PROCEDURE FOR THE ELIMINATION OF INTERFERENCE IN A RADAR UNIT OF THE FMCW TYPE

Abstract: This invention concerns a procedure for the elimination of interferences of short duration, such as pulses, in a radar unit of the FMCW type where the transmitted and received signals are combined to form a useable signal. According to the procedure, interferences in the useable signal are detected and eliminated in the time domain and the part of the useable signal with interference is reconstructed by extrapolation based on samples without interference. By means of the procedure, the occurrence of interferences is prevented in the complex Fourier Transform of the type that is generated by known methods of clipping the signal.

Description: PROCEDURE FOR THE ELIMINATION OF INTERFERENCE IN A RADAR UNIT OF THE FMCW TYPE This invention concerns a procedure for the eiimination of interferences of short duration, such as pulses, in a radar unit of the FMCW type with linear frequency sweep, where the transmitted and received signals are combined to form a useable signal in the form of a difference signal, the beat signal, with a wave for each target, where the frequency, amplitude and phase of the wave contain the information about the target and where the beat signal is sampled. The procedure can be used within the field of mobile radars, but can also be used for other FMCW radar applications. The principle for linear FMCW radar is well-known, see for example Skolnik, Introduction to Radar Systems, 2nd Ed., McGraw-Hill 1 980, chapter 3. Technical advances have in recent years resulted in an increased use of FMCW radar units, which will not be considered further here. A linear FMCW (Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave) radar unit works in principle as follows: A frequency sweep controls an oscillator with a variable frequency so that the transmitted frequency varies periodically. Each period has principally three parts, namely a constant base frequency, a linear frequency sweep and a rapid return to base frequency. The linear frequency sweep is the time when the radar unit is "carrying out useful work" and often constitutes 70 - 80% of the total time (work factor 0.7 - 0.8). For the sake of simplicity in the discourse below the radar unit and its target are stationary. In the case of moving targets or moving radar units the Doppier effect also comes into play. For most actual FMCW systems however, the Doppier effect only involves a minor correction to the following. The propagation time from the radar unit to a target and back again is typically a few microseconds. A signal received from a target has therefore the frequency that was transmitted a certain time previously. As the frequency is swept this is not the same frequency that is being transmitted. The received frequency also has a linear frequency sweep. As the received frequency sweep and the transmitted frequency sweep are parallel with a time-displacement equal to the propagation time, as a result for a fixed target the difference in frequency between the transmitted and received signal will be constant. This constant frequency difference is given by the product between the propagation time to the target and the gradient of the frequency sweep expressed as frequency per unit of time. The signal processing in a linear FMCW radar unit consists principally of the transmitted and received signals being combined, so that the difference signal (the beat signal) is generated. This signal is the sum of a number of sine waves, where each sine wave represents a radar target. The sine waves have different frequencies, amplitudes and phase positions in accordance with the principle that large amplitude corresponds to large target, high frequency corresponds to target at a great distance. The Doppier effect (due to the relative speed) mainly affects the phase positions. In order to determine what targets are being observed and their sizes and relative speeds, the difference signal is frequency-analysed. The frequency analysis is best carried out digitally by means of the difference signal being passed through an anti-alias filter and sampled at a constant sampling rate, after which the sampled signal is multiplied by a window function to reduce the amplitude of the signal at the start and end of the sampling period and is sent to a signal processor that carries out a Discrete Fourier Transform, DFT, usually with a fast algorithm, known as an FFT, Fast Fourier Transform. The Fourier Transform is generally complex but for a real time signal (difference signal) it has a certain degree of symmetry. In order to be able to use FFT algorithms the number of samples is usually selected as a power of two (256, 51 2, 1024, ....). 