DEVICE FOR COLORIMETRIC DETECTION OF EXPLOSIVES AND NARCOTICS

Abstract: A hand-held device for rapid colorimetric detection of explosives, narcotics and other chemicals which can be accurately operated by non-skilled personnel and perform numerous tests in a quick sequential manner without exposing a user to hazardous reagents and without exposing sensitive reagents to deteriorating environmental conditions, the device comprising a housing (12) having an element (14) for handling and using the device, the housing (12) including a sampling area (16) and a testing area (18); a substrate (20) for sampling materials suspected as including the chemical; a feeding element (24) being within the housing (12), the feeding element (24) being for accommodating the substrate (20); at least one container (28a, 28b) for accommodating at least one detecting reagent, the at least one detecting reagent for colorimetric detection of the chemical; and at least one dispensing mechanism (30a, 30b) for dispensing a predetermined volume of the at least one reagent onto the substrate (20) at the testing area (18).

Description: DEVICE FOR COLORIMETRIC DETECTION OF EXPLOSIVES AND NARCOTICS FTF.T .D AND RA KGROI JND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a device for colorimetric detection of chemicals and. more particularly, to a hand-held device for rapid colorimetric detection of explosives, narcotics and other chemicals, which device can be accurately operated by non-skilled personnel and can perform numerous tests in a quick sequential manner without exposing a user, a testee or a tested object to hazardous reagents and without exposing sensitive reagents to deteriorating environmental conditions. Detection of minute quantities of chemicals on objects may be affected in two alternative strategies. The first strategy involves sampling an air sample present close to the object and chemically analyzing the chemicals present in the air sample using methods such as, for example, mass spectroscopy, gas chromatography, electron capture, etc. This procedure although quantitative is complicated since the analyzing apparatuses are complex, expensive, in many cases not portable and require power supply. Furthermore, some chemicals, those characterized by low vapor pressure such as, for example, plastic explosives, are some times difficult for detection using these methods. In these cases sampling of the surface of the object itself is required. The second strategy involves sampling the surface of the object using a collecting substrate (e.g., a paper or a cloth materiel) and analyzing the collected sample with reagents applied onto the collecting substrate to generate a specifying color reaction when a target chemical is present in the collected sample. Principally, the later strategy is more suitable for operation by non-skilled personnel and law enforcing officers, for a simple and quick detection of explosives and/or narcotics. Nevertheless, sequentially adding reagents onto the collecting substrate for colorimetric detection of chemicals suspected to be present on the substrate after sampling is in many cases cumbersome and thus inconvenient to execute under field conditions. Furthermore, as some of the reagents employed are either sensitive to environmental influences (e.g., light, air. dust, etc.) under which they deteriorate fast, or harmful and thus dangerous to the user (e.g., organic solvents including reagents), thus sampling and color detecting chemicals may become inaccurate and dangerous to the user, respectively. As terror and narcotic drugs become an ever growing problem worldwide, there is a widely recognized need for, and it would be highly advantageous to have, a hand held device for detection of chemicals such as explosives and narcotics, which device can be accurately operated by non-skilled personnel and can perform numerous tests in a quick sequential manner without exposing the user, the testee and/or the tested object to hazardous reagents and without exposing sensitive reagents to deteriorating environmental conditions. SI IMM ARY OF THE INVENTION According to the present invention there is provided a hand-held device for rapid colorimertic detection of explosives, narcotics and other chemicals, which device can be accurately operated by non-skilled personnel and can perform numerous tests in a quick sequential manner without exposing a user, a testee or a tested object to hazardous reagents and without exposing sensitive reagents to deteriorating environmental conditions. According to further features in preferred embodiments of the invention described below, the hand-held device comprising (a) a housing having means for handling and using the hand-held device, the housing including a sampling area and a testing area, the sampling area being formed with a tip, the tip being dimensioned and positioned for permitting the sampling of the surface of the object by wiping the surface of the object; (b) a substrate for sampling materials suspected as including the chemical from the surface of the object; (c) a feeding element being within the housing, the feeding element accommodating the substrate, the substrate extending at least from the feeding element to the tip and the testing area; (d) at least one container for accommodating at least one detecting reagent, wherein the at least one detecting reagent is for the colorimetric detection of the chemical; and (e) at least one dispensing mechanism for dispensing a predetermined volume of the at least one reagent onto the substrate at the testing area. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the device further comprising (f) a take-up reel being rotatably connected to the housing for advancing the substrate along the sampling area into the testing area. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the feeding element is selected from the group consisting of a feeding reel rotateably connected to the housing and a feeding cell. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the before used the substrate is in a form selected from the group consisting of a folded form and rolled form. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the housing includes a base and a body. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the base and body are separatable one from the other. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the base and body are rotatable one relative to the other, According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments each of the at least one containers is contained by a tube for directing the each of the at least one reagent to the testing area. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments each of the tubes has a diameter permitting formation of a capillary effect for effecting the dispensing of the predetermined volume of the at least one reagent onto the substrate at the testing area. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the testing area and the take-up real are in the housing, the housing includes a transparent region for permitting a user to view the testing area. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the means for handling and using the device include a handle. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the substrate is supplemented with an adsorbing agent for increased sampling capabilities of the suspected material. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the substrate is supplemented with a supporting film. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments each of the at least one containers is made of an flexible material. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments at least one of the at least one containers contains at least one breakable ampoule, each of the at least one ampoules contains one of the at least one reagents. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the number of containers is selected from the group consisting of one, two, three and four, and each of the containers has a corresponding dispensing mechanism. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments each of the dispensing mechanisms is formed as a lever system and includes a dispensing button. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the feeding reel includes a biasing mechanism for keeping the advancing of the substrate along the sampling area smooth. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the housing includes a cover for protecting the substrate. According to another configuration of the invention provided is a hand-held device for colorimetric detection of a chemical obtained by sampling a surface of an object, for enabling a large number of tests to be successively performed, the hand-held device comprising (a) a housing including a sampling area and a testing area, the sampling area being formed with a tip, the tip being dimensioned and positioned for permitting the sampling of the surface of the object by wiping the surface of the object; (b) a first substrate for sampling materials suspected as including the chemical from the surface of the object; (c) a first feeding element being within the housing, the first feeding element accommodating the first substrate, the first substrate extending at least from the first feeding element to the tip and the testing area; (d) a second substrate for carrying at least one detecting reagent, wherein the at least one detecting reagent is for the colorimetric detection of the chemical; (e) a second feeding element being within the housing, the second feeding element accommodating the second substrate, the second substrate extending at least from the second feeding element to the testing area; and (f) a mechanism for contacting the at least one detecting reagent carried by the second substrate and the materials suspected as including the chemical present on the first substrate. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the device further comprising (g) at least one take-up reel being rotatably connected to the housing for advancing the first and second substrates. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the any of the first and second feeding elements is independently selected from the group consisting of a feeding reel rotateably connected to the housing and a feeding cell. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the before used any of the first and second substrates is independently in a form selected from the group consisting of a folded form and a rolled form. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the first and second substrates are combined into a single substrate and the first and second feeding elements are combined into a single feeding element, the single feeding element accommodates the single substrate. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the housing includes a cassette and a handle. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the cassette is replaceable and disposable. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the cassette includes the sampling area, the testing area, the tip, the first substrate, the first feeding element, the second substrate, the second feeding element and the mechanism for contacting the at least one detecting reagent carried by the second substrate and the materials suspected as including the chemical present on the first substrate. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the housing includes a cassette and a handle, the handle includes a motor for rotating the take-up reel. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the housing includes a motor for rotating the take-up reel. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the second substrate includes vesicles containing the at least one detecting reagent. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the second substrate includes pads soaked with the at least one detecting reagent. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the mechanism includes a pressing mechanism for pressing the first and second substrates against one another, for effecting the contacting of the at least one detecting reagent carried by the second substrate and the materials suspected as including the chemical present on the first substrate. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the mechanism includes a puncturing mechanism for puncturing the vesicles for effecting the contacting of the at least one detecting reagent carried by the second substrate and the materials suspected as including the chemical present on the first substrate. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the housing includes a transparent region for permitting a user to view the testing area. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments each of the first and second substrates is independently selected from the group consisting of a paper, a cloth, a synthetic membrane, a metal film and plastic. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the first substrate is supplemented with an adsorbing agent for increased sampling capabilities of the suspected material. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments each of the first and second substrates is independently supplemented with a supporting film. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the number of detecting reagents is selected from the group consisting of one, two, three and four, According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the feeding reel includes a biasing mechanism for keeping the advancing of its corresponding substrate smooth. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the take-up reel includes a ratchet mechanism for stepwise advancing the first and second substrates. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the housing includes at least one roller for keeping the advancing of the first and second substrates smooth. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the chemical is selected from the group consisting of an explosive chemical and a narcotic chemical. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the explosive chemical includes a chemical moiety selected from the group consisting of a nitromatic moiety, organic nitrate moiety, nitramine moiety, inorganic nitrate moiety, chlorate moiety and bromate moiety. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the narcotic chemical includes a chemical selected from the group consisting of cannabinoids, cocainoids and heroinoids. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the chemical is an explosive chemical, the at least one reagent is selected from the group consisting of alkaline solution of a diazotizable aminoaromatic azo-dye precursor, an acidic solution containing a nitrate to nitrite ion reducing agent and a diazo-coupler, a zinc powder suspended in a liquid, an aniline salt in a homogenous strongly acidic solution including a water-miscible organic solvent, a 2.5-20% V V of tetra alkyl phosphonium hydroxide in a solvent including at least 60% V/V dimethyl sulfoxide and about 30% V/V methanol or water, and a 2.5- 7 20%) V/V of tetra alkyl ammonium hydroxide in a solvent including at least 60% V/V dimethyl sulfoxide and about 30% V/V methanol or water. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the chemical is a narcotic chemical, the at least one reagent is selected from the group consisting of a cocaine visualization reagent, heroin visualization reagent, tetrahydrocannabinol visualization reagent. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the chemical is used during preparation, treatment or storage of narcotic chemicals. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the chemical used during preparation, treatment or storage of narcotic chemicals is selected from the group consisting of organic bases and acetic acid. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments provided is a reagent substrate comprising a substrate formed having vesicles containing at least one detecting reagent therein. According to still further features in the described preferred embodiments the at least one detecting reagent is for a colorimetric detection of a chemical selected from the group consisting of explosives and narcotics. The present invention successfully addresses the shortcomings of the presently known configurations by providing a device for colorimertic detection of various chemicals, which can be accurately operated by non-skilled personnel and can perform numerous tests in a quick sequential manner without exposing a user, a testee or a tested object to hazardous reagents and without exposing sensitive reagents to deteriorating environmental conditions. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention herein described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein: FIG. 1 is a cross section view of an illustrative device for colorimetric detection of chemicals according to the teachings of the present invention; FIG. 2 is a cross section view of an illustrative alternative device for colorimetric detection of chemicals according to the teachings of the present invention; FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the second substrate used to carry detecting reagents in the device shown in Figure 2; and FIG. 4 is a cross section view of yet another alternative device for colorimetric detection of chemicals according to the teachings of the present invention. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The present invention is of hand-held device for rapid colorimetric detection of explosives, narcotics and other chemicals, which can be used by non- skilled personnel for accurate detection of presence of chemicals in a tested sample. Specifically, the present invention can be used to perform numerous tests in a quick sequential manner without exposing a user, a testee or a tested object to hazardous reagents and without exposing sensitive reagents to deteriorating environmental conditions. The principles and operation of a device for colorimetric detection of chemicals according to the present invention may be better understood with reference to the drawing and accompanying descriptions. Methods for colorimetric detection of chemicals, although to a great extent not quantitative, are simple to execute, fairly sensitive and are therefore used qualitatively both in various scientific fields (e.g., biology) and medicine and in other fields where non-skilled personnel are to execute the method (e.g., pregnancy test). Therefore, methods for colorimetric detection of explosives, narcotic drugs and other chemicals were developed to be used under field conditions by law enforcing personnel, security guards, etc. U.S. Pat No. 5,296,380 to Margalit which is incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein discloses a method and kit for detecting explosives. The method by Margalit is directed at detecting particular classes of explosives in a color reaction. According to this method a sample from a suspected source is subjected serially to types of reagents, wherein each reagent is directed at colorimetric detection of a different type of explosive, thus reagents after the first being applied to the sample only if no color has been obtained in the preceding test. The first reagent is an alkaline solution of a diazotizable aminoaromatic azo- dye precursor, which detects nitromatic explosives. The second reagent is a strongly acidic reagent containing a nitrate to nitrite ion reducing agent and a diazo-coupler, which detects organic nitrates and nitramines. The third reagent is zinc powder suspended in a liquid, which detects inorganic nitrates. Whereas, the fourth reagent is an aniline salt in a homogenous strongly acidic solution including a water-miscible organic solvent, which detects chlorates and bromates. Thus, according to this invention at least one, yet in many cases four reagents are to be contacted with an examined sample for explosives detection. U.S. Pat No. 4,788,039 to Glattstein which is incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein discloses a different method and kit for detection of explosives. According to Glattstein, two reagents are used for colorimetric detection of explosives. The first reagent includes 2.5-20% V/V of tetra alkyl ammonium or phosphonium hydroxide in a solvent comprising at least 60% V/V dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and about 30% V/V methanol or water. The second reagent includes a diazotization compound and a coupling compound of a Griess reagent pair. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,771,005 to Spiro, 5,457,054 to Geisinger et al., and 4,840,912 to Glattstein, all are incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein, disclose reagents, methods and test kits for colorimetric detection of various types of narcotic drugs such as cannabinoids, cocaine and heroin. Nevertheless, all these methods involve contacting reagent(s) with a tested sample in a manual fashion which is cumbersome, inaccurate and in some cases harmful to the user or deteriorating to the reagents themselves. Referring now to the drawing, Figure 1 illustrates a hand-held device for colorimetric detection of chemicals according to the present invention, referred to hereinbelow as device 10. As will be explained in greater detail below, device 10 performs all functions associated with colorimetric detection of chemicals, collectively rendering device 10- highly suitable for repetitive sampling and detection of desired chemicals sampled from various objects such as but not limited to suitcases, bags, etc., and people, under field conditions by non-skilled personnel, while at the same time device 10 provide means for protecting users from hazards associated with contacting or inhaling various detection reagents (e.g., ones including organic solvents, strong acids or bases, etc.) and means for protecting sensitive reagents from environmental effects such as light, air, etc., if so required. Thus, as shown in Figure 1, device 10 includes a housing 12. Housing 12 has means for handling and using device 10, formed as handle 14 in the example of Figure 1. Housing 12 further includes a sampling area 16 and a testing area 18. whereat sampling of materials suspected as including a chemical and colorimetrically testing for the presence or absence of the chemical, respectively, take place, as is further described in detail hereinbelow. Preferably, sampling area 16 is formed with a tip 17 which is better suited for sampling as described, and assists in sampling hard-to-reach places, such as corners. Device 10 further includes a compact form 22 (e.g., roll 22) of substrate 20 for sampling the material(s) suspected as including the chemical(s). Substrate 20 is selected such that it has a surface suitable for sampling materials from objects such as suitcases, bags, clothing, skin of people, etc. Suitable substrates include. but are not limited to, paper, cloth, metal film and synthetic membrane. In a preferred embodiment, substrate 20 is supplemented with an adsorbing agent (e.g., glue) for increased sampling capabilities of the suspected material. Compact form 22 substrate 20 is engaged by a feeding element 24 (e.g., reel 24) which is within housing 12. Should feeding element 24 is selected to be a reel, reel 24 is preferably rotateably connected to housing 12, however, should another compact form 22 is selected for substrate 20, such as a folded form, as further described with respect to Figure 4 below, feeding element 24 is constructed accordingly as a feeding cell. In another preferred embodiment, substrate 20 is supported by a supporting film 21 which increases its resistance. Suitable supporting films include but are not limited to synthetic polymers, such as plastic. As will be described shortly, prior to sampling, element 24 feeds sampling area 16 with a fresh (i.e., yet unused) segment of substrate 20. If selected, preferably, feeding reel 24 includes a biasing mechanism (e.g., a spring) 27 ensuring that advancing substrate 20 along sampling area 16 is smooth and that substrate 20 maintains a predetermined tension and is not loose. Used segments 25 of substrate 20 are preferably engaged by a take-up reel 26 which is rotatably connected to housing 12, preferably within housing 12. Take-up reel 26 is for advancing substrate 20 and thus the sampled material from sampling area 16 into testing area 18. Preferably, take-up reel 26 includes a ratchet mechanism 29 for stepwise advancing substrate 20 along sampling 16 and testing 18 areas. Biasing mechanism 27 and ratchet mechanism 29 collectively act to ensure that a fresh segment of substrate 20 is used for each independent sampling and testing. Nevertheless, as will be appreciated by one ordinarily skilled in the art. device 10 is operative also without take-up reel 26, wherein manually pulling substrate 20 is used to advance substrate 20 as described. Device 10, further includes at least one, preferably two, more preferably four container 28 (two are shown in Figure 1 , referred to as 28a and 28b) for accommodating at least one detecting reagent 29a and 29b, respectively, each of reagents 29a and 29b is for a colorimetric detection of a specific chemical or a specific family of chemicals sharing a mutual detectable chemical moiety. In a preferred embodiment, each of containers 28 is made of an flexible and transparent (unless the reagent contained in it is light sensitive) material. Providing containers 28 transparent ensures that depletion of reagents is easily detected by the user of device 10. 