DEVICE AND METHOD FOR MULTIPLE ANALYTE DETECTION

Abstract: The invention is directed to a method and device for simultaneously testing a sample for the presence, absence, and/or amounts of one or more a plurality of selected analytes. The invention includes, in one aspect, a device for detecting or quantitating a plurality of different analytes in a liquid sample. The device includes a substrate which defines a sample-distribution network having (i) a sample inlet, (ii) one or more detection chambers, and (iii) channel means providing a dead-end fluid connection between each of the chambers and the inlet. Each chamber may include an analyte-specific reagent effective to react with a selected analyte that may be present in the sample, and detection means for detecting the signal. Also disclosed are methods utilizing the device.

Description: DEVICE AND METHOD FOR MULTIPLE ANALYTE DETECTION Field of the Invention The present invention relates to devices and methods for detecting or quantifying one or more selected analytes in a sample. References Ausubel, F. M., et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Media, PA. Bergot, J.B., et al., PCT Pub. No. WO 91/05060 (1991). Blake, et al., Biochemistry 24:6132 (1985a). Blake, et al., Biochemistry 24:6139 (1985b). Buchardt, O., et al., PCT Pub. No. WO 92/20703 (1992). Froehler, et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 16:4831 (1988). Fung, S., et al., EPO Pub. No. 233,053 A2 (1987). Higuchi, R., et al., Bio Technologv 10:413 (1992). Higuchi, R., et al., Bio/Technologv 11:1026 (1993). Ishiguro, T., et al., Anal. Biochem. 229:207 (1995). Kornberg, A., et al., DNA Replication, pp 46-47, W.H. Freeman and Co., New York (1992). Landegren, U., et al., Science 241:1077 (1988). Lee, L.G., et al. Nucl. Acids Res. 21:3761 (1993). Livak, K .., et al. PCR Methods and Applications 4:357 (1995). Menchen, S.M., et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,188,934 (1993). Menchen, S.M., et al., PCT Pub. No. WO 94/05688 (1994). Miller, P.S., et al, Biochemistry 18:5134 (1979). Miller, P.S., et al., J. Biol. Chem. 255:6959 (1980). Miller, P.S., et al., Bioconi. Chem. 1:187 (1990). Mullis, K., U.S. Patent #4,683,202 (1987). Murakami, et al., Biochemistry 24:4041 (1985). Saiki, R.K., et al., Science 230:1350 (1985). Sambrook, J., et al., Molecular Cloning. 2nd Ed.. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, NY (1989). Segev, D., PCT Pub. No. WO 90/01069 (1990). Segev, D., "Amplification of Nucleic Acid Sequences by the Repair Chain Reaction" in Nonradioactive Labeling and detection of Biomolecules. C. Kessler (Ed.), Springer Laboratory, Germany (1992). Stirchak, E.P., et al., Org. Chem. 52:4202 (1987). Sze, S.M., ed., VLSI Technology. 2nd Ed., McGraw-Hill Pub., New York, NY (1988). Ullman, E.F., U.S. Pat. No. 4,161,515 (1979). Ullman. E.F., etal., U.S. Pat. No. 4,261,968 (1981). Whiteley, N.M., et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,883,750 (1989). Winn-Deen, E., et al., Clin. Chem. 37: 1522 (1991). Yoshida, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,233,401 (1980). Background of the Invention Biochemical testing is becoming an increasingly important tool for detecting and monitoring diseases. While tests have long been known for obtaining basic medical information such as blood type and transplant compatibility, for example, advances in understanding the biochemistry underlying many diseases have vastly expanded the number of tests which can be performed. Thus, many tests have become available for various analytical purposes, such as detecting pathogens, diagnosing and monitoring disease, detecting and monitoring changes in health, and monitoring drug therapy. An important obstacle which has limited exploitation of many biochemical tests has been cost. Simultaneous testing of multiple samples for a single analyte has provided some savings . However, simultaneous assays for a large number of analytes within a single sample have been less practical because of the need for extended sample manipulation, multiple test devices, multiple analytical instruments, and other drawbacks. Ideally, a method for analyzing an individual sample using a single test device should provide diagnostic information for a large number of potential analytes while requiring a small amount of sample. The device should be small in size while providing high-sensitivity detection for the analytes of interest. The method should also require minimal sample manipulation. Preferably, the device will include pre-dispensed reagents for specific detection of the analytes. Summary of the Invention The present invention is directed generally to a method and device for simultaneously testing a sample for the presence, absence and/or amount of one or more selected analytes. The invention includes, in one aspect, a device for detecting or quantitating one or more of a plurality of different analytes in a liquid sample. The device includes a substrate which defines a sample-distribution network having (i) a sample inlet, (ii) one or more detection chambers, and (iii) channel means providing a dead-end fluid connection between each of the chambers and the inlet. Preferably, each chamber includes an analyte-specific reagent effective to react with a selected analyte that may be present in the sample, and detection means for detecting the signal. In one embodiment, the detection means for each chamber includes an optically transparent window through which the signal can be detected optically. In another embodiment, the detection means includes a non-optical sensor for detecting the signal. The channel means ofthe device may be configured in numerous ways. For example, in one embodiment, the channel means includes a single channel to which the detection chambers are connected by dead-end fluid connections. In a second embodiment, the channel means includes at least two different channels, each connected to a different group of detection chambers. In yet another embodiment, the channel means includes an individual channel for each detection chamber. The device may include a vacuum port for placing the detection chambers under vacuum prior to the addition of sample. In one embodiment, the vacuum port is connected to the channel means at a site between, and in fluid communication with, the sample inlet and the detection chambers. In another embodiment, the vacuum port is connected to the channel means at a site downstream of the detection chambers. In this configuration, the vacuum port is additionally useful for removing liquid from the channel means after the detection chambers have been filled, to help isolate the detection chambers from one another and further reduce cross-contamination. The vacuum port may be incorporated in a multi-port valve (e.g., a 3-way valve) that permits the network and associated detection chambers to be exposed alternately to a vacuum source, the sample inlet, and a vent or selected gas source. Alternatively, d e device of the invention is prepared and sealed under vacuum when manufactured, so that a vacuum port is unnecessary. According to an important feature of the invention, the device is capable of maintaining a vacuum within the sample-distribution network (low internal gas pressure, relative to the external, ambient pressure outside d e device) for a time sufficient to allow a sample to be drawn into the network and distributed to the detection chambers by vacuum action. For this purpose, die sample- distribution network may include a vacuum reservoir in fluid communication with, and downstream of, the detection chambers, for preventing me build-up of back-pressure in the network while the detection chambers are successively filled. In one embodiment, the vacuum reservoir includes a non-flowthrough cavity connected downstream of the last-filled detection chamber, for accumulating residual gas displaced from the inlet and channel means. In another embodiment, d e reservoir comprises the terminal end of the channel means connected to a vacuum source, allowing residual gas displaced by the sample to be removed continuously until sample loading is complete. The analyte-specific reagents in die detection chambers may be adapted to detect a wide variety of analyte classes, including polynucleotides, polypeptides, polysaccharides, and small molecule analytes, for example. In one embodiment, die analytes are selected-sequence polynucleotides, and die analyte-specific reagents include sequence-selective reagents for detecting die polynucleotides. The polynucleotide analytes are detected by any suitable metiiod, such as polymerase chain reaction, ligase chain reaction, oligonucleotide ligation assay, or hybridization assay. In one particular embodiment, for polynucleotide detection, die analyte-specific reagents include an oligonucleotide primer pair suitable for amplifying, by polymerase chain reaction, a target polynucleotide region in die selected analyte which is flanked by sequences complementary to die primer pair. The presence of target polynucleotide, as indicated by successful amplification, is detected by any suitable means. In anotiaer embodiment, die analyte-specific reagents in each detection chamber include an antibody specific for a selected analyte-antigen. In a related embodiment, when die analyte is an antibody, e analyte-specific detection reagents include an antiben for reacting with a selected analyte antibody which may be present in die sample. In yet anouier embodiment, d e device includes means for regulating die temperatures of die detection chambers, preferably providing temperature control between 0°C and 100°C, for promoting die reaction of die sample witii die detection reagents. In one preferred embodiment, die temperature regulating means includes a conductive heating element for each detection chamber, for rapidly heating die contents of die chamber to a selected temperature. The temperature control means is preferably adapted to regulate d e temperatures of die detection chambers, for heating and cooling die chambers in accordance witii a selected assay protocol. The device may be manufactured and packaged so d at die sample-distribution network (e.g., sample inlet, detection chambers, and channel means) is provided under vacuum, ready for immediate use by die user. Alternatively, die sample-distribution network is provided under atmospheric pressure, so diat die evacuation step is carried out by die end-user prior to sample loading. The invention also includes a substrate containing a plurality of sample-distribution networks as described above, for testing a single sample or a plurality of samples for selected analytes. In anouier aspect, die invention includes a metiiod of making a device such as described above. In another aspect, d e invention includes a metiiod for detecting or quantitating a plurality of analytes in a liquid sample. In the metiiod, tiiere is provided a device of die type described above, wherein die interior of die network is placed under vacuum. A liquid sample is then applied to die inlet, and die sample is allowed to be drawn into die sample-distribution network by vacuum action, delivering sample to die detection chambers. The delivered sample is allowed to react with d e analyte-specific reagent in each detection chamber under conditions effective to produce a detectable signal when the selected analyte is present in the sample. The reaction chambers are inspected or analyzed to determine die presence and/or amount of die selected analytes in the sample. The device of die invention may also be provided as part of a kit which additionally includes selected reagents, sample preparation materials if appropriate, and instructions for using the device. These and otiier objects and features of die invention will be more apparent from die following detailed description when read in light with die accompanying drawings. Brief Description of the Drawings Figs. IA and IB show a plan view (IA) and perspective view (IB) of an exemplary assay device in accordance with d e invention; Figs. 2A-2C illustrate several exemplary sample distribution network configurations in accordance with die invention; Figs. 3A-3C illustrates a time sequence for die filling of die detection chambers of a sample- distribution network with fluid sample; Fig. 4 illustrates a sample-distribution network containing three sample delivery channels for delivering sample to three different sets of detection chambers; Fig. 5 illustrates a sample-distribution network having a separate delivery channel for each detection chamber; Figs. 6A-6C illustrate selected features of anodier sample-distribution network in accordance witii die invention; die device is shown in plan view (6A), perspective view (6B), witii a portion of die sample distribution network of die device shown in Fig. 6C; Fig. 7 shows an exploded view of a portion of a device in accordance witii die invention; Fig. 8 shows an exploded view of a portion of another device in accordance with die invention; and Fig. 9 shows a perspective view of anodier device