256 samples give 256 FFT coefficients, but if the signal is real the symmetry means that of these 256 values only 1 28 (actually 1 29) are independent. By Fourier Transform, for example by FFT, the signal is divided up into a number of discrete frequency components, sines. Each frequency corresponds as above to a distance. The amount of a complex FFT coefficient is a measurement of the radar target area (the received power) for the target in the corresponding frequency window (distance window). The FFT performs what is known as a coherent integration of the target signal, which is advantageous. The subsequent signal processing in the system is carried out digitally on the calculated FFT coefficients. It can be shown that the nominal width of a distance window is inversely proportional to the change in frequency of the linear FMCW sweep during the sampling period. For a distance resolution of 1 m a change in frequency of 1 50 MHz is required. In order to change the distance resolution, the gradient of the frequency sweep can for example be changed while retaining the same constant sampling time. The sampling rate limits the frequencies of the beat signal that can be studied and thereby the total observed distance area. The width of this "useable band" that lies parallel to the linear FMCW sweep is often less than 1 MHz. A linear FMCW radar unit can be subject to interference if it receives signals other than its own transmitted signals reflected from various targets. The radar unit can be subject to interference from other radar units, including pulse radar units, pulse compression radar units and other FMCW radar units. Interferences of short duration arise for instance when the linear sweep in the FMCW radar unit is subject to interference from base frequencies or return frequencies from another FMCW radar unit. An interference of short duration (a pulse) during the sampling period has a short extent in the time domain and is very broad-band in the frequency domain. A short but strong interference only affects a few samples of the beat signal but can totally mask many frequency windows in the Fourier Transform. The "noise level" in the Fourier Transform can appear to be increased, so that small targets can be masked by the interference. A known method for suppressing interferences of short duration is to eliminate the interference by inserting a low value, e.g. 0, ("clipping") during the time the interference is detected. Clipping to 0 can in itself eliminate the interference from the time signal but introduces instead interference in the complex FFT, as the useable signal is also affected. Among other things targets with strong contrast are widened (get side beams). The interferences in the FFT can be modified but never eliminated, by means of various compromises in the implementation of the clipping. The purpose of this invention is to achieve a method of eliminating interferences of short duration from the time signal, by a method which does not result in the defects of the known methods described above. The method is based on the useable signal being extrapolated (predicted) over the area with interference. The method is characterised by the interference in the beat signal being detected and eliminated in the time domain and the beat signal being reconstructed during the part with interference by means of extrapolation based on samples without interference. In accordance with one suitable method, the beat signal is reconstructed for the part with interference by extrapolation in both directions based on both previous and subsequent samples without interference. In accordance with another suitable method, the beat signal is extrapolated for the part with interference as linear combinations of samples without interference. An FIR filter can thereby be used for the linear combinations of samples without interference. The coefficients of the linear combinations can with advantage be determined by means of adaptive methods. In accordance with yet another suitable method, information is used from previous FMCW sweeps by extrapolation. This can be carried out as the radar aerial has only turned through a small angle, a fraction of the aerial's beam width, since previous FMCW frequency sweeps. The dominant sine waves in the signals have therefore almost the same frequency and almost the same amplitude. The method increases the reliability of the prediction of the beat signal. In accordance with another suitable method the beat signal is pre-filtered. The sensitivity in the detection of the interference is thereby increased. Information from previous FMCW sweeps can be used for the pre-filtering. The method according to the invention will be described below in greater detail with reference to the enclosed figures, where: Figure 1 shows diagrammatically the principle for how a linear FMCW radar unit works. Figure 2 shows examples of suitable frequency sweeps in a time-frequency diagram. Figure 3 shows an example of an actual sampled beat signal from an FMCW radar unit. Figure 4 shows the absolute amount of the FFT for the beat signal in figure 