Actuator for ink jet printer

Abstract: An actuator for an ink jet printer includes: an ink tank comprising a thick substrate (21) having a cavity structure with a vibrating plate (22) covering a cavity (20), and a piezoelectric/electrostrictive working portion comprising an upper electrode layer (25), a lower electrode layer (23) and a piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer (24). The piezoelectric/electrostrictive working portion is disposed on the ink tank so that the lower electrode (23) layer contacts with the vibrating plate (22). The upper electrode is laser trimmed only in the portion where the piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer (24) covers the vibrating plate (22) so as to control the effective electrode area and adjust an ink jet volume to be appropriate. In this way risk of damage to the vibrating portion (22) is minimized.

Description: Background of the Invention and Related Art Statement The present invention relates to an actuator for an ink jet printer and to a method of making such an actuator. An actuator for an ink jet printer is an ink pump of a print head used for an ink jet printer. An actuator having a structure as shown in Fig. 3 has been used. In Fig. 3, an actuator 1 for an ink jet printer is constituted of an ink tank 28 and a piezoelectric/electrostrictive working portion 26. The ink tank 28 is obtained by unitarily forming a thick substrate 21 having a cavity 20 and a vibrating plate 22 covering the cavity 20. The piezoelectric/electrostrictive working portion 26 is constituted of a piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer 24, the upper electrode layer 25 formed on the upper surface of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer 24, and the lower electrode layer 23 formed on the lower surface of the piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer 24. The piezoelectric/electrostrictive working portion 26 is disposed on the ink tank 28 so that the lower electrode layer 23 contacts with the vibrating plate 22 of the ink tank 28. When an electric field is generated between the upper electrode layer 25 and the lower electrode layer 23, a piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer 24 made of a piezoelectric/electrostrictive functional member is transformed and a capacity of the cavity 20 is decreased. Accordingly, ink with which the ink tank 28 is filled is jetted out of a nozzle hole (not shown) being connected with the cavity 20 for printing. An ink jet printer is formed by appropriately disposing a predetermined number of actuators 1 having such a structure. In such an actuator for an ink jet printer, variance in ink jet volume cause variance in a size of a dot upon printing, and an image having high quality cannot be obtained. Accordingly, it is necessary to make the ink jet volume from each nozzle hole uniform. For example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open 61-118261 discloses a multi-nozzle head for an ink jet printer, in which an electrode surface of a piezoelectric element for promoting vibrations of a head is trimmed so as to change impedance of the piezoelectric element, thereby making ink jet volume uniform. By the way, in the aforementioned actuator for an ink jet printer, the vibrating plate 22 covering the cavity 20 is thin and is prone to break. Accordingly, when a laser to be generally used for trimming is directly irradiated to the vibrating plate 22, the vibrating plate 22 breaks and its durability deteriorates. Therefore, it is necessary not to irradiate laser directly to the vibrating plate 22. Additionally, a cavity 20, an ink tank 28, and a piezoelectric/electrostrictive working portion 26 are very minute, and it is practically difficult to dispose and form an actuator so that a piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer 24 precisely covers the whole surface of the vibrating plate 22. Accordingly, the present invention solves the aforementioned problems and aims to provide an actuator for an ink jet printer in which a laser is precisely controlled and only a portion where a piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer covers the vibrating plate is trimmed. Further, the present invention aims to provide an actuator for an ink jet printer, which can conduct trimming by a laser without breakage of the vibrating plate. JP-A-57-181873 describes a process of making an ink jet head in which laser light is applied to part of a of a piezoelectric vibrator fixed to a vibrating plate, to cause polarization breackdown, thereby adjusting the characteristic of the vibrator. Summary of the Invention According to the present invention, there is provided an actuator for an ink jet printer as set out in claim 1. According to the present invention, there is further provided a method of making an actuator for an ink jet printer as set out in claim 8. Incidentally, in the present invention, the piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer preferably has a larger plane area than the upper electrode layer. In the method of the present invention, an area removed or isolated by cutting may be calculated in advance among the area where an opening portion of the cavity, the vibrating plate, and the upper electrode layer are stacked so as to adjust an ink jet volume, and to the area was added an area of a portion of the upper electrode layer, the portion being exposed to a direction of an edge of the thick substrate so as to actually remove the total area. Brief Description of the Drawings Figs. 1(a) and 1(b) are structural views showing an embodiment of an actuator of the present invention. Fig. 1(a) is a plan view, and Fig. 1(b) is a cross-sectional view. Fig. 2 is an explanatory view showing a state of a transformed actuator of the present invention. Fig. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing an embodiment of a conventional actuator. Fig. 4 is a plan view showing another embodiment of an actuator of the present invention. Fig. 5 is a plan view showing still another embodiment of an actuator of the present invention. Fig. 6 is a plan view showing yet another embodiment of an actuator of the present invention. Fig. 7 is a plan view showing yet another embodiment of an actuator of the present invention. Fig. 8 is a plan view showing yet another embodiment of an actuator of the present invention. Fig. 9 is a plan view showing yet another embodiment of an actuator of the present invention. Fig. 10 is a plan view showing yet another embodiment of an actuator of the present invention. Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiment An actuator for an ink jet printer of the present invention is hereinbelow described in detail with reference to drawings. Figs. 1(a) and 1(b) are structural views showing an embodiment of an actuator of the present invention. Fig. 1(a) is a plan view, and Fig. 1(b) is a cross-sectional view. In Figs. 1(a) and 1(b), a thick substrate 21 has a cavity 20. A vibrating plate 22 is formed unitarily with the thick substrate 21 so that the vibrating plate 22 covers the cavity 20. On the upper surface of the vibrating plate 22 were superposed a lower electrode 23, a piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer 24, and an upper electrode layer 25 in this order so as to form a piezoelectric/electrostrictive working portion 26. The upper electrode layer 25 is cut by trimming at a line 30 which connects a point on a longer side with a point on another longer side. As a result, an effective electrode area is reduced, and the effective electrode area can be controlled. In this case, a portion partitioned by the line 30 may be removed by trimming. In such a structure, when a voltage is applied between the upper electrode layer 25 and the lower electrode layer 23 by an electric source 27 as shown in Fig. 2, a piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer 24 is transformed in the direction of the cavity 20. A volume of the transformation (an eliminated volume from the cavity 20) can be adjusted, and therefore, properties of ink jet from each of the nozzle holes can be maintained uniformly. In the actuator 1 of Fig. 1, since the upper electrode layer 25 has a rectangular shape, an area to be removed by trimming can be easily calculated when an effective electrode area is controlled to be adequate. That is, if the upper electrode layer 25 is rectangular, an area to be removed by, for example, cutting at the line 30 by trimming can be very easily calculated. However, when the upper electrode layer 25 has another shape, for example, a circular shape, a calculation of an area to be removed is a little complex in the case of cutting at a line by trimming. Incidentally, a rectangular shape includes not only a shape of rectangle but also a shape with rounded vertical angles. Since the actuator 1 is very minute as described above, it is difficult to dispose and form the actuator 1 so that the piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer 24 precisely covers the whole surface of the vibrating plate 22. Accordingly, it happens that a piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer 24 does not cover the whole surface of the vibrating plate 22 as shown in Fig. 4 and covers only one side of the vibrating plate 22 (cavity 20). Since even one side of the vibrating plate 22 (cavity 20) is covered, it seldom happens that a laser is directly irradiated to the vibrating plate 22, and the vibrating plate 22 is not broken by a laser trimming B beyond the piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer 24 only in a portion covered by the piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer 24 by trimming only a portion where the piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer 24 covers the vibrating plate 22 by a laser with a precise control. Further, in an actuator 1 of Fig. 1, the piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer 24 preferably covers the vibrating plate 22 on an extension line of the line 30 (ref. Fig. 5). The piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer 24 more preferably covers the whole surface of the vibrating plate 22. Thus, by forming the piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer 24 so that the piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer 24 covers the vibrating plate 22 at least on an extended line of the line 30, the vibrating plate 22 is not broken even if trimming A is given not only to a portion of the upper electrode layer 25 but also to a portion beyond the upper electrode layer 25 because a laser beam is intercepted by the piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer 24 and not irradiated to the thin vibrating plate 22 as shown in Figs. 1(a) and 5. As shown in Fig. 10, by alternately forming piezoelectric/electrostrictive layers 24 to be large in a vertical direction in the Figure (that is, widely) in sides E and F to be subjected to laser trimming as piezoelectric/electrostrictive layers 24 of adjacent actuators 1, a breakage of the vibrating plate 22 can be avoided and many actuators 1 can be disposed without deteriorating a density of actuators 1 for an ink jet printer. An area to be removed by trimming so as to realize an appropriate ink jet volume is calculated in advance among the portion where an opening of the cavity 20, the vibrating plate 22, and the upper electrode layer 25 are piled up. In an actuator 1 of the present invention, the upper electrode layer 25 is protruded from the vibrating plate 22 in the direction of an edge 29 of the thick substrate 21. Accordingly, an ink jet volume is not influenced even if this portion is removed by trimming. Accordingly, an area to be actually removed should be determined in consideration of the area of this portion. That is, when the upper electrode layer 25 is separated at a line connecting a point on a longer side with a point on the