MICROTIP VACUUM FIELD EMITTER STRUCTURES, ARRAYS, AND DEVICES, AND METHODS OF FABRICATION

Abstract: Diamond microtip field emitters (25) are fabricated for use in diode and triode vacuum microelectronic devices, sensors and displays. Ultra-sharp emitter tips are formed in a fabrication process in which diamond is deposited into mold cavities in a two step deposition sequence. During deposition of the diamond, the graphite content is carefully controlled to enhance emission performance. The tips or the emitters (25) may be treated by post fabrication processes, such as sharpening or doping with gold.

Description: DESCRIPTION MICROTIP VACUUM FIELD EMITTER STRUCTURES, ARRAYS, AND DEVICES, AND METHODS OF FABRICATION TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to vacuum microelectronics and particularly to micro-patterned, microtip emitter structures made from diamond and similar materials, such as field emitter elements/arrays for use as vacuum diodes, triodes, sensors, displays, and other related applications. BACKGROUND ART The advance in integrated circuit fabrication and silicon micromachining technology has given an impetus to the development of vacuum microelectronic devices. Central to the field of vacuum microelectronics is the search for a high efficiency electron emission cathode. In recent years, many different materials, structures, and techniques have been investigated for fabrication of vacuum cold cathode devices. Examples of such materials, structures, and techniques are described in: H. F. Gray, Proc. 29th Intl. Field Emission Symp., p. Ill, 1982; I. Brodie, IEEE Trans, on Electron Devices, 36, p. 2641, 1989; C. A. Spindt, C. E. Holland, A. Rosengreen and I. Brodie, IEEE Trans, on Electron Devices, 38, p. 2355, 1991; E. A. Adler, Z. Bardai, R. Forman, D. M. Goebel, R. T. Longo and M. SokoHch, IEEE Trans. on Electron Devices, 38, p. 2304, 1991; and M. Yuan, Q. Li, W. P. Kang, S. Tang and J. F. Xu, Journal of Vacuum Science Technology B, 12(2), p. 676 - 679, 1994. The most desirable properties for an electron emission cathode are low operating voltage, high emission current density and uniformity, and emission stability, longevity and refiability. The unique material properties of diamond, including low electron affinity, wide band-gap, chemical stability, resistance to particle bombardment, hardness, and good thermal conductivity, are beneficial for vacuum microelectronics applications. However, due to the chemical inertness of diamond, the work reported in the prior art involves only planar diamond films, non-uniformly diamond coated silicon tips, or irregular ion-etched diamond conical structures. Control of the uniformity and microstructure of diamond film is essential for field emission device applications. Very high field emission current with diamond is achieved by proper design and configuration of a well structured diamond microtip emitter. Although those skilled in the art have recognized that diamond has properties that make it potentially very useful as an emitter in microelectronic devices, that potential has remained unfulfilled up to now. Various emitter structures using diamond have been designed but their emission performance has been unsatisfactory. For example, many prior art diamond tipped emitter structures have been inefficient emitters or have produced emission currents that are unstable. To obtain high field emission efficiency in a solid state microstructure emitter, the tip of the emitter must be extremely sharp. In those few instances in the prior art where efficient and stable diamond tip emitters have been built, the fabrication techniques have been expensive and/or time consuming. Typically, the prior art structures have been fabricated by a sputtering or deposition process that lays the diamond on a planar substrate. The resulting emitter structure must then go through extensive machining or other post- deposition shaping steps in an attempt to create a sharp tip that will perform adequately. In other prior art fabrication methods, additional steps must be taken to initiate diamond growth, such as by ion implantation of the substrate. For example, in U.S. Patent No. 5,129,850, the inventors describe a method of fabricating an emitter having a diamond coating. Although the diamond coating may enhance the emission characteristics of the emitter (assuming that the device could actually be built as described), the device will not have the same desirable characteristics found in a solid, monolithic diamond emitter structure. DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION The fabrication and emission performance problems of the prior art have been overcome in the novel field emission devices and fabrication methods of this invention, using sharp tips of well patterned diamond microtip emitters (e.g., pyramid, knife edge, conical, volcanic cone, sharp pillar microstructures) for the development of vacuum field emitter element/arrays for vacuum microelectronics and sensor applications. The use of local electric field enhancement at sharp points, constructed by molding and micromachining techniques of diamond material as described here, utilizes plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) to produce micron size or smaller structures, on a diamond film/field, with very sharp tip curvatures, such as less than 200A. Several novel structures and devices are described, including a micro-patterned diamond emitter element/array, and related novel device structures in diode, triode, display, and sensor configurations. To create the high performance diamond microtip structures of this invention, several novel fabrication steps are described, including deposition of diamond into cavities formed in a substrate mold, using a novel deposition process that preferably occurs in a sequence of smooth and standard deposition steps. In the smooth deposition step, small grain sizes are achieved at the tip of the emitter structure, with the standard deposition step producing larger grain sizes with an increased deposition rate. The novel fabrication processes of this invention includes the ability to control the carbon graphite content of the diamond. This produces a diamond tip with an ideal or controllable balance of emission efficiency and durability. Emission performance of the structure is further enhanced by vacuum-thermal-electric treatment of the tips, hydrogen plasma tip sharpening, high temperature annealing, and application of thin metal coatings to the tips. In another embodiment of the invention, diamond microtip emitters and emitter arrays are used as cathodes in novel diode and triode devices having integrated anode and/or grid structures. High current emission from the patterned diamond microtip arrays was obtained at low electric fields. An emission current from the diamond microtips of 0.1 mA was observed for a field of <10 V/μm. Field emission for these diamond microtips exhibits significant enhancement in total emission current compared to silicon emitters. Moreover, field emission from patterned pyramidal polycrystalline diamond microtip emitter arrays, as fabricated by the inventors and described herein, is unique in that the applied field is found to be lower compared to that required for emission from Si, Ge, GaAs, and metal surfaces. The novel fabrication processes utilize selective deposition of diamond film in a cavity mold such as might be created in silicon, and subsequent creation of a free standing diamond substrate or plate with a diamond microtip emitter array. The processing techniques are compatible with IC and other micromachining fabrication technologies. Figs, la and lb together are a schematic representation of a process for fabricating an array of pyramidal diamond microtip emitters using silicon as a molding substrate. Fig. 2a is a perspective view of a molding substrate with cavities that can be utilized for fabricating an array of pyramidal diamond microtip field emitters. Fig. 2b is a perspective view of an array of diamond microtip pyramidal emitter structures fabricated using the molding substrate of Fig. 2a. Fig. 3a is a perspective view of a molding substrate that can be utilized for fabricating an array of diamond microtip field emitters, with a dielectric layer of silicon dioxide added to form a gated diode structure. Fig. 3b is a perspective view of an array of diamond microtip pyramidal emitters with silicon dioxide as a dielectric layer in a gated diode structure, fabricated using the molding substrate of Fig. 3a. Fig. 4a is a perspective view of a mold pattern and silicon substrate that can be utilized for micro-patterning an array of high aspect ratio, pillar-type diamond microtip emitters, with a layer of silicon dioxide added to the silicon substrate. Fig. 4b is a perspective view of an array of diamond microtip high aspect ratio, pillar-type emitter structures, fabricated using the molding substrate of Fig. 4a. Fig. 5a is a perspective view of a mold pattern and silicon substrate that can be utilized for fabricating knife-edge type diamond microtip emitters. Fig. 5b is a perspective view of an array of diamond microtip knife-edge emitter structures fabricated using the molding substrate of Fig. 5a. Fig. 6a is a perspective view of a mold pattern and silicon substrate (with added layer of silicon dioxide) that can be utilized for fabricating an array of high aspect ratio, knife-edge type diamond microtip emitters. Fig. 6b is a perspective view of an array of diamond microtip high aspect ratio, knife-edge emitters, fabricated using the molding substrate of Fig. 6a. Fig. 7a is a perspective view of a mold pattern and silicon substrate (with added layer of silicon dioxide) that can be utilized for fabricating an array of cylindrical diamond microtip emitter structures. Fig. 7b is a perspective view of an array of diamond microtip emitter cylindrical structures, fabricated using the molding substrate of Fig. 7a. Fig. 8a is a perspective view of a mold pattern and silicon substrate that can be utilized for fabricating an array of conical microtip field emitter structures. Fig. 8b is a perspective view of an array of diamond microtip conical emitter structures, fabricated using the molding substrate of Fig. 8a. Fig. 9 is a cut-away side view showing diamond which has been deposited over a silicon dioxide etch layer, on a reusable silicon mold. Fig. 10 is a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) picture of a pyramidal diamond microtip emitter on a free