MEASUREMENT OF ACETONE IN MILK USING IR SPECTROSCOPY

Abstract: A method for calibration of an IR spectrometry apparatus for providing and evaluating IR spectra in order to determine very low contents of specific components in a fluid, such as milk, and especially low contents of acetone, in a measuring range above 0, such as from 0.5 mM to 2.0 mM acetone in milk, using at least 50, such as from 50-300 known samples including at least 10 samples representing the fluid without any substantial content of the specific component for the calibration. Preferably, a good calibration for acetone shall be based on spectral information including the spectral ranges 1712-1697, 1419-1396, 1378-1353 and 1249-1226 cm<-1>, or at least a substantial portion/part of said ranges. By use of the new calibration of a FT-IR-spectrometry apparatus it will be possible to determine the acetone content during the same IR measurement process used for determining other milk parameters such as fat and protein. In a similar way other small contents of a specified component in a fluid can be determined by use of a method according to the invention.

Description: Title: Measurement of Acetone in milk using IR spectroscopy Technical field The present invention relates to measurement of small amounts of a specified component in a fluid, and especially acetone and or acetoacetate in milk. Prior art It has for some time been desirable to be able to measure the content of acetone in milk in order to have a tool for an early detection of ketosis (a metabolic disease) in dairy cows. Methods for the determination are in fact available, but generally they are time-consuming. Besides the content pf acetone there will typically be a related amount of acetoacetate. When ever in this scpecif ication the word acetone appears this means acetone and/or acetoacetate. Recently IR spectrometry has become a preferred method for analysing milk, and accordingly it would be advantageous also to use IR spectrometry for finding the content of acetone and/or acetoacetate. The application of IR spectral data for determination of concentrations of components in a composition is known e.g. from: WO 9516201 (Foss Electric A/S), WO 9624832 (Foss Electric A S), US 5121337, (Brown), US 5252829, (Nygaard et al), US 5606164 (Price et al) and EP 0751388 (Kyoto Dai-lchi). From WO 9516201 it is known to determine added water and the related freezing point depression from IR spectral data. From this document it is also known to be advantageous to increase the leverage of the known calibration samples by adding extra water to natural samples. US 5,121 ,337 (Brown) discloses a method for correcting spectral data for data due to the spectral measurement process itself. Further it discloses how to estimate an unknown property and/or composition data of a sample by use of such method. US 5,252,829 (Nygaard), owned by the applicant, discloses a method of determining urea in milk. The content of urea in milk is generally above zero but fairly low, and the successful urea determination described in the patent is based on thorough compensation for the influence by other components on the urea measurement, through use of contemporary determinations of the contributions from the other components, i.e. fat, lactose and protein. The samples used for calibration are generally samples having a considerable amount of urea, i.e. within the intended measuring range. US 5606164 (Price et al) discloses a method and apparatus for biological fluid analyte concentration measurement using generalized distance outlier detection. However, it has until now been considered impossible to use IR spectrometry for obtaining reliable detections of the amounts of acetone appearing in cows suffering from ketosis, cf . Hendrik-Jan Luinge, B. Lutz, P. Dobbelaar and Y. H. Schukken: "Infrared spectrometry as a sensor for the early detection of ketosis in cows", 1996. Poster presentation, S.O.N. Analytische Chemie, Lunteren, Nov. 6 - 7, 1995. The present invention provides a method for calibration of an IR spectrometry apparatus for providing and evaluating IR spectra in order to determine very low contents of specific components in a fluid, such as milk, and especially low contents of acetone, such as from about 0.5 mM to about 2.5 mM acetone in milk. The art of extracting information on the chemical content of fluid compositions from measured spectra has for some time been based on a process of "learning" or "calibrating" the IR spectrometry apparatus to enable the data processor of the apparatus to recognize certain components in a fluid. Normally, the spectra of about 15 - 20 known samples are measured and used together with the known values of the content in the samples to derive a calibration for the IR spectrometry apparatus. It is general knowledge to people in the art that the set of samples used for calibration must be representative for the desired range of measurements. There are several methods of calculating such calibrations, and many methods (such as PCR, MLR or PLS regression) are well known to people in the art. Hitherto the methods and apparatus available have generally only been able to provide reliable measurements of contents which happen to appear in