IMMUNOASSAY DEVICE EMPLOYING APPLICATOR COMPONENT AND SELF-CONTAINED, EXTERNAL REAGENT CONTAINER

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and a device which utilizes capillarity-mediated, chromatographic transport, for the qualitative or semi-quantitative analysis of selected analytes in liquid samples. The device utilizes an applicator/collection device for collecting and administering the sample to the flow path such that reagent(s) flow through the applicator/collection device, washing the sample into the reaction pathway. The device further utilizes an air gap between the initial location of the reagent and the reaction pathway to funnel the reagent efficiently through the sample so as to collect all or substantially all of the sample and make it available for the reaction(s).

Description: DESCRIPTION Immunoassay Device Employing Applicator Component and Self-contained, External Reagent Container Field of Invention The present invention is within the field of ligand- receptor assays and devices, including lmmunometric assays, which are designed for the analysis of selected analyte(s) m a sample. Background of Invention Ligand-receptor assays are utilized extensively today in such fields as clinical, forensic, and veterinary medi- cine, pharmacological testing, environmental monitoring, food quality assurance, and other related areas which require rapid and effective analysis of specific substances (referred to as analytes) which are frequently found in low concentrations within the given test sample. These assays are especially useful in the m vi tro determination of the presence and concentration of analytes within physiological fluids. For example, the determination of specific proteins, enzymes, hormones, metabolites, and therapeutic or toxic drugs within the blood, urine, or cerebral spinal fluid has greatly enhanced the efficacy of diagnostic methodologies in clinical medicine. Moreover, the development of non-radioactive labeling components, which allow the direct visualization of the completed reaction, has facilitated the use of ligand- receptor assay procedures outside of the "typical" laboratory. For example, in clinical office settings, non-radioactively-labeled, ligand-receptor assays are useful for providing rapid, simple procedures which may be performed while the patient is still in the office. Thus diagnosis can be accomplished without delay, and treatment may be instituted during a single visit. Without such assays, it was frequently necessary to collect the sample from the patient during a first visit and to have the biological sample analyzed by a clinical laboratory at a later time. During such time, the patient was sent home and often required to return for a second office visit in order to receive the proper treatment and/or medication. Such delay was at best inefficient, and at worst potentially life-threatening. The term "ligand-receptor assay, " as utilized herein, refers to an assay for a specific analyte which may be detected by the formation of a complex between a ligand and another substance capable of specific interaction with the ligand (i.e., a receptor) . The ligand may be the analyte itself or a substance which, if detectable, may be used to infer the presence of the analyte within the sample. In the context of the present invention, the term "ligand" includes, but is not limited to, compounds which include proteins, modified proteins, nucleic acids such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA) , peptide nucleic acid (PNA) , haptens, antigens, antibodies, and any metabolites of these substances, as well as any other compounds (either natural or synthetic) which may be of diagnostic interest and which have a specific ligand- binding partner (i.e., the receptor moiety of the ligand- receptor assay) . Ligand-receptor assays rely upon the binding of ligands by receptors to determine the concentration of the ligands within the test sample. Ligand-receptor assays may be differentiated and categorized as either competitive or non-competitive in nature. Non-competitive assays generally utilize the receptor component in a substantial excess over the concentration of the ligand to be determined in the assay. An example of a non-competitive assay, the "sandwich assay, " employs the methodology whereby the ligand is detected via its binding to two distinct receptors - where one receptor may be labeled to facilitate subsequent detection and the other is frequently immobilized to a solid-phase to facilitate separation from unbound reaction components (e.g., unbound labeled first receptor). In contrast, competitive ligand-receptor assays generally involve ligand from the test sample, a purified ligand or ligand-analog which is labeled to facilitate detection, and a rate-limiting concentration of the ligand receptor species. The sample ligand and the labelled ligand/ igand-analog moieties are subsequently allowed to compete for the limited number of binding sites provided by the receptor species present in the assay mixture. Competitive ligand-receptor assays can be further differentiated as being described as homogeneous or heterogeneous in nature. In homogeneous assays, all of the reactants participating in the competition reaction are mixed together and the concentration of ligand is determined by its effect on the extent of binding between ligand receptor and labeled ligand analog. The signal which is observed is a direct function of this binding and can be related to the overall concentration of ligand present m the test sample. U.S. Pat. No. 3,817,837, which is incorporated herein by reference, discloses such a homogeneous, competitive lmmunometric assay m which the labeled ligand analog is a ligand-enzyme conjugate and the ligand receptor is an antibody capable of binding either the ligand or the ligand analog. In general, homogeneous assay systems require both an external instrumentality to determine the result and the prior calibration of the observed signal by separate tests performed with known concentration of the specific ligand in a process known as standardization. While homogeneous assays have dominated competitive lmmunometric assay system development, such systems are not capable of providing results for the determination of multiples ligands in a test sample in a single-test format not requiring external instrumentalities . Heterogeneous, competitive ligand-receptor assays require separation of the bound labeled ligand or receptor from the free labeled ligand or receptor and a subsequent measurement of either the concentration of the bound or free fraction. Methodologies for performing these assays are described in U.S. Pat. Nos . 