Tellurite glass, optical amplifier and light source

Abstract: A tellurite glass as a glass material of optical fiber (104) and optical waveguide has a composition of 0 < Bi 2 O 3 ≤ 20 (mole %), 0 ≤ Na 2 O ≤ 35 (mole %), 0 ≤ ZnO ≤ 35 (mole %), and 55 ≤ TeO 2 ≤ 90 (mole %). The tellurite glass allows an optical amplifier and a laser device that have broadband and low-noise characteristics. In a splicing structure of non silica-based optical fiber (as a first fiber) (301) and a silica-based optical fiber (as a second fiber) (302), optical axes (301a, 302a) of the first and second optical fibers (301, 302) are held at different angles  1 and  2 ( 1 ≠  2 ) respectively from a vertical axis of a boundary surface between their spliced ends, and a relationship between the angles  1 and  2 satisfies Snell's law represented by an equation of sin  1 / sin  2 = n 2 / n 1 (where n 1 is a refractive index of the first optical fiber and n 2 is a refractive index of the second optical fiber) at the time of splicing the first and second optical fibers (301, 302).

Description: The present invention relates to a tellurite glass as a glass material for an optical fiber and an optical waveguide, and in particular a broadband optical amplification medium using the tellurite glass which is capable of working even at wavelengths of 1.5 µm to 1.7 µm. The present invention also relates to a broadband optical amplifier and a laser device using the broad band optical amplification medium. The technology of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) has been studied and developed for expanding transmission volume of optical communication systems and functionally improving such systems. The WDM is responsible for combining a plurality of optical signals and transmitting a combined signal through a single optical fiber. In addition, the WDM is reversibly responsible for dividing a combined signal passing through a single optical fiber into a plurality of optical signals for every wavelength. This kind of transmitting technology requires a transit amplification just as is the case with the conventional one according to the distance of transmitting a plurality of optical signals of different wavelengths through a single optical fiber. Thus, the need for an optical amplifier having a broad amplification waveband arises from the demands for increasing the optical signal's wavelength and the transmission volume. The wavelengths of 1.61 µm to 1.66 µm have been considered as appropriate for conserving and monitoring an optical system, so that it is desirable to develop an optical source and an optical amplifier for that system. In recent years, there has been considerable work devoted to research and development on optical fiber amplifiers that comprise optical fibers as optical amplification materials, such as erbium (Er) doped optical fiber amplifiers (EDFAs), with increasing applications to the field of optical communication system. The EDFA works at a wavelength of 1.5 µm where a loss of silica-based optical fiber decreases to a minimum, and also it is known for its excellent characteristics of high gain of 30 dB or more, low noise, broad gain-bandwidth, no dependence on polarized waves, and high saturation power. As described above, one of the remarkable facts to be required of applying the above EDFA to the WDM transmission is that the amplification waveband is broad. Up to now, a fluoride EDFA using a fluoride glass as a host of an erbium-doped optical fiber amplifier has been developed as a broad amplification band EDFA. In U.S. Patent Nos. 3,836,868, 3,836,871, and 3,883,357, Cooley et al. discloses the possibility of laser oscillation to be caused by tellurite glass containing an rare earth element. In this case, however, Cooley et al. have no idea of forming tellurite glass into an optical fiber because there is no description concerned about the adjustment of refractive index and the thermal stability of tellurite glass to be required for that formation. In U.S. Patent No. 5,251,062, Snitzer et al. insists that tellurite glass play an important role in extending the EDFA's amplification band and it should be formed into a fiber which is absolutely essential to induction of an optical amplification. Thus, they disclose the allowable percent ranges of ingredients in tellurite-glass composition in a concretive manner. The tellurite-glass composition includes a rare earth element as an optically active element and can be formed into a fiber. More specifically, the tellurite-glass composition