substantial amounts, i.e. that makes up a considerable fraction of the fluid, such as fat, protein and lactose in milk. In the case of acetone and/or acetoacetate the content in milk is generally zero or about zero. Summary of the invention The present invention provides a method for calibration of a spectrometry apparatus for providing and evaluating spectra for determination of very low concentrations of a specific component in a fluid in a specified measuring range above 0, (e.g. from 0.5 mM to 4.0 mM), by which calibration method a number of variables and corresponding coefficients (so-called B coefficients) are determined according to methods for multivariate calibration, such as PCR, MLR or PLS regression, comprising selecting and measuring a set of calibration samples including at least 30 - 50 known samples, e.g. from 50 - 300 known samples, for the calibration. According to the invention the set of calibration samples includes a number of samples representing the fluid without any substantial content of the specific component for the calibration, i.e. samples being below the specified measuring range. The new method is based upon the use of a great number of known samples, which are measured by a spectrometry apparatus, providing a spectrum of each of the known samples (the content of the "known" samples either being known or determined by a reference method) and providing a calibration (e.g. by applying known calibration calculation methods such as PCR, MLR or PLS regression and by applying principal variables or genetic algorithms for variable selection). The method was specifically developed for the determination of acetone in milk by use of IR spectroscopy. However, it is contemplated that the method is applicable to other types of spectroscopy for the determination of small amounts of other specific components. Regarding the acetone and/or acetoacetate content, experience has indicated that a substantial number, e.g. about 20 - 30, and even better about 100 or 150, i.e. the vast majority of the calibration set (the known samples) may represent samples having none or almost no content of acetone. The method according to the invention is advantageous because the vast majority of available samples are samples having no or almost no content of acetone. Only the few cows suffering from ketosis will provide samples which are representative for the range to be determined in order to be able to decide whether a cow suffer from ketosis or not. The most obvious solution to that problem would be to enrich a great number of natural samples with suitable amounts of acetone to provide a good calibration set. According to the inventors experience such extended enrichment is not necessary. A few enriched samples and/or natural samples from cows suffering from ketosis will do, and the vast majority of the calibration samples can be natural samples from healthy cows, i.e. samples without any significant amount of acetone, and samples outside the desired measuring range. In this way a fairly accurate determination is possible. Further the provision of the calibration set is fairly easy, as the vast majority of samples may be natural samples. According to a further advantageous method some of the calibration samples may be enriched samples, i.e. samples having zero or almost zero content of the specified component, whereto a number of predetermined, known amounts of the specified component being added. Accordingly a preferred set of calibration samples comprises a great number of samples having almost no content content of the specified component, and a small representative selection of samples covering the intended measuring range. Brief description of the drawings Figure 1 shows a measured IR spectrum of a milk sample with acetone and an IR spectrum for 1% acetone in water. Figure 2 shows measurement results using a full spectrum PLS model. Figure 3 shows the spectral weighting of the calibration used in Figure 2. Figure 4 shows measurement results using 100 samples and a full spectrum PLS model. Figure 5 shows measurement results using 76 samples and a full spectrum PLS model. Figure 6 shows measurement results using 39 samples and a full spectrum PLS model. Figure 7 shows measurement results using 171 samples, and a reduced spectrum PLS model. Figure 8 shows measurement results using 76 samples and a full spectrum PLS model. Detailed description of the invention The method according to the invention will be explained in further details by use of examples based on measuring the content of acetone in milk. It should be emphasized that the method according to the invention in its broadest aspect also can be used for measuring other components appearing in very low concentrations in a fluid. Acetone has a characteristic IR spectrum that appears from Figure 1 showing the IR spectrum of 1% acetone in water. A few specific bands appear from the spectrum: at 1696, 1423, 1370, and 1238 cm "1 . For the sake of good order it is mentioned that the very high signals from about 1620 to 1670 cm "1 are caused by the water. The concentrations of acetone appearing in milk are very low. The normal level is about 0 mM, and in case of a cow suffering from ketosis the level might reach