CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS, SPECIFICALLY FOR BRICKLAYING IN THE WALLS, THE METHOD OF PERFORMANCE OF THESE ELEMENTS AND THE ROD FOR PERFORMANCE OF CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS

Abstract: Constructional elements, the method of performance of these elements and the rod (2) for this. The rod (2) is installed in a mould (1) imitating the external shape of the constructional element and is a lost shuttering for the supporting base of the element. The rod (2) contacts the side walls (11, 12) with its extreme elements (21, 22, 23, 24). The rod (2) divides compact constructional base of building element into a number of layers in which in horizontal planes the thermal bridges have been eliminated. A building element consists of two mutually penetrating geometrical bodies: the rod (2), preferably of an insulating material and a body being the supporting base of the element, created by filling in of the space (3) with a mass of which the element is made.

Description: Constructional elements, specifically for bricklaying in the walls, the method of performance of these elements and the rod for performance of constructional elements. The invention concerns constructional elements with insulating space, destined first of all for bricklaying of the walls and the method of performance of these elements, and the rods serving performance of such constructional elements. The method of production of constructional elements with insulating space filled with an air and called for this reason hollow bricks, is already well known. This method consists in inserting a rod imitating the external form of a hollow brick and the structure of instulating chamber to a mould of the rectangular prism shape, after which the empty space is filled with the material making a hollow brick, usually it is fine-grained concrete, then after the condenstation of this material and taking the rod , a ready element is also taken from the mould. The hollow brick obtained in result of this process, supplied with many chambers filled with the air esablished by the rod, shows - as element of the brick wall much better features, first of all thermo- insulating ones, then the constructional elements performed as full, without insulating chambers. In spite of this in a wall bricked from such elements there is still a lot of places creating thermal bridges between an internal and external surface of the wall. These are first of all the side walls of the hollow bricks laid in the wall perpendicularly to its surface, together with a layer of mortar connecting the horizontal rows of hollow bricks. The mortar put on the front parts of the hollow bricks, creating one horizontal row, in order to join it with the next row of hollow bricks laid on it, infiltrates the insulating chambers of the hollow bricks, the heads of which are open, fills them partially and thus creates the thermal bridges of much more thickness than the space between the hollow bricks of the spearate horizontal rows of the wall. The bigger thickness, and in result of this also bigger section of established in such a manner thermal bridges, increases accordingly the quantity of thermal energy penetrating the walls. Thus the presence of these thermal bridges considerably impairs the thermo-insulating parameters of the wall as a whole. Besides, the insulating chambers, open at the head side of hollow bricks, need much more mortar, the major part of which does nothing more but only decks the insulating chambers of hollow bricks, decreasing by the same the thermo-insulating features of the wall. The mehod of production of constructional elements, in which the concrete mass is divided into two layers by separating it instulating material, horizontal to the surface wall (of "sandwich" type), is also well-known. In this case the foamed polystyrene plays a role of insulating material. This element is completely free from thermical bridges, but on the other hand the resistance of the material to powers acting in other way than the static, uniform vertical pressure, is limited exclusively to the insulating layer. This means that the elements of this type may cause many troubles during transportation and storage. During the bricklaying an additional difficulty is the necessity of using the stirrupses bonding the concrete parts of the element. There are also produced, specifically in France and Germany, gap elements with the structure of insulating chambers of hallow brick "alfa" or "contra" types. This gaps, after moulding of hallow bricks, are filled with foamed polyestyrene. In such element the problem of infiltration of the mortar to the insulation chambers, as it is in case of typical hollow-bricks does not exists. As in these elements the thermal energy has a possibility to flow vertically to the wall surface, their insulating power is changed unconsiderably, the thermal energy is conducted mainly by the concrete mass, so it passes by the all the insulating chambers in the same percent, irrespective of the fact whether they are filled with the air or with an insulating material. This relates also to hollow bricks with empty spaces destined for being up with insulating material after bricking the wall. The objective of our invention is working out of such mehtod of performance of construcional element which would