performed on the dispenser 752. If it has not yet performed, the operator is notified 754 and asked if he or she wishes to proceed 756. If the operator wishes to proceed, he or she must enter his or her name, and the date and time in order to continue the n 758. Finally, when the run is executed, the information entered by the operator is included in the history of the mn, described previously, to indicate that at least one of the dispensers had not been tested in compliance with the regulations, but that the mn was performed anyway 760. In this manner, the quality of the run may be increased due to monitoring of the dispensers used in the testing of the tissue samples. The host device 32 then saves the dispense data for the run to a database 762 and merges the n rules, which determine the operating environment of the run, together for the run 764. The host device 32 downloads the run program and the mn mles for the current staining procedure 766. The host device 32 commands the remote to n the steps and to mn the checks or the mn mles 768. The host device 32 then updates the tables based on the execution of the mn. For example, the host device 32 decrements the number of drops in the dispenser table for each of the dispensers used in the run 769. As discussed previously, the host device 32 periodically checks the status of the remote device 770. After the remote device 166 finishes execution of the mn program 772, the host device 32 compiles the history of the run and stores the information sent from the remote 774. The host device 32 also communicates with the remote devices 166 by reading and writing information regarding the operation of the remote devices 166. For example, the host device 32 downloads a command indicating to the remote device the amount of time (in 10's of milliseconds) the v alv e 48G for the volume adjust line is on. This value is stored in non-volatile RAVI on the i emote device 166. Further, the host device 32 may poll the remote device 166 to send its stored value for the volume adjust time stored in non-volatile RAM. Other information, such as the slide temperature monitoring sensor 68, buffer heater temperature sensor 66 and system pressure transducer 290, as described in FIG. 6A, may be read bv the host dcv ice 32 and may be calibrated by the host device 32. When reading the sensoi information from the remote device 166. the calibration data is sent back to the host. Calibration data is used to adjust for constant eπors inherent in each temperature sensor and pressure transducer. In order to correct for eπors, the host device 32 writes to the remote device 166 For example, when calibrating the pressure sensor, the host device 32 commands the remote device 166 to perfonn span calibration of the system pressure transducer 290 at the preset pressure of 13.0 psi. The remote device 166 registers the cuπent raw pressure as the 13.0 psi analog to digital point. Referring to FIG. 29. there is shown a flow chart of the testing run for the remote device. One of the commands or steps downloaded to the remote device is a test command 776. The remote processes the commands in the mn program 778 until the remote device 166 receives the test command 780. The remote device 166 then waits until a button 295 is pressed on the remote device 782. as described in reference to FIG 6A When the button 295 is pressed, the remote device 166 re-executes the mn program, and then waits for the button 295 to be depressed again In this manner, the operator may test individual steps or commands by pressing the button 295 and re-executing the previous set of commands In an alternative embodiment, the remote device 166 interprets the test mode as a means by which to single step through the program Every time the button 295 is pressed, the remote device 166 executes a command In this manner, the operator may step through the mn program and determine if there are any eπors in the sequence of steps From the foregoing detailed description, it will be appreciated that numerous changes and modifications can be made to the aspects ol the inv ention without departure from the tme spint and scope of the invention This true spirit and scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims, to be interpreted m light of the foregoing specification

