Mobile unit support system to detect movement by means of a magnetic sensor

Abstract: A mobile unit support system comprises at least one magnetic member for forming a magnetic field in said vicinity of a movement path of a mobile unit which is made of a dielectromagnetic material; and at least one magnetic sensor which, when said mobile unit passes over, detects a change of said magnetic field and which transmits a result of said detection to an external, and said mobile unit comprises receiving means for receiving said transmitted signal, and a processing section which processes a signal from said receiving means.

Description: The invention relates to a mobile unit support system which supports movement of a mobile unit by detecting movement information of the mobile unit using a magnetic sensor, and sending the information to the outside including the mobile unit. In modern life, an automobile is indispensable for movement of a human being and goods. On the other hand, there arise problems in that traffic accidents are increased, and that smooth movement is impeded by a traffic jam or the like. Recently, attempts have been made to manage movement of automobiles so that automobiles function as traffic elements which is more safety and efficient. In order to realize such management, it is necessary to finely obtain information of movement of each automobile and appropriately supply the information to automobiles. For example, a system has been studied in which plural magnetic nails each having a magnetic member are embedded in a road surface and an automobile having a magnetic sensor is moved under guidance of the magnetic nails. In such a prior art system, however, the sensitivity of the detection of a magnetic field formed by the magnetic nails which are embedded in a road and have a magnetic member is so low that it is not sufficient for an automatic control of an automobile. The function of such a system is restricted to a single function such as detection of existence of a mobile unit or guidance along a path. In order to realize such a system, particularly, all mobile units must be provided with a magnetic sensor. Therefore, it is difficult to construct a system in which automobiles having a magnetic sensor and those not having a magnetic sensor can coexist. In order to control an automobile in a highly safety manner, the automobile must obtain traffic information of a wide range, through a certain wireless channel such as radio wave or light. US-A-4 361 202 describes an automated transportation system for vehicular travel along a roadway. The roadway can be any hard surface that contains an embedded metallic guide rail along its center. A proximity transducer (metal detector) installed under the vehicle, senses the metallic guide rail and sends steering commands to the vehicle's steering actuators to keep the vehicle moving in the center of the roadway directly over the guide rail. Transponders are embedded along the guide rail at selected points for automatic roadway identification, position determination and automatic speed, headway and road selection and automatic traffic control. US-A-3 943 339 describes an apparatus for use in combination with multiple inductive loops for detecting metal objects, e.g. vehicles, in the immediate vicinity of each of said loops. The loop oscillator is comprised of a transistor of the PNP type having its base connected to a reference voltage defined by two resistors connected in series between a source of positive potential and ground. The transistor is connected in a Colpitts configuration with two capacitors defining the load capacitance and with the loop input circuits defining the load inductance. In view of these problems of the prior art, it is the object of the present invention to provide an improved mobile unit support system which detects movement information of a mobile unit with a high sensitivity, transmits the movement information to the outside, concentrically processes and manages the information, and resends the information to the mobile unit, whereby movement of the mobile unit is highly supported. This object is solved by the subject-matter of the independent claims. Preferred embodiments are the subject-matter of the dependent claims. According to an aspect of the present invention, the mobile unit support system comprises: at least one magnetic member for forming a magnetic field in the vicinity of a movement path of a mobile unit which is made of a dielectromagnetic material; and at least one magnetic sensor which, when the mobile unit passes over, detects a change of the magnetic field and which transmits a result of the detection to an external, and the mobile unit comprises receiving means for receiving the transmitted signal, and a processing section which processes a signal from the receiving means. According to another aspect of the present invention, the system comprises at least one magnetic sensor which is disposed in the vicinity of a movement path of a mobile unit made of a dielectromagnetic material or having at least one magnetic member, which, when the mobile unit passes over, detects a change of a magnetic field, and which transmits a result of the detection to an external, and the mobile unit comprises receiving means for receiving the transmitted signal, and a processing section which processes a signal from the receiving means. According to another aspect of the present invention, the system comprises in the vicinity of a movement path of a mobile unit which is made of a dielectromagnetic material: at least one magnetic member; and at least one magnetic sensor which, when the mobile unit passes over, detects a change of a magnetic field formed by the magnetic member, and a member which is made of a dielectromagnetic material and which has a flat shape or a bent shape is embedded in a ground on a side which is opposite to the movement path with respect to the magnetic member and the magnetic sensor. According to another aspect of the present invention, in the mobile unit support system at least one magnetic member for forming a magnetic field is disposed in the vicinity of a movement path of a mobile unit which is made of a dielectromagnetic material, plural magnetic sensors are disposed at predetermined intervals along a movement direction of the mobile unit, the system comprises at least one centralized processing device, each of the magnetic sensors comprises: a magnetic impedance (MI) element impedance circuit using an MI element which has an MI effect and in which an impedance is changed by a variation of a magnetic field when the mobile unit is moved; a power source which supplies a current to the MI element impedance circuit; a detector which detects a change of an electric property of an output of the MI element impedance circuit on the basis of a change of the impedance of the MI element; and transmitting means for transmitting a signal from the detector to an external, and the centralized processing device receives signals from the transmitting means of the plural magnetic sensors and processes the signals to obtain at least one of a movement direction, a position, a speed, a length of the mobile unit, and a distance between mobile units, and manages movement information of the mobile unit. According to another aspect of the present invention, in the mobile unit support system at least one magnetic member for forming a magnetic field is disposed in the vicinity of a movement path of a mobile unit which is made of a dielectromagnetic material, plural magnetic sensors are disposed at predetermined intervals along a movement direction of the mobile unit, each of the magnetic sensors comprises: a magnetic impedance (MI) element impedance circuit using an MI element which has an MI effect and in which an impedance is changed by a variation of a magnetic field when the mobile unit is moved; a power source which supplies a current to the MI element impedance circuit; a detector which detects a change of an electric property of an output of the MI element impedance circuit on the basis of a change of the impedance of the MI element; and transmitting means for transmitting a signal from the detector to an external, and the mobile unit comprises: receiving means for receiving a signal from the transmitting means; and a processing section which processes