standing diamond substrate, as fabricated in accordance with the present invention. Figs. 11a and lib are SEM pictures of an array of 7x7 diamond pyramidal microtip emitters, monolithically integral with a diamond substrate, as fabricated in accordance with the present invention. Fig. 12 is a perspective view of a first embodiment of a diode device, fabricated using an array of diamond microtip pyramidal emitters as the cathode. Fig. 13 is a cutaway side view of a second embodiment of a diamond diode device, fabricated to form a doped diamond microtip pyramidal emitter structure, a layer of intrinsic diamond, and a layer of doped diamond. Fig. 14 is a cutaway side view of a third embodiment of a diamond diode device, fabricated to form a diamond microtip pyramidal emitter, a layer of silicon dioxide, an insulating layer of polyimide, and a top metal layer. Fig. 15 is a cutaway side view of a fourth embodiment of a diamond diode device, fabricated to form a diamond microtip pyramidal emitter, an insulating layer, and a top metal layer. Fig. 16 is a cutaway side view of a fifth embodiment of a diamond diode device, fabricated to form a doped diamond microtip pillar-type emitter structure, an intrinsic diamond layer, a layer of silicon dioxide, and a top layer of doped diamond. Fig. 17 is a cutaway side view of a sixth embodiment of a diamond diode device, fabricated to form a doped diamond microtip high aspect ratio, pillar-type emitter structure, an insulating, a layer of silicon dioxide, and a top metal layer. Fig. 18 is a graphical plot of the relative change in emission current of the microtip array versus applied field, as measured in the diamond diode device configuration of Fig. 12. Fig. 19 is a graphical plot of the Fowler-Nordheim (F-N) field emission behavior of the diamond-based pyramid emitter structures of Fig. 12. Fig. 20 graphically compares the emission characteristics between diamond microtip emitters and silicon tips of the same type of array structures of Fig. 12. Fig. 21 is a cutaway side view of a first embodiment of a diamond triode device, fabricated from a diamond microtip emitter, and planar gate or anode and grid layers on an insulating layer. Fig. 22 is a cutaway side view of a second embodiment of a diamond triode device, fabricated from a diamond microtip emitter, a layer of silicon dioxide, a doped diamond grid, a second layer of silicon dioxide, and a doped diamond gate or anode. Fig. 23 is a cutaway side view of a third embodiment of a diamond triode device, fabricated from a diamond microtip emitter, an insulating layer, a conducting grid, a second insulating layer, and a metal gate or anode. Fig. 24 is a schematic and cutaway representation of a first embodiment of a pressure sensor utilizing a flexible diamond substrate with a pyramidal diamond microtip emitter array (as a cathode), sealed on a silicon substrate (as the anode), to form a vacuum diode structure. Fig. 25 is a graphical plot of the change in I-V characteristics due to a change in the deflection parameter d for the pressure sensor of Fig. 24. Fig. 26 is cutaway side view of a second embodiment of a diamond diode pressure sensor utilizing a conducting gate or anode, an insulator, and a pyramidal diamond microtip emitter array (as a cathode) on a flexible diamond substrate. Fig. 27 is cutaway side view of a third embodiment of a diamond diode pressure sensor utilizing a pyramidal diamond microtip emitter, an insulating layer, and a flexible diamond diaphragm as the anode. Fig. 28 is cutaway side view of a diamond triode pressure sensor utilizing a pyramidal diamond microtip emitter, an insulating layer, a conducting grid, a second insulating layer, and a flexible diamond membrane diaphragm. Fig. 29 is a cutaway side view of a first embodiment of a diamond-based accelerometer, having a conducting gate or anode, and a diamond cantilever structure, with a diamond microtip emitter, resting on an insulating layer. Fig. 30 is a cutaway side view of a second embodiment of a diamond diode accelerometer, having a diamond microtip emitter, and a diamond cantilever structure supporting a mass and resting on an insulating layer. Fig. 31 is a cutaway side view of a diamond triode accelerometer utilizing a pyramidal diamond microtip emitter, an insulating layer, a conducting grid, a second insulating layer, and a diamond cantilever structure supporting a mass. Fig. 32 is a cutaway side view of a first embodiment of a diamond diode chemical sensor utilizing a pyramidal diamond microtip emitter, a catalytic metal coating on the diamond tip, an insulating layer, and a conducting gate or anode. Fig. 33 is a cutaway side view of a second embodiment of a diamond diode chemical sensor utilizing a pyramidal diamond microtip emitter, a catalytic metal coating on the diamond tip, an insulating layer, and a metal gate or anode. Fig. 34 is a graphic representation of the emission characteristics (emission current vs. gate voltage) in a self-aligned gated emitter device with low carbon graphite content in the diamond microtip emitter. Fig. 35 is a graphic representation of the emission characteristics (emission current vs. gate voltage) in a cap gated device with high carbon graphite content in the diamond microtip emitter. Fig. 36 is an exploded view of a flat panel display fabricated from diode arrays of diamond microtip pyramidal emitters, whereby a phosphorous glass panel is suspended on spacers over a substrate having of columns of emitters. Fig. 37 is an exploded view of a flat panel display fabricated from triode arrays of diamond microtip pyramidal emitters, whereby a phosphorous glass panel is suspended on spacers over a substrate having rows of emitters, with a grid layer interposed between the diamond emitters and the glass screen. Fig. 38 is a graphical representation of the relationship between the field emission performance of a diamond microtip emitter fabricated in accordance with this invention and the carbon graphite content of the diamond in the emitter. Fig. 39 is a graphical representation of the change in field emission performance of a diamond microtip emitter fabricated in accordance with this invention after treatment of the emitter using the vacuum-thermal-electric process of this invention. Fig. 40 is a graphical representation of the field emission performance of a typical diamond microtip emitter at various levels of carbon graphite content, before application of a metal coating to the emitter. Fig. 41 is a graphical representation of the field emission performance of a typical diamond microtip emitter at various levels of carbon graphite content, after application of a gold coating to the emitter in accordance with this invention. Fig. 42 is a side cutaway view of a pyramidal diamond microtip emitter of the present invention. Fig. 43 is a side cutaway view of the pyramidal diamond microtip emitter of Fig. 42, after plasma sharpening of the tip. Fig. 44 is a cutaway side view of a gated diamond diode device fabricated in accordance with the methods of the present invention. Fig. 45 is a schematic representation of the sequence of steps used to fabricate a self aligning gated diode or triode device, such as that shown in Fig. 44. Fig. 46 is a cutaway side view of a cap gated diamond diode device fabricated in accordance with the methods of the present invention. Fig. 47 is a schematic representation of a sequence of steps used to electrostatically bond a cap anode to a gated emitter device of the present invention. Fig. 48 is a cutaway side view showing the construction of a diamond microtip emitter device fabricated with a buried layer of doped semiconductor as an integral gate structure. Fig. 49 is a cutaway side view of the device of Fig. 48, further showing a silicon layer electrostatically bonded to the device. Fig. 50 is a cutaway side view of another embodiment of a diamond triode device fabricated as a fully integrated circuit accordance with this invention. Figs. 51(a), (b), and (c) are cutaway side views of a diamond triode device shown during and after fabrication as a fully integrated circuit in accordance with the present invention. Figs. 52(a), (b), and (c are cutaway side views of another embodiment of diamond triode device shown during and after fabrication as a fully integrated circuit in accordance with the present invention. BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Fabrication of diamond microtips using substrate molding In the novel method of this invention, diamond ^ (polycrystalline, crystalline, amorphous, monocrystalline, diamond-like carbon) field emitter structures and emitter arrays can be fabricated by PECVD or by other diamond deposition processes on a variety of molding substrates, such as semiconductor (Si, Ge, etc.), metal, or insulator (glass, silicon dioxide, etc.). A schematic description of such a process for fabricating an array of pyramidal diamond tipped microstructures using <100> type silicon as a molding substrate is shown in Figs, la and lb. The fabrication process is started in step (1) by growing a 1 to 1.5 micron silicon dioxide masking layer 5 on a silicon molding substrate 10 using conventional thermal oxidation. Conventional photolithography is then used in step (2) to define a mask layer 15. Elements of the mask layer 15 array are defined by square pattern oxide windows 16. To form the inverted pyramidal structures in step (3), cavities 11 are anisotropically etched in the molding substrate 10 with an etch- stopped process using potassium hydroxide : normal propanol : deionized water solution. In step (4), the remaining portions of the mask layer 15 are removed, leaving the molding substrate 10 with an array of cavities 11. The top surface 12 of the molding substrate 10 is lightly polished in step (5) with a 0.1 μm particle size diamond paste. The molding substrate 10 is then ultrasonically cleaned in acetone, methanol, and deionized water, in step (6). In step (7), a diamond film 20 (undoped, n-type, or p- type), 5-10 microns thick, is deposited into the inverted pyramidal cavities 11 and on top surface 12 of the molding substrate 10, from a mixture of hydrogen and methane gas at a substrate temperature of 850°C. Optionally in step (8), a second masking layer 14 of silicon dioxide is applied to the lower surface 13 of the molding substrate 10, with all of masking layer 14 and the molding substrate 10 etched away except around the periphery of the substrate 10. This leaves, in step (9), an array of diamond