Claims: CLAIMS We claim: 1. A fluid dispenser comprising: a reservoir chamber; a dispense chamber which is substantially in line with the reservoir chamber; and a means for transferring fluid between the dispense chamber and the reservoir chamber based on pressure differential between the dispense chamber and the reservoir chamber. 2. The fluid dispenser of claim 1 wherein the reservoir chamber is coaxial with the dispense chamber. 3. The fluid dispenser of claim 2 wherein the means for transferring fluid includes a check valve operative to allow a flow of fluid from the reservoir chamber to the dispense chamber and to disallow a flow of fluid from the dispense chamber to the reservoir chamber. 4. A fluid dispenser as claimed in claim 3 f urther comprising a ball check valve insert, a ball, the ball mating with the ball check v al e insert, the ball check valve insert being adjacent to the dispense chamber, the ball check valve insert being coaxial with the dispense chamber and the reservoir chamber 5. A fluid dispenser as claimed in claim 3 further comprising a piston, the piston in between the reservoir chamber and the dispense chamber. 6. A fluid dispenser comprising: a barrel having a reservoir chamber, the baπel having an upper portion; a cap connected to the upper portion of the barrel; a valve adjacent to the reservoir chamber; and a coupler having a dispense chamber, the coupler being coaxial with the barrel. 7. A fluid dispenser as claimed in claim 6 wherein the lower portion of the baπel is enveloped by the coupler and further comprising a stop, the stop stopping the downward stroke of the barrel as it moves in the coupler. 8. A fluid dispenser as claimed in claim 7 further comprising a spring which expands and contracts based on the movement of the barrel. 9. A fluid dispenser comprising: a baπel having a reservoir chamber, the baπcl having an upper portion; a cap connected to the reservoir chamber; a valve adjacent to the reservoir chamber; a coupler having a dispense chamber; and a vent adjacent to the cap, the vent including a first means to maintain constant pressure in the reservoir chamber, a second means to maintain constant pressure in the reservoir chamber, and a space, the space being between the first and second means to maintain constant pressure in the reservoir chamber. 10. A fluid dispenser as claimed in claim 9 wherein the first means to maintain constant pressure in the reservoir chamber includes a vent opening, the vent opening being adjacent to the cap. 11 A fluid dispenser as claimed in claim 10 wherein the first means to maintain constant pressure in the icservoir chambei further includes a vent material, the vent material being adjacent the v ent opening and composed of hydrophobic material. 12 A fluid dispenser as claimed in claim 11 further comprising a disk, the disk abutting the vent opening and housed withm the space. 13. A fluid dispenser as claimed in claim 12 wherein the disk is comoπsed of a cell foam matenal. 14 A fluid dispenser as claimed in claim 10 wherein the second means to maintain constant pressure in the reservoir chamber includes a gap between the space and outside the fluid dispenser 15. A fluid dispenser compnsing . a barrel having a reservoir chamber, the baπel having an upper portion; a cap connected to the reservoir chamber; a valve adjacent to the reservoir chamber; a coupler having a dispense chamber; and a vent adjacent to the cap, the vent including a means to allow air to the reservoir chamber and a means to reduce air flow through the means to allow air to the reservoir chamber. 16 A fluid dispenser as claimed in claim 15 wherein the means to allow air to the reservoir chamber includes a vent opening. 17. A fluid dispenser as claimed in claim 16 wherein the means to reduce air flow through the means to allow air to the reservoir chamber includes a vent matenal composed of hydrophobic matenal. 18. A fluid dispenser as claimed in claim 16 wherein the means to reduce air flow through the means to allow air to the reservoir chamber includes a cell foam matenal adjacent to the means to allow air to the reservoir chamber 19. A fluid dispenser as claimed in claim 18 further compnsing a second means to allow air to the reservoir chamber 20. A fluid dispenser as claimed in claim 19 wherein the second means to allow air to the reservoir chamber includes an airgap adjacent to the means to reduce air flow through the means to allow air to the reservoir chamber. 21. A fluid dispenser comprising: a barrel having a reservoir chamber, the baπel having a piston at a lower portion of the baπel; a cap connected to the reservoir chamber, a valve adjacent to the reservoir chamber, and a coupler having a dispense chamber, the piston moves in the dispense chamber. 22. A fluid dispenser as claimed in claim 21 wherein the dispense chamber is coaxial with the piston. 23. A fluid dispenser as claimed in claim 22 further comprising a valve, the valve being in between the piston and the reservoir chamber 24. A fluid dispenser as claimed in claim 23 further compnsing a ball check valve insert, a ball, the ball mating with the ball check v alv e insert, the ball check valve insert being adjacent to the dispense chamber, the ball check v alve insert being coaxial with the dispense chamber and the leservoir chambei 25. A fluid dispenser as claimed in claim 24 further comprising a quad seal, the quad seal being attached to the coupler where the piston and dispense chamber are coupled. 