INTEGRAL COMPOSITE FLYWHEEL RIM AND HUB

Abstract: A fiber-reinforced composite hub (6) has a plurality of fiber-reinforced spokes (7) having first portions (9) which define a drive shaft bore (3) and second portions which mate to an innermost layer of a fiber-reinforced flywheel rim (10). Both the rim (10) and hub (6) are preferably produced as stabilized preforms which are integrally or separately formed, then assembled and placed into a mold for molding into a unitary structure.

Description: INTEGRAL COMPOSITE FLYWHEEL RIM AND HUB This invention relates to fiber-reinforced composite flywheels and more particularly to a spoked fiber-reinforced composite flywheel hub and/or an integral fiber- reinforced flywheel rim and hub. Fiber-reinforced composite flywheels have been proposed for use as energy storage systems for vehicles and as auxiliary power sources for utilities. However, a practical, reasonably priced fiber composite flywheel has been difficult to achieve. The amount of energy stored in a flywheel depends upon the mass of the rim and the angular velocity of the wheel. Energy storage varies as the square of the rotational velocity. The amount of energy that may be stored in a given flywheel is limited by its rotational speed, which is dependent upon the strength of the material from which the flywheel is constructed and the manner in which the various stresses that are created are distributed within the flywheel. Flywheels have traditionally been made of metal such as high strength steel. However, because of its high density, steel is not suitable for making a flywheel capable of storing large amounts of energy for a given flywheel weight. It has been found that producing a flywheel having a fiber-reinforced composite rim offers significant advantages such as having a much lower density than steel while being at least equally strong and, in some cases, far stronger than steel. Such fiber-reinforced composite flywheel rims have been manufactured, for example, by filament winding, and by the hand lay-up of multiple preimpregnated plies, as described in U.S. Patents 4,102,221 and 4,266,442. The fiber-reinforced composite rim is typically combined with a metal hub, due to the different forces acting on the hub, and the need to mate the rim through the hub to a metal drive shaft. A problem occurs when mounting the separate composite rim to a metal hub, as the difference in growth and fatigue properties between the composite rim and metal hub can cause the rim to expand away from the hub resulting in separation. Also, because of their different properties, it is common for the hub to fail before the rim. Thus, the metal hub often determines the operating life of the flywheel. The hub is an important component of the flywheel, as it must transmit forces from the drive shaft to the flywheel rim for energy storage, and conversely, transmit the rotational force from the flywheel back to the shaft to effectively utilize the rotational mechanical energy of the flywheel. Furthermore, as the most flexible of the rotating components, the hub dynamic response controls the vibration and life of the entire rotating structure. In U.S. Patent 4,341 ,001 , a unitary hub and shaft are disclosed comprised of two circular metallic sections having a saucer pan shape. Cylindrical metal bars are fixed to the inner surface of each section by welding. The saucer pan-shaped sections are brought together and permanently joined by welding with the shaped structures being collapsible in response to high speed to increase the growth of the hub to correspond to the growth of the rim. Each section has an axial shaft portion in co-axial alignment, separated by a gap to allow collapse of the saucer shaped portions at high speed. However, such a structure still requires utilization of separate metal formed components, attached to a composite rim, and still suffers from differential growth, different fatigue properties and potential joint failure. It is of course, more expensive to produce separate metal components which must be assembled together. In U.S. Patents 4,266,442 and 4,102,221 , a flywheel including a cross-ply composite disk shaped core and a relatively thick composite rim is disclosed. In this case, a central core or hub portion is produced of a cross-ply composite made of a plurality of fiber containing layers. The hub is separately produced from a fiber-reinforced flywheel rim composed of a multiplicity of circumferentially extending fibers. The hub and rim are placed together with an interference fit so as to prevent separation due to differential growth at high speed between the flywheel, hub and rim. As with the previous flywheels, the production of separate components, though both of composite materials, adds to the cost and complexity of producing a composite flywheel, and though held together with an interference fit, differential growth may still result in separation. An integral flywheel rim and hub is not produced. An object of the present invention is to provide a flywheel having an integral fiber-reinforced composite rim and hub which are produced together in a single molding step. Another object of the present invention is to provide a discrete fiber-reinforced composite hub which