other longer side, a value obtained by adding an area of the portion 31 where the upper electrode layer 25 is protruded from the vibrating plate 22 is preferably added to the above calculated value so as to obtain an actual area to be removed. Fig. 6 is a plan view showing another embodiment of an actuator of the present invention. In Fig. 6, a notch 32 is formed by trimming along a shorter side of the upper electrode layer 25. By forming the notch 32, the area is removed from an effective electrode area, and an ink jet volume can be adjusted to be appropriate. Preferably, there is only one notch having a rectangular shape. In this case, a portion where the upper electrode layer 25 is protruded from the vibrating plate 22 is trimmed in the direction of an edge of the thick substrate 21. Accordingly, an actual area to be removed should be determined in consideration of an area of this portion. However, this actuator has an advantage over the actuator shown in Fig. 1 in having smaller ratio of a portion which does not influence an ink jet volume in an area to be removed. Incidentally, in an actuator shown in Fig. 6, a laser beam is not irradiated to the vibrating plate 22 even if a trimming is beyond the upper electrode layer 25. Accordingly, a piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer 24 does not have to cover the vibrating plate 22. Fig. 7 is a plan view showing still another embodiment of an actuator of the present invention. In Fig. 7 , a notch 32 is formed by trimming along a longer side of the upper electrode layer 25. A number of notch is at least one, and a shape is preferably rectangular. Each longer side may have a notch. In an actuator shown in Fig. 7, a portion where the upper electrode layer 25 is protruded from the vibrating plate 22 in a direction of an edge of the thick substrate 21 is not trimmed. An actual area to be removed can be determined by a value obtained from the relation between an ink jet volume and an area of a portion where an opening of the cavity 20, the vibrating plate 22, and the upper electrode layer 25 are piled up. On the other hand, when the trimming is given beyond the upper electrode layer 25, the vibrating plate 22 may break depending on a condition that the piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer 24 covers the vibrating plate 22 (cavity 20). Accordingly, the piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer 24 preferably covers the vibrating plate 22 at least near the intersecting point 33 formed by a periphery of the notch 32 and the longer side as shown in Fig. 8. Fig. 9 is a plan view showing yet another embodiment of an actuator of the present invention. In Fig. 9, the upper electrode layer 25 has perforated portions 34 each having an appropriate area formed by trimming. The perforated portions 34 may be cut or removed. The upper electrode layer 25 has at least one perforated portion. Though a shape of a perforated portion 34 is not limited, it is preferably circular or rectangular to meet the convenience of calculating an area to be removed. In an actuator shown in Fig. 9, a portion where the upper electrode layer 25 is protruded out of the vibrating plate 22 in a direction of an edge of the thick substrate 21 is not trimmed. Accordingly, an actual area to be removed can be determined by a value obtained from the relation between an ink jet volume and an area of the portion where the opening of the cavity 20, the vibrating plate 22, and the upper electrode layer 25 are piled up. Since a laser beam is not irradiated to the vibrating plate 22 upon trimming, a piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer 24 does not have to cover the vibrating plate 22. In an actuator of the present invention, the thick substrate 21 is usually formed together with the vibrating plate 22 as a unitarily fired article made of ceramic. To be concrete, a ceramic slurry is prepared from a ceramic material, binder, solvent, and the like, and then, a plurality of green sheets are molded out of the ceramic slurry in a known method such as doctor blading. Subsequently, the green sheets are subjected to machining such as cutting, perforating, or the like, so as to form a cavity. The green sheets are piled up to obtain a laminate. Then, the laminate is fired so as to obtain a unitary ceramic fired article. Though a material constituting the thick substrate 21 and the vibrating plate 22 is not particularly limited, the material is preferably ceramic in view of insulation ability. Further, alumina and zirconia are particularly suitably used in view of molding characteristic. Incidentally, the vibrating plate 22 has a thickness of preferably 50 pm or less, more preferably 20 µm or less. A piezoelectric/electrostrictive working portion 26 is formed by superposing the lower electrode layer 23, a piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer 24, and the upper electrode layer 25 in this order on the upper surface of the vibrating plate 22 generally in a film forming method. That is, the lower electrode layer 23, the piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer 24, and the upper electrode layer 25 are formed on the outer surface of the vibrating plate 22 by one of various known methods, for example, a thick film forming method such as screen printing, spraying, or the like, or a thin film forming method such as ion beam, sputtering, CVD, or the like. Each of thus formed films (the lower electrode layer 23, the piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer 24, and the upper electrode layer 25) is subjected to a heat treatment (firing). The heat treatment may be given each time each film is formed. Alternatively, the heat treatment may be given to all the films simultaneously after all the films are formed. A material for the lower electrode layer 23 and the upper electrode layer 25 constituting a piezoelectric/electrostrictive working portion 26 is not particularly limited