FUNGICIDAL TEST METHOD

Abstract: Potential fungicides can be identified by testing compounds in a 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase inhibition assay. Also disclosed is the use as a fungicide of a compound which is an inhibitor of 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase, mutants of Septoria nodorum disrupted in the 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase gene and amino acid sequences, derived from a Septoria nodorum gene coding for the enzyme 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase.

Description: Title: Fungicidal test method Field of the Invention This invention relates to the surprising observation that the enzyme 3-isopropyimalate dehydrogenase is essential for the pathogenicity of the plant pathogenic fungus Septoria nodorum. This invention further relates to a method for identifying fungicides and the use of inhibitors of 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase as fungicides. Prior Art It has been demonstrated that some induced biochemical mutants of plant pathogenic fungi such as Venturis inaequalis (a hemi-biotroph) are no longer pathogenic (Boone et al, 1957, American Journal of Botany 44, 791 and Kline et al ibid, 797). In this, and in the other examples, these biochemical mutants have not been further analysed to define the exact point of the biochemical lesion. The isolation and expression of genes from one organism to another is common practice to those skilled in the art. Gene disruption is well known to those skilled in the art and has been recently reviewed by Oliver R J and Osbourne, A E (1995), Microbiology, 141 , 191. Disclosure of the Invention We have demonstrated that a mutant of the plant pathogenic fungus Septoria nodorum which is unable to synthesise the amino acid leucine is non-pathogenic. We also demonstrate that a defective enzyme, 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.85) is responsible for this loss of pathogenicity and thus 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase is a pathogenicity factor. We have demonstrated, therefore, that since 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase is a pathogenicity factor, it is a new target for antifungal compounds. Thus compounds designed to inhibit 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase, or compounds selected for their ability to inhibit Septoria nodorum 3- isopropylmalate dehydrogenase through biochemical screening of synthetic chemical libraries or libraries of natural substances have the potential to be commercially applicable fungicides. We have shown that a mutant of Septoria nodorum which cannot synthesise leucine (a leucine auxotroph), is no longer pathogenic on its normal plant host. The ability to pathogenise this host is restored to this leucine auxotroph when exogenous leucine is included with the inoculum used to infect the host. (Example 1). We have also shown that this leucine auxotroph is defective in the enzyme which converts 3-carboxy-2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate to 2-oxo-4-methyl-3-carboxy- pentanoate, more commonly known as β-isopropylmalic acid and α-ketoisocaproic acid respectively, namely 3-carboxy-2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate:NAD + oxidoreductase (EC 1.1.1.85), more commonly know as 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase, (see Example 1 , Example 2 and Example 3). We have shown that we can restore to this mutant the ability to synthesise leucine and that we can restore to the mutant the ability to pathogenise its host by transforming into this mutant the gene coding for 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase from Neurospora crassa (Example 3). Furthermore we have demonstrated that we can restore leucine prototrophy and presumably pathogenicity to this leucine auxotroph by transforming into the mutant the Septoria nodorum wild-type allele of 3- isopropyimalate dehydrogenase (leuA, Example 6). We have demonstrated that by replacing the wild-type allele (leuA) with a leuA gene disrupted by a gene coding for resistance to the antibiotic hygromycin B, we can convert wild-type Septoria nodorum into leucine-requiring mutant which is no longer pathogenic to its host, thus demonstrating the surprising discovery that 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase is a pathogenicity factor of Septoria nodorum (Example 7). The following examples demonstrate that, surprisingly, 3-isopropylmaiate dehydrogenase is essential to the pathogenicity (that is it is a pathogenicity factor) of Septoria nodorum and establish that this enzyme is a target for the screening of fungicides. To facilitate the use of this enzyme for fungicide screening we have demonstrated the expression of Septoria nodorum 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase in Escherichia coli (recombinant IPMDH) and the extraction of useful levels of 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase activity from such clones (Example 4). Finally