MILLING TOOL

Abstract: A milling tool comprises a rotatable supporting body (1) having detachable cassettes (5) upon which cutting inserts (6) are mounted, said cutting inserts (6) being provided with cutting edges. Two serrated surfaces (9, 10) are provided in order to connect the individual cassette (5) with the supporting body (1), a first one (9) of said serrated surfaces being located upon the periphery of the supporting body and facing outwards from the supporting body while the other serrated surface (10) is formed at an inner side of the cassette. By this location of the cassettes the supporting body may be equipped with an increased number of cassettes compared to what has been possible in connection with prior art.

Description: MILLING TOOL Technical Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a milling tool compris- ing a supporting body being rotatable around a central geometric axis, said supporting body having an endless circumferential surface which extends between opposite end surfaces, several mutually separated cassettes being detachably mounted upon said circumferential surface, each cassette including a detachable cutting insert having two cutting edges. Prior Art A milling tool of the type defined above is previously known from SE 9301399-3. Similar milling tools, using wedge bodies for clamping of the cutting inserts, are previously known from US 2 037 642, US 3 214 825 and US 3 501 822. Common for all these known tools is that the cutting inserts are accomodated in and project from radial grooves or recesses that open in the circumferential surface of the supporting body. When manufacturing rotatable milling tools it is a general ambition to improve the machining capacity towards an optimum. For this purpose the supporting body should - for a given diameter - be equipped with the largest possible number of cutting inserts, since the strains on each individual cutting insert become less the larger number of cutting inserts that are included in the tool. In other words the milling tool is allowed to work at a higher machining speed by an increasing number of cutting inserts. Another important factor of the milling tool is the weight of the supporting body. The lighter material of the supporting body the faster starting and stopping sequences; something that is of particular importance in connection with milling of materials that are easy to work, e.g. aluminium. Tendencies to harmful vibrations are also counteracted if the supporting body has a low weight. In connection with the milling tools, previously known from the above-mentioned patents, there must, between each pair of adjacent recesses for the cutting inserts, be provided a considerable amount of material in the supporting body itself in order to make the peripheral area of the supporting body resistant to the sometimes rather large tangential forces that are subjected to the periphery of the supporting body via the cutting inserts and the cassettes. Usually the man skilled in the art calculates that the tangential extension of the individual piece of material between two adjacent recesses should be at least as large as the tangential extension or width of the recess. This means that the number of cutting inserts that it is possible to apply upon the periphery of the supporting body is restricted in an unsatisfactory way. Steel has normally been chosen as the material of the supporting body of previously known milling tools. This material has the advantage that it is impact resistant; meaning that the outwards exposed, peripheral partial surfaces between each pair of outwards projecting cutting inserts are given a good ability to resist the mechanical stresses that arise from machined, hot chips being thrown against said partial surfaces. However, a disadvantage in connection with steel is that this material has a relatively high density. This means, due to the fact that the supporting body constitutes the major part of the entire volume of the milling tool, that the milling tool as a whole becomes heavy. A consequence of a heavy weight of the tool is that the machining speed becomes limited. Further, the handling of the milling tool is of course complicated in connection with mounting or dismounting from the associated milling machine. As regards the previously known milling tools according to the, above-mentioned patent documents, it should be pointed out that the means for adjustment of the cutting inserts in precise working positions are rather complicated; meaning that the adjustment work in connection with the positioning is time consuming . Objects and Features of the Invention The present invention aims at overcoming the above-men ¬ tioned shortages of previously known milling tools and provid ¬ ing an improved milling tool. A primary object of the inven ¬ tion is thus to create a milling tool that is possible to equip with a large number of cutting inserts for a given dia- meter with the outmost object of making an increased machining speed possible. A