SCREENING METHODS USING AN ATPASE PROTEIN FROM A VIRUS OF THE FLAVIVIRIDAE FAMILY

Abstract: Disclosed are screening methods to identify molecules which activate or inhibit the activity of an ATPase protein of the Flaviviridae family, particularly NS4B protein of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV). These inhibitors and activators of HCV NS4B protein potentially can be used as antiviral compounds and as therapeutic agents for the treatment of viruses linked to the Flaviviridae family, particularly HCV, flaviviruses such as yellow fever virus, Dengue virus types 1-4, and pestiviruses such as bovine viral diarrhea virus and classic swine fever, among others.

Description: SCREENING METHODS USING AN ATPASE PROTEIN FROM A VIRUS OF THE FLAVIVIRIDAE FAMILY CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application claims benefit to the earlier provisional U S application. Serial No 60/051,582, filed on July 2, 1997, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to the verification of a previously undefined matic activity of an ATPase protein of the Flaviviridae family, particularly hepatitis C virus (HCV) and the NS4B protein Furthermore, this invention provides screening methods to identify molecules which activate or inhibit the newly discovered actιvιt\ of this protein BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION First identified by molecular cloning in 1989 (Choo, et al , Science 244 359-362 (1989)), hepatitis C virus (HCV) is now widely accepted as the most common causative agent of post-transfusion non A, non-B hepatitis (NANBH) (Kuo, et al Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87 2057-2061 ( 1989)) Infection with HCV is a major cause of human liver disease throughout the world with seroprevalence in the general population ranging from 0 3 to 2 2% (van der Poel, et al In Reesink. H W , ed HEPATITIS C VIRUS Amsterdam Karger, p 137- 163 ( 1994)) to as high as - 10-20% in Egypt (Hibbs et al , J Infect Dis 168 789-790 ( 1993)) Although the virus is most commonly transmitted via blood, the mode of transmission remains unknown for a large portion of infected individuals (Alter, et al , Infect Agents Dis 2 155- 166 ( 1993)) Over 50% of infections by HCV progress to acute hepatitis associated with viremia and generally elevated serum alanine aminotranferase (ALT) levels (Alter, H J , CURRENT PROSPECTIVE IN HEPATOLOGY New York Plenum p 83-97 ( 1989)) Over half of the acute cases progress to a chronic infection with roughly 20% developing cirrhosis (Alter, H J , CURRENT PROSPECTIVE IN HEPATOLOGY, New York Plenum p 83-97 ( 1989)) Chronic infection by HCV has also been linked epidemiologically to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), especially in cirrhotic patients (Blum, et al Hepatology 19 251-258 (1994)) Since its initial identification, many isolates of HCV have been sequenced, displaying much genetic diversity and leading to the subclassification of this virus into multiple genotypes (Bukh, et al . Proc Nail Acad Sci USA 90 8234-8238 (1993) Bukh. et al , Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91 8239-8243 (1994) Dusheiko, et al , Hepatolog\ 19 13-18 ( 1994)) Due to its genome structure and sequence homology, this virus was assigned as a new genus in the Flaviviridae family, along with the other two genera, flaviviruses (such as yellow fever virus and Dengue virus types 1-4) and pestiviruses (such as bovine viral diarrhea virus) (Choo, et al , Science 244 359-362 ( 1989), Miller, et al , Proc Natl Acad Set USA 87 2057-2061 (1990)) Like the other members of the Flaviviridae family, HCV is an enveloped virus containing a single-stranded RNA molecule of positive polarity The HCV genome is approximately 9 6 kilobases (kb) with a long, highly conserved noncapped 5' nontranslated region (NTR) of approximately 340 bases which functions as an internal πbosome entry site (IRES) (Wang, et al , Citrr Topics Microbiol Immunol 203 99- 1 15 ( 1995)) This element is followed by a region which encodes a single long open reading frame (ORF) encoding a polypeptide of -3000 ammo acids comprising both the structural and nonstructural viral proteins This large polypeptide is subsequently processed into the individual structural and nonstructural proteins bv a combination of host and virally-encoded proteinases (reviewed in Rice, B N Fields, D M Knipe, and P M Howley (eds ), VIROLOGY. 2d ed , p 931-960, Raven Press, New York ( 1996)) Table 1 illustrates the viral proteins of HCV in their respective order in the polyprotein precursor from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus core-El -E2- p7-NS2-NS3-NS4A-NS4B-NS5A-NS5B Table 1 HEPATITIS C GENOME (Hutchinson strain, -9570 bases) ne ly Although a robust culture system for propagating HCV has not yet been reported, the putative functions of the viral gene products were initially predicted by their homology to the viral proteins found in other members of the Flaviviridae family, whose functions were known Many ot these predictions were later demonstrated experimentally for the individual HCV proteins using recombinantly expressed proteins (reviewed in Rice, B N Fields, D M Knipe. and P M Howley (eds ), VIROLOGY, 2d ed , p 931-960. Raven Press, New York ( 1996)) However, the function of HCV NS4B protein, like that of the NS4B in the other members of the Flaviviridae family, is still unknown Inhibition of ATPase proteins of the Flaviviridae family, particularly HCV NS4B protein, is potentially of benefit in controlling, reducing and alleviating the diseases caused by infection with these organisms. There remains a need for treatment, in this field, for compounds which are capable of inhibiting or activating these proteins, in particular HCV NS4B protein SUMMARY OF INVENTION One aspect of the present invention is identification of a previously undefined activity of a protein of the Flaviviridae family, specifically the HCV NS4B protein It has now been found that this HCV NS4B protein possesses ATPase activity Another aspect of this invention provides for a method of identifying a compound that alters the activity of the HCV NS4B protein, which method comprises (a) contacting an isolated HCV NS4B protein , or an extract containing NS4B protein, said extract having activity which is