in accordance witii the invention. Detailed Description of the Invention I. Definitions The following terms and phrases as used herein are intended to have d e meanings below. "Dead-end fluid connection between a detection chamber and a sample inlet" refers to a fluid connection which provides die sole fluid access to a detection chamber, such that fluid cannot enter or exit the detection chamber by any otiier way tiian dirough the dead-end fluid connection. In particular, "dead-end fluid connection" refers to a channel whose cross-section is sufficiently narrow to preclude bi-directional fluid flow dirough die channel. That is, liquid cannot flow through the channel in one direction while air or another liquid is flowing dirough die channel in die opposite direction. As used herein, "microdevice" means a device in accordance witii die invention. II. Assay Device In one aspect, die present invention provides a device which is useful for testing one or more fluid samples for die presence, absence, and/or amount of one or more selected analytes. The device includes a substrate which defines a sample-distribution network having (i) a sample inlet, (ii) one or more detection chambers (preferably a plurality of detection chambers), and (iii) channel means providing a dead-end fluid connection between each of die chambers and die inlet. Each chamber includes an analyte-specific reagent effective to react witii a selected analyte diat may be present in such sample. In one embodiment, die substrate also provides, for each chamber, an optically transparent window through which analyte-specific reaction products can be detected. In anodier embodiment, d e detection means for each chamber comprises a non-optical sensor for signal detection. The present invention provides a number of advantages in an assay for multiple analytes in a sample, as will be discussed below. In particular, the invention facilitates the transition from a macro size sample to a micro-sized sample, wherein die device of die invention provides one- step metering of reagents and sample in a multi-anal yte detection assay. A. Network Configurations Figs. 1 A and IB show a plan view and perspective view, respectively, of an exemplary assay device 30 in accordance witii die invention. Device 30 includes a substrate 32 which defines a sample-distribution network 34. With reference to Fig. IB, the device also includes mount 36 containing a sample inlet 38 and optionally, vacuum port means 40 which is located downstream of the detection chambers. Inlet 38 may be adapted to form a vacuum-tight seal with the end of a syringe, for sample loading, or witii a multi-port valve to provide fluid communication with die sample and one or more liquid or gaseous fluids. The inlet may further include a septum cap, if desired, for maintaining die network under vacuum and allowing introduction of sample by canula or needle. Vacuum port 40 may be adapted for connection to a vacuum source, such as a vacuum pump. The vacuum connection may include a valve for closing off the sample-distribution network from the vacuum source, or a multi-port valve for connection to a vacuum source and one or more selected gas supplies. Substrate 30 further provides indentations or holes 42, which may be arranged asymmetrically as illustrated in Fig. IA, to engage corresponding pins or protrusions in a device-holder, not shown, to immobilize and orient the device for analysis. As noted in die Summary of the Invention, die sample-distribution network of die invention may utilize any of a number of different channel configurations, or channel means, for delivering sample to die individual detection chambers. Witii reference to Fig. 2A, distribution network 34a includes sample inlet 38a, a plurality of detection chambers 44a, and channel means comprising a single channel 46a to which d e detection chambers are each connected by dead-end fluid connections 48a. The detection chambers are distributed on either side of channel 44a, witii d e fluid connections branching off in pairs from opposite sides of die channel. Fig. 2B shows a portion of an alternative network 34b having an inlet 38b and detection chambers 44B, wherein fluid connections 48b branch off from channel 46b in a staggered manner. The detection chambers in the device of the invention may be arranged to form a repeating 2 -dimensional array which facilitates indexing and identification of the various chambers, as well as allowing rapid measurement of an optical signal produced by each chamber upon reaction with the sample, if optical detection is used. Figs. 2A-2B, for example, show networks in which the detection chambers are arranged in rows and columns along perpendicular axes, allowing die chambers to be identified by X and Y indices if desired. This type of array (a perpendicular array) also facilitates successive interrogations of the chambers in a chamber-by-chamber analysis mode. However, otiier arrangements may be used, such as a staggered or a close-packed hexagonal array. Fig. 2C, for example, shows part of a network 34c having inlet 38c and an array of staggered detection chambers 44c. The detection chambers are connected to a common delivery channel 46c by fluid connections 48c. The device may also include identifying symbols adjacent die detection chamber to facilitate identification or confirmation of die analytes being detected. Preferably, the detection chambers of die device are each provided witii analyte-specific reagents which are effective to react with a selected analyte which may be present in die sample, as discussed further below. Reaction of the sample with the analyte-specific reagents results in production of a detectable signal which indicates tiiat the selected analyte is present. According to an important feature of die invention, the sample is delivered to die detection chambers by vacuum action. Prior to loading widi sample, die interior of die sample-distribution network is placed under vacuum so d at d e residual gas pressure in die network is substantially below atmospheric pressure (i.e., substantially less tiian 760 mm Hg). One advantage of tiiis feature of die invention is that a pump for pushing fluid dirough die network is not required. Instead, die device exploits ambient atmospheric pressure to push d e sample dirough die sample inlet and into die sample-distribution network. This allows die sample to be delivered quickly and efficiently to die detection chambers. Figs. 3A-3A illustrate die filling process for a sample-distribution network 34 in accordance with Fig. 2A. The network includes sample inlet 38, detection chambers 44, and sample delivery channel 46 which is connected to d e various detection chambers by dead-end fluid connections 48. The network further includes a vacuum reservoir 40 at die terminus of the delivery channel. A plurality of the detection chambers 44 contain dried detection reagents for detecting a different selected analyte in each chamber, with one or more chambers optionally being reserved as controls. Fig. 3 A shows die device before sample loading is initiated. The network is evacuated to establish an internal pressure within die network at is substantially below atmospheric pressure (e.g., 1 to 40 mm Hg). The interior of die network should also be substantially liquid-free to minimize vapor pressure problems. Fig. 3B shows the network after sample fluid 50 has entered the network dirough inlet 38 (Fig. 3B). As die sample moves dirough channel 46, die sample sequentially fills each of die detection chambers (Fig. 3B) until all of die chambers have been filled (Fig. 3C). Witii continued reference to Fig. 3C, once die detection chambers have all been filled, sample fluid may continue to flow dirough channel 46 into vacuum reservoir 40 until the reservoir becomes full or the flow is otherwise terminated (e.g., by closing a valve associated with die vacuum reservoir). According to one advantage of the invention, continued sample flow through the channel means does not substantially disturb die contents of die detection chambers tiiat have already been filled, because further flow into or out of each filled detection chamber is restricted by die dead-end - fluid connections, such as connections 48. Cross-contamination between different detection chambers is therefore reduced, so tiiat erroneous signals due to cross-contamination can be avoided. A further advantage of die invention is that die sample can be mixed witii die analyte-specific detection reagents and detected all in die same chamber, without requiring movement ofthe sample from each chamber to another site. Moreover, since the sample and detection reagents can remain in the chamber for signal detection, the detection reagents need not be immobilized on or adhered to the inner surfaces of the detection chambers. The components of die sample-distribution network are designed to ensure diat an adequate volume of sample will be delivered to the detection chambers to allow accurate analyte detection and/or quantitation. In general, the percent-volume of a detection chamber mat must be occupied by die sample will vary according to die requirements of die reagents and die detection system used. Typically, the volume-percent will be greater tiian 75%, preferably greater than 90%, and more preferably greater tiian 95%. In assay formats in which the detection chambers are heated, par¬ ticularly to temperatures of between about 60°C and about 95°C, die volume-percent filling of die chambers is preferably greater than 95%, and more preferably is at least 99%. The degree to which the detection chambers are filled with sample will generally depend upon (1) die initial ratio of d e external (atmospheric) pressure to the initial pressure within d e network, (2) die individual and total volumes defined by the detection chambers, (3) the volume defined by die channel means, and (4) die nature of die network downstream of d e last detection chamber. For example, in the case of a detection chamber which is nearest the sample inlet, and which will be filled first, die percentage occupancy (volume-percent) of sample fluid in the chamber after sample loading (V, > ) will be related to die external atmospheric pressure φ tΛ ) and die initial internal pressure within the network before sample loading (P^,) by the expression: v,» - (P e J/(P βrt + d Thus, if die initial pressure within the network (Pj is 10 mm Hg, and the external pressure (P„ is 760 mm Hg, about 99% ofthe first detection chamber will be filled witii sample fluid (V, ι% « 99%), witii the remaining volume (» 1.3%) being filled by residual gas (e.g., air) displaced by die sample. (This calculation assumes at, by die time the sample reaches the chamber, die internal network pressure has not increased appreciably due to displacement of gas upstream of the chamber.) Similarly, if P ext is 760 mm Hg and P^,, is only 40 mm Hg, d e volume-percent of die chamber that becomes occupied with sample will still be very high (about 95%). It will be appreciated tiiat as the sample fluid reaches and fills successive detection chambers, die residual gas displaced from die channel means will gradually accumulate in d e remaining network volume, so diat die internal pressure will gradually increase. The resultant increase in back-pressure can lead to a reduction in V, * for each successive chamber, with V. <% for the last- filled detection chamber being significantly lower than the V, % for the first-filled chamber. To help avoid this problem, the dimensions of die channel and dead-end fluid connections are preferably selected to define a total volume that is substantially less than the total volume defined by the detection chambers. Preferably, die collective volume ofthe channel means is less an 20% of die total collective volume of die detection chambers, and more preferably less an 5% . Similarly, die volume of each dead-end fluid connection should be substantially less than the volume of die associated detection chamber. Preferably, die volume of each dead-end connection is less tiian 20%, preferably less than 10%, and more preferably less than 5% of the volume of the associated detection chamber. The problem of back-pressure can be further diminished by including a vacuum reservoir downstream of the last detection chamber to be filled. In one embodiment, die vacuum reservoir is a non-flowthrough cavity in which gas displaced by die sample fluid can collect. The volume of the reservoir will vary according to die configuration and needs of die particular device. For example, die volume of die reservoir can be selected to be equal in volume to one or more detection chambers volumes, or alternatively, is one- to five-fold as great as the total collective volume of the channel means. In anodier embodiment, die vacuum reservoir is connected to a vacuum source, so mat residual gas can be removed continuously until sample loading into d e detection chambers is complete, as discussed further below. Fig. 4 shows another sample-distribution network in accordance witii the invention, wherein