further object is to provide a milling tool having a supporting body that, when needed, may be manufactured from a material, e.g. aluminium, of low density in order to reduce the weight of the supporting body and thus facilitate mounting and dismounting work and reduce the risk of vibrations. Still a further object of the invention is to create a milling tool having a cutting insert that can be fine-adjusted in a simple and time-saving way. At least the primary object of to the invention is attained by means of the features that are stated in the characterising portion of claim 1. Preferred embodiments of the invention are further defined in the depending claims. The invention, as defined in the independent patent claim, rely upon the concept of applying the cassettes on the outside of the circumferential surface of the supporting body, comparatively close to each other in order to cover, by means of the cassettes, the largest possible portion of the circumferential surface. By locating the cassettes close to each other on the outside of the circumferential surface, i.e. without accomodating them within any radial recesses, it is made possible not only to have a large number of cutting inserts mounted upon a supporting body having a given diameter, but also to have the supporting body itself manufactured from a material having limited impact resistance. Therefore, in practice the supporting body may be manufactured from aluminium or another light material, simultaneously as the cassettes, are manufactured from steel having essentially higher mechanical resistance than aluminium. The steel then protects the material of the supporting body. Brief Description of the Enclosed Drawings In the drawings: Figure 1 is a perspective view of a milling tool according to the invention, said milling tool being illustrated with all the cassettes, except two, removed from the supporting body, Figure 2 is a perspective exploded view illustrating a portion of the supporting body and a cassette and a cutting insert being detached from the supporting body, Figure 3 is a perspective partial view illustrating how the cutting inserts are adjusted relative to an associated cassette, Figure 4 is a partial perspective view showing a detail of the cassette, Figure 5 is a top view of a milling tool according to an alternative embodiment of the invention, and Figure 6 is an exploded view illustrating a cassette and cutting inserts of the milling tool according to figure 5. Before the embodiments disclosed in the drawings are described more in detail, it may be mentioned that it should be possible to adjust all of the cutting inserts of a milling tool in very precise working positions. In practice it is a question of tolerances in the magnitude of 1/100 mm or less. Regarding such milling tools as corner milling cutters and facemilling cutters it is vital that the edges of all of the cutting inserts during work are fine-adjusted, not only in one single plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the supporting body, but also at an exactly defined radial dis- tance from the axis of rotation. As will be apparent from the description below the present invention uses means that enables a quick and simple fine adjustment of the cutting inserts in both the axial and the radial directions . Detailed Description of Preferred Embodiments of the Invention The milling tool illustrated in figures 1-4 comprises a supporting body 1 that is rotatable around a central geometrical axis A, said supporting body 1 having a cylindrical basic shape (said supporting body often also being designated milling cutter head) . Between opposite, planar end surfaces 2, 3 (see both figures 1 and 2) there is an endless, circumferential surface that is designated by 4, said surface indeed not constituting a cylindric or smooth surface, but having the character of an envelope surface. Upon said envelope surface or circumferential surface 4 several cassettes are provided, said cassettes generally being designated by 5. Each cassette 5 supports in turn a cutting insert generally designated by 6. The tool according to the embodiment constitutes a corner cutter and consequently each cutting insert 6 includes two cutting edges 7, 8. The edge 8 forms a major cutting edge extending parallel to the axis A of rotation and the edge 7 forms a minor cutting edge. As regards the minor cutting edge 7 it should be pointed out that said edge consists of a short so called wiper flat, that extends exactly perpendicular relative to the major cutting edge 8, while a portion of the edge 7 extending towards the centre of the milling tool forms a somewhat inclined clearance portion. However, for scale reasons it is not possible to clearly separate the wiper flat or the minor cutting edge from the clearance portion. So far described the disclosed milling tool is in all essentials previously known. Characteristic for the milling tool according to the invention is that the individual cassette is connectable with the supporting