3,654,090, 4,298,685, and 4,506,009, which are incorporated herein by reference. The quantitative or semi-quantitative measurement of ligand concentration utilizing this methodology cannot be performed without the use of additional tests to calibrate the assay results. Hence, only the presence or absence of the ligand can be determined without additional instrumentation or tests. Recently, however, methods have been developed for the internal calibration of ligand-receptor assays by providing a device which incorporates reference zones whereby the given response at the reference zone represents the assay response for a specific concentration of the ligand. The response generated by the unknown concentration of ligand in the test sample is then compared with the response at the reference zone to determine the concentration of the ligand in the test sample in a quantitative or quantitative manner. U.S. Pat. No. 4,540,659, which is incorporated herein by reference, describes a system which incorporates several ligand concentration standards which provide the ability to make semi- quantitative determinations of ligand concentrations in competitive ligand-receptor assays via direct visual examination. Sample collection and application means are known within the relevant field. For example, an applicator component, consisting of a separate wand-like component with a bibulous material attached to one end, is described in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,169,789 and 4,770,853, which are incorporated herein by reference. The sample is collected for assay by simple absorption of the aqueous sample and subsequent placement of the collection component into the assay device. U.S. patent No. 4,624,929, incorporated herein by reference, discloses a sample collector comprised of a bibulous membrane confined within a housing. Collection of the sample is facilitated by contacting the sample collector with the desired aqueous sample. European Patent Application Nos. 88303744.2 and 90301697.0, incorporated herein by reference, disclose a wick-like sample collector, comprised of bibulous material, which is contiguous with the internal chromato- graphy material. While there are numerous ligand-receptor assay devices and sample collection and application means which are currently in use within the relevant fields, the device disclosed herein serves to mitigate several of the difficulties which are frequently encountered in the utilization of these devices. For example, the requirement for large initial sample volumes, sometimes as much as several milliliters, often becomes problematic with many commercially available devices. This volume requirement is a function of the comparatively inefficient sample collection and/or application means which these devices possess. Moreover, the requirement for such large initial sample volumes can potentially lead to difficulties when only small sample volumes, or only a single test sample is available . In contrast, due to the utilization of a novel sample collector and applicator, the present invention requires comparatively small initial sample volumes for analysis of analyte concentration. The features of the present invention also negate the need for secondary, external sample collector/applicator, which many, if not all, of the currently utilized devices require. Furthermore, the present invention greatly reduces the probability of sample contamination or cross-contamination, which is frequently encountered with the use of such secondary means . An additional unique feature of the sample collector/ pplicator component of the present device is the ability to solubilize and collect a dried sample which putatively contains the analyte without the use of secondary instrumentalities or methodologies. Summary of the Invention The present invention is directed to ligand-receptor assays and devices which utilize chromatographic, capillarity-mediated transport for the qualitative or quantitative analysis of selected analytes in samples. The disclosed assay system is comprised of a chromato- graphy device which incorporates a sample collection and application component for the delivery of the solubilized sample directly into the chromatographic flow. The disclosed device fulfills numerous, unmet requirements within the relevant fields, and provides, but is not limited to, the following benefits: (1) all required components of the assay system are contained within a single unitized device which is capable of being disassembled into a sample collector/applicator and detection means; (2) the assay system allows the collection of the sample and its subsequent application to the chromatographic components in such a way as to minimize any potential sample diminution due to incomplete sample delivery; (3) the assay system allows collection of a comparatively small sample volume; (4) the assay system negates the requirement of an additional external instrumentality which collects and applies the sample to the assay device; (5) the assay system minimizes the potential for sample contamination and/or cross-contamination caused by the use of non-integrated, external sample collection and/or application devices; and (6) one embodiment of the present assay system discloses the use of self-contained, breakable, reagent containers for the delivery of various solutions utilized in the analysis of the sample. Currently, a major problem associated with ligand- receptor assays is the collection of the test sample and its subsequent application to the assay device. Many, if not all, of the commercially-available devices require comparatively large sample volumes to be collected because the devices are inefficient in delivering the applied sample to the chromatographic means. The present device, however, greatly mitigates these difficulties via a novel sample applicator which utilizes an absorbent wick-like component and air gap to facilitate sample delivery to the associated chromatographic components contained within the device. Therefore, the sample putatively containing the ligand can be transferred to the chromatographic means by having the reagent (s) flow through the sample collector/applicator, concomitantly washing the sample onto the chromatographic means. Description of the Drawings The present invention may be better-understood and its advantages appreciated by those individuals skilled in the relevant art by referring to the accompanying drawings wherein: Figure 1 shows a side view of the device detailing: the sample applicator, the chromatography components, and the housing for said device. Figure 2 shows a top view of the device detailing: the sample applicator, the chromatography components, and the housing for said device. Figure 3 shows an orthographic view detailing the sample applicator, the chromatography components, and an "exploded" illustration of the housing for said device. Figure 4 shows an orthographic view detailing the reagent containers . There may be one or more of these containers associated with the device, depending upon the exact nature of the assay which is being performed. Figure 5 shows an orthographic view with the additional detection port. Detailed Description of the Invention The present invention provides a ligand-receptor assay and a device which utilizes capillarity-mediated, chromatographic transport, for the qualitative or quantitative analysis of selected analytes in samples. The device comprises a housing which includes means for the collection and application of a sample putatively containing the analyte of interest into the assay device and means for the detection, such as by direct visualization, of the results of the ligand-receptor assay. The device may also further comprise a housing with means enclosed in said housing for the conjugation of a label to a specific ligand to be detected within the sample (label transfer pad) , a means for the sequestering said specific ligand within a defined spatial location (capture zone), and means for allowing liquids and any non-sequestered, solubilized materials contained therein, to undergo capillarity-mediated transport away from said capture location for subsequent absorption within a discrete area (blotter pad) . The present invention has broad application, and may be employed m any number of assays wherein bibulous material is utilized to mediate the flow away from an initial spatial location where said bibulous material is contacted with a medium putatively containing either the analyte to be determined, or reagents