Removal of noxious substances from gas streams

Abstract: A process for the combustive destruction of noxious substances from a gas stream, which comprises injecting the gas stream (13) and added fuel gas (12) as a mixture in to a combustion zone (4) that is surrounded by an exit surface of a foraminous gas burner (3) and simultaneously supplying a fuel gas and air/oxygen mixture (7) to the foraminous gas burner to effect combustion at the exit surface, and discharging the resulting combustion product stream from the combustion zone, wherein oxygen is added to the gas stream and the fuel gas prior to the introduction of the mixture to the combustion zone and wherein the oxygen/fuel gas mixture burns at the point of injection.

Description: This invention relates to the removal of noxious substances from gas streams, in particular the removal of very stable fluorocarbons from gas streams emanating from semi-conductor processing chambers by means of combustion. Many substances used in semi-conductor device manufacturing, and which are extracted from a chamber in which such manufacturing takes place, are toxic and/or environmentally harmful and must therefore be scrubbed from the exhaust gas stream before its release in to the atmosphere. A number of different types of wet or dry chemical scrubbing reactors have been proposed and numerous are commercially employed in the semi-conductor industry. For example, in our Patent Specification No. WO 89/11905 there is disclosed a dry chemical reactor sold by our Edwards High Vacuum International Division comprising a heated packed tube of granular substances through which the exhaust stream is directed including in particular a first stage of silicon (with an optical addition of copper when the exhaust stream contains nitrogen trifluoride in particular) and a second stage of calcium oxide commonly in the form of lime. Such a reactor has met with considerable commercial success for the scrubbing of such toxic substances. It is also known from European Patent Specification No 694 735 in the name of Alzeta Corporation, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, that noxious substances of the type in question can be removed from exhaust streams by combustion. There is described in this prior Specification a process for the combustive destruction of noxious substances which comprises injecting an exhaust gas and added fuel gas in to a combustion zone that is laterally surrounded by the exit surface of a foraminous gas burner, simultaneously supplying fuel gas and air to the burner to effect combustion at the exit surface, the amount of the fuel gas supplied to the foraminous gas burner being on a BTU basis, greater than that of the added fuel gas, and the amount of the air being in excess of the stoichiometric requirement of all the combustibles entering the combustion zone, and discharging the remitting combustion product stream from the combustion zone. A central feature of the prior combustive process is the critical need to supply the fuel gas admixed with the exhaust gas stream in to the combustion zone of the burner. Such premixing of the fuel gas and exhaust gas stream allows for a much greater and efficient scrubbing of the perfluorocarbon hexafluoroethane (C 2 F 6 ). However, there remains certain problems associated with the scrubbing of the even more stable perfluorocarbon tetrafluoromethane (CF 4 ). A great advantage of the prior combustive scrubbing process described above is that it inherently limits the maximum temperature that can be attained in the combustion chamber and thereby suppress the formation of NO x gas by-products that may otherwise be formed. However, the relatively low maximum temperature may become a limiting factor in the destruction of the most stable perfluorocarbon gases, in particular tetrafluoromethane (CF 4 ). It has now been found that an addition of oxygen to the exhaust gas stream prior to the introduction of the gas stream in to a foraminous gas burner generally allows for a more efficient combustion of perfluorocarbon gases including tetrafluoromethane (CF 4 ). In accordance with the invention, there is provided a process for the combustive destruction of noxious substances from a gas stream, which comprises injecting the gas stream and added fuel gas as a mixture in to a combustion zone that is surrounded by an exit surface of a foraminous gas burner and simultaneously supplying a mixture comprising a fuel gas and air and/or oxygen to the foraminous gas burner to effect combustion at the exit surface, and discharging the resulting combustion product stream from the combustion zone, characterised in that oxygen is added to the mixture of the gas stream and the added fuel gas prior to the introduction of said mixture to the combustion zone and characterised in that the total gas stream mixture burns at the point of injection In general, the oxygen and the fuel gas should be mixed immediately prior to the introduction of the mixture in to the