body via a pair of cooperating, serrated surfaces 9, 10, a first one of said surfaces being provided at the circumferential surface of the supporting body and the second one at an inner side of the cassette. In a previously known way each serrated surface or serration consists of several oblong, axially oriented and parallel ridges that are separated by intermediate grooves. The ridges of one serration may engage the grooves of the other serration. Although it is possible to locate the first serrated surface 9 exactly tan- gential, i.e. perpendicular to an imaginary radius from the axis of rotation of the supporting body, said serrated surface may in practice be located at an arbitrary angle, within the range of 65-90°, relative to the radius or a radial plane that intersects the axis A of rotation, suitably 70-85° or prefera- bly about 75°. The inclination of the serrated surface 9 may be either negative or positive. In the embodiment according to figures 1-4 serrated surfaces 9 having a positive inclination angle are shown, while figure 5 exemplifies an embodiment having a negative inclination angle. The serrated surface 9 should extend along a major portion of the axial extension of the supporting body (i.e. the entire distance between opposite planar surfaces 2, 3) and have a width or tangential extension that corresponds to the width of the cassette 5. Simultane- ously the serration 10 at the inner side of the cassette should extend along the entire length as well as the entire width of the cassette. For each cassette a threaded hole 11 is provided in the supporting body 1, said threaded hole 11 opening in the ser- rated surface 9. Further, in the cassette 5 a through hole 12 is recessed for a solid clamping screw 13 that is allowed to be tightened in the threaded hole 11. In the embodiment a screw is used that apart from a threaded shaft includes a head 14 having a recessed grip 15 for an Allen key. The hole 12 has on one hand a narrow inner section through which the shaft of the screw is allowed to pass and on the other hand a wider outer section that provides a recess 16 adapted to accomodate the head 14 of the screw. The bottom 17 provides an abutment surface against which the head of the screw may be tightened. It is characteristic for the hole 12 to be of an oblong shape in order to allow the cassette, as long as the screw is not finally tightened, to be displaced to some degree relative to the screw in the axial direction of the supporting body. Among persons skilled in the art it is well known that components being detachably mounted upon a rotatable supporting body constitute a latent security risk in the respect that in connection with unfortunate circumstances said components may be, loosened from the supporting body and thrown away at high power if the supporting body is driven at a high speed of rotation. Although it is sufficient to tighten the clamping screw 13 by a predetermined torque, the further measure has been taken, in connection with the milling tool according to the invention, to provide a securing of the clamping screw against centrifugal forces. Thus for each cassette and clamp- ing screw a secondary, threaded hole 18 is formed in the supporting body 1. This secondary hole opens on one hand in the planar end surface 2 and on the other hand in the primary hole 11 of the clamping screw 13. In the secondary hole may be inserted on one hand an auxiliary screw 19, said screw being accessible from the outside, and on the other hand a press body 20 that by tightening of the auxiliary screw in the hole 18 is urged against the threaded shaft of the clamping screw 13. In practice the press body 20 is preferably made of copper or another, in relation to steel, soft material that will not damage the thread of the clamping screw. Since the auxiliary screw 19 is not subjected to any centrifugal forces it will, after tightening, guarantee a satisfactory securing of the clamping screw 13 even if said screw is subjected to high cen- trifugal forces. In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention a special mechanism is provided in order to facilitate axial fine adjustment of the cassette 5 relative to the supporting body 1. Said mechanism may be realised in different ways, but is, in the embodiment, in the shape of a screw having on one hand a threaded shaft (not visible) that may be engaged in a threaded hole 41 of the supporting body and on the other hand a head 21 having an outwards facing grip 22 for a multi-lobed key. It is characteristic of this screw that the envelope surface of the head is asymmetric in relation to the centre axis of the shaft. For instance, the envelope surface may be cylindrical and the head be generally eccentric relative to the shaft . The envelope surface may also have an oval shape. As is evident from figure 4 the envelope surface of the head of the screw is located in contact with a transverse abutment surface 23 of the cassette 5. When the screw is subjected to a turning movement the same