used for the analysis of said analyte. Prior to proceeding with the detailed description of the specific embodiments of the present invention, a number of terms will be defined. Definitions Ligand: the substance or composition to be measured m the assay. Ligand analog: a specific derivative of the target ligand which may be optionally attached, either covalently or non-covalently, to other chemical species (e.g., a label) . The ligand analog may be used, for example, to compete with the analogous target ligand for binding to the specific receptor (i.e., competition assay). Where the modification of the ligand provides means to join the ligand analog to another molecule, or where the ligand has a functionality which is used for bonding directly to another molecule, the ligand portion of the conjugate will be referred to as a ligand analog. Receptor: a molecule, such as an antibody or antibody fragment, which possesses the ability to interact with another molecule in a highly specific polar and spatial manner . Antibody: an immunoglobulin, or a derivative or fragment thereof, which is capable of specifically binding to an antigen in a receptor-ligand based reaction. The antibody may be either polyclonal or monoclonal, or may consist of an antibody fragment. The preparation of anti- bodies is well known in the art. For example, antibodies may be generated by the immunization of a host followed by the collection of sera (polyclonal), or by hybridoma cell line-based technology (monoclonal). Label : any molecule which is bound (via covalent or non-covalent means) to another molecule or solid support and which is chosen for specific characteristics which allow detection of the labeled molecule. Generally, labels are comprised of, but are not limited to, the following types: particulate metal and metal-derivatives, radioisotopes, catalytic-based reactants, chromogenic substrates and chromophores, fluorescent and chemilumin- escent molecules, and phosphors. The utilization of a label produces a signal which may be detected by means such as detection of electromagnetic radiation or direct visualization, and which can optionally be measured. Bibulous material: a porous material which is susceptible to traversal by a liquid medium in response to capillary force. Such materials can be hydrophilic, or are capable of being rendered hydrophilic, and include natural polymeric substances (e.g., cellulosic materials), fiber- containing papers (e.g., filter and chromatographic papers), and synthetic or modified naturally-occurring polymers (e.g., nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, polyacrylamide, cross-linked dextrose, or agarose) , which are either utilized by themselves or in combination with other materials. The bibulous material may be polyfunc- tional, or be capable for being made polyfunctional, for example to permit covalent bonding of receptors, antibodies, or other compounds which function as components of the specific assay methodology. Capillary Communicating Contact: When two elements of the device are in capillary communicating contact, the elements of the device are capable of transferring fluid from one element to the other, when fluid is present, by capillary action. The Device The present invention provides a methodology and device for ligand-receptor assays, utilizing capillarity- mediated, chromatographic transport for the qualitative or quantitative analysis of a selected ligand (s) putatively contained within a test sample. Figures 1-4 depict a device for the detection of a specific analyte in a sample comprising two distinct components: the Sampler (1) and the Detection (2) members. The Sampler member (1) is comprised of an absorbent wick or tubing (6) which exhibits capillarity, and a reagent delivery system (22) . The wick or tubing (6) and is enclosed in a housing (4) fabricated from a rigid or semirigid, non-water-permeable material. When a wick is used for element 6, it is comprised of a bibulous material. When tubing is used for element 6, it may be capillary tubing of glass, plastic, or other appropriate material. The reagent delivery system (22) can be contained within the housing (4), partially within and partially outside the housing (4), or fully outside the housing (4). Optionally, an absorbent reagent pad (3) is enclosed within the housing (4) as a part of the reagent delivery system (22). An opening, the reagent application port (5), can be optionally provided in the housing (4) of the Sampler member to facilitate the addition of various solutions through the reagent delivery system (22), optionally through the absorbent reagent pad (3). The wick or tubing (6) is m capillary communicating contact with the reagent delivery system (22) via the absorbent reagent pad (3) when it is present, or via any other source of reagent. A line of demarcation (7) can be utilized on the absorbent wick or tubing (6) to facilitate the collection of a pre-determmed volume of a liquid sample via capillary action. The Detection member (2) is comprised of a housing, fabricated from a rigid or semi-rigid, non-liquid- permeable material, optionally providing an upper (8) and lower (9) section. The housing can serve to both contain and position various components of the assay device. Contained within the housing is the chromatography region (24), utilizing a chromatography medium (10) which is comprised of at least a transit zone (20) and a capture zone (13) . The transit zone (20) can optionally include a proximally-located label transfer pad (11) . When utilized, the label transfer pad (11) contains a labeled specific ligand-bmdmg reagent (L-SLBR) or the components and means for assembling an L-SLBR. If components ana means for assembling the L-SLBR are used, the components must be capable of assembling and interacting in the form of an L-SLBR with the analyte. The L-SLBR, or its components, is retained within the label transfer pad (11) while the absorbent material comprising the pad is in the dry state. When components and means for assembling an L- SLBR are utilized, L-SLBR is assembled prior to or when analyte is moves through the transfer pad (11) during the course of the assay. The L-SLBR (either initially present or subsequently assembled) becomes freely mobile through both the label transfer pad (11) (when used) and the porous chromatography medium (10) when contacted by the assay liquid. Alternatively or additionally, label and/or components and means for assembling the L-SLBR can be added through a detection port (19) in the Detection member (2) optionally located at the proximal end of the transit zone (20) . The L-SLBR thus added or assembled enters the transit zone and becomes freely mobile through both the label transfer pad (11) (when used) and the porous chromatography medium (10) when contacted by a solution. The detection port (19) can also be used for the addition of buffer (s), reagent (s) and/or other reaction components to be used in the assay. For example, a reagent useful in visualizing the L-SLBR can be added through the detection port (19); likewise, a buffer for solubilizing L-SLBR entrapped in the label transfer pad (11) can be added through the detection port (19) . The chromatography medium (10) can optionally be in capillary communicating contact with a distally-located blotter pad (12) . The chromatography medium (10) comprises a spatially-distinct location defined as the capture zone (13), said zone being located downstream from the transit zone (20) and the optional label transfer pad (11) and/or the optional detection port (19) and upstream from the blotter