Gravure coating feed apparatus and method

Abstract: A coating feed apparatus and method (10) for depositing a uniform overflow curtain-like layer of coating composition (c) to a gravure surface (14) has a reservoir (14) and means for delivering the coating composition to the gravure surface (14). The reservoir (14) has a base (24) sloped upwardly from a rear wall (22). A widthwise lip (40) is directed generally downwardly towards the gravure surface (14). Widthwise lip (40) and the undercut portion (48) together enable the coating composition (c) exiting the outlet end (26) of the reservoir (12) to overflow downwardly across widthwise lip (40) in a uniform curtain-like layer (32) towards the gravure surface (14) without creating a backflow of coating composition along the base (24).

Description: Field of the Invention The invention relates to a gravure coating feed apparatus and method. More particularly, the invention concerns a gravure coating feed apparatus and method which deposits a uniform curtain-like layer of coating composition to a gravure print surface without producing associated coating effects, such as flow lines and flow patterns. Background of the Invention Gravure print surfaces, for instance gravure cylinders, are a common means of supplying liquid compositions to webs. US Patent 4,373,443 describes the use of a gravure cylinder to provide ink in newspaper presses. Engraved upon the surface of the gravure cylinder are cells, which retain the liquid composition after being immersed in the reservoir. A doctor blade scrapes excess liquid composition from the surface of the gravure cylinder, such that the cylinder delivers a precise amount of liquid to a second surface upon contact. A number of distinct feed apparatus types which produce a variety of coating flow patterns are used to coat a gravure cylinder. One common means of coating a gravure cylinder is a feed pan, similar to US Patent 3,936,549. The pan is constructed to hold a supply of the liquid composition with a means to maintain the liquid level. The gravure cylinder, while partially immersed in the reservoir, rotates to fill the cells and transfer the composition to a web. Drawbacks of the feed pan design include liquid waste due to large holdup volumes and the creation of "flow lines" in the coating. "Flow lines" occur when the gravure cylinder surface initially dips into the liquid composition and contacts a region with impurities. The impurities include air bubbles, globules of concentrated dye and binder, and pieces of partially dried foam. The feed pan design is conducive for the formation of stagnation regions where impurities may form and collect. Experiments with alternative pan designs were unsuccessful in eliminating "flow lines," particularly at high coating speeds. An additional common means to coat the gravure cylinder is a reverse doctor-pond feed, as seen in US Patent 4,158,333. The pond feed, which may be open or enclosed, is centered at the nine o'clock position with a reverse angled doctor blade at the seven o'clock position. The reverse doctor blade scrapes the surface of the gravure cylinder as the surface exits the reservoir and the doctored cells pass through three quarters of a rotation before reaching the impression nip. The volatile solvents in the liquid composition remaining in the cells evaporate or "dry in" and create a leading edge pattern on the second cylinder or web. Additionally, foam generation on the pond surface may lead to "flow line" problems as with the feed pan method. Another alternative apparatus to coat the gravure cylinder is an X-hopper coater, which is an extrusion device. A high degree of accuracy and precision are required to position the device relative to the gravure cylinder. The feed applies a thick (2-5 mils) coating to the cylinder at the three o'clock position. The surface remains wetted until reaching the doctor blade at the standard 10 o'clock position. The disadvantage of the design is primarily the cost associated with constructing a precise metering slot and a high pressure metering pump. The design is also inadequate for startup procedures, where the feeder coats the cylinder while the doctor blade and impression nip are disengaged. Under those conditions the excess coating solution would pool and splash at the hopper's lip. More recent methods developed to coat the gravure cylinder for thermal donor media melts is the feedbar pond, the patent application for which is pending. It combines a knife coater with a puddle or pond feed with a continuous solution delivery means, an overflow and recycle. The knife or feedbar spacing provides a means for metering the coating of solution on the gravure cylinder, as it exits the bottom of the pond, at an three o'clock position, prior to being doctored off at the 10 o'clock position. The main disadvantages of this device is that at high speeds, the pond becomes turbulent and wavy, forming standing oscillating waves and eddies, which can cause 'flowline' defects. It also fails to uniformly wet the gravure cylinder at high speeds and viscosity's due to air entrainment at the air-cylinder-solution interface, causing 'flowpattern' defects. GB-A-505 390 shows a printing apparatus including a fountain for containing ink, the fountain being configured to deliver a uniform overflow curtain-like layer of ink from the outlet onto the gravure cylinder; means for delivering the ink in the fountain through the outlet; an ink well arranged at the bottom of the gravure cylinder through which the cylinder rotates, and a doctor blade located to contact the gravure surface after the surface exits from the ink well. CH-A-613 080 shows a printing apparatus including an overflow reservoir for delivering a uniform coating of the ink to a gravure cylinder. A coating blade is attached to the side of the tank and forms a slot between the blade and the surface of the gravure cylinder for metering ink to the surface of the cylinder. The problems identified and solved by the present invention include an apparatus which supplies a