26. Method of assembly of a fluid dispenser, the method comprising the steps of: inserting a valve and a valve insert into the lower portion of a barrel; welding the cap to the upper portion of the barrel; placing the ball in the check valve ball seat; snapping the check valve ball seat into the coupler; and snapping the coupler and baπel together. 27. A method as claimed in claim 26 wherein the step of snapping the coupler onto the barrel includes pushing protrusions on the baπel past indentations on the coupler, thereby maintaining the alignment of the baπel to the coupler during movement of the barrel. 28. A method as claimed in claim 27, prior to snapping the coupler onto the barrel, further comprising the step of: inserting a quad seal, stop and spring into the coupler. 29. A method as claimed in claim 27 wherein the step of snapping the check valve ball seat into the coupler includes placing the check valve ball seat into grooves which are in the coupler. 30. A method of filling and priming a fluid dispenser, the method comprising the steps of: providing the fluid dispenser with a cap, a barrel having a reservoir chamber, the barrel being adjacent to the cap. a dispense chambei adjacent to the reservoir chamber, and a nozzle adjacent to the dispense chamber; providing a syπnge w ith a tip and a syringe plunger, opening the cap on the fluid dispenser; filling the reservoir chamber w ithin the fluid dispenser with fluid, closing the cap on the fluid dispenser, placing the tip of the syringe inside the nozzle of the fluid dispenser without requinng the fluid dispenser be tumed upside down, and expanding the plunger of the synnge in order to draw fluid from the reservoir chamber and the dispense chamber into the syringe 31. A method as claimed in claim 30 further comprising the steps of pushing the baπel downward, and releasing the baπel dunng the step of expanding the plunger of the synnge m order to draw fluid from the reservoir chamber and the dispense chamber. 32. A method as claimed in claim 30 wherein the step of placing the tip of the syringe inside the nozzle of the fluid dispenser includes using a restrictor on the tip of the syringe in order to securely fit the syringe in the nozzle of the fluid dispenser. 33. A method as claimed in claim 30 further comprising the steps of: opening the cap after the step of expanding the plunger of the syringe in order to draw fluid from the reservoir chamber and the dispense chamber into the syringe; and pushing in the plunger of the syringe and releasing the fluid in the syringe into the reservoir of the fluid dispenser. 34. An automated biological reaction system comprising: a slide support carousel; drive means engaging the slide support carousel for moving the slide support carousel; a consistency pulse application station comprising at least one nozzle for directing a stream of fluid onto a slide which is less than 35 degrees from the horizontal; and a volume adjust application station positioned above the slide for applying a predetermined amount of fluid on the slide by dropping the fluid onto the slide. 35. A method of placing a consistent amount of fluid on a slide in an automated biological reaction apparatus, the automated biological reaction apparatus having at least one rinse station, the rinse station comprising a rinse station nozzle positioned for directing a stream of fluid onto the slide, the rinse station nozzle connected to tubing which is connected to at least one valve, the valve connected to a bottle containing fluid, the valve controlling the flow of fluid from the bottle to the nozzle, the method comprising the steps of: tuming on the valve for supplying fluid to the nozzle and directing a stream of fluid onto the slide; waiting until the pressure is substantially equal in the tubing; and tuming off the valve for supplying fluid to the nozzle. 36. A method as claimed in claim 35 wherein the stream of fluid directed onto forms an angle with the horizontal, the angle being less than 35 degrees. 37. A method as claimed in claim 35 wherein the step of waiting until the pressure is substantially equal in the tubing includes waiting at least 300 mSec. 38. A method as claimed in claim 35 further comprising the steps of: providing in the rinse station a second valv e, the second valve connected to the bottle containing fluid, the second valve controlling the flow of fluid from the bottle to the nozzle; tuming on the second valve for supplying fluid to the nozzle substantially simultaneously with the step of tuming on the val e for supplying fluid to the nozzle, and directing a stream of fluid onto the slide; waiting until the pressure is substantially equal in the tubing; and turning off the second valve for supplying fluid to the nozzle substantially simultaneously with the step of turning off the valve for supplying fluid to the nozzle. 