up to about 3 - 4 mM. For diagnostic purposes the following acetone limits are recommended by Anders H. Gustafsson in report 222 from the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Nutrition and Management: "Acetone and Urea Concentration in milk as indicators of the nutritional status and the composition of the diet of dairy cows": < 0.7 mM: The cow does not suffer from ketosis 0.7 - 1.4 mM: The cow may be ill, i.e. milk yield may be lowered > 1.4 mM: The cow is ill, i.e. milk yield is reduced by 10 - 20 % It is mostly in the 3rd - 6th week of lactation (suckling) that the cow is liable to get ketosis, due to a very high yield in this period. From these figures it appears that milk from a normal cow (healthy cow) has an acetone content of about 0 mM. The important measuring range extends from about 0.5 mM to about 3-4 mM, i.e. the range that will allow an accurate diagnosis of cows suffering from ketosis. Accordingly the term "without any substantial content" used in claim 1 shall by understood as a content below the intended measuring range. In the case of acetone this means that when given the relevant measuring range extending from 0.5 to 4 mM of acetone, the calibration samples may include a number of samples having less than about 0.1 m M or 0.2 m M. The method according to the invention comprises: 1) collecting at least 30 - 50 single-cow milk samples, preferably about 50 - 300 samples; 2a) selecting at least 5 - 10 and preferably about 15 - 30 samples from cows being in the 1 st - 6th week of lactation; and/or 2b) selecting at least 5 - 10 and preferably about 15 - 30 samples for enrichment with acetone, in order to provide a representative set of samples including samples having up to about 3 - 4 mM of acetone, (2b may be preferred as this will surely provide the desired representative set of samples), 3) measuring all samples by a reference method (i.e. all samples to be used for the calibration) ; 4) measuring all samples by use of the IR spectrometry apparatus to be calibrated; 5) entering the measurement results into a data processing unit arranged to (programmed to) calculate a calibration, i.e. to make a selection of wavebands and calculate the so-called B-coefficients for the selected wavebands; 6) entering the calibration into the IR spectrometry apparatus to be calibrated. A careful selection of single cow samples for the calibration is very important to the final result. The number of samples shall preferably be from 50 - 300 known samples for the calibration. A considerable part of the samples may have zero (0) or almost zero (0) content of acetone. A second important part of the samples shall represent the specified measuring range for the content of acetone. This part may include a selection of natural samples i.e. samples from cows having ketosis. According to the inventor's experience also a selection of enriched samples can be used, as well as a mixture of natural samples and enriched samples. At least 10 - 20 samples may be enriched samples having a generally uniformly distributed variation of values covering the specified measuring range, and preferably covering more than the specified measuring range. The use of enriched samples can be an advantage in order to ensure that the calibration set includes a representative variation of the acetone content. A further advantage is that by using samples enriched by a known amount of acetone a corresponding reference measurement may be dispensed with. In the following a number of examples will illustrate the measurement results that can be achieved by using the method according to the invention. 171 single-cow samples were measured. 20 samples were enriched by acetone. Each of the samples were measured by a FIA (flow injection analysis) reference method and three times by use of a Foss Electric MilkoScan FT120, a FT-IR instrument using Fourier Transform-lnfraRed technique, provided with a 37 μm cuvette. The signal to noise ratios for the FT120 were determined at the most important wavelengths and the results are stated in table 1 below: Table 1. The signal to noise ratios (S/N) shown in table 1 were determined in the following way: Eight samples are measured three times each, with 20 seconds measuring time in a 37 μm sample cell. The transmittance is calculated on a water background. The resolution is 12 cm 1 measured as FWHH. The RMS noise on the three determinations is calculated as the standard deviation on the transmittance at the relevant wavenumbers. The total noise is then calculated as the RMS value for the eight samples. The signal to noise value is then calculated as the average transmittance for the 24 spectra at the relevant wavenumber divided by the total noise at the same wavenumber, i.e.: S/N = average(T(wavenumber))/sd(wavenumber, sample). The signal to noise ratio (S/N) of the FT-IR apparatus in use will be important to the accuracy and reliability of the obtained measurements. A S/N of at least 500 and preferably at least 1000, and more preferably at least 1500 is considered to be an important parameter for the performance of the method. The rather low S/N in the last column is due to the fact that the wavenumber, 1700, is close to the water band, which gives rise to a