pad (12). A non-reagent-soluble, non-labeled specific ligand-binding reagent (SLBR) is immobilized on the label transfer pad (11) when it is used. The L-SLBR and the SLBR can have the same or different reactive sites, depending on the type of assay to be performed. In one possible embodiment, the assay of the sample putatively containing the ligand of interest is initiated by a separation of the Sampler (1) and Detection (2) members from one another. The distal end portion (16) of the absorbent wick or tubing (6) is next brought into contact with the chosen liquid sample (e.g., a blood droplet) . The sample is drawn into the absorbent wick or tubing (6), via capillary action, until such time as the desired amount of sample has been collected (for example, until the level of the collected liquid sample has reached the line of demarcation (7)) . The assay device is then reassembled by the insertion of the Sampler member (1) into the Detection member (2), such that the absorbent wick or tubing (6) is placed in capillary communicating contact with the chromatography medium (10) present at the proximal end of the label transfer pad (11). A solution (e.g., buffer) is then added to the reagent application port (5) such that the absorbent reagent pad (3) becomes saturated. The solution is drawn into the absorbent wick or tubing (6) by its inherent capillarity, causing the movement of the test sample through the absorbent wick or tubing (6) and into the label transfer pad (11) . An air gap (14) is utilized to separate the absorbent reagent pad (3) from the label transfer pad (11), with the air gap (14) being "bridged" by the absorbent wick or tubing (6) upon reassembly of the assay device. The utilization of the air gap (14) maximizes the transfer of the liquid sample contained within the absorbent wick or tubing (6) to the label transfer pad (11) by forcing capillarity-mediated transfer of the liquid from the absorbent reagent pad (3) through the absorbent wick or tubing (6), concomitantly facilitating sample transfer. In this embodiment, the movement of the test sample and liquid reagent into the label transfer pad (11) causes the L-SLBR to be solubilized, thus facilitating the formation of a complex between this labeled moiety and any specific ligand putatively contained within the test sample. The ligand/L-SLBR complex subsequently interacts with, and is sequestered by, the immobilized, non-labeled SLBR located within the capture zone (13). Depending upon the type of label chosen, detection of this sequestered complex may be accomplished by direct visuali- zation via the transparent viewing port (15) located within the upper section (8) of the Detection member (2) over capture zone (13) to allow visualization of the capture zone (13) . Any dissolved, non-complexed and non-sequestered materials found within the capture zone can be minimized by a continuous, capillary-based flow of the solution (e.g., buffer) applied to the absorbent reagent pad (3) which washes these non-sequestered components past the capture zone (13). Generally, this flow will continue until either the absorbent reagent pad is depleted or the blotter pad (12) becomes saturated. In another embodiment, illustrated in Figure 4, the device incorporates one or more self-contained, breakable reagent containers (17). The reagent container (17) encloses a solution which, when released, flows into and/or through the absorbent reagent pad (3) . This solution may optionally contain a variety of substances including, but not limited to, a ligand, ligand analog, specific ligand-binding reagent, signal-generating reagent (e.g., a substrate for an enzyme catalyzed label), or any other ancillary reagent. The container may be integral with the housing of the device, separate therefrom, or both where more than a single self-contained reagent container is employed. The device may optionally comprise a reagent applica- tion port (5), so that at least one of the breakable containers may be positioned so as to allow fluid flow through the reagent application port (5) upon rupture of the container(s) (17). Upon rupture of the container(s) (17), the enclosed solution is rendered capable of under- going capillarity-mediated transport through the optional absorbent reagent pad (3) and the absorbent wick or tubing (6) . The reagent containers (17) themselves are preferably water-impermeable before breakage, and may be rigid, semi- rigid, or flexible. The solution contained therein is capable of being delivered to the assay device by crushing, cutting, puncturing, melting, or otherwise rupturing the container (17) or a seal between the container and the assay device. Materials utilized in the fabrication of the reagent containers may include, but are not limited to, glass, polymers, fiber-reinforced papers, plastics, waxes, and other materials which meet the previously discussed structural criteria. The container shape may be any shape which is spatially and sterically compatible with the present device (e.g., spherical, rectangular, ellipsoidal, and so-forth) . The total volume of the reagent container (17) will be dependent upon the specific liquid reagent contained therein, the function of the given reagent in the assay, the overall size of the assay device, the total absorptive capacity of the bibulous materials utilized in the assay device, the total number of reagent containers employed, and similar limitations. The housing comprising either or both the Sampler (1) and Detection (2) components of the assay device may be fabricated from various moisture-impermeable materials including, but not limited to, thermo- and vacuum-formed plastics, fiber-reinforced paper products, polymers and other appropriate materials. The material utilized to fabricate the housing preferably does not interfere with the sample, the sample medium, or any reagents used in the assay procedure. While a transparent material can be used in the fabrication of the viewing port (15), alternative embodiments include no covering on the viewing port (15), or a large portion of the upper section (8) of the Detection component (2) being fabricated from transparent material . Following the insertion of the various chromatographic materials during the construction of the device, the upper (8) and lower (9) sections of the Detection component (2) may be securely fastened together by ultrasonic welding, adhesives, and other relevant methodologies. Alternately, the Sampler (1) and/or the Detection (2) components may each be fabricated in a single, unitized piece which is subsequently used to enclose the various internal components. Both the absorbent reagent pad (3) and blotter pad (12) may be constructed from any bibulous, porous, or fibrous material which is capable of absorbing a liquid. Examples include porous plastic polymer materials including, but not limited to, polypropylene, high molecular weight polyethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, acrylo- nitrile, and polyterafluoroethylene; cellulosic materials (e.g., nitrocellulose); or heavy-weight, high-absorbency chromatographic paper. The use of a chromatographic paper in the fabrication of the blotter pad (12) is generally preferable, due to its high degree of absorbency and low cost. Additionally, with respect to the absorbent reagent pad (3), it is preferred that the chosen material retain some degree of structural integrity when saturated. Regardless of the material chosen, it may be advantageous to pre-treat the member with a surface-active agent during fabrication so as to reduce any inherent hydrophobicity and concomitantly