39 A method as claimed in claim 35 further compnsing the steps of providing a volume adjust station in the automated biological reaction apparatus, the volume adjust station compnsing at least one nozzle positioned above the slide for depositing fluid onto the shde, the nozzle connected to tubing which is connected to a volume adjust valve, the volume adjust valve connected to a bottle containing fluid, the volume adjust valve controlling the flow of fluid from the bottle to the nozzle, turning on the volume adjust valve and directing a stieam of fluid which is substantially perpendicular to the slide after turning off the valve for supplying fluid to the nozzle at the nnse station, waiting a predetermined amount of time, and turning off the volume adjust valve for supplying fluid to the nozzle 40 A method as claimed in claim 39 further compnsing the step of lestπcting the flow of fluid which is flowing from the volume adjust valve 41 A method as claimed m claim 35 w hαein the rinse station further compnses a second πnse station nozzle positioned for directing a second stream of fluid onto the slide, the second nnse station nozzle connected to tubing which is connected to a second nnse station valve, the second nnse station valve connected to a bottle contaimng fluid, the second πnse station valve controlling the flow of fluid from the bottle to the nozzle, and further comprising the steps of: tuming on the second rinse station valve for supplying fluid to the second rinse station nozzle and directing a stream of fluid onto the slide; waiting a predetermined amount of time: tuming off the second rinse station valve for supplying fluid to the second rinse station nozzle; tuming on the valve for supplying fluid to the nozzle and directing a stream of fluid onto the slide, the stream of fluid directed from the rinse station nozzle being at an angle with the horizontal less than the stream of fluid directed from the second rinse station nozzle; waiting the predetermined amount of time; and tuming off the valve fbr supplying fluid to the nozzle. 42. A method of washing a slide in an automated biological reaction apparatus, the method comprising the steps of: providing a rinse station comprising a first rinse station nozzle and a second rinse station nozzle, the first and second rinse station nozzles positioned to direct a stream of fluid onto the slide; directing a stream of fluid onto the slide from the first rinse station nozzle with a first momentum for a first predetermined amount of time; directing a stream of fluid onto the slide from the second rinse station nozzle for a second predetermined amount of time with a second momentum: and directing a stream of fluid onto the slide from the second rinse station nozzle for a third predetermined amount of time with a third momentum, the third momentum being greater than first or second momentum, the third predetermined amount of time being greater than the first or second predetermined amount of time. 43. A method as claimed in claim 42 wherein the first rinse station nozzle includes a top rinse station nozzle and a second rinse station nozzle includes a bottom rinse station nozzle. 44. A method as claimed in claim 43 wherein the stream of fluid directed from the top rinse station nozzle is at an angle with the horizontal greater than the stream of fluid directed from the bottom rinse station nozzle. 45. A method as claimed in claim 44 wherein the first predetermined amount of time is equal to the second predetermined amount of time. 46. A method as claimed in claim 44 wherein the first momentum is equal to the second momentum. 47. A method as claimed in claim 44 wherein the step of directing a stream of fluid onto the slide from the top rinse station nozzle with a first momentum includes tuming on a top rinse nozzle valve, the top rinse nozzle valve being connected to a bottle containing fluid, the top nnse nozzle valve controlling the flow of fluid from the bottle to the top nnse nozzle 48 A method as claimed in claim 47 wherein the step of directing a stream of fluid onto the slide from the bottom rinse station nozzle vv ith a second momentum includes turning on a bottom nnse nozzle valve, the bottom nnse nozzle valve being connected to a bottle containing fluid, the bottom rinse nozzle v alv e controlling the flow of fluid from the bottle to the bottom πnse nozzle 49 A method as claimed in claim 48 whciein the step ot directing a stream of fluid onto the slide from the bottom rinse station nozzle for a third predetermined amount of time with a third momentum includes turning on the bottom rinse nozzle valve and a second bottom nnse nozzle valve, the second bottom rinse nozzle v alve being connected to a bottle containing fluid, the second bottom rinse nozzle v alv e conti oiling the flow of fluid from the bottle to the bottom rinse nozzle 50 An automated biological reaction apparatus comprising a slide support carousel, drive means engaging the slide support c iroustl tor moving the slide support carousel, a reagent delivery system for applying a predetermined quantity of reagent to one of the slides by movement of the slide support carousel in a reagent delivery zone, a heat zone for heating samples on the slide support carousel, and a rinse station, the rinse station comprising a first nozzle, a first valve connected to the first nozzle through tubing, the first valve connected to a bottle containing fluid, the rinse station further comprising a controller, the controller controlling the flow of fluid from the bottle to the first nozzle via the operation of the first valve, the controller opening the first valve until the pressure is substantially equal in the tubing. 