high signal, but little information on the content of acetone. As a first example the full spectrum - except the water bands and a few other insignificant bands - is used. The result shown in Figure 2 is based on a Full spectrum PLS model, using 17 factors. The validation is based on 6 cross validation segments. The 'cross validation' is a normal validation procedure - used for testing the calibration. A fraction e.g. 5/6 of the samples are used for calibration, and the rest (the remaining segment, 1/6) is used for a validation to control whether the values obtained by use of the new calibration are comparable and preferably equal to or close to the measured reference values. The procedure is repeated 6 times - each time leaving a new segment of samples for the validation. The same type of 'cross validation' is used in all examples to follow later in this description. Figure 2 and all the following Figures 4 - 7 show the acetone content measured by the IR-method versus the acetone content measured by the reference method. All IR-measurements are repeated three times, so for each sample three measurement points appear as '+'. As it appears from Figure 2 most measurement results are located in the vicinity of (0,0), in agreement with the fact that most cows are healthy, not suffering from ketosis. The calibration - which was used for obtaining the measurements shown in Figure 2 - is shown in Figure 3 as the spectral weighting of the calibration. The peaks appearing at 1700, 1407, 1365 and 1238 cm "1 correspond approximately, i.e. within the resolution of the MilkoScan FT120, to the bands appearing in Figure 1. From Figure 2 it appears that the few samples having a substantial content of acetone appear in close relation to a straight line from the origin, (0,0), to the point (3.0,3.6), indicating a close relation between the content measured through IR spectrometry and the content measured by the reference method. Accordingly, the acetone content in milk can be determined from IR spectrometry measurements using a calibration according to the present invention. The performance of the method according to the invention is tested or evaluated by calculating Repeatability and Accuracy, defined as stated below: Repeatability (REP) is stated as a mean standard deviation (s r ) of multiple determinations performed under identical conditions and is calculated as: where q is the number of samples, n is the number of replicates, X j , is the result of the i'th replicate of the j'th sample and <x is the average result of the j'th sample. Accuracy is stated as the Root Mean Square Error of Prediction (RMSEP) and calculated as: N RMSEP ft - V /-* ( y.x ι,r rence - X ιjtredιcted Ϋ J i-l where N is the number of determinations (number of samples (q) times number of replicates (n) from above) and x,, rete r ence anc ' ^.p red i cted are t ne reference and predicted values corresponding to the i'th determination, respectively. The Root Mean Square Error of Prediction (RMSEP) is found to be 0.26 mM, and the repeatability, 'REP' is 0.13mM ( i.e. s r = standard deviation on multiple determinations of the same sample; in the present case all samples are measured three times on the FT-IR instrument). This result indicates that the performance is sufficient in respect to the before-mentioned diagnostic threshold values at 0.7 mM and 1.4 mM. Further, the results shown in Figure 2 indicate that even with RMSEP = 0.26 mM it is likely that all cows measured by the method according to the invention will be classified correctly as either healthy, perhaps ill, or ill, according to the criteria mentioned before. The following examples illustrate the reliability of the measurements in respect to different conditions for the selection of calibration samples. Table No. 2 show the data of five examples: Table No. 2: No. of samples No. of PLS RMSEP REP Figure 171 17 0.26 0.13 2 100 ' 18 0.27 0.13 4 76 ' 19 0.28 0.13 5 76 '" 18 0.30 0.13 8 39 " 15 0.46 0.14 6 ' The samples removed were selected randomly among all samples with an acetone content of less than 0.2 M " The samples removed were all samples with an acetone content of less than 0.1 mM "" The samples removed from the full dataset were selected ramdomly among all samples It is well known that a representative number of samples are needed for obtaining a reliable calibration model. The requested number will however depend on the type of measurement. A determination of very small amounts of acetone will require many samples. How many is investigated in the following examples referring to Table No. 2 and Figures 4 - 6 and 8. In the first example a total of 171 samples was applied for the calibration. 