make it possible: 1) to obtain elements destined first of all for bricklaying in the walls, showing improved thermo-insulating features through reducing or eliminating of numerous thermal bridges and the insulation chambers which would be closed on both heads of the elements, allowing by the same for saving mortar used for bricking of the walls from such elements, 2) to obtain elements destined especially for bricking the walls, the resistance of which would enable realization of practically free construcional settlements, with the good thermo-insulating power kept at the same time, 3) to obtain elements, destined first of all for bricklaying of the walls, which apart of elimination thermal bridges on the surface perpendicular to the wall surface, would have compact construcional part, 4) to obtain elements destined first of all for bricking the walls, which would be a simple multiple of a brick, what would allow for traditional method of bricklaying and for easy method of transporation and storage. 5) to obtain the elements desitned especially for bricking the walls, which could be moulded in the simplest possible method, for example small concrete block. The strived for objective was attained through the fact that in the process of moulding an element, according to the invention, a rod forming channels and meanders inside of the element is inserted to a mould of the shape imitating the exernal shape of an element, For a mass, from which the element is moulded this rod is a lost shutter. Due to this, practically free designed internal structure of element may be effected. This allows for elimination of thermal bridges between the external and internal surface of the wall, with keeping at the same time the uniformity of the construction mass of an element. The performance of the rod in question from insulating material improves the thermo-insulating features of the constructional element as a whole. After putting the rod to the mould the free spaces (gaps) between the mould and the rod are filled with material which makes the supporing base of an element, prefarably with fine-grained conctrete. Then the material may be consolidated with the use of a method already known to us - through vibrating. The formed element is then taken from the mould, while the rod is still left in the element. The use of the rod in the process of moulding makes it possible to mould practically free shapes and to achieve practically free thickness of the layer of supporting base of the element. The constructional element prepared by such method has flat, hollowless heads, which can be easily coated with a small quantity of mortar, making by this thermal bridges of very small thickness, and thus conducting only small quantities of heat. In order for the rod to fulfil its tasks according to the invention, it should be performed from any light material. The only condition is that this material should survive filling the element with the supporting base. In order to obtain the constructional element, showing especially good compactness of material making the supporting base, the rod serving performance of such element is built - according to the invention - in a special manner. This rod makes one geometrical solid, which can be conventionally divided into numerous composing geometrical solids arranged in due order and connected one with the other in one whole, between two heads of the rod, corresponding also to the heads of the ready elements, there is at least one conventional plane at both sides, in which the order of mutual arrangement of the composing geometrical solids making the rod is changed, and the sections of the solids by this plane covet at least in one place one the other at both sides of this conventional surface. Depending on the required diameters the invention anticipates the whole range of rod's shapes. For example a form, which consist of some of composing soilds arranged in paralell to the longer wall of the element. The solids have the shape of cuboilda plates of the height equal to the height of the whole rod, the plates are arranged one towards the other alternately i.e. in such a way that the middle axes of the plates of one row are placed in the gaps between the plates of neighbouring row, the plates of neighbouring row are connected one with the other with smaller plates, perpendicular to the plates of the rod, called for the needs of this description the connectors. Their height is equal to the distance from the head of the rod to the a/m conventional surface, in which the order of connectors' arranging is changed. According to the invention it is also possible to build the rod from, for example, two or more rows of rectangular plates arranged towards each other under such angle that it creates in each row a sort of spiral ("snail"), on the surface in which the order of arrangement of the rod elements is changed, one of the "snails" is displaced towards the other for example by half of the scale. The rows of snails parralel to the others are connected by the connectors perpendecular to the lenghtwise axes of the rows of plates arranged in the shape of "snails". Besides, the invention anticipates that the composing solids of at least one of the rows, after placing them to the mould contact its wall directly. Due to this the insulation chambers made by the rod in the ready