STERILIZABLE BATTERY ENCLOSURE

Abstract: Disclosed is a sterilizable battery enclosure that isolates a nonsterile battery on a surgical drive assembly from the surrounding sterile field, when the drive assembly is used during surgery. This eliminates the need to subject the battery to sterilization procedures, such as autoclaving, which can severely shorten the useful life of a rechargeable battery. The sterilizable battery enclosure includes a battery sleeve and flexible, resilient boot or an adapter.

Description: STERILIZABLE BATTERY ENCLOSURE Field of the Invention The present invention relates to battery powered surgical tools. Background of the Invention Rechargeable battery-powered surgical drive assemblies are well known in the art. They are commonly used for orthopedic procedures such as drilling, screwing, reaming, wire driving, pinning, and sawing. Typically, such battery-powered surgical drive assemblies are generally pistol-shaped, having a drive portion, to which attachments are fitted, and a pistol-grip handle. Typically, the battery or battery pack ("battery") is detachably mounted ("installed") on the butt of the pistol grip. Examples of .such battery-powered surgical drive assemblies are the "Orthopower 90" devices available from Stryker® (Kalamazoo, MI) and the "Maxi- Ile" device available from Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing ("3M") (St. Paul, MN) . Surgical drive assemblies, exclusive of the battery, are typically designed and constructed to withstand repeated sterilization by autoclaving. Autoclaving of rechargeable batteries, however, significantly shortens battery life. Because the batteries are expensive, and their disposal involves hazardous waste problems, there is a need to lengthen the useful life of batteries used in surgical drive assemblies . Summary of the Invention In general, the invention features a sterilizable battery enclosure that isolates a nonsterile battery on a surgical drive assembly from the surrounding sterile field. The invention also features a method for isolating a nonsterile battery on a surgical drive assembly from the surrounding sterile field, when the drive assembly is used in surgery. The invention eliminates the need to subject the battery to sterilization procedures, such as autoclaving, which can severely shorten the useful life of a rechargeable battery. The sterilizable battery enclosure includes two basic components. The first basic component is a battery sleeve having a proximal portion with an open proximal end, and a distal portion with a closed distal end. The battery sleeve has a size and shape that substantially conforms to the outside dimensions of the battery. The second basic component is a bridging means that tightly couples the battery sleeve and the surgical drive assembly. The bridging means can be a flexible, resilient boot, or an adapter. The boot has a proximal portion constituting a boot neck capable of forming a water-tight seal around the portion of the drive assembly adjacent to the battery. The boot has a distal portion constituting a boot skirt capable of being rolled up when the boot neck is in place on the drive assembly. When: (a) the boot neck is in place on the drive assembly, (b) the boot skirt is rolled up, (c) the battery is installed, and (d) the sleave is on the battery, the boot skirt unrolls over the proximal portion of the battery sleeve, forming a tight overlap. This prevents any portion of the nonsterile battery from being exposed to the surrounding environment. Some embodiments of the present invention include an adapter for use on an irregularly-shaped pistol-grip. The adapter attaches to the surgical drive assembly in place of the battery, and then the battery attaches to the adapter. The battery sleeve can be made of a nonwoven fabric, which is preferably impermeable to aqueous fluids. When the battery sleeve is made of fabric, it typically includes folds and seems, which preferably are substantially impermeable to aqueous fluids. Alternatively, the battery sleeve can be rigid. Preferably, a rigid battery sleeve is made of thermoform plastic, injection-molded plastic, or metal. The sterilizable battery enclosure is typically used on a battery that mounts on the butt of a pistol- grip. The boot can be made of any elastomeric polymer or thermoplastic rubber. Preferably, the boot is made of a thermoplastic resin. More preferably, the thermoplastic resin is polyvinylchloride. Typically, the thickness of the boot is from about 0.010 inch to about 0.100 inch. When the boot is made of polyvinylchloride, its thickness is preferably from about 0.020 inch to about 0.050 inch. The adapter has: (a) a proximal portion that mimics installation fittings on the battery, (b) a distal portion that mimics battery installation fittings on the surgical drive assembly, and (c) electrical terminals on the proximal and distal portions of the adapter. Typically, the adapter is installed on the butt of a pistol-grip. Preferably, the adapter has a circumferential lip under which the open end of a rigid battery sleeve fits snugly. Preferably, the rigid battery sleeve snaps onto the adapter. A first method for isolating a nonsterile battery from a sterile field, during use of the battery to power a sterile surgical drive assembly includes the steps of: (a) placing on a portion of the surgical drive assembly adjacent to the battery mounting position a flexible, resilient boot, with a proximal portion constituting a boot neck capable of forming a water-tight seal around the portion of the drive assembly on which the battery is installed, and a distal portion constituting a boot skirt capable of being rolled up when the neck is sealed around the portion of the drive assembly; (b) installing a nonsterile battery on a sterile surgical drive assembly having a sterile boot in place; (c) placing on the battery a sterile battery sleeve having a proximal portion with an open proximal end, a closed distal end, and a size and shape substantially conforming to the outside dimensions of the battery; (d) unrolling the boot skirt onto the proximal portion of the battery sleeve, forming a tight overlap. A second method for isolating a nonsterile battery from a sterile field, during use of the battery to power a sterile surgical drive assembly includes the steps of: (a) installing on the surgical drive assembly an adapter having: (1) a proximal portion that mimics installation fittings on the battery, (2) a distal portion that mimics battery installation fittings on the surgical drive assembly, and (3) electrical terminals on the proximal and distal portions of the adapter; (b) installing a nonsterile battery on the installed adapter, when the installed adapter and the surgical drive assembly are sterile; (c) placing over the battery a sterile, rigid battery sleeve having (1) a size and shape substantially conforming to the outside dimensions of the battery, (2) a proximal portion with an open proximal end, and (3) a closed distal end, so that the open proximal end of the rigid battery sleeve fits snugly against the adapter. Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, the preferred methods and materials are described below. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present document, including definitions, will control. Unless otherwise indicated, materials, methods, and examples described herein are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. Various features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description and from the claims. Brief Description of the Drawings Fig. 1 is a plan view of a Stryker-type surgical drive assembly with boot in rolled-up position, and a detached battery with battery sleeve in place. Fig. 2 is a plan view of a Stryker-type surgical drive assembly with battery installed, battery sleeve in place, and boot unrolled over the proximal (upper) portion of the battery sleeve. Fig. 3 is a plan view of 3M-type drive assembly with boot in rolled-up position, detached battery, and battery sleeve. Fig. 4 is a plan view of 3M-type drive assembly with boot in rolled-up position, and installed battery with battery sleeve in place. Fig. 5 is a plan view of 3M-type drive assembly with installed battery and boot unrolled over proximal (upper) portion of battery sleeve. Fig. 6 is a plan view of a 3M-type drive assembly, an adapter that fits on the pistol grip, and a battery that fits on the adapter. The adapter facilitates the use of a battery enclosure on an irregularly-shaped pistol-grip. Fig. 7 is a plan view of a 3M-type drive assembly with an adapter and battery attached. This figure also shows a rigid battery sleeve that snaps onto the adapter. Detailed Description Referring now to Figures 1-7, the invention provides a sterilizable battery enclosure that isolates a nonsterile battery 14 on a surgical drive assembly 10 from the surrounding sterile field, during surgery. By removing the need to sterilize rechargeable batteries used on surgical drive assemblies, the invention significantly extends battery life. The sterilizable battery enclosure does not interfere with normal use of the surgical drive assembly, because the enclosure is lightweight and non-bulky. The sterilizable battery enclosure includes: (1) a battery sleeve 15, 35; and (2) a flexible, resilient boot 13, or an adapter 30. When a boot-type battery enclosure is in use, the boot 13 forms a tight overlap 16 completely around the open end 21 of the battery sleeve. When an adapter-type battery enclosure is in use, the adapter 30 connects securely to the battery sleeve 35, preferably, without a boot. Various agents are used to sterilize surgical instruments, including heat (autoclaving) , gamma radiation, gas plasma, and chemical vapor, e.g., ethylene oxide, hydrogen peroxide, or peracetic acid. The flexible, resilient boot 13 and the battery sleeve 15 of the present invention must each be sterilizable by at least one regulatory agency-approved method of sterilization. If an adapter 30 is used to facilitate the use of the battery enclosure on an irregularly-shaped pistol-grip, the adapter 30 also must be sterilizable. The Battery Sleeve The battery sleeve 15 forms the distal (typically the lower) portion of the battery enclosure. The sleeve's essential function is to serve as a barrier between the nonsterile battery 14 and the surrounding environment. The battery sleeve 15 must be made of a sterilizable material. Preferably, the sterilizable material is substantially impermeable to bacteria, viruses, and aqueous liquids, e.g., blood. As used herein, "substantially impermeable" means that upon contact between the barrier material and an aqueous liquid, measurable permeation does not occur in less than about one hour. In one preferred embodiment of the invention, the battery sleeve 15 is made of a sheet of nonwoven fabric folded and seamed to fit the battery 14. The preferred fabric for use in such an embodiment is surgical drape fabric. A particularly preferred fabric is the surgical drape fabric commercially available as "3M Biocade Fabric" (Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing, St. Paul, MN) . Alternatively, a folded and seamed battery sleeve can be made of a thin sheet of plastic. When the battery sleeve is made from folded and seamed fabric or thin plastic, the seams are preferably impermeable to microparticulates and aqueous liquids. Impermeable seams can be made by conventional techniques such as gluing or ultrasonic welding. In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the battery sleeve is rigid. When the battery sleeve is rigid, it is preferably a single, seamless piece of smooth material. Preferably, corners and edges on a rigid battery sleeve are smoothly rounded, if the rigid battery sleeve is used with a boot. This reduces the likelihood of gapping, when the boot skirt is unrolled onto the battery sleeve to form a tight overlap. Preferably, the overlap between the boot skirt and the rigid battery sleeve is water-tight. A preferred rigid battery sleeve is made of thermoform plastic or injection-molded plastic. A rigid battery sleeve can also be made of metal, e.g., surgical stainless steel. Fabrics and plastics offer the advantage of light weight. In addition, fabric or plastic battery sleeves are suitable for sale as sterile, single-use, disposable items. Stainless steel battery sleeves are suitable for autoclaving and essentially unlimited reuse. The battery sleeve must substantially conform to the outside dimensions of the battery on which it is used. Such conformity avoids bulkiness, which could impede a surgeon's movements or cause unnecessary physical contact between the battery sleeve and its surroundings during use. As used herein, "substantially conforming" to the outside dimensions of the battery means that the gap between any external surface on the battery, and the inside surface of the sleeve, does not exceed one quarter inch. Preferably, the gap does not exceed one eighth inch. Any gaps between the upper portion of a folded and seamed battery sleeve and the upper portion of the battery are eliminated as the sleeve is compressed against the sides of the battery by the tight-fitting boot skirt. Any gaps between the proximal portion of a rigid battery sleeve and the proximal portion of the battery must be isolated from the surrounding sterile field. Such isolation can be achieved, for example, by a tight fit between a boot skirt and the outside surface of the proximal portion of a rigid battery sleeve. Alternatively, such isolation can be achieved by a tight fit between an adapter and the open end of a rigid battery sleeve. The Boot The boot 13 is a generally tubular piece with a proximal portion 17, i.e., the "boot neck," and a distal portion 18, i.e., the "boot skirt." In essence, the sterile boot 13 serves as a bridge, tightly coupling the sterile battery sleeve 15 and the sterile surgical drive assembly 10. The boot neck 17 forms a water-tight seal around a portion of the surgical drive assembly 10 adjacent to the battery. The boot skirt 18 forms a tight overlap 16 completely around the open end of the battery sleeve 15. The boot 13 inherently forms the necessary water-tight seal and tight overlap 16, by virtue of its geometry and material composition, without the use of tape, a clamp, or any type of fastener. A battery-powered surgical drive assembly 10 is typically pistol-shaped, with a chuck at the front end of the barrel, and the battery 14 installed on the butt 20 of the pistol-grip 12. Thus, with a typical surgical drive assembly, the boot neck 17 forms a seal around a pistol-grip 12. When the surgical drive assembly 10 has the battery mounted elsewhere, e.g., at the rear end of the barrel, the boot forms a seal around the portion of the drive assembly to which the battery is mounted. As used herein, "battery installed on the butt" of a pistol- grip includes an arrangement in which a portion of the battery is inside a hollow pistol grip. A well-known type of surgical drive assembly, sold by Stryker, has a hollow pistol-grip (Figs. 1 and 2). The upper portion of an elongate battery slides vertically into the pistol-grip, with the lower portion of the battery protruding below the butt 20 of the pistol-grip. Another well-known type of surgical drive assembly, sold by Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co., has a pistol-grip 12 that is not hollow (Figs. 3-5). The battery 14 slides horizontally onto a fitting on the butt 20 of the pistol-grip. The boot 13 is flexible, resilient, and impermeable to aqueous liquids. Preferably, it has a small amount of elasticity, which facilitates installation and tight sealing at the top and bottom. Preferably, the boot 13 does not easily slide on a hard, smooth surface such as metal or hard plastic, i.e., it exhibits substantial friction when in contact with a hard, smooth surface. Substantial friction is desirable for keeping the boot 13 securely in place during use. The boot 13 can be made of any sterilizable, flexible, resilient material capable of providing a water-tight seal at the boot neck 17, and a tight overlap at the boot skirt 18. Preferred boot materials are elastomeric polymers. More preferred boot materials are thermoplastic resins. The most preferred boot material is polyvinylchloride. A one-piece boot suitable for use in the present invention can be made from polyvinylchloride by conventional dip molding techniques. The advantages of polyvinylchloride include the ability to withstand repeated sterilization by autoclaving, or other methods, without significant deterioration in performance. When the boot is made of dip-molded polyvinylchloride, it is preferable to use a plastisol compounded from a polyvinylchloride homopolymer dispersion resin with a particle size between about 0.2 and 15 micrometers. This material is dispersed in a plasticizer, such as a phthalic acid ester. Esters of alkyl alcohols such as dioctyl phthalate can be used. Alternatively, esters of aromatic alcohols such as butyl benzyl phthalate can be used, especially when a thicker boot is desirable. The ratio of ingredients will vary depending on the plasticizers chosen, and the desired hardness of the finished boot. A hardness between about 5 and about 95 Shore A is preferred. More preferably, the hardness is between about 40 and about 70 Shore A. For many ingredient selections, a ratio of approximately 70 parts (by weight) of plasticizer per 100 parts (by weight) of dispersion resin will yield a boot having the desired properties . A heat stabilizer is required in the dipping compound, and a pigment optionally can be added. To obtain a long wearing part, it is important that the boot be cured fully after dipping of the mold in the described plastisol. A curing temperature of between about 350° and about 375° F, for approximately six minutes, is suitable. The inside dimensions of the boot 13 are determined primarily by: (1) the outside dimensions of the portion of the surgical drive assembly to which the boot attaches, e.g., the handle 12; and (2) the outside dimensions of the battery sleeve 15, when the sleeve is on the battery 14. The boot's flexibility, resiliency, and elasticity can also affect its dimensions. An elastic boot 13 can have relatively small dimensions in its relaxed state, and accommodate the surgical drive assembly and battery-containing sleeve 15 by stretching. Optimal boot thickness will depend primarily on the material from which the boot 13 is formed. In general, for a given material, the minimum thickness that will provide an acceptable level of strength and durability is preferred. Excessive thickness increases bulkiness and decreases flexibility. Excessive thickness also makes it more difficult to roll the boot skirt 18 up and down. Typically, boot thickness is from 0.010 inch to 0.100 inch. When the boot 13 is made of polyvinylchloride, its thickness is preferably from 0.020 inch to 0.050 inch. The boot skirt 18 rolls up to facilitate its placement over the proximal portion of the battery sleeve, by unrolling. Unrolling the boot skirt over the proximal portion of the battery sleeve makes it possible to use a boot material and a battery sleeve material that do not slide on each other when in tight contact. Preferably, the boot is placed on the surgical drive assembly 10 prior to sterilization, and then the drive assembly-boot combination is sterilized as a unit. The boot 13 can be left in place on the drive assembly 10 for repeated cycles of use and sterilization. The Adapter When the surgical drive assembly has a pistol-grip with a regular shape, such as that shown in