is able to displace the cassette with small or fine axial movements. A second surface 24 extends at an angle to the abutment surface 23 that together with said second surface 24 define a corner recess in the cassette. In the area of this corner recess the cassette has a projecting flange portion 25 that partly covers the circumferential portion of the screw head 21. By the presence of this flange portion 25 the screw is given a securing against centrifugal forces. In other words said screw may not be thrown away from the milling tool even if said tool is rotated at high speed. In the embodiment the cutting insert 6 consists of a steel body having an integrated smaller means 26 of a material having extraordinary high hardness and high wear resistance, e.g. a material that wholly or partly consists of diamond or cubic boron nitride. The above-mentioned cutting edges 7, 8 are formed upon said means 26 constituting the actual edge of the cutting insert. As previously pointed out the exemplified cutting inserts are adapted for corner milling, said cutting edges 7, 8 extending perpendicular relative to each other. The cutting insert 6 is connectable with the cassette by means of a second pair of serrated surfaces 27, 28 of which a first one is provided at a free end of the cassette while the other one is provided at an inner side of the cutting insert 6. In conformity with the above-mentioned serrated surfaces 9, 10, said serrated surfaces 27, 28 consist of oblong ridges separated by grooves. The serrated surface 28 preferably extends along the entire inner side of the cutting insert 6, said serrated surface 27 having a size that essentially corresponds to the size of the serrated surface 28. In the serrated surface 27 a threaded hole 29 of a clamping screw 30 opens, said clamping screw 30 being intended to secure the cutting insert to the cassette. Apart from a threaded shaft 31, said screw includes a head 32 having an outwards facing grip 33 for a suitable key. In the cutting insert 6 a through hole 34 is recessed that, like the hole 12, is of an oblong shape in order to enable a certain displacement of the cutting insert relative to the screw. Also in this case the hole has a recess for the head of the screw, which head may be tightened against an annular abutment surface 35 at the bottom of the recess. The ridges and the grooves of the second pair of serrated surfaces 27, 28 are inclined at an angle of 45° relative to the ridges and grooves of the first pair of serrated surfaces 9, 10 between the cassette and the supporting body. This means that the cutting insert 6 is displaceable in a direction oriented exactly at an angle of 45° relative to the axial direction in which the cassette is displaceable relative to the supporting body. In other words 45° constitute a bisector angle of the cutting edges 7, 8. If the setting angle between said cutting edges differs from 90° (either an acute or an obtuse angle) the ridges of the serrated surfaces are inclined accordingly. If it is assumed that the setting angle between the cutting edges is 120°, then the ridges of the serrated surfaces should be oriented at an angle of 60° (half of the setting angle) relative to an imaginary plane extending perpendicular to the axis A of rotation. As is evident from figures 2 and 3 the cutting insert 6, along one of its longitudinal sides, has a set of teeth or a serration 36 that, in a mounted position of the cutting insert, is facing a partially circular recess 37 in a wall surface 38 that in the cassette defines a seat for the cutting insert 6. As is indicated at 39 a multi-lobed key may be introduced in the recess 37 in order to engage the set of teeth 36. It should be obvious that the cutting insert is displaceable to and fro relative to the cassette by turning this key. The fine adjustment of each of the cutting inserts 6 of the milling tool is effected in the following way: After fastening of the cassette and clamping of the cutting inserts upon the supporting body, the two screws 13, 30 are initially slightly tightened in the respective threaded hole. In a first step the cutting inserts are adjusted in the radial direction. This is effected by having the cutting insert 6 displaced relative to the associated cassette by means of the key 39. More precisely, the cutting inserts are displaced either outwards or inwards at an angle of 45° relative to the longitudi- nal direction of the cassette. When all of the cutting inserts have been adjusted and calibrated, i.e. they are positioned (within a tolerance area of e.g. 0,01 mm) with the cutting edge 8, at exactly the desired radial distance from the axis of rotation of the supporting body, the screw 30 is finally tightened. At this stage, when the clamping screw 13 of the cassette is still only slightly tightened, the cutting insert may not be displaced in radial direction relative to the sup ¬ porting body. In the next step the cutting insert is adjusted also in the axial direction. This is effected by means of the head 