only ATPase activity derived from NS4B protein, with a candidate compound, and (b) determining whether the activity of the HCV NS4B protein is altered by said candidate compound The activity being altered by the compound is ATPase activit) Yet another aspect of this invention is to the use of the identified agonists and/or antagonists for the prevention of, or treatment of infection by HCV a flavivirus, or a pestivirus, among others DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention embraces the verification of a previously undefined enzymatic activity for HCV NS4B protein Specifically, it has now been discovered that HCV NS4B protein has ATPase activity That is, HCV NS4B protein hydrolyzes ATP to ADP This ATPase activity of HCV NS4B is potentially essential for the life cycle of HCV Thus, certain inhibitors and activators of HCV NS4B protein, having antiviral activity, could be used as therapeutic agents for the treatment of HCV-induced diseases in a mammal, preferably a human, infected by HCV In particular, this treatment is of viruses linked to the Flaviviridae family, particularly HCV, flaviviruses such as yellow fever virus, Dengue virus types 1-4, and pestiviruses, such as bovine viral diarrhea virus and classic swine fever, among others, are all contemplated as being within the scope of this invention By identification of the novel discovery that HCV NS4B possess enzymatic activity, l e ATPase activity, a screening assay method may be employed to determine compounds which activate (agonists) or inhibit activation (antagonists, or otherwise called inhibitors) of the ATPase activity of this polypeptide Thus, HCV NS4B polypeptides may be used to identify agonist or antagonists from, for example, cells, cell-free preparations, chemical compounds, combinitoπal /vaπmer chemical libraries, and natural product mixtures These agonists or antagonists may be natural substrates, gands, receptors, etc , as the case may be, of the HCV NS4B polypeptide, or may be structural or functional mimetics of this polypeptide See Coligan, et al . Current Protocols in Immunology 1 (2) Chapter 5 ( 1991) For purposes herein, enzymatic activity is the ability to hydrolyse ATP into ADP plus inorganic phosphate, or AMP plus inorganic phosphate In one embodiment, this invention provides for a method for identifying a compound that alters the activity of HCV NS4B protein, comprising the steps of (a) contacting an isolated (or extract containing NS4B protein and only ATPase activity derived from NS4B) HCV NS4B protein that is substantially free of other HCV proteins having ATPase activity with a candidate compound(s), and (b) determining whether the ATPase activity of said protein is altered by said candidate compound(s) In another embodiment of the above screening method, this invention provides for a method for measuπng the ATPase activity of HCV NS4B protein, which method comprises determining the amount of ATP metabolized to ADP and/or AMP by said protein, preferably ADP Still another embodiment of the invention is directed to a method of screening for ATPase activity by contacting a sample containing the HCV NS4B protein with ATP and measuring the amount of ATP remaining in the sample In general, such screening procedures may involve using any appropriate cells which express the ATPase protein of the Flaviviridae family, particularly HCV NS4B. or which respond to this polypeptide Such cells include, cells from mammals, yeast, insect cells, such as Drosophila or E coh, preferably Drosophila cells Cells which express the HCV NS4B polypeptide. or cell membranes containing the expressed polypeptide. or which respond to the HCV NS4B polypeptide, are then contacted with a test compound (candidate compound) to observe binding, stimulation, or inhibition of the functional response, i e metabolism of the ATP to ADP and/or AMP The ability of the cells which were contacted with the candidate compound(s) are compared with the same cells which were not contacted for activity of this ATPase protein NS4B polypeptide, polynucleotides, and antibodies of the invention may also be used to configure assays for detecting the effect of added compounds on the production of mRNA of HCV NS4B, and protein in cells For example, an ELISA assay may be constructed for measuring secreted or cell associated levels of the HCV NS4B protein, using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies by standard methods known in the art This assay can be used to discover agents which may inhibit or activate the production of the ATPase protein (also called antagonist or agonist, respectively), from suitably manipulated cells or tissues The HCV NS4B protein may be used to identify membrane bound or soluble receptors, if any, through standard receptor binding techniques known in the art These include, but are not limited to, hgand binding and cross nking assays in which the HCV NS4B protein is labeled with a radioactive isotope (e g , '^1), chemically modified (e g , biotinylated), or fused to a peptide sequence suitable for detection or purification, and incubated with a source of the putative receptor (cells, cell membranes, cell supematants, tissue extracts, bodily fluids) Other methods include biophysical techniques such as surface plasmon resonance and spectroscopy In addition to being used for purification and cloning of the receptor, these binding assays can be used to identify agonists and antagonists of the HCV NS4B protein which compete with the binding of such a protein to its receptors Standard methods for conducting screening assays are well understood in the art Examples of a potential polypeptides antagonists include antibodies or, in some cases, ohgonucleotides or proteins which are closely related to the ligands substrates, receptors, etc , as the case may be, fragment(s) of the ligands, substrates, receptors, or small molecules which bind to the HCV NS4B protein but do not elicit a response, so that the activity of the polypeptide is prevented Definitions The following definitions are provided below to facilitate understanding of certain terms used frequently herein 'HCV NS4B protein analogs" refer to polypeptides which vary from the full length protein sequence by deletion, alteration and/or addition to the ammo acid sequence of