of Snitzer et al. is a ternary composition comprising TeO 2 , R 2 O, and QO where R denotes a monovalent metal except Li and Q denotes a divalent metal. The reason why Li is excluded as the monovalent metal is that Li depresses thermal stability of the tellurite-glass composition. In U.S. Patent No. 5,251,062, furthermore, Snitzer et al. make a comparative study of fluorescence erbium spectra of silica and tellurite glass and find that the tellurite glass shows a broader erbium spectrum compared with that of the silica glass. They conclude that the ternary tellurite glass composition may allow a broadband amplification of EDFA and an optically active material such as praseodymium or neodymium may be added in that composition for inducing an optical amplification. In this patent document, however, there is no concrete description of the properties of gain, pump wavelength, signal wavelength, and the like which is important evidence to show that the optical amplification was actually down. In other words, U.S.. Patent No. 5,251,062 merely indicate the percent ranges of ingredients of ternary tellurite glass composition that can be used in an optical fiber. Furthermore, Snitzer et al. show that thermal and optical features of various kinds of tellurite glass except of those described in U.S. Patent No. 5,251,062 in a technical literature (Wang et al., Optical Materials, vol. 3 pages 187-203, 1994; hereinafter simply referred as "Optical Materials"). In this literature, however, there is also no concrete description of optical amplification and laser oscillation. In another technical literature (J. S. Wang et al., Optics Letters, vol. 19 pages 1448-1449, 1994; hereinafter simply referred as "Optics Letters") published in right after the literature mentioned above, Snitzer et al. show the laser oscillation for the first time caused by using a single mode optical fiber of neodymium-doped tellurite glass. The single mode fiber comprises a core having the composition of 76.9 % TeO 2 - 6.0 % Na 2 O - 15.5 % ZnO - 1.5 % Bi 2 O 3 - 0.1 % Nd 2 O 3 and a clad having the composition of 75 % TeO 2 - 5.0 % Na 2 O - 20.0 % ZnO and allows 1,061 nm laser oscillation by 81 nm pumping. In this literature, there is no description of a fiber loss. In Optical Materials, on the other hand, there is a description of which the loss for an optical fiber having a core composition of Nd 2 O 3 - 77 % TeO 2 - 6.0 % Na 2 O - 15.5% ZnO - 1.5 % Bi 2 O 3 and a clad composition of 75 % TeO 2 - 5.0 % Na 2 O - 20.0 % ZnO (it is deemed to be almost the same composition as that of Optics Letters) is 1500 dB/km at a wavelength of 1.55 µm (see Fig. 1 that illustrates a comparison between 4 I 13/2 to 4 I 15/2 Er 3+ emission in tellurite glass and 4 I 13/2 to 4 I 15/2 Er 3+ emission in fluoride glass). The core composition of this optical fiber is different from that of a ternary composition disclosed in U.S. patent No. 5,251,062 because the former includes Bi 2 O 3 . It is noted that there is no description or teach of thermal stability of Bi 2 O 3 -contained glass composition in the descriptions of Optics Letters, Optical Materials, and U.S. patent No. 5,251,062 mentioned above. However, the fluoride based EDFA has an amplification band of about 30 nm which is not enough to extend an amplification band of optical fiber amplifier for the purpose of extending the band of WDM. French Patent Application No. 2479180 discloses an infra red fibre optic device constructed from a glass comprising TeO 2 , WO 3 and Bi 2 O 3 (or Ta 2 O 5 ) as essential constituents. European Patent Application No. 0430206 discloses a sealing glass comprising TeO 2 , B 2 O 3 , PbO and CdO as essential constituents. Optionally, the glass may also contain Bi 2 O 3 , among other things. United States Patent No. 3,661,600 discloses a glass with a high refractive index and a high dispersing ability, comprising TeO 2 , WO 3 , Li 2 O and CdO as essential constituents. Optionally, the glass may also contain Bi 2 O 3 , among other things. Patent Abstracts of Japan, Volume 096, No. 008, 30 August 1996 discloses use of a tellurite glass of composition TeO 2 (77 mole %) - Na 2 O (6 mole %) - ZnO (15.5 mole %) - Bi 2 O 3 (1.5 mole %) as the core material in an amplifying optical fibre. As described above, tellurite glass shows a comparatively broader fluorescence spectral band width, so that there is a possibility to extend the amplification band if the EDFA uses the tellurite glass as its host. In addition, the possibility of producing a ternary