SYMBIOSIS OF SHEDS AND GREENHOUSES

Abstract: Integrated system for market gardening and livestock farming, consisting at least of a greenhouse for market gardening and a shed for keeping livestock; the shed should have a system which serves mainly to prevent ammonia production through contact between solid manure and urine, so that at least part of the heating and/or CO2 requirements in the greenhouse can be met by using heat and/or CO2 from the shed.

Description: Title: Symbiosis of sheds and greenhouses The invention in question concerns an integrated system for market gardening and livestock farming, in situations where at least one greenhouse is used for market gardening and one shed for keeping livestock. In intensive livestock farming, animals such as cows, pigs, sheep, goats, chickens, animals reared for fur, etc. are accommodated on grids . The manure produced by the animals falls through the grid and is collected in an underlying pit. The collected manure consists mainly of a combination of urine and solid manure. This mixture causes ammonia emission, both inside the shed and outside if it is stored outside, which may cause acidification. Furthermore, an excessively high concentration of ammonia gas in the housing/working area is undesirable for people and animals, as this may lead to disorders and reduced growth, especially in piglets. To solve this problem people have tried to remove the manure mixture from the shed as quickly as possible. This is done, for instance, by fitting discharge gutters which carry off any manure produced from the shed directly, as soon as possible. Another solution to this problem was found in separating or keeping separate what the animals produce, i.e. solid and fluid manure, for instance with conveyor belts set up in a slanting position. In the analysis of the shed complex it appeared that the waste products not only consist of fluid and solid manure components, but that the discharged ventilation air should also be regarded as a waste stream. This gas stream contains a high percentage of carbon dioxide, as well as a considerable amount of heat, produced by animals. The invention, in the first version produced, provides an integrated system for greenhouse and shed, based on the surprising insight that far-reaching integration and compacting will become possible when ammonia production caused by contact between urine and solid manure in the shed is avoided. It appears that ammonia is produced in contact between urine and solid manure due to enzymatic impact. It is this ammonia production in particular that makes it difficult to introduce far-reaching integration. If, therefore, means are fitted in the shed that ensure the immediate separation of urine and solid manure, it will become possible to reuse the various product (waste) streams from the shed without any complicated treatments (purification) being required. The invention now provides an integrated system for market gardening and livestock farming, whereby the material streams (gas, solid matter and fluid) from the shed can be reused in a useful manner. This means that the invention provides an integrated system for market gardening and livestock farming, consisting of at least one greenhouse for market gardening and one shed for keeping livestock, with certain means being present in the shed which mainly serve to prevent the production of ammonia through contact between solid manure and urine, so that at least part of the heating and/or C02 requirement of the greenhouse can be provided by heat and/or C02 from the shed. It offers the possibility of using C02 and heat at suitable times; C02 during periods of growth, i.e. during the day, and heat during periods of heat shortages. If desired, it is also possible to separate heat and C02 from the stream and buffer it in a suitable manner until use is possible and required. As the first aspect of the invention, the waste of the ventilation air from the shed is therefore used for the heating and/or the C02 requirements of a greenhouse. This may be done directly, or after previous cleaning and/or separation of the gas stream. Heating can be provided directly, which means that the ventilation air, after purification and/or other treatment if required, can be introduced into the greenhouse directly. However, this can also be done indirectly, in which case the heat is extracted from the gas stream by means of heat exchanging and introduced into the greenhouse. With regard to the use of C02 , it should be noted that this can be either supplied directly or stored in a buffer room, whether or not after separation from the other components of the gas stream. In a preferred production form of the invention, the air is suctioned from the shed using at least one ventilator, which also supplies air to the greenhouse. This variant has the surprising advantage that air management in both shed and greenhouse can be regulated with relatively little energy consumption. Using such a system will give surprising optimum economic output. In addition to integration via the air management system described above, further integration of shed and greenhouse can also be achieved by using residues which, whether or