the native protein HCV NS4B protein analogs include the truncated proteins (fragments) as descπbed below, as well as HCV NS4B muteins and fusion proteins comprising HCV NS4B protein "HCV NS4B protein" refers, among others, generally to a polypeptide having the ammo acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO 1 or an allehc variant thereof "HCV NS4B protein activity" or "HCV NS4B polypeptide activity" or "biological activity of the HCV NS4B or HCV NS4B polypeptide" refers to the ATPase activity of said HCV NS4B protein, but which does not possess any NS3 or other viral-related ATPase activity "Antibodies" as used herein includes polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, chimeπc, single chain, and humanized antibodies, as well as Fab fragments, including the products of an Fab or other immunoglobulin expression library "ATPase protein of the Flaviviridae family' means an enzyme capable of converting ATP to ADP, but is not limited to this enzymatic function Moreover, this term corresponds to an enzyme phylogenetically related to viruses linked to the Flaviviridae family, such as flaviviruses, pestiviruses, HCV, and any diseases linked to HCV. among others "Isolated" means altered "by the hand of man from the natural state If an "isolated" composition or substance occurs in nature, it has been changed or removed from its oπginal environment, or both For example, a polynucleotide or a polypeptide naturally present in a living animal is not "isolated," but the same polynucleotide or polypeptide separated from the coexisting materials of its natural state is "isolated," as the term is employed herein "Polynucleotide" generally refers to any polyπbonucleotide or polydeoxπbonucleotide, which may be unmodified RNA or DNA or modified RNA or DNA This includes, without limitation single- and double-stranded DNA, DNA that is a mixture of single- and double-stranded regions, single- and double-stranded RNA, and RNA that is mixture of single- and double-stranded regions, hybrid molecules comprising DNA and RNA that may be single-stranded or, more typically, double-stranded or a mixture of single- and double-stranded regions In addition, polynucleotide" also includes tπple-stranded regions comprising RNA or DNA or both RNA and DNA, and DNAs or RNAs containing one or more modified bases and DNAs or RNAs with backbones modified for stability or for other reasons As used herein "modified" bases include, for example, tπtylated bases and unusual bases such as inosine A vaπety of modifications has been made to DNA and RNA, thus, "polynucleotide" embraces chemically, enzymatically or metabohcally modified forms of polynucleotides as typically found in nature, as well as the chemical forms of DNA and RNA characteπstic of viruses and cells "Polvnucleotide" also embraces relatively short polynucleotides, often referred to as ohgonucleotides "Polypeptide" refers to any peptide or protein comprising two or more amino acids joined to each other by peptide bonds or modified peptide bonds, t e , peptide isosteres "Polypeptide" refers to both short chains, commonly referred to as peptides, ohgopeptides or oligomers, and to longer chains, generally referred to as proteins Polypeptides may contain amino acids other than the 20 gene-encoded amino acids "Polypeptides" include ammo acid sequences modified either by natural processes, such as posttranslational processing, or by chemical modification techniques which are well known in the art Such modifications are well described in basic texts and in more detailed monographs, as well as in a voluminous research literature Modifications can occur anywhere in a polypeptide, including the peptide backbone, the amino acid side-chains and the amino or carboxyl termini It will be appreciated that the same type of modification may be present in the same or varying degrees at several sites in a given polypeptide Also, a given polypeptide may contain many types of modifications Polypeptides may be branched as a result of ubiquitination, and they may be cyclic, with or without branching Cyclic, branched and branched cyclic polypeptides may result from posttranslation natural processes or may be made by synthetic methods Modifications include acetylation, acylation, ADP- πbosylation, amidation, covalent attachment of flavin, covalent attachment of a heme moiety, covalent attachment of a nucleotide or nucleotide deπvative, covalent attachment of a hpid or hpid derivative, covalent attachment of phosphotidyhnositol, cross-linking, cychzation, disulfide bond formation, demethylation, formation of covalent cross-links, formation of cystine, formation of pyroglutamate, formylation, gamma-carboxylation, glycosylation, GPI anchor formation, hydroxylation, lodination, methylation, myπstoylation. oxidation, proteolytic processing, phosphorylation, prenylation. racemization. selenoylation, sulfation, transfer-RNA mediated addition of amino acids to proteins such as arginylation, and ubiquitination See, for instance, PROTEINS - STRUCTURE AND MOLECULAR PROPERTIES, 2nd Ed , T E Creighton. W H Freeman and Company, New York, 1993 and Wold, F , Posttranslational Protein Modifications Perspectives and Prospects, pgs 1 - 12 in POSTTRANSLATIONAL COVALENT MODIFICATION OF PROTEINS, B C Johnson, Ed , Academic Press, New York. 1983, Seifter, et al , "Analysis for protein modifications and nonprotein cofactors, " Meth Enzvmol ( 1990) 182 626-646 and Rattan, et al , "Protein Synthesis Posttranslational Modifications and Aging," Ann. NY Acad Sci ( 1992) 663 48-62 For purposes herein, the term ATPase protein and ATPase polypeptide are used interchangeably "Fusion proteιn"generally referes to a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence from two or more individual proteins As used herein, it denotes a polypeptide compπsing the HCV NS4B protein, truncate, mutein or a function portion thereof, fused to a non-HCV protein or polypeptide ("fusion partner") Fusion proteins are most conveniently produced by expresion of a fused gene, which encodes a portion of one polypeptide at the 5' end and a portion of a different polypeptide at the 3'end. where the different portions are joioned in one reading frame which may be expressed ina suitable host "Subject" as used herein refers to a human "Variant" as the term is used herein, is a polynucleotide or polypeptide that differs from a reference polynucleotide or polypeptide respectively, but retains essential properties A typical variant of a polynucleotide differs in nucleotide sequence from another, reference polynucleotide Changes in the nucleotide sequence of the vaπant may or may not alter the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide encoded by the reference polynucleotide Nucleotide changes may result in amino acid substitutions, additions, deletions, fusions and truncations in the polypeptide encoded by the reference sequence, as discussed below A typical variant of a polypeptide differs in amino acid sequence from another, reference polypeptide Generally, differences are limited so that the sequences of the reference polypeptide and the variant are closely similar overall and, in many regions, identical A variant and reference polypeptide may differ in amino acid sequence by one or more substitutions, additions, or deletions in any combination A substituted or inserted amino acid residue may or may not be one encoded by the genetic code A vaπant of a polynucleotide or polypeptide may be a naturally occurring such as an allehc vaπant, or it may be a variant that is not known to occur naturally Non-naturally occurring vaπants of polynucleotides and polypeptides may be made by mutagenesis techniques or by direct synthesis "Identity" is a measure of the identity of nucleotide sequences or amino acid sequences In general, the sequences are aligned so that the highest order match is obtained "Identity" per se has an art-recognized meaning and can be calculated using published techniques See, e g (COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, Lesk, A M , ed . Oxford University Press, New York, 1988, BIOCOMPUTING INFORMATICS AND GENOME PROJECTS, Smith, D W , ed , Academic Press, New York, 1993, COMPUTER ANALYSIS OF SEQUENCE DATA, PART I, Griffin. A M , and Griffin, H G., eds . Humana Press, New Jersey, 1994, SEQUENCE ANALYSIS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, von Heinje, G , Academic Press, 1987, and SEQUENCE ANALYSIS PRIMER, Gπbskov, M and Devereux, J , eds , M Stockton Press, New York. 1991) While there exist a number of methods to measure identity between two polynucleotide or polypeptide sequences, the term "identity" is well known to skilled artisans (Caπllo. H , and Lipton, D , SIAM J Applied Math ( 1988) 48 1073) Methods commonly employed to determine identity or similarity between two sequences include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in GUIDE TO HUGE COMPUTERS, Martin J Bishop, ed . Academic Press, San Diego, 1994. and Caπllo, H , and Lipton, D , SIAM J Applied Math ( 1988) 48 1073 Methods to determine identity and similarity are codified in computer programs Preferred computer program methods to determine identity and similarity between two sequences include, but are not limited to, GCS program package (Devereux, J , et al , Nucleic Acids Research ( 1984) 12( 1 ) 387), BLASTP, BLASTN, FASTA (Atschul, S F et al . J Molec Btol ( 1990) 215 403) As an illustration, by a polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence having at least, for example, 95% "identity" to a reference nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO 1 is intended that the nucleotide sequence of the polynucleotide is identical to the reference sequence except that the polynucleotide sequence may include up to five point mutations per each 100 nucleotides of the reference polypeptide sequence of SEQ ID NO 1 In other words, to obtain a polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence at least 95% identical to a reference nucleotide sequence, up to 5% of the nucleotides in the reference sequence may be deleted and/or substituted with another nucleotide. and/or a number of nucleotides up to 5% of the total nucleotides in the reference sequence may be inserted into the reference sequence These mutations of the reference sequence may occur at the 5' or 3' terminal positions of the reference nucleotide sequence, or anywhere between those terminal positions, interspersed either individually among nucleotides in the reference sequence or in one or more contiguous groups within the reference sequence Similarly, by a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence having at least, for example, 95% "identity" to a reference amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO 1 is intended that the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide is identical to the reference sequence except that the polypeptide sequence may include up to five amino acid alterations per each 100 amino acids of the reference amino acid of SEQ ID NO 1 In other words, to obtain a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to a reference amino acid sequence, up to 5% of the ammo acid residues in the reference sequence may be deleted or substituted with another amino acid, or a number of amino acids up to 5% of the total amino acid residues in the reference sequence may be inserted into the reference sequence These alterations of the reference sequence may occur at the amino or carboxy terminal positions of the reference amino acid sequence or anywhere between those terminal positions, interspersed either individually among residues in the reference sequence or in one or more contiguous groups within the reference sequence The HCV NS4B polypeptides utilized in the present invention include the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO 1 , as well as polypeptides comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO 1 , and polypeptides comprising the amino acid sequence which have at least 60, 70, or 80% identity to that of SEQ ID NO 1 over its entire length, and still more preferably at least 90% identity, and even still more preferably at least 95% identity to SEQ ID NO 1 Preferably, the HCV NS4B polypeptide used herein in this invention must exhibit the desired ATPase activity The HCV NS4B polypeptides may be in the form of the "mature" protein or may be a part of a larger protein such as a fusion protein It is often advantageous to include an additional amino acid sequence which contains secretory or leader sequences, pro- sequences, sequences which aid in