the channel means of the network includes at least two different sample delivery channels, each connected to a different group of detection chambers. Fig. 4 shows a sample-distribution network 60 having a sample inlet 62, tiiree different groups of detection chambers 64a, 64b, and 64c, and channel means 66 which include corresponding channels 66a, 66b, and 66c associated with die three chamber groups. The chambers are connected to channels 64a-64c via dead-end fluid connections 68a-68c, which provide uni-directional flow of die sample into die detection chambers. One advantage of using multiple delivery channels is diat die time needed to fill the detection chambers witii the sample can be significantly reduced relative to the time needed to fill die same number of detection chambers using a single delivery channel. For example, the loading time for a network in accordance with Fig. 4 will be about one-third of that needed to fill an identical number of detection chambers via die single channel format illustrated in Fig. 2 A, all otiier factors being equal. More generally, for a given number of detection chambers, die filling time will vary inversely with the number of delivery channels used. The sample-distribution network in Fig .4 further includes separate vacuum reservoirs 70a-70c which are connected to die termini of sample delivery channels 64a-64c, downstream of die detection chambers. The vacuum chambers are dimensioned to help maintain a low internal gas pressure during sample loading. In anodier embodiment, die channel means includes an individual channel for each detection chamber, as illustrated in Fig. 5. Network 80 includes an inlet 82, detection chambers 84, and associated with each detection chamber, a dead-end fluid connection 86, which may also be referred to as channel means, for delivering sample to each chamber. Each dead-end fluid connection is dimensioned to define a volume that is substantially less than the volume ofthe associated detection chamber, to ensure diat each detection chamber is sufficiently filled with sample. This embodiment provides rapid filling of die detection chambers with minimal cross-contamination. The device ofthe invention may also include a vacuum port communicating witii the sample- distribution network, for applying a vacuum to the network before or during sample loading. In one embodiment, die vacuum port is connected to die channel means at a site between, and in fluid communication with, the sample inlet and the detection chambers. An illustration of tiiis can be found in Fig. 9. The vacuum port thus provides a convenient way to reduce die internal pressure within die network to a selected residual pressure prior to sample loading. In particular, when die sample is introduced into d e network using a syringe barrel connected to the sample inlet, the vacuum port can be used to remove air from the space between the syringe and the inlet, before the sample is admitted into die network. In anodier embodiment, the vacuum port is connected to die channel means at a site downstream ofthe sample inlet and detection chambers (e.g., Fig. 6A). In is configuration, the vacuum port may additionally be used to remove liquid from the channel means after die detection chambers have been filled, to help isolate the detection chambers from one anodier and further reduce cross-contamination. In this configuration, die vacuum port constitutes a part of die vacuum reservoir described above, where die reservoir includes a vacuum source linked to die terminal end of a sample delivery channel. The vacuum port may be kept open to die network during sample loading, to continuously remove residual gas from die network until all of die detection chambers have been filled. The vacuum port may include a multi-port valve (e.g., 3-way valve) that permits the network and associated detection chambers to be exposed alternately to a vacuum source, the sample inlet, and a vent or gas source. Such a valve may be used to alternately expose the network to vacuum and a selected gas source, to replace residual air with the selected gas. Such gas replacement in die network may be useful to remove molecular oxygen (O^ or otiier atmospheric gases which might otherwise interfere witii die performance of the detection reagents. Argon and nitrogen are inert gases which may be suitable for most situations. Anodier gas which may be used is carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), which is highly soluble in water due to its ability to form carbonate and bicarbonate ions. When die sample fluid is an aqueous solution, bubbles of carbon dioxide which may form in die network during sample loading may be eliminated via dissolution in die sample fluid. The degree of sample filling in die detection chambers is therefore enhanced. Of course, carbon dioxide should not be used if it interferes witii die detection reagents. A multi-port valve such as noted above can also be used to supply a gas which is required for detection of die selected analytes. For example, it may be desirable to provide molecular oxygen or ozone where die detection reagents involve an oxidation reaction. Other gases, such as hydrocarbons (ethylene, methane) or nitrogenous gases, may also be introduced as appropriate. B. Device Fabrication The device of the invention is designed to allow testing of a sample for a large number of different analytes by optical analysis, using a device diat is compact and inexpensive to prepare. Generally, d e device will be no larger in cross-section tiian the cross-section of a standard credit card ( . 5 cm x 10 cm), and will have a diickness (depdi) of no greater tiian 2 cm. More preferably, die device occupies a volume of no greater tiian about 5 x 5 x 1 cm, excluding attachments for die sample inlet and any vacuum port. More preferably, die device has dimensions of no greater an about 3 cm x 2 cm x 0.3 cm. Devices smaller an tiiis are also contemplated, bearing in mind diat die device should provide adequate sensitivity and be easy for die end-user to handle. The detection chambers in die device are generally designed to be as small as possible, in order to achieve high density of detection chambers. The sizes and dimensions of the chambers will depend on a number of considerations. When signal detection is by optical means, the overhead cross-section of each chamber must be large enough to allow reliable measurement of the signal produced when the selected analyte is present in the sample. Also, die deptiis of die chambers can be tailored for die particular optical method used. For fluorescence detection, thin chambers may be desirable, to minimize quenching effects. For absorbance or chemiluminescence detection, on die other hand, a thicker chamber may be appropriate, to increase the detection signal . It will be appreciated diat while the figures in the attached drawings show chambers having square-shaped overhead cross-sections , otiier geometries , such as circles or ovals , may also be used . Similarly, the channels in the network may be straight or curved, as necessary, witii cross-sections that are shallow, deep, square, rectangular, concave, or V-shaped, or any other appropriate configuration. Typically, the detection chambers will be dimensioned to hold from 0.001 μL to 10 μL of sample per chamber, and, more preferably between 0.01 μL and 2 μL. Conveniently, the volume of each detection chamber is between about 0.1 μL and 1 μL, to allow visual confirmation diat die chambers have been filled. For example, a chamber having a volume of 0.2 μL may have dimensions of 1 mm x 1 mm x 0.2 mm, where the last dimension is the chamber's depdi. The sample delivery channels are dimensioned to facilitate rapid delivery of sample to the detection chambers, while occupying as little volume as possible. Typical cross-sectional dimensions for d e channels will range from 5 μm to about 250 μm for both the width and depdi. Ideally, the path lengths between chambers will be as short as possible to minimize die total channel volume. For this purpose (to minimize volume), the network is preferably substantially planar, i.e., die channel means and detection chambers in die device intersect a common plane. The substrate diat defines the sample-distribution network of die invention may be formed from any solid material diat is suitable for conducting analyte detection. Materials which may be used will include various plastic polymers and copolymers, such as polypropylenes, polystyrenes, polyimides, and polycarbonates. Inorganic materials such as glass and silicon are also useful. Silicon is especially advantageous in view of its high tiiermal conductivity, which facilitates rapid heating and cooling of d e device if necessary. The substrate may be formed from a single material or from a plurality of materials. The sample-distribution network is formed by any suitable method known in the art. For plastic materials, injection molding will generally be suitable to form detection chambers and connecting channels having a desired pattern. For silicon, standard etching techniques from die semiconductor industry may be used, as described in Sze (1988), for example. Typically, the device substrate is prepared from two or more laminated layers, as will be discussed below witii reference to Figs. 6A-6C to 8. For optical detection, die device will include one or more layers which provide an optically transparent window for each detection chamber, dirough which die analyte-specific signal is detected. For tiiis purpose, silica-based glasses, quartz, polycarbonate, or an optically transparent plastic layer may be used, for example. Selection of die particular window material depends in part on die optical properties of die material. For example, in a fluorescence-based assay, die material should have low fluorescence emission at the wavelength(s) being measured. The window material should also exhibit minimal light absorption for die signal wavelengths of interest. Otiier layers in die device may be formed using die same or different materials. Preferably, the layer or layers defining die detection chambers are formed predominantly from a material at has high heat conductivity, such as silicon or a heat-conducting metal. The silicon surfaces which contact die sample are preferably coated witii an oxidation layer or other suitable coating, to render die surface more inert. Similarly, where a heat-conducting metal is used in die substrate, die metal can be coated witii an inert material, such as a plastic polymer, to prevent corrosion of the metal and to separate the metal surface from contact with the sample. The suitability of a particular surface should be verified for die selected assay. For optical detection, die opacity or transparency of die substrate material defining die detection chambers will generally have an effect on the permissible detector geometries used for signal detection. For die following discussion, references to die "upper wall" of a detection chamber refer to die chamber surface or wall dirough which die optical signal is detected, and references to die "lower wall" of a chamber refers to die chamber surface or wall that is opposite die upper wall. When d e substrate material defining the lower wall and sides of die detection chambers is optically opaque, and detection is by absorption or fluorescence, the detection chambers will usually be illuminated and optically scanned dirough d e same surface (i.e., die top surfaces of the chambers which are optically transparent). Thus, for fluorescence detection, the opaque substrate material preferably exhibits low reflectance properties so diat reflection of the illuminating light back toward die detector is minimized. Conversely, a high reflectance will be desirable for detection based on light absorption. When die substrate material defining die upper surface and sides of die detection chambers is optically clear, and detection involves fluorescence measurement, die chambers can be illuminated with excitation light dirough the sides of die chambers (in die plane defined collectively by d e detection chambers in d e device), or more typically, diagonally from above (e.g., at a 45 degree angle), and emitted light is collected from above die chambers (i.e., through the upper walls, in a direction peφendicular to the plane defined by die detection chambers). Preferably, die substrate material exhibits low dispersion of the illuminating light in order to limit Rayleigh scattering. When die entirety of the substrate material is optically clear, or at least the upper and lower walls of die chambers are optically clear, die chambers can be illuminated dirough either wall (upper or lower), and die emitted or transmitted light is measured dirough eitiier wall as appropriate. Illumination of die chambers from other directions will also be possible as already discussed above. With chemiluminescence detection, where light of a distinctive wavelengtii is typically generated without illumination of die sample by an outside light source, die absorptive and reflective