increase its ability to absorb and deliver liquid samples in an efficacious manner. It should also be noted that the proximal end (16) of the absorbent wick or tubing (6) member may be saturated with an inert dye (e.g., Blue Dextran) to facilitate the visualization of the chromatographic flow of colorless solutions . Chromatographic media (10) which may be utilized with the present device include those chromatographic substrate materials possessing capillarity and the capacity for chromatographic solvent transport of non-immobilized, liquid-soluble reagents and sample components. While a wide variety of chromatographic materials used for paper chromatography are suitable for use with this invention, the use of microporous or microgranular thin-layer chromatographic substrates is generally preferred due to the marked increase in speed and resolution which these materials provide. The chromatographic material is preferably inert, as well as physically and chemically non-reactive with any of the sample components, reagents, or reaction products. Preferably, microporous nitrocellulose material may be utilized with a high degree of efficacy in the disclosed device. Nitrocellulose has the added advantage that the specific ligand-binding reagent (e.g., antibody) present in the capture zone may be immobilized without prior chemical treatment. In contrast, if the chromatography material is comprised of a chromatographic paper, for example, the immobilization of the specific ligand-binding reagent can be performed via chemical coupling methodologies. Commonly used reagents include, but are not limited to, cyanogen bromide (CnBr) , carbonyldiimididazole, or tresyl chloride. Additionally, reagents capable of blocking nonspecific binding sites on the chromatographic medium which might hinder chromatographic solvent transport of the liquid sample or reagents may also be employed in the fabrication of the present device. Commonly used reagents include, but are not limited to, bovine serum albumin (BSA) , gelatin, and casein, which are preferably selected for their ability to not interfere with, or cross-react with, the sample components, reagents, or reaction products. SLBR which may be utilized with the present invention are readily identifiable to one of skill in the relevant art and include those materials which are members of a "specific binding pair" (i.e., a ligand and a receptor). The ligand and receptor are related in that the receptor specifically binds to the ligand and possesses the capacity to differentiate the ligand from other materials having similar characteristics. The methodologies and devices disclosed by the present invention are particu- larly useful in the practice of immunological assay techniques wherein the specific ligand-binding reagents consist of antibodies, antibody fragments, or synthetic antibodies or antigens. The present device preferably employs a specific binding pair consisting of the desired analyte and an antibody which is specific for (i.e., has an affinity for binding to) said analyte. The "label" utilized on the L-SLBR disclosed in the present invention may be selected from, but is not limited to, the following categories: chromogens/fluorescers, particulate metals or their derivatives, components of catalyzed reactions, chemiluminescent compounds, and radioactive isotopic labels. Chromogens include those compounds which absorb light in a distinctive range such that a specific color may be visibly-observed (i.e., dyes), or emit light when irradiated with electromagnetic radiation of a specific wave- length or wavelength range (i.e., fluorescent compounds) . Illustrative dye types include, but are not limited to, quinoline, acridine, alizarin, cyanine and anthraquinoid dyes. Fluorescent compound functional groups include, but are not limited to, porphyrins, 2-aminoaphthalene, p,p'- diaminobenzophenone imines, 1, 2-benzophenazin, and quaternary phenanthridine salts. By irradiating a fluorescer with light of a specific wavelength, one may obtain a plurality of emissions, thus providing multiple measurable events . Particulate metal sol-based label can be obtained by the direct or indirect coupling of the desired reaction component (e.g., antibody) with particles of an aqueous dispersion of a metal, metal compound, or polymer nuclei coated with a metal or metal compound, having a particle size of at-least 5 n . The term "coupling" is understood within the relevant art to encompass any type of chemical or physical binding, and includes covalent and hydrogen bonding, polar attraction, absorption, and absorption. Metals utilized in this labeling methodology may include, but are not limited to gold, platinum, silver, copper, and iron. A metal sol is generally defined as a suspension of metal or metal-derivative particles which, due to their extremely small diameter, remain in a suspension solely due to the effects of Brownian motion. The particulate metal sols to be used as labels may be prepared in a number of ways which are in themselves known. For example, the preparation of a gold sol has been described (G. Frens, 241 Na tural Physical Science 20 (1973)), which is incorporated herein by reference. Catalyzed reactions may be either enzyme or non- enzyme catalyzed. Considerations which must be taken into account when using a enzyme catalysis-based label include, but are not limited to, enzyme stability, turnover rate, sensitivity of the reaction to environmental factors, the nature of the substrate and products, and the effect of conjugation on the enzyme's catalytic properties. The methodologies involved in enzymatic labeling are well known within the relevant art. An alternative form of labeling is the use of chemiluminescent compounds. The chemiluminescent source comprises a compound which becomes electronically-excited following a chemical reaction and subsequently may either emit light in the visible range or donate energy to a secondary fluorescent acceptor compound. These include, but are not limited to, the 2, 3-dihydro-l, 4-phthai- azinedione family (luminol), the 2 , 4 , 5-triphenylimidazole family (lophine) , and the para-dimethylamino oxalate-ester family (luciferase) . Radioisotopic labels are widely utilized in i munometric assays. The radiolabel may be selected from, but is not limited to, the following radioactive isotopes: 3 H, 14 C, 32 P, 125 I and 131 I. Methods of labeling substances with radioactive labels are well known within the relevant art . In the present invention, the utilization of metal sol-based labels is preferred. For example, a gold sol label conjugated to the specific ligand-binding reagent (e.g., antibody) may be utilized. This label allows the end-point of the reaction to be visualized without the need for any additional instrumentality. The present invention clearly fulfills several unfulfilled needs within the field of ligand-receptor assays. The novel construction of the unitized Sampler member facilitates both the initial collection, and subsequent assay of the sample putatively containing the ligand. The utilization of a novel absorbent wick/air gap feature in the Sampler component not only minimizes the potential for the contamination and cross-contamination of the sample by not requiring a secondary external means for sample collection (e.g., via syringe, pipette, capillary tube, etc.), but also maximizes the transfer of the sample to the assay device, thus minimizing the required sample volume. The following specific embodiments, by-way of example, are descriptions of the utilization of the disclosed invention for the purpose of immunometric