emitters 25 arranged monolithically on an integral diamond substrate 30, with each emitter 25 having a pyramidal shape and a sharply pointed, microtip 26 that substantially conforms to the inverted pyramidal shape of its corresponding cavity 11. In accordance with another novel feature of this method, the diamond is deposited in two distinct sequential processing steps in order to initiate the diamond growth into the cavities 11 and the subsequent deposition of the diamond substrate 30. The primary purpose in using two sequential processing steps in depositing the diamond is to insure that the tip portion 26 of each emitter 25 is as sharp as possible with improved emission efficiency. To accomplish this, the first or "smooth" deposition step is designed to deposit diamond at and near the tip 26 having a small grain size, preferably less than 2000 Angstroms in breadth. The second or "standard" step is used to complete the deposition of diamond in the cavities and/or across the top surface 12 of the molding substrate 10 at an increased deposition rate to form the diamond substrate 30. Consequently, the grain size of the diamond deposited in the standard deposition step will be larger, but this will not substantially impair the performance of the emitter 25. One advantage of the method of this invention is that a diamond emitter or emitter array can be fabricated monolithically with an integral diamond substrate. However, the method can also be used to fill the cavities 11 only, with an emitter substrate layer 30 (of diamond or of a different material) created and bonded to the back of the emitters 25 in a separate step. Also, although a two step (smooth then standard) deposition of diamond is preferred, in some applications (such as very small emitters and cavities) the smooth deposition step could be used alone or a third step could be added for purposes of controlling another parameter of the emitter, such as the doping level or carbon graphite content of the diamond. Achieving a small diamond grain size in the smooth deposition step requires careful control of the deposition process parameters, including deposition energy, methane and hydrogen gas concentration and ratio, chamber pressure, and substrate temperature. A person skilled in diamond plasma deposition techniques can adjust the process parameters of the equipment being used to achieve the small grain sizes needed to carry out the smooth deposition step of this invention. For deposition of diamond using PECVD, examples of fabrication processing parameters are described below that can be used for making different types of diamond microtip emitters. For a regular diamond microtip emitter, the process parameters for the smooth deposition step are: Heater (substrate) temperature = 860° C Chamber pressure = 12 torr Hydrogen gas flow = 396 seem Methane gas flow 4 seem Microwave power = 650 watts Deposition time = 7 hours The process parameters for the standard deposition step are: Heater (substrate) temperature = 850° C Chamber pressure = 40 torr Hydrogen gas flow = 500 seem Methane gas flow = 5 seem Microwave power = 1500 watts Deposition time = 13 hours For a highly graphitic diamond microtip, the following process parameters should be used for a PECVD smooth deposition step: Heater temperature = 800° C Chamber pressure = 12 torr Hydrogen gas flow = 135 seem Methane gas flow = 15 seem Microwave power = 550 watts Deposition time = 40 hours For a diamond microtip emitter of low graphitic content, the following process parameters should be used for the smooth deposition step: Heater temperature = 875° C Chamber pressure = 10 torr Hydrogen gas flow = 396 seem Methane gas flow = 4 seem Microwave power = 650 watts Deposition time = 1 hour The process parameters for the standard deposition step then are: Heater temperature = 875° C Chamber pressure = 60 torr Hydrogen gas flow = 500 seem Methane gas flow = 5 seem Microwave power = 1500 watts Deposition time = 19 hours Generally speaking, the higher the carbon graphite content in the diamond in the emitter, the higher the emission efficiency. As the sp 2 (carbon graphite) content increases, the voltage needed to "turn on" the electric field from the emitter can be reduced from 80 V/μm to 15 V/μm. However, at very high levels of carbon graphite content, the durability of the emitter and tip can be impaired. Therefore, in accordance with another objective and novel feature of this invention, the carbon graphite content of the diamond is controlled during deposition to achieve an optimum combination of field emission efficiency and tip durability. Control of the sp^ content in diamond film deposition by PECVD requires varying the process parameters and/or a combination of the sequence of process parameters.. The most critical process parameter that controls sp^ content formation in diamond film is the ratio of methane to hydrogen gas concentration. The higher the methane concentration, the higher the sp^ content in the diamond. A second critical process parameter that controls sp^ content formation in diamond film is the plasma deposition energy level which, in the case of PECVD, is determined by the microwave power level. The microwave power determines the energy of the hydrogen plasma. The higher the energy level of the hydrogen plasma, the more sp^ content etching occurs. Therefore, low microwave power for all high sp^ content steps and high microwave power for all pure diamond steps should be used. The substrate temperature also has an effect on sp^ content formation in diamond film. A lower substrate temperature should be used for all high sp^ content steps in order to prevent a secondary effect from the hydrogen plasma etching. Finally, the chamber pressure has a secondary effect on sp^ content formation in diamond film. The higher the chamber pressure, the more sp^ content etching by the hydrogen plasma is obtained because the hydrogen plasma is condensed by pressure so that its effective power is increased. Therefore, low pressure should be used for all high sp^ content steps and high pressure is used for all low sp^ content diamond steps. Examples of process parameters for PECVD diamond deposition during fabrication of diamond (doped and undoped) microtip emitters with controlled carbon graphite content are described below. In some cases, a third deposition step is used to optimize the structure. Table 1 - Process parameters for undoped low sp content diamond film. Smooth Step Standard Step Number of steps = 2 fine diamond low s ^ content Substrate Temperature (C) 875 875 Chamber Pressure (Torr) 10 60 Hydrogen gas flow rate (seem) 396 500 Methane gas flow rate (seem) 4 Microwave power level (W) 650 550 Time (hours) 1 40 Table 2 - Processing parameters for undoped moderate sp^ content diamond film. Number of steps = 3 Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 high sp 2 line standard diamond diamond diamond Substrate Temperature (C) 800 860 850 Chamber Pressure (Torr) 10 11.8 40 Hydrogen gas flow rate (seem) 138 396 500 Methane gas flow rate (seem) 15 4 Microwave power level (W) 550 650 1500 Time (hours) 3/4 7 13 Table 3 - Processing parameters for undoped high sp^ content diamond film. Number of steps = 1 Step 1 high sp 2 content diamond Substrate Temperature (C) 800 Chamber Pressure (Torr) 11.8 Hydrogen gas flow rate (seem) 135 Methane gas flow rate (seem) 25 Microwave power level (W) 550 Time (hours) 45 Table 4 - Process parameters for p-type moderate sp 2 content diamond film. Number of steps = 3 Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 high sp 2 fine standard diamond diamond diamond Substrate Temperature (C) 875 875 875 Chamber Pressure (Torr) 10 11.8 40 Hydrogen gas flow rate (seem) 138 396 500 Methane gas flow rate (seem) 15 4 Microwave power level (W) 550 650 1500 Time (hours) 3/4 7 13 Table 5 - Process parameters for p-type high sp 2 content diamond film. Number of steps = 1 Step 1 high sp 2 content diamond Substrate Temperature (C) 900 Chamber Pressure (Torr) 11.8 Hydrogen gas flow rate (seem) 135 Methane gas flow rate (seem) 25 Microwave power level (W) 550 Time (hours) 45 In the examples described above, the p-type diamond film was fabricated via a conventional in situ boron solid source doping, method and n-type diamond film was fabricated using conventional in situ gas phase doping. Selective etching of the silicon molding substrate 10 (Figs, la and lb) was performed to expose the array of diamond microtip emitters 25 on a free standing diamond substrate 30. The backside of the diamond substrate 30 (opposite to the emitters 25) was sputtered with gold to create an ohmic contact. Fig 2 a shows a typical molding substrate 10 with an array of inverted pyramidal cavities 11 etched therein using the method described above. Fig. 2b shows a corresponding array of pyramidal diamond microtip emitters 25 formed on a diamond substrate 30 using the molding substrate 10 of Fig. 2a. Figs 3a and 3b illustrate a molding substrate 10 in which an array of pyramidal emitters 25 is fabricated using a further step in the process wherein a dielectric layer 31, of silicon dioxide or other similar material, is deposited into the cavities 11 and across the top surface of the molding substrate 10 before deposition of the diamond layer. This creates the emitter array of Fig. 3b, which now can be used for a gated diode device. Of course, useful diamond microtip emitters can be fabricated in other than pyramidal shapes. For example, some apphcations may benefit from using an emitter 25 in the shape of a high aspect ratio pillar, as shown in Figs. 4a and 4b. For an emitter of this shape, the masking layer 15 will be left on during deposition of the diamond, effectively extending the depth of the cavities 11. Figs. 5a and 5b show a molding substrate 10 with cavities 11 used to form an array of knife-edge shaped diamond microtip emitters 25 on a substrate 30. Figs. 6a and 6b show a molding substrate 10 with cavities 11 used to form an array of high aspect ratio knife-edge shaped diamond microtip emitters 25 on a substrate 30, using masking layer 15. Figs. 7a and 7b show a molding substrate 10 with cavities 11 used to form an array of high aspect ratio cylindrical diamond microtip emitters 25 on a substrate 30, using masking layer 15. - Figs. 8a and 8b show a molding substrate 10 with cavities 11 used to form an array of conical diamond microtip emitters 25 on a substrate 30, using masking layer 15. The fabrication methods of this invention can also be