Method for forming ceramic tiles, including those of large dimensions, by means of partially isostatic moulds, and a device for implementing the method

Abstract: A method for forming ceramic tiles, including those of large dimensions, by means of partially isostatic moulds, comprising the following stages: loading the powder to be pressed into the mould cavity; exerting a uniform pressure on the entire surface of the powder present in the mould cavity; releasing the pressure and partially opening the mould to facilitate powder deaeration; exerting pressure on a first portion of the surface of the powder contained in the mould cavity; exerting pressure on a second portion of the surface of the powder contained in the mould cavity, with simultaneous nullification of the pressure on said first surface portion of the powder contained in the mould cavity; alternating the exertion of pressure on said first and on said second portion alternately. The press for implementing the method is characterised in that the punch (5) comprises a cavity (51), a lattice (52) positioned within said cavity and defining a plurality of cells (53), an elastic membrane (54) securely fixed to the edges of said cavity (51) and of said lattice, the cells (53) being connected to a pressurized oil source via a distributor valve (15) arranged to connect the cavity (51) alternately to said source and to discharge. The distributor valve (15) generates close-together pressure pulses which are applied within the cell (53).

Description: Ceramic tiles are commonly formed by pressing material in powder form, of between 1% and 10% moisture content, within a mould. This forming method is commonly known as dry forming. The soft material is loaded into the mould by known means. After the mould has been closed by punches operated by the pressing members, the powder undergoes initial light pressing, with consequent volume reduction, facilitating powder deaeration. Said initial light pressing, also known as the first pressing, is followed by the deaeration stage, during which pressing is interrupted and the mould is sometimes reopened to allow the air to escape. This is followed by the main pressing to a pressure of about 400 kg/cm 2 , which ensures perfect powder compaction. The main pressing generally takes place in several successive steps, with the powder in the mould cavity being subjected to increasing compacting pressure up to the maximum compacting pressure permitted by the press capacity. The thrust exerted by the upper cross-member of the press is distributed over the total surface of the tiles pressed during each cycle. The largest currently available presses have a capacity (pressing force) of 4000 tonnes, and during each cycle are able to press a surface area of not exceeding 10,000 cm 2 , for example they can operate a die having three impressions of 54 cm x 54 cm. Tiles of large and ever larger dimensions, having sides exceeding one metre, have not been able to be formed so far by known dry processes because the capacity (pressing force) of the press required to compact the pressure would involve a structure of such dimensions as to be difficult to construct. Large-dimension tiles having sides of the order of one metre or more are currently manufactured either by extrusion processes or by wet forming processes within hygroscopic moulds similar to those used for sanitary appliances. Apart from the low cost effectiveness of such processes, the subsequent drying and high-temperature firing of the material creates important problems due to the excessive or poorly distributed moisture contained in the material. DE 42 20 203 A discloses a method and plant for forming tiles wherein the upper and lower mould surface comprise local pressing areas. The object of this patent is to achieve dry-forming of ceramic tiles by powder compaction which are particularly but not exclusively of large dimensions, having for example a side dimension of the order of 100 cm, using currently available pressing forces, ie presses of currently available capacity. This object is attained by the method and device in accordance with the claims. In particular the method of the invention enables very high compacting pressures to be obtained with pressing forces which are not in themselves high. The method of the invention comprises dividing the tile surface into two or more portions, preferably of equal surface area, and pressing said portions not simultaneously, but one at a time in succession. It is immediately apparent that by dividing the surface to be pressed into two portions of the same area the press capacity is halved. To implement the method the mould punch must itself be divided into adjacent portions, preferably having the same surface area. For example said punch portions can conveniently be concentric. The pressing cycle according to the invention comprises the following operations. The powder is loaded into the mould in conventional manner, ie having expelled the tile the movable carriage grid carries the powder into the mould die. The cross-member carrying the upper punch divided into portions is then lowered to close the mould. An initial light compaction, or first pressing, follows. The first pressing can be done by moving the various (for example two) portions of the punch as if the punch were in one piece. This is because the compacting pressure of the first pressing multiplied by the total tile area certainly does not exceed the pressing force which can be exerted by the press. Considering a punch divided into two portions of equal surface area, as the maximum pressing force exertable by the press is achieved by pressing simultaneously with the two punch portions, part of the press force is applied in succession, for example firstly to a first punch portion, and then to a second punch portion, applying force increments until the entire press pressing force is applied firstly to one portion and then to the other. The entire press force can also be applied from the beginning, firstly to one punch portion and then to the other. The divided punch can be the upper punch or the lower punch, or a combination of both. To obtain a degree of powder compaction which is as homogeneous as possible, according to the invention at least one of the two portions into which the punch is divided operates isostatically, as will be apparent hereinafter. With presses having a capacity of up to 4000 tonnes compacting pressures of up to 500 bar can be achieved on the powder in the mould cavity, even for large-dimension tiles. The merits and the constructional and operational characteristics of the invention will be more apparent from the description given hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, which show three preferred embodiments thereof by way of non-limiting example. Figure 1 is a schematic