we demonstrate the utility of this invention by using recombinant IPMDH to discover active fungicides from a biochemical screen (examples 8 and 9) The invention is illustrated in the following examples. The bacterial strains referred to in the following examples were deposited with the National Collections of Industrial and Marine Bacteria (NCIMB) Ltd., 23 St Machar Drive, ABERDEEN, AB2 1 RY, Scotland, UK. on the 12 February, 1998. NCIMB Plasmid Host (genotype) 40917 pSAL203 JA221 (hsdR, lacY, leuBβ, trpEδ, recA1) 40918 pSAL204 JA221 (hsdR, lacY, leuBβ, trpEδ, recA1) 40919 pSAL205 XL1-BLUE (recA1, endA1, gyrA96, thi1, hsdR17, supE44, relA1, lac[F, proAB, lacl q ZΔm15, Tn10) 40920 pSAL206 XL1-BLUE (recA1, endA1, gyrA96, thi1, hsdR17, supE44, relA1, lac[F, proAB, lacl q ZAm15, Tn10) 40921 pSAL208 XL1-BLUE {recA1, endA1, gyrA96, thi1, hsdR17, supE44, relA1, lac[F, proAB, lacl q ZΔm15, Tn10) 40922 pSAL209 XL1-BLUE (recA1, endA1, gyrA96, thil, hsdRU, supE44, relA1, lac[F, proAB, lacl q ZΔm15, Tn10) 40923 pSAL210 XL1-BLUE (recA1, endA1, gyrA96, thil, hsdR17, supE44, relA1, lac[F, proAB, lacl q ZΔm15, Tn10) 40924 JA221F' hsdR, lacY, leuBβ, trpE5, recA1 {F' proAB, /acl q , /acZΔM15, Tn10}. The Septoria nodorum isolates 40.1 and 40.15 have been deposited on the 11 February 1998 with CABI Bioscience, a division of CAB international, UK Centre (Egham)-lntemational Mycological Institute, Bakeham Lane, Surrey, TW20 9TY, UK, under accession numbers IMI 378471 and IMI 378472, respectively. RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91) ISA/EP Example 1 Demonstration that a Leucine Auxotrophic Mutant of Septoria nodorum is Non- pathogenic Conidia of Septoria nodorum (Berks; Leptosphaeria nodorum, Muller, strain 40-1) were irradiated with UV light at a dose of 1296-1440J. At these doses of UV irradiation, normally 1-5% of the treated conidia survived. In total 6 000 survivors of the UV irradiation were tested for their ability to grow on a complex medium (PDA: Potato Dextrose Agar, from Oxoid supplied by Unipath Limited., Basingstoke, Hampshire, England. The medium was made to the manufacturer's instructions) compared to a defined, minimal medium (Cz: Czapek Dox Agar [Modified], from Oxoid supplied by Unipath Limited., Basingstoke, Hampshire, England. The medium was made to the manufacturer's instructions). Of the 6 000 survivors of the UV irradiation, thirty-one were able to grow on the complex medium but were unable to grow on the defined minimal medium. Mutants that exhibit this characteristic are auxotrophic mutants. Those familiar with nutritional analysis of auxotrophic mutants will be aware that Holliday solutions (Holliday, R., 1956, Nature 178, 987) can be used with a defined minimal medium to characterise precisely the nutritional requirements of any particular auxotrophic mutant. Of the thirty-one auxotrophic mutants tested, one mutant (hereinafter called 40-15) required leucine (added at 40μg/ml to Cz medium) to grow on the defined minimal medium, implying that 40-15 was incapable of synthesising leucine and was, therefore a leucine auxotroph. Those skilled in the art of analysing auxotrophic mutants (auxanography) will know that feeding the precursors of leucine to a leucine auxotroph can help to elucidate which particular step is defective in that biosynthetic pathway. Thus by adding, in separate growth tests some of the known precursors of leucine biosynthesis: pyruvate; α-ketoisovalerate; α-isopropylmalate; β- isopropylmalate and α-ketoisocaproate (all supplied by Sigma Chemical, Sigma- Aldrich Company Ltd., Fancy Road Pool, Dorset, UK except for β-isopropylmalate which was supplied by Wako Chemicals GmbH, Nissanstraβe, D-41468 Neuss, Germany) at 40μg/ml in Cz plates the biochemical lesion in the leucine-requiring auxotroph 40-15 could be inferred. This auxanographic analysis strongly implicated that 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase was defective in 40-15 since only leucine and α-ketoisocaproate restored normal growth to 40-15 whereas β-isopropyimalate, - ketoisovalerate and pyruvate did not. These conclusions were confirmed by biochemical analysis (Example 2) and genetical analysis (Example 3). To assess the effect that leucine auxotrophy had on the pathogenicity of Septoria nodorum 40-15, the mutant was tested first in a detached leaf assay and then on whole plants. The detached leaf assay was that described by A C Newton and C E Caten (1988),Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 90, 199. The tips (2 cm) of 10 day old wheat (Fenman) plants were cut and placed on tap water agar (0.5g of Oxoid agar No. 3 [from Oxoid supplied by Unipath Limited., Basingstoke, Hampshire, England] in 85 ml of water, which was autoclaved and to which was added benzimidazole [supplied by Sigma Chemical UK.] at a final concentration of 150μg/litre, dispensed into 5 cm Petri dishes. To these detached leaves were inoculated 5μl of a 10 6 conidia/ml conidial suspension in 0.02% Tween 20 (supplied by Sigma Chemical UK). The inoculated