properties of die substrate will be less important, provided tiiat the substrate provides at least one optically transparent window for detecting d e signal. Figs. 6A-6C illustrate a specific embodiment of a device in accordance witii die invention. With reference to Figs. 6A and 6B, device 100 includes a sample inlet 102, sample-distribution network 104, and vacuum port 106 which is connected to die terminus of network 104. Network 104 includes a perpendicular array of detection chambers 108 (7 rows x 8 columns) linked to sample delivery channel 110 via dead-end fluid connections 112. The device further includes vertical panel 114 adjacent sample inlet 102, for attaching an identifying label to die device and as an attachment allowing die user to hold die device. As can be seen from Fig. 6B, die detection chambers are packed closely together to increase die number of analytes which can be tested in die device. Fluid connections 112 are provided in an L-shaped configuration (Fig. 6C) to impede fluid flow out ofthe chambers after sample loading, and to help isolate die contents of die chambers from each other. Although die horizontal rows of detection chambers in Figs. 6A and 6B are shown as being separated from each other by variable vertical spacing (to enhance the clarity of d e figures), it will be appreciated tiiat the chambers can be separated by equal distances in both the vertical and horizontal directions, to facilitate analysis of d e chambers. Figs. 7 and 8 illustrate two exemplary approaches for forming a testing device in accordance witii Figs. 6A-6B. Fig. 7 shows two substrate layers 140 and 142 which can be brought togetiier to form sample-distribution network 104 (Fig. 6A). The network is defined primarily by substrate layer 140, which contains indentations defining a sample inlet 102 (not shown), a plurality of detection chambers 108, sample delivery channel 110, and dead-end fluid connections 112. Contact of substrate layer 142 witii die opposing face of layer 140 completes the formation of network 104. Fig. 8 shows substrate layers 150 and 152 for forming a network by anodier approach. Substrate layer 150 contains indentations defining a plurality of detection chambers 108. Substrate layer 152, on die otiier hand, contains indentations defining sample delivery channel 110 and dead¬ end fluid connections 112. Network 104 can then be formed by contacting the opposing faces of the two substrate layers as in Fig. 7. Since die device is designed to provide a vacuum-tight environment witiiin the sample- distribution network for sample loading, and also to provide detection chambers having carefully defined reaction volumes, it is desirable to ensure at die network and associate detection chambers do not leak. Accordingly, lamination of substrate layers to one another should be accomplished so as to ensure diat all chambers and channels are well sealed. In general, die substrate layers can be sealably bonded in a number of ways. Conventionally, a suitable bonding substance, such as a glue or epoxy-type resin, is applied to one or both opposing surfaces that will be bonded togetiier. The bonding substance may be applied to die entirety of either surface, so that the bonding substance (after curing) will come into contact with the detection chambers and the distribution network. In this case, die bonding substance is selected to be compatible with the sample and detection reagents used in d e assay. Alternatively, die bonding substance may be applied around d e distribution network and detection chambers so that contact witii d e sample will be minimal or avoided entirely. The bonding substance may also be provided as part of an adhesive-backed tape or membrane which is then brought into contact with die opposing surface. In yet anodier approach, die sealable bonding is accomplished using an adhesive gasket layer which is placed between die two substrate layers. In any of these approaches, bonding may be accomplished by any suitable metiiod, including pressure-sealing, ultrasonic welding, and heat curing, for example. The device of die invention may be adapted to allow rapid heating and cooling of die detection chambers to facilitate reaction of die sample witii die analyte-detection reagents. In one embodiment, die device is heated or cooled using an external temperature-controller. The temperature-controller is adapted to heat/cool one or more surfaces of the device, or may be adapted to selectively heat the detection chambers tiiemselves. To facilitate heating or cooling with tiiis embodiment, the substrate material ofthe test device is preferably formed of a material which has high thermal conductivity, such as copper, aluminum, or silicon. Alternatively, a substrate layer such as layer 140 in Fig. 7 may be formed from a material having moderate or low tiiermal conductivity, while substrate layer 142 (Fig. 7) is provided as a thin layer, such at die temperature of the detection chambers can be conveniently controlled by heating or cooling the device dirough layer 142, regardless of die tiiermal conductivity of die material of layer 142. In one preferred embodiment, layer 142 is provided in die form of an adhesive copper-backed tape. In an alternative embodiment, means for modulating die temperature of die detection chambers is provided in die substrate of the device itself. For example, witii reference to Fig. 7, substrate layer 142 may include resistive traces which contact regions adjacent die reaction chambers, whereby passage of electical current dirough die traces is effective to heat or cool die chambers. This approach is particularly suitable for silicon-based substrates, and can provide superior temperature control. Further illustration of die invention is provided by the device shown in Fig. 9. Device 160 includes a network-defining substrate layer 161 and a flat substrate layer 180 for bonding witii and sealing layer 161. Layer 161 includes sample inlet 162 and indentations defining (i) a sample-distribution network 164 and (ii) vacuum reservoir 166 connected to die terminus of network 164. Network 164 includes a 2-dimensional perpendicular array of detection chambers 168 (7 x 7) linked to sample delivery channel 170 via dead-end fluid connections 172. The device further includes vertical panel 174 adjacent sample inlet 162, as in Figs. 6A-6B. Formation of network 164 is completed by contacting the entirety of die upper surface of device 160 with die opposing face of a layer 180, which is preferably provided in die foπn of a membrane or thin layer. Device 160 in Fig. 9 is distinguished from device 100 in Fig. 6A in that device 160 includes a vacuum reservoir 166, instead of a vacuum port, at me terminus of delivery channel 170. In addition, sample inlet 162 in device 160 is conveniently adapted to operate in conjunction with inlet fitting 190, so tiiat evacuation of die network and sample loading can be effected from a single site witii respect to die network. Sample inlet 162 includes a hollow inlet cylinder 176 having an open proximal end 177, which connects to network 172, and an open, distal end 178. Cylinder 176 further includes an opening 179 located near die terminus of die distal end. Inlet fitting 190 includes an inlet cap structure 200 and a port structure 210 appended diereto. Cap structure 200 defines a hollow cylinder 202 having an open, proximal end 204 and a closed, distal end 206. The inner diameter of cylinder 202 is dimensioned to form a vacuum-tight seal when placed over inlet 162. Port structure 210 defines a vacuum port 212 and a sample port 214. Ports 212 and 214 communicate with cylinder 202 via openings 216 and 218, respectively, which are formed in the side of cylinder 202. Fitting 190 additionally includes guide structure 220 for receiving the adjacent edge of panel 174, to orient and guide fitting 190 when fitting 190 is fitted over and slided along inlet 162. Exemplary dimensions of a device which has been prepared in accordance witii Fig. 9 are die following: detection chambers 168, 1.2 mm x 1.2 mm x 0.75 mm; delivery channel 170, 0.25 mm x 0.25 mm (width x depdi); dead-end fluid connection 172, 0.25 mm x 0.25 mm (width x depth); external dimensions: 22 cm x 15 cm x 1 mm (dimensions of network-defining portion, excluding inlet 162 and panel 174). Preferably, die detection chambers in die microdevice of die invention have volumes less an 10 μL, less than 2 μL, and most preferably less tiian or equal to 1 μL. Device 160 may be prepared under ordinary atmospheric conditions by bonding a polymeric, adhesive-backed substrate layer 180 to die corresponding surface of layer 161, to form a sealed network. Inlet fitting 190 is fitted onto cylinder 176 of inlet 162, such that openings 179 and 216 are aligned witii each otiier. Vacuum port 212 is connected to a vacuum line, and the interior of the network is evacuated for a selected time. The network may be alternately flushed witii a selected gas, such as carbon dioxide, and vacuum, as discussed above. During evacuation, sample port 214 is loaded witii, or placed in fluid communication with, the fluid sample. Preferably, die sample port is filled so that there is no air between the sample in the sample port and opening 218. Once the network has been evacuated (usually complete witiiin a few seconds), fitting 190 is lowered further towards layer 161 until opening 179 is aligned witii sample opening 218, bringing die interior of the network in fluid communication with d e sample. The sample fills the chambers rapidly, typically in less than half a second. The detection chambers are filled to a volume-percent of greater than 95% . Excess sample and residual gas collects in reservoir 166. Once the chambers have filled witii sample, fitting 190 is lowered further toward layer 161 in order to seal inlet 162, tiiereby sealing the interior of the network from die outside atmosphere. The sample is allowed to react witii the detection reagents in die detection chambers, during or after which die optical signals produced in die chambers are detected. C. Detection Reagents The detection chamber(s) of die device may be pre-loaded witii detection reagents which are specific for die selected analytes of interest. The detection reagents are designed to produce an optically detectable signal via any of die optical methods noted in Section II below. It will be appreciated tiiat although die reagents in each detection chamber must contain substances specific for the analyte(s) to be detected in die particular chamber, other reagents necessary to produce d e optical signal for detection may be added to d e sample prior to loading, or may be placed at locations elsewhere in die network for mixing witii the sample. Whether particular assay components are included in die detection chambers or elsewhere will depend on die nature of die particular assay, and on whether a given component is stable to drying. In general, it is preferred diat as many of die detection reagents as possible are pre-loaded in die detection chambers during manufacture of die device, in order to enhance assay uniformity and minimize die assay steps conducted by the end-user. The analyte to be detected may be any substance whose presence, absence, or amount is desireable to be determined. The detection means can include any reagent or combination of reagents suitable to detect or measure die analyte(s) of interest. It will be appreciated tiiat more man one analyte can be tested for in a single detection chamber, if desired. In one embodiment, die analytes are selected-sequence polynucleotides , such as DNA or RNA, and die analyte-specific reagents include sequence-selective reagents for detecting die polynucleo- tides. The sequence-selective reagents include at least one binding polymer which is effective to selectively bind to a target polynucleotide having a defined sequence. The binding polymer can be a conventional polynucleotide, such as DNA or RNA, or any suitable analog thereof which has die requisite sequence selectivity. For example, binding polymers which are analogs of polynucleotides, such as deoxynucleotides with thiophosphodiester linkages, and which are capable of base-specific binding to single-stranded or double-stranded target poly¬ nucleotides may be used. Polynucleotide analogs containing uncharged, but stereoisomeric metirylphosphonate linkages between die deoxyribonucleoside subunits have been reported (Miller, 1979, 1980, 1990, Murakami, Blake, 1985a, 1985b). A variety of analogous uncharged phosphoramidate-linked oligonucleotide analogs have also been reported (Froehler). Also, deoxyribonucleoside analogs having achiral and uncharged intersubunit linkages (Stirchak) and uncharged morpholino-based polymers having achiral intersubunit linkages have been reported (U.S . Patent No. 5,034,506). Binding polymers known generally as peptide nucleic acids may also be used (Buchardt, 1992). The binding polymers may be designed for sequence specific binding to a single-stranded target molecule dirough Watson-Crick base pairing, or sequence-specific binding