purification such as multiple histidine residues, or an additional sequence for stability during recombinant production HCV NS4B polypeptides of this form are included within the scope of this invention for use in the screening assays herein Another embodiment of the invention includes use of fragments of the HCV NS4B polypeptides A fragment is a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence that entirely is the same as part, but not all, of the amino acid sequence of the aforementioned HCV NS4B polypeptide As with HCV NS4B polypeptides, such fragments may be "free-standing," or compnsed within a larger polypeptide of which they form a part or region, as a single continuous region The invention further provides for fragments, and use thereof, of HCV NS4B protein that could include, for example, truncation polypeptides having the amino acid sequence of HCV NS4B polypeptides, except for deletion of a continuous series of residues that includes the amino terminus, or a continuous series of residues that includes the carboxyl terminus or deletion of two continuous series of residues, one including the amino terminus and one including the carboxyl terminus. Alternatively, fragments and use thereof, of the invention may be characterized by structural or functional attributes such as fragments that comprise alpha-helix and alpha-helix forming regions, beta-sheet and beta-sheet-forming regions, turn and turn-forming regions, coil and coil-forming regions, hydrophilic regions, hydrophobic regions, alpha amphipathic regions, beta amphipathic regions, flexible regions, surface-forming regions, substrate binding region, and high antigenic index regions. The invention provides for fragments that retain biological activity, preferably ATPase enzymatic activity. Biologically active fragments are those that mediate HCV NS4B protein activity, including those with a similar activity or an improved activity, or with a decreased undesirable activity. Variants of the defined sequence and fragments also form part of the present invention. One embodiment of the invention provides for variants that vary from the referents by conservative amino acid substitutions, i.e., those that substitute a residue with another of like characteristics. The polypeptides comprising an ATPase protein of the Flaviviridae family, particularly HCV NS4B protein, of the invention can be prepared in any suitable manner. Such polypeptides include isolated naturally occurring polypeptides, recombinantly produced polypeptides. synthetically produced polypeptides, or polypeptides produced by a combination of these methods. Means for preparing such polypeptides are well understood in the art. Table 1 a 1712 SQH PYIEQ GMMLAEQFKQ KALGL QTAS RHAEVITPAV 1751 QTNWQKLEVF AKHMWNFIS GIQYLAGLST LPGNPAIASL AFTAAVTSP 1801 TTGQTLLFN ILGGWVAAQL AAPGAATAFV GAGLAGAAIG SVGLGKV VD 1851 I AGYGAGVA GALVAFKIMS GEVPSTEDLV NLLPAILSPG ALWGWSAA 1901 ILRRHVGPGE GAVQ MNRLI AFASRGNHVS PTHYVPESDA AARVTAILSS 1951 TVTQ RRL HQ ISSECTT PCSGS LRDI ' An amino acid sequence of an HCV NS4B protein (SEQ ID NO: 1). An amino acid sequence of HCV NS4B polypeptide set forth in Table 1 (SEQ ID NO 1) was used to search the NCBI Non-redundant Protein Database using a BLASTP program This search indicated that the NS4B polypeptide shares homology with several permeases or transport-type proteins which belong to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family Closer inspection of the HCV NS4B amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO 1 ) revealed a region which had some homology to an ATP-binding site consensus sequence, as is depicted in Table 2 Table 2 HCV aa# 1840-1852 HCV NS4B GSVGLGKVLVDIL ATP-bindmg consensus GXXGXGKXXXXXL HCV NS4B protein (SEQ ID NO 1 ) is contained within amino acids 1712- 1972 of the HCV polyprotein It is understood that this sequence may vary from strain to strain, as RNA viruses like HCV are known to exhibit a great deal of vaπation These vaπations, which retain biological activity are considered within the scope of this invention Also contemplated within the scope of the invention are fragments, mutants, allehc vaπations, and analogs of HCV NS4B that possess ATPase activity Such a fragment must include the ATP binding motif, shown above (amino acids 1840-1852), but must not possess NS3 ATPase activity While the amino acid sequence of HCV NS4B is set forth m Table 1 (SEQ ID NO 1), the minimum sequence necessary for ATPase activity can be determined by routine methods well known in the art In fact, the smallest fragment of NS3 protein that still possesses ATPase activity has been determined bv Kanai, et al , FEBS Lett 376 221-224 (1995) Therefore, an amino acid sequence that is larger than the NS4B protein (SEQ ID NO 1), but still possesses ATPase activity, is contemplated within the scope of the present invention For instance, a larger amino acid sequence of HCV NS4B protein could include amino acids 1658-1972 of the HCV polyprotein, or even into the NS3 domain, provided the fragment does not possess hehcase activity of NS3 Polynucleotides encoding an ATPase protein of the Flaviviridae family, particularly HCV NS4B protein, include isolated polynucleotides which encode the polypeptides and fragments of an ATPase protein of the Flaviviridae family, particularly HCV NS4B, and polynucleotides closely related thereto More specifically, HCV NS4B polynucleotide of the invention include a polynucleotide compnsing the nucleotide sequence encoding a HCV NS4B polypeptide of SEQ ID NO 1 Polynucleotides of the invention further include a polynucleotide compnsing a nucleotide sequence that has at least 60, 70, or 80% identity to a nucleotide sequence encoding the HCV NS4B polypeptide of SEQ ID NO 1 In this regard, polynucleotides at least 90% identical are particularly preferred, and those with at least 95% are especially preferred Also included under NS4B polynucleotides is a nucleotide sequence which has sufficient identity to a nucleotide sequence encoded by SEQ ID NO 1 to hybridize under conditions useable for amplification or for use as a probe or marker The invention also provides polynucleotides which are complementary to such polynucleotides of an ATPase protein of the Flaviviridae family, including, for example, HCV NS4B Cell-free translation systems can also be employed to produce ATPase proteins of the Flavivuidae family, including, for example, HCV NS4B, using RNAs deπved from the DNA constructs of the present invention For recombinant production, host cells can be genetically engineered to incorporate expression systems or portions thereof for polynucleotides of the present invention Introduction of polynucleotides into host cells can be effected by methods descπbed in many standard laboratory manuals, such as Davis, et al . BASIC METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (1986) and Sambrook, et al , MOLECULAR CLONING A LABORATORY MANUAL, 2nd Ed . Cold Spπng Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spπng Harbor. N Y ( 1989), such as calcium phosphate transfection DEAE-dextran mediated transfection, transvection, microinjection, cationic hpid-mediated transfection, electroporation, transduction, scrape loading, ballistic introduction or infection Representative examples of appropnate hosts include bacteπal cells, such as streptococci, staph lococct, E coh, Streptomvces and Bacillus subtύis cells, fungal cells, such as yeast cells and Aspergillus cells, insect cells such as Drosophila S2 and Spodoptera Sf9 cells, animal cells such as CHO, COS, HeLa, C127, 3T3, BHK, HEK 293 and Bowes melanoma cells, and plant cells A great vaπety of expression systems can be used Such systems include, among others, chromosomal, episomal and virus-derived systems, e g , vectors deπved from bactenal plasmids, from bactenophage, from transposons, from yeast episomes, from insertion elements, from yeast chromosomal elements, from viruses such as baculoviruses. papova viruses, such as SV40 vaccinia viruses, adenoviruses, fowl pox viruses, pseudorabies viruses and retroviruses, and vectors derived from combinations thereof, such as those denved from plasmid and bactenophage genetic elements, such as cosmids and phagemids The expression systems may contain control regions that regulate as well as engender expression Generally, any system or vector suitable to maintain, propagate or express polynucleotides to produce a polypeptide in a host may be used The appropnate nucleotide sequence may be inserted into an expression system by any of a vanety of well-known and routine techniques, such as, for example, those set forth in Sambrook, et al , MOLECULAR CLONING, A LABORATORY MANUAL, supra HCV NS4B protein has previously been expressed in baculovirus by S E Behrens, et al , EMBO J 15 12-22 ( 1996) and in mammalian cells bv Selby, et al J Gen Virol 74 1 103- 1 1 13 ( 1993) Moreover, the GST-fusion protein has been expressed and purified by Smith, et al , Gene 67 ^ 1 ( 1988) Furthermore, general molecular biological techniques (cloning, expression, general art, etc ) are set forth in Ausbel, et al (1987) CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, supra For secretion of a translated protein of the invention into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum into the penplasmic space or into the extracellular environment, appropnate secretion signals may be incorporated into the desired polypeptide These signals may be endogenous to the polypeptide or they may be heterologous signals Cells expressing HCV NS4B protein may be harvested prior to use in the screening assay If a polypeptide ot an ATPase protein of the Flavixuidae family, particularly HCV NS4B, is secreted into the medium, the medium can be recovered in order to recover and purify the polypeptide, if produced intracellularly, the cells must first be lysed before the polypeptide is recovered Polypeptides of an ATPase protein of the Flaviviridae family, particularly HCV NS4B. can be recovered and purified from recombinant cell cultures by well-known methods including ammonium sulfate or ethanol precipitation, acid extraction, anion or cation exchange chromatography, phosphocellulose chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, affinity chromatography, hydroxylapatite chromatography and lectin chromatograph\ Most preferably, high performance liquid chromatography is employed for punfication Well known techniques for refolding proteins may be employed to regenerate active conformation when the polypeptide is denatured duπng isolation and or punfication It is desirable to find compounds and drugs that stimulate the ATPase function of HCV NS4B protein, on the one hand, and compounds that can inhibit the function of this polypeptide on the other hand In general, agonists and antagonists may potentially be employed for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes for such conditions as viruses linked to the Flaviviridae family, such as flaviviruses, pestiviruses, HCV, and any diseases linked to HCV, among others The ATPase activity of HCV NS4B protein was first identified by expressing the protein in insect cells (Sf9) using a baculoviral expression vector See Example 1 below Extracts from uninfected and HCV NS4B-baculovιrus infected Sf9 cells were immunoprecipitated with HCV NS4B protein-specific antiserum and detected bv Western blot An ATPase assay was then performed with these immunoprecipitated products See Example 2 below Furthermore, it was discovered that deletion of the ATP-bmding motif impairs the ATPase activity of HCV NS4B protein See Example 3 below In a preferred embodiment this invention relates to a screening ATPasse assay for partially or fully punfied HCV NS4B protein The assays may simply test binding of a candidate compound wherein adherence to the cells beanng the polypeptide of an ATPase protein of the Flaviviridae family, particularly HCV NS4B, and is detected by means of a label directly or indirectly associated with the candidate compound or in an assay involving competition with a labeled competitor Further, these assays may test whether the candidate compound results in a signal generated bv activation of the polypeptide of an ATPase protein of the Flaviviridae family, particularly HCV NS4B, using detection systems appropriate to the cells bearing such a polypeptide Inhibitors of activation are generally assayed in the presence of a known agonist, and the effect on activation by the agonist by the presence of the candidate compound is observed Agonists of an ATPase protein of the Flaviviridae family, particularly HCV NS4B protein, would facilitate an increase in ATPase activity, whereas antagonists of an ATPase protein of the Flaviviridae family, particularly HCV NS4B protein, would facilitate a decrease in ATPase activity Therefore, another embodiment of the invention pertains to a screening method for agonists and antagonists of an ATPase protein of the Flaviviridae family, particularly HCV NS4B protein, wherein the activity of the ATPase protein determined would be an alteration in the level of ATPase activity resulting from contacting a candidate compound with the ATPase protein This invention also provides for methods of treating a human diagnosed with an active or latent infection with a virus linked to the Flaviviridae family, particularly HCV, flaviviruses such as yellow fever virus, Dengue virus types 1-4, and pestiviruses such as bovine viral diarrhea virus and classic swine fever, among others, by such candidate compounds determined by the screening assays mentioned above If the activity of a polypeptide of an ATPase protein of the Flaviviridae family, particularly HCV NS4B. is in excess in a human, several therapeutic approaches are available One approach compπses administeπng to the subject an inhibitor compound (antagonist) as hereinabove descnbed, along with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in an amount effective to inhibit the function of the ATPase protein, such as, for example, by blocking the binding of ligands, substrates, etc , or by inhibiting a second signal, and thereby alleviating the abnormal condition In another approach, soluble forms of the ATPase protein, still capable of binding the hgand. substrate, etc in competition with endogenous polypeptide, may be administered Typical embodiments of such competitors comprise fragments of the ATPase protein which may be administered If, on the other hand, a mammal is in need of the activity of a polypeptide of an ATPase protein of the Flaviviridae family, particularly HCV NS4B, several therapeutic approaches are available One approach compπses administering to a subject an activator compound (agonist) as hereinabove descπbed, along with a pharmaceutically acceptable earner in an amount effective to activate the function of the polypeptide of an ATPase protein of the Flaviviridae family, particularly HCV NS4B, such as, for example, by facilitating the binding of ligands, substrates, etc , or by activating a second signal, and thereby alleviating the abnormal condition, particularly a viral infection linked to the Flaviviridae family, particularly HCV In another approach, soluble forms of polypeptides of an ATPase protein of the Flaviviridae family, particularly HCV NS4B, still capable of binding the hgand, substrate, etc in competition with endogenous polypeptide may be administered Typical embodiments of such competitors comprise fragments of the protein which may be administered In another approach, soluble forms of polypeptides of an ATPase protein of the Flaviviridae family, particularly HCV NS4B, still capable of binding the hgand in competition with endogenous an polypeptide of an ATPase protein of the Flaviviridae family, particularly HCV NS4B, may be administered Typical embodiments of such competitors comprise fragments of the ATPase HCV NS4B protein Examples: Biological Methods The examples below are earned out using standard techniques, which are well known and routine to those of skill in the art, except where otherwise descπbed in detail Example 1 Indentification of ATPase activity HCV NS4B protein was expressed either in insect cells (Sf9) using baculovirus expression system or in bacteria in the form of a glutathione-S-transferase (GST) fusion protein using standard methods (Ausbel. et al ( 1987) CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, supra) Partially purified HCV NS4B protein, using either glutathione sepharose 4B (for GST-NS4B fusion protein) or immunoprecipitation with HCV NS4B-specιfιc antiserum (for HCVNS4B protein expressed in Sf9 cells), was assayed for ATPase activity under following conditions 50 mM Tπs-HCl pH8 0, 0 1 M NaCI, 10 mM MgCl 2 - 1 mM DTT, 0 5 uM ATP, 10 uCi a-[ 32 P]-ATP(~3000 Ci/mmole). -100 ug of protein Reactions were carried out at 37°C for 30 min and reaction products were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and autoradiography Example 2 ATPase activity of HCV NS4B expressed in Sf9 cells using baculoviral expression vector HCV NS4B protein was expressed in Sf9 insect cells via baculovirus expression vector Three days after cells were infected, total cellular lysates were prepared and NS4B protein production was confirmed by Western blotting analysis using rabbit antisera prepared against a NS4B-deπved peptide HCV NS4B protein was further punfied using immunoprecipitation technique and protein A-Sepharose beads bound with expressed NS4B protein was subjected to ATPase assay As a background control, cellular lysate prepared from cells infected with wild-type baculovirus (not expressing NS4B protein) was immunoprecipitated with the same antι-NS4B antisera and tested for ATPase activity ATPase assay was performed in the buffer containing 50 mM Tπs Cl (pH8), lOO M NaCI, 10 mM MgC12, 1 mM DTT, 0 5 μM ATP 10 μCi α- 32 P ATP, and approximately 50 ng of NS4B protein bound with protein A-Sepharose beads The reaction was earned at 37 C for 45 to 60 min and 1 μl of the reaction mixture was resolved by thin layer chromatography ATPase assay using immunoprecipitated products showed that lysate from NS4B protein expressing cells produced ATPase activity approximately 4-6 fold higher than the control lysate (from cells infected with the wild-type baculovirus) Example 3 Deletion of the putative ATP-binding motif in HCV NS4B protein greatly reduces the ATPase activity GST fusion constructs with either wild-type HCV NS4B protein (GST-NS4B) or NS4B protein with the putative ATP-binding motif deleted (GST-4BΔATP) were created The fusion proteins were expressed in bactena and were partially puπfied using glutathione-sepharose resin according to the manufacturer s recommendations (Pharmacia Biotech) The partially purified proteins were then assayed for ATPase activity as described above Deletion of the potential ATP-binding motif significantly impaired its ATPase activity A