constructional element reach the very external surfaces of side walls of the element, breaking in this way the thermal bridges in a ready wall, which were created by te wall, and increasing by the same the thermo-insulating features of the wall. The invention is more precisely explained on the examples of performance shown on the enclosed drawings, on which fig. 1 presents the moould serving preparation of constructional element with the inserted rod in the axonometric view, fig. 2 - axonometric view of rod formation with indicated copnventional surface at both sides, in which the order of arrangement of the composing solids making the rod is changed. Fig. 3 shows a view of a conventional surface indicated on fig. 2 with drawn in order of arrangment of geometrical solids making a rod at both sides of this surface, fig 4 - axonometric view of the exemplary setting the rod of fig. 2 from two halves, made in the identical mould, fig. 5 - axonometric view of other example of moulding the rod according to the invention with indicated conventional surface at both sides, in which the arrangment of setting of the composing geometrical soilds, making the rod, is changed. On fig. 2 there is presented a mould 1 for preparation of constructional elements by the manner adopted in invention, having preferably the shape of the perpendecular prism, to which the rod 2 as is insreted according to the invention. It is made of thermo-insulating material, in a given example - of foamed styropropylene The free spaces (gaps) 3 between the form 1 and the rod 2 are filled in with the material making the supporting base of constructional element, in a given example with fine-grained concrete. The filled mould 1 is vibrated, and when the concrete is consolidated, the whole element, together with tne rod of a form 1 , connected with it, is taken away Then, after consolidation of concrete, the whole constructional element is ready to be bricked into the wall As the height of the rod - w - 2 is equal to the height of the mould 1 and this latter is filled with the concrete to its edges, the constructional element with the uniform heads, i e. upper and bottom surface, uniterrupted with the hollows of insulating chambers, is obtained in effect This facilitates placing of mortar on the heads of the constructional element, which does not dock the insulating chambers of the element closed with the foamed styropropylene of rod 2 any more. Besides, as it is presented on fig. 2, the extreme elements 21, 22, 32 and 24 of the rod 2 contact directly the side walls 11 and 12 of the mould, thanks to which the side walls of ready constructional element are separated up to their external surface, formed by the walls 11 and 12 of the mould 1 with the thermo-insulating layers of elements 21, 22, 23 and 24 of rod 2, which interrupt the thermal bridges created in ready wall by side walls of ready constructional elements. In order to secure the compactness of the material making a supporting base of constructional element, which not only ensures keeping of the constructional element in the whole but also makes it possible to transmit the powers charging the element, the rod 2 the task of which is not transmitting of the charges but first of all ensuring the thermal insulation, is formed in a special manner. The examplary performance of this rod is shown on fig. 2 and fig. 5. In case shown on fig. 2 the rod consists of five parallel rows of compsing cuboidal solids A, B. C, D and E in the shape of plates 20 perpendicular one to another and arranged one to another alternately i.e. so that the spaces (gaps) between the plates in the rows A, C, E fall more or less in half of the plates lenght of the plates of B and C rows. The plates of separate rows A, B, C, D and E are connected with each other by the connectors 5, 6 and 7 also of a shape of cuboidal plates, but with the dimensions lower than the dimensions of plates 20, 21 , 22, 23 and 24 creating the basic structure of the rod, and especially their dimension in the direction of the height - w - is limited on one side by the head, i.e. the upper and the bottom surface of the rod 2, and on the other - by the conventional surface of plane P, carried in a given case in the middle of the height - w - of the rod 2, at both sides, in which the change of arangmenet of the elements of rod 2 (connectors 5, 6, 7) takes place. The connectors 5, 6, 7 do not only bind the plates 20, 21 , 22 etc. but also create the elements of thermal insulation in the direction parallel to the axes of rows A, B and C etc. of the plates of rod 2. The important factor of the construction of rod 2 is the change of arrangement of the elements 2 of the rod towards each other, in a given example of performance - the change of arrangment of connectors 5, 6 and 7 in the plane P. As it was shown in the view of conventional plane P on fig. 3 in a given example the order of mutal arrangement of plates 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24 in the plane P does not change towards one another, that is why they are cut with the plate P and shown as dotted sections, the order of arrangement of connector is, however, changed: above the surface P the connectors 5, 6 and 7 are placed in the arrangments shown on fig. 3 with continuous lines while under the surface P, the connectors 5, 6 and 7 connecting