1 1 Device 10 further includes at least one dispensing mechanism 30a and 30b for dispensing a predetermined volume of reagents 29a an 29b, respectively, onto substrate 20 at testing area 18. In a preferred embodiment, each of containers 28 is continued by a tube 32a and 32b, respectively, for directing reagents 29 to testing area 18. Each of tubes 32 preferably has a diameter permitting the formation of a capillary effect for effecting the dispensing of the predetermined volume of reagents 29 onto substrate 20 at testing area 18. By having a capillary effect, tubes 32 ensure that constant volume of liquids (i.e., one drop from each reagent) is delivered onto testing area 18. The quantity (i.e., volume) of liquid in a given drop is a complex function of the diameter of tubes 32, its material of made and the type of liquid. Yet, one can experimentally select tubes 32 permitting application of a particular quantity of reagents 29 onto substrate 20 at testing area 18. In yet another preferred embodiment, testing area 18 and take-up real 26 are sequestered within housing 12. Thus, a user is not exposed to hazardous effects of reagents 29, should they have any. In this case housing 12 preferably includes a transparent region or a movable cover 34 for permitting the user to view testing area 18. In yet another preferred embodiment, each of dispensing mechanisms 32 is formed as a lever system 36 and includes a dispensing button 38. Preferably, dispensing mechanism 32 is equipped with at least one button stopper 31. shown in Figure 1 in the form of knobs 31 implemented onto housing 12 underneath buttons 38. Any type of dispensing mechanism is suitable for the inventive device 10. Thus, for example, as will be appreciated by one ordinarily skilled in the art. dispensing mechanisms 32 may alternatively be implemented directly onto containers 28 (not shown), in a fashion similar, for example, to the implementation of a dispensing mechanism of a medical syringe, or the like. In this case, a unidirectional valve 41 may be implemented at the dripping end 43 of each of tubes 32, to prevent air from entering containers 28, if so required. In yet another preferred embodiment, housing 12 further includes a cover 40 for protecting segments of substrate 20 which are released from feeding element 24, yet are not in immediate use. In yet another preferred embodiment, housing 12 further includes at least one roller 42 (three are shown in Figure 1) for further keeping advancing of substrate 20 along sampling 16 and testing 18 areas smooth. As will be appreciated by one ordinarily skilled in the art, the number and location of roller(s) 42 may vary depending on the specific construction of device 10. In yet another preferred embodiment, containers 32 are prepacked with suitable reagents 29 and are implemented into accommodating means 48 formed in housing 12. When any of reagents 29 is depleted, e.g., after ca. 100 tests, the empty container is replaced by a fresh one. Yet, depending on the reagent, reusable containers are also possible for implementation in device 10. Likewise, when device 10 is depleted from fresh substrate 20, a new compact form 22 of substrate 20 is placed onto feeding element 24 and take-up reel 26. To this end, housing 12 is preferably constructed from at least two separatable or rotatable parts, e.g., a base 50 and a body 52, which can be either separated from one another or rotated one relative to the other, respectively. The operation of device 10, according to its preferred embodiments, is as follows. When a user wishes to test a material suspected as including a chemical such as explosive or narcotic, etc., the user first ensures that a clean segment of substrate 20 is located at sampling area 16 by rolling substrate 20 around take-up reel 26. Then, aided by tip 17, the user samples a surface of a tested object by wiping the surface with tip 17. At this point sampling is completed. After sampling, the user, again aided by take-up reel 26, further rolls substrate 20 until the segment of substrate 20 that was previously used for sampling is located at testing area 18. Since the actual distance between sampling area 16 and testing area 18 is constant for a given device 10, ratchet mechanism 29 is preferably employed to ensure that the appropriate segment of surface 20 is positioned at testing area 18. At this stage, ratchet mechanism 29 of take-up reel 26 and biasing mechanism 27 of feeding reel 24 ensure that surface 20 is still until the colorimetric test is completed. After the positioning of the segment of substrate 20 containing the sampled material at testing area 18, the user activates dispensing mechanisms 28, at a predetermined order, thus a drop having a predetermined volume, formed due to the flexibility of containers 28 and the capillary effect of tubes 32, of each of reagents 29, is contacted with the sampled material at a predetermined sequential order, permitting a colorimetric reaction to take place provided that the sampled material contains the tested chemical. The color thus formed or does not form on substrate 20 is viewed by the user through transparent region or a movable cover 34 and the presence or absence of the tested chemical is determined. It will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, that according to the preferred embodiments as described hereinabove, reagent(s) 29 are sequestered 13 within housing 12, i.e., testing area 18 and take-up reel 26 are both preferably within housing 12, therefore the user is protected from hazardous effects associated with contacting or inhaling any of the chemicals used in the colorimetric detection. With reference now to Figures 2 and 3, presented is another configuration of the device according to the present invention, referred herein as device 100. Similar to device 10 described hereinabove, device 100 is a hand-held device for colorimetric detection of a chemical obtained by sampling materials from a surface of an object. Device 100 is for enabling a large number of tests to be successively performed and enjoys all the advantages of device 10 described hereinabove. Similar to device 10, device 100 includes a housing 102. Housing 102 includes a sampling area 104 and a testing area 106. Sampling area 104 is shaped as a tip 108 which is dimensioned and positioned for permitting efficient sampling of the surface of the object by wiping the surface of the object. Further similar to device 10, device 100 further includes a first compact form (e.g., roll or fold) 110 of a first substrate 112 for sampling materials suspected as including the chemical from the surface of the object. Still similar to device 10, device 100 further includes a first feeding element 114. Element 114 is positioned within housing 102 and accommodates first compact form 110 of first substrate 112. First substrate 112 extends at least from first feeding element 114 to tip 108 and testing area 106. First feeding element may be either a feeding reel (reel 114 in Figure 2) or a feeding cell which accommodates compact form 110 of substrate 112. Device 100 further includes a second compact form (e.g., roll or fold) 116 of a second substrate 118. Second substrate 118 serves for carrying at least one detecting reagent, which serve for the colorimetric detection of the chemical. Device 100 further includes a second feeding element 120. Element 120 is positioned within housing 102 and serves for accommodating second compact form 116 of second substrate 118. Second substrate 118 extending at least from second feeding element 120 to testing area 106. In a preferred embodiment, each of first 114 and second 120 feeding elements are reels and each may independently include a biasing mechanism 119 for keeping substrates 112 and/or 118 advancing smoothly. However, it will be appreciated that any of substrates 112 and 118 can be folded (instead of rolled) in any volume formed within housing 102 which form a feeding cell as further detailed with respect to Figure 4 below. In addition, device 100 further includes a mechanism 122 for contacting the detecting reagent carried by second substrate 118 and materials suspected as including the chemical sampled and therefore present on first substrate 112. In a preferred embodiment of the 14 invention, and similar to device 10 described above, device 100 further includes at least one, preferably one, take-up reel 124. Reel 124 is rotatably connected to housing 102 for, preferably simultaneously, advancing first 112 and second 118 substrates. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, take-up reel 124 includes a ratchet mechanism 125 for stepwise, preferably simultaneous, advancing of first 112 and second 118 substrates. Housing 102 preferably includes at least one roller 117 for keeping first 112 and second 118 substrates advancing smoothly. In another preferred embodiment of the invention housing 102 of device 100 includes a cassette (cartridge, refill) 126 and a handle 128. Cassette 126 is preferably replaceable and disposable, such that when substrates 112 and/or 118 are all used, cassette is disposed and replaced by a fresh one. Therefore, in a preferred embodiment of the invention cassette 126 forms the part of housing 102 which includes sampling area 104, testing area 106, tip 108, first compact form 110 of first substrate 112, first feeding element 114, second compact form 116 of second substrate 118, second feeding element 120, and preferably also take-up reel 124. In some embodiments, mechanism 122 for contacting the detecting reagent carried by second substrate 118 and the materials suspected as including the chemical which are present on first substrate 112 after sampling, may also be a part of cassette 126. In yet another preferred embodiment of the invention handle 128 includes a motor 130 which serves, when actuated, for rotating take-up reel 124 via, for example, a relay (e.g., chain, gear or band) mechanism 132. Positioning motor 130 within handle 128 is presently preferred in the context of disposable cassette 126. However, it will be appreciated by one ordinarily skilled in the art that motor 130 may be positioned at other locations of device 100. For some applications device 100 may be miniaturized to the size and general shape of a pen. As best seen in Figure 3, in a preferred embodiment of the invention, second substrate 118 includes vesicles 134 which contain the detecting reagent(s). When more than a single reagent is required for detection of the chemical, and when the required reagents cannot be stored in a single reservoir, each of the required reagents is stored in a different vesicle 134. In Figure 3, vesicles 134 are arranged in groups, two such groups A and B are shown. Each of groups A and B, in this specific example includes five vesicles 134. Each of the five vesicles 134 may therefore include a different reagent for detection. However, since grouped to a specific location on substrate 118, the reagents may be released substantially simultaneously, or at any specific order, as further detailed below, and become in contact with one another and with the chemical present on substrate 112 to effect the colorimetric detection. Substrate 118, preferably further includes guiding and positioning holes 136. Holes 136 preferably serve for hooking substrate 118 to reels 120 and/or 124. Similarly, substrate 112 may also include guiding and positioning holes which are similar to holes 136, which preferably serve for hooking substrate 112 to reels 114 and/or 124. In another embodiment of the invention second substrate 118 includes pads 138 which are soaked with the detecting reagent(s). Similarly, when more than a single reagent is required for detection of the chemical, and when the required reagents cannot be stored in a single reservoir, each of the required reagents is stored in a different pad 138, which may, similarly to vesicles 134, and for the same reasons, be arranged in groups. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, mechanism 122 includes a pressing mechanism 140 which serves for pressing first 112 and second 118 substrates against one another, for effecting the contacting of the detecting reagent(s) carried by second substrate 118 and the materials suspected as including the chemical present on first substrate 112 after sampling. Pressing mechanism 140 may be formed in various ways. For example, it may include rollers biased against one another, as well known in the art. In the Example of Figure 2, pressing mechanism 140 includes a narrow passage 142 throughwhich substrates 112 and 118 are forced in close contact. In any case, pressing mechanism squeezes the reagent(s) out from vesicles 134 or pads 138, such that the reagent(s) are contacted with the suspected materials present on substrate 112 after sampling. When vesicles 124 are of choice, mechanism 122 preferably further or alternatively includes a puncturing mechanism 142 which serves for puncturing vesicles 134 such that the reagent(s) therein contained are released for effecting the contacting of the reagent(s) carried by second substrate 118 and the materials suspected as including the chemical present on first substrate 112 after sampling. In a preferred embodiment of the invention housing 102 includes a transparent region or window 144 which serves for permitting a user to view testing area 106 and the presence or absence of the calorimetric reaction. In a preferred embodiment, holes 136 cause substrates 112 and/or 118 to stop from further progress, such that the colorimetric reaction is viewed through window 144. Preferably housing 102 is transparent in additional area(s) or as a whole, such that the user may observe compact forms 110 and/or 116 and become aware of their depletion upon use. The part of housing 102 which includes elements 114, 120 and 124 (e.g., cassette 126) is preferably fabricated from a first 146 and a second 148 covers connected together via, for example, screws or pins 150, as well known in the art. Thus constructing housing 122 enables easy assembly of its inner components into place. Substrates 112 and/or 118 may each be made of paper, cloth, synthetic membrane, metal film, or plastic. Preferably substrate 112 is made of paper or cloth which are known to well adsorb various materials. Preferably substrate 118 is made of plastic which is formed with vesicles 134 or to include pads 138 attached thereto, such that when in a compact form (e.g., rolled or folded), the reagent(s) therein are prevented from contacting one another. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, first substrate 112 is supplemented with an adsorbing (e.g., sticky) agent on its outer surface to increase its sampling capabilities of the suspected material. In a preferred embodiment each or both of first 112 and second 118 substrates are supplemented with a supporting film 113. best seen in Figure 3. Supporting film 113 is selected such that it would not interfere with contacting sampled materials with the reagent(s) (e.g., perforated), yet serves to support the substrates 112 and 118 when advanced from their feeding elements 114 and 120 to take-up reel 124. It will be appreciated by one ordinarily skilled in the art, that substrates 112 and 118 can be combined to a single substrate, provided that during sampling vesicles 134 will not rapture. In this case elements 114 and 120, are also combined to a single feeding element, similar to device 10, described above. As described above with respect to device 10, the number of different detecting reagents may be one, two or more, for example, three or four. These reagents may be contained separately or in a common reservoir depending on their chemical nature. In any case they may be contained in either pads 138 or vesicles 134 as further described hereinabove. The operation of device 100, according to its preferred embodiments, is similar to the operation of device 10 described above and as follows. When a user wishes to test a material suspected as including a chemical such as explosive or narcotic, etc., the user first ensures that a clean segment of first substrate 112 is located at sampling area 104. Then, aided by tip 108, the user samples a surface of a tested object by wiping the surface with tip 108. At this point sampling is completed. After sampling, the user, again aided, for