employed so that the molding substrate is re-usable. This technique is illustrated in Fig. 9. Before the diamond is deposited, a release layer 16 of a material such as silicon dioxide is deposited into the cavities 11 and across the top surface 12 of a silicon molding substrate 10. After the diamond (emitters 25 and substrate 30) is deposited over the release layer 16, the diamond microtip emitters 25 and substrate 30 can be separated from the release layer 16 by thermal differential or controlled reduction, leaving the molding substrate intact. The release layer 16 is then etched away. A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photograph of a pyramidal diamond microtip emitter 25 on a free standing diamond substrate 30, fabricated using the method of this invention, is shown in Fig. 10. The emitter 25 at its base is approximately 3 μm x 3 μm, with a radius at the tip 26 of less than 200A. Figs. 11a and lib show an array of 7x7 pyramidal diamond microtip emitters 25 monolithically integral with a diamond substrate 30, also fabricated in accordance with the method of this invention. Inside the array, the separation distance between each emitter 25 pyramid is 10 μm. Typical Raman spectroscopy of these diamond microtip emitters 25 and the diamond substrate 30 shows the 1332 cm 1 peak of the sp 3 diamond bond, along with a low broad graphite peak at 1580 cm 1 . As evident by the SEM micrographs of Figs. 11a and lib, the capability of patterning diamond microtip emitters that are monolithically integral with a diamond substrate is demonstrated. Selective deposition and molding of undoped or doped diamond films in silicon (and other types of substrates) molds, and subsequent creation of free standing diamond plates with well-patterned diamond microtips, has been achieved. Treatment of diamond microtip emitters to enhance emission performance The electron field emission behavior of the emitter 25 can be improved by subjecting the post fabricated diamond microtip emitter 25 to hydrogen plasma treatment. Depending on the hydrogen plasma power and treatment time, the radius of the diamond tip 26 can be sharpened to the nanometer range. Typical post fabrication hydrogen plasma treatment parameters are: Heater (substrate) temperature = 850° Chamber pressure = 40 torr Hydrogen gas flow = 500 seem Microwave power = 1500 watts Treatment time = several minutes to the range of an hour High temperature annealing processes, such as high temperature activation or initiation, can also be applied to improve the diamond tip field emission behavior. For example, activation of a gated emitter device can be conducted under the following thermal and electric conditions: Baking the device at 250° in vacuum and applying a gate voltage to keep the device operation at a low emission state for at least several hours. Attention must be paid in this process to avoid the rise of emission current to a value more than 2μa. The device performance can be greatly improved after this treatment. The onset gate voltage is reduced and the emission is stabilized. As discussed above, this invention demonstrates that the field emission characteristics of the diamond can be significantly improved by increasing the sp 2 content of the diamond microtip emitter. To further enhance this characteristic, a vacuum- thermal-electric (VTE) treatment step can be performed on the fabricated emitters. As the sp 2 content of the diamond increases, the turn-on electric field is reduced from 40 V/μm to 4 V/μm. That is, for low sp 2 content diamond tips, the turn-on electric field is reduced from 80 V/μm to 40 V/μm after VTE treatment and for high sp 2 content diamond tips, the turn-on electric field is reduced from 15 V/μm to 4 V/μm after VTE treatment. Therefore, the turn- on electric field can be reduced more than 50% by increasing the sp 2 content and VTE treatment. The relationship between emitter efficiency and sp2 content of the diamond is shown in Fig. 38. Fig. 39 shows the change in emission characteristics of the emitter after VTE treatment in accordance with this invention. The novel vacuum-thermal-electric treatment of the diamond microtip emitter of this invention will improve the performance and stability of the diamond tip. A typical VTE treatment of the emitter can be carried out as follows: At room temperature and in the vacuum environment of 10 " " Torr, the fabricated diamond microtip emitters are subjected to voltages that are gradually increased from zero until a significant emission current is detected. At the beginning stage, the emission is usually unstable because there is contamination on the tip surface. Vacuum-thermal-electric (VTE) treatment is conducted on the emitters by heating the emitter device slowly to approximately 150 C in the same vacuum environment of 10 " " Torr or better. The device is maintained at 150 C for several hours while the emission current is kept below 2 μA by adjusting the applied voltage. The VTE treatment is terminated when a stable current is obtained for a considerable period of time, usually 1 hour. The devices are then cooled down slowly to room temperature. The emission currents after VTE treatment were confirmed to be significantly improved in terms of performance and stability. Field emission of the diamond microtip emitter can also be improved by surface treatment of the emitters with a thin-film metal coating. Certain types of metal coatings (gold, for example), in conjunction with control of the sp 2 content of diamond emitter, can enhance the emission by: (i) lowering the work function due to the sp 2 defect induced band and gold induced negative electron affinity on the diamond tip surface; and (ii) the increase in field enhancement factor due to the enhanced electric field via the metal-insulator-metal microstructure and field forming process in the tip region. To apply a performance enhancing gold coating to the emitters in accordance with this invention, the following steps can be used: After the polycrystalline diamond film deposition, the silicon molding substrate 10 was etched away with a mixture of HF:HNθ3 (2:1) solution. The emitters 25 were then cleaned with acetone and methanol. The emitter samples were cleaned with acetone and dehydrated at 300 C for 5 minutes in order to make the surface clean. A thin layer of gold with a nominal thickness of 200-250 Angstroms was sputtered on the surface of the emitter tip 26. The emitters 25 were then annealed at 900 C for 10-15 minutes. The change in emitter performance at different levels of carbon graphite content is shown in Fig. 40 (before treatment) and Fig. 41 (after treatment). This shows that the field emission characteristics of the diamond can be significantly improved by applying a thin gold coating and by increasing the sp 2 content of the diamond in the emitter. Before gold coating, as the sp 2 content increases, the turn-on electric field is reduced from 70 V/μm to 15 V/μm. After gold coating, as the sp 2 content increases, the turn-on electric field is reduced from 12 V/μm to 3 V/μm. That is, for low sp 2 content diamond emitters, the turn-on electric field is reduced from 70 V/μm to 12 V/μm by gold coating. For high sp 2 content diamond emitters, the turn-on electric field is reduced from 15 V/μm to 3 V/μm after gold coating. Therefore, the turn on electric field can be reduced more than 75% by increasing the sp 2 content and applying a gold coating. The geometry of the tip portion 26 of the emitter 25 plays an important role in field emission. The use of oxygen or hydrogen plasma for micro etching can produce an ultra-sharp tip for improved field emission. For example, Figs 42 and 43 show a diamond microtip emitter 25 of this invention before and after plasma sharpening of the tip portion 26. Finally, thermal oxidation of the cavities in a silicon or other molding substrate, before diamond deposition, can improve the geometry of the tip portion 26 of the emitter 25. Due to the preferential oxidation of silicon, the tip of the cavity in silicon is ultra-thin thereby producing an ultra-sharp diamond tip. Diamond microtip emitters for vacuum diode and triode devices. The diamond microtip emitter structures as fabricated and described above can be employed in a variety of novel diamond vacuum diode and triode configurations. In such devices, operation in the field emission process is controlled by Fowler- Nordheim tunneling, as described in C. A. Spindt, et al., "Research into Micron-size Emission Tubes", IEEE Conf. on Tube Techniques, 1966. The emission current density is given by: J = Ki (E 2 / Φ) exp [ - (Ka Φ 3 2 )/E ] (1) where Ki and K2 are constants, and Φ is the work function of the emitting surface. The electric field E is defined as: E = ( βV ) / d (2) where V is the anode-cathode voltage, β is the field enhancement factor controlled by the cathode radius of curvature at the point of emission, and d is the spacing between the cathode (emitter) tip and the anode. The field at the apex of the tip is inversely proportional to the tip radius. The sharp needle tips of the diamond-microtip pyramidal emitter structures are fabricated to enhance the electric field at the apex and promote high emission current. Fig. 12 shows a basic diode device fabricated using an array of diamond microtip emitters 25 on a diamond substrate 30 to form a cathode. An anode 35 is supported above the emitters 25 by an insulating support structure 32. The relative change in emission current of the microtip emitter array versus applied field, in a diode configuration of Fig. 12, is shown in Fig. 18. The data indicate that a high current (0.1 mA) in forward bias can be obtained under a low electric field of less than lOV/μm at a vacuum of 10 6 torr. No emission current was observed in the. reverse bias regime. The anode 35 for these measurements is a tungsten probe, 1 mm in diameter, and placed 100 μm above the diamond microtip emitters 25. To further illustrate that the measured current is indeed due to electron emission from the diamond pyramids, a phosphor coated anode plate was also used as the anode. The insulating spacer used in this case was a 20 μm thick mica film. Robust phosphor glow was observed during electron emission. The Fowler-Nordheim (F-N) field emission behavior of the diamond microtip emitters 25 of Fig. 12 was analyzed and is shown in Fig. 19. The results indicate significant field emission behavior in two distinct regimes. In the higher electric field regime, the negative slope of the