to a double-stranded target polynucleotide dirough Hoogstein binding sites in die major groove of duplex nucleic acid (Kornberg). A variety of otiier suitable polynucleotide analogs are also known. The binding polymers for detecting polynucleotides are typically 10-30 nucleotides in length, with the exact lengtii depending on die requirements of die assay, ahhough longer or shorter lengths are also contemplated. In one embodiment, die analyte-specific reagents include an oligonucleotide primer pair suitable for amplifying, by polymerase chain reaction, a target polynucleotide region of die selected analyte which is flanked by 3 '-sequences complementary to die primer pair. In practicing this embodiment, the primer pair is reacted witii the target polynucleotide under hybridization conditions which favor annealing of die primers to complementary regions of opposite strands in the target. The reaction mixture is en tiiermal cycled through several, and typically about 20-40, rounds of primer extension, denaturation, and primer/target sequence annealing, according to well-known polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods (Mullis, Saiki). Typically, botii primers for each primer pair are pre-loaded in each of the respective detection chambers, along witii the standard nucleotide triphosphates, or analogs tiiereof, for primer extension (e.g., ATP, CTP, GTP, and TTP), and any otiier appropriate reagents, such as MgCl 2 or MnCl 2 . A thermally stable DNA polymerase, such as Taq, Vent, or the like, may also be pre-loaded in die chambers, or may be mixed witii the sample prior to sample loading. Other reagents may be included in die detection chambers or elsewhere as appropriate. Alternatively, the detection chambers may be loaded witii one primer from each primer pair, and die otiier primer (e.g., a primer common to all of detection chambers) may be provided in die sample or elsewhere. If die target polynucleotides are single-stranded, such as single-stranded DNA or RNA, die sample is preferably pre-treated witii a DNA- or RNA-polymerase prior to sample loading, to form double-stranded polynucleotides for subsequent amplification. The presence and/or amount of target polynucleotide in a detection chamber, as indicated by successful amplification, is detected by any suitable means. For example, amplified sequences may be detected in double-stranded form by including an intercalating or cross-linking dye, such as ethidium bromide, acridine orange, or an oxazole derivative, for example, which exhibits a fluorescence increase or decrease upon binding to double-stranded nucleic acids (Sambrook, 1989; Ausubel; Higuchi, 1992, 1993; Ishiguro, 1995). The level of amplification can also be measured by fluorescence detection using a fluorescently labeled oligonucleotide, such as disclosed in Lee et al. (1993) and Livak et al. (1995). In tiiis embodiment, the detection reagents include a sequence-selective primer pair as in die more general PCR method above, and in addition, a sequence-selective oligonucleotide (FQ-oligo) containing a fluorescer-quencher pair. The primers in the primer pair are complementary to 3 * -regions in opposing strands of die target analyte segment which flank the region which is to be amplified. The FQ-oligo is selected to be capable of hybridizing selectively to the analyte segment in a region downstream of one of die primers and is located witiiin die region to be amplified. The fluorescer-quencher pair includes a fluorescer dye and a quencher dye which are spaced from each other on the oligonucleotide so diat die quencher dye is able to significantly quench light emitted by die fluorescer at a selected wavelength, while the quencher and fluorescer are both bound to die oligonucleotide. The FQ-oligo preferably includes a 3'-phosphate or otiier blocking group to prevent terminal extension of the 3'-end of die oligo. The fluorescer and quencher dyes may be selected from any dye combination having the proper overlap of emission (for the fluorescer) and absoφtive (for the quencher) wavelengths while also permitting enzymatic cleavage of the FQ-oligo by the polymerase when the oligo is hybridized to the target. Suitable dyes, such as rhodamine and fluorscein derivatives, and methods of attaching diem, are well known and are described, for example, in Menchen et al. (1993, 1994), Bergot et al. (1991), and Fung et al. (1987). The fluorescer and quencher dyes are spaced close enough togetiier to ensure adequate quenching of die fluorescer, while also being far enough apart to ensure diat die polymerase is able to cleave die FQ-oligo at a site between the fluorescer and quencher. Generally, spacing of about 5 to about 30 bases is suitable, as generally described in Livak et al. (1995). Preferably, die fluorescer in die FQ-oligo is covalently linked to a nucleotide base which is 5' witii respect to the quencher. In practicing this approach, the primer pair and FQ-oligo are reacted with a target polynucleotide (double-stranded for tiiis example) under conditions effective to allow sequence- selective hybridization to the appropriate complementary regions in die target. The primers are effective to initiate extension of the primers via DNA polymerase activity. When the polymerase encounters the FQ-probe downstream of die corresponding primer, the polymerase cleaves die FQ- probe so that die fluorescer is no longer held in proximity to die quencher. The fluorescence signal from the released fluorescer therefore increases, indicating diat die target sequence is present. One advantage of this embodiment is that only a small proportion of d e FQ-probe need be cleaved in order for a measurable signal to be produced. In a further embodiment, die detection reagents may include two or more FQ-oligos having distinguishable fluorescer dyes attached, and which are complementary for different-sequence regions which may be present in the amplified region, e.g., due to heterozygosity (Lee, 1993). In anodier embodiment, die detection reagents include first and second oligonucleotides effective to bind selectively to adjacent, contiguous regions of a target sequence in the selected analyte, and which may be ligated covalently by a ligase enzyme or by chemical means (Whiteley, 1989; Landegren, 1988) (oligonucleotide ligation assay, OLA). In this approach, die two oligonucleotides (oligos) are reacted with die target polynucleotide under conditions effective to ensure specific hybridization of die oligonucleotides to their target sequences. When the oligo- nucleotides have base-paired with tiieir target sequences, such diat confronting end subunits in die oligos are basepaired with immediately contiguous bases in the target, the two oligos can be joined by ligation, e.g., by treatment with ligase. After the ligation step, the detection wells are heated to dissociate unligated probes, and d e presence of ligated, target-bound probe is detected by reaction with an intercalating dye or by other means. The oligos for OLA may also be designed so as to bring togetiier a fluorescer-quencher pair, as discussed above, leading to a decrease in a fluorescence signal when die analyte sequence is present. In die above OLA ligation metiiod, die concentration of a target region from an analyte polynucleotide can be increased, if necessary, by amplification with repeated hybridization and ligation steps. Simple additive amplification can be achieved using the analyte polynucleotide as a target and repeating denaturation, annealing, and ligation steps until a desired concentration of the ligated product is achieved. Alternatively, die ligated product formed by hybridization and ligation can be amplified by ligase chain reaction (LCR), according to published metiiods (Winn-Deen). In this approach, two sets of sequence-specific oligos are employed for each target region of a double-stranded nucleic acid. One probe set includes first and second oligonucleotides designed for sequence-specific binding to adjacent, contiguous regions of a target sequence in a first strand in the target. The second pair of oligonucleotides are effective to bind (hybridize) to adjacent, contiguous regions of the target sequence on die opposite strand in die target. Witii continued cycles of denaturation, reannealing and ligation in die presence of die two complementary oligo sets, die target sequence is amplified exponentially, allowing small amounts of target to be detected and/or amplified. In a further modification, die oligos for OLA or LCR assay bind to adjacent regions in a target polynucleotide which are separated by one or more intervening bases, and ligation is effected by reaction with (i) a DNA polymerase, to fill in the intervening single stranded region with com¬ plementary nucleotides, and (ii) a ligase enzyme to covalently link d e resultant bound oligonucleotides (Segev, 1992, 1994). In anodier embodiment, die target sequences can be detected on die basis of a hybridization- fluorescence assay (Lee et al., 1993). The detection reagents include a sequence-selective binding polymer (FQ-oligo) containing a fluorescer-quencher pair, as discussed above, in which die fluorescence emission of die fluorescer dye is substantially quenched by die quencher when die FQ-oligo is free in solution (i.e., not hybridized to a complementary sequence). Hybridization of die FQ-oligo to a complementary sequence in the target to form a double-stranded complex is effective to perturb (e.g., increase) die fluorescence signal ofthe fluorescer, indicating tiiat die target is present in die sample. In anodier embodiment, die binding polymer contains only a fluorescer dye (but not a quencher dye) whose fluorescence signal either decreases or increases upon hybridization to die target, to produce a detectable signal. It will be appreciated tiiat since the selected analytes in die sample will usually be tested for under generally uniform temperature and pressure conditions witiiin the device, die detection reagents in the various detection chambers should have substantially die same reaction kinetics. This can generally be accomplished using oligonucleotides and primers having similar or identical melting curves, which can be determined by empirical or experimental metiiods as are known in die art. In another embodiment, the analyte is an antigen, and die analyte-specific reagents in each detection chamber include an antibody specific for a selected analyte-antigen. Detection may be by fluorescence detection, agglutination, or other homogeneous assay format. As used herein, "antibody" is intended to refer to a monoclonal or polyclonal antibody, an Fc portion of an antibody, or any otiier kind of binding partner having an equivalent function. For fluorescence detection, the antibody may be labeled witii a fluorescer compound such tiiat specific binding of die antibody to die analyte is effective to produce a detectable increase or decrease in die compound's fluorescence, to produce a detectable signal (non-competitive format). In an alternative embodiment (competitive format), die detection means includes (i) an unlabeled, analyte-specific antibody, and (ii) a fluorescer-labeled ligand which is effective to compete with die analyte for specifically binding to die antibody. Binding ofthe ligand to die antibody is effect¬ ive to increase or decrease die fluorescence signal of die attached fluorescer. Accordingly, die measured signal will depend on d e amount of ligand diat is displaced by analyte from d e sample. Exemplary fluorescence assay formats which may be adapted for d e present invention can be found in Ullman (1979, 1981) and Yoshida (1980), for example. In a related embodiment, when the analyte is an antibody, die analyte-specific detection reagents include an antigen for reacting with a selected analyte antibody which may be present in the sample. The reagents may be adapted for a competitive or non-competitive type format, analogous to the formats discussed above. Alternatively, die analyte-specific reagents include a mono- or polyvalent antigen having one or more copies of an epitope which is specifically bound by die antibody-analyte, to promote an agglutination reaction which provides die detection signal. In yet anodier embodiment, die selected analytes are enzymes, and die detection reagents include enzyme-substrate molecules which are designed to react with specific analyte enzymes in the sample, based on die substrate specificities of the enzymes. Accordingly, detection chambers in d e device each contain a different substrate or substrate combination, for which die analyte enzyme(s) may be specific. This embodiment is useful for detecting or measuring one or more enzymes which may be present in die sample, or for probing die substrate specificity of a selected enzyme. Particularly preferred detection reagents include chromogenic substrates such as NAD/NADH, FAD FADH, and various otiier reducing dyes, for example, useful for assaying hydrogenases, oxidases, and enzymes diat generate products which can be assayed by hydrogenases and oxidases. For esterase