a signal from the receiving means and informs a driver of the mobile unit of information obtained by processing the signal from the receiving means or processes the signal from the receiving means and performs a movement control on the basis of the processing. According to another aspect of the present invention, in the mobile unit support system at least one magnetic member for forming a magnetic field is disposed in the vicinity of a movement path of a mobile unit which is made of a dielectromagnetic material, plural magnetic sensors are disposed at predetermined intervals along a line which is substantially perpendicular to a movement direction of the mobile unit, the system comprises at least one centralized processing device, each of the magnetic sensors comprises: a magnetic impedance (MI) element impedance circuit using an MI element which has an MI effect and in which an impedance is changed by a variation of a magnetic field when the mobile unit is moved; a power source which supplies a current to the MI element impedance circuit; a detector which detects a change of an electric property of an output of the MI element impedance circuit on the basis of a change of the impedance of the MI element; and transmitting means for transmitting a signal from the detector to an external, and the centralized processing device receives signals from the transmitting means of the plural magnetic sensors and processes the signals to obtain the deviation of the mobile unit in the movement path and a distance between mobile units, and manages movement information of the mobile unit. According to another aspect of the present invention, in the mobile unit support system at least one magnetic member for forming a magnetic field is disposed in the vicinity of a movement path of a mobile unit which is made of a dielectromagnetic material, plural magnetic sensors are disposed at predetermined intervals along a line which is substantially perpendicular to a movement direction of the mobile unit, each of the magnetic sensors comprises: a magnetic impedance (MI) element impedance circuit using an MI element which has an MI effect and in which an impedance is changed by a variation of a magnetic field when the mobile unit is moved; a power source which supplies a current to the MI element impedance circuit; a detector which detects a change of an electric property of an output of the MI element impedance circuit on the basis of a change of the impedance of the MI element; and transmitting means for transmitting a signal from the detector to an external, and the mobile unit comprises: receiving means for receiving a signal from the transmitting means; and a processing section which processes a signal from the receiving means and informs a driver of the mobile unit of information obtained by processing the signal from the receiving means or processes the signal from the receiving means and performs a movement control on the basis of the processing. According to another aspect of the present invention, in the mobile unit support system at least one magnetic member for forming a magnetic field is disposed in the vicinity of a movement path of a mobile unit which is made of a dielectromagnetic material, plural magnetic sensors are disposed at predetermined intervals in a plane of the movement path, the system comprises at least one centralized processing device, each of the magnetic sensors comprises: a magnetic impedance (MI) element impedance circuit using an MI element which has an MI effect and in which an impedance is changed by a variation of a magnetic field when the mobile unit is moved; a power source which supplies a current to the MI element impedance circuit; a detector which detects a change of an electric property of an output of the MI element impedance circuit on the basis of a change of the impedance of the MI element; and transmitting means for transmitting a signal from the detector to an external, and the centralized processing device receives signals from the transmitting means of the plural magnetic sensors and processes the signals to obtain in more detail at least one of a position in the plane of the movement path, a movement direction, a speed, a length of the mobile unit, and a distance between mobile units, and manages movement of the mobile unit. According to another aspect of the present invention, in the mobile unit support system in the vicinity of a movement path of a mobile unit which is made of a magnetic member or which has at least one magnetic member, plural magnetic sensors are disposed at predetermined intervals along a movement direction of the mobile unit, the system comprises at least one centralized processing device, each of the magnetic sensors comprises: a magnetic impedance (MI) element impedance circuit using an MI element which has an MI effect and in which an impedance is changed by a variation of a magnetic field when the mobile unit is moved; a power source which supplies a current to the MI element impedance circuit; a detector which detects a change of an electric property of an output of the MI element impedance circuit on the basis of a change of the impedance of the MI element; and transmitting means for transmitting a signal from the detector to an external, and the centralized processing device receives signals from the transmitting means of the plural magnetic sensors and processes the signals to obtain at least one of a movement direction, a position, a speed, a length of the mobile unit, and a distance between mobile units, and manages movement of the mobile unit. According to another aspect, a mobile unit support system of the present invention is wherein, in the vicinity of a movement path of a mobile unit which is made of a magnetic member or which has at least one magnetic member, plural magnetic sensors are disposed at predetermined intervals along a movement direction of the mobile unit, each of the magnetic sensors comprises: a magnetic impedance (MI) element impedance circuit using an MI element which has an MI effect and in which an impedance is changed by a variation of a magnetic field when the mobile unit is moved; a power source which supplies a current to the MI element impedance circuit; a detector which detects a change of an electric property of an output of the MI element impedance circuit on the basis of a change of the impedance of the MI element; and transmitting means for transmitting a signal from the detector to an external, and the mobile unit comprises: receiving means for receiving a signal from the transmitting means; and a processing section which processes a signal from the receiving means and informs a driver of the mobile unit of information obtained by processing the signal from the receiving means or processes the signal from the receiving means and performs a movement control on the basis of the processing. According to another aspect, a mobile unit support system of the present invention is wherein, in the vicinity of a movement path of a mobile unit which is made of a magnetic member or which has at least one magnetic member, plural magnetic sensors are disposed at predetermined intervals along a line which is substantially perpendicular to a movement direction of the mobile unit, the system comprises at least one centralized processing device, each of the magnetic sensors comprises: a magnetic impedance (MI) element impedance circuit using an MI element which has an MI effect and in which an impedance is changed by a variation of a magnetic field when the mobile unit is moved; a power source which supplies a current to the MI element impedance circuit; a detector which detects a change of an electric property of an output of the MI element impedance circuit on the basis of a change of the impedance of the MI element; and transmitting means for transmitting a signal from the detector to an external, and the centralized processing device receives signals from the transmitting means of the plural magnetic sensors and processes the signals to obtain one of deviation of the mobile unit in the movement path and a distance between mobile units, and manages movement information of the mobile unit. According to another aspect, a mobile unit support system of the present invention is wherein, in the vicinity of a movement path of a mobile unit which is made of a