section through the first embodiment of a press with relative mould according to the invention, shown in a first operating position. Figure 2 shows the press of Figure 1 in a second operating position. Figure 3 shows the press of Figure 1 in a third operating position. Figure 4 is a schematic section through the second embodiment of the invention. Figure 5 is a schematic section through the third embodiment of a press with relative mould according to the invention, shown in a first operating position. Figure 6 shows the press of Figure 5 in a second operating position. Figure 7 shows diagrams of the pressure to which the powder in the mould of the press of Figures 5 and 6 is subjected. Figure 8 shows diagrams of the pressure to which the main hydraulic cylinder is subjected and the pressure to which the cells of the mould of the press of Figures 5 and 6 are subjected. Figures 1 to 6 show the main hydraulic press cylinder 1 within which there slides a piston 2, to the rod 3 of which the movable cross-member 4 is fixed. The movable cross-member 4 lowerly carries a punch 5 comprising a chamber 51 within which a lattice 52 defines a plurality of cells 53. An elastic membrane 54 is securely fixed to the edge of the lattice and closes the cells 53, these mutually intercommunicating via the branches 152 of a conduit 151 which is connected via a distributor valve 15 to a pressurized oil source. Below the punch 5 there is a mould 10 comprising a die 101 and a movable base 102, both supported by the press bed 11. The hydraulic cylinder 1 is connected above and below the piston 2 to a pressurized oil source and to the outside respectively, and vice versa, by the distributor valve 12 and the pipes 121 and 122. Between the pressurized oil source 13 and the distributor valve 12 there is a maximum pressure valve 14. After the soft material has been loaded into the cavity of the mould 10 the press cross-member is lowered until the punch 5 enters the mould cavity. During this first pressing stage the oil contained in the cells maintains the membrane 54 flat, the distributor valve 15 being in the condition shown in Figure 1. With the punch in this condition, a first pressing, a deaeration operation and a second pressing at the maximum press thrust are carried out. Subsequently, maintaining the piston 2 descending with the distributor valve 12 positioned as in Figure 1, a series of cycles is commenced by alternately pressurizing and depressurizing the cells 53 by operating the distributor valve 15. During each of these cycles there is exerted on the piston 1 the sum of two reactions, namely that relative to the thrust on the powder of that membrane part rigid with the lattice 52 and that relative to that membrane part facing the cells 53. As the thrust of that membrane part facing the cells 53 increases, that relative to the membrane part rigid with the lattice 52 decreases until it becomes zero when the thrust relative to that membrane part facing the cells 53 equals the thrust exerted by the press by means of the piston 1, at which the cross-member and the piston 1 tend to rise. This stage is shown in Figure 2. At this point the command to the distributor valve 15 is reversed to discharge the oil contained in the cells 53, to hence achieve the situation shown in Figure 3. The procedure is conducted (ie the operating pressures are chosen) such that generally the two aforedefined membrane portions exert the same pressure on the entire surface area at the end of the pressing. The final tile compacting pressure can be reached by partial pressure increments firstly on one membrane portion and then on the other. Figure 4 shows a second embodiment in which the cells 53 are of quadrangular or rounded section, for example circular, and each contains a small hydraulic piston 55 which exerts its thrust on the powder not directly but via the elastic membrane 54 fixed onto the pressing surface of the lattice. The operating cycle is similar to the aforedescribed. The invention can have many possible modifications within the scope of the appended claims. The press can press vertically from the top downwards or from the bottom upwards, or from the top and from the bottom if it has two presser pistons, namely an upper and a lower, or it can be a horizontal press. The mould can be of the so-called mirror type in which the die is movable instead of rigid, or can be of double-die type with inverse pressing, or can be of reentering punch type. In one of the possible modifications of the method and relative equipment for its implementation, having effected in the pressing cycle an initial pressing, deaeration and a second pressing at the maximum thrust value of the press as aforestated, oil is fed into the cells overlying the membrane in the form of rapid pressure pulses applied in succession in the manner of pulsation, by making the distributor valve connected to the feed pipe of said cells oscillate between the pressure source and the discharge at a certain frequency, which can range for example from 1 to 50 Hz. Figures 5 and 6 show how to implement such a pressing procedure, which conceptually imitates the aforedescribed zonal compacting, but with a substantial difference, namely that the application within the cells 53 of close-together pressure pulses applied in succession in the manner of pulsation increases the densifying effect on the underlying powder in the cells, it being possible to obtain the same density in the compacted powder regions below the membrane corresponding to the cells 53 by applying a substantially lower hydraulic pressure within the cells, for example of the order of one half the usual case. The distributor valve 15 can be a servovalve which operates both as a normal distributor valve and as a hydraulic pulse generator, or can be a rotary distributor valve suitably operated by an actuator or an electric or hydraulic motor of adjustable speed and position. Figures 5 and 6 show a schematic auxiliary circuit acting as a pressure source for the cells 53, consisting of a pump 16 connected to the distributor valve 15 via an accumulator 17 and a maximum pressure valve 18. Said pressure source could be the same which feeds the main hydraulic piston 1, but using suitable pressure reducing valves (not shown) to achieve the desired pressure. The pulsating cycle can vary in terms of pulse frequency, number, intensity and pressure waveform, which can assume one of the forms shown in Figure 7. Moreover, instead of applying the pulsation only during the last pressing stage, a pressure increasing towards the maximum value can be applied from the start of pressing, while at the same time gradually increasing the thrust on the movable cross-member until the maximum value is reached, as shown in Figure 8. Finally, ultrasound can be applied to the oil behind the membrane.