or hydrolase (e.g., glycosidase) detection, chromogenic moieties such as nitrophenol may be used, for example. In anodier embodiment, die analytes are drug candidates, and die detection reagents include a suitable drug target or an equivalent thereof, to test for binding of die drug candidate to die target. It will be appreciated tiiat this concept can be generalized to encompass screening for substances diat interact witii or bind to one or more selected target substances. For example, the assay device can be used to test for agonists or antagonists of a selected receptor protein, such as die acetylcholine receptor. In a further embodiment, die assay device can be used to screen for substrates, activators, or inhibitors of one or more selected enzymes. The assay may also be adapted to measure dose-response curves for analytes binding to selected targets. The sample or detection reagents may also include a carrier protein, such as bovine serum albumin (BSA) to reduce non-specific binding of assay components to die walls of die detection chambers. The analyte-specific detection reagents are preferably dispensed into die detection chambers robotically using a dispensing system designed to deliver small volumes of liquid solutions (e.g., 0.1 to 1 μL). The system is supplied witii separate analyte-specific detection reagents which are dispensed to pre-selected detection chambers without cross-contamination. A reagent loading device that has been prepared in accordance witii die invention includes a dispensing robot (Asymtek Automove 402) coupled to a plurality of drop-on-demand ink-jet printing heads. The robot includes an X, Y-axis work table (12 inch x 12 inch) having a lateral resolution of 0.001 inch, a lateral velocity of 0-20 inch/sec, a Z-axis resolution of 0.001 inch, and a Z-axis velocity of 0-8 inch/sec. The robot optionally includes a tip locator, offset camera, strobe drop camera, on-axis camera, and/or gravimetric drop calibration. The printing heads are of a drop-on-demand, piezo-electric type, having wetted surfaces usually selected from glass, Teflon", and polypropylene. The minimum drop volume is 25 nL, and die maximum flow is 1 μL/min. Reagent loading is preferably accomplished under carefully-controlled sterile conditions using one or more dedicated dispensing robots. After application, d e reagents are allowed to dry in die chambers until most or all of d e solvent has evaporated. Drying may be accelerated by baking or reduced pressure as appropriate. The detection chambers are then sealed by bonding the chamber containing substrate layer with an appropriate cover layer, and the device is ready for use. IH. Signal Detection and Analysis The signal produced by reaction of the analyte-specific reagents with the sample is measured by any suitable detection means, including optical and non-optical methods. Where d e signal is detected optically, detection may be accomplished using any optical detector diat is compatible witii die spectroscopic properties of die signal. The assay may involve an increase in an optical signal or a decrease. The optical signal may be based on any of a variety of optical principals, including fluorescence, chemiluminescence, light absorbance, circular dichroism, optical rotation, Raman scattering, radioactivity, and light scattering. Preferably, die optical signal is based on fluorescence, chemiluminescence, or light absorbance. In general, die optical signal to be detected will involve absorbance or emission of light having a wavelength between about 180 nm (ultraviolet) and about 50 μm (far infrared). More typically, die wavelength is between about 200 nm (ultraviolet) and about 800 nm (near infrared). A variety of detection apparatus for measuring light having such wavelengths are well known in the art, and will typically involve the use of light filters, photomultipliers, diode-based detectors, and/or charge- coupled detectors (CCD), for example. The optical signals produced in d e individual detection chambers may be measured sequentially by iteratively scanning the chambers one at a time or in small groups, or may be measured simultaneously using a detector which interrogates all of die detection chambers contin¬ uously or at short time intervals. Preferably, die signals are recorded witii the aid of a computer capable of displaying instantaneously (in real-time) the signal level in each of die detection chambers, and also storing die time courses of die signals for later analysis. The optical signal in each chamber may be based on detection of light having one or more selected wavelengtiis with defined band-widtiis (e.g., 500 nm +_ 5 nm). Alternatively, the optical signal may be based on die shape or profile of emitted or absorbed light in a selected wavelength range. Preferably, the optical signal will involve measurement of light having at least two distinctive wavelengtiis in order to include an internal control. For example, a first wavelength is used to measure die analyte, and a second wavelength is used to verify diat die chamber is not empty or to verify d at a selected reagent or calibration standard is present in die detection chamber. An aberration or absence ofthe signal for die second wavelength is an indication diat the chamber may be empty, at the sample was improperly prepared, or that die detection reagents are defective. In studies conducted in support of d e invention, a detection assembly was prepared for fluorescence detection of target polynucleotides in a sample using a device in accordance witii the invention. The assembly includes a translation stage for positioning die test device. The test device includes a 7 x 7 array of addressable detection chambers containing fluorescent detection reagents. The detector in die assembly consists of a tungsten bulb (or quartz halogen bulb , 75 W) illumination source, a CCD camera, and appropriate focusing/collection optics. The illumination source is positioned so as to illuminate die device diagonally from above (e.g., at an inclination angle of 45 degrees with respect to the illuminated surface). The optics include two lenses separated by an emission filter. The first lens collimates die incoming image for die emission filter, and the second lens which re-images die filtered beam onto die CCD. The test device is placed at die focal point of die first lens. The CCD is a tiiermoelectrically cooled, instrumentation-grade front-illuminated CCD (Princeton Instruments TEA/CCD-512TK/1). The detection plate of die CCD has a 512 x 512 array of 27 μm square pixels which covers die entire overhead cross-section of die test device. The camera head is controlled by a controller (Princeton Instruments ST- 135) which communicates with a computer (Quadra 650, Apple Computers) for collecting and processing the signal data. The system is capable of on-chip binning of die pixels. For detection chambers having an overhead cross-section of 1 mm x 1 mm, bins having a size of 2 x 2 pixels are suitable. More generally, the bin size is selected on die basis of die total processing time that will be required, die sizes and number of detection chambers, sensitivity, and signal noise. The computer in die assembly includes signal-processing software for selecting an appropriate sub-region in each detection chamber from which die signal is measured. Such sub-regions are selected for uniformity of incoming light, to ensure diat edge regions are excluded. The signal image of d e device is recorded and stored at selected intervals, according to die requirements of die assay. Preferably, the signal for each detection chamber is recorded as an average signal per bin for the selected sub-region in each chamber, since the size of the selected sub-region in each chamber will usually differ from chamber to chamber. The detector optics may further be adapted to include a filter wheel for detecting fluorescence at 2 or more wavelengtiis. As discussed above, die temperature of die detection chambers may be controlled, if appropriate, by any of a number of suitable metiiods. In the detection assembly tiiat was prepared in accordance with the invention, die heating means is external to die test device (off-chip heating), and includes a temperature controller (Marlow Industries model SE 5020) equipped witii a peltier device (TTI Ferro Tec model 6300) having a ramp rate of about +4°/sec in die range of 55 °C to 95 °C. For on-chip heating, where die device includes resistive tracings (or a comparable equivalent) for heating the chambers, the assembly can be modified to provide one or two zones of resistance heating capable of establishing a maximum power dissipation of 25 W over a 200 mm 2 area; tiiis mode can provide a ramp rate of ±10°/sec during transition from 55°C to 95°C. The above described structure (Section IIB) for detecting an analyte-related signal in each chamber, including die optical window associated witii tiiat chamber, is also referred to herein collectively as detection means for detecting such signal. Anodier type of detection means is a biosensor device capable of detecting die reaction of an analyte with an analyte-specific reagent in each chamber. Amperometric biosensors suitable for use in die invention operate on a variety of principles. In one, die analyte being measured is itself capable of interacting with an analyte-specific reagent to generate an electrochemical species, i.e., a species capable of function as an electron donor or acceptor when in contact witii an electrode. As an example, reaction of die analyte cholesterol with die reagent cholesterol oxidase generates the electrochemical species H 2 0 2 which, in contact with an electrode, produces a measurable current in a circuit containing die electrode. The analyte-specific reagent may be localized on a film separated from the electrode surface by a permselective layer that is selectively permeable to die electrochemical species (and otiier small components in die sample). When sample fluid is added to the biosensor, reaction of die analyte witii die corresponding reagent produces an electrochemical species whose presence and amount are quantitated by current measurement dirough die electrode. Alternatively, die analyte-specific reagent may be a receptor which is specific for die analyte. Initially, the receptor sites are filled with an analyte-enzyme conjugate. In die presence of analyte, die conjugates are displaced from die receptor, and are then free to migrate to positions close to the electrode, for production of transient electrochemical species (such as H 2 0 2 in die presence of catalase) in die vicinity of die electrode. Anodier general type of biosensor employs a lipid bilayer membrane as a gate for electrochemical species interposed between a sample-fluid chamber and an electrode. The bilayer is provided with ion-channel proteins which function as ion gates that can be opened by analyte binding to d e proteins. Thus, binding of analyte to die channel proteins (which serve as die analyte-specific reagent) leads to ion flow across die membrane and detectable signal at die electrode. Thin-film biosensors of die type mentioned above may be formed in a microchip or small- substrate format by photolitiiographic methods, such as described in U.S. Patents Nos. 5,391,250, 5,212050, 5,200,051, and 4,975,175. As applied to the present invention, the chamber walls in me substrate may serve as d e substrate for deposition of die required electrode and film layers. In addition to these layers, suitable conductive connectors connecting the electrodes to electrical leads are also laid down. In a typical device, each chamber contains a biosensor for a given analyte. When sample is introduced into die device, die multiple sample analytes are then separately measured in die chambers, with the results being reported to a processing unit to which the device is electrically connected. IV. Assay Metiiod In anou er aspect, die invention includes a metiiod for detecting or quantitating a plurality of analytes in a liquid sample. In die method, there is provided a device of die type described above, wherein die interior of die network is placed under vacuum. A liquid sample is then applied to die inlet, and die sample is allowed to be drawn into die sample-distribution network by vacuum action, delivering sample to die detection chambers. The delivered sample is allowed to react with die analyte-specific reagent in each detection chamber under conditions effective to produce a detectable signal when die selected analyte is present in die sample. The reaction chambers are inspected or analyzed to determine die presence and/or amount of the selected analytes in the sample. The sample tested may be from any source which can be dissolved or extracted into a liquid diat is compatible witii the device, and which may potentially contain one or more of die analytes of interest. For example, die sample may be a biological fluid such as blood, serum, plasma, urine, sweat, tear fluid, semen, saliva, cerebral spinal fluid, or a purified or modified derivative thereof. The sample may