uniform curtain-like layer of coating to a gravure cylinder at high coating speeds. More specifically, the apparatus of the invention supplies a coating solution to the gravure cylinder without coating defects associated with high coating speeds such as 'flowlines' and 'flowpatterns', and at the same time increases the onset speed of wetting failure due to air entrainment at the cylinder-liquid-air interface. Moreover, the apparatus of the invention reduces waste and costs associated with the gravure coating process. Summary of the Invention It is, therefore, an object of the invention to provide a coating feed apparatus that deposits coating composition onto a gravure surface without coating effects such as flowlines and flowpatterns. Another object of the invention is to provide a coating feed apparatus that delivers coating composition in a curtain-like overflow layer to a gravure surface. It is a feature of the apparatus of the invention that a reservoir for containing the coating composition includes an upwardly sloped base terminating in an outlet end configured to produce a curtain-like overflow coating layer for deposition onto the gravure surface. It is an advantageous effect of the invention that when the coating composition is delivered from the reservoir and then deposited onto the gravure surface, coating effects, such as flowlines and flow patterns are eliminated. Accordingly, for accomplishing these and other objects, features and advantages of the invention, there is provided, in one aspect of the invention, an apparatus for depositing a coating composition onto a gravure surface as defined in claim 1. A reservoir containing the coating composition includes opposing sidewalls, a rear wall, a base having lateral edges connecting the sidewalls and a first end portion connecting the back wall with the sidewalls. The base slopes upwardly from the rear wall to form an outlet end or weir at a second end portion opposite the first end portion. Further, the outlet end is configured to deliver a uniform overflow curtain-like layer of coating composition from the outlet end or weir onto the gravure surface. In this embodiment, moreover, means is provided for delivering the coating composition in the reservoir through the outlet end. Finally, at least one baffle is disposed in the reservoir downstream of the outlet end. According to the embodiment of the invention, the baffle includes a first portion attached to the base and a second portion directed substantially toward the rear wall of the reservoir. In another aspect of the invention, a method is provided for depositing a coating composition onto a gravure surface as defined in claim 7 which includes the steps of providing a coating composition, such as coating compositions described in US Patent Nos. 4,695,287; 4,700,207; and 4,698,651; and a reservoir having a base sloped upwardly towards the outlet end, the outlet end being configured to form an uniform overflow curtain-like layer of coating composition. Also important to this embodiment is the step of providing means for delivering the coating composition from the reservoir to the gravure surface. Within this step, the coating composition in an uniform overflow curtain-like layer exits the outlet end of the reservoir, across the widthwise lip and finally deposits onto the gravure surface. Brief Description of the Drawings The foregoing as well as other objects, features and advantages of this invention will become more apparent from the appended Figures, wherein like reference numerals denote like elements, and wherein: Figure 1 is a schematic view of the apparatus of the invention; Figure 2 is a side partially enlarged sectioned view along line 2-2 of Fig. 1; Figure 3 is a front plane view of the apparatus showing the relationship between the weir and gravure surface; and, Figure 4 is a comparison of air entrainment speed limit of the coating feed apparatus of the invention. Detailed Description of the Invention Turning now to the drawings, and more particularly to Figures 1-3, the apparatus 10 for depositing coating composition (c) onto a gravure surface 12 is illustrated. According to Figure 1, the apparatus 10 comprises a reservoir 14 for containing the coating composition (c). Reservoir 14 has opposing similar sidewalls 16 (only one shown) and a rear wall 22 . In Fig. 2, base 24 connects with sidewalls 16 and with the rear wall 22 . In Figure 2, it is important to the invention that base 24 slopes upwardly from the rear wall 22 to form an outlet end or weir 26 . Moreover, the outlet end 26 , defining a coating weir, is configured to deliver a uniform overflow curtain-like layer of coating composition (c) from the reservoir 14 downwardly onto the gravure surface 12 . Base 24 of reservoir 14 , as indicated, is sloped upwardly from the rear wall 22 , preferably by an angle () up to about 20 degrees for both optimal capacity in the reservoir 14 as well as for preventing unpredictable and otherwise uncontrollable migration of the curtain-like layer 32 from a downwardly flow plane. We have found that slopes somewhat greater than 20 degrees are not as efficient for eliminating the migration tendency of the curtain-like coating layer 32 . As shown in Figure 1, apparatus 10 further includes means, preferably a pump, 30 , for delivering the coating composition (c) from a source (not shown) through preferably a center fed supply line or pipe 29 , through an inlet end 31 of the reservoir 14 , and then into the reservoir 14 before passing through the outlet end 26 . The coating composition (c) then flows across the outlet end 26 in an uniform overflow curtain-like layer 32 , as described below, before depositing onto the gravure surface 12 . According to Fig. 2, at least one baffle 34 is disposed in the reservoir 14 downstream of the outlet end 26 . Baffle 34 , preferably has a first portion 36 attached to the base 24 and a second portion 38 directed substantially toward the rear wall 22 of the reservoir 14. This arrangement of the baffle 34 minimizes turbulent flow and eddy currents