system optical fiber using the composition of TeO 2 , R 2 O, and QO (wherein R is a univalent metal except Li and Q is a divalent atom) has been realized , so that laser oscillation at a wavelength of 1061 nm by a neodymium-doped single mode optical fiber mainly comprising the above composition has been attained. In contrast, EDFA using tellurite glass is not yet realized. Therefore, we will describe the challenge to realize a tellurite-based EDFA in the following. First, the difference between the objective EDFA and the neodymium-doped fiber laser (i.e., the difference between 1.5 µm band emission of erbium and 1.06 µm band emission of neodymium in glass) should be described in detail. An optical transition of the objective EDFA is shown in Fig. 2 where three different energy levels are indicated by Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3, respectively. For attaining an objective induced emission from Level 2 to Level 1, a population inversion between Level 1 and Level 2 is done by pumping from Level 1 to Level 3 and then relaxing from Level 3 to Level 2. This kind of the induced emission can be referred as a three-level system. In the case of the neodymium, as shown in Fig. 3, a four-level system can be defined that a final level of the induced emission is not a ground level but a first level (Level 1) which is higher than the ground level. Comparing the three-level system with the four-level system, the former is hard to attain the population inversion so that an ending level of the induced emission is in a ground state. Accordingly, the three-level system EDFA requires enhanced optically pumping light intensity, and also the fiber itself should be of having the properties of low-loss and high Δn. In this case, the high Δn is for effective optically pumping. Secondly, we will briefly described that an amplification band cannot be extended even if it is possible to perform an optical amplification when a transmission loss of fiber is large. Wavelength dependencies of the silica-based EDFA and the tellurite-based EDFA are illustrated in Fig. 4. As shown in the figure, it can be expected that the tellurite-based EDFA will attain a broadband optical amplification broader than that of the silica-based EDFA. Comparing with the silica-based glass and the non-silica-based glass, a transmission loss at a communication wavelength of the latter is substantially larger than that of the former. In the optical fiber amplifier, therefore, the loss leads to a substantial decrease in gain. As schematically shown in Fig. 5, if the loss is comparatively small, the amplification band of tellurite glass is close to the one shown in Fig 4. If the loss is comparatively large, on the other hand, the amplification band of tellurite glass is narrowed. In recent technical investigations on WDM transmission, by the way, it has been made attempts to speed up transmission through one channel for increasing transmission capacity. To solve this problem, it is necessary to optimize the chromatic dispersion characteristics of the Er-doped optical fiber. Up to now, however, no attention have been given to that characteristics. For the tellurite glass, a wavelength at which a chromatic dispersion value takes zero is in the wavelengths longer than 2 µm. In the case of a high NA (Numerical Aperture) fiber to be used in EDFA, a chromatic dispersion value is generally -100 ps/km/nm or less at 1.55 µm band. Thus, a chromatic dispersion of a short optical fiber of about 10 m in length also takes the large value of -1 ps/nm or less. For the use of tellurite EDFA in long-distance and high-speed WDM transmission, therefore, it is need to bring the chromatic dispersion close to zero as far as possible. As described above, however, as the material dispersion value of tellurite glass takes the value of zero at wavelengths of 2 µm and over. Therefore, the tellurite-based optical fiber cannot utilize the technique adopted in the silica-based optical fiber that brings the chromatic dispersion value at 1.55 µm band close to zero by optimizing the construction parameters of the fiber. Furthermore, the tellurite-based optical fiber can be used as a host of praseodymium (Pr) for 1.3 µm band amplification. As described above, however, the tellurite-bade optical fiber has a large chromatic dispersion value as the absolute value. In the case of amplifying a high-speed optical signal by using the tellurite-based optical fiber, a distortion of pulse wavelength can be induced and thus the chromatic dispersion value