also be obtained from a plant, animal tissue, cellular lysate, cell culture, microbial sample, or soil sample, for example. The sample may be purified or pre-treated if necessary before testing, to remove substances that might otiierwise interfere witii analyte detection. Typically, die sample fluid will be an aqueous solution, particularly for polar analytes such as polypeptides, polynucleotides, and salts, for example. The solution may include surfactants or detergents to improve analytes solubility . For non-polar and hydrophobic analytes , organic solvents may be more suitable. As discussed above, die device may be manufactured and sold in a form wherein die sample- distribution network is under vacuum, so that the device is ready to load by die end-user. Alternatively, evacuation of the network is conducted by die user, through a vacuum port or via die sample inlet itself. Prior to sample loading, any gas in die network may be replaced with anodier gas, according to d e requirements of die assay. In a preferred embodiment, die residual gas is replaced with carbon dioxide, so diat any gas bubbles that appear in the network after sample loading are quickly dissolved by die sample fluid, particularly if the sample is an aqueous solution. It will be appreciated tiiat when the device includes a vacuum port downstream of die detection chambers, die sample delivery channels in die device may be cleared of sample after die detection chambers have been filled, to further isolate the detection chambers from each other . The invention also contemplates filling the delivery channels witii an additional fluid, such as a mineral oil or a viscous polymer solution containing agarose or otiier viscous material (e.g., see Dubrow, U.S. Patent 5,164,055, and Menchen et al., U.S. Patent 5,290,418), to segregate the chambers from each other, or with a reagent-containing solution which facilitates the assay. In a particularly advantageous embodiment of the invention, a large-volume syringe can be used to generate a vacuum inside the sample distribution network of the device prior to loading. By "large-volume" is meant that the volume of the syringe is greater than the total internal volume of the device (i.e., of the sample distribution network). Preferably, the volume of the syringe is at least 20-fold greater than the interior volume of the device. With reference to the device in Fig. 9, the inlet-tip of the syringe is connected to vacuum port 212. When opening 216 is aligned with opening 179, the syringe is used to draw air from the interior of the device, tiiereby lowering the internal pressure. For example, if a syringe with a volume of 50 mL is used, and the internal volume of the device is 100 μL, the pressure in the sample distribution network can be reduced by a factor of 500 (= 0.1 mL/50 mL). Thus, an initial internal pressure of 760 torr can be reduced to less than 2 torr. Witii reference to die device in Fig. 6A, the syringe can be connected to fitting 106 or 102 using appropriate connections, to whhdraw air from die distribution network. Accordingly, die present invention includes a kit comprising (i) a device as described above and (ii) a syringe for drawing air from die interior of d e device. The invention also includes a metiiod of using die kit to detect one or more analytes in a sample, as described above. It will be appreciated diat using a syringe greatly simplifies the step of creating a vacuum inside the device, so that the device can be used quickly or immediately without needing a mechanical vacuum pump. V. Utility The present invention can be used in a wide variety of applications. The invention can be used for medical or veterinary puφoses, such as detecting pathogens, diagnosing or monitoring disease, genetic screening, determining antibody or antigen titers, detecting and monitoring changes in health, and monitoring drug therapy. The invention is also useful in a wide variety of forensic, environmental, and industrial applications, including screening drug candidates for activity. More generally, the present invention provides a convenient method for simultaneous assay of multiple analytes in a sample. The invention is highly flexible in its applications, being adaptable to analysis of a wide variety of analytes and sample materials. By providing pre- dispensed, analyte-specific reagents in separate detection chambers, the invention eliminates the need for complicated and time-consuming reagent preparation. Practice of the invention is further simplified since die detection chambers can be loaded via a single sample inlet. The use of uniformly sized detection chambers renders die device self- metering, in tiiat a precise volume of sample is delivered to each chamber. Thus, the precision, accuracy and reproducibility of the assay are all enhanced, since the quantities and compositions ofthe analyte-specific reagents, die quantity of sample in the chambers, and the reaction conditions can be carefully controlled. Moreover, very small volumes of sample are required since the dimensions of the sample-distribution network in the device can be very small. The device may be formed from a wide variety of materials, allowing the composition of the device to be adapted to the particular reagents and conditions in the assay. Inasmuch as the device requires no moving parts, and can be relatively small in size (typically having dimension on the order of millimeters to centimeters), manufacture of the device is simplified and costs are reduced. The features and advantages of die invention may be further understood from die following example, which is not intended in any way to limit die scope of the invention. Example The following study was performed using a polycarbonate microdevice substantially as shown in Fig. 9, to demonstrate detection of a human β-actin gene by PCR (polymerase chain reaction). The assay components for PCR detection were obtained from PE Applied Biosystems (Foster City, CA, β-actin kit, part #N808-0230). The kit components included die following stock solutions: β-actin forward primer: 3 μM primer in 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0 (at room temperature), 1 mM EDTA β-actin reverse primer: 3 μM primer in 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0 (at room temperature), 1 mM EDTA β-actin probe: 2 μM TAMRA-labeled probe in 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0 (at room temperature), 1 mM EDTA DNA sample: 370 μg/mL human genomic DNA in 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0 (at room temperature), 1 mM EDTA (from Coriell Cell Repositories, Camden, N.J.) dNTPs: 20 mM dNTP (1 tube each for dUTP, dATP, dCTP and dGTP) in autoclaved deionized ultrafiltered water, titrated to pH 7.0 whh NaOH DNA polymerase: "AMPLITAQ GOLD" DNA polymerase at 5 U/μL, from PE Applied Biosystems, part # N808-0240 (PE Applied Biosystems "AMPLITAQ GOLD" Product Brochure, 1996) "AMPERASE" UNG: uracil-N-glycosylase at 1 U/μL, from PE Applied Biosystems, part #N808-0096 lOx "TAQMAN" buffer A: 500 mM KCl, 100 mM Tris-HCl, 0.1 M EDTA, 600 nM Passive Reference 1 (ROX), pH 8.3 at room temperature, autoclaved MgCl 2 : 20 mM MgCl 2 in autoclaved deionized ultrafiltered water A description of die sequences of die forward primer, the reverse primer, and the TAMRA- labeled probe can be found in PE Applied Biosystems "TAQMAN" PCR Reagent Protocol (1996), which also describes die general steps of die "TAQMAN" assay technique. The forward and reverse primers were effective to produce a 297 basepair PCR product. A flat substrate layer 180 and a substrate layer 161 were formed from polycarbonate by standard injection-molding metiiods (substrate layer 161) or from sheet stock (layer 180). The volume of each detection chamber was 1 μL. Detection chambers were loaded witii different amounts of forward primer, reverse primer, and fluorescent probe as follows. To a polypropylene tube was added 0.5 mL each of β-actin forward primer solution, reverse primer solution, and fluorescent probe, to give a final primer/probe stock solution volume of 1.5 mL. This solution was then loaded into alternating detection chambers in substrate layer 161 using a robotically controlled microsyringe. Specifically, alternate chambers were loaded witii either a lx, 5x or lOx amount of primer/probe solution, with lx (14 nL primer/probe stock solution) being equivalent to a final concentration in a detection chamber of 15 nM of each primer and 10 nM of fluorescent probe (after die dried chamber is subsequently filled witii sample), 5x (72 nL primer/probe stock solution) being equivalent to a final concentration of 75 nM of each primer and 50 nM of fluorescent probe, and lOx (145 nL primer/probe stock solution) being equivalent to a final concentration of 150 nM of each primer and 100 nM of fluorescent probe. The amounts of primer and probe in the loaded chambers corresponded to 1/20, 1/4, and 1/2 of die concentrations used under standard reaction conditions, for the lx, 5x, and lOx chambers, respectively. The loaded chambers produced a "checkerboard" pattern in substrate layer 161 where each loaded chamber was separated by an intervening empty chamber. After die loaded chambers were allowed to air-dry to dryness at room temperature, die loaded substrate layer (161) was joined to a flat substrate layer 180 by ultrasonic welding. Inlet fitting 190 was then placed over sample inlet 162, such that opening 179 was aligned with vacuum port opening 216. The sample distribution network 164 and detection chambers 168 were evacuated via vacuum port 212, which was connected to a vacuum pump, to a final internal pressure of approximately 1 to 10 torr. The PCR reaction mixture (sample), without primers and probe, was prepared from die above stock solutions to give die following final concentrations in die sample: 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.3 50 mM KCl 3.5 mM MgCl 2 400 μM dUTP 200 μM each dATP, dCTP, and dGTP 0.01 U/μL uracil-N-glycosylase 0.25 U/μL "AMPLITAQ GOLD" DNA polymerase 0.74 ng/μL human genomic DNA template For loading of sample into die microdevice, a micropipette loaded witii the above sample solution was placed in sample port 214 so as to minimize die deadvolume occupied by air at die tip of the pipette. Inlet fitting 190 was then pressed down further to align opening 179 with opening 218, so that the sample was drawn from port 214 into die detection chambers by vacuum action. Filling of die chambers was complete in less than a second. The microdevice was tiien clamped to a peltier device (20 mm x 20 mm) glued to an aluminum heat sink. Cycling was controlled using a Marlow temperature controller (Marlow Industries Inc., Dallas, Texas, Model No. SE 5020). A thermistor was attached to the peltier device to provide temperature feedback (Marlow part No. 217-2228-006). The microdevice was thermocycled as follows: 1) precycle: 50°C for 2 minutes; 95°C for 10 minutes; 2) 40 cycles: 95°C for 15 seconds, 60°C for 60 seconds; 3) hold at 72°C. Signal detection was accomplished using a fluorescence detection instrument consisting of a tungsten bulb for illumination and a CCD camera and 4-color filter wheel for detection. Images of all detection chambers (wells) were taken at die end of each tiiermocycle (during die 60°C step) at several wavelengths in order to monitor the increase of die reporter's fluorescence. Interfering fluorescence fluctuations were normalized by dividing die emission intensity of the reporter dye by die emission intensity of die passive reference (ROX dye) for a given chamber. The excitation wavelength was 488 nm. The reporter intensity was measured at 518 nm, and die passive reference intensity was measured at 602 nm. Result. Positive fluorescent signals were detected in all chambers that had been loaded witii the β-actin primers and fluorescent probe at the 5x and 10 concentrations. Little or no signal was detected for chambers loaded at die lx concentration. No detectable signal was detected above background for the chambers which did not contain β-actin primer and probe, indicating that there was no cross-contamination between detection chambers after 40 heat/cool cycles. The highest final fluorescence signals were obtained in detection chambers loaded with a lOx amount of primers and probe, with detectable signals appearing after about 23 cycles. The 5x chambers also showed detectable signals after cycle 23, but the final fluorescence signal was not as high as that for the lOx wells (due to lower probe concentration). Thus, the β-actin gene was readily detected using primer and probe concentrations equal to 1/4 and 1/2 of those used under ordinary conditions. The results also show diat die preloaded primers and probes were successfully dissolved in die sample after sample loading. Aldiough the invention has been described by way of illustration and example for puφoses of clarity and understanding, it will be appreciated tiiat various modifications can be made witiiout departing from die invention. All references cited above are incoφorated herein by reference.