magnetic member or which has at least one magnetic member, plural magnetic sensors are disposed at predetermined intervals along a line which is substantially perpendicular to a movement direction of the mobile unit, each of the magnetic sensors comprises: a magnetic impedance (MI) element impedance circuit using an MI element which has an MI effect and in which an impedance is changed by a variation of a magnetic field when the mobile unit is moved; a power source which supplies a current to the MI element impedance circuit; a detector which detects a change of an electric property of an output of the MI element impedance circuit on the basis of a change of the impedance of the MI element; and transmitting means for transmitting a signal from the detector to an external, and the mobile unit comprises: receiving means for receiving a signal from the transmitting means; and a processing section which processes a signal from the receiving means and informs a driver of the mobile unit of information obtained by processing the signal from the receiving means or processes the signal from the receiving means and performs a movement control on the basis of the processing. According to another aspect, a mobile unit support system of the present invention is wherein, in the vicinity of a movement path of a mobile unit which is made of a magnetic member or which has at least one magnetic member, plural magnetic sensors are disposed at predetermined intervals in a plane of the movement path, the system comprises at least one centralized processing device, each of the magnetic sensors comprises: a magnetic impedance (MI) element impedance circuit using an MI element which has an MI effect and in which an impedance is changed by a variation of a magnetic field when the mobile unit is moved; a power source which supplies a current to the MI element impedance circuit; a detector which detects a change of an electric property of an output of the MI element impedance circuit on the basis of a change of the impedance of the MI element; and transmitting means for transmitting a signal from the detector to an external, and the centralized processing device receives signals from the transmitting means of the plural magnetic sensors and processes the signals to obtain in more detail at least one of a position in the plane of the movement path, a movement direction, a speed, a length of the mobile unit, and a distance between mobile units, and manages movement of the mobile unit. According to another aspect, a mobile unit support system of the present invention is wherein plural magnetic members are disposed in a mobile unit, at least one magnetic sensor is disposed in the vicinity of a movement path, the plural magnetic members are arranged in a substantially linear manner, the magnetic sensor comprises: a magnetic impedance (MI) element impedance circuit using an MI element which has an MI effect and in which an impedance is changed by a variation of a magnetic field when the mobile unit is moved; a power source which supplies a current to the MI element impedance circuit; a detector which detects a change of an electric property of an output of the MI element impedance circuit on the basis of a change of the impedance of the MI element; and transmitting means for transmitting a signal from the detector to an external, polarities of the plural magnetic members on a side which is opposite to the magnetic sensor are alternately inverted, and the mobile unit comprises: receiving means for receiving a signal from the transmitting means; and a processing section which processes a signal from the receiving means and informs a driver of the mobile unit of information obtained by processing the signal from the receiving means or performs a movement control on the basis of the information. According to another aspect, a mobile unit support system of the present invention is wherein at least one magnetic member and at least one magnetic sensor are disposed in the vicinity of a movement path of a mobile unit which is made of a dielectromagnetic material, the magnetic sensor comprises: a self-oscillating circuit using a magnetic impedance (MI) element which has an MI effect; a power source which supplies a current to the self-oscillating circuit; an oscillation voltage detector; and transmitting means, in the self-oscillating circuit, an impedance of the MI element is changed by a variation of a magnetic field when the mobile unit is moved, and a frequency or an amplitude of an oscillation voltage output is changed by the change of the impedance, the oscillation voltage detector detects the change of the oscillation voltage output of the self-oscillating circuit, the transmitting means transmits a signal from the oscillation voltage detector to an external, and the mobile unit comprises: receiving means for receiving a signal from the transmitting means; and a processing section which processes a signal from the receiving means and informs a driver of the mobile unit of information obtained by processing the signal from the receiving means or performs a movement control on the basis of the information. According to another aspect, a mobile unit support system of the present invention is wherein at least one magnetic member and at least one magnetic sensor are disposed in the vicinity of a movement path of a mobile unit which is made of a dielectromagnetic material, the magnetic sensor comprises: a self-oscillating circuit using a magnetic impedance (MI) element which has an MI effect; a power source which supplies a current to the self-oscillating circuit; an oscillation voltage detector; a digital processor having an A/D converter; and transmitting means, in the self-oscillating circuit, an impedance of the MI element is changed by a variation of a magnetic field when the mobile unit is moved, and a frequency or an amplitude of an oscillation voltage output is changed by the change of the impedance, the oscillation voltage detector detects the change of the oscillation voltage output of the self-oscillating circuit, the digital processor converts the change into a digital signal, the transmitting means transmits a signal from the digital processor to an external, and the mobile unit comprises: receiving means for receiving a signal from the transmitting means; and a processing section which processes a signal from the receiving means and informs a driver of the mobile unit of information obtained by processing the signal from the receiving means or performs a movement control on the basis of the information. According to another aspect, a mobile unit support system of the present invention is wherein at least one magnetic member and at least one magnetic sensor are disposed in the vicinity of a movement path of a mobile unit which is made of a dielectromagnetic material, the magnetic sensor comprises: a self-oscillating circuit using a magnetic impedance (MI) element which has an MI effect; a power source which supplies a current to the self-oscillating circuit; a DC voltage detector; and transmitting means, in the self-oscillating circuit, an impedance of the MI element is changed by a variation of a magnetic field when the mobile unit is moved, and an amplitude of an oscillation voltage output is changed by the change of the impedance, the DC voltage detector detects the change of the amplitude of the oscillation voltage output of the self-oscillating circuit, and obtains, from the change, movement information indicative of data of each mobile unit including a speed, a movement direction, a position in the movement path, a length of the mobile unit, a width of the mobile unit, and a distance between the mobile unit and the path, the transmitting means transmits the movement information from the DC voltage detector to an external, and the mobile unit comprises: receiving means for receiving a signal from the transmitting means; and a processing section which processes a signal from the receiving means and informs a driver of the mobile unit of information obtained by processing the signal from the receiving means or performs a movement control on the basis of the information. According to another aspect, a mobile unit support system of the present invention is wherein at least one magnetic member and at least one magnetic sensor are disposed in the vicinity of a movement path of a mobile unit which is made of a dielectromagnetic material, the magnetic sensor comprises: a self-oscillating circuit using a magnetic impedance (MI) element which has an MI effect; a power source which supplies a current to the self-oscillating circuit; an FM detector; and transmitting means, in the self-oscillating circuit, an impedance of the MI element is changed by a variation of a magnetic field when the mobile unit is moved, and a frequency of an oscillation voltage output is changed by the change of the impedance, the FM detector detects the change of the frequency of the oscillation voltage output of the self-oscillating circuit, and obtains, from the change, movement information indicative of data of each mobile unit including a speed, a movement direction, a position in the movement path, a length of the mobile unit, a width of the mobile unit, and a distance between the mobile unit and the path, the transmitting means transmits the movement information from the FM detector to an external, and the mobile unit comprises: receiving means for receiving a signal from the transmitting means; and a processing section which processes a signal from the receiving means and informs a driver of the mobile unit of information obtained by processing the signal from the receiving means or performs a movement control on the basis of the information. According to another aspect, a mobile unit support system of the present invention is wherein a magnetic member and at least one magnetic sensor are disposed separated from each other by a predetermined distance and in the vicinity of a movement path of a mobile unit which has radio wave generating means and which is made of a dielectromagnetic material, the magnetic sensor comprises a current supply section, an impedance circuit using an MI element, an output detection section, and transmitting means, the current supply section receives a radio wave from the radio wave generating means of the mobile unit, and supplies an AC carrier current to the impedance circuit, from an energy of the radio wave, in the impedance circuit, an impedance of the MI element is changed by a variation of a magnetic field when the mobile unit approaches, the output detection section produces an output in which, with respect to an input from the current supply section, a frequency or an amplitude is changed, and the transmitting means transmits a signal from the output detection section to an external. According to another aspect, a mobile unit support system of the present invention is wherein a magnetic member and at least one oscillation magnetic sensor are disposed separated from each other by a predetermined distance and in the vicinity of a movement path of a mobile unit which has radio wave generating means and which is made of a dielectromagnetic material, the magnetic sensor comprises: a Colpitts oscillating circuit which uses at least one MI element and a transistor and which is operated by a DC current; an external power source which applies a DC voltage output which is obtained by performing diode detection on a radio wave input from the radio wave generating means when the mobile unit approaches, to a point between a collector of the transistor and a ground; an oscillation voltage detector; and transmitting means, in the oscillating circuit which oscillates when the mobile unit approaches, an impedance of the MI element is changed by a variation of a magnetic field formed by the magnetic member when the mobile unit is moved, and a frequency or an amplitude of an oscillation voltage output is changed by the change of the impedance, the oscillation voltage detector detects the change of the oscillation voltage output of the oscillating circuit, and the transmitting means transmits a detection signal to an external. According to another aspect, a mobile unit support system of the present invention is wherein at least one oscillation sensor is disposed with being separated by a predetermined distance and in the vicinity of a movement path of a mobile unit which has radio wave generating means, the oscillation sensor comprises: an oscillation circuit; an oscillation induction section which, in response to an input of a radio wave from the radio wave generating means when the mobile unit approaches, sets the oscillation circuit to be in an oscillation state; an oscillation voltage detector which detects a change of an oscillation voltage output of the oscillating circuit; and transmitting means for transmitting a signal from the oscillation voltage detector to an external, and the mobile unit comprises: receiving means for receiving a signal from transmitting antenna; and a processing section which processes a signal from the receiving means and informs a driver of the mobile unit of information obtained by processing the signal from the receiving means or performs a movement control on the basis of the information. According to another aspect, a mobile unit support system of the present invention is wherein a magnetic member and at least one magnetic sensor are disposed separated from each other by a predetermined distance and in the vicinity of a movement path of a mobile unit which has radio wave generating means and which is made of a dielectromagnetic material, the magnetic sensor comprises: a Colpitts oscillating circuit which uses at least one MI element and a transistor and which is operated by a DC current; an internal excitation power source which applies a predetermined voltage between a base and an emitter of the transistor so that the oscillating circuit enters an oscillation excitation state; an antenna which, in response to an input of a radio wave from the radio wave generating means when the mobile unit approaches, causes the voltage of the internal excitation power source to be changed so that the oscillating circuit enters an oscillation state: an oscillation voltage detector; and transmitting means, in the oscillating circuit which oscillates when the mobile unit approaches, an impedance of the MI element is changed by a variation of a magnetic field formed by the magnetic member when the mobile unit is moved, and a frequency or an amplitude of an oscillation voltage output is changed by the change of the impedance, the oscillation voltage detector detects the change of the oscillation voltage output of the oscillating circuit, and the transmitting means transmits a detection signal to an external. According to another aspect, a mobile unit support system of the present invention is wherein at least one oscillation sensor is disposed separated by a predetermined distance and in the vicinity of a movement path of a mobile unit which has radio wave generating means and which is made of a dielectromagnetic material, the magnetic sensor comprises a receiving antenna, an MI element impedance circuit using an MI element, an amplifier, and a transmitting antenna, the receiving antenna receives a radio wave from the radio wave generating means of the mobile unit, and supplies a high-frequency signal to the MI element impedance circuit, the MI element impedance circuit produces an output in which, with respect to an input of the high-frequency signal from the receiving antenna, a frequency or an amplitude is changed by a change of an impedance of the MI element due to a variation of a magnetic field when the mobile unit approaches, the amplifier amplifies an output signal from the MI element impedance circuit, the transmitting antenna transmits a signal from the amplifier to an external, and the mobile unit comprises: receiving means for receiving a signal from the transmitting antenna; and a processing section which processes a signal from the receiving means and informs a driver of the mobile unit of information obtained by processing the signal from the receiving means or performs a movement control on the basis of the information. Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic configuration view showing an example of a mobile unit support system which is a first embodiment of the invention. Fig. 2 is a diagram showing functions of a magnetic member and a magnetic sensor in the first embodiment. Fig. 3 is a diagrammatic configuration view showing an example of a mobile unit support system which is a second embodiment of the invention. Fig. 4 is a diagrammatic configuration view showing an example of a mobile unit support system which is a third embodiment of the invention. Fig. 5 is a diagram showing examples of disposition of magnetic sensors in the mobile unit support system which is a third embodiment of the invention. Fig. 6 is a diagram showing examples of disposition of magnetic sensors and magnetic members in the mobile unit support system which is the third embodiment of the invention. Fig. 7 is a diagrammatic configuration view showing an example of a mobile unit support system which is a fourth embodiment of the invention. Fig. 8 is a diagram showing examples of the shape of the mobile unit in the first to fourth embodiments of the invention. Fig. 9 is a diagrammatic configuration view showing an example of a mobile unit support system which is a fifth embodiment of the invention. Fig. 10 is a diagrammatic configuration view showing an example of a mobile unit support system which is a sixth embodiment of the invention. Fig. 11 is a diagrammatic configuration view showing an example of a mobile unit support system which is a seventh embodiment of the invention. Fig. 12 is a diagrammatic configuration view showing disposition of magnetic members of a mobile unit in the mobile unit support systems of Embodiments 5 to 7. Fig. 13 is a diagram showing the configuration of the magnetic sensor in the mobile unit support systems of Embodiments 1 to 7. Fig. 14 is a circuit diagram showing an example of a circuit of a magnetic sensor in the mobile unit support systems of Embodiments 1 to 7. Fig. 15 is a diagrammatic configuration view showing an example of a mobile unit support system which is an eighth embodiment of the invention. Fig. 16 is a circuit diagram showing an example of a circuit of a magnetic sensor in the mobile unit support systems of the embodiment. Fig. 17 is a diagrammatic configuration view showing an example of a mobile unit support system which is a ninth embodiment of the invention. Fig. 18 is a circuit diagram showing an example of an MI element self-oscillating circuit, an oscillation inducing circuit, and a power source of the magnetic sensor of the embodiment. Fig. 19 is a diagrammatic configuration view showing an example of a mobile unit support system which is a tenth embodiment of the invention. [Reference Numerals] 10 mobile unit 11 movement path 12 magnetic member 13 magnetic sensor 14 power source 15 MI element impedance circuit 16 detector 17 transmitting means 18 receiving means 19 processing section 20 mobile unit 21 magnetic member 22 magnetic pole 23 magnetic sensor 24 distance along a line of magnetic force between a magnetic member and a magnetic sensor 25 distance between the magnetic member and a mobile unit 26 distance between the magnetic sensor and the mobile unit Hereinafter, the invention will be described with reference to the drawings showing its embodiments. (Embodiment 1) Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic configuration view showing an example of a mobile unit support system which is a first embodiment of the invention. In the mobile unit support system of the embodiment, a magnetic member for forming a magnetic field, and a magnetic sensor are placed in the vicinity of a movement path of a mobile unit which is made of a dielectromagnetic material, such as an automobile. The magnetic sensor comprises an MI element impedance circuit, a power source, a detector, and transmitting means. The mobile unit has a configuration which comprises receiving means and a processing section. As shown in the figure, for example, the magnetic member 12 for forming a magnetic field, and the magnetic sensor 13 are placed in the vicinity of a movement path 11 of a mobile unit 10 which is made of a dielectromagnetic material. In the magnetic sensor 13, the power source 14 supplies a current to the MI element impedance circuit 15. A magnetic impedance (MI) element has an MI effect. In the element, the impedance is changed by a variation of the magnetic field when the mobile unit is moved. Therefore, the electric properties of the output of the MI element impedance circuit 15 are changed by the passage of the mobile unit 10. The detector 16 detects the change and produces a detection signal. The transmitting means 17 transmits the detection signal to the mobile unit 10. In the mobile unit 10, the receiving means 18 receives the signal, and the processing section 19 processes a signal from the receiving means 18, and informs the driver of the mobile unit of the obtained information, or performs a movement control on the basis of the information. According to this configuration, the movement information of the mobile unit can be detected with a high sensitivity, and the movement of the mobile unit can be highly supported. Fig. 2 shows the positional relationship between the magnetic member and the magnetic sensor in the embodiment. Fig. 2(a) shows a state where no mobile unit exists, and Fig. 2(b) shows a state where a mobile unit passes over the magnetic sensor. As shown in the figure, for example, the condition of the magnetic field in the state where a mobile unit 20 exists is different from that in the state where the mobile unit does not exist, and also the magnetic resistance is changed. The magnetic sensor 23 detects the changes. Meanwhile 22 indicates a magnetic pole, 23 indicates a magnetic sensor, 24 indicates a distance along a line of magnetic force between a magnetic member and a magnetic sensor, 25 indicates a distance between the magnetic member and a mobile unit, and 26 indicates a distance between the magnetic sensor and the mobile unit. According to this configuration, the movement information of the mobile unit can be detected with a high sensitivity. Fig. 3 is a diagrammatic configuration view showing an example of a mobile unit support system which is a second embodiment of the invention. The embodiment is different from the first embodiment in that a dielectromagnetic material is disposed below a magnetic member and a magnetic sensor (the side which is opposite to a movement path 31 or in the ground). As shown in Fig. 3 (a), for example, the magnetic member 33 and the magnetic sensor 34 are disposed between the movement path 31 and the dielectromagnetic material 32 such as an iron plate. As shown in Fig. 3(b), preferably, the dielectromagnetic material 32 has a bent shape so that both the tip ends are opposed to the lower ends of the magnetic member 33 and the magnetic sensor 34, respectively. According to this configuration also, the movement information of the mobile unit can be detected with a high sensitivity. Fig. 4 is a diagrammatic configuration view showing an example of a mobile unit support system which is a third embodiment of the invention. The mobile unit support system of the embodiment has a configuration in which a magnetic member for forming a magnetic field, plural magnetic sensors 41 and 42, and a centralized processing device 43 are placed in the vicinity of a movement path of a mobile unit which is made of a dielectromagnetic material. Each of the magnetic sensors 41 and 42 comprises an MI element impedance circuit, a power source, a detector, and transmitting means. As shown in the figure, in the same manner as the first embodiment, the magnetic sensors 41 and 42 detect a variation of the magnetic field in various passing states of various mobile units 40 which are made of a dielectromagnetic material, and transmit a signal indicative of the variation. The centralized processing device 43 receives the information from the plural magnetic sensors 41 and 42 and synthetically processes the information, thereby highly managing the movement condition information of plural mobile units in the movement path. Fig. 5(a) shows a case where, in the embodiment described above, plural magnetic sensors are placed with being separated from each other by a predetermined distance along the movement direction of a mobile unit, and Fig. 5(b) shows a case where plural magnetic sensors are placed separated from each other by a predetermined distance along a line which is substantially perpendicular to the movement direction of a mobile unit. When, as shown in Fig. 5(a), a magnetic member 52 for forming a magnetic field, and plural magnetic sensors 53 and 54 are placed in the vicinity of a movement path 51 of the mobile unit 50 and along the movement direction of the mobile unit 50, each of the magnetic sensors 53 and 54 transmits a signal corresponding to the position of the magnetic sensor, so that the position of the mobile unit 50 can be detected. When the mobile unit 50 passes over, a time lag is produced between the detection signals of the first and second magnetic sensors 53 and 54. When a centralized processing device 55 processes the time lag, information indicative of the movement direction, the speed, and the length of the mobile unit 50 can be detected. When, as shown in Fig. 5(b), plural magnetic sensors 56 and 57 are placed along a line which is substantially perpendicular to the movement direction of the mobile unit 50, a level difference is produced between the detection signals respectively output from the third and fourth magnetic sensors 56 and 57. When a centralized processing device 58 processes the level difference, it is possible to know the deviation of the mobile unit 50 in the movement path 51. In the embodiment described above, the magnetic member is placed at a substantially middle point between the two magnetic sensors. The number of magnetic sensors is not restricted to two, and may be increased to three or more. The positions of the magnetic sensors are not restricted to the above as far as the magnetic members are disposed separated from each other by a predetermined distance and in the vicinity of the movement path of the mobile unit. As shown in Fig. 6(a) (a view of a road as seen from the top), for example, magnetic sensors 61 and magnetic members 62 may be alternately disposed in a lattice manner in a path of a mobile unit. When the above-mentioned disposition is conducted in a crossing of movement paths, a junction of movement paths, or the like as shown in (b) and detection signals of the magnetic sensors are synthetically processed, it is possible to momently know the position in the movement paths. When magnetic sensors are arranged at a resolution which is smaller than the size of a mobile unit, particularly, the size of a mobile unit can be detected, so that also the distance between mobile units can be detected highly accurately. Fig. 7 is a diagrammatic configuration view showing an example of a mobile unit support system which is a fourth embodiment of the invention. The embodiment is different from the second embodiment in that transmitting means for transmitting a signal from a centralized processing device 73 is disposed in the vicinity of a movement path and the mobile unit has receiving means and a processing section. As shown in the figure, the centralized processing device 73 receives information from plural magnetic sensors 71 and 72, synthetically processes the information, and highly manages movement condition information of plural mobile units in the movement path, and the transmitting means 74 transmits a signal from the centralized processing device 73 to a mobile unit 70. In the mobile unit 70, the receiving means 75 receives the signal, and the processing section 76 processes a signal from the receiving means 75 and informs the driver of the mobile unit of information indicative of the result of the processing or performs a movement control on the basis of the information of the result. According to this configuration, movement information of a mobile unit can be detected with a high sensitivity, and the movement of the mobile unit can be highly supported. Fig. 8 is a diagram showing examples of the shape of the mobile unit in the first to fourth embodiments of the invention. As shown in the figure, a mobile unit made of a dielectromagnetic material has a portion which is close to a magnetic sensor and which is configured so that the distance between the portion and the magnetic sensor is changed. As shown in Fig. 8(a), for example, when the mobile unit 80 passes, the distance between a magnetic sensor 81 and the mobile unit 80 changes from a front portion of the mobile unit 80 to rear portion of the mobile unit 80. The magnetic field is varied not only at timings immediately before and after the passage of the mobile unit 80 but also in a period when the mobile unit 80 passes over the magnetic sensor 81. When the change of a detection signal of the magnetic sensor 81 is subjected to a differential process, therefore, the speed of the mobile unit can be detected by using only one magnetic sensor. As shown in Fig. 8(b), alternatively, projected and recessed portions may be formed at a predetermined number or at predetermined intervals. Fig. 9 is a diagrammatic configuration view showing an example of a mobile unit support system which is a fifth embodiment of the invention. The embodiment is different from the first embodiment in that a mobile unit has a magnetic member. As shown in the figure, for example, a magnetic sensor 93 is disposed in the vicinity of a movement path 92 of a mobile unit 90 having a magnetic member 91. In the magnetic sensor 93, a power source 94 supplies a current to an MI element impedance circuit 95. A magnetic impedance (MI) element has an MI effect. In the element, the impedance is changed by a variation of the magnetic field when the mobile unit is moved. Therefore, the electric properties of the output of the MI element impedance circuit 95 are changed by the passage of the mobile unit 90. A detector 96 detects the change and produces a detection signal. Transmitting means 97 transmits the detection signal to the mobile unit 90. In the mobile unit 90, receiving means 98 receives the signal, and a processing section 99 processes a signal from the receiving means, and informs the driver of the mobile unit of the obtained information, or performs a movement control on the basis of the information. The figure shows the case where the mobile unit has a magnetic material. Alternatively, the mobile unit itself may be made of a magnetic material. Fig. 10 is a diagrammatic configuration view showing an example of a mobile unit support system which is a sixth embodiment of the invention. The embodiment is different from the second embodiment in that a mobile unit has a magnetic member. As shown in the figure, in the same manner as the fourth embodiment, magnetic sensors 101 and 102 detect a variation of the magnetic field in various passing states of various mobile units 100 each having a magnetic member 103, and transmit a signal indicative of the variation. A centralized processing device 104 receives information from the plural magnetic sensors 101 and 102 and synthetically processes the information, thereby highly managing information of the movement conditions of plural mobile units in the movement path. The figure shows the case where a mobile unit has a magnetic material. Alternatively, a mobile unit itself may be made of a magnetic material. Fig. 11 is a diagrammatic configuration view showing an example of a mobile unit support system which is a seventh embodiment of the invention. The embodiment is different from the third embodiment in that a mobile unit has a magnetic member. As shown in the figure, in the same manner as the fifth embodiment, magnetic sensors 111 and 112 detect a variation of the magnetic field in various passing states of various mobile units 110 each having a magnetic member 113, and transmit a signal indicative of the variation. A centralized processing device 114 receives information from the plural magnetic sensors 111 and 112 and synthetically processes the information. Transmitting means 116 transmits the signal to the mobile units 110. In each of the mobile units 110, receiving means 116 receives the signal, a processing section 117 processes the signal from the transmitting means 116, and informs the driver of the mobile unit of the obtained information, or performs a movement control on the basis of the information. According to this configuration, the movement information of the mobile unit can be detected with a high sensitivity, and the movement of the mobile unit can be highly supported. The figure shows the case where a mobile unit has a magnetic material. Alternatively, a mobile unit itself may be made of a magnetic material. Fig. 12 is a diagrammatic configuration view showing an example of disposition of magnetic members of a mobile unit in the mobile unit support systems of embodiments 5 to 7. In Fig. 12 (a), for example, magnetic members 121 and 