Claims: A method for forming ceramic tiles, including those of large dimensions, by means of partially isostatic moulds, comprising the following stages: loading the powder to be pressed into the mould cavity; exerting a uniform pressure on the entire surface of the powder present in the mould cavity; releasing the pressure and partially opening the mould (10) to facilitate powder deaeration; exerting pressure on a first portion of the surface of the powder contained in the mould cavity; exerting pressure on a second portion of the surface of the powder contained in the mould cavity, with simultaneous nullifying of the pressure on said first surface portion of the powder contained in the mould cavity; alternating the exertion of pressure on said first and on said second portion alternately. A method as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that the pressures exerted alternately on said first and second portion of the powder surface are applied with maximum press pressing force. A method as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that the pressures exerted alternately on said first and second portion of the powder surface are applied with a press pressing force which increases progressively up to the maximum pressing force. A method as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that said first and second portion of the powder surface are of equal area. A method as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that the compaction pressure to which the powder within the mould cavity is subjected can reach 500 bar. A method as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that maximum press pressing force is maintained during pressure alternation on said first and second surface portion of the powder contained in the mould cavity. A method as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that pressure alternation is repeated up to 50 times. A method as claimed in claims 1 to 7, characterised in that the pressure applied alternately on said first and on said second portion is exerted in the case of one portion and/or the other in an oscillatory manner in the form of close-together pulses applied in succession in the manner of pulsation. A method as claimed in claim 8, characterised in that the pressure pulses to which the powder within the mould cavity is subjected have a maximum value equal to the maximum compacting pressure within the mould cavity. A method as claimed in claim 8, characterised in that the pressure pulses are in a discrete number. A plant for forming ceramic tiles, including those of large dimensions, comprising a bed (11), a ceramic mould (10) supported on said bed (11), a fixed upper cross-member, a movable cross-member (4) connected to said fixed cross-member by means of a double-acting hydraulic cylinder-piston unit (1,2), and a punch (5) supported by said movable cross-member (4), a source of pressurized hydraulic liquid being connected to the cylinder (1) of said cylinder-piston unit (1,2) via a distributor valve (12) and a maximum pressure valve (14) of adjustable setting, wherein said punch (5) comprises a cavity, a lattice (52) positioned within said cavity and defining a plurality of cells (53), an elastic membrane (54) securely fixed to the edges of said cavity and of said lattice (52), the cells (53) defining the lattice (52) all communicating with a single manifold connected to a pressurized oil source via a distributor valve (15) arranged to connect said cavity alternately to said source and to discharge, and programmed means for operating said distributor valve (15). A plant as claimed in claim 11, characterised in that that surface of the lattice edge to which the membrane (54) is fixed has an area of the same order of magnitude as the total area of the membrane (54) facing the cells (53). A plant as claimed in claim 11, characterised in that the slider of said distributor valve (15) is operated by electromagnetic means. A plant as claimed in claim 11, characterised in that said distributor valve (15) is of servovalve type, the slider of which is controlled by electromagnetic means programmed in such a manner as to generate, in combination with the pressure feed source, close-together pressure pulses which are applied in succession in the manner of pulsations within the cells and consequently onto the surface of the membrane (54) which closes them. A plant as claimed in claim 11, characterised in that said distributor valve (15) is of rotary type suitably operated by an actuator or an electric or hydraulic motor of adjustable speed and position in such a manner as to generate, in combination with the pressure feed source, close-together pressure pulses which are applied in succession in the manner of pulsations within the cells (53) and consequently onto the surface of the membrane (54) which closes them. A plant as claimed in claim 13, characterised in that in addition to said distributor valve (15) there are provided, in combination therewith, means for generating hydraulic pulses in the manner of pulsations within said cells (53), and consisting of vibration sources positioned in contact with the hydraulic liquid. A plant as claimed in claim 16, characterised in that said pulse generation means are an ultrasound source in contact with the hydraulic liquid.

Inventors: CASSANI GIUSEPPE, CASSANI, GIUSEPPE
Applicants: SACMI, SACMI COOPERATIVA MECCANICI IMOLA SOC. COOP. A RESP. LIM.
Application year: 1998
Main classification: B28B3
IPC codes: B28B3, B30B11, B30B15