17 PLS factors were found providing measurement results having RMSEP = 0.26 and REP = 0.13. The diagram in Figure 2 illustrates this example:- As it appears from Figure 2 the vast majority of the samples have almost zero content of acetone. About 20 samples represent the desired measuring range from about 0.5 to about 2.5 mM. The next example (line 2 of Table 2) relates to the use of 100 samples. These were chosen by removing 71 randomly selected samples, having an acetone content of less than 0.2 mM. Figure 4 shows a full spectrum PLS model, using the 100 remaining samples leading to 18 PLS factors and measuring results having RMSEP: 0.27 and REP: 0.13. As it appears from Figure 4 the vast majority of the samples still have almost zero content of acetone. Again about 20 samples represent a desired measuring range from about 0.5 to about 2.5 mM. The third example (line 3 of Table 2) relates to the use of 76 samples. These were chosen by removing 95 samples randomly selected among the samples having an acetone content of less than 0.2 mM. Figure 5 shows a full spectrum PLS model using the remaining 76 samples leading to 19 PLS factors and measuring results having RMSEP: 0.28 and REP: 0.13. As it appears from Figure 5 a majority of the samples (about 44) have almost zero content of acetone. About 20 samples represent the desired measuring range from about 0.5 to about 2.5 mM. The fourth example (line 4 of Table 2) also relates to the use of 76 samples. These samples were chosen by randomly removing 95 samples from the total set of 171 samples. Figure 8 shows a full spectrum PLS model using the remaining 76 samples leading to 18 PLS factors and measuring results having RMSEP: 0.30 and REP: 0.13. As it appears from Figure 8 the vast majority (about 56) of the samples have almost zero content of acetone. Only about 10 samples represent the desired measuring range from about 0.5 to about 2.5 mM. Surprisingly, the accuracy seems to be satisfactory, almost as good as in example 3 . The fifth example (line 5 of Table 2) relates to the use of 39 samples. These were chosen among the 171 samples in example 1 by removing 132 samples randomly selected among samples having an acetone content of less than 0.1 mM. Figure 6 shows a full spectrum PLS model using the remaining 39 samples leading to 15 PLS factors and measuring results having RMSEP: 0.46 and REP: 0.14. As it appears from Figure 6 none of the samples has almost zero content of acetone. For about 18 samples the acetone content was from 0.1 to 0,5 mM. About 20 samples represent the desired measuring range from about 0.5 to about 2.5 mM. It is obvious from the Figure 6 that the results are more scattered. The calculated RMSEP indicates that the calibration set is too poor. Accordingly, a representative set of 20 samples covering the desired measuring range is not sufficient. A great number of samples without any or almost any content of acetone clearly contribute to improve the accuracy of the determination. From Figures 4 - 6 and 8 it appears that 100 samples or even 76 samples including about 20 samples, representing the desired measuring range, lead to a calibration being almost as good as the first one using 171 samples shown in Figure 2 having RMSEP: 0.26 and REP: 0.13. Accordingly, the calibration set of samples may contain as few as about 10-20 representative samples and the remaining samples may have no or almost no content of acetone. Specifically, the fifth example indicates that the removal of the samples having the smallest amount of acetone results in very poor accuracy. Figure 2 clearly shows that the vast majority of calibration samples have an acetone concentration close to 0, and below 0.1 mM. The Acetone spectrum of Figure 1 and the calibration shown in Figure 3 indicate that a good calibration for acetone shall preferably be based on spectral information including the spectral ranges 1712-1697, 1419-1396, 1378-1353 and 1249-1226 cm '1 , or at least a substantial part of said ranges. Also the range 1299-1276 cm "1 obviously add important information according to the large negative peak appearing among the calculated B-coefficients shown in Figure 3. Figure 7 shows an example by which two of the said ranges were removed: The waveband 1712-1697 and 1419-1396 cm 1 , leaving the waveband ranges: 1378-1353 and 1249-1226 cm "1 . The result was a RMSEP of 0.32, and REP of 0.11 ; It is the experience of the inventor that at least two of the waveband ranges in question should be used in order to obtain a reliable measurement indicating whether the cow suffers from ketosis. It is preferred to use all the waveband ranges mentioned. The method is specifically intended for measuring very small amounts of a component in a liquid. For acetone it is specifically interesting to know whether the acetone content in a milk sample is above or below 0,7 mM. Accordingly you may say that the really important measuring range is from about 0.5 to about 4 mM. Accordingly, you would expect from the knowledge of the prior art that a representative selection of known samples ought to be selected among samples in the range from about 0.5 to 4 mM. The inventor of the present method has realised the surprising fact that a great number of samples having less than 0.1 mM acetone apparently has a significant influence upon the quality of the calibration (when looking at the Figures 2, 4, 6, 7, 8). Here, it shall be kept in mind that the number of samples in the relevant measuring range from 0.5 mM to 4 mM are the same in the examples 1 , 2, 3 and 5. Nevertheless, example 5 shows a significant decrease in accuracy compared to the examples 1 , 2 and 3. The only difference is that a great number of samples having less than 0.1 and less than 0.2 mM were included in the examples 1 , 2 and 3.