combustion zone. This allows the burning of the mixture to be maximised but with a reduced potential for a "flash back". Preferably, the mixing is effected in a pipe or pipes at the end of which a nozzle or nozzles effects the introduction of the mixture towards the combustion zone and on which the burning occurs. Preferably, however, only one such nozzle is present. Preferably the amount of oxygen added to the mixture of the gas stream and fuel gas is such that the oxygen concentration of the total gas stream injected into the combustion zone is from 10 to 40% by volume, most preferably from 15 to 25% by volume. Preferably also the fuel gas concentration of the total gas stream mixture entering the combustion zone is from 80 to 150% of the stoichiometric amount needed for combustion by the oxygen added to the gas stream fuel gas mixture. It is important that both the fuel gas and the oxygen are introduced in to the gas stream prior to the stream being injected in to the combustion zone. With regard to the oxygen, this is preferably introduced to the exhaust gas stream by way of an oxygen lance. Preferably a nozzle of such a lance is positioned within or in a pipe carrying the gas stream/fuel gas mixture immediately prior to the point of injection of the total gas stream mixture in to the combustion zone. Advantageously, the oxygen lance comprises a concentric tube within the pipe carrying the gas stream. Advantageously also, the oxygen nozzle is positioned between 0.7 and 3 pipe internal diameters prior to the point of injection of the total gas stream mixture in to the combustion zone. With regard to the fuel gas, this can be added to the gas stream at any convenient point prior to its entry in to the combustion zone. However, for reasons of potential flammability in particular, both oxygen and fuel gas should not be present for any appreciable time prior to their co-injection in to the combustion zone. If the oxygen is added to the gas stream upstream of the preferred embodiments described above and generally, it is preferably that the fuel gas is introduced in to the gas stream by means of a gas nozzle that terminates within or on the pipe carrying the gas stream and positioned between 0.7 and 3 pipe diameters prior to the point of injection of the total gas stream mixture in to the combustion zone. The fuel gas added to the gas stream (or used in the foraminous burner operation) is preferably carbon-based and is advantageously a hydrocarbon, for example methane, propane or butane or at least a mixture containing predominantly methane, propane or butane. Alternatively, it may be hydrogen. The fuel gas for the gas stream and for the burner are preferably the same but may be different if appropriate. The mixture fed to the foraminous burner is preferably a fuel gas and air mixture. In general, the mixture should preferably have a 10 to 80% stoichiometric excess of air over the fuel gas. The gas stream treated by the process of the invention preferably comprises at least one noxious substance in a nitrogen carrier gas. For a better understanding of the invention, reference will now be made, by way of exemplification only, to the accompanying drawing which shows schematically a furnace with gas inlets for use in the process of the invention. The drawing shows a furnace of the same general type as described in European Specification No. 694 735, and Figure 3 thereof in particular. The furnace comprises a substantially cylindrical steel shell 1 having a top plate 2 from which depends a cylindrical screen 3 made from a supported adherent porous layer of ceramic matrix and/or metal fibres to form a foraminous burner 4 again of the same general type as described in European Specification No. 694 735. A plenum volume 5 is therefore formed between the shell 1 and the screen 3 (and closed by the top plate 2 and a lower annular plate 6) in to which a fuel gas/air mixture can be fed via one or more inlet nozzles 7 to feed the combustion zone of the foraminous burner, a flame being formed in use on the internal surface of the screen. The top plate 2 sealingly houses a plurality of pipes 8 for introduction in to the burner 4 of the exhaust gas stream admixed prior to its introduction with the fuel gas and oxygen. Introduction of oxygen is effected from a source of oxygen (O 2 ) by means of oxygen lances 9 which are concentrically positioned within the pipes 8 and which have nozzles 10 which can introduce the oxygen gas in to the pipes 8; the nozzles 10 are situated at twice the diameter of the pipes 8 from the point of injection 11 of the exhaust gas stream in to the burner 4. Introduction of methane as the fuel gas in to the gas stream in this example is effected upstream of the oxygen introduction in to the gas stream and is fed in to the pipes 8 from a source 12 via a pipe system 13. To exemplify the use of a process of the invention in conjunction with the type of furnace shown in the drawing, a fuel gas/air mixture was supplied to the