may be integrated with a flywheel rim. Yet another object is to provide a fiber-reinforced composite hub having spoke means for accommodating radial growth of the rim at high speed without separation. These and other objects of the present invention are achieved by a fiber- reinforced composite flywheel having a hub formed from a plurality of fiber-reinforced composite spokes extending from a fiber-reinforced tube which surrounds a central bore, with the ends of the spokes mated to an innermost layer of a fiber-reinforced composite rim. The flywheel is preferably produced as a unitary stabilized preform for molding. The invention further comprises a method for producing an integral flywheel hub and rim comprising: (a) a hub preform composed of a plurality of spokes formed of fiber- reinforced material, the fiber material containing a tackifier and having ends mated with at least a first inner circumferential layer of a composite flywheel rim; (b) forming the rim from a plurality of hoop and/or radial fibers held together by a tackifier, thereby providing an integrated hub and rim preform; (c) placing the hub and rim preform in a mold; and (d) injecting resin into the mold such that a flywheel having an integrally molded hub and rim is achieved. In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, the spokes have a sinusoidal shape with curved portions which may elongate at high speeds so as to accommodate radial growth of the rim. Alternatively, canted spokes can be used, which allow for radial rim growth by bending. An integrally molded flywheel eliminates the assembly of a plurality of components and forms an integral structure in one molding step with a higher degree of precision and at relatively low cost. Further, the possibility of separation at an interface between the rim and hub is substantially eliminated as there is no separate attachment by riveting, welding or adhesives. Figure 1 is a top view of a fiber-reinforced composite flywheel preform according to the present invention; Figure la is an enlarged illustrative view showing an integrated hub and rim. Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view of the preform of Figure 1 , taken along line 2-2, the preform located in a mold for resin injection. Figure 3 is a top view of a fiber-reinforced composite flywheel preform having an assembly of braided cells. Figure 4a is a perspective view of a braided cell for forming a spokes Figure 4b is a perspective view of a braided; cell for forming a tube; Figure 4c is a perspective of a hub subunit assembly of braided cells. Figure 5a is a top view of a fiber-reinforced composite flywheel having sinusoidal shaped spokes; Figure 5b is a top view of a fiber-reinforced composite flywheel having canted spokes. Referring to Figure 1 , an integrated composite flywheel preform 1 for forming an integral flywheel rim and hub is shown. A "preform" is an assembly of dry fibers or fiber plies which have been shaped and debulked to approximate the shape and size of the desired article. Such a preform typically includes a stabilizer or tackifier which allows the fibers to hold their form after shaping. The flywheel 1 has a central longitudinal axis 2 which extends through an area 3 within which a shaft 4 (Figure 2) for rotating the flywheel may be located. During preform assembly, the area 3 is filled with either the shaft 4 or a removable mandrel 4a, as shown in Figure 1. The area 3 is preferably surrounded by circumferential or hoop fibers 5 which form a tube 6 from which a plurality of spokes 7 extend, each spoke formed of a plurality of fibers 8 which may be in the form of filament winding, braided or woven fiber plies. The fibers 8 which define the spokes have first portions 9 which either themselves form or which mate with the tube 6. The number of spokes may vary depending on the particular design, and from 3 to 8 spokes most likely would be used, with the tube and spokes forming a hub of the flywheel. A flywheel rim 10 is composed of a plurality of hoop fibers 11 which are retained in position utilizing a stabilizer or tackifier. The rim may be composed, additionally, of radial fibers woven with the hoop fibers, and these are not shown here solely to ease illustration of the invention. To integrate the spokes and rim, each spoke has a second portion 12 mated to a first inner layer 13 of the rim. Figure 1a is an illustration showing in more detail a manner for forming the integrated flywheel. The mandrel 4a is surrounded by the first portions 9 of four fibers 8, which overlap to form the tube 6. Second portions 12 overlap to form or mate to the first inner layer of the rim (not shown). Referring again to Figure 1 , a plurality of mandrels 14 are located in the areas between the spokes 7 for maintaining the spoke fibers in the proper position prior to mating to the rim. Thus, the hub preform may be first produced and the rim formed by filament winding or polar weaving directly over the hub preform. Of course, the rim can be separately formed and then added to the hub preform. The mandrels may be removed after molding mechanically or by heat, such as by using eutectic metal mandrels, or by dissolving in water or other solvents. Such materials are known in the art for producing removable mandrels. The mating of the spokes into at least the first layer of the flywheel rim allows for the co-molding of the mated rim and hub structure, thus avoiding the production of separate components which must be attached together. Through this integration, a unitary high strength composite flywheel can be achieved. Referring to Figure 2, the preform is incorporated in a mold cavity formed between a pair of mold sections 15a and 15b. A hardenable plastic 16 is injected through ports 17 into the mold, the plastic infiltrating the fibers in the hub, spokes and rim so as to produce an integrated composite flywheel. As shown, the shaft 4 is molded integrally with the flywheel, though it is also possible to use a shaft shaped mandrel which can later be removed, with the opening adapted to later receive the flywheel drive shaft. Referring to Figure 3, an alternative embodiment of the present invention is shown. In this embodiment of the invention, a flywheel 18 has a tube 19, spokes 20 and a rim 21 which are similarly assembled as a preform as described previously. However, the spokes are prepared by filament winding or braiding fibers 22 over mandrels 23 for producing a plurality of preformed spoke cells 24, and a tube cell 25, which are assembled into a subunit 26, best seen in Figure 4a to 4c. The fiber rim 21 of Figure 3 is preferably wound, braided or woven over the subunit. The braiding of such cells is described in U.S. Patent 5,399,395. Referring to Figures 4a to 4c, each spoke cell 24 includes the mandrel 23 about which the fiber 22 is woven, wound or braided. Each spoke cell provides portions of two spokes 27a and 27b, a portion 28 mating to the tube cell 25, shown in Figure 4b, and a portion 29 mating to the rim 21. While these cells can be molded together to form a separate hub, it is preferred that these preformed components be assembled and placed in a mold with a rim preform, and resin injected so as to provide an integral composite flywheel. Referring to Figure 5a, another alternative of the present invention is shown. A flywheel 30 has four radially extending spokes 31 , which have a sinoidal or curved shape. This shape is useful because the spokes extend to accommodate an increase in radial rim diameter at high speed to minimize loads and distortion transmitted to the rim. In this embodiment, a keyway 32 is provided for later engagement to a drive shaft. Of course, the shaft can be mated to the flywheel hub using a shrink fit, adhesive bonding or through integral molding, and the choice of attachment is left to the designer. Another alternative, shown in Figure 5b, is a flywheel 33 which has canted spokes 34 that are offset so as to extend tangentially, rather than radially from the tube. These canted spokes bend at high speed to similarly extend to accommodate rim growth. The fiber-reinforced composite flywheel hub, spokes and rim may be produced of any of the available fiber materials such as graphite, carbon, polyaramid, glass, boron, ceramic fiber and combinations thereof. The hardenable plastics or resins usable with the present invention are any of the known thermoplastic or thermosetting plastics, and preferably are those which are commercially available, such as vinyl, epoxy, -polyester, polyamide, and bismalimides, though epoxy and bismalimide resins are preferred. The stabilizers or tackifiers used with the present invention are also those which are known for example as described in U.S. Patents 5,427,726, 5,427,725, 5,217,766, 5,080,851 , 5,071 ,71 1 or 4,992,228. These are principally thermosetting resin-based tackifiers. The terms "tackifier" or "stabilizer" are used herein interchangeably to describe a resin distributed among the fibers, which is capable of holding the fibers together, before molding, in a desired shape. Other suitable tackifiers include resins such as epoxy, polyamide. particularly bismaleimide, polycyanate ester resins, vinyl ester resins, or benzocyclobutene resins. Examples of suitable tackifiers composed of resin and hardener mixtures includes a mix of epoxy resin such as TACTIX™ 123 epoxy made by The Dow Chemical Company or PR 500 manufactured by 3M Co. Another suitable resin is 1 ,1 P-MDA Bismaleimide (BMI) resin, known as 5250-4 RIM BMI resin, manufactured by CYTEC Chemical Co. These are exemplary resins which are useful since many components are produced using either epoxy or BMI resin and these tackifiers are compatible in those systems. However, other resins can be identified by those skilled in the art for use with specific resin systems and the invention is not limited to those discussed herein. Utilizing the present invention, a fiber-reinforced composite flywheel hub can be produced as a discrete or integral preform with a fiber-reinforced composite rim. Once assembled, these components may be molded into an integral structure of high strength, with increased resistance to separation between the rim and hub. The hub preform can have radial, sinusoidal or canted spokes which extend to accommodate growth of the rim. While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described it will be understood that various changes or modifications can be made without varying from the scope of the present invention.