determination of a specific analyte present in a sample. These examples are not meant to limit the scope of the present invention in any manner, but instead, merely serve to illustrate some of many possible embodiments. Example 1 With reference to Figures 1-3, the assay is begun by a separation of the Sampler (1) and Detection (2) components from one another. The distal end (16) of the absorbent wick (6) is next brought into contact with the sample, a blood droplet. The sample is then drawn into the absorbent wick (6) via capillarity-mediated transfer until such time as the fluid level has reached the line of demarcation (7), thus providing a means for the collection of a pre-determined sample volume. The assay device is then reassembled by the insertion of the Sampler component (1) into the Detection component (2), such that the absorbent wick (6) is placed in capillary communicating contact with the label transfer pad (11) . A solution is then added to the reagent application port (5) such that the absorbent reagent pad (3) is saturated. The solution is subsequently drawn into the absorbent wick (6) by its inherent capillarity, thus causing the movement of the sample through the absorbent wick (6) and into the label transfer pad (11). The label transfer pad (11) contains a particulate metal label which is conjugated to an antibody, with the antibody being specific for the ligand putatively contained within the test sample. The particu- late metal label/antibody conjugate ("labeled antibody") is found in a dried, non-immobilized form within the label transfer pad (11). An air gap (14) is utilized to separate the absorbent reagent pad (3) from the label transfer pad (11), and is bridged by the absorbent wick (6) upon reassembly of the assay device. The concomitant movement of the test sample and solution into the label transfer pad (11) causes the labeled antibody to be solubilized, facilitating the formation of a complex between the labeled antibody and any specific ligand putatively contained within the test sample. The ligand/labeled antibody complex subsequently interacts with, and is sequestered by, the immobilized, non-labeled antibody located within the capture zone (13) . Detection of this sequestered complex is visualized via a transparent view- ing port (15) located within the upper section (8) of the Detection component (2) and over the capture zone (13) . Any liquid soluble, non-complexed materials found within the capture zone (13) are minimized by a continuous, capillary-based flow of the solution initially applied to the absorbent reagent pad (3) . This flow continues until either the absorbent reagent pad (3) is depleted of solution or the blotter pad (12) becomes saturated. Example 2 With reference to Figures 1-3, the device is utilized as in Example 1 with the exception that the labeled antibody has been localized to the distal end-portion (16) of the absorbent wick (6) rather than to the label transfer pad (11). This specific embodiment allows for the pre-incubation of the sample with the labeled antibody prior to both the reassembly of the Sample (1) and Detection (2) components and the subsequent addition of a solution (e.g., buffer) to the reagent application port (5) . This specific embodiment ensures that the labeled antibody reaches the test sample, by the process of diffusion, in gradually decreasing concentrations, due to the solubilizing of the labeled antibody following the addition of a solution (e.g., buffer) to the reagent application port (5) . The timing between the initial collection of the test sample and the subsequent reassembly/solution addition may be varied to allow for the adjustment of assay sensitivity. Example 3 With reference to Figures 1-3, the device is utilized as in Example 1 with the exception that the labeled anti- body has been localized to the proximal end-portion (18) of the absorbent wick (6) rather than to the label transfer pad (11) . This specific embodiment ensures that the labeled antibody reaches the test sample, by the process of diffusion, in gradually increasing concentrations, as opposed to the previous example (Example 2) where the labeled antibody reaches the test sample in gradually decreasing concentrations, due to the solubilizing of the labeled antibody following the addition of a solution (e.g., buffer) to the reagent application port (5). Requirements for differing reaction kinetics may favor one embodiment over the other. Example 4 With reference to Figures 1-3, the device is utilized as in Example 1 with the additional step of localizing a chromogenic compound (e.g., liquid-soluble dye) to the distal end-portion (16) of the absorbent wick (6). This specific embodiment allows for the direct visualization of capillarity-mediated transfer of the test sample through the chromatography medium (10), thus facilitating monitoring of difficult-to-detect samples (e.g., colorless aqueous samples or various physiological fluids). Example 5 With reference to Figures 1-3, the device is utilized as in Example 1 with the exception that following the initial disassembly of the assay device by the removal of the Sampler component (1) from the Detection component (2), and prior to the actual collection of the test sample, a solution (e.g., buffer) is added to the reagent application port (5) . This causes the saturation of the absorbent wick (6) member and allows for the solubilizing and capillarity-mediated transfer of a dried or semi-dried sample onto the distal end-portion (16) of the absorbent wick ( 6) . Example 6 With reference to Figures 1-3, the device is utilized as in Example 1 with the exception that after the actual collection of the test sample, a solution with an added reagent such as ligand or ligand analog is added to the reagent application port (5) . This causes the saturation of the absorbent wick (6) member and allows for the solubilizing and capillarity-mediated transfer of a dried or semi-dried sample onto the distal end-portion (16) of the absorbent wick (6) . Example 7 With reference to Figures 1-4, the device is utilized in a manner so as to provide a competitive immunoassay. The competitive assay may be homogeneous or heterogeneous in nature. In a homogeneous assay, all of the reactants participating in the competition reaction are mixed together and the concentration of the ligand is determined by its effect on the extent of binding between the receptor and labeled ligand analog. The signal which is observed is a direct function of this binding and can be related to the overall concentration of ligand present in the test sample. In a heterogeneous competitive ligand-receptor assay the bound labeled ligand or receptor is separate from the free labeled ligand or receptor. The concentration of the bound or free fraction is subsequently measured. In this example, the ligand analog may be added to the device by direct application to the reagent application port (5) using an external delivery device, or, alternately, it may be contained within the reagent containers (17) which, when ruptured, deliver the ligand analog to the device. The ligand analog may be delivered to the device either before or after the actual collection of the test sample. Alternatively, it may be contained in the wick or tubing (6) . While embodiments and applications of the present invention have been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity and understanding, it would be apparent to those individuals skilled within the relevant art that many additional modifications would be possible without departing from the inventive concepts contained herein.