plenum volume 5 and, after diffusing through the screen 3, was ignited on the inner surface of the screen 3, ie within the foraminous burner 4. An exhaust gas stream to be scrubbed was mixed with fuel gas upstream of the burner and with oxygen prior to its introduction to the burner 4 in the manner described above with reference to the drawing. The Table shows the results of various tests to scrub a perfluorocarbon (PFC) gas from a gas stream comprising the perfluorocarbon in a nitrogen carrier gas, the perfluorocarbon being one of tetrafluoromethane (CF 4 ), sulphur hexafluoride (SF 4 ), nitrogen trifluoride (NF 3 ) and hexafluoroethane (C 4 F 6 ), with varying amounts of methane (CH 4 ) as fuel gas and oxygen added to the gas stream in accordance with the invention. Test No. PFC Gas CH 4 Flow (slpm)* N 2 Flow (slpm)* PFC Flow (slpm)* O 2 Flow (slpm)* % Destruction 1 CF 4 0 50 1 0 0 2 CF 4 9 50 1 0 0 3 CF 4 0 50 1 14 0 4 CF 4 9 50 1 14 95 5 SF 6 0 50 1 0 0 6 SF 6 9 50 1 0 45 7 SF 6 9 50 1 14 100 8 NF 3 0 50 1 0 69 9 NF 3 6 50 1 10 100 10 C 2 F 6 0 50 1.6 0 0 11 C 2 F 6 9 50 1.6 0 54 12 C 2 F 6 9 50 1.6 14 100 The results shown in the Table confirm that with each of tetrafluoromethane (CF 4 ), sulphur hexafluoride (SF 6 ), nitrogen trifluoride (NF 3 ) and hexafluoroethane (C 2 F 6 ), a level of destruction of these noxious substances from a nitrogen gas stream of at least 95% was achieved only with a combined presence in the gas stream of both a fuel gas, methane (CF 4 ), and oxygen prior to the introduction of the gas stream in to the burner. This confirms in particular the usefulness of the invention in scrubbing the most stable of the PFC gases, tetrafluoromethane. The successful tests all had an oxygen concentration in the gas stream of about 20% and a fuel gas (methane) concentration of about 130% of the stoichiometric amount required for the oxygen added to the gas stream (the latter figure being based on two oxygen molecules being required for each methane molecule for a stoichiometric burn).

Claims: A process for the combustive destruction of noxious substances from a gas stream, which comprises injecting the gas stream and added fuel gas as a mixture in to a combustion zone that is surrounded by an exit surface of a foraminous gas burner and simultaneously supplying a mixture comprising a fuel gas and air and/or oxygen to the foraminous gas burner to effect combustion at the exit surface, and discharging the resulting combustion product stream from the combustion zone, characterised in that oxygen is added to the mixture of the gas stream and the added fuel gas resulting in a total gas stream prior to the introduction of said mixture to the combustion zone and characterised in that the total gas stream mixture burns at the point of injection. A process according to Claim 1 in which the amount of oxygen added to said mixture of the gas stream and the added fuel gas is such that the oxygen concentration of the total gas stream mixture injected into the combustion zone is from 10 to 40% by volume. A process according to Claim 2 in which the amount of oxygen added to said mixture of the gas stream and the added fuel gas is such that the oxygen concentration of the total gas stream mixture injected into the combustion zone is from 15 to 25% by volume. A process according to any preceding claim in which the fuel gas concentration of the total gas stream mixture entering the combustion zone is from 80 to 150% of the stoichiometric amount needed for combustion by the oxygen added to the gas stream/fuel gas mixture. A process according to any preceding claim in which oxygen is added to the gas stream/fuel gas mixture by means of an oxygen lance. A process according to Claim 5 in which the oxygen lance nozzle is positioned within or on a pipe carrying the gas stream/fuel gas mixture immediately prior to the point of injection of the total gas stream mixture in to the combustion zone. A process according to Claim 6 in which the oxygen lance nozzle is positioned between 0.7 and 3 pipe internal diameters prior to the point of injection of the total gas stream mixture in to the combustion zone. A process according to Claim 6 or Claim 7 in which the fuel gas is introduced in to the gas stream by means of a gas nozzle that terminates within or on the pipe carrying the gas stream and positioned between 0.7 and 3 pipe diameters prior to the point of injection of the total gas stream mixture in to the combustion zone. A process according to any preceding claim in which the gas stream comprises at least one noxious substance in a nitrogen carrier gas. A process according to any preceding claim in which the fuel gas is a hydrocarbon. A process according to Claim 10 in which the fuel gas is one of methane, propane or butane.

Inventors: SEELEY ADREW JAMES, SMITH JAMES ROBERT, SEELEY, ADREW JAMES, SMITH, JAMES ROBERT
Applicants: BOC GROUP PLC, THE BOC GROUP PLC
Application year: 1997
Main classification: F23G7
IPC codes: F23G7, F23D14, A62D3