Figs. 1 and 2, the preferred bridging means is a flexible boot 13. When the surgical drive assembly has a pistol-grip with an irregular shape, such as that shown in Figs. 3-7, the preferred bridging means is an adapter 30 (Figs. 6 and 7) . In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the battery sleeve 35 is rigid and fastens directly onto the adapter 30, with a boot being unnecessary. Optionally, a boot can be used to overlap the junction between the adapter 30 and the battery 14. The adapter 30 has an upper portion 31, which mimics the installation fittings 34 on the battery, and a lower portion 33, which mimics the battery installation fittings 32 on the pistol grip. Thus, the upper portion 31 of the adapter 30 attaches to the pistol grip 12 in place of the battery 14, and the battery 14 attaches to the adapter 30. The adapter 30 must have suitable electrical terminals on its upper and lower portions 31, 33, so that the battery is operably connected to the surgical drive assembly. Preferably, the adapter has a circumferential lip 36 under which the open end of a rigid battery sleeve 35 fits snugly. The lip 36 advantageously prevents the flow of liquids between the pistol grip 12 and the inside of the battery sleeve 35. In preferred embodiments, a rigid battery sleeve 35 snaps securely onto the adapter 30. Such snapping can be by means of a protrusion 37 on the adapter which fits into an indentation 38 on the rigid battery sleeve 35. Preferably, the size and geometry of the adapter 30 generally conform to the size and geometry of the lower portion of the pistol grip 12, with the installed adapter 30 adding minimally to the length of the pistol grip 12. The adapter 30 can be made of any hard, smooth, sterilizable material. Preferably, the body of the adapter 30 is made of a material that is lightweight and is an electrical insulator. A preferred material for the body of the adapter is RADEL R-5100 (Amoco) . If the body of the adapter is not made of an electrically-insulating material, a means for insulating the electrical components of the adapter from the body of the adapter must be included. The design of such insulating means is within ordinary skill in the art. Other embodiments are within the following claims.

Claims: CLAIMS We claim: 1. A sterilizable battery enclosure for a battery installed on a surgical drive assembly, comprising (a) a battery sleeve with a proximal portion having an open proximal end, and a closed distal end, said sleeve having a size and shape substantially conforming to the outside dimensions of said battery; (b) a bridging means that tightly couples the battery sleeve and the surgical drive assembly, so as to prevent any portion of said battery from being exposed to the surrounding environment, said bridging means selected from the group consisting of a flexible, resilient boot, and an adapter. 2. The sterilizable battery enclosure of claim 1, wherein said bridging means is a flexible, resilient boot with a proximal portion constituting a boot neck capable of forming a water-tight seal around the portion of said drive assembly on which said battery is installed, and a distal portion constituting a boot skirt capable of being rolled up when said neck is sealed around said portion of said drive assembly; wherein, when: (a) said boot neck is installed on said drive assembly, (b) said boot skirt is rolled up, (c) said battery is installed on said surgical drive assembly, and (d) said sleeve is installed on said battery; said boot skirt unrolls onto said proximal portion of said sleeve, forming a tight overlap. 3. The sterilizable battery enclosure of claim 2, wherein the portion of said drive assembly on which said battery is installed is the butt of a pistol-grip. 4. The sterilizable battery enclosure of claim 2, wherein said flexible, resilient boot is made of a thermoplastic resin. 5. The sterilizable battery enclosure of claim 4, wherein said thermoplastic resin is polyvinylchloride. 6. The sterilizable battery enclosure of claim 5, wherein said flexible, resilient boot has a thickness from about 0.020 inch to about 0.050 inch. 7. The sterilizable battery enclosure of claim 2, wherein said battery sleeve is made of a material selected from the group consisting of non-woven fabric, woven fabric, and flexible plastic, said material being substantially impermeable to aqueous fluids. 8. The sterilizable battery enclosure of claim 7, wherein said material is non-woven fabric. 9. The sterilizable battery enclosure of claim 8, wherein said nonwoven fabric is "3M Biocade Fabric." 10. The sterilizable battery enclosure of claim 7, wherein said battery sleeve includes folds and seams. 11. The sterilizable battery enclosure of claim 10, wherein said seams are substantially impermeable to aqueous fluids. 12. The sterilizable battery enclosure of claim 1, wherein said battery sleeve is rigid. 13. The sterilizable battery enclosure of claim 12, wherein said battery sleeve is made of thermoform plastic. 14. The sterilizable battery enclosure of claim 12, wherein said battery sleeve is made of injection- molded plastic. 15. The sterilizable battery enclosure of claim 12, wherein said battery sleeve is metal. 16. The sterilizable battery enclosure of claim 1, wherein said bridging means is an adapter having: (a a proximal portion that mimics installation fittings on said battery, (b) a distal portion that mimics battery installation fittings on said surgical drive assembly, and (c) electrical terminals on said proximal and distal portions. 17. The sterilizable battery enclosure of claim 16, wherein said battery is installed on the butt of a pistol-grip. - II 18. The sterilizable battery enclosure of claim 16, wherein said adapter has a circumferential lip under which the open end of a rigid battery sleeve fits snugly. 19. The sterilizable battery enclosure of claim 18, wherein said rigid battery sleeve snaps onto said adapter. 20. The sterilizable battery enclosure of claim 18, wherein said rigid battery sleeve is made of plastic. 21. The sterilizable battery enclosure of claim 20, wherein said plastic is selected from the group consisting of thermoform plastic and injection molded plastic. 22. A method for isolating a nonsterile battery from a sterile field, during use of said nonsterile battery to power a sterile surgical drive assembly, comprising the steps of: (a) placing on a portion of said surgical drive assembly adjacent to the battery mounting position a flexible, resilient boot, with a proximal portion constituting a boot neck capable of forming a water-tight seal around the portion of said drive assembly on which said battery is installed, and a distal portion constituting a boot skirt capable of being rolled up when said neck is sealed around said portion of said drive assembly; (b) installing a nonsterile battery on said surgical drive assembly with boot in place, said surgical drive assembly and boot being sterile; (c) placing on said battery a sterile battery sleeve with a proximal portion having an open proximal end, and a closed distal end, said sleeve having a size and shape substantially conforming to the outside dimensions of said battery; (d) unrolling said boot skirt onto said proximal portion of said battery sleeve, forming a tight overlap; thereby isolating said nonsterile battery from said sterile field. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein said battery mounting position is the butt of a pistol-grip. 24. The method of claim 22, wherein said flexible, resilient boot is made of a thermoplastic resin. 25. The method of claim 24, wherein said thermoplastic resin is polyvinylchloride. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein said polyvinylchloride has a thickness from about 0.020 inch to about 0.050 inch. 27. The method of claim 22, wherein said battery sleeve is nonwoven fabric. 28. The method of claim 27, wherein said nonwoven fabric is substantially impermeable to aqueous fluids. 29. The method of claim 27, wherein said nonwoven fabric is "3M Biocade Fabric." 30. The method of claim 27, wherein said battery sleeve includes folds and seams. 31. The method of claim 30, wherein said seams are substantially impermeable to aqueous fluids. 32. The method of claim 22, wherein said battery sleeve is rigid. 33. The method of claim 32, wherein said battery sleeve is plastic. 34. The method of claim 32, wherein said battery sleeve is metal. 35. A method for isolating a nonsterile battery from a sterile field, during use of said nonsterile battery to power a sterile surgical drive assembly, comprising the steps of: (a) installing on said surgical drive assembly an adapter having: (1) a proximal portion that mimics installation fittings on said battery, (2) a distal portion that mimics battery installation fittings on said surgical drive assembly, and (3) electrical terminals on said proximal and distal portions; (b) installing a nonsterile battery on the installed adapter, when said installed adapter and said surgical drive assembly are sterile; (c) placing over said battery a sterile, rigid battery sleeve with a proximal portion having an open proximal end, and a closed distal end, said sleeve having a size and shape substantially conforming to the outside dimensions of said battery, said open proximal end of said rigid battery sleeve fitting snugly against said adapter, thereby isolating a nonsterile battery from a sterile field. 36. The method of claim 35, wherein said adapter has a circumferential lip under which said open end of said rigid battery sleeve fits snugly.

Inventors: DRAKE GERALD E, KLINZING WILLIAM P, DRAKE, GERALD, E., KLINZING, WILLIAM, P.
Applicants: MINNESOTA MINING & MFG, MINNESOTA MINING AND MANUFACTURING COMPANY
Application year: 1997
Main classification: H01M2
IPC codes: A61B17, A61B19, A61L2, H01M2