Claims: Claims 1. A ligand-receptor assay device comprising: (a) a housing, wherein the housing is capable of being separated into at least two parts and further capable of being assembled into one part; (b) a sample collector within the housing for collecting and delivering sample; (c) a chromatography region comprising chromatography medium with a transit zone and a capture zone wherein the sample collector is connected by the transit zone to the capture zone; and (d) a reagent delivery system for delivering a liquid reagent upstream of the sample collector, positioned so that the liquid reagent flows through the sample collector and into the chromatography region. 2. The device of claim 1 wherein the sample collector comprises an absorbent wick or tubing. 3. The device of claim 2 wherein the absorbent wick or tubing is comprised of bibulous material. 4. The device of claim 3 wherein the bibulous material is selected from the group consisting of natural polymeric substances, fiber-containing papers, and synthetic or modified naturally-occurring polymers. 5. The device of claim 3 wherein the bibulous material is selected from the group consisting of filter paper, chromatographic paper, nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, polyacrylamide, cross-linked dextrose, and agarose . 6. The device of claim 2 wherein the absorbent wick or tubing comprises at least one volume indicator near the distal end to indicate sample volume. 7. The device of claim 1 wherein the sample collector is positioned to conduct the liquid reagent from the reagent delivery system to the transit zone. 8. The device of claim 7 wherein the sample collector is placed so as to cause the liquid reagent to flow through the sample collector into the transit zone. 9. The device of claim 1 wherein the at least two parts of the housing comprise a sampler member and a detection member. 10. The device of claim 9 wherein the sample collector is located in the sampler member and the transit zone is located in the detection member. 11. The device of claim 10 wherein the distal end of the sample collector is in capillary communicating contact with the transit zone when the housing is assembled. 12. The device of claim 1 wherein the transit zone is comprised of bibulous material. 13. The device of claim 1 wherein the transit zone comprises a label transfer pad. 14. The device of claim 13 wherein the label transfer pad is located at the proximal end of the transit zone . 15. The device of claim 13 wherein the label transfer pad contains labeled moieties selected from (a) a labeled specific ligand-binding reagent, and (b) components and means for producing within the label transfer pad a labeled specific ligand-binding reagent. 16. The device of claim 15 wherein the means for producing a labeled specific ligand-binding reagent include a detection port adjacent to the label transfer pad positioned to allow the addition of elements required to assemble the labeled specific ligand-binding reagent. 17. The device of claim 15 wherein the sample collector is positioned to allow capillary communicating contact with the label transfer pad when the housing is assembled. 18. The device of claim 17 wherein the labeled moieties are distributed on the label transfer pad so that the labeled specific ligand-binding reagent becomes mobile upon fluid contact between the sample collector and the label transfer pad. 19. The device of claim 15 wherein the labeled moieties are labeled with one or more labels selected from the group consisting of a radioisotope, a particulate metal, a dye, one or more components of a catalyzed reaction, and a chemiluminescent compound. 20. The device of claim 1 wherein the sample collector comprises labeled moieties selected from (a) a labeled specific ligand-binding reagent, and (b) components and means for producing within the sample collector a labeled specific ligand-binding reagent. 21. The device of claim 20 wherein the labeled moieties are present at or near the proximal end of the sample collector. 22. The device of claim 20 wherein the labeled moieties are present at or near the distal end of the sample collector. 23. The device of claim 20 wherein the labeled moieties are labeled with one or more labels selected from the group consisting of a radioisotope, a particulate metal, a dye, one or more components of a catalyzed reaction, and a chemiluminescent compound. 24. The device of claim 1 wherein the reagent delivery system is comprised of a reagent application port . 25. The device of claim 24 wherein the reagent application port is positioned to allow introduction of liquid reagent at the distal end of the applicator. 26. The device of claim 25 wherein the liquid reagent contains a substance selected from the group consisting of a ligand, ligand analog, specific ligand- binding reagent, signal-generating reagent and an ancillary reagent. 27. The device of claim 1 wherein the reagent delivery system is comprised of at least one breakable reagent container. 28. The device of claim 27 wherein at least one breakable reagent container is positioned to allow introduction of liquid reagent at or near the distal end of the applicator. 29. The device of claim 28 wherein the liquid reagent contains a substance selected from the group consisting of a ligand, ligand analog, specific ligand- binding reagent, signal-generating reagent and an ancillary reagent. 30. The device of claim 1 further comprising an absorbent reagent pad positioned within the reagent delivery system. 31. The device of claim 30 wherein the absorbent reagent pad is in capillary communicating contact with the sample collector. 32. The device of claim 24 further comprising an absorbent reagent pad positioned within the reagent delivery system. 33. The device of claim 32 wherein the absorbent reagent pad is in capillary communicating contact with the sample collector. 34. The device of claim 27 further comprising an absorbent reagent pad positioned within the reagent delivery system. 35. The device of claim 34 wherein the absorbent reagent pad is positioned between at least one breakable reagent container and the sample collector. 36. The device of claim 34 wherein the absorbent reagent pad is in capillary communicating contact with the sample collector. 37. The device of claim 1 further comprising a detection port positioned adjacent to the proximal end of the chromatography region and shaped to allow addition of reagent to the chromatography region. 38. The device of claim 37 wherein the detection port is positioned adjacent to the transit zone. 39. The device of claim 1 further comprising an air gap between the reagent delivery system and the chromatography region, the air gap positioned so that the sample collector bridges the air gap and creates capillary communicating contact between the reagent delivery system and the chromatography region. 40. The device of claim 13 further comprising an absorbent reagent pad positioned within the reagent delivery system. 41. The device of claim 40 further comprising an air gap between the absorbent reagent pad and the label transfer pad, the air gap being bridged by the sample collector as the sole means of capillary conductivity between the absorbent reagent pad and the label transfer pad. 42. A device for performing a ligand-receptor assay comprising a sampler member and a detection member which can be separated into separate parts and rejoined into one part, wherein (a) the sampler member comprises a sample collector downstream from a reagent delivery system positioned so that reagent can be delivered by capillary action through the reagent delivery system and subsequently through the sample collector after a sample has been collected; and (b) the sample collector is capable of forming capillary communicating contact with the detection member to allow capillary flow of the sample and reagent into the detection member. 43. A ligand-receptor assay device comprising (a) a housing; (b) a reagent delivery system comprising a means for delivering reagent through the housing into a bibulous material; (c) a sample collector with a means for collecting a small volume sample at its distal end and a means at its proximal end for creating capillary communicating contact with the reagent delivery system; and (d) a detection member in capillary communicating contact with the sample collector. 44. A sampler for the collection and delivery of sample to a ligand-receptor assay device comprising (a) a housing; (b) a wick or tubing within the housing; (c) an opening and sample collecting region at the distal end of the wick or tubing for collecting the sample; and (d) a means for delivery of reagent at the proximal end of the wick or tubing so that the reagent flows through the wick or tubing through the sample collecting region. 45. The sampler of claim 44 wherein the wick or tubing is formed of material able to collect a desired amount of sample without allowing the sample to flow through the wick or tubing to the proximal end of the wick or tubing. 46. The sampler of claim 44 wherein the wick or tubing is formed of material able to conduct the reagent from the proximal end of the wick or tubing through the sample collecting region. 47. The sampler of claim 44 wherein the means for delivery of reagent is a port through which reagent can be supplied to the wick or tubing. 48. The sampler of claim 47 wherein the port is adjacent to the proximal end of the wick or tubing. 49. The sampler of claim 44 wherein the means for delivery of reagent is at least one breakable reagent container . 50. The sampler of claim 49 wherein at least one breakable reagent container is adjacent to the proximal end of the wick or tubing. 51. The sampler of claim 44 wherein the wick or tubing is comprised of bibulous material. 52. The sampler of claim 51 wherein the bibulous material is selected from the group consisting of natural polymeric substances, fiber-containing papers, and synthetic or modified naturally-occurring polymers. 53. The sampler of claim 51 wherein the bibulous material is selected from the group consisting of filter paper, chromatographic paper, nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, polyacrylamide, cross-linked dextrose, and agarose . 54. The sampler of claim 44 further comprising at least one volume indicator near the distal end of the sample collecting region to indicate sample volume. 55. The sampler of claim 44 further comprising an absorbent reagent pad at the proximal end of the sample collecting region, in capillary communicating contact with both the means for delivery of reagent and the sample collecting region. 56. The sampler of claim 44 further comprising labeled moieties selected from (a) a labeled specific ligand-binding reagent, and (b) components and means for producing within the label transfer pad a labeled specific ligand-binding reagent. 57. The sampler of claim 56 wherein the labeled moieties are present at or near the proximal end of the sampler . 58. The device of claim 44 wherein the labeled moieties are present at or near the distal end of the samp1er . 59. The sampler of claim 44 wherein the labeled moieties are labeled with one or more labels selected from the group consisting of a radioisotope, a particulate metal, a dye, one or more components of a catalyzed reaction, and a chemiluminescent compound. 60. A method for conducting a ligand-receptor assay comprising the steps of (a) collecting a sample at the distal end of a sample collector comprised of an absorbent wick or tubing; (b) placing the distal end of the sample collector in fluid contact with chromatography medium; (c) allowing reagent to flow through the sample collector from the proximal end to wash the sample into the chromatography medium; and (d) allowing the sample to interact with a specific ligand-binding reagent in the chromatography medium. 61. The method of claim 60 wherein the volume of the sample is measured when it is collected in the sample collector. 62. The method of claim 60 wherein the specific ligand-binding reagent is bound to the chromatography medium in a capture zone. 63. The method of claim 60 wherein the specific ligand-binding reagent is unlabeled. 64. The method of claim 63 further including the step of allowing the sample to interact with a labeled specific ligand-binding reagent before reacting with the unlabeled specific ligand-binding reagent. 65. The method of claim 64 wherein the unlabeled specific ligand-binding reagent is bound to the chromatography medium in a capture zone. 66. The method of claim 64 wherein the labeled specific ligand-binding reagent is non-mobile in a label transfer pad until the label transfer pad is wetted with the sample and/or the reagent. 67. The method of claim 60 wherein the reagent flows to the chromatography medium only through the sample collector . 68. The method of claim 60 wherein the reagent causes the sample to pass by capillary action from the sample collector into the chromatography medium.

Inventors: CARPENTER CHARLES R, CARPENTER, CHARLES, R.
Applicants: IDEXX LAB INC, IDEXX LABORATORIES, INC.
Application year: 1997
Main classification: G01N33
IPC codes: G01N33