should be corrected for. If not, the use of tellurite glass in an optical communication system falls into difficulties. A first object of the present invention is to provide a tellurite glass fiber of high An and low fiber-loss. A second object of the present invention is to provide a tellurite glass fiber that includes the capability of realizing a broadband EDFA doped with an optically active rare earth element, which cannot be realized by the conventional glass compositions. A third object of the present invention is to provide a broadband optical amplification medium that includes the capability of acting at wavelengths, especially from 1.5 µm to 1.7 µm, and also to provide an optical amplifier and a laser device which use such a medium and act at wavelengths in a broad range and have low-noise figures. In a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a tellurite glass as a glass material for an optical fiber or an optical waveguide, having a composition of: TeO 2 -ZnO-M 2 O-Bi 2 O 3 -Al 2 O 3 where M is at least one alkali element. According to a preferred aspect, the glass comprises: 0 < Bi 2 O 3 ≤ 10 (mole %); 0 ≤ Li 2 O 3 ≤ 30 (mole %); 0 ≤ ZnO ≤ 4 (mole %); 70 ≤ TeO 2 ≤ 90 (mole %); and 0 ≤ Al 2 O 3 ≤ 3 (mole %). Accordingly to an alternative preferred aspect, the glass comprises: 0 < Bi 2 O 3 ≤ 15 (mole %); 0 ≤ Na 2 O ≤ 30 (mole %); 0 ≤ ZnO ≤ 35 (mole %); 60 ≤ TeO 2 ≤ 90 (mole %); and 0 ≤ Al 2 O 3 ≤ 4 (mole %). Here, a concentration of the Bi 2 O 3 may be: 4 < Bi 2 O 3 < 7. In a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided an optical amplification medium comprised of an optical amplifier or an optical waveguide having a core glass and a clad glass, wherein at least one of the core glass and the clad glass is made of the tellurite glass of one of the novel tellurite glasses described above. Here, at least one of the core glass and the clad glass may contain erbium or erbium and ytterbium. At least one of the core glass and the clad glass may contain at least one selected from a group consisting of boron (B), phosphorus (P), and hydroxyl group. At least one of the core glass and the clad glass may include an element selected from a group consisting of Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Tb, Gd, Eu, Dy, Ho, Tm, and Yb. In a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided an optical amplification medium comprised of an optical amplifier or an optical waveguide having a core and a clad which are made of a glass material and at least the core contains erbium, wherein the glass material consists of a tellurite composition of: TeO 2 -ZnO-M 2 O-Bi 2 O 3 -Al 2 O 3 where M is at least one alkali metal. Here, a cut-off wavelength may be in the range of 0.4 µm to 2.5 µm. In a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a laser device comprising an optical cavity and an excitation light source, wherein at least one of optical amplification media in the optical cavity is one of the novel optical amplification media described above. In a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a laser device having an amplification medium and an excitation light source, wherein the amplification medium is one of the novel optical amplification media described above. In a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided an optical amplifier having an optical amplification medium, an input device that inputs an excitation light and a signal light for pumping the optical amplification medium, wherein the optical amplification medium is one of the novel optical amplification media described above. In a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided an optical amplifier having a plurality of optical amplification media comprised of optical fibers that contain erbium in their cores and arranged in series, wherein each of the optical amplification media is one of the novel optical amplification media described above. The above and other objects, effects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following description of examples thereof taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Fig. 1 is a spectrum diagram that illustrates the 4 I 13/2 - 4 I 15/2 emission of Er in the tellurite glass; Fig. 2 is an energy-level diagram of 3-level system for Er 3+ at around 1.54 µm (N 1 ± 0); Fig. 3 is an energy-level diagram of 4-level system for Nd 3+ at around 1.06 µm (N 1 = 0) ; Fig. 4 is a graphical representation of wavelength dependencies of the silica-based EDFA (a broken line) and the tellurite-based EDFA (a solid line); Fig. 5 is a graphical representation of the difference in amplification bands of the tellurite EDFA with respect of large and small fiber-losses; Fig. 6 is an energy-level diagram of Er 3+ ; Fig. 7 is a graphical representation of 1. 