Claims: CLAIMS: 1. A fiber-reinforced composite flywheel hub comprising a plurality of fiber- reinforced composite spokes having first portions which surround a central bore sized to accept a drive shaft therein and having second portions which mate to a first innermost layer of a fiber-reinforced flywheel rim. 2. The flywheel hub of Claim 1 , wherein the composite spokes contain a stabilizer for holding the spokes in their assembled shape, the assembly being a preform adapted for molding. 3. The flywheel hub of Claim 1 , further comprising a shaft located in the bore. 4. The flywheel hub of Claim 1 , wherein the spokes are formed of fibers selected from graphite, glass, polyaramid, and combinations thereof. 5. The flywheel hub of Claim 1 , further comprising hoop fibers in the form of a tube disposed between the central bore and the first portions. 6. A fiber-reinforced composite flywheel comprising: a fiber-reinforced composite flywheel hub having a plurality of spokes, each spoke having a first portion which surround a central bore sized to accept a drive shaft therein; a fiber-reinforced composite rim having a plurality of hoop fibers for surrounding the hub, each spoke having a second portion which mates to a first innermost layer of the fiber-reinforced composite rim. 7. The flywheel of Claim 6, wherein the composite spokes and composite rim contain a stabilizer for holding the spokes and rim in their assembled shape, the assembly being a preform adapted for molding into a unitary structure. 8. The flywheel of Claim 6, wherein the spokes and rim are formed from fibers selected from graphite, glass, polyaramid, and combinations thereof. 9. The flywheel of Claim 6, further comprising a shaft located in the bore. 10. The flywheel of Claim 6, further comprising fibers in the form of a tube disposed between the central bore and the first portions. 1 1. A method for producing a fiber-reinforced composite flywheel comprising: providing a hub preform having a plurality of fiber-reinforced spokes having first portions which surround a central bore sized to accept a drive shaft therein, and having second portions which mate to a first innermost layer of a fiber-reinforced flywheel rim; placing a fiber-reinforced flywheel rim about the fiber-reinforced hub and 5 spokes; mating the second portions of the spokes to the flywheel rim; placing the assembled flywheel hub, spokes and rim in a mold; injecting a hardenable plastic into the mold such that the plastic infiltrates between the fibers; and 0 hardening the plastic to form an integral fiber-reinforced flywheel. 12. The method of Claim 1 1 further comprising incorporating a stabilizer with the fiber spokes and the fiber-reinforced flywheel rim such that a rigid preform is produced prior to placing the assembly in the mold. 13. A method for producing a fiber-reinforced composite flywheel comprising: 5 providing a core mandrel sized to define a central bore for accepting a drive shaft therein; providing a plurality of fiber layers to define flywheel spokes; placing a first portion of the fiber layers about the core mandrel; extending an intermediate portion of the fiber layers substantially radially o away from the core to define a plurality of spokes; placing a fiber-reinforced rim about the spokes; mating a second portion of the fiber layers to an innermost layer of the rim to form a hub and rim assembly; placing the assembly in a mold; and 5 injecting a hardenable plastic into the mold to produce an integrally molded fiber-reinforced composite flywheel. 14. The method of Claim 13 further comprising incorporating a stabilizer with the fiber layers such that a rigid preform is produced prior to placing the assembly in the mold. 15. The method of Claim 13 further comprising placing a plurality of spoke mandrels adjacent the intermediate portions to define spacing between the spokes. 16. The method of Claim 13, wherein the fiber layers are a plurality of fiber woven plies.

Inventors: MAASS DAVID, MAASS, DAVID
Applicants: DOW UNITED TECH COMPOSITE PROD, DOW-UNITED TECHNOLOGIES COMPOSITE PRODUCTS, INC.
Application year: 1997
Main classification: F16F15
IPC codes: F16F15