in the reservoir 14 when the coating composition (c) is being forced through an inlet port 37 and then into and out of the reservoir 14 . We prefer using only one baffle 34 to reduce the turbulent entrance effects in the reservoir 14 . In Figs. 1-3, outlet end or weir 26 has a widthwise lip 40 extending vertically downwardly toward the gravure surface 12. Portions 41 , 42 of widthwise lip 40 extend beyond a respective opposing end edges 45 , 47 of the gravure surface or cylinder 12 , as shown in Fig. 3. It is important to the invention that width (w 1 ) of outlet end 26 is somewhat greater than the width (w 2 ) of the gravure cylinder 12 . Preferably widthwise lip 40 has a height (h) of about 0.50 inches (1.27 cm) measured from the outlet end 26 to end edge 44 of lip 40 . According to Fig. 2, end edge 44 , which is in close proximity to the gravure surface 12 , has an undercut portion 48 angled upwardly towards the base 24 and away from the widthwise lip 40 . This preferred outlet end 26 configuration enables the coating composition (c) exiting the reservoir 14 to overflow downwardly across the vertical widthwise lip 40 before being deposited onto the gravure surface 14 . The undercut portion 48 has a length (1) preferably not less than about 1.5 inches (3.81 cm), and has an angle β preferably about 10 degrees to about 40 degrees away from vertical widthwise lip 40 to provide a pinning point for the curtain-like coating meniscus, and to prevent migration of the curtain like coating layer 32 . In an alternative embodiment, reservoir 14 may be equipped with a shield (not shown) which may be arranged to extend along the widthwise curtain-like layer 32 . The shield would prevent excessive evaporation of a volatile coating composition in reservoir 14 . Moreover, reservoir 14 may be arranged on an adjustable mount 49 in apparatus 10 (shown clearly in Fig. 2) to either vertically or horizontally reposition the weir 26 relative to the gravure surface 12 . Being able to position the weir 26 enables the operator to set and control a desired curtain-like application deposit point, and height, angle and flowrate of the curtain-like coating layer exiting the lip 40 and depositing onto the gravure surface 12 . Experience indicates that end edge 44 of lip 40 and gravure surface 12 should be spatially separated by a distance of at least 2 inches (9.08 cm). Also, the coating flow angle (a), measured from the top 'dead' center 50 of the gravure surface 12 to the coating deposition point 52 on the gravure surface 12 , should not exceed about 55 degrees. Setting of these parameters insures that the gravure surface 12 is wetted immediately downstream of the impression nip 43 (Fig. 1). As indicated, it is important to the invention that a uniform, overflow curtain-like layer 32 of coating composition (c) is formed before exiting the weir 26 and depositing onto the gravure surface 12 . It is our experience that the curtain-like coating layer 32 is robust to gravure coating process startup and idling conditions, especially when conditions indicate that the gravure cylinder 12 must remain wet, with the doctor blade 54 and impression cylinder 56 disengaged. Further, the use of forming and depositing a curtain-like layer of coating onto a gravure surface 12 , such as illustrated in Figs. 1-2, has heretofore not been known to solve problems associated with any flow separation, stagnation region and eddies, typically seen with any roll coating feed system at increasingly higher production coating speeds. Stagnation regions and eddy currents in the coating composition flow where impurities and bubbles form, are thought to also give rise to 'flow line' type defects (as discussed previously) on the coating layer deposited on the gravure surface 12 . Accordingly, it has been our observation that the curtain-like coating feed apparatus 10 of the invention unexpectedly provides a coating deposition process which virtually eliminates flow separation and stagnations regions, thereby eliminating the possibility of occurrence of 'flow line' defects Furthermore, it is well known that the momentum of the curtain-like overflow layer of coating composition (c) depositing onto the gravure cylinder 12 provides gravitationally assisted deposition of the coating composition onto the gravure cylinder 12 . This phenomenon appears to help in displacing the air entrained by the gravure cylinder 12 at higher speeds by raising the critical speed at which wetting failure and hence flowpatterns appear on the gravure surface 12 . According to Figure 4, a comparison is presented of the air entrainment speed limit of the curtain-coating apparatus of the invention and the feedbar pond system typically found in the prior art. The results suggest that by using the curtain coating apparatus 10 of the present invention, it is now possible to coat at higher coating speeds than ever before. Additionally, we have observed, on the one hand, that the metered excess of coating composition (c) depositing on the gravure cylinder 12 by the curtain-like overflow layer is thin enough that it minimizes splashing at the doctor blade 54 at relatively high speeds. On the other hand, it is our observation that the coating deposition on the gravure surface 12 is thick enough to prevent excessive evaporation, which causes 'drying in' defects in the case of volatile solvents. Parts List 10 apparatus 12 gravure surface or cylinder 14 reservoir/gravure surface 16 sidewalls of base 22 rear wall of base 24 base 26 outlet end or weir 29 pipe 31 inlet end 32 curtain-like coating layer 34 baffle 36 first portion 37 inlet portion 38 second portion 40 vertical widthwise lip 41 extended widthwise portions 42 extended widthwise portions 43 impression nip 44 end edge 45 opposing end edges 47 opposing end edges 48 undercut portion 49 adjustable mount 50 top 'dead' center 52 deposition point 54 doctor blade 56 impression cylinder The invention has therefore been described with reference to certain embodiments thereof, but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.

Claims: Apparatus for depositing a coating composition onto a gravure cylinder (12), comprising: a reservoir (14) for containing said coating composition, said reservoir having an inlet end (31), opposing sidewalls (16), a rear wall (22), and a base (24) connecting said sidewalls (16) and said rear wall (22), said base (24) being sloped upwardly from said rear wall (22) to form an outlet end (26) in proximity to said gravure cylinder, said outlet end being configured to deliver a uniform overflow curtain-like layer (32) of coating composition from said outlet end onto said gravure cylinder (12); means for delivering the coating composition in said reservoir through said outlet end (26); and a doctor blade (54) located to contact the surface of the gravure cylinder, characterized by: the reservoir containing at least one baffle disposed in said reservoir located between said inlet end (31) and said outlet end (26), said outlet end (26) being separated from the surface of the gravure cylinder (12) by a distance of at least 9.08 cm, and said curtain-like layer (32) of coating being transported from said reservoir (14) to said doctor blade (54) on said gravure cylinder (12) without further disturbance. The apparatus claimed in Claim 1, further characterized by: said outlet end (26) having a widthwise lip (40) extending generally downwardly toward said surface of the gravure cylinder (12), said widthwise lip (40) terminating with an end edge (44), and said end edge (44) having a undercut portion (48) angled upwardly towards said base (24). The apparatus recited in Claim 2, further characterized by: said undercut portion (48) having an angle β of about 10 degrees to about 40 degrees relative to said vertical widthwise lip (40). The apparatus recited in Claim 1, further characterized by: said base portion being sloped upwardly from said rear wall by up to about 20°. The apparatus recited in Claim 1, further characterized by: means (49) for adjustably moving said reservoir (14) generally vertically or horizontally relative to said gravure cylinder (12), said adjustably moving means (49) further providing means for leveling said reservoir relative to said gravure cylinder (12) so as to generally maintain a consistent coating relationship between said reservoir (14) and said gravure cylinder (12). The apparatus recited in Claim 1, further characterized by: the width w 1 of the curtain (32) being somewhat greater than the width w2 of the gravure cylinder (12). A method for applying a coating composition to a gravure cylinder, comprising the steps of: providing the coating composition; providing means for delivering the coating composition to said gravure cylinder; providing means for forming a curtain-like overflow layer of coating composition; forming a curtain-like layer of coating composition for delivery to said gravure cylinder; and depositing said curtain-like layer onto said gravure cylinder, characterized by, said outlet end (26) being separated from the gravure cylinder (12) by a distance of at least 9.08 cm, and said curtain-like layer (32) of coating being transported from said reservoir (14) to said doctor blade (54) on said gravure cylinder (12) without further disturbance. The method recited in Claim 7, wherein the step of forming a curtain-like layer (32) of coating composition comprises the step of providing a reservoir (14) for containing said coating composition, said reservoir having an inlet end (31), opposing sidewalls (16), a rear wall (22), and a base (24) connecting said sidewalls (16) and said rear wall (22), said base (24) being sloped upwardly from said rear wall (22) to form an outlet end (26) in proximity to said gravure surface, said outlet end being configured to deliver the uniform overflow curtain-like layer (32) of coating composition from said outlet end onto said gravure cylinder (12) further characterized by: the reservoir containing at least one baffle disposed in said reservoir located between said inlet end (31) and said outlet end (26).

Inventors: FITZGERALD BARRY ANTHONY, LOBO RUKMINI BEZBARUAH, RUSCHAK KENNETH JOHN, FITZGERALD, BARRY ANTHONY, LOBO, RUKMINI BEZBARUAH, RUSCHAK, KENNETH JOHN
Applicants: EASTMAN KODAK CO, EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY
Application year: 1997
Main classification: B41F9
IPC codes: B41F9, B05C1, B05C5, B05B5, B05D1