Fowler-Nordheim plot confirms that electron emission is attributed to electron tunneling through a positive work function barrier as described by the F-N equation. At lower electric field, the positive slope of the linear plot is consistent with negative electron affinity behavior. Since vacancy defects in polycrystalline thin film exist (see Z.H. Huang, P.H. Cutler, N.M. Miskovsky, and T.E. Sullivan, "Calculation of Electron Field Emission from Diamond Surface", Proceedings of IVMC, p. 92 - 95, 1994), the presence of those defects, in significant concentration, could allow the formation of defects states in the bulk band gap. Depending on location of these defects, above or below the vacuum level in the bulk band gap, they could control the electron emission behavior. A comparison of the emission characteristics between diamond emitters and silicon tips of the same type of array structures is shown in Fig. 20. It can be seen that electron field emission for the diamond microtip emitters, in forward bias, exhibits significant enhancement both in total emission current and stability compared to the silicon emitters. The applied electric field for emission is at least 10 to 100 times lower than that required for emission from the best reported values for Si, Ge, GaAs, and metal surfaces. Another embodiment of a diode device fabricated from the novel diamond microtip emitters of this invention is shown in Fig. 13. The emitter 25 and substrate 30 are made of doped diamond, forming the cathode. The anode 35 is also doped diamond, separated by an insulating layer 40 of intrinsic diamond. Fig. 14 illustrates yet another diode device having a pyramidal diamond microtip emitter 25 and substrate 30 as the cathode. The anode 35 is a metal, separated from the cathode by a first insulating layer 41 (silicon dioxide, for example) and a second insulating layer 40, polyamide for example. Fig. 15 is simplified embodiment of the diode device of Fig. 14 in which there is a diamond emitter 25 and substrate 30 as the cathode, and a metal anode 35 layered over a single insulating layer 40. In Fig. 16, the doped diamond emitter 25 of the diode device is a high aspect ratio pillar, on a doped diamond substrate 30, forming the cathode. The doped diamond anode 35 is supported above the emitter 25 by a first insulating layer 41 of silicon dioxide and a second insulating layer 40 of intrinsic diamond. The diode device of Fig. 17 is similar to that of Fig. 16. The anode 35 is metal, supported above the diamond emitter 25 and substrate 30 by a first insulating layer 41 (of silicon dioxide, for example) and a second insulating layer 40. Figs. 21 to 23 illustrate variations of diamond microtip based vacuum triode devices. The triode device of Fig. 21 has a lateral or horizontal architecture, with a pyramidal diamond microtip emitter 25 on a diamond substrate 30. Spaced laterally away from the emitter 25 is the anode 35, supported above the substrate 30 by insulator 40. A grid 45 is spaced further away, supported on substrate 30 by insulator 40. The triode device of Fig. 21 can also be configured where the grid 45 is positioned between the emitter 25 and the anode 35. In the device of Fig. 22, the grid 45 is supported above the substrate 30 by a first insulating layer 41. The anode 35 is then suspended directly above the emitter 25 by a second insulating layer 40. The first and second insulating layers 41, 40 can be silicon dioxide. The grid 45 and anode 35 can be doped diamond. The diamond triode device of Fig. 23 is similar to that of Fig. 22 except that the anode 35 and the grid 45 are metal. The diamond diode and triode devices of this invention can be fabricated using a process substantially as follows: The fabrication process is started by growing a 1-1.5 μm oxide masking layer on a p-type <100> silicon wafer as a molding substrate. Conventional photolithography is then used to define the mask layer array. Elements of the array were defined by square pattern oxide windows in the masking layer. To form the inverted pyramidal emitter structures, cavities were anisotropically etched into the molding substrate with an etch- stopped process using potassium hydroxide: normal propanoldeionized water solution. The substrate was then cleaned with acetone and methanol. CVD diamond was deposited into the cavities and on the surface of the molding substrate by PECVD. The molding substrate material was then etched away. In accordance with another novel feature of this invention, additional fabrication steps were performed to construct the self- aligning gated emitter device of Fig. 44. The gated diamond emitter device of Fig. 44 has a conductive gate layer 50 and a gate insulator 51 applied over the array of pyramidal diamond microtip emitters 25 and diamond substrate 30. The substrate 30 is mounted to a conductive layer 33 which, in turn, is attached to a glass substrate 34. The self-aligning fabrication method of this invention is visually summarized in Fig. 45 as a sequence of steps (a) through (i). In step (a), the array of diamond emitters and integral substrate is attached to a conductive layer, which is in turn bonded to a glass layer. The silicon molding substrate is then etched away in step (b). In step (c), an insulating gate dielectric layer (two micron thick silicon dioxide, for example) is apphed over the emitter array and substrate. A conducting gate layer (of one micron thick aluminum or other etch able metal for example) is then applied over the insulating layer in step (d), followed by a layer of photoresist (e.g., an organic polymer) in step (e). The photoresist is applied so that the photoresist layer over the tips of the emitters is not as thick as it is over the regions adjacent to the emitters. In step (f), the photoresist is partially removed using an ion milling or other conventional technique that will remove the photoresist over the emitter tips first. Any technique that either uniformly etches the photoresist or that tries to make the photoresist layer flat will work. This produces an intermediate structure as shown in step (g). The metal (aluminum) layer is then exposed to the etch to remove the aluminum over the emitter tip and to partially undercut the photoresist in that region, as shown in step (h). Finally, in step (i), the balance of the photoresist is removed, leaving a device as in Fig. 44 where the gate and emitters are automatically aligned. To complete the gated vacuum diode or triode structure, a cap can be apphed over the device, as shown in Fig. 46, to function as an anode 35. To construct the cap gated emitter, an anode 35 comprised of heavily doped sihcon is electrostatically bonded to the substrate 34 with a dielectric (sihcon dioxide, for example) spacer 40 between, forming an emitter-anode spacing of 2 μm. An electrostatic bonding technique that can be used to attach a sihcon cap to fabricate the gated diode device of Fig. 46 is shown in Fig. 47 as a sequence of steps (a) through (d). If the cap is bonded in a vacuum, then the gap between the anode and cathode can be sealed to maintain a vacuum. The emission characteristics of the gated diamond emitters were tested in a vacuum environment of 10 6 torr. Fig. 34 shows the emission current vs. gate voltage of a self-aligned gated diamond microtip emitter device with low sp 2 content, illustrating a low turn-on voltage of 30 V and high emission current of 25 μA. The emission current vs. gate voltage of a cap gated structure with high sp 2 content is shown in Fig. 35, illustrating a very low turn- on voltage of 2 V and high emission current of 1 μA. The turn-on voltage is reduced by two orders of magnitude compared to silicon field emitters. The F-N plots confirm that the gated diamond microtip is a better emitter than silicon. Furthermore, the built-in gated diamond microtip emitters have a stable emission current at a given gate voltage. Current fluctuation is found to be about 1.1% for low emission current and less than 10% for higher emission current. The emission stability is found to be two orders of magnitude more stable than the sihcon emitters. Another novel aspect of this invention uses sihcon integrated circuit technology to produce integrated diamond vacuum microelectronics with one mask and high yield capability. An embodiment of a planar device fabricated in this fashion is shown in Figs. 48 and 49. In Fig. 48, the CVD diamond microtip emitter 25 is covered by a layer 60 of silicon, with the emitter-side surface of substrate 30 covered by a masking layer 61 of sihcon dioxide. A gate structure 62 is formed of a highly doped (p+ or n+) layer of sihcon deeply buried in the sihcon layer 60. Finally, a second mask layer 63 is apphed to the lower surface of the silicon layer 60 and partially etched to leave a window 65 over the emitter 25. The sihcon layer 60 is then etched away in proximity 5 to the emitter 25, thereby exposing it. A substrate layer 64 (of silicon, for example) is then electrostatically bonded, as described above, to the masking layer 63 to complete the structure, as seen in Fig. 49. The buried gate structure 62 can now function as a grid. o Another novel method of fabricating the diamond microtip diode and triode devices of this invention is illustrated in Figs. 50- 52. Fig. 50 shows a triode device using a single diamond microtip emitter 25 and substrate 30 as the cathode. As discussed above, the substrate 30 will typically be grown integrally with the 5 emitter 25, or a separate substrate can be attached to the bottom surfaces of the emitters 25. An insulating layer 40, silicon dioxide, for example, is apphed over the surface of the emitter 25, followed by a metal grid 45. The diamond substrate 30 is attached to a conductive layer 33 which is mounted on a supporting substrate 34, glass, for example. A cap anode 35 is then bonded to supporting substrate 34 through insulating structure 41. Thus, the diamond triode device of Fig. 50 has an integrated grid structure. Figs. 51a-c show the fabrication of another embodiment of diamond microtip emitter diode and triode devices. In the method as shown, molding substrate 10 is highly doped silicon or other semiconductor so that it can be integrated into the device as the grid or anode, with the emitter or emitter array forming the cathode. Thus, fabrication proceeds in accordance with the following steps: Cavities are etched into a sihcon wafer substrate 10 as described above. A dielectric layer 31 of silicon dioxide, for example, is deposited or