example, by take-up reel 124, rolls substrates 112 and 118 until the segment of substrate 112 that was previously used for sampling is located at testing area 106, wherein mechanism 122 ensures that the sample is contacted with the detecting reagent(s) and that the colorimetric test is enabled, preferably under window 144. It will be appreciated by one ordinarily skilled in the art, that according to the preferred embodiments as described hereinabove, the reagent(s) are sequestered within housing 102, therefore the user is protected from hazardous effects associated with contacting or inhaling any of the chemicals used in the colorimetric detection. As mentioned in U.S. Pat No. 5,296,380 some reagents are quickly deteriorated when contacted with air. This problem is completely solved upon using breakable vesicles as described above. With reference now to Figure 4, presented is another configuration of the device according to the present invention, referred herein as device 200. Similar to device 100 described hereinabove, device 200 is a hand-held device for colorimetric detection of a chemical obtained by sampling materials from a surface of an object. Device 200 is for enabling a large number of tests to be successively performed and enjoys all the advantages of devices 10 and 100 described hereinabove. Similar to device 100, device 200 includes a housing 202. Housing 202 includes a sampling area 204 and a testing area 206. Sampling area 204 is shaped with a tip 208 which is dimensioned and positioned for permitting efficient sampling of the surface of the object by wiping the surface of the object. Further similar to device 100, device 100 further includes a first compact form 210 (folded in this case) of a first substrate 212 for sampling materials suspected as including the chemical from the surface of the object. Still similar to device 100, device 200 further includes a first feeding element 214 formed as a feeding cell 214. Cell 214 is positioned within housing 202 and accommodates first folded form 210 of first substrate 212. First substrate 212 extends at least from first feeding cell 114 to tip 208 and testing area 206. Device 200 further includes a second compact form (folded form) 216 of a second substrate 218. Second substrate 218 serves for carrying at least one detecting reagent, which serves for the colorimetric detection of the chemical. In a preferred embodiment the reagent(s) are contained within vesicles 234 or pads 238 formed on substrate 218. Device 200 further includes a second feeding element 220, formed as a feeding cell 220 in this case. Cell 220 is positioned within housing 202 and serves for accommodating second folded form 216 of second substrate 218. Second substrate 118 extending at least from second feeding cell 220 to testing area 206. As device 100, device 200 further includes a mechanism 222 for contacting the detecting reagent carried by second substrate IS 218 and materials suspected as including the chemical sampled and therefore present on first substrate 212. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, and similar to device 100 described above, device 200 further includes at least one, preferably one, take-up reel 224. Reel 224 is rotatably connected to housing 202 for, preferably simultaneously, advancing first 212 and second 218 substrates. Other features and the operation of device 200 are preferably similar to as described with respect to the various preferred embodiments of devices 10 and 100. Any chemical having a matching colorimetric detecting reagent can be detected using devices 10, 100 or 200 of the present invention. Yet, devices 10, 100 or 200 are highly suitable for efficient, quick and safe detection of explosive and narcotic chemicals, under field conditions even when operated by non-skilled personnel. Thus, any of devices 10, 100 or 200 can be used to detect residual amounts of explosive containing chemicals having chemical moieties, such as but not limited to, a nitromatic moiety, organic nitrate moiety, nitramine moiety, inorganic nitrate moiety, chlorate moiety and/or bromate moiety. Furthermore, devices 10, 100 or 100 can be used to detect residual amounts of narcotic drugs such as but not limited to cannabinoids, cocainoids and/or heroinoids. or chemicals associated with their preparation storage, shipping and/or street distribution (e.g., organic bases and acetic acid). Various types of reagents aimed at colorimetric detection of various explosives can thus be used. These include but are not limited to (i) alkaline solution of a diazotizable aminoaromatic azo-dye precursor; (ii) an acidic solution containing a nitrate to nitrite ion reducing agent and a diazo-coupler; (iii) a zinc powder suspended in a liquid; (iv) an aniline salt in a homogenous strongly acidic solution including a water-miscible organic solvent; (v) a 2.5-20% V/V of tetra alkyl phosphonium hydroxide in a solvent including at least 60% V/V dimethyl sulfoxide and about 30% V/V methanol or water; and/or (vi) a 2.5-20% V/V of tetra alkyl ammonium hydroxide in a solvent including at least 60% V/V dimethyl sulfoxide and about 30% V/V methanol or water. Various types of reagents aimed at colorimetric detection of various narcotics can alternatively be used. These include but are not limited to a cocaine visualization reagent, heroin visualization reagent, and or tetrahydrocannabinol visualization reagent, all as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,771,005 to Spiro, 5,457,054 to Geisinger et al., and 4,840,912 to Glattstein. Any of the devices for colorimetric detection of chemicals such as explosives and narcotics according to the present invention has the following advantages. It is a hand-held portable device which does not require a power source for its operation, other than a conventional battery, if a motor is selected. It can be used for rapid and repetitive colorimetric detection of explosives, narcotics and other chemicals. It can be easily and accurately operated by non-skilled personnel. It can be used to perform numerous tests in a quick sequential manner without exposing the user, the testee or the tested object to hazardous reagents and without exposing sensitive reagents to deteriorating environmental conditions. With reference to Figure 3, according to the present invention there is further provided a reagent substrate 118. Substrate 118 is formed with vesicles 134 which contain detecting reagent(s). The reagents may be directed, for example, to enable a colorimetric detection of a chemical(s), such as but not limited to explosives and narcotics, all as described above. The operation of substrate 118 is as follows. First, substrate 118 is contacted with a sample of material(s) suspected to contain the chemical(s). Second, vesicles 134 are ruptured or punctured, such that their content becomes in contact with the suspected material(s). Should the material(s) contain the chemical(s). a colorimetric reaction will develop on substrate 118. The reagent substrate according to the present invention enjoy an advantage over prior art reagent substrates, such as those supplemented with pads, since the reagent(a) within vesicles 134 are protected from deteriorating environmental conditions, such as air oxygen, light, etc., and the user, testee or tested object are exposed to minimal quantities of hazardous reagents. Manufacturing a reagent substrate according to the present invention may be effected in many alternative ways. For example, cavities may be formed in a first plastic sheet by means or press (e.g., heat press), mold or vacuum. Thus formed cavities are thereafter filled with any desired reagent(s), preferably via an automatic (robotic) process, and are thereafter sealed from above to form vesicles by, for example, attaching a second plastic sheet from above by, for example, heat press. The resulting substrate may thereafter by sliced to stripes, rolled or folded to be used within devices 100 and/or 200, as described above. Furthermore, such a substrate, by itself may be used for detection, by first using it to wipe an examined materials sample from a surface and thereafter rupturing the vesicles to enact a colorimetric reaction. While the invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, it will be appreciated that many variations, modifications and other applications of the invention may be made.

Claims: WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. A hand-held device for colorimetric detection of a chemical obtained by sampling a surface of an object for enabling a large number of tests to be successively performed, the hand-held device comprising: (a) a housing having means for handling and using the hand-held device, said housing including a sampling area and a testing area, said sampling area being formed with a tip, said tip being dimensioned and positioned for permitting the sampling of the surface of the object by wiping the surface of the object; (b) a substrate for sampling materials suspected as including the chemical from the surface of the object; (c) a feeding element being within said housing, said feeding element accommodating said substrate, said substrate extending at least from said feeding element to said tip and said testing area; (d) at least one container for accommodating at least one detecting reagent, wherein said at least one detecting reagent is for the colorimetric detection of the chemical; and (e) at least one dispensing mechanism for dispensing a predetermined volume of said at least one reagent onto said substrate at said testing area. 2. A device as in claim 1, further comprising: (f) a take-up reel being rotatably connected to said housing for advancing said substrate along said sampling area into said testing area. 3. device as in claim 1, wherein said feeding element is selected from the group consisting of a feeding reel rotateably connected to said housing and a feeding cell. 4. device as in claim 1, wherein before used said substrate is in a form selected from the group consisting of a folded form and rolled form. 5. A device as in claim 1, wherein said housing includes a base and a body. 6. A device as in claim 5, wherein said base and body are separatable one from the other. 7. A device as in claim 5, wherein said base and body are rotatable one relative to the other. 8. A device as in claim 1, wherein each of said at least one containers is contained by a tube for directing said each of said at least one reagent to said testing area. 9. A device as in claim 8, wherein each of said tubes has a diameter permitting formation of a capillary effect for effecting said dispensing of said predetermined volume of said at least one reagent onto said substrate at said testing area. 10. A device as in claim 2, wherein said testing area and said take-up real are in said housing, said housing includes a transparent region for permitting a user to view said testing area. 1 1. A device as in claim 1, wherein said means for handling and using the device include a handle. 12. A device as in claim 1, wherein said substrate is selected from the group consisting of a paper, a cloth, a metal film and a synthetic membrane. 13. A device as in claim 1, wherein said substrate is supplemented with an adsorbing agent for increased sampling capabilities of said suspected material. 14. A device as in claim 1 , wherein said substrate is supplemented with a supporting film. 15. A device as in claim 1, wherein each of said at least one containers is made of an flexible material. 23 16. A device as in claim 1, wherein at least one of said at least one containers contains at least one breakable ampoule, each of said at least one ampoules contains one of said at least one reagents. 17. A device as in claim 1, wherein the number of containers is selected from the group consisting of one, two, three and four, and each of said containers has a corresponding dispensing mechanism. 18. A device as in claim 1, wherein each of said dispensing mechanisms is formed as a lever system and includes a dispensing button. 19. A device as in claim 3, wherein said feeding reel includes a biasing mechanism for keeping said advancing of said substrate along said sampling area smooth. 20. A device as in claim 2, wherein said take-up reel includes a ratchet mechanism for stepwise advancing said substrate along said sampling and testing areas. 21. A device as in claim 1, wherein said housing includes at least one roller for keeping said advancing of said substrate along said sampling area smooth. 22. A device as in claim 1, wherein said housing includes a cover for protecting said substrate. 23. A device as in claim 1, wherein said chemical is selected from the group consisting of an explosive chemical and a narcotic chemical. 24. A device as in claim 23, wherein said explosive chemical includes a chemical moiety selected from the group consisting of a nitromatic moiety, organic nitrate moiety, nitramine moiety, inorganic nitrate moiety, chlorate moiety and br ornate moiety. 25. A device as in claim 23, wherein said narcotic chemical includes a chemical selected from the group consisting of cannabinoids, cocainoids and heroinoids. 26. A device as in claim 1 , wherein the chemical is an explosive chemical, said at least one reagent is selected from the group consisting of alkaline solution of a diazotizable aminoaromatic azo-dye precursor, an acidic solution containing a nitrate to nitrite ion reducing agent and a diazo-coupler, a zinc powder suspended in a liquid, an aniline salt in a homogenous strongly acidic solution including a water-miscible organic solvent, a 2.5-20% V/V of tetra alkyl phosphonium hydroxide in a solvent including at least 60% V/V dimethyl sulfoxide and about 30% V/V methanol or water, and a 2.5-20% V/V of tetra alkyl ammonium hydroxide in a solvent including at least 60% V/V dimethyl sulfoxide and about 30% V/V methanol or water. 27. A device as in claim 1, wherein the chemical is a narcotic chemical, said at least one reagent is selected from the group consisting of a cocaine visualization reagent, heroin visualization reagent, tetrahydrocannabinol visualization reagent. 28. A device as in claim 1, wherein the chemical is used during preparation, treatment or storage of narcotic chemicals. 29. A device as in claim 28, wherein the chemical used during preparation, treatment or storage of narcotic chemicals is selected from the group consisting of organic bases and acetic acid. 30. A hand-held device for colorimetric detection of a chemical obtained by sampling a surface of an object, for enabling a large number of tests to be successively performed, the hand-held device comprising: (a) a housing including a sampling area and a testing area, said sampling area being formed with a tip, said tip being dimensioned and positioned for permitting the sampling of the surface of the object by wiping the surface of the object; (b) a first substrate for sampling materials suspected as including the chemical from the surface of the object; (c) a first feeding element being within said housing, said first feeding element accommodating said first substrate, said first substrate extending at least from said first feeding element to said tip and said testing area; (d) a second substrate for carrying at least one detecting reagent, wherein said at least one detecting reagent is for the colorimetric detection of the chemical; (e) a second feeding element being within said housing, said second feeding element accommodating said second substrate, said second substrate extending at least from said second feeding element testing area; and (f) a mechanism for contacting said at least one detecting reagent carried by said second substrate and said materials suspected as including the chemical present on said first substrate. 31. A device as in claim 30, further comprising: (g) at least one take-up reel being rotatably connected to said housing for advancing said first and second substrates. 32. A device as in claim 30, wherein any of said first and second feeding elements is independently selected from the group consisting of a feeding reel rotateably connected to said housing and a feeding cell. 33. A device as in claim 30, wherein before used any of said first and second substrates is independently in a form selected from the group consisting of a folded form and a rolled form. 34. A device as in claim 30, wherein said first and second substrates are combined into a single substrate and said first and second feeding elements are combined into a single feeding element, said single feeding element accommodates said single substrate. 35. A device as in claim 30, wherein said housing includes a cassette and a handle. 36. A device as in claim 35, wherein said cassette is replaceable and disposable. 37. A device as in claim 36, wherein said cassette includes said sampling area, said testing area, said tip, said first substrate, said first feeding element, said second substrate, said second feeding element and said mechanism for contacting said at least one detecting reagent carried by said second substrate and said materials suspected as including the chemical present on said first substrate. 38. A device as in claim 30, wherein said housing includes a cassette and a handle, said handle includes a motor for rotating said take-up reel. 39. A device as in claim 30, wherein said housing includes a motor for rotating said take-up reel. 40. A device as in claim 30, wherein said second substrate includes vesicles containing said at least one detecting reagent. 41. A device as in claim 30, wherein said second substrate includes pads soaked with said at least one detecting reagent. 42. A device as in claim 30, wherein said mechanism includes a pressing mechanism for pressing said first and second substrates against one another, for effecting said contacting of said at least one detecting reagent carried by said second substrate and said materials suspected as including the chemical present on said first substrate. 43. A device as in claim 30, wherein said mechanism includes a puncturing mechanism for puncturing said vesicles for effecting said contacting of said at least one detecting reagent carried by said second substrate and said materials suspected as including the chemical present on said first substrate. 44. A device as in claim 30, wherein said housing includes a transparent region for permitting a user to view said testing area. 45. A device as in claim 30, wherein each of said first and second substrates is independently selected from the group consisting of a paper, a cloth, a synthetic membrane, a metal film and plastic. 46. A device as in claim 30, wherein said first substrate is supplemented with an adsorbing agent for increased sampling capabilities of said suspected material. 47. A device as in claim 30, wherein each of said first and second substrates is independently supplemented with a supporting film. 48. A device as in claim 30, wherein the number of detecting reagents is selected from the group consisting of one, two, three and four. 49. A device as in claim 32, wherein said feeding reel includes a biasing mechanism for keeping said advancing of its corresponding substrate smooth. 50. A device as in claim 31, wherein said take-up reel includes a ratchet mechanism for stepwise advancing said first and second substrates. 51. A device as in claim 30, wherein said housing includes at least one roller for keeping said advancing of said first and second substrates smooth. 52. A device as in claim 30, wherein said chemical is selected from the group consisting of an explosive chemical and a narcotic chemical. 53. A device as in claim 52, wherein said explosive chemical includes a chemical moiety selected from the group consisting of a nitromatic moiety, organic nitrate moiety, nitramine moiety, inorganic nitrate moiety, chlorate moiety and bromate moiety. 54. A device as in claim 52, wherein said narcotic chemical includes a chemical selected from the group consisting of cannabinoids, cocainoids and heroinoids. 55. A device as in claim 30, wherein the chemical is an explosive chemical, said at least one reagent is selected from the group consisting of alkaline solution of a diazotizable aminoaromatic azo-dye precursor, an acidic solution containing a nitrate to nitrite ion reducing agent and a diazo-coupler, a zinc powder suspended in a liquid, an aniline salt in a homogenous strongly acidic solution including a water-miscible organic solvent, a 2.5-20% V/V of tetra alkyl phosphonium hydroxide in a solvent including at least 60% V/V dimethyl sulfoxide and about 30% V/V methanol or water, and a 2.5-20% V/V of tetra alkyl ammonium hydroxide in a solvent including at least 60% V/V dimethyl sulfoxide and about 30% V/V methanol or water. 56. A device as in claim 30, wherein the chemical is a narcotic chemical, said at least one reagent is selected from the group consisting of a cocaine visualization reagent, heroin visualization reagent, tetrahydrocannabinol visualization reagent. 57. A device as in claim 30, wherein the chemical is used during preparation, treatment or storage of narcotic chemicals. 58. A device as in claim 57, wherein the chemical used during preparation, treatment or storage of narcotic chemicals is selected from the group consisting of organic bases and acetic acid. 59. A reagent substrate comprising a substrate formed having vesicles containing at least one detecting reagent therein. 60. The substrate of claim 59, wherein said at least one detecting reagent is for a colorimetric detection of a chemical selected from the group consisting of explosives and narcotics.

Inventors: GRUMBIRG MANFRED, KARDISH NITZA, LEVY ISRAEL, GRUMBIRG, MANFRED, KARDISH, NITZA, LEVY, ISRAEL
Applicants: FRIEDMAN MARK M, GRUMBIRG MANFRED, KARDISH NITZA, LEVY ISRAEL, FRIEDMAN, MARK, M., GRUMBIRG, MANFRED, KARDISH, NITZA, LEVY, ISRAEL
Application year: 1997
Main classification: G01N21
IPC codes: G01N21, G01N33