21 of the screw that upon turning enables axial displace ¬ ment of the cassette by extreme fine movements. When the cas ¬ sette has reached the exact desired axial position also the clamping screw 13 is finally tightened. In a finishing step the auxiliary screw 19 is, together with the press body 20, introduced into the secondary hole 18 in order to secure the clamping screw against centrifugal forces. In the embodiment shown in figure 1 recesses, V-shaped in cross-section, are provided between adjacent cassettes and adherent serrated surfaces 9, said V-shaped recesses demanding a certain space. Nevertheless the cassettes are located essentially closer to each other than what is possible in connection with previously known milling tools that use radial recesses in order to accomodate radially projecting cutting inserts . In other words the supporting body or the milling cutter head 1 may be equipped with an increased number of cutting inserts for a given diameter. In figure 5 and 6 an alternative embodiment is shown where the cassettes 5' are located immediately adjacent each other in such a way that the cassettes together in all essentials cover the entire periphery surface of the supporting body 1' . In this case the serrated surfaces 9' extend in negative angle relative to an imaginary radius through the axis of rotation of the milling tool, whereby short transition surfa- ces 40 are provided between forward and rear ends of adjacent serrated surfaces 9' , said short surfaces 40 extending in a steep angle relative to the serrated surfaces. In this embodiment it is especially preferable to manufacture the supporting body _. ' from aluminium and the cas- settes from steel. Since steel has a considerably higher impact resistance than aluminium the supporting body is protected from an injurious effect from chips that are thrown out from the cutting inserts. Thus the cassettes together form an essentially complete covering and protective shield around the supporting body. The cassette 5' is essentially analogous with the previously described cassette 5 as regards the possibility to precisely adjust the cassette in the axial direction. Since the cutting insert, in connection with milling tools of the type in question, does not need to be adjusted radially, said insert is, however, secured to the cassette in one given posi ¬ tion by means of one single clamping screw 30' . In this case the cutting insert 6' may consist of a conventional cemented carbide body that preferably is indexable. A basic advantage of the milling tool according to the invention is that the supporting body, by the external and exposed location of the cassettes, can be equipped with a large number of cassettes for any given diameter. This exter- nal location of the cassettes is made possible by the use of the cooperating serrated surfaces on the inner side of the cassettes and the periphery of the supporting body since such serrated surfaces are able to absorb large tangential forces. The invention provides especially significant advantages when the cassettes are mounted immediately adjacent each other in the way that is exemplified in figure 5. In such cases the cassettes form a circumferential protective shield that makes it possible to use e.g. aluminium or another material of lower density having less impact resistance and less wear resis- tance . Further, the double set of serrated surfaces allow a simple and time-saving fine adjustment of the cutting inserts of the tool, said serrated surfaces extending at an angle relative to each other. Feasible Modifications of the Invention The invention is not solely restricted to the embodiments described above and disclosed in the drawings. Thus it is possible to use, instead of a screw having an asymmetric head, other mechanisms for the axial fine adjustment of the cassettes. It is even feasible to completely be void of any fine adjustment mechanism and thus carry out the adjustment exclusively manually. Furthermore, it should be pointed out that the possibility of axial displacement of the cassette relative to the supporting body may be realised otherwise than by the aid of an oblong hole and a screw secured in the supporting body, said screw being axially immovable. It is thus feasible to use a screw having on one hand a threaded shaft that may be secured in a conventionally threaded hole in the cassette and on the other hand a head accomodated in an inner cavity of the cassette, and that a hole that extends out from the inner cavity is oblong in order to allow the screw, and thus the cassette, to move axially. It is further - especially in connection with large milling tools - feasible to secure the cassette by means of screws that are accessible from inside the cylindrical recess that is defined by the peripheral annular portion of the supporting body (see figure 1) . Also the clamping screw 30 of the cutting insert 6 may be secured against centrifugal forces, for instance in the same way as the clamping screw 13 of the cassette.