grown on the substrate 10. The diamond is then deposited into the cavities and over the top surface of the substrate 10 to form one or more diamond microtip emitters 25 and an integral diamond substrate 30, as shown on Fig. 50(a). The opposite surface of the substrate 30 is then bonded to a supporting substrate 34 (glass, for example) through a conducting layer 33, as seen on Fig. 51(b). Optionally, the conducting layer 33 can be omitted if the substrate 30 is sufficiently conductive or if some other conventional means of electrically contacting the emitter 25 is provided. A portion of the silicon molding substrate 10 is then removed by etching or lapping and pohshing, back to the hne 19, until the dielectric (silicon dioxide) layer 31 is exposed at segments 18. The remaining molding substrate 10 is then mechanically and chemically pohshed. As seen in Fig. 51(b), the device is then turned over, and the remaining "islands" of molding substrate 10 can be utilized as the anode of a diode or as the grid of a triode. As seen in Fig. 51(c), the dielectric layer 31 proximate the emitter tips 26 (segments 18) is etched away to expose the tips 26. To make a triode as seen in Fig. 51(c), an additional oxide layer 37 is deposited on the upper surface of the molding substrate 10, followed by deposition and etching of a metal layer to form anode 35. The remaining "islands" of the molding substrate 10 become the grid 45 of the triode device. Figs. 52(a)-(c) illustrate another method of fabricating a diamond vacuum diode or triode device. A masking layer (e.g., an oxide) is apphed to a molding substrate 10 made of silicon, for example.. The mask is used to define a diffusion region within the substrate so that a buried layer 17 of highly doped sihcon (Fig. 52(a)) is created in the substrate 10, to function as an integral anode or grid. After diffusion of the buried layer 17, a conventional epitaxy step is performed to grow a single crystal sihcon epi layer 21 on a top portion of the molding substrate 10, such that epi layer 21 becomes an extension of the molding substrate 10. Fabrication then proceeds as described for the device of Figs. 51(a)-(c), yielding a diode device as seen in Fig. 52(b), with the buried layer 17 functioning as the anode, or a triode device with the buried layer 17 as the grid in the device of Fig. 52(c). In the illustrations of the diamond diode and triode structures discussed above, the gate, grid, or anode elements are typically shown as ring structures that would encircle the emitters if seen in plan view. However, the same devices can also be fabricated in different architectures, such as using a horseshoe shape around the emitters or having a row of emitters between rows of the other elements on one or both sides. Diamond microtip emitter based physical sensors The high electron emission efficiency of a diamond based cathode, the low operating voltage, high emission current density and uniformity, and emission stability, are desirable for microsensor apphcations in both terrestrial and space environments. Advanced novel device structures in vacuum microelectronics using diamond field emitters as electron sources can be utilized in microsensors such as pressure sensors, accelerometers, tactile sensors, and so on. In this invention, a novel field emission device using an array of well patterned microtip emitters of diamond is employed as a microsensor. Diamond based physical sensor operation in the field emission process is controlled by the Fowler-Nordheim tunneling process. The conduction current density is given by equations 1 and 2 above. Based on the principle described above, the field at the apex of the tip is inversely proportional to the tip radius. Sharp needle tips of diamond-based pyramidal emitter structures are fabricated to enhance high electric field at the apex which yield high emission current. For physical sensor apphcations, the spacing d between the cathode tip and the anode must be deflection sensitive. This deflection sensitive parameter d can be realized by using a flexible membrane or cantilever beam as the anode or cathode, where a change in force, pressure, inertia, or acceleration can induce a change in the d value and hence in the emission current or device voltage. In conjunction with selective growth of diamond microtips and IC compatible technology, useful diamond emitters and emitter arrays for sensor apphcations can be achieved. A schematic diagram of a typical pressure sensor structure is shown in Fig. 24. A flexible diamond substrate or diaphragm 30 with an array of pyramidal diamond microtip emitters 25 (as a cathode) is sealed to a silicon substrate, as the anode 35. Insulating spacers 40 support the diamond substrate 30 over the anode 35 to leave an evacuated chamber 38. A voltage V is apphed to the device through ohmic contacts 39. Changes in ambient pressure outside the chamber 38 will cause the substrate 30 to deflect, changing the distance d between the emitter tip 26 and the anode 35. This changes the I-V characteristics of the device as shown in Fig. 25. The pressure change can be measured as a voltage change across terminals Tl and T2. This pressure sensor offers high temperature operation, radiation tolerance, small size, good mechanical and thermal properties, electrical stability and compatibility with hostile environments. Fig. 26 is a second embodiment of a diamond diode pressure sensor utilizing a conducting gate or anode 35, an insulator 40, and a pyramidal diamond microtip emitter 25 (as a cathode) on a flexible diamond substrate 30. Fig. 27 shows a third embodiment of a diamond diode pressure sensor utilizing a pyramidal diamond microtip emitter 25 on a diamond substrate 30, an insulating layer 40, and a flexible diamond diaphragm as the anode 35. In the embodiment of Fig. 27, the anode 35 will move toward or away from the emitter 25 in response to pressure changes outside the chamber 38. The pressure sensor of Fig. 28 uses a diamond vacuum triode device, having a diamond microtip emitter 25 on a diamond substrate 30, a grid 45 supported above the substrate 30 by a first insulating layer 41, and a flexible diaphragm (diamond, for example) as an anode 35, supported by a second insulating layer 40. Fig. 29 illustrates an arrangement of a pyramidal diamond microtip emitter 25 as diode accelerometer device. One end of a flexible diamond substrate 30 is suspended in cantilever fashion from an insulator 40 that extends upwardly from an anode 35. If the device is subjected to a change in velocity, the substrate will flex, producing a change in the spacing between the tip 26 of the emitter 25 and the anode 35. If a voltage or current source is apphed to the device through ohmic contacts (not shown), this change in spacing will produce a measurable change in electrical output from the device. Another embodiment of a diamond microtip diode structure configured as an accelerometer is shown in Fig. 30. In this embodiment, the anode 35 (diamond, for example) is flexible, with a mass 42 added to enhance movement of the anode 35 toward or away from the emitter 25 in response to a change in velocity. Fig. 31 is a diamond triode embodiment of the accelerometer of Fig. 30, with a grid 45 supported between the emitter 25, and flexible anode 35 supported by a first insulating layer 41. Diamond microtip emitter based chemical sensors Novel diamond microtip emitter based chemical sensors which operate in the field emission process can be fabricated by integrating a thin coating of chemical sensitive material 43 on the surface of a pyramidal diamond microtip emitter 25, as shown in the diamond diode chemical sensor of Fig. 32. The chemically sensitive material 43 can be a catalytic metal such as Pt or Pd, and can be thermally evaporated, sputtered or otherwise deposited on the emitter 25. As a target gas or other chemical enters the chamber 38 through windows 44 in anode 35, the emitter will adsorb some of it. A change in work function of the catalytic metal upon adsorption of a chemical species by the catalytic metal coated on the diamond tip will modulate the election emission behavior and hence allow detection of the chemical. The emission current density of a diamond microtip chemical sensor coated with a catalytic metal is given by: J a = Ki (E 2 / Φ a ) exp [ - (KΛ Φa 3/2 )/E ] in chemical species a (reference) environment Jb = Ki (E 2 / Φb) exp [ - (K2 Φb 3/2 )/E ] in chemical species b (detecting) environment where Ki and K2 are constants, and Φ is the work function of the emitting surface (in this case the catalytic metal coated on the diamond tip). Therefore, a change in chemical environment will alter the electron emission behavior of the device for chemical sensing. Another embodiment of a chemical sensor in accordance with the present invention is shown in Fig. 33. The chemically sensitive layer 43 (a catalytic metal, for example) is apphed over the diamond microtip emitter 25, followed by an insulating layer 40 and a metal anode 35. Novel diamond microtip flat panel displays Figs. 36 and 37 illustrate novel diamond microtip emitter arrays used to create a flat-panel display, using diode or a triode array configurations. In Fig. 36, multiple columns 28 of emitters 25 are arranged on a substrate 30. Each column 28 is electrically isolated and is separately operable by conventional display driver electronics (not shown). Suspended by spacers 40 above the substrate 30 is an anode panel 35 containing multiple rows 29 of phosphor glass that will visibly respond to emission from emitters 35. Fig. 37 shows a similar display arranged in a triode configuration, with a grid panel 45 having columns 28 of emission control elements positioned by spacers 41 between the array of diamond microtip emitters 25 and the anode panel 35. Thus, although there have been described particular, embodiments of the present invention of new and useful microtip vacuum field emitter structures, arrays, and devices, and method of fabrication, it is not intended that such references be construed as limitations upon the scope of this invention except as set forth in the following claims. Further, although numerous references and examples have been provided to specific materials being used for the various layers of structures and devices, it will be recognized by those skilled in the art that other materials having similar structural and/or electrical properties can be substituted without departing from the scope of this invention as claimed.