3. Figure 5 shows the beat signal in figure 3 with an added interference of short duration. Figure 6 shows the absolute amount of the FFT for the beat signal with interference in figure 5. Figure 7 shows the beat signal with interference in figure 5 enlarged over the area with interference. Figure 8 shows the beat signal without interference in figure 3 and an extrapolated beat signal enlarged over the same area with interference as in figure 7. Figure 9 shows the absolute amount of the beat signal without interference in figure 5 reconstructed by extrapolation as in figure 8. The radar unit shown in figure 1 includes a transmitter [ 1 ] and a receiver [2]. An aerial [3] is connected to the transmitter and the receiver via a circulator [4]. In the transmitter there is an oscillator control device [5] connected to an oscillator [6] with variable frequency. The frequency sweep from the oscillator control device [5] controls the oscillator [6] so that a signal is generated with periodically varying frequency, which signal is transmitted by the aerial [3] via a direction coupler [7] and the circulator [4]. The period of a frequency sweep, see figure 2, has principally three parts in the form of a constant base frequency [30], a linear frequency sweep [31 ] and a quick return [32] to the base frequency. The oscillator [6] can work within the Gigahertz range, e.g. 77 GHz. The reflected signal received by aerial [3] is taken via the circulator to a mixer [8], where the reflected signal is combined with the transmitted signal. After amplification in the amplifier [9] and filtering in the filter [10] a difference signal or beat signal is obtained that is used as the basis for the subsequent signal processing for detecting and eliminating interference and synthesis of the useable signal without interference in a processor block [1 1 ] that can also contain what is known as an FFT processor [1 1 ']. Figure 3 shows an actual FMCW beat signal [33]. Figure 4 shows the absolute value of the corresponding FFT [34] utilising Hamming windows. In figure 5 an interference of short duration in the form of a pulse [35] has been added to the beat signal [33] in figure 3. Figure 6 shows the absolute amount for the signal with interference in figure 5. By comparison between the FFT without interference in figure 4 and the FFT with interference in figure 6 it appears that nearly all the information is submerged in the FFT with interference. In the following we discuss in greater detail the principles for filtering the useable signal. The useable signal in an FMCW radar unit, i.e. the signal that corresponds to the actual target, is a sum of sine waves. A signal consisting of a single sine wave, sampled with constant frequency, has a simple linear relationship between the samples. Assume that the signal can be written as sin(ω *t + φ). Between two samples the phase angle of the sine wave thus changes by the angle ωT = θ, where T is the sampling interval. In accordance with the trigonometric identity sin(α + θ) + sin(α-θ) = 2 * cos(θ) * sin(α) it is then the case for three successive samples of the signal that: x(n + 1 ) + x(n-1 ) = 2 * cos(θ) * x(n) Note that this is applicable regardless of the amplitude of the signal. This linear relationship can be interpreted in various ways: a) If the signal is passed through an FIR filter (Einite Impulse Response) with the coefficients [ 1 -2*cos(θ) 1 ], the output signal y from the filter will be identical to 0: y(n) = x(n) - 2*cos(θ) * x(n-1 ) + x(n-2) It is possible therefore to strongly attenuate the signal with a single FIR filter with constant coefficients. b) If the relationship is instead written: x(n + 1 ) = 2 *cos(θ) * x(n) - x(n-1 ) it can be seen that the next sample can be predicted by a linear combination from the immediately preceding sample. If the relationship is instead written: x(n-1 ) = 2 *cos(θ) * x(n) - x(n + 1 ) it can be seen that a sample can be reconstructed by prediction backwards in time, i.e. from the immediately following sample. For a signal that consists of several sine waves with distinct frequencies corresponding filters can be created by multiplication of second order FIR filters. A signal that is the sum of four different sine waves, i.e. an FMCW signal with four strong targets, can thus be reduced to zero by an FIR filter of order 8 and a sample can be predicted linearly from the 8 preceding or 8 subsequent samples. For a general FMCW signal these relationships are approximate, but the following can be said in general to apply: 1 . It is possible to strongly attenuate an FMCW signal by means of a suitable linear FIR filter of a suitable order. 