the same plates are placed in the arrangments shown on fig. 3 with interrupted lines. In this way a labirinth of mutually connected spaces between the rod's elements is formed, which are then filled with the material making a supporting base of the constructional element in the process of its performance as per the invention, create a compact supporing structure. In order to ensure interruption of thermal bridges created by the side walls of the constructional elements, the whole lenght L of the rod 2 is matched so to be lower than the suitable internal size of mould 1 only by the value of a gap needed for placing the rod 2 in mould 1. The method of performance of the rod as per the given example is shown on fig. 4. The both parts 2a and 2b do not need to be connected steadily. It will be enough if the half 2a of the rod 2 are placed in the form 1 at first, and then the half 2 b rotated by 180 o C is placed on it, as it is indicated on fig. 4 with the arrows. In the same manner the rod may be divided into more parts. The other example of of a rod according to the invention is shown on fig. 5. In this example of performance the rod 2 consists of two ' parallel rows A and B of plates 20 of rectangular prism shape, arranged towards each other and towards the axes of rows A and B under a certain angle in the shape reminding the honeycomb,, at the same time at both sides of the conventional planes P the order of arrangement of plates 20 above and under the planes P is changed by a half of an oblong scale of A and B rows. The plates 20 of both rows A and B are mutually connected with connectors 51 , which under and above the conventional plane P are displaced also by half of the scale • t The extreme plates 21 , 22, 23, 24, 25 and 26 of the rod 2 are, as it was in the previous example of performance - sized so that the lenght L of rod 2 is lower than the relative size of the mould 1 lower by the necessary gap (loose). The invention is not, of course, limited to the examples of performance shown on the drawings of example of performance. Specifically the rod 2 may be performed in other set of creating it composing solids., and also with more than one number of conventional planes P, at both sides of which the order of arrangement of composing solids creating the rod may be subject to changes. These planes do not need to be parallel to the heads of the rod, they may be declined to it under a certain angle. The configuration of the road corresponds, however, to the features indicated in the patent claims,

Claims: Patent claims 1. The way of performance of constructional elements, especially those destined for bricklaying in the walls, in which a special rod is inserted to the mould imitating the external shape and the remaining free space between the mould and the rod is filled with the material creating a supporting base of the element, then after the eventual consolidation, the element is taken from the mould, characteristic with this that the rod serving formation of internal structure of this element in the moment of its formation, is left in the ready constructional element. 2. The rod for performance of constructional elements as per the reservation, which may be folded, in the form imitating the external shape of the element made of free quantity of components or inserted as one element, is characteristic with this that as a whole it makes a one solid, contacting partially all the walls of the mould imitating the external shape of the element. 3. The rod for performance of the constructional element according to reservation 2 is characteristic with this that after inserting it to the mould imitating the external shape of the consctructional element, it contacts direclty the side walls of this mould on its whole height. 4. The rod for performance of constructional elements as per reservation 1, 2 and 3, making one whole in the principle, consists of the rows of geometrical solid arranged one towards the other in a determined order is characteristic with this that between the surfaces of the heads of constructional elements i.e. between their upper and lower surfaces there is at least one conventional surface, at both sides of each there is diffetent order of arrangment of solids creating the rod, and the sections of solids creating the rod cover at the same time one another at least partially at both sides of this conventional surface. 5. The rod for performance of constructional elements according to reservation 4, is characteristic with this that in each of the horizontal sections it divides the supporting base of the elements at least in two parts. 6. The constructional element performed as per reservation 1 , 2, 3, 4 and 5, preferably of a rectangular prism shape, making a multiple of a brick is characteristic with this that in each of horizontal sections, at least two elements of supporting base of the constructional element are surrouned wholly by the material of the rod, preferably thermo-insulating, and none of the fragments of the rod in any of the horizontal sections is wholly surrounded by the material of supporting base of the constructional element.

Inventors: GAZY LESZEK, TRZASKOMA WITOLD, GAZY, LESZEK, TRZASKOMA, WITOLD
Applicants: GAZY LESZEK, TRZASKOMA WITOLD, GAZY, LESZEK, TRZASKOMA, WITOLD
Application year: 1997
Main classification: E04C1
IPC codes: E04B2