Claims: IT IS CLAIMED: 1. A device for detecting or quantitating a plurality of different analytes in a liquid sample, said device comprising a substrate defining a sample-distribution network having (i) a sample inlet, (ii) one or more detection chambers, and (iii) channel means providing a dead-end fluid connection between each of said chambers and said inlet, wherein each of said chambers includes an analyte-specific reagent effective to react with a selected analyte tiiat may be present in such sample, to produce a detectable signal, said substrate providing, for each chamber, detection means for detecting such signal, whereby evacuation of said network, followed by application of die sample to said inlet, is effective to draw sample by vacuum into each of said chambers. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein said channel means includes a single channel to which said detection chambers are connected by said fluid connections. 3. The device of claim 1, wherein said channel means includes a first channel to which a first group of detection chambers are connected by such dead-end fluid connections, and a second channel to which a second group of detection chambers are connected by such dead-end fluid connections. 4. The device of claim 1, wherein said channel means includes an individual channel for each detection chamber, for providing a dead-end fluid connection between said inlet and each detection chamber. 5. The device of claim 1, which further includes a vacuum port connected to said channel means at a site in fluid communication witii the sample inlet and detection chambers. 6. The device of claim 5, wherein said vacuum port is connected to said channel means at a site tiiat is downstream of said detection chambers. 7. The device of claim 1 , which further includes a non-flowtiirough vacuum reservoir in fluid communication witii said channel means. 8. The device of claim 1, wherein said detection means includes an optically transparent window associated with each detection chamber, dirough which such signal can be optically detected. 9. The device of claim 1, wherein die analytes are polynucleotides, and at least two of said detection chambers each contain detection reagents for detecting different polynucleotide analytes. 10. The device of claim 9, wherein die analyte-specific detection reagents include first and second oligonucleotide primers having sequences effective to hybridize to opposite end regions of complementary strands of a selected polynucleotide analyte segment, for amplifying die segment by primer-initiated polymerase chain reaction. 11. The device of claim 10, wherein said analyte-specific detection reagents further include a fluorescer-quencher oligonucleotide capable of hybridizing to die analyte segment in a region downstream of one of die primers, for producing a detectable fluorescent signal when die analyte is present in die sample. 12. The device of claim 9, wherein die analyte-specific detection reagents include first and second oligonucleotides effective to bind to adjacent, contiguous regions of a target sequence in the selected analyte, for oligonucleotide ligation assay detection of die analyte. 13. The device of claim 12, wherein die analyte-specific detection reagents include a second pair of oligonucleotides which are effective to bind to adjacent, contiguous regions complementary to the regions bound by d e first pair of oligonucleotides, for amplification of the polynucleotide analyte by ligase chain reaction. 14. The device of claim 9, wherein the analyte-specific detection reagents include a binding polymer effective to hybridize to a selected sequence in the polynucleotide analyte, and die binding polymer includes a fluorescent dye moiety which produces a detectable signal upon hybridizing to die selected sequence. - 15. The device of claim 9, wherein die analyte-specific reagents additionally include an intercalating compound which produces an optically detectable signal upon intercalating a double- stranded polynucleotide. 16. The device of claim 1, wherein die analyte-specific reagents in each chamber include an antibody specific for a selected antigen which may be present in die sample. 17. The device of claim 1, wherein die analyte-specific reagents in each chamber include an antigen for reacting with a selected analyte antibody which may be present in die sample. 18. The device of claim 1, wherein said substrate further includes temperature regulating means for controlling die temperature of each detection chamber. 19. The device of claim 1 , wherein said substrate defines at least two such sample-distribution networks. 20. The device of claim 1, wherein die interior of said network is under vacuum. 21. A metiiod for detecting or quantitating one or more of a plurality of analytes in a liquid sample, said method comprising providing a device in accordance with claim 1, wherein the interior of die network is under vacuum, applying a liquid sample to die sample inlet and allowing die sample to be drawn into die network by vacuum action to deliver d e sample to the detection chambers, allowing the delivered sample to react witii the analyte-specific reagents in each detection chamber under conditions effective to produce a detectable signal in each detection chamber when the selected analyte is present in die sample, and measuring d e signals produced in d e reaction chambers to determine which selected analytes are present in the sample. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein said channel means includes a single channel to which said detection chambers are connected by said fluid connections. 23. The metiiod of claim 21, wherein said channel means includes a first channel to which a first group of detection chambers are connected by such fluid connections, and a second channel to which a second group of detection chambers are connected. 24. The metiiod of claim 21, wherein said channel means includes an individual channel for each detection chamber, for providing a dead-end fluid connection between said inlet and each detection chamber. 25. The metiiod of claim 21, wherein said device further includes a vacuum port connected to the channel means at a site in fluid communication witii die sample inlet and detection chambers, and prior to said applying, said network is evacuated by applying a vacuum to die vacuum port. 26. The metiiod of claim 25, wherein said vacuum port is connected to die channel means at a site tiiat is downstream of said sample inlet and said detection chambers. 27. The metiiod of claim 21 , wherein said device further includes a non-flowtiirough vacuum reservoir in fluid communication with said channel means. 28. The metiiod of claim 21, wherein die analytes are polynucleotides, and at least two of said detection chambers each contain detection reagents for detecting different polynucleotide analytes. 29. The metiiod of claim 28, wherein die analyte-specific reagents include an oligonucleotide primer pair suitable for amplifying, by polymerase chain reaction, an analyte segment which is flanked by sequences complementary to die primer pair. 30. The metiiod of claim 29, wherein said analyte-specific detection reagents further include a fluorescer-quencher oligonucleotide capable of hybridizing to die analyte segment in a region downstream of one of die primers, for producing a detectable fluorescent signal when the analyte is present in the sample. 31. The method of claim 28 , wherein die analyte-specific detection reagents include first and second oligonucleotides effective to bind to adjacent, contiguous regions of a target sequence in the selected analyte, for oligonucleotide ligation assay detection of die analyte. 32. The metiiod of claim 31 , wherein the analyte-specific detection reagents include a second pair of oligonucleotides which are effective to bind to adjacent, contiguous regions complementary to die regions bound by die first pair of oligonucleotides, for amplification of die polynucleotide analyte by ligase chain reaction. 33. The metiiod of claim 28, wherein die analyte-specific detection reagents include a binding polymer effective to hybridize to a selerted sequence in die polynucleotide analyte, and the binding polymer includes a fluorescent dye moiety which produces a detectable signal upon hybridizing to die selected sequence. 34. The metiiod of claim 28, wherein die analyte-specific reagents additionally include an intercalating compound which produces an optically detectable signal upon intercalating a double- stranded polynucleotide. 35. The metiiod of claim 21, wherein die analyte-specific reagents in each chamber include an antibody specific for a selected antigen which may be present in die sample. 36. The method of claim 21, wherein the analyte-specific reagents in each chamber include an antigen for reacting witii a selected analyte antibody which may be present in die sample. 37. The metiiod of claim 21, wherein said substrate further includes temperature regulating means for controlling die temperature of each detection chamber. 38. The metiiod of claim 21, wherein said substtate defines at least two such sample- distribution networks. 39. The method of claim 21 , wherein said providing includes filling said network with carbon dioxide gas, prior to placing said network under vacuum. 40. The metiiod of claim 21, wherein the analyte is a drug candidate, and die detection reagents include a drug target.

Inventors: ALBIN MICHAEL, KOWALLIS REID B, RAGUSA ROBERT P, RAYSBERG YEFIM, WINN-DEEN EMILY S, WOUDENBERG TIMOTHY W, ALBIN, MICHAEL, KOWALLIS, REID, B., RAGUSA, ROBERT, P., RAYSBERG, YEFIM, WINN-DEEN, EMILY, S., WOUDENBERG, TIMOTHY, W.
Applicants: PERKIN ELMER CORP, THE PERKIN-ELMER CORPORATION
Application year: 1997
Main classification: B01L3
IPC codes: B01L3, C12M1, C12N15, C12Q1, G01N33, G01N35