51. An automated biological reaction apparatus as claimed in claim 50 wherein the rinse station further comprises a second valve, the second valve connected to the first nozzle through tubing, the second valve connected to the bottle containing fluid, and wherein the controller controls the flow of fluid from the bottle to the first nozzle via the operation of the second valve, the controller opening the second valve substantially simultaneously with the opening of the first valve until the pressure is substantially equal in the tubing. 52. An automated biological reaction apparatus as claimed in claim 51 wherein the rinse station further comprises a second nozzle, a third valve connected to the second nozzle through tubing, the third valve connected to the bottle containing fluid, a stream of fluid directed from the second nozzle being at an angle with the horizontal greater than the stream of fluid directed from the first nozzle. 53. An automated biological reaction apparatus as claimed in claim 51 further comprising a volume adjust station, the volume adjust station comprising a volume adjust nozzle positioned above the slide for depositing fluid substantially perpendicularly onto the slide, the nozzle connected to tubing which is connected to a volume adjust valve, the volume adjust valve connected to the bottle containing fluid, the volume adjust valve controlling the flow of fluid from the bottle to the volume adjust nozzle. 54. An automated biological reaction system comprising: a host device, the host device comprising a processor, a memory device connected to the processor, the memory device including a look-up table which contains steps for staining a slide, the processor creating a sequence of steps from the look-up table; and a remote device, the remote device being physically separate from the host device, the remote device being in electrical communication with the host device, the remote device comprising a processor, a memory device connected to the processor, a slide support carousel connected to the processor, drive means engaging the slide support carousel for moving the slide support carousel, the drive means connected to the processor, a reagent delivery system for applying a predetemnned quantity of reagent to one of the slides by movement of the shde support carousel in a reagent delivery zone, the reagent delivery system connected to the processor, a heat zone for heating samples on the slide support carousel, the heat zone connected to the processor, and a rinse station for rinsing slides on the slide support carousel, the rinse station connected to the processor, the remote device receiving the sequence of steps from the host device, the remote device executing, through the processor, the sequence of steps in the processor to control the slide support carousel, the reagent delivery system, the heat zone and the rinse station. 55. An automated biological reaction system as claimed in claim 54 further comprising a plurality of remote devices, each remote device addressable by the host device. 56. An automated biological reaction system as claimed in claim 55 wherein the plurality of remote devices are connected in series with one another, the first remote device in the series being connected to the host device. 57. Method for generating a n program in an automated biological reaction system, the method comprising the steps of: providing a host device and a remote device, the remote device being physically separate from the host device, the remote device being in communication with the host device; reading by the remote device of a barcode on a slide in a carousel on the remote device; reading by the remote device of a barcode on a dispenser in the remote device; sending of the slide barcode and dispenser barcode from the remote device to the host device; generating of a sequence of steps for a run based on the slide barcode and dispenser barcode; determining by the host device whether the remote device is capable of executing the sequence of steps; and sending by the host device of the sequence of steps to the remote device. 