as long as it is a conductor withstanding an atmosphere having a high temperature about a degree of a temperature for a heat treatment (firing). For example, the material may be a simple substance of a metal, an alloy, or a conductive ceramic. Specifically, a noble metal having a high melting point such as platinum, gold, palladium, or the like, can be suitably used. A material for a piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer 24 constituting a piezoelectric/electrostrictive working portion 26 may be any material as long as it shows an electric field inductive strain such as a piezoelectricity, an electrostrictive effect, or the like. Specifically, there is preferably used a material mainly containing plumbum zirconate titanate (PZT type), a material mainly containing plumbum magnesium niobate (PMN type), a material mainly containing plumbum nickel niobate (PNN type), or the like. The piezoelectric/electrostrictive working portion 26 has a thickness of generally 100 µm or less. Each of the lower electrode layer 23 and the upper electrode layer 25 has a thickness of generally 20 µm or less, and preferably 5 µm or less. The piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer 24 has a thickness of preferably 50 µm or less, and more preferably within the range from 3 µm to 40 µm to obtain a large displacement by low working voltage. Some modes of the present invention are described above. However, the present invention is not limited to these modes, and it should be understood that various modifications can be made on the basis of knowledge of person of ordinary skill as long as the modifications do not deviate from the object of the present invention. The present invention is described in more detail with reference to Examples. ( Example 1 ) The piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer was formed so as to cover the whole surface of the vibrating plate. The upper electrode layer was subjected to trimming by a laser beyond the upper electrode layer. The vibrating plate was investigated for presence of a crack in a portion where the vibrating plate and the upper electrode layer do not overlap each other. Incidentally, the vibrating plate was made of zirconia and had a thickness of 5 µm. The piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer was made of PZT and had a thickness of 20 µm. The upper electrode layer was made of Au and had a thickness of 1 µm. As a laser irradiation apparatus, YAG (produced by ESI) was used. The irradiation was performed with a wavelength of 266 nm, a laser speed of 30 mm/sec, a Q rate of 5 kHz, a laser power of 5mW/2kHz. The results are shown in Table 1. Incidentally, presence of a crack was expressed by ○ for absence and x for presence. Conditions of trimming were evaluated as ○ for excellent. ( Example 2 ) Trimming by a laser was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a laser power was 200mW/2kHz. Presence of a crack in the vibrating plate was investigated. The results are shown in Table 1. ( Comparative Example 1 ) The piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer was formed so as to cover only a portion of the vibrating plate. The upper electrode layer was subjected to trimming by a laser beyond the upper electrode layer and the piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer. Presence of a crack in the vibrating plate was investigated in a portion where the vibrating plate and the upper electrode layer or the piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer do not lap each other. Trimming by a laser was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a thickness of the vibrating plate was varied within the range from 5 to 50 µm. The results are shown in Table 1. ( Comparative Examples 2 - 8 ) Trimming by a laser was performed in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1 except that a laser power was varied within the range from 10 to 200mW/2kHz. Presence of a crack in the vibrating plate was investigated. The results are shown in Table 1. Example Comparative Example 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Conditions of trimming ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ Laser power (mW/2kHz) 5 200 5 10 15 20 30 50 100 200 Occurrence of surface crack ○ ○ × × × × × × × × Occurrence of through crack 5 ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ × × × × 10 - - ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ × × 15 - - ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ × × 20 - - ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ × 30 - - ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 50 - - ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ Table 1 shows that the vibrating plate did not have a crack even if trimming was performed beyond the upper electrode layer when a piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer covers a vibrating plate. On the other hand, when a piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer covers only a portion of the vibrating plate, and the upper electrode layer was trimmed by a laser beyond the upper electrode layer and the piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer, and the laser was directly irradiated to the vibrating plate, the vibrating plate had a crack on its surface in any Examples. Further, some vibrating plates had a crack passing through the vibrating plates when the vibrating plate had a certain thickness and a laser power had a certain value. Since a portion of the upper electrode layer is cut or removed by trimming in an actuator of the present invention, an effective electrode area is controlled so as to have an appropriate value, and a desired ink jet volume can be obtained. Further, since a piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer covers a vibrating plate near a portion to be trimmed among a periphery of the upper electrode layer, breakage of the vibrating plate by a laser beam can be avoided.