not after further reprocessing, are used in the system in both directions. First of all, the fluid and solid manure streams from the shed can be converted, after adequate treatment, into components that are suitable for reuse in the system. An example of this is the biological processing of processable manure components in a bioreactor, e.g. a bio-membrane reactor or an algae or duckweed cultivation reactor, whereby composted solid manure, biomass, algae or duckweed is obtained, which can be combined with admixtures in the ratio required for the production of an intermediate product for feed production. For the fluid fraction, preference should be given to using a form of nitrogen binding with lower organisms such as micro-organisms or plants. The material obtained should be produced in the correct pellet form, dried if necessary, and, very importantly, it should be sterilised, as the products to be obtained should be free from bacteria and other disease- causing components. The fluid manure component can be processed in a bio- membrane reactor, whereby the stream is purified first through nitrification and then through denitrification. This is done in a reactor in which the micro-organism content is maintained at a high level through the use of membranes . The initial separation of the manure streams enhances the output of such biological purification of the fluid stream, which has major advantages in the compactness of the installation and its operation. The invention is therefore also relevant to a combination of a shed provided with a manure separation system as described above and a bio-membrane reactor. In this context, it is also possible to process solid waste components from the greenhouse, such as plant remains, in feed, possibly after yeasting. In the construction of the shed it would be best if the fluid manure component, which preferably should be separated from the other components underneath the shed, is led to an (aeration) reactor. In this reactor, the fluid manure component is broken down amongst aerobic and anaerobic micro-organisms. After separating biomass and effluent, part of the biomass can be processed further, e.g. into feed admixtures. In general, part of the biomass is also reintroduced in the (an) aerobic purification stage. The effluent can be recirculated, after further treatment if required, to a suitable place in the integrated system. In a different production form of the invention, it is also possible to use at least part of the fluid effluent in the integrated system, whether or not after preliminary treatment by means of water purification, for cultivating algae or duckweed. If the effluent contains sufficient hydrocarbons, as well as minerals and nitrogen compounds, this will be very suitable for use as a medium for lower organisms such as algae and duckweed. The water can also be used for the cultivation of mussels, oysters and other marine animals, as the content of salt and other minerals is such that the water can be used for this purpose. However, the toxicity of the manure component should be taken into consideration. Furthermore, if an aeration reactor is part of the system, it should be operated in such a way that the hydrocarbon and nitrogen compounds are not broken down completely into C02 and N2. It should be noted in this context that it is also possible to use part of the heat and/or the C02 gas from the shed as a nutrient. In all these production forms, it may be desirable to further purify the ultimate fluid effluent, i.e. after treatments in the aeration reactor, the algae cultivation reactor, the duckweed cultivation reactor and/or with other nitrogen-binding organisms, to make it suitable for discharge into the sewerage system or as rinsing water, drinking water or cultivation water (see above) . To achieve this aim, it may be desirable to install an additional water treatment system which eliminates the organic and inorganic components still present from the water. Suitable systems include, for instance, membrane filtration and biological systems such as an integrated waste water purification installation or a reed bed (heliophyte filter) . Various valuable substances can be gained from the solid manure component from the shed. This can be done in combination with waste streams from the greenhouse. It is possible, for instance, to produce a biogas by means of yeasting, which can feed a total energy power plant. It should be noted in this respect that the application of the basic principle of this invention, i.e. the separation of urine and solid manure at the source, will increase the output of the biogas installation, as the production of biogas appears to be checked by the production of ammonia. Moreover, the solid substance content in the reactor may be considerably higher, which also has a positive influence on its effectiveness and dimensions. This invention is therefore relevant to a system consisting of a shed with a facility for separating solid and fluid manure components with a biogas installation for yeasting solid manure components. The resulting materials can be combined, as described above, with biomass and/or algae and/or duckweed for further processing, e.g. into