2. It is possible to predict linearly an FMCW signal using a suitable linear relationship of a suitable order. The application of point 1 is that the sensitivity of the detection of an interference is greatly increased if the useable signal is pre-filtered in a suitable way. This permits the detection of interference with an amplitude that is much lower than that of the useable signal, but which could still mask details (weak targets) in the FFT. Point 2 makes it possible to interpolate the useable signal past a short section of interference, which will be described in greater detail later on. A "suitable" filter can be calculated in various ways, or calculated as an adaptive filter. Both problems according to point 1 and point 2 above are known from adaptive signal treatment, see for example Haykin, Adaptive Filter Theory, 3rd Ed., Prentice-Hall 1 996. The coefficients can be determined by the usual algorithms, e.g. LMS, standardised LMS, RLS, etc, see in particular chapters 9 and 1 3 in the above reference. By adaptive determination of a filter it is often possible to utilise the fact that the radar aerial has turned, although only a fraction of a beam width, since the previous FMCW frequency sweep. The dominant sine waves in the signals from two subsequent FMCW sweeps have as a result almost the same frequency and almost the same amplitude. Information from the previous FMCW sweeps can therefore be used when the filter is determined. In the following the synthesising of the useable signal is discussed. A very useful method of eliminating interference is to follow up the interference elimination by a synthesis of the useable signal. Here point 2 above can be used. The synthesis can consist of a one-ended extrapolation or an extrapolation from two directions (two-ended extrapolation or interpolation) of the signal based on values without interference. Such a synthesis can result in a great improvement in the reconstruction of the complex FFT for the FMCW signal without interference. By recursive application of one-stage extrapolation, the signal without interference can be reconstructed by more than one stage. The procedure is, however, mainly applicable for interferences that are short in duration (a few tens of stages). The interference elimination is illustrated in greater detail by the signal diagrams in figures 7-9. Figure 7 shows an enlargement of the section of the beat signal with interference, with the centre of concentration of the interference being localised around sample 634. Figure 8 shows the beat signal without interference [33] together with a signal [36] that has been extrapolated over the section with interference (samples 620-654) by a linear recursion formula of the same type as described earlier. Figure 8 shows that the extrapolation follows the correct signal form very closely across several maximums and minimums in the signal, even though the signal does not have a simple form. Figure 9 shows the absolute amount of the FFT for this reconstructed signal [36]. A comparison between figure 4 and figure 9 shows that the absolute amount for the FFT has been reconstructed with great precision.

Claims: Patent claims 1 . A procedure for the elimination of interferences of short duration, such as pulses, in a radar unit of the FMCW type with linear frequency sweep, where the transmitted and received signals are combined to form a useable signal in the form of a difference signal, the beat signal, with a wave for each target, where the frequency, amplitude and phase of the wave contain the information about the target and where the beat signal is sampled, characterised by interferences in the beat signal being detected and eliminated in the time domain and by the part of the beat signal with interference being reconstructed by extrapolation based on samples without interference. 2. A procedure according to patent claim 1 , characterised by the part of the beat signal with interference being reconstructed by extrapolation in both directions based on both previous and subsequent samples without interference. 3. A procedure according to any of the preceding patent claims, characterised by the part of the beat signal with interference being extrapolated as linear combinations of samples without interference. 4. A procedure according to patent claim 3, characterised by FIR filters being used for the linear combinations. 5. A procedure according to any of patent claims 3 or 4, characterised by the coefficients in the linear combinations being determined by means of adaptive methods. 6. A procedure according to any of the preceding patent claims, characterised by the information from preceding FMCW sweeps being utilised for the extrapolation. 7. A procedure according to any of the preceding patent claims, characterised by the beat signal being pre-filtered. 8. A procedure according to patent claim 7, characterised by information from preceding FMCW sweeps being utilised for the pre-filtering of the beat signal.

Inventors: TULLSSON BERT-ERIC, TULLSSON, BERT-ERIC
Applicants: CELSIUSTECH ELECTRONICS AB, TULLSSON BERT ERIC, TULLSSON, BERT-ERIC
Application year: 1997
Main classification: G01S13
IPC codes: G01S7, G01S13