Claims: CLAIMS What is claimed is: 1. A method of fabricating a microtip emitter comprising the steps of: a. creating a cavity within a solid molding material to create a molding substrate having a top surface around the cavity, the cavity having a pre-deteπnined geometric shape; b. depositing a semiconductor material into the cavity such that the semiconductor material conforms to the geometric shape of the cavity; and c. removing the mold material from around the cavity, leaving a solid microtip emitter formed of the semiconductor material and having an emitter shape conforming to the geometric shape of the cavity. 2. A method of fabricating an microtip electron emitter using a re-usable mold comprising the steps of: a. creating a cavity within a solid mold material to create a re-usable molding substrate having a top surface around the cavity, the cavity having a pre-determined geometric shape; b. depositing a first layer of material into the cavity such that the first material layer conforms to the geometric shape of the cavity and covers the top surface of the molding substrate but does not fill the cavity; c. depositing diamond over the first material layer such that the diamond replicates the shape of the cavity and covers a top surface of the first material layer; d. separating the molding substrate from the first material layer; and e. removing the first layer of material from around the diamond, leaving a sohd microtip emitter formed of the diamond and having an emitter shape conforming to the geometric shape of the cavity. RECTIFIED SHEET (RUUE 91) 3. The method of Claim 1 further comprising the step of depositing a second layer of material across the top surface of the molding substrate before the mold material is removed from around the cavity whereby a substrate of the second layer of material is formed integral to the emitter. 4. The method of Claim 1 wherein the semiconductor material is diamond. 5. The method of Claim 4 wherein the second layer of material is diamond. 6. The method of Claim 2 or 4 wherein the mold material is silicon. 7. The method of Claim 6 wherein the cavity is created by anisotropic etching of the mold material. 8. The method of Claim 2 or 4 wherein the geometric shape of the cavity is an inverted pyramid such that the emitter shape is a pyramid having a microtip. 9. The method of Claim 2 wherein the geometric shape of the cavity is a knife edge such that the emitter is a knife edge having a microtip. 10. The method of Claim 2 wherein the geometric shape of the cavity is a cylinder such that the emitter is a cylinder. 11. The method of Claim 2 wherein the geometric shape of the cavity is an inverted high aspect ratio pillar such that the emitter is a high aspect ratio pillar. 12. The method of Claim 8 further comprising the step of sharpening the microtip of the electron emitting structure after removal of the mold material. 13. The method of Claim 12 wherein the microtip is sharpened by plasma etching. 14. The method of Claim 2 or Claim 4 further comprising the step of thermally oxidizing the mold material within the cavity before the semiconductor material is deposited in the cavity. 15. A method of fabricating a diamond microtip emitter having enhanced field emission performance comprising the step of providing a pre-determined and controlled concentration of carbon graphite content within the diamond. 16. The method of Claim 15 wherein the carbon graphite content of the diamond is controlled to an increased level whereb the turn-on voltage of the emitter field is reduced. 17. The method of Claim 15 wherein the carbide graphite content of the diamond is controlled by adjusting a ratio of methane gas to hydrogen gas concentration during the step of depositing the diamond in the cavity. 18. The method of Claim 15 wherein the carbide graphite content of the diamond is controlled by adjusting a deposition energy level during the step of depositing the diamond in the cavity. 19. A method of treating a diamond microtip emitter to enhance the electron emission stability of the emitter comprising the steps of: a. placing the microtip emitter in a vacuum; b. applying a voltage between the microtip and an adjacent anode to produce an emission current from the emitter; and c. gradually increasing the temperature of the emitter and maintaining the emitter at an increased temperature until the emission current remains stable for a predetermined period of time. 20. A method of treating an electron-emitting semiconductor structure having a diamond microtip to enhance the field emission performance of the structure comprising the step of applying a layer of metal to an exterior surface of the diamond microtip. 21. The method of Claim 20 wherein the metal is gold. 22. The method of Claim 21 wherein the layer of gold has a thickness in a range of 100 - 500 Angstroms. 23. A method of fabricating a device having an array of microtip emitters comprising the steps of: a. applying a masking layer on a molding substrate; b. defining a pattern for the array on the molding substrate by creating windows in the masking layer; c. etching cavities within the molding substrate at the windows defining the pattern for the array, each cavity having a predetermined shape including a lower surface defining a geometry of a microtip ; d. cleaning the molding substrate; e. depositing a film of semiconductor material across the surface of the molding substrate and within the cavities, to form a sohd emitter structure of the semiconductor material inside of, and conforming to the shape of, each cavity; and f. removing the molding substrate to leave an array of microtip emitters monolithically arranged on a substrate of the semiconductor material. 24. The method of Claim 23 wherein the semiconductor material is diamond. 25. The method of Claim 24 wherein the step of depositing the diamond film is carried out in a sequence of smooth and standard diamond deposition steps, the smooth and standard diamond deposition steps each defined by process parameters including deposition energy and chamber pressure, the smooth deposition step operated at predetermined deposition energy and chamber pressure levels to initiate diamond growth within the cavity and to create small grain boundaries in the diamond near the tip, and the standard deposition step operated at predetermined deposition energy and chamber pressure levels to accelerate diamond growth in the cavities and on the molding substrate with larger grain boundaries in the diamond. 26. The method of Claim 25 wherein the smooth deposition step comprises PECVD operated at reduced microwave power and chamber pressure levels to initiate diamond growth within the cavity and provide small grain boundaries in the diamond near the tip, and the standard deposition step comprising PECVD operated at increased microwave power and chamber pressure levels. 27. The method of Claim 26 wherein the process parameters further include methane gas and hydrogen gas concentrations in the chamber and substrate temperature, and the method further comprising the step of increasing carbon graphite content of the diamond by increasing methane gas concentration, lowering microwave power, lowering substrate temperature, and lowering chamber pressure while depositing the diamond. 28. The method of Claim 26 further comprising the steps of: a. placing the microtip array in a vacuum; b. applying a voltage between the microtips in the array and an adjacent anode to produce an emission current from the microtips; c. gradually increasing the temperature of the device and maintaining the device at an increased temperature until the emission current remains stable for a predetermined period of time. 29. The method of Claim 26 further comprising the step of applying a layer of metal to an exterior surface of each diamond microtip in the array. 30. The method of Claim 29 wherein the metal is gold. 31. The method of Claim 30 wherein the layer of gold has a thickness in a range of 100 - 500 Angstroms. 32. The method of Claim 24 wherein the step of depositing the diamond film is carried out in a smooth deposition step, the smooth deposition step operated at predetermined deposition energy and chamber pressure levels to initiate diamond growth within the cavity and to create grain boundaries in the diamond near the tip having a nominal breadth of less than 2000 Angstroms. 33. A method of fabricating a gated electron emitting device comprising the steps of: a. applying a masking layer to a molding substrate; b. defining a pattern for an array of diamond microtip emitter structures on the molding substrate by creating windows in the masking layer; c. etching cavities within the molding substrate at the windows defining the pattern for the array, each cavity having a predetermined geometric shape; d. depositing a diamond film across the surface of the molding substrate and within the cavities, to form a solid diamond emitter structure inside, and conforming to the shape, of each cavity, each emitter structure having a microtip; e. removing the molding substrate to leave an array of diamond microtip emitter structures monolithically arranged on a diamond substrate; f. depositing a layer of dielectric material to cover the diamond substrate and the array of diamond microtip emitter structures except for the microtips; g. depositing a metallic layer over the dielectric material; and h. bonding a lower surface of the diamond substrate to a conductive layer. 34. A method of fabricating a cap gated electron emitting device comprising the steps of: a. applying a masking layer to a molding substrate; b. defining a pattern for an array of diamond microtip emitters on the molding substrate by creating windows in the RECTIFIED SHEET (RUUE 91) masking layer; c. etching cavities within the molding substrate at the windows defining the pattern for the array, each cavity having a predetermined geometric shape; d. depositing a diamond film across the surface of the molding substrate and within the cavities, to form a sohd diamond emitter inside, and conforming to the shape, of each cavity; e. removing the molding substrate to leave an array of diamond microtip emitter structures monolithically arranged on a diamond substrate; f. bonding a lower surface of the diamond substrate to a conductive layer, the conductive layer supported by a supporting substrate; and g. attaching a conductive cap over the array to define a gap between the microtips in the array and a lower surface of the cap, the cap being electrically isolated from each of the other structures of the device. 35. The method of Claim 34 wherein the supporting substrate is glass and the cap is attached to the glass is by anodic bonding. 36. The method of Claim 35 wherein the step of anodic bonding of the cap to the glass is performed in a vacuum such that a low pressure is established and sealed within the gap. 37. A method of fabricating a vacuum microelectronic device having a diamond microtip emitter as a cathode comprising the steps of: a. forming a cavity in a molding substrate, the molding substrate comprising a doped semiconductor; b. depositing a layer of dielectric material into part of the cavity and across a top surface of the molding substrate; c. depositing a diamond film into the remaining portion of the cavity and over the layer of dielectric material such that the diamond film in the cavity forms a microtip emitter having an 40/1 masking layer; c. etching cavities within the molding substrate at the windows defining the pattern for the array, each cavity having a predetermined geometric shape; d. depositing a diamond film across the surface of the molding substrate and within the cavities, to form a sohd diamond emitter inside, and conforming to the shape, of each cavity; e. removing the molding substrate to leave an array of diamond microtip emitter structures monolithically arranged on a diamond substrate; f. bonding a lower surface of the diamond substrate to a conductive layer, the conductive layer supported by a supporting substrate; and g. attaching a conductive cap over the array to define a 5 gap between the microtips in the array and a lower surface of the cap, the cap being electrically isolated from each of the other structures of the device. 