similar observation was also made with non-fusion NS4B proteins (wild-type and deletion mutant) expressed in insect cells using baculovirus All publications including, but not limited to, patents and patent applications, cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference as if each individual publication were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference herein as though fully set forth The above description fully discloses the invention, including preferred embodiments thereof Modifications and improvements of the embodiments specifically disclosed herein are within the scope of the following claims Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilled in the art can, using the preceding description, utilize the present invention to its fullest extent Therefore, the examples provided herein are to be construed as merely illustrative and are not a limitation of the scope of the present invention in any way The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows SEQUENCE LISTING (1) GENERAL INFORMATION (i) APPLICANT: DelVecchio, Alfred Zhong, Weidong (ii) TITLE OF THE INVENTION: SCREENING METHODS USING AN ATPASE PROTEIN FROM A VIRUS OF THE FLAVIVIRIDAE FAMILY (iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 1 (IV) CORRESPONDENCE ADDRESS: (A) ADDRESSEE: SmithKline Beecham Corporation (B) STREET: 709 Swedeland Road (C) CITY: King of Prussia (D) STATE: PA (E) COUNTRY: USA (F) ZIP: 19406-0939 (v) COMPUTER READABLE FORM: (A) MEDIUM TYPE: Diskette (B) COMPUTER: IBM Compatible (C) OPERATING SYSTEM: DOS (D) SOFTWARE: FastSEQ for Windows Version 2.0 (vi) CURRENT APPLICATION DATA: (A) APPLICATION NUMBER: Unknown (B) FILING DATE: (C) CLASSIFICATION: (vii) PRIOR APPLICATION DATA: (A) APPLICATION NUMBER: 60/051,582 (B) FILING DATE: 02-JUL-1997 (vi11) ATTORNEY/AGENT INFORMATION: (A) NAME: Dinner, Dara L. (B) REGISTRATION NUMBER: 33,680 (C) REFERENCE/DOCKET NUMBER: P50675 (IX) TELECOMMUNICATION INFORMATION: (A) TELEPHONE: 610-270-5017 (B) TELEFAX: 610-270-5090 ( C ) TELEX : (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO : 1 : (l) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 269 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (n) MOLECULE TYPE: protein (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO : 1 : Ser Gin His Leu Pro Tyr lie Glu Gin Gly Met Met Leu Ala Glu Gin 1 5 10 15 Phe Lys Gin Lys Ala Leu Gly Leu Leu Gin Thr Ala Ser Arg His Ala 20 25 30 Glu Val lie Thr Pro Ala Val Gin Thr Asn Trp Gin Lys Leu Glu Val 35 40 45 Phe Trp Ala Lys His Met Trp Asn Phe lie Ser Gly lie Gin Tyr Leu 50 55 60 Ala Gly Leu Ser Thr Leu Pro Gly Asn Pro Ala lie Ala Ser Leu Met 65 70 75 80 Ala Phe Thr Ala Ala Val Thr Ser Pro Leu Thr Thr Gly Gin Thr Leu 85 90 95 Leu Phe Asn lie Leu Gly Gly Trp Val Ala Ala Gin Leu Ala Ala Pro 100 105 110 Gly Ala Ala Thr Ala Phe Val Gly Ala Gly Leu Ala Gly Ala Ala He 115 120 125 Gly Ser Val Gly Leu Gly Lys Val Leu Val Asp He Leu Ala Gly Tyr 130 135 140 Gly Ala Gly Val Ala Gly Ala Leu Val Ala Phe Lys He Met Ser Gly 145 150 155 160 Glu Val Pro Ser Thr Glu Asp Leu Val Asn Leu Leu Pro Ala He Leu 165 170 175 Ser Pro Gly Ala Leu Val Val Gly Val Val Ser Ala Ala He Leu Arg 180 185 190 Arg His Val Gly Pro Gly Glu Gly Ala Val Gin Trp Met Asn Arg Leu 195 200 205 He Ala Phe Ala Ser Arg Gly Asn His Val Ser Pro Thr His Tyr Val 210 215 220 Pro Glu Ser Asp Ala Ala Ala Arg Val Thr Ala He Leu Ser Ser Leu 225 230 235 240 Thr Val Thr Gin Leu Leu Arg Arg Leu His Gin Trp He Ser Ser Glu 245 250 255 Cys Thr Thr Pro Cys Ser Gly Ser Trp Leu Arg Asp He 260 265

Claims: What is claimed is: 1 A method for identifying a compound that alters the activity of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) NS4B protein, which method comprises (a) contacting an isolated HCV NS4B protein with a candidate compound, and (b) determining whether the activity of said protein is altered by said candidate compound 2 The method as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the altered activity of said protein is ATPase activity 3 The method as claimed in Claim 2, wherein the alteration of ATPase activity of the protein is measured by determining the amount of ATP metabolized to ADP by the protein 4 The method as claimed in Claim 3, wherein said determining step identifies an activation in the activity of said protein 5 The method as claimed in Claim 3, wherein said determining step identifies an inhibition in the activity of said protein 6 The method as claimed in Claim 1 , wherein the protein comprises an amino acid sequence which is at least 60%> identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO 1 over its entire length 7 The method as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the protein compnses an ammo acid sequence which is at least 90% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO 1 over its entire length 8 An antagonist identified by the method as claimed in Claim 5 9 An agonist identified by the method as claimed in Claim 4 10. The method as claimed in Claim 1 wherein the protein is isolated, and substantially free from other HCV proteins having ATPase activity 1 1 A method for measuring the ATPase activity of HCV NS4B protein, comprising the steps of: (a) contacting a sample containing isolated HCV NS4B protein with ATP; and (b) measuπng the amount of ATP remaining in the sample 12 The method as claimed in Claim 1 1 , wherein the amount of ATP metabolized to ADP is determined. 13 A method of treating a human infected with HCV, which method comprises comprising administering to said human in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of an antagonist of the enzymatic activity of the HCV NS4B protein. 14 A method of treating a mammal infected with HCV, which method comprises comprising administering to said human in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of an agonist of the enzymatic activity of the HCV NS4B protein. 15 An agonist of HCV NS4B 16 An antagonist of HCV NS4B .

Inventors: DELVECCHIO ALFRED, ZHONG WEIDONG, DELVECCHIO, ALFRED, ZHONG, WEIDONG
Applicants: DELVECCHIO ALFRED, SMITHKLINE BEECHAM CORP, ZHONG WEIDONG, DELVECCHIO, ALFRED, SMITHKLINE BEECHAM CORPORATION, ZHONG, WEIDONG
Application year: 1998
Main classification: C12Q1
IPC codes: A61K38, A61K45, A61P1, A61P31, C07K14, C12N9, C12N15, C12Q1, G01N33