122 are disposed at the left and right ends of a mobile unit 120, respectively. As shown in Fig. 12(b), a predetermined number of magnetic members may be disposed at predetermined intervals between the left and right ends. In this case, when the number of the magnetic members is preset so as to correspond to values such as the width, length, and weight of a mobile unit, the width of a mobile unit and the like can be detected by using a magnetic sensor. It is a matter of course that also the deviation in the movement path can be detected. when the magnetic members are disposed so that their polarities are alternately inverted, the detection of the width of a mobile unit and the like is further facilitated. Fig. 12(c) shows the case where magnetic members 124 and 125 are disposed in the front and rear portions of a mobile unit 123, respectively. As shown in Fig. 12(d), a predetermined number of magnetic members may be disposed at predetermined intervals between the front and rear portions. According to this configuration, the length of the mobile unit, the movement direction, and the movement speed can be detected by using the magnetic sensors. Fig. 13 is a diagram showing in more detail the configuration of the magnetic sensor in the mobile unit support systems of embodiments 1 to 7. Fig. 13(a) shows the case where an AM detector is used as the detector for the output of the MI element impedance circuit, and Fig. 13(b) shows the case where an FM detector is used as the detector. When an external magnetic field is changed, the impedance of an MI element is changed and hence the amplitude of the oscillation voltage of an oscillating circuit and the oscillation frequency are changed. Consequently, as shown in (a), for example, the oscillation voltage output may be detected by an AM detector 131 so that a DC voltage output is obtained. Alternatively, as shown in (b), a frequency output may be obtained by an FM detector 132. It is a matter of course that, as shown in (c), the magnetic sensor may further have an A/D converter 133 and a digital code generator 134 so that the AM or FM detection output is converted into a digital signal and then subjected to signal processing suitable for external transmission. Fig. 14 shows an example of a circuit of a magnetic sensor in which a self-oscillating circuit based on an MI element is used in the MI element impedance circuit. As shown in Fig. 14(a), a stabilized Colpitts oscillating circuit which uses a single transistor 140 and which is operated by a DC power source is employed as a self-oscillating circuit, and an MI element 141 is connected between the base and the collector of the transistor 140. As shown in Fig. 14(b), a diode detector using a diode 142 is employed as a section of detecting the oscillation voltage output of the oscillating circuit. According to this configuration, a variation of a magnetic field can be easily detected on the basis of a change of the amplitude of the DC voltage output. Fig. 15 is a diagrammatic configuration view showing an example of a mobile unit support system which is an eighth embodiment of the invention. The embodiment is different from the first embodiment in that the mobile unit has radio wave generating means and the power source which supplies a current to the MI element impedance circuit of the magnetic sensor is an external power source which receives a radio wave from the radio wave generating means and which performs the current supply based on the energy of the radio wave. As shown in the figure, for example, a magnetic member 151 for forming a magnetic field, and a magnetic sensor 152 are placed in the vicinity of a movement path of a mobile unit 150. The mobile unit 150 receives a radio wave from radio wave generating means 153. In the magnetic sensor 152, an external power source 154 receives the radio wave, and a current based on the energy of the radio wave is supplied to an MI element impedance circuit 155. A magnetic impedance (MI) element has an MI effect. In the element, the impedance is changed by a variation of the magnetic field when the mobile unit is moved. Therefore, the electric properties of the output of the MI element impedance circuit 155 are changed by the passage of the mobile unit 150. A detector 156 detects the change and produces a detection signal. Transmitting means 157 transmits the detection signal to the mobile unit 150. In the mobile unit 150, receiving means 158 receives the signal, and a processing section 159 processes a signal from the receiving means 158, and informs the driver of the mobile unit of the obtained information, or performs a movement control on the basis of the information. According to this configuration, the life of the magnetic sensor can be prolonged and the cost can be reduced. Fig. 16 shows an example of the circuit of the magnetic sensor of the embodiment of Fig. 15. As shown in the figure, a stabilized Colpitts oscillating circuit which uses a single transistor 160 and which is operated by a DC power source is employed as a self-oscillating circuit, and an MI element 161 is connected between the base and the collector of the transistor 160. As the DC voltage source, a rectifying circuit using a diode 162 is used. The radio wave from the radio wave generating means is received and an AC carrier current is supplied from the radio wave energy. According to this configuration, the life of the magnetic sensor can be prolonged and the cost can be reduced. Fig. 17 is a diagrammatic configuration view showing an example of a mobile unit support system which is a ninth embodiment of the invention. In the mobile unit support system of the embodiment, a magnetic member for forming a magnetic field, and a magnetic sensor are placed in the vicinity of a movement path of a mobile unit which has radio wave generating means and which is made of a dielectromagnetic material. The magnetic sensor comprises an MI element self-oscillating circuit, a power source, an oscillation inducing circuit, a detector, and transmitting means. The mobile unit 170 has a configuration which comprises receiving means 1781 and a processing section 1791. As shown in the figure, for example, a magnetic member 172 for forming a magnetic field, and a magnetic sensor 173 are placed in the vicinity of a movement path 171 of a mobile unit 170 which is made of a dielectromagnetic material. In the magnetic sensor 173, a power source 174 supplies a current to an MI element self-oscillating circuit 175. When the mobile unit 170 does not exist, an oscillation inducing circuit 176 sets the MI element self-oscillating circuit 175 to be in an oscillation induced state, and, when the mobile unit 170 approaches the magnetic sensor, the circuit receives a radio wave from radio wave generating means 177 and causes the MI element self-oscillating circuit 175 to oscillate, by using the radio wave. The electric properties of the output of the MI element self-oscillating circuit 175 are changed by the passage of the mobile unit 170. A detector 178 detects the change and produces a detection signal. Transmitting means 179 transmits the detection signal to the mobile unit 170. According to this configuration, the life of the magnetic sensor can be prolonged and the cost can be reduced. Fig. 18 shows an example of the MI element self-oscillating circuit, the oscillation inducing circuit, and the power source of the magnetic sensor of the embodiment described above. As shown in the figure, the magnetic sensor is configured by: a Colpitts oscillating circuit which serves as the MI element self-oscillating circuit, which uses an MI element 180 and a transistor 181, and which is operated by a DC current; a power source 182 which supplies a current to the oscillating circuit; an internal excitation power source 183 which serves as the oscillation inducing circuit, and which applies a predetermined voltage between the base and the emitter of the transistor so that the oscillating circuit enters the oscillation excitation state; and an antenna input 184 which, when the mobile unit approaches to the magnetic sensor, changes the voltage of the internal excitation power source so that the oscillating circuit enters the oscillation state, in response to an input of a radio wave from the radio wave generating means. According to this configuration, the life of the