5 µm-band emission spectrum of each of TeO 2 -ZnO-Na 2 O-Bi 2 O 3 glass, TeO 2 -ZnO-Na 2 O-Bi 2 O 3 -Al 2 O 3 glass, and TeO 2 -ZnO-Li 2 O-Bi 2 O 3 -Al 2 O 3 glass; Fig. 8 is a schematic representation of the stable glass formation range for glass comprising five ingredients as a composition of TeO 2 -ZnO-Li 2 O-Al 2 O-Bi 2 O 3 glass when Al 2 O 3 = 2 mole % and Li 2 O 3 = 12 mole %; A laser device according to the present invention comprises an optical amplification medium and an excitation light source, and is mainly characterized by the effective use of induced emission transition of Er from 4 I 13/2 level to 4 I 15/2 level. Fig. 6 is an energy level diagram of Er 3+ , which illustrates an induced emission from the upper level of 4 I 13/2 to the ground level of 4 I 15/2 (hereinafter, referred as 4 I 13/2 → 4 I 15/2 emission) . In addition, as shown in Fig. 1, it is known that a bandwidth that allows 4 I 13/2 → 4 I 15 /2 emission of Er 3+ in the fluoride glass is broader than that of Er 3+ in other glass such as a silica glass. At a wavelength of over 1.6 µm, however, an emission intensity becomes low and also the occurrence of optical amplification and laser oscillation becomes difficult. In a case where a predetermined amount of Er is added in Tellurite glass, Er receives more strong electric field than the conventional one. As a result, an acceptable level of fluorescent intensity can be observed at a wavelength over 1.6 µm because of the increasing range of levels caused by Stokes' effects on the levels such as 4 I 13/2 and 4 I 15/2 . Consequently, an optical amplifier or a laser device operating at wavelengths from 1.5 µm to 1.7 µm can be realized if its optical amplification medium is a tellurite glass fiber where erbium is added in at least a core portion. If the tellurite glass contains at least one of boron, phosphorus, and hydroxyl group, improvements in the properties of gain coefficient and noise figure can be also attained at the time of pumping 4 I 11/2 level by 0.98 µm light. That is, vibrational energies of B-O, P-O, and O-H which are approximately 1,400 cm -1 , 1,200 cm -1 , and 3,700 cm -1 , respectively, while phonon energy of the tellurite glass free of the above additive is 600 to 700 cm -1 , so that the tellurite glass containing at least one of boron, phosphorus, and hydroxyl group generates more than double the energy of the tellurite glass free of the additive. As a result, if an optical amplification at 1.5 µm band is caused by a transition of 4 I 13/2 → 4 I 15/2 by pumping 4 I 11/2 level of Er by light at a wavelength of near 0.98 µm, a relaxation from 4 I 11/2 level to 4 I 13/2 level is more likely to be occurred and a reduction in quantum efficiency is relatively little. Thus, the reduction in pumping efficiency of 4 I 13/2 level is hardly occurred (Fig. 6). If a relaxation from 4 I 11/2 level to 4 I 13/2 level is more likely to be occurred, it is preferable to pump 4 I 13/2 level after pumping 4 I 11/2 level better than the direct pumping of 4 I 13/2 level by light at a wavelength of near 1.48 µm because the former is convenient to obtain a population inversion between 4 I 13/2 level and 4 I 15/2 level. Therefore, there is an advantage of having excellent noise characteristics. Hereinafter, we will describe examples of an optical amplification medium, a broadband optical amplifier using such a medium, and a laser device in accordance with the present invention. In the following examples the tellurite glass or the tellurite optical fiber contains aluminum (Al) as a host. It is also known that if SiO 2 -based glass contains Al a dented portion between 1.53 µm and 1.56 µm of a cross-section of stimulated emission of Er in the glass is despaired and also the gain spectrum is flatten at wavelengths of 1.54 µm to 1.56 µm (Emmanue Desurvire, "Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers", John Wiley & Sons, 1994). However, this is an effect of Al on the silica-based optical fiber, so that the effect on the tellurite glass is still unknown. In the following examples, the present inventors are finally found the following facts. That is, the addition of Al in tellurite glass leads to the effects of disappearing a dented portion between 1.53 µm and 1.56 µm of a cross-section of stimulated emission of Er in the glass and increasing variations in the cross-section, resulting in reduction of a gain difference between 1.55 µm band and 1. 