plants were incubated at 18 °C with continuous illumination by near ultraviolet and white light and the pathogenicity of 40-15 compared to a wild-type Septoria nodorum (40-1) was assessed after one week. Pathogenicity was scored on a scale of zero to five for increasing chlorosis and necrosis, with a score of zero indicating that a leaf segment remained completely uninfected and a score of five indicating that a lesion comparable in size to the chlorotic and necrotic symptoms of the wild-type infection had formed during the period of the assessment. In whole plant assays, the wheat cultivar Fenman at the two leaf stage was inoculated with about 5x10 5 conidia and assessed for the degree of damage caused by 40-15 compared with a wild-type isolate after 14 days incubation at high humidity 20 °C. In the detached leaf assays, the leucine auxotroph would typically give a pathogenicity score of zero and on whole plants the number of lesions would be about 10% of the wild-type. Furthermore, no Septoria nodorum 40-15 could be reisolated from these lesions, implying that the lesions that were seen on plants inoculated with 40-15 were not due the growth of 40-15. The pathogenic response of 40-15 could be enhanced by including leucine (at 40μg/ml) in the 40-15 conidial inoculum in both the detached leaf and the whole plant assays. These observations demonstrate that leucine metabolism is essential for the pathogenicity of Septoria nodorum. The data also imply that, in the case of the mutant 40-15, it is the loss of the enzyme activity 3-isopropyimalate dehydrogenase that has caused the loss of leucine metabolism. The following examples will demonstrate that this is the case. Example 2 3-lsopropylmalate Dehyrogenase Activity of Wild-Type Septoria nodorum (40-1) Compared with that of the Leucine Requiring Mutant 40-15 Typically Septoria nodorum cultures were grown in liquid Cz medium with leucine included at 40 μg ml "1 . Septoria spores were added at 5.0 x10 5 spores for each ml of 200 ml of growth medium in 1 litre flasks. After 3 days at 25 °C, with constant shaking at 220 rpm, mycelia of the wild-type (40-1) and 40-15 were harvested by centnfugation for 40 minutes at 8000 g and 4°C. The mycelia were ruptured by grinding for three minutes in an ice cold pestle and mortar with an equal volume of sand and an equal volume of ice cold extraction buffer (100 mM KH2PO4, 100 mM KOH, pH 7.0, with 0.5 mg/ml bovine serum albumin, 3.75 mM dithiothreitol and 50 μM manganese chloride). The mycelial extracts were clarified by centnfugation for ten minutes at 13,000 g and 4°C, and desalted using a Pharmacia PD-10 column (Pharmacia Biotech, 23 Grosvenor Road, St. Albans, Herts. AL1 3AW, UK.) pre- equilibrated with assay buffer (100 mM KH2PO4, 100 mM KOH, pH 8.0, containing 0.5 mg/ml BSA, 3.75 mM dithiothreitol and 50 μM manganese chloride). The clarified and desalted extracts of 40.1 and 40.15 were assayed for 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase activity by monitoring the conversion of the substrate, 3-isopropylmalate (3-IPM) to the product, α-ketoisocaproate (α-KIC) using a HPLC to resolve and quantify the product and substrate. In a final volume of 1 ml, 820 μl of extract was incubated at 30°C with 50 mM KCI, 0.5 mM manganese chloride, 1 mM nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) and 2 mM D,L-threo-3-isopropyimalic acid (3-IPM). After 60 minutes the enzyme reaction was stopped by adding 200μL of 2M perchloric acid, followed by neutralisation with 100μL of 1M potassium hydroxide to precipitate the protein present in the assay. Precipitated protein was removed by centnfugation at 13,000 rpm for five minutes. The resultant clarified reaction mixture was subjected to isocratic HPLC analysis using an Aminex HPX-87H column (300 x 7.8 mM; Bio-Rad® Laboratories) with 0.005M H2SO4 as mobile phase, at a flow rate of 0.4 ml/ min. The column eluate was monitored at 210 nM. Substrate and product peak areas were converted to millimolar concentration values using calibration curves in the range of 0.01-2.00 mM for both the substrate and the product. The conversion (in percent) of the substrate to the product was calculated using the following expression: %conversion=100x [(α-KIC at 60 minutes)-( -KIC at 0 minutes)/(3-IPM concentration at 0 minutes)]. The assays were done twice and the controls were done by stopping the reaction at time zero minutes. NAD + was omitted from the incubation to demonstrate that the conversion of 3-IPM to α-ketoisocaproate was dependent on the presence of the coenzyme, NAD + . The results are presented in the table below: The data for both the wild-type Septoria nodorum (40-1) demonstrate that coenzyme- dependent 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase activity was detected in the wild-type 40.1 but not in the leucine auxotrophic mutant, 40-15 and thus provides biochemical evidence that 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase activity is lacking in mutant 40-15. Example 3 provides the genetical evidence that it is the 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase gene that is defective in 40-15. Example 3 Genetic Complementation of the Leucine Mutant 40-15 with a Gene Coding for 3- Isopropylmalate Dehydrogenase from Neurospora crassa Those skilled in the art of genetic transformation are aware that when a gene representing an enzyme deficient in an auxotrophic mutant (the wild-type allele) is transferred into that mutant, it so functions, in vivo, that the biochemical lesion is compensated for by the newly added gene. This process is called genetic complementation. The complementing gene does not need to originate from an organism of the same species as the auxotrophic mutant. Thus, in this example, the defect in the leucine auxotrophic mutant was repaired by the addition of a 3-isopropylmaiate dehydrogenase gene from the non-pathogenic fungus Neurospora crassa. The Septoria nodorum leucine mutant 40-15 could be restored to prototrophy by complementation with the 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase gene (leu-1) from Neurospora crassa. The /eu-1 gene was introduced into Septoria nodorum 40-15 on the plasmid vector pLEU12 (kindly provided by Jarai et a/., 1990, Mol. Gen. Genet. 224, 383), and, at the same time, with the plasmid pAN7-1 (kindly provided by Punt et al, 1987, Gene 56, 117), a vector which confers resistance to the antifungal compound hygromycin B. This process of co-transformation is well known to those competent in genetic transformation of fungi (Cooley et al. (1990) Mycol. Res. 94, 145). Colonies which were resistant to 200 μg/ml hygromycin B (Sigma Chemical) were selected for by growth on Cz agar including hygromycin B and 1M sucrose (Sigma Chemical) supplemented with leucine at 40μg/ ml. Hygromycin-resistant colonies from this selection were inoculated to Cz medium without leucine. In a separate treatment, hygromycin resistant colonies of 40-15 were also generated by using pAN7-1 alone. All hygromycin-resistant colonies originating from co- transformation conditions (thirty-two of thirty-two tested) were able to grow on media lacking leucine, whereas none of the hygromycin-resistant colonies from the pAN7-1 alone transformation conditions (of 13 tested) were able to grow. Four co-transformants and four pAN7-1 transformants were tested for the acquisition of the Neurospora crassa leu-1 gene by probing their genomic DNA in Southern hybridisations by the method described by T Maniatis, E F Fritsch and J Sambrook (1982) in "Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual" published by the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, using a P 32 labelled leu-1 -specific PCR product amplified from pLEU12..AII four leucine prototrophic co-transformants produced positive signals consistent with complex multiple integration events of pLEU12, whereas no signals were produced for the pAN7-1 transformants. These data unequivocally demonstrate that when the leucine auxotrophic mutant of Septoria nodorum (40-15) acquires a 3- isopropylmalate dehydrogenase gene, prototrophy is restored. These data demonstrate therefore that, in this mutant, it is the gene for 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase which is deficient or perturbed. To test what influence restoration to prototrophy had on the pathogenicity of co- transformants, detached wheat leaf assays, as described previously, were done, using the variety Fenman, using six leucine prototrophic co-transformants and four leucine auxotrophic pAN7-1 transformants. Inoculations were made by transferring macerated mycelium, which had been grown on either Cz medium (for the co- transformants) or Cz medium supplemented with leucine (for the pAN7-1 transformants). None of the pAN7-1 transformants showed any sign of growth, whilst the co-transformants were able to grow across the leaf surface. The co-transformants also produced some necrosis on prolonged incubation (10 days). The lesions produced by the co-transformants were somewhat atypical, probably due to the method of inoculation and failed to demonstrate the same level of pathogenicity as the original wild-type strain. The pAN7-1 transformants produced neither growth nor lesions, demonstrating that the gene for 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase is required for pathogenicity. The results of the assessment, done in triplicate in two independent experiments, are summarised in the table below. * The leucine auxotroph (40-15) transformed with the plasmid pAN7-1. t The leucine auxotroph (40-15) co-transformed with the vector pAN7-1 and the Neurospora crassa 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase gene (/eι/-1) on plasmid pLEU12. The data presented in Example 3 show that a functional 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase gene is essential for the pathogenicity of Septoria nodorum. Example 4 Cloning and Expression of the 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase Gene from Septoria nodorum A clone of the S nodorum 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase gene (hereinafter called leuA) was isolated by complementation of an E coli leuB mutant (itself deficient for the enzyme 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase) using an S nodorum cDNA library constructed from mRNA isolated from a wild-type. S nodorum mycelium was produced from BS171 , a wild-type isolate of the pathogen (Osbourn, A. E., Scott, P. R. and Caten, C. E., 1986, Plant Pathol. 35, 135-145) grown in liquid Cz medium. Mycelium was harvested, frozen in liquid nitrogen and RNA isolated using a RNA Isolation Kit (Stratagene, Cambridge Innovation Centre, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 4GF, UK) in accordance with manufacturer's recommendations. Messenger RNA (mRNA) was purified from total RNA using an oligoTex mRNA Mini Kit (Qiagen Ltd., Unit 1 , Tillingbourne Court, Dorking Business Park, Station Road, Dorking, Surrey RH10 1 HJ, UK ) and was then used to construct a cDNA library with a ZAP-cDNA Synthesis Kit from Stratagene. The primary titre of this library was approximately 10 6 pfu ml "1 , with a recombinant frequency of 99.2 % and an insert size range of 0.25-2.5 kb (average 0.9 kb). The primary library was amplified to give a titre of 3 x 10 9 pfu ml "1 and then mass excised using Exassist helper phage and strain SOLR in accordance with manufacturer's recommendations (Stratagene) to produce a phagemid library with a titre of 5 x 10 8 cfu ml "1 . A /e_/B6 recipient E coli strain was made by introducing the F episome from £ coli XL1 BLUE (Stratagene) into E coli JA221 (ATCC 33875 Carbon, J., 1978, J. Mol. Biol. 120, 517-532) to produce JA221 F' (hsdR, lacY, leuBδ, trpEδ, recAI [F proAB, /acl q , /acZΔM15, Tn10}). JA221 F' cells were transfected with the phagemid library, rinsed with 10 mM MgSθ4.7H2θ and plated on GB1 minimal media (Oxoid Bacteriological agar No.1 at 15g, glucose at 0.4% w/v, thiamine at 2.5 mg, MgSθ4.7H2θ at 1 mM, KH2PO4 at 3.4g, (NH4)2SO4 at 0.5g and a trace of FeSθ4.7H 2 O a litre) containing 100 μg ml '1 ampicillin, 15 μg mi '1 tetracyciine, 50μM isopropyl-β-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) and 40 μg ml "1 tryptophan. After one day of growth at 37°C leucine prototrophic colonies were seen at a frequency of approximately 1 for every 7 x 10 s transfectants. Plasmid DNA from a selection of these was isolated by methods described in Maniatis et a/ and transformed into JA221 where equivalent transformation frequencies for ampicillin resistance and leucine prototrophy were observed implying that the cDNA for 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase had been isolated from the cDNA library. The DNA sequence of the cDNA insert of one of the complementing clones (pSAL203) was determined using the DNA sequencing facilities of Alta Biosciences, (School of Biochemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham. B15 2TT, UK) and the open reading frame of leuA identified by comparison with the predicted amino acid sequence of the N crassa lew\ gene (Figure 1). The leuA gene encodes a 365 amino acid polypeptide (Figure 2), three amino acids shorter than the /eu1 polypeptide from N crassa with which it shares 68.8% identity. Overexpression of leuA was achieved by sub-cloning the open reading frame (ORF) of leuA into the vector pJLA503 (Schauder et al, Gene (1972), 52, 279) to make pSAL204. The leu A gene was amplified by PCR using pSAL203 as a template at 10 ng of DNA in a 50 μl reaction with buffer and Taq1 polymerase supplied by Boehringer Mannheim (Boehringer Mannheim [Diagnostics and Biochemicals] Ltd., Bell Lane, Lewes, East Sussex, BN7 1 LG, UK) and in conditions recommended by the suppliers. The primers were used at 50 pmoles a reaction using a primer with an Λ/ el restriction site (in bold and underlined) at the start of the leuA ORF 5'-GCATGCACATATGCCTTCCCATAAC-3' and an EcoR\ restriction site (in bold and underlined) downstream from the stop codon of the ORF, GCATGAATTCTGTTCACTGTTCAGC. The reactants were incubated for one cycle at 93°C, 4 minutes; 47°C, 1 minute; 72°C, 1 minute 30 seconds; then 10 cycles of 93°C, 1 minute; 47°C, 1 minute; 72°C, 1 minute 30 seconds; then 10 cycles of 93°C, 1 minute; 47°C, 1 minute; 72°C, 2 minutes; then 10 cycles of 93°C, 1 minute; 47°C, 1 minute; 72°C 2 minutes 30 seconds; then, finally 8 minutes at 72°C. The amplified product was cloned into pJLA503 as an Λ/del-EcoRI fragment using the restriction sites on the primers. Using the growth conditions described by Schauder et al, over-expression of the leuA gene was demonstrated by harvesting cells from 100 ml of liquid medium by centrifugation for 10 minutes at 8,000 g, 4°C, rupturing the cell pellet in 4 ml of assay buffer (100 mM KH2PO4 and 100 mM KOH at pH 8.0, also containing 50 mM KCI) followed by desalting using a Pharmacia PD-10 column pre-equilibrated with assay buffer. The assay for 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase activity was essentially that described by Parsons, S J and Burns, R O (1970) in Methods Enzymol. 17A, 793-799. Clarified desalted extracts were assayed for 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase activity by monitoring the appearance of the reduced form of the coenzyme, spectrophotometrically at 340 nm. In a final volume of 1 ml, 10-860 μl of extract was incubated at 30°C with 0.5 mM manganese chloride, 1 mM nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) and 2 mM D,L-threo-3-isopropylmalic acid (3-IPM). The reaction was started by the addition of the substrate (3-IPM), and the change in absorbance at 340 nm was recorded by a spectrophotometer for two minutes thereafter. Assays were carried out in duplicate, and omission of the substrate (3-IPM) from the incubation mixture was used to demonstrate that increase in absorbance at 340 nm was substrate-dependent. The rate of NADH production in a given unit of time was taken from the initial linear portion of the reaction progress curve. The protein concentration of extracts was determined using the method described by Bradford, M. (1976) Anal. Bioch., 72, 248-254. To facilitate comparisons between different clones, 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase activities were expressed as the quantity of NADH produced in a unit of time for the quantity of protein used in the assay, and was calculated using the following expression where the 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase activity (μmole/min/mg) = [(rate (+IPM) - rate (-IPM)]/ 6.22 x protein concentration, and the value 6.22 is the absorbance at 340 nm of 1 μ mole/ml solution of NADH. The data are given in the table below, and show that pSAL204 contains a functional 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase gene because the leuB mutant of £ coli has demonstrable 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase activity only when pSAL204 is present. Cloned into pJLA503, the 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase gene has elevated levels of 3-isopr opylmalate dehydrogenase activity. These data clearly demonstrate the utility of the invention in that pSAL204 is now expressing a pathogenicity factor of Septoria nodorum, 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase, in the bacterium Escherichia coli. In this genetic background the enzyme is easily isolated and a facile biochemical assay is possible. Example 5 Cloning the Genomic Form of 3-lsopropylmalate Dehydrogenase Gene from Septoria nodorum A clone of the genomic form of leuA was isolated from a Septoria nodorum cosmid library using the cDNA clone as a probe. The cosmid library was constructed from a benomyl-resistant mutant (BSm300) of strain BS171 and has been previously described by Cooley et al, (J Gen Microbiol, 1991, 137, 2085-2091). The screening of the cosmid library was that described by Maniatis et al, where approximately 3 x 10 3 colonies were plated on to Duralose (Stratagene) membranes, replicated and probed with a fragment of pSAL203 which represented the 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase gene. Two duplicate signals were produced and their corresponding colonies purified and rescreened by probing. Cosmid DNA (pSAL205 and pSAL206 ), was isolated from these colonies, digested with a selection of restriction enzymes and probed in a Southern hybridisation with the same pSAL203 fragment used to isolate the cosmids. Each cosmid produced signals corresponding to a 7.5 kb fragment when digested with Psfl. A similar signal was produced when Pstl-digested BSm300 genomic DNA was probed in Southern hybridisations with the same insert, thereby demonstrating the integrity of the cosmid insert. The 7.5 kb Pst\ fragment of pSAL206 was subcloned into pBLUESCRIPT(SK + ) to produce pSAL208 and this plasmid restriction mapped (Figure 3). The DNA sequence of the open reading frame of 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase in pSAL208 has been determined (Figure 4) and comparison with the cDNA sequence has revealed the presence of five introns. These introns are short, approximately 50 bp in length, and all possess consensus 5' and 3' splice sites (Gurr, S. J., Unkles, S.E. and Kinghom, J. R., 1987 in Gene Structure in Eukaryotic Microbes, Chapter 5, 93- 139, Kinghom, J. R. (ed), IRL Press, Oxford). Example 6 The Genomic Form of 3-lsopropylmalate Dehydrogenase Restores Prototropy to Septoria nodorum (40.15) The genomic form of the S nodorum leuA gene was transformed into the leucine auxotroph 40.15 by co-transformation, where it restored prototrophy. Protoplasts of 40.15 were treated with a mixture of pAN7-1 and pSAL208 DNA and hygromycin B resistant colonies were selected initially in the presence of leucine. Thirty-one out of thirty-two of these hygromycin B resistant transformants were able to grow on media lacking leucine, whereas as seen in earlier examples, hygromycin B resistant transformants treated with pAN7-1 alone would not grow on minimal medium unless leucine was added. These observations clearly demonstrate that the gene encoded by pSAL208 is the genomic form of 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase. Example 7 Disruption of the Genomic Form of 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase in Septoria nodorum, and the Effect that this has on Pathogenicity of Septoria nodorum The teuA gene of wild type strain BS171 has been mutated by gene disruption using a gene replacement approach. The disruption construct was produced firstly by excising a 3.1 kb Apa\ fragment from pSAL208 to give pSAL209. The 1.0kb Hinύ\\\-Nru\ fragment of pSAL209 internal to leuA was then replaced with the 3.65kb Hind\\\-Stu\ fragment of pAN7-1 carrying the hygromycin B resistance cassette, a strategy well known to those skilled in the art. The resulting vector (pSAL210) was linearised by digestion with Apal and transformed into BS171 by selecting for hygromycin B resistance in the presence of leucine. A total of eight hygromycin B resistant colonies were produced and these were inoculated to minimal medium lacking leucine. Four out of the eight hygromycin B resistant transformants failed to grow in the absence of leucine suggesting that these had been disrupted at the leuA locus. Genomic DNA from all eight transformants was isolated, digested with Pst\ and probed in Southern hybridisations with a /e_/A-specific probe. DNA from a wild type strain and from the four leucine prototrophic, hygromycin B resistant transformants described above produced a signal corresponding to a 7.5 kb fragment indicating that the teuA gene was intact. Signals of varying size were also seen in the prototrophic, hygromycin B resistant transformants which are consistent with ectopic integration of the transforming DNA. The four leucine auxotrophic, hygromycin B resistant transformants were missing the 7.5kb fragment. The only signal seen in these transformants was a 4.3 kb fragment, consistent with the doublet expected to be produced in the case of a homologous gene replacement at the leuA locus. These data indicate that the leucine auxotrophs produced by gene disruption are disrupted only at the leuA locus. The pathogenicity of the eight hygromycin B resistant transformants produced in this example were tested in detached leaf assays as described in the earlier examples. Detached Fenman leaves were inoculated with 5 μl of a conidial suspension at a concentration of 5 x 10 5 conidia ml "1 in 0.01 % Tween 20 in triplicate. After incubation the following results were observed. Leucine prototrophic transformant with ectopic integration of pSAL210 Leucine auxotrophic transformant with disruption of leuA All of the leucine prototrophic transformants which had undergone ectopic integration events were still pathogenic on wheat, whilst the leucine auxotrophic leuA disruptants were non-pathogenic. This clearly demonstrates the requirement of a functional 3- isopropylmalate dehydrogenase for pathogenicity in Septoria nodorum. Example 8 Using Recombinant IPMDH in a Biochemical Screen to Discover Inhibitors of 3- isopropylmalate dehydrogenase The recombinant IPMDH was used in a biochemical screen for inhibitors of 3- isopropylmalate dehydrogenase as follows. The assay was originally described by Parsons in 1969 (Purification and properties of β-IPMD, Parsons et al., Journal of Biological Chemistry, 244, (4), 996-1003. It is an spectrometric assay, based on the reduction of coenzyme β-NADH measured at 340 nm. Prior to any assay the rate of production of a given unit of β-NADH was determined and only the rate of the initial linear fraction of the progress curve was taken for the evaluated assay. The reagents for the assay are: the enzyme 3-lsopropyl malate dehydrogenase, KH2PO MnCl2, β-NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and the substrate isopropylmalate. A typical procedure of the automated assay is: microtiter plates are prepared containing 10μl of the potential inhibitors, an enzyme solution of 10μl (enzyme is diluted 1 /100 in buffer) is dispensed. The mixture is incubated for two minutes at 25°C and the reaction is started by adding 140μl buffer containing the substrate IPM, KH 2 P0 4 , MnCl2, β-NAD at pH8. The rate of the increase β-NADH is monitored each minute and five data points are collected. The inhibition of the potential inhibitors are expressed in %-inhibition using buffer as a control. Compounds which are considered to decrease enzyme activity significantly are re-tested to avoid false positive results. In a demonstration of the utility of the invention, approximately 8 000 chemical compounds were screened for their ability to inhibit the recombinant IPMDH in assay conditions described above. Tabulated below are a selection of compounds which gave a significant inhibition of recombinant IPMDH. These compounds were also able to inhibit Septoria nodorum in vitro. The in vitro inhibition of Septoria nodorum (BS171) was determined by assessing the potency of each compound at 10,25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, and 250 parts per million (ppm) in Cz medium prepared as described in example 1. Approximately 10 5 conidia of Septoria nodorum BS171 were inoculated to Cz medium with the compounds and the effect on fungal growth assessed after six days. Compound % inhibition Repeat MIC of at 3.3 ppm Septoria nodorum in vitro (ppm) phenyl 5-bromo-6-chloro-2-trifluoromethyl- 33 56 100-150 benzimidazole-1-carboxylate phenyl 4,5,6-tribromo-2-trifluoromethyl- 33 42 >250 benzimidazole-1-carboxylate 1 ,4-dimethylpentyl 4,5,6-tribromo- 57 20 100-150 2-trifluoromethyl-benzimidazole-1-carboxylate 5,10-dioxo-5,10-dihydronaphtho- 41 66 0-10 [2,3-b][1 ,4]dithiine-2,3-dicarbonitrile Example 9 This examples illustrates that compounds which have shown in a biochemical screen to be inhibitors of 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase have in vivo fungicidal activity. The compounds tested in Example 8 are assessed for activity against one or more of the following: Phytophthora infestans; late tomato or potato blight Plasmopara viticola: vine downy mildew Erysiphe cichoracearum: cucumber powdery mildew Aqueous solutions or dispersions of the compounds at a desired concentration, including a wetting agent, were applied by spray or by drenching the stem base of the test plants, as appropriate. Plants or plant parts were then inoculated with appropriate test pathogens and kept under controlled environment conditions suitable for maintaining plant growth and development of the disease. After an appropriate time, the degree of infection of the affected part of the plant was visually estimated. Compounds are assessed on a score of 1 to 8 where the scores have the following meanings: Score % control 0 0-20 1 20-34 2. 35-44 3 45-54 4 55-64 5 65-74 6 75-84 7 85-94 8 95-100 The result are as follows. Scores are at 500 ppm unless stated

Claims: Claims 1. Non-pathogenic, amino-acid-requiring mutants of Septoria nodorum. 2. The non-pathogenic leucine-requiring Septoria mutant, known as 40.15. 3. Mutants of Septoria nodorum disrupted in the 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase gene. 4. The amino acid sequence as exemplified in Figure 2, derived from a Septoria nodorum gene coding for the enzyme 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase. 5. Any amino acid sequence derived from a plant pathogenic fungus with enough similarity to the sequence claimed in claim 4 to perform the same function, that is serve as a pathogenicity factor and code for 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase in Septoria nodorum. 6 The DNA sequence from pSAL203 as exemplified in Figure 1 from a cDNA clone from Septoria nodorum which encodes 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase. 7. DNA sequences with enough similarity to the sequence in claim 6 to encode a polypeptide with the same amino acid sequence claimed in claim 4 and derived from a plant pathogenic fungus. 8 DNA sequences derived from a plant pathogenic fungus with enough similarity to the sequence in claim 6 to encode a polypeptide with an amino acid sequence similar enough to that claimed in claim 4 to perform the same function, that is serve as a pathogenicity factor and code for 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase in Septoria nodorum 9. The DNA sequence of the leuA gene of Septoria nodorum as exemplified in Figure 4, coding for the genomic equivalent of the sequence in claim 6. 10. DNA sequences derived from a plant pathogenic fungus with enough similarity to the sequence claimed in claim 9 to perform a similar function, that is serve as a pathogenicity factor and code for 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase in Septoria nodorum. 11. Plasmid pSAL203. 12. Plasmid pSAL204. 13. Plasmid pSAL205. 14. Plasmid pSAL206. 15. Plasmid pSAL208. 16. Plasmid pSAL209. 17. Plasmid pSAL210. 18 Any expression system which includes an expressible form of the intron free copy of the Septoria nodorum leuA gene claimed in claim 6. 19 Any expression system which includes an expressible form of a 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase gene derived from a plant pathogenic fungus. 20 A method for identifying potential fungicides which comprises testing a compound in 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase inhibition assay and where a measurable reduction of enzyme is observed, the compound is subsequently subjected to conventional test(s) to confirm the in vivo fungicidal activity. 21. The method according to claim 20 in which a vector claimed in claim 18 or 19 is used to produce the 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase enzyme. 22. The use as fungicides of compounds which inhibit 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase.

Inventors: COOLEY RUSSELL NEIL, FOSTER STEPHEN GEORGE, COOLEY, RUSSELL, NEIL, FOSTER, STEPHEN, GEORGE
Applicants: AGREVO UK LTD, COOLEY RUSSELL NEIL, FOSTER STEPHEN GEORGE, AGREVO UK LIMITED, COOLEY, RUSSELL, NEIL, FOSTER, STEPHEN, GEORGE
Application year: 1998
Main classification: C12N15
IPC codes: C12N9, C12N15