Claims: Patent claims 1. A method for calibration of a spectrometry apparatus for providing and evaluating spectra for determination of very low concentrations of a specific component in a fluid in a measuring range above 0, (e.g. from 0.5 mM to 4.0 mM), by which calibration method a number of variables and corresponding coefficients (so-called B coefficients) are determined according to methods for multivariate calibration, such as PCR, MLR or PLS regression, the method comprising selecting and measuring a set of calibration samples including at least 30 - 50 known samples, e.g. from 50 - 300 known samples, for the calibration, characterized in that the set of calibration samples includes a number of samples representing the fluid without any substantial content of the specific component for the calibration, i.e. samples being below the measuring range. 2. A method according to claim 1 , characterized in that the set of calibration samples includes at least 10 samples, and preferably at least 30, more preferably at least 50 known samples having 0 and/or almost 0 content of the specified component, such as acetone, for the calibration. 3. A method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the set of calibration samples includes a majority of known samples having 0 and/or almost 0 content of the specified component, such as acetone, for the calibration, as well as at least 5 samples, preferably at least 10 samples and more preferably at least 20 samples representing the measuring range for the content of the specified component. 4. A method according to claim 3, characterized by at least some of the at least 10 samples representing the measuring range for the content of the specified component being enriched samples, i.e. samples, whereto an amount of the specified component being added. 5. A method according to claim 4, characterized in that the amounts of the specified component being added are predetermined known amounts. 6. A method according to any of the claims 1 - 5, characterized by using at least 17 specific wavebands for the determination of the content of the specified component, such as acetone. 7. A method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the fluid is milk and the specified component is acetone, and the spectra are IR spectra, characterized by using at least two wavebands from a group of wavebands each comprising or being close to one of the following wavenumbers: 1696, 1423, 1370 and/or 1238 cm 1 8. A method according to any of the claims 1-6, wherein the fluid is milk and the specified component is acetone, characterized by using waveband ranges substantially comprising at least two of the following waveband ranges: 1712 - 1697, 1419 - 1396, 1378 - 1353, 1249 - 1226 cm "1 and 1299 - 1276 cm "1 or parts thereof. 9. A method according to any of the claims 1-6, wherein the fluid is milk and the specified component is acetone, characterized by using waveband ranges substantially comprising at least two of the following waveband ranges: 1708 - 1697, 1415 - 1400, 1373 - 1357, 1245 - 1230 cm "1 and 1299 - 1276 cm "1 or parts thereof. 10. Method according to claim 8 or 9, characterized by using waveband ranges substantially comprising at least three of the said wavebands. 11. Method according to claim 8, characterized by using at least spectral information including the spectral ranges 1712 - 1697, 1419 - 1396, 1378 - 1353 and 1249 - 1226 cm "1 , or at least a substantial portion/part of said ranges. 12. Method according to claim 1 , characterized by using any of the wavebands 1712 - 1697 cm 1 , 1419 - 1396 cm 1 , 1378 - 1353 cm "1 , 1299 - 1276 cm "1 or 1249-1226 cm 1 13. Method for determining the content of acetone in milk, characterized by using an FT-IR apparatus calibrated by a method according to any of the claims 1- 12. 14. Method for determining the content of a specified component in a fluid, characterized by using an FT-IR apparatus calibrated by a method according to any of the claims 1- 6. 15. A method for determination of very low concentrations of a specific component in a fluid, said method including a calibration of a spectrometry apparatus according to any of the claims 1-14.

Inventors: HANSEN PER WAABEN, HANSEN, PER, WAABEN
Applicants: FOSS ELECTRIC AS, HANSEN PER WAABEN, FOSS ELECTRIC A/S, HANSEN, PER, WAABEN
Application year: 1998
Main classification: G01N21
IPC codes: G01N21, G01N33