6 µm band. Example 1 Fig. 7 is a spectrum diagram that illustrates each 1.5 µm emission spectrum of Er in glasses having their respective compositions of: TeO 2 (74 mole %) - ZnO (16 mole %) - Na 2 O (6 mole %) - Bi 2 O 3 (4 mole %); TeO 2 (73 mole %) - ZnO (15 mole %) - Na 2 O (6 mole %) - Bi 2 O 3 (3 mole %) - Al 2 O 3 (3 mole %); and TeO 2 (79 mole %) - ZnO (3 mole %) - Li 2 O (12 mole %) - Bi 2 O 3 (3 mole %) - Al 2 O 3 (3 mole %). As shown in the figure, an intensity of emission spectrum of the glass containing Al 2 O 3 at a wavelength of around 1.6 µm is stronger than that of the glass without Al 2 O 3 , and also a depth of the dent between 1.53 µm and 1.56 µm of the former is disappeared or shallower than that of the latter. An erbium-doped tellurite optical fiber is prepared using the Al 2 O 3 -contained glass (TeO 2 -ZnO-Na 2 O- Bi 2 O 3 system glass). The obtained fiber has a cut-off wavelength of 1.3 µm, Er-content of 4,000 ppm, and length of 0.9 m. Then, the fiber is optically pumped at 1.48 µm with the power of 200 mW, resulting in a 10 dB or less gain difference between 1.56 µm and 1.60 µm. Next, EDFA is constructed using the above erbium-doped optical fiber as an optical amplifier and a fiber-bragg-grating as a gain-equalizing device. The obtained EDFA showed 1 dB or less gain difference between 1.53 µm and 1.60 µm. On the other hand, an EDFA using the Al 2 O 3 -absent fiber showed 15 dB or more gain difference between 1.56 µm and 1.60 µm. In this case, furthermore, the gain deviation at wavelengths from 1.56 µm to 1.60 µm could not be reduced to 1 dB or less across a width of 70 nm in spite of using the gain-equalizing device. The addition effects of Al 2 O 3 to the gain characteristics of optical fiber is confirmed for the composition of TeO 2 -ZnO-Li 2 O-Bi 2 O 3 (55 ≤ TeO 2 ≤ 90, 0 ≤ ZnO ≤ 35, 0 ≤ Na 2 O ≤ 35, 0 < Bi 2 O 3 ≤ 20, unit: mole %). Example 2 In this Example, we confirm an influence of adding Al 2 O 3 to TeO 2 -ZnO-Li 2 O-Bi 2 O 3 on the gain characteristics. A comparative study of 1.5 µm band emission spectra of Er in an Al 2 O 3 -absent glass having the composition of (80)TeO 2 -(3)ZnO-(12)Li 2 O-(5)Bi 2 O 3 and an Al 2 O-contained glass having the composition of (79) TeO 2 -(3)ZnO-(3)Li 2 O-(12)Bi 2 O 3 -(3)Al 2 O 3 is performed. As a consequence, we find that the Al 2 O-contained glass has a large emission strength at 1.6 µm and there is no dent portion between 1.53 µm and 1.56 µm in the spectrum compared with those of the Al 2 O-absent glass. The Al 2 O-contained glass is formed into a core of erbium-doped tellurite optical fiber (a cut-off wavelength of 1.3 µm, an erbium-content of 4,000 ppm, and a length of 0.9 m) and optically pumped at 1.48 µm with the power of 200 mW, resulting in a 10 dB or less gain deviation at wavelengths from 1.56 µm and 1.60 µm. Next, an EDFA is constructed using the above erbium-doped optical fiber as an optical amplifier and a Mach-Zehnder type filter (a medium for loss of light) as a gain-equalizing device. The obtained EDFA showed 1 dB or less gain deviation at wavelengths from 1.53 µm to 1.60 µm. On the other hand, an EDFA using the Al 2 O 3 -absent fiber showed 15 dB or more gain deviation at wavelengths from 1.56 µm to 1.60 µm. In this case, furthermore, the gain deviation at wavelengths from 1.56 µm to 1.60 µm could not reduced to 1 dB or less across a width of 70 nm in spite of using a gain-equalizing device. In addition, variations in the gain between 1.53 µm and 1.56 µm are disappeared at the time of measuring the amplification spectrum when the fiber of 2 m in length doped with 1,000 ppm of Er is used, resulting in uniformity of gain at 1.53 µm to 1.56 µm. Therefore, this fiber could be useful in the amplification of WDM transmission at 1.53 µm to 1.56 µm. This phenomenon is also observed when the fiber having the composition of TeO 2 -ZnO-Na 2 O-Bi 2 O 3 -Al 2 O 3 is used. The addition effects of Al 2 O 3 to the gain characteristics of optical fiber is confirmed for the composition of TeO 2 -ZnO-Li 2 O-Bi 2 O 3 (70 ≤ TeO 2 ≤ 90, 0 ≤ ZnO ≤ 4, 0 ≤ Li 2 O ≤ 30, 0 < Bi 2 O 3 ≤ 10, unit: mole %) to be used in the fiber formation with stability. In Examples 1 and 2, 3 mole % of Al 2 O 3 is used. However, it is not limited to such a concentration. We also attained the Al 2 O 3 addition effect at concentrations of more than zero mole %. It is not preferable to include Al 2 O 3 in the fiber more than necessary because an excessive concentration thereof leads to ignore the above-mentioned composition that allows the stable fiber formation. Example 3 In this Example, we confirmed an influence of adding Al 2 O 3 to TeO 2 -ZnO-M 2 O-Bi 2 O 3 (M is one of alkali elements except Li and Na) on the gain characteristics. As in the case of Examples 1 and 2, a 10 dB or less gain deviation at wavelengths from 1.56 µm and 1.60 µm is attained by using K, Cs, or Rb as M in the above composition. In addition, an EDFA is constructed using the gain-equalizing device. As a result, the EDFA showed 1 dB or less gain at wavelengths from 1.53 µm to 1.60 µm (i.e., over a bandwidth of 70 nm), and also provided the uniform gain at that wavelengths. Example 4 In this Embodiment, we confirmed an influence of adding Al 2 O 3 to TeO 2 -ZnO-M 2 O-Bi 2 O 3 (M is at least two of alkali elements except Li and Na) on the gain characteristics. As in the case of Embodiments 23 and 24, a 10 dB or less gain deviation at wavelengths from 1.56 µm and 1.60 µm is attained in spite of including two elements in the composition. In addition, an EDFA is constructed using the gain-equalizing device. As a result, the EDFA showed 1 dB or less gain at wavelengths from 1.53 µm to 1.60 µm (i.e., over a bandwidth of 70 nm), and also provided the uniform gain at that wavelengths. Example 5 We described above that an influence of adding Al 2 O 3 to TeO 2 -ZnO-R 2 O-Bi 2 O 3 (R is an alkali element) on the gain characteristics. In this Example, we also confirmed that an addition of Al 2 O 3 effected on the gain deviation on another type of tellurite glass (not depended on the composition except TeO 2 and Al 2 O 3 , such as TeO 2 -WO 2 and TeO 2 -ZnO-La 2 O-Bi 2 O 3 -Al 2 O 3 (R is at least one of alkali elements) glass) for realizing EDFA in the type of a broadband and gain-flattening. Example 6 In this Example, 50 glass samples are prepared from a glass composition of TeO 2 -ZnO-Li 2 O-Al 2 O 3 -Bi 2 O 3 . The samples have 2 mole of Al 2 O 3 and 12 mole % of Li 2 O except that every sample have its own ratios of other ingredients. Then, each of the glass samples is broken into pieces and powdered in an agate mortar. 30 mg of the obtained powder is filled into a sealed container made of silver and then subjected into the DSC measurement in an argon atmosphere at a heat-up rate of 10 °C/minute, resulting in a heat-stable glass having 120 °C or more of Tx - Tg in a region defined as A in Fig. 8. The heat-stable glass allows a fiber having a lower loss of 0.1 dB/m or less. In addition, the effects of adding Al 2 O 3 into the glass composition allows a broader area of induced-emission cross section, so that an amplification bandwidth of EDFA can be broadened. Next, an optical amplification medium is prepared as a fiber having a cut-off wavelength of 1.1 µm and a core/clad relative refractive index difference of 1.6 %. A core of the fiber is formed from a glass composition the glass composition selected from the region in Fig. 8, that is, TeO 2 (82 mole %)-ZnO (1 mole %) -Li 2 O (12 mole %)-Al 2 O 3 (2 mole %)-Bi 2 O 3 (3 mole %) doped with 2,000 ppm of erbium. Also, a clad of the fiber is formed from a glass composition of TeO 2 (75 mole %)-ZnO (3 mole %)-Li 2 O (18 mole %) -Bi 2 O 3 (4 mole %) . A fiber-loss at 1.2 µm is 0.07 dB/m. The obtained medium is cut to a fiber of 3 m in length to construct an optical amplifier. The optical amplifier is subjected to an amplification test. In the amplification test, a bidirectional pumping procedure with a forward-pump wavelength of 0.98 µm and a backward-pump wavelength of 1.48 µm is used. In addition, a wavelength tunable laser that covers from 1.5 µm to 1.7 µm band is used as an optical signal source. As a result, a small signal gain of 20 dB or more is obtained at a bandwidth of 80 nm ranging from 1,530 to 1,610 µm. At this time, a noise figure (NF) is 5 dB or less. Example 7 A wavelength tunable ring laser is constructed using the same fiber (4 m in length) as that of Example 6, and also a wave tunable filter for wavelengths from 1.5 µm to 1.7 µm is used as a filter. In addition, a bidirectional pumping procedure in which the front and the backward wavelengths are identical with each other is used. At an incident pump strength of 300 mW, the laser showed its broadband laser characteristic of 5 mW or more at a bandwidth of 135 nm ranging from 1,500 to 1,635 nm, which could not be attained by the silica-based and fluoride-based optical fiber.

Claims: A tellurite glass as a glass material for an optical fiber or an optical waveguide, characterised in that the glass material has a composition of: TeO 2 -ZnO-M 2 O-Bi 2 O 3 -Al 2 O 3 , where M is at least one alkali element. A tellurite glass as claimed in claim 1 wherein M is Li, and wherein the Bi 2 O 3 , Li 2 O, ZnO, TeO 2 and Al 2 O 3 content are given by: 0 < Bi 2 O 3 ≤ 10 (mole %); 0 < Li 2 O ≤ 30 (mole %); 0 < ZnO ≤ 4 (mole %); and 70 < TeO 2 ≤ 90 (mole %); and 0 < Al 2 O 3 ≤ 3 (mole %). A tellurite glass as claimed in claim 1, wherein M is Na and wherein the Bi 2 O 3 , Na 2 O, ZnO, TeO 2 and Al 2 O 3 contents are given by: 0 < Bi 2 O 3 ≤ 15 (mole %); 0 < Na 2 O ≤ 30 (mole %); 0 < ZnO ≤ 35 (mole %); 60 ≤ TeO 2 ≤ 90 (mole %); and 0 < Al 2 O 3 ≤ 4 (mole %). A tellurite glass as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3, characterised in that the content of Bi 2 O 3 is given by: 4 < Bi 2 O 3 < 7 (mole %). An optical amplification medium comprised of an optical amplifier or an optical waveguide having a core glass and a clad glass, characterised in that at least one of the core glass and the clad glass is made of the tellurite glass of any one of claims 1 to 4. An optical amplification medium as claimed in claim 5 characterised in that at least one of the core glass and the clad glass contains erbium or erbium and ytterbium. An optical amplification medium as claimed in claim 5 or claim 6 characterised in that at least one of the core glass and the clad glass contains at least one selected from a group consisting of boron (B), phosphorus (P) and hydroxyl group. An optical amplification medium as claimed in any one of claims 5 to 7 characterised in that at least one of the core glass and the clad glass includes an element selected from the group consisting of Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Tb, Gd, Eu, Dy, Ho, Tm and Yb. An optical amplification medium comprised of an optical amplifier or an optical waveguide having a core and a clad which are made of glass material and at least the core contains erbium, characterised in that the glass material consists of a tellurite composition of: TeO 2 -ZnO-M 2 O-Bi 2 O 3 Al 2 O 3 where M is at least one alkali element. An optical amplification medium as claimed in any one of claims 5 to 9 characterised in that a cut-off wavelength is in the range of 0.4 µm to 2.5 µm. A laser device comprising an optical cavity and an excitation light source, characterised in that at least one of optical amplification media in the optical cavity is the optical amplification medium of any one of claims 5 to 10. A laser device having an amplification medium and an excitation light source, characterised in that the amplification medium is the optical amplification medium of any one of claims 5 to 10. An optical amplifier having an optical amplification medium, an input device that inputs an excitation light and a signal light for pumping the optical amplification medium, characterised in that the optical amplification medium is the optical amplification medium of any one of claims 5 to 10. An optical amplifier having a plurality of optical amplification media comprised of optical fibers that contain erbium in their cores and arranged in series, characterised in that each of the optical amplification media is the optical amplification medium of any one of claims 5 to 10.

Inventors: KANAMORI T, MORI A, OHISHI Y, ONO H, SHIMADA T, YAMADA M, KANAMORI, T., MORI, A., OHISHI, Y., ONO, H., SHIMADA, T., YAMADA, M., Kanamori, T. NTT Intellectual Property Center, Mori, A. NTT Intellectual Property Center, Ohishi, Y. NTT Intellectual Property Center, Ono, H. NTT Intellectual Property Center, Shimada, T. NTT Intellectual Property Center, Yamada, M. NTT Intellectual Property Center
Applicants: NIPPON TELEGRAPH & TELEPHONE, NIPPON TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE CORPORATION
Application year: 1998
Main classification: C03C3
IPC codes: G02B6, C03C4, H01S3, C03C3, C03C13