feed. Another possibility is to burn the composted, yeasted and/or mineralised solid manure stream or, after adding glass and/or sand, to glaze the manure, after which it can be dumped or used otherwise. An alternative application could be its use as substrate for mushroom cultivation, if necessary after relevant treatment to make the material suitable for this purpose. A special production form of the invention involves mixing solid manure with glass powder and admixtures such as soluble glass. From this mixture pellets are formed, which are heated after drying. The organic component of the manure is burnt during this process, thus leaving porous pellets that are free from bacteria and germs. It is also possible to burn the manure and to heat the ashes, consisting of, among other things, phosphates and minerals, together with glass and/or soluble glass and any other admixtures to a temperature of at least 650°C, thus forming a porous glass matrix from which the minerals are gradually given off. The heat that is released during burning can be put to good use . Below, the invention is explained further on the basis of the added figures. Figure 1 is an example of the current situation of a shed. Figure 2 shows a new design of a shed in which a number of modular, box- shaped enclosures are combined. Figure 3 gives a schematic overview of a number of options for the integration of the various product streams. Figure 1 shows the current housing situation in a shed with manure production. A shed, so to speak, is an elongated, box-shaped space with a number of pen partitions put up at floor level. The animals are behind these partitions, standing on grids. Warm or cooled air is supplied from above and discharged lengthways above the grids. The animals accommodated in the shed produce manure and urine, which is collected in the collecting pit underneath the grids. In the more modern systems, these products are discharged quickly from the shed with rinsing liquid to reduce ammonia emission. Figure 2 shows a new design of shed, in which a number of modular enclosures are combined lengthways; these enclosures are also stackable. A manure-clearing system, e.g. a conveyor belt system, is placed inside these container- shaped enclosures. Grid floors have been put into these containers, covering their entire width and length. This grid floor, including the animals housed on the grid floor, can be rolled from the container as a complete unit. For this purpose, a second container is placed in front of the container to be emptied, and is fixed in front of the stationary container. By opening doors, the grid can then be rolled from the stationary container, and to another container if required. After this, the entire grid or the animals, depending on what is required, can then be moved. This design also gives the option of using one or more containers for mushroom cultivation on the basis of residues from the system. Figure 3 shows how the manure waste stream can be reused at the farm location. The ultimate production form depends on the specific choice of techniques. In the invention, the urine running from the conveyor belt is conducted to the aeration reactor (after prior chemical -physical treatment if required) . This reactor consists of two compartments separated by a partition with communicating vessels. The water enters into the non-aerated zone, and runs to the aerated compartment in a downward movement. The purified water is then separated from the biomass by means of a membrane filter. The biomass is led back to the reactor, where it is distributed among the aerated and non-aerated compartments. After treatment of the wastewater, the biomass can either be gathered, or be partly led back to the incoming OJ OJ t to y→ H on o on o LΠ o LΠ OJ OJ to to H y→ LΠ o LΠ o Lπ o on Depending on the composition of the various components required an admixture can be supplemented, such as treacle, starch, spent malt or similar admixtures, in such a way that nutritious mass is produced which also causes shrinkage. This means that strands can be produced using a small pellet mincing machine, which can be dried further afterwards. Drying can take place by means of dry air, or by using a high-frequency field in combination with hot air. If an additional unit is added, in which case the pellets are maintained at a temperature of 123 °C for a number of minutes, the pellets will also be sterilised, and will therefore contain no harmful bacteria that would have a harmful effect on the animals' health. Research has shown that waste in a shed does not remain limited to manure streams; in the shed investigated the animals also produced a considerable amount of C02. A pig with a weight of 100 kg, for instance, will produce approximately 52.8 g of C02 per hour, as well as a certain amount of heat. The waste streams mentioned cause a greenhouse effect in the environment. For growing vegetables under glass, an environment rich in C02 is consciously aimed for. Approximately 10.96 g/m 2 per day of C02 is needed to produce biomass. This amount of C02 is produced additionally by burning fossil fuels and blowing the gas directly into the greenhouse. Given the fact