magnetic sensor can be prolonged and the cost can be reduced. Fig. 19 is a diagrammatic configuration view showing an example of a mobile unit support system which is a tenth embodiment of the invention. In the mobile unit support system of the embodiment, a magnetic member for forming a magnetic field, and a magnetic sensor are placed in the vicinity of a movement path of a mobile unit which has radio wave generating means and which is made of a dielectromagnetic material. The magnetic sensor is configured by a receiving antenna, an MI element impedance circuit, an amplifier, and a transmitting antenna. The mobile unit has a configuration which comprises receiving means and a processing section. As shown in the figure, for example, a magnetic member 192 for forming a magnetic field, and a magnetic sensor 193 are placed in the vicinity of a movement path of a mobile unit 190 which is made of a dielectromagnetic material. The receiving antenna 194 of the magnetic sensor 193 receives a radio wave from radio wave generating means 191 of the mobile unit 190 and supplies a high-frequency signal to the MI element impedance circuit 195. The MI element impedance circuit 195 produces an output in which, with respect to the input of the high-frequency signal from the receiving antenna, the frequency or the amplitude is changed by a change of the impedance of the MI element caused by a variation of the magnetic field when the mobile unit approaches the magnetic sensor. The amplifier 196 amplifies the output signal from the MI element impedance circuit 195, and the transmitting antenna 197 transmits a signal from the amplifier to the external. In the mobile unit 190, the receiving means 198 receives the signal, and the processing section 199 processes the signal from the receiving means 198, and informs the driver of the mobile unit of the obtained information, or performs a movement control on the basis of the information. Movement information of the mobile unit can be detected with a high sensitivity on the basis of deviation between the input and the output of the MI element impedance circuit, and the deviation can contain positional information. The movement of the mobile unit can be highly supported based on the information. As apparent from the above description, according to the invention, a magnetic member for forming a magnetic field in the vicinity of a movement path of a mobile unit or in the mobile unit, and a magnetic sensor having a transmission section which transmits a detected signal to the external are disposed in the vicinity of the movement path of the mobile unit, or a magnetic sensor due to an oscillation circuit using an MI element which is highly responsive to a minute magnetic field is employed as a magnetic sensor, thereby attaining an advantage that movement information of a mobile unit is detected with a high sensitivity and the movement information is transmitted to the external so as to highly support the movement of the mobile unit.

Claims: A mobile unit support system, wherein at least one magnetic member (12, 151, 172) and at least one magnetic sensor (13, 152, 173) are disposed in the vicinity of a movement path (11) of a mobile unit (10) which is made of a dielectromagnetic material, said magnetic sensor (13, 152, 173) comprises: a self-oscillating circuit using a magnetic impedance element (141) which has a magnetic impedance effect, said self-oscillating circuit employing a stabilized Colpitts oscillating circuit which uses a single transistor (140) and which is operated by a DC current; a power source (14) which supplies a current to said self-oscillating circuit; an oscillation voltage detector (16); and transmitting means (17), wherein in said self-oscillating circuit, an impedance of said magnetic impedance element (141) is changed by a variation of a magnetic field when said mobile unit (10) is moved, and a frequency or an amplitude of an oscillation voltage output is changed by said change of said impedance, said change of said frequency or amplitude of said oscillation voltage output signal comprising movement information indicative of data of each mobile unit (10) comprising at least one of a speed, a movement direction, a position in said movement path, a length of said mobile unit (10), a width of said mobile unit (10), and a distance between said mobile unit (10) and said movement path; said oscillation voltage detector (16) detects said change of said oscillation voltage output of said self-oscillating circuit, and said transmitting means (17) transmits a signal from said oscillation voltage detector (16) to an external, and said mobile unit (10) comprises: receiving means (18) for receiving a signal from said transmitting means (17); and a processing section (19) which processes a signal from said receiving means (18) and informs a driver of said mobile unit (10) of information obtained by processing said signal from said receiving means (18) or performs a movement control on said basis of said information. The mobile unit support system according to claim 1, wherein a magnetic member (12, 151, 172) and at least one magnetic sensor (13, 152, 173) are separated from each other by a predetermined distance and wherein the mobile unit comprises radio wave generating means (153), said power source being an external power source (154) and applying a DC voltage output which is obtained by performing diode detection on a radio wave input from said radio wave generating means (153) when said mobile unit (150) approaches, to a point between a collector of said transistor and a ground. The mobile unit support system according to claim 1, wherein a magnetic member (12, 151, 172) and at least one magnetic sensor (13, 152, 173) are disposed separated from each other by a predetermined distance and wherein the mobile unit comprises radio wave generating means (177), said power source being an internal excitation power source (174) which applies a predetermined voltage between a base and an emitter of said transistor (181) so that said oscillating circuit (175) enters an oscillation state; and an antenna which, in response to an input of a radio wave from said radio wave generating means when said mobile unit (170) approaches, causes said voltage of said internal excitation power source (174) to be changed so that said oscillating circuit (175) enters an oscillation state. A mobile unit support system, wherein at least one magnetic member and at least one oscillation sensor are disposed in the vicinity of a movement path of a mobile unit (190) which has radio wave generating means (191) and which is made of dielectromagnetic material, said magnetic sensor (193) comprises a receiving antenna (194), a magnetic impedance element impedance circuit (195) using a magnetic impedance element, an amplifier (196), and a transmitting antenna (197), said receiving antenna (194) receives a radio wave from said radio wave generating means (191) of said mobile unit (190), and supplies a high-frequency signal to said magnetic impedance element impedance circuit (195), said magnetic impedance element impedance circuit (195) produces an output in which, with respect to an input of said high-frequency signal from said receiving antenna (194), a frequency or an amplitude is changed by a change of an impedance of said magnetic impedance element due to a variation of a magnetic field when said mobile unit (190) approaches, said amplifier amplifies (196) an output signal from said magnetic impedance element impedance circuit (195), said transmitting antenna (197) transmits a signal from said amplifier (196) to an external, and said mobile unit (190) comprises: receiving means (198) for receiving a signal from said transmitting antenna (197); and a processing section (199) which processes a signal from said receiving means (198) and informs a driver of said mobile unit (190) of information obtained by processing said signal from said receiving means (198) or performs a movement control on said basis of said information.

Inventors: KANE JOJI, NOMURA NOBORU, YOSHIDA TAKASI, KANE, JOJI, NOMURA, NOBORU, YOSHIDA, TAKASI
Applicants: MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC IND CO LTD, MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD.
Application year: 1998
Main classification: G08G1
IPC codes: H04B5, G08G1, H04B7, H04Q7