58. A method as claimed in claim 57 wherein the step of determining by the host device whether the remote device is capable of executing the sequence of steps includes the host device looking in a dispenser look-up table, based on the dispenser barcode, whether the remote device has the dispensers necessary to execute the sequence of steps 59 A method as claimed in claim 57 wherein the step of determining by the host device whether the remote device is capable of executing the sequence of steps includes the host device looking in a dispenser look-up table based on the dispenser barcode, whether the remote device has a sufficient number of diops in the dispensers to execute the sequence of steps 60 A method as claimed in claim 57 wherein the step of determining by the host device whether the remote device is capable of executing the sequence of steps includes the host device looking in a dispensei look-up table based on the dispenser barcode, whether current date is past the expiration date tor the dispensers in the remote device necessary to execute the sequence of steps 61 \ method as claimed in claim 57 herein the step of determining by the host device whether the remote device is capable of executing the sequence of steps includes the host device looking in a dispenser look-up table, based on the dispenser barcode, whether the remote device has the dispensers necessary to execute the sequence of steps 62. A method as claimed in claim 57 further compnsing the steps of, reading by the remote device of a second barcode on a second slide in the carousel on the remote device; sending of the second slide barcode from the remote device to the host device; generation of a sequence of steps for a n based on the second slide barcode; and companng the sequence of steps based on the slide barcode and the second slide barcode to determine whether the sequences of steps can be executed in a single mn. 63. A method as claimed in claim 62 wherein the step of companng the sequence of steps based on the first barcode and the second barcode to determine whether the sequences of steps can be executed in a single n includes determining whether the temperature requirements for the sequence of steps based on the first barcode are comparable to the temperature requirements for the sequence of steps based on the second barcode. 64 A memory management system for an automated biological reaction apparatus compnsing: a memory device, the memory device including a table containing data for a dispenser used in the automated biological reaction apparatus; means to transfer the data m the memory device to a host device; the host device comprising a processor, a host memory device connected to the processor, the host memory device including a look-up table, the processor connected, via the means to transfer the data in the memory device to a host device, to the memory device, the processor updating the look-up table in the host memory device based on comparisons to the table in the memory device. 65. A memory management system as claimed in claim 64 wherein the data for the dispenser includes a barcode and an expiration date for the dispenser. 66. A memory management system as claimed in claim 65 wherein the look-up table in the host memory device includes data for barcode and expiration dates, and wherein the processor reads the barcode and expiration date for the dispenser and updates the data for barcode and expiration dates in the host memory device. 67. Method for updating dispenser information in an automated biological reaction system, the method comprising the steps of: providing a host device and a memory device, the host device comprising a processor, a host memory device connected to the processor, the host memory device including a look-up table, the memory device including barcode and expiration date information for the dispenser used in the automated biological reaction apparatus; reading by the host device of the barcode and expiration date information in the memory device; updating the look-up table in the host device based on the barcode and expiration date information in the memory device; and writing in the memory device that the barcode and expiration date information has previously been read. 68. A method as claimed in claim 67 wherein the step of writing in the memory device that the barcode and expiration date information has previously been read includes setting a flag in the memory device. 69. A method as claimed in claim 67 further comprising the step of checking whether the memory device has been previously read prior to the step of reading by the host device of the barcode and expiration date information in the memory device. 70. A method as claimed in claim 69 further comprising the step of disconnecting the processor to the memory device prior to the step of reading by the host device of the barcode and expiration date information in the memory device. 