Claims: Claims 1. Milling tool comprising a supporting body (1) being rotatable around a central geometric axis, said supporting body (1) having an endless circumferential surface (4) which extends between opposite end surfaces (2, 3) , several mutually separated cassettes (5) being detachably mounted upon said circumferential surface (4), each said cassette (5) including a detachable cutting insert (6) having at least one cutting edge (7, 8), c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that two serrated surfaces (9, 10) are provided in order to connect the individual cassette (5) with the supporting body (1) , said serrated surfaces (9, 10), in a known way, consisting of oblong, parallel ridges separated by grooves, a first one (9) of said ser- rated surfaces being located upon the circumferential surface (4) of the supporting body (1) and facing outwards from the supporting body, more precisely by extending at an angle within the range of 65-90° relative to an imaginary radius from the axis of rotation, while the other serrated surface (10) is formed at an inner side of the cassette (5), that at least one hole (12) is recessed in the cassette for a clamping screw (13) that in a slightly tightened state - when the ridges of one serrated surface engage the grooves of the other serrated surface and vice versa - allows at least a certain axial dis- placement of the cassette relative to the supporting body in order to enable fine adjustment of the cassettes. 2. Milling tool according to claim 1, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the hole (12) in the cassette is through-going and that the clamping screw (13) has on one hand a head (14) adapted to be urged against an abutment surface (17) in connection with said hole (12), and on the other hand a threaded shaft adapted to be tightened in a threaded hole (11) that opens in the serrated surface (9) of the circumferential sur- face of the supporting body, said hole (12) in the cassette being oblong in order to allow said axial displacement of the cassette . 3. Milling tool according to claim 2, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the abutment surface (17) constitutes a bottom of a recess (16) provided in the external surface of the cassette, the head (14) of the screw being accomodated in said recess ( 16) . 4. Milling tool according to claims 2 or 3, c h a r a c t er i z e d in that a threaded, secondary hole (18) is provided in the supporting body, said hole (18) opening on one hand in an end face (2) of the supporting body (1) and on the other hand in the primary hole (11) for the clamping screw (13), an auxiliary screw (19) and a press body (20) being located in said secondary hole (18), said press body (20), by tightening of said auxiliary screw (19), being urged against the shaft of the clamping screw in order to prevent unintentional loosening of the clamping screw from a given position. 5. Milling tool according to any one of the preceding claims, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that a mechanism, for fine adjustment of the cassette, is provided in connection with the serrated surface (9) of the supporting body. 6. Milling tool according to claim 5, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the fine adjustment mechanism consists of a screw mounted in a threaded hole, said screw having a head (21) with an envelope surface that is non-centric relative to the geometric axis of rotation of the screw, said envelope surface being applicable against a transverse surface (23) of the cassette in order to bring the cassette to be displaced axially when the screw is rotated. 7. Milling tool according to claim 6, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that in the area of said transverse surface said cassette has a projecting flange (25) that partially covers the head (21) of the screw in order to secure the screw against centrifugal forces. 8. Milling tool according to any one of the preceding claims, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that a second pair of serrated surfaces (27, 28) are provided in order to connect the cutting insert (6) with the cassette (5), said serrated surfaces like- wise consisting of oblong ridges separated by grooves, a first one (27) of said serrated surfaces being located upon the cassette (5) and the other one (28) at an inner side of the cutting insert (6), said ridges and the grooves of said second pair of serrated surfaces (27, 28) extending in an acute angle relative to the ridges and the grooves of the first pair of serrated surfaces (9, 10) between the cassette and the supporting body.

Inventors: ENQUIST LARS-ERIK, QVARTH INGEMAR, ENQUIST, LARS-ERIK, QVARTH, INGEMAR
Applicants: SANDVIK AB
Application year: 1998
Main classification: B23C5
IPC codes: B23C5