that the C02 concentration is not required for the entire day, C02 will be required only about 40% of the time if no assimilation lighting is used. By feeding the waste stream of the sheds into the supply streams of a greenhouse, both the amount of heat and the amount of C02 can be put to use without using greenhouse effect inducing systems on two fronts. If required, the heat can be converted into electricity, which can be put to use in the system. When a closed greenhouse system is chosen, a very effective cultivation method may be the result. No waste streams are created in these systems, and the water balance will be excellent. During the summer period effective cooling will have to be applied, based on a high-yield evaporation system. Another possibility is to fit the glass with heat- resisting material. Furthermore, provision can be made for regulating the heat intake in the greenhouse, depending on the heat required and the heat supplied. The use of waste gas from sheds in greenhouses is not limited to closed greenhouses. Conventional greenhouses can also be combined with sheds. As extra symbiosis, there is the option of conditioning the sucked-in air intended for the sheds by means of heat exchangers, by allowing air to run through the greenhouse before it is led to the sheds. Any dust and germs should be removed from the flow of air from the sheds. A intermediate system of washing/filtration could provide a solution. When a shed is linked to a greenhouse complex, an alternative option would be to condition the manure waste streams from the shed, using the nutrients from the shed in such a way that, applying the systems described above, a medium is created which is suitable for use in the greenhouses. As indicated above, the solid manure components can be reused by means of a different process, or they can be used as mediums or compost, in which case the composted manure is mixed with coconut fibre or other nutritious natural products. Coconut fibre regulates humidity. Other types of fibre can also be used. It is also possible to use the glazed pellets described above in the system in accordance with the invention.

Claims: Claims 1. Integrated system for market gardening and livestock farming, consisting at least of a greenhouse for market gardening and a shed for keeping livestock; the shed should have a system which serves mainly to prevent ammonia production through contact between solid manure and urine, so that at least part of the heating and/or C02 requirements in the greenhouse can be met by using heat and/or C02 from the shed. 2. System according to conclusion 1; the means referred to consist of a separation system for separating solid and fluid components, which is fitted underneath the compartment for the animals. 3. System according to conclusion 1 or 2 ; hot air from the shed is supplied to the greenhouse mentioned after cleaning and/or conditioning. 4. System according to conclusions 1-3; the air from the shed is suctioned out by at least one ventilator, which also regulates the air supply to the greenhouse. 5. System according to conclusions 1-4; one or more waste streams from the greenhouse are used directly or indirectly in the greenhouse. 6. System according to conclusion 5; vegetables and/or fruit residues from the greenhouse are used as feed for the livestock immediately after composting. 7. System according to conclusions 1-6; the air extracted from the shed is purified and, after storage in a buffer if required, supplied to the greenhouse. 8. System according to conclusion 7; the purification referred to takes place by means of filtration. 9. System according to conclusion 2; the fluid fraction is treated so as to adapt its composition to the requirements for using it as substrate nutrients in the greenhouse. 10. System according to conclusion 8; at least part of the fluid fraction is treated by using algae and/or duckweed. 11. System according to conclusion " 9 or 10; the fluid fraction is purified bacterially and/or chemically. 12. System according to conclusions 1-11; a closed greenhouse is used. 13. System according to conclusion 12; condensation is collected and reused. 14. System according to one or more of the above conclusions; one or more product streams, such as those of algae, duckweed, biomass and/or solid composted manure, possibly in combination with other components, are used as feed. 15. System according to conclusions 1-14; solid manure components, whether or not after preliminary treatment (yeasting, composting, mineralising) , are mixed with glass powder and possibly other admixtures to form a mixture which is then transformed into porous glass pellets. 16. Modular shed system for housing animals in intensive livestock farming, suitable for application in the system according to conclusions 1-15, consisting of two or more stackable modular enclosures provided with means for housing animals and discharging fluid and solid manure.

Inventors: VAN DER WIJNGAART ADRIAAN HUBE, VAN DER WIJNGAART, ADRIAAN, HUBERTUS, JOHANNES
Applicants: WIJNGAART ADRIAAN HUBERTUS JOH, VAN DER WIJNGAART, ADRIAAN, HUBERTUS, JOHANNES
Application year: 1998
Main classification: A01K1
IPC codes: A01G9, A01K1