71. Method for programming a memory device for an automated biological reaction system, the method comprising the steps of: selecting a form which includes information on numbers and types of dispensers in a kit for the automated biological reaction system; scanning in barcodes for a set of dispensers; determining the type of dispenser for each of the dispensers scanned in; comparing whether the numbers types of dispensers scanned in correspond to the numbers and types of dispenser in the kit foπn; and programming the memory device if the numbers types of dispensers scanned in equal the numbers and types of dispenser in the kit form. 72. A fluid dispenser comprising: a barrel having a reservoir chamber, the baπel having an upper portion; a cap connected to the upper portion of the baπel; a cup check valve, the cup check valve having a first end and a second end, the cup check valve adjacent to the reservoir chamber at the first end, the cup check valve having a cup piece at the second end; and a dispense chamber adjacent to the second end of the cup check valve. 73. A fluid dispenser as claimed in claim 72 wherein the baπel has a piston adjacent to the reservoir chamber, the piston being in between the reservoir chamber and the dispense chamber, the piston also housing the cup piece of the cup check valve. 74. A fluid dispenser as claimed in claim 73 w herein an edge of the cup piece abut the piston. 75. A valve for passing fluid from one side of the valve to the other side based on a pressure differential between the one side and the other side, the valve being placed in a housing, the valve comprising: an attachment, the attachment piece being attached to the housing; a connecting piece being connected to the attachment piece; and a cup piece, the cup piece being connected to the connecting piece; the cup piece abutting against the housing when the pressure on the one side of the valve is equal to the pressure on the other side of the valve, the cup piece not abutting against the housing when the pressure on the one side of the valve is unequal to the pressure on the other side of the valve. 76. A valve as claimed in claim 75 wherein the cup piece is forked in shape, and whereby the cup piece flexes inward when the pressure on the one side of the valve is unequal to the pressure on the other side of the valve. 77. Method for passing liquid through a housing based on a pressure differential, the method comprising the steps of: providing a valve having an attachment piece, a connecting piece being connected to the attachment piece, and a cup piece, the cup piece being connected to the connecting piece; abutting the cup piece against the housing when the pressure on the one side of the valve is equal to the pressure on the other side of the valve; and flexing the cup piece inward so that the cup piece is not abutting against the housing when the pressure on the one side of the valve is unequal to the pressure on the other side of the valve. 78. A fluid dispenser comprising: a barrel having a reservoir chamber and a piston, the piston being adjacent to the reservoir chamber; an extension piece connected to the piston; and a coupler, the coupler having a dispense chamber, the dispense chamber adjacent to the reservoir chamber, the extension piece moving inside the coupler. 79. A fluid dispenser as claimed in claim 78 wherein the piston has a hole. 80. A fluid dispenser as claimed in claim 79 further comprising an O-ring, a chamfer, and an O-ring insert, wherein the O-ring seats in the chamfer and the chamfer is connected to the O-ring insert, and wherein the O-ring insert is connected to the coupler. 81. A fluid dispenser comprising: a barrel; a piston adjacent to the lower portion of the baπel; a lubricated washer, the lubricated washer coaxial with the piston; and a dispense chamber, the dispense chamber adjacent to the barrel. 82. The fluid dispenser of claim 81 further comprising a reservoir chamber, the reservoir chamber being contained within the barrel, the reservoir chamber being coaxial with the dispense chamber. no 83. The fluid dispenser of claim 82 wherein the dispense chamber is cylindrical in shape and wherein the piston moves within the dispense chamber. 84. The fluid dispenser of claim 83 wherein the lubricated washer envelops the piston and wherein the lubricated washer remains stationary as the piston moves upward and downward. I l l

Inventors: DRUYOR-SANCHEZ BOBBI, FORD ANTHONY, HEILMAN BRONWEN, MCDANIEL DARIN, MCGRAW BRIAN, MEAD STEPHEN, RICHARDS WILLIAM, RIZZO VINCE, SHOWALTER WAYNE, DRUYOR-SANCHEZ, BOBBI, FORD, ANTHONY, HEILMAN, BRONWEN, MCDANIEL, DARIN, MCGRAW, BRIAN, MEAD, STEPHEN, RICHARDS, WILLIAM, RIZZO, VINCE, SHOWALTER, WAYNE
Applicants: DRUYOR SANCHEZ BOBBI, FORD ANTHONY, HEILMAN BRONWEN, MCDANIEL DARIN, MCGRAW BRIAN, MEAD STEPHEN, RICHARDS WILLIAM, RIZZO VINCE, SHOWALTER WAYNE, VENTANA MEDICAL SYSTEMS, DRUYOR-SANCHEZ, BOBBI, FORD, ANTHONY, HEILMAN, BRONWEN, MCDANIEL, DARIN, MCGRAW, BRIAN, MEAD, STEPHEN, RICHARDS, WILLIAM, RIZZO, VINCE, SHOWALTER, WAYNE
Application year: 1998
Main classification: G01N1
IPC codes: A47K5, B67D5, G01N1, G01N35