35. The method of Claim 34 wherein the supporting substrate is glass and the cap is attached to the glass is by anodic bonding. o 36. The method of Claim 35 wherein the step of anodic bonding of the cap to the glass is performed in a vacuum such that a low pressure is established and sealed within the gap. 37. A method of fabricating a vacuum microelectronic device having a diamond microtip emitter as a cathode comprising the 5 steps of: a. forming a cavity in a molding substrate, the molding substrate comprising a doped semiconductor; b. depositing a layer of dielectric material into part of the cavity and across a top surface of the molding substrate; 0 c. depositing a diamond film into the remaining portion of the cavity and over the layer of dielectric material such that the diamond film in the cavity forms a microtip emitter having an 41 emitter tip; d. removing a portion of the molding substrate from a back side of the substrate to expose a portion of the dielectric layer proximate the tip of the emitter; and e. partially removing the dielectric layer above the tip of the emitter to expose the emitter thereby forming a diamond microtip diode with one or more isolated segments of the molding substrate functioning as an anode. 38. The method of Claim 37 further comprising the step of adding an anode proximate to the emitter tip such that the isolated segments of the molding substrate function as a grid. 39. The method of Claim 37 further comprising the steps of: a. adding an insulating layer on a top surface of the molding substrate; and b. depositing an a conductive layer on a top surface of the insulating layer such that a triode device is formed with the conductive layer acting as the anode and the molding substrate acting as the grid. 40. A method of fabricating a vacuum microelectronic device having a diamond microtip emitter as a cathode comprising the steps of: a. forming a cavity in a molding substrate, the molding substrate comprising a semiconductor; b. creating a diffusion layer in the molding substrate, the diffusion layer comprising highly doped segments of the semiconductor arranged on at least one side of the emitter; c. growing an epi layer of the semiconductor material in the molding substrate between the diffusion layer and the cavity; d depositing a layer of dielectric material into part of the cavity and across a top surface of the molding substrate; e depositing a diamond film into the remaining portion of the cavity and over the layer of dielectric material such that the 42 diamond film in the cavity forms a microtip emitter having an emitter point; f removing a portion of the molding substrate from a back side of the substrate to expose a portion of the dielectric layer proximate the tip of the emitter; and g partially removing the dielectric layer above the tip of the emitter to expose the emitter thereby forming a diamond microtip diode with one or more isolated segments of the diffusion layer functioning as an anode. 41. The method of Claim 40 further comprising the step of adding an anode proximate to the diffusion layer such that the diffusion layer functions as a grid. 42. The method of Claim 40 further comprising the steps of: a. adding an insulating layer on a top surface of the diffusion layer; b. depositing a conductive layer on a top surface of the insulating layer such that a triode device is formed with the conductive layer acting as the anode and the diffusion layer acting as the grid. 43. A method of fabricating a vacuum microelectronic device having a diamond microtip emitter as a cathode comprising the steps of: a. forming a cavity in a molding substrate, the molding substrate comprising a highly doped semiconductor; b. depositing a layer of dielectric material into part of the cavity and across a top surface of the molding substrate; c. depositing a diamond film into the remaining portion of the cavity and over the layer of dielectric material such that the diamond film in the cavity forms a microtip emitter having an emitter point; d. removing a portion of the molding substrate from a back side of the substrate to expose a portion of the dielectric layer 43 proximate the tip of the emitter; and e. partially removing the dielectric layer above the tip of the emitter to expose the emitter thereby forming a diamond microtip diode with one or more isolated segments of the molding substrate functioning as an anode. 44. A diamond diode device comprising: a. a cathode comprising at least one emitter structure formed monolithically on a diamond substrate, the emitter structure comprising sohd diamond and including a diamond microtip emitting portion; and b. an anode positioned over and spaced apart from the diamond microtip emitting portion of the cathode. 45. A diamond diode device comprising: a. a cathode comprising at least one emitter structure formed monolithically on a diamond substrate, the emitter structure comprising sohd diamond and including a diamond microtip emitting portion; b. an insulating layer formed on the emitter structure and diamond substrate but not covering the diamond microtip emitting portion; and c. a first conductive layer formed over the insulating layer but not covering the diamond microtip emitter portion, forming an anode. 46. The diamond diode device of Claim 45 wherein the cathode comprises doped diamond, the insulating layer comprises intrinsic diamond, and the first conductive layer comprises doped diamond. 47. The diamond diode device of Claim 45 wherein the conductive layer comprises a metal. 48. The diamond diode device of Claim 44 wherein the cathode comprises an array of multiple emitter structures. 49. The device of Claim 45 further comprising a second conductive layer bonded to a lower surface of the diamond 44 substrate. 50. The device of Claim 49 further comprising a glass layer bonded to a lower surface of the second conductive layer. 51. A diamond triode device comprising: a. a cathode comprising a diamond microtip emitter extending upwardly from and formed integral to a diamond substrate having a top surface; b. a grid mounted on a grid insulator, the grid insulator mounted on and extending upwardly from the top surface of the diamond substrate; and c. an anode mounted on an insulator, the insulator mounted on and extending upwardly from the top surface of the diamond substrate 52. The device of Claim 51 wherein the anode is positioned between the grid and the emitter. 53. The device of Claim 51 wherein the grid is positioned between the emitter and the anode. 54. A diamond triode device comprising: a. a cathode comprising a diamond microtip emitter extending upwardly from and formed integral to a diamond substrate having a top surface; b. a grid layer formed around and spaced apart from the emitter and suspended above the diamond substrate by a first insulating layer extending upwardly from the top surface of the diamond substrate; and c. an anode layer positioned above and spaced apart from the diamond microtip, supported by a second insulating layer extending upwardly from a top surface of the grid layer. 55. A diamond triode device comprising: a. a cathode comprising a diamond microtip emitter extending upwardly from and formed integral to a diamond substrate having a top surface; 45 b. an anode layer formed around and spaced apart from the emitter and suspended above the diamond substrate by a first insulating layer extending upwardly from the top surface of the diamond substrate; and c. a grid layer positioned above and spaced apart from the diamond microtip, supported by a second insulating layer extending upwardly from a top surface of the anode layer. 56. The diamond triode device of either Claim 55 or 56 wherein the first and second insulating layers comprise silicon dioxide, the grid layer comprises doped diamond, and the anode layer comprises doped diamond. 57. A diamond microtip pressure sensor comprising: a. an electron emitter structure having a diamond microtip, the emitter structure mounted to a center portion of an upper surface of a flexible substrate; b. the substrate suspended above an anode such that the anode is positioned above the center portion of the upper surface of the substrate and spaced apart from the diamond microtip; and c. whereby fluctuation in ambient pressure adjacent a lower surface of the substrate will flex the center portion of the substrate and move the microtip towards or away from the anode to produce a corresponding change in electrical output from the sensor. 58. A diamond microtip accelerometer device comprising: a. an electron emitter structure having a diamond microtip, the emitter structure mounted to an upper surface of a flexible substrate; b. the substrate is supported such that an anode is positioned above the upper surface of the substrate and spaced apart from the diamond microtip and so that the microtip can move toward and away from the anode; and 46 c. whereby a change in velocity of the sensor will flex the substrate and move the microtip towards or away from the anode to produce a corresponding change in electrical output from the device. 59. A diamond microtip accelerometer device comprising: a. an electron emitter structure having a diamond microtip, the emitter structure mounted to an upper surface of a substrate; b. a flexible anode supported such that the anode is positioned above of the upper surface of the substrate and spaced apart from the diamond microtip and so that the anode can move toward and away from the microtip; and c. whereby a change in velocity of the sensor will flex the anode and move the anode towards or away from the microtip to produce a corresponding change in electrical output from the device. 60. A microelectronic chemical sensor comprising: a. an electron emitter structure having a diamond microtip, the emitter structure mounted to an upper surface of a substrate; b. the diamond microtip having a coating of chemically sensitive material; c. an anode supported by an insulating layer and spaced apart f om the diamond microtip to define a chamber area between the emitter structure and the anode; d. the anode having openings to allow the entrance of a chemical vapor into the chamber area; and e. whereby a change in concentration of the chemical vapor within the chamber area will produce a corresponding change in electrical output from the sensor. 61. An electronic display device comprising: a. a plurality of diamond microtip emitters arranged in multiple columns on a top surface of substrate, each column separately electrically selectable for emission of electrons from each emitter in the column; b. a display panel having rows of phosphorescent glass, each row being separately electrically from each other row; and c. the panel mounted above and spaced apart from the emitters such that emission of electrons from a selected column of emitters on the substrate will produce a visible signal on a corresponding segment of a selected row of the display panel.

Inventors: DAVIDSON JIMMY LEE, KANG WENG POO, KERNS DAVID V JR, DAVIDSON, JIMMY, LEE, KANG, WENG, POO, KERNS, DAVID, V., JR.
Applicants: UNIV VANDERBILT, VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY
Application year: 1997
Main classification: H01J9
IPC codes: G01L9, G01P15, H01J1, H01J9, H01J31