Claims: An actuator for an ink jet printer, comprising: (a) an ink tank (28) comprising a thick substrate (21) having a cavity (20) and a vibrating plate (22) covering the cavity, and (b) a piezoelectric/electrostrictive device comprising an upper electrode, a lower electrode layer (23), and a piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer (24) between said upper electrode and said lower electrode layer, the piezoelectric/electrostrictive device being disposed on the ink tank so that the lower electrode layer (23) contacts the vibrating plate (22); wherein (i) said upper electrode is a first portion of an electrically conductive layer (25) which overlies said piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer (24) and has a second portion electrically isolated from said first portion thereof by a cutting line (30) at which said upper electrically conductive layer (25) has been cut, said cutting line (30) overlapping said vibrating plate (22), and (ii) as seen in plan view on said piezoelectric/electrostrictive device, where said cutting line (30) overlaps said vibrating plate (22), said piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer (24) lies between the upper electrically conductive layer (25) and the vibrating plate (22) thereby providing protection of the vibrating plate during the operation of cutting of said cutting line. An actuator according to claim 1, wherein, as seen in plan view on said piezoelectric/electrostrictive device, the boundary of said upper electrically conductive layer (25) lies within the boundary of said piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer (24) at least where the cutting line (30) intersects the boundary of the upper electrically conductive layer (25). An actuator according to claim 1 or 2, wherein said upper electrically conductive layer (25) has a rectangular shape in plan view and said cutting line (30) connects a point on one longer side thereof with a point on the other longer side. An actuator according to claim 1 or 2, wherein said upper electrically conductive layer (25) has a rectangular shape in plan view and said cutting line (30) extends between two points spaced apart along a longer side thereof. An actuator according to claim 1 or 2, wherein said upper electrically conductive layer has a rectangular shape in plan view and said cutting line (30) extends between two points along a shorter side thereof. An actuator according to claim 4 or 5, wherein said second portion isolated by said cutting line (30) has a rectangular shape. An actuator according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the upper electrically conductive layer (25) has a rectangular shape in plan view and said cutting line (30) is a continuous line enclosing said second portion which lies within the area of the first portion thereof. A method of making an actuator for an ink jet printer, comprising the steps of: (i) assembling an actuator comprising: (a) an ink tank (28) comprising a thick substrate (21) having a cavity (20) and a vibrating plate (22) covering the cavity, and (b) a piezoelectric/electrostrictive device comprising an upper electrode layer (25), a lower electrode layer (23), and a piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer (24) between said electrode layers, the piezoelectric/electrostrictive device being disposed on the ink tank so that the lower electrode layer (23) contacts the vibrating plate (22); and (ii) adjusting the effective electrode area of the upper electrode layer (25) by removing a portion thereof or by cutting the upper electrode layer (25) along a cutting line so as to isolate a portion thereof from the remainder, wherein, where said removed portion or said cutting line overlaps said vibrating plate, said piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer (24) lies between the upper electrode layer (25) and the vibrating plate thereby protecting the vibrating plate during the operation of removing or cutting. A method according to claim 8, wherein as seen in plan view the piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer (24) has a boundary outside the boundary of the upper electrode layer (25). A method according to claim 8 or 9, wherein step (ii) is performed by cutting the upper electrode layer (25) along said cutting line (30) by means of a laser. A method according to any one of claims 8 to 10, wherein the upper electrode layer (24) has a rectangular shape in plan view and is cut at a line (30) connecting a point on one longer side thereof with a point on the other longer side. A method according to any one of claims 8 to 10, wherein the upper electrode layer has a rectangular shape in plan view and is cut along the cutting line (30) which extends between two points spaced along a longer side of the upper electrode layer. A method according to any one of claims 8 to 10, wherein the upper electrode layer has a rectangular shape in plan view and is cut along the cutting line (30) which extends between two points along a shorter side of the upper electrode layer. A method according to claim 12 or 13, wherein the region enclosed by the cutting line (30) has a rectangular shape. A method according to any one of claims 8 to 10, wherein the upper electrode layer has a rectangular shape in plan view and is cut along the cutting line (30) which is a continuous line enclosing a region within the area of the upper electrode layer. A method according to claim 11, wherein the piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer covers the vibrating plate on an extension line of said cutting line. A method according to claim 12 or 13, wherein the piezoelectric/electrostrictive layer covers the vibrating plate at a region not covered by the upper electrode layer and adjacent the intersecting points of the cutting line (30) and the side of the upper electrode layer. A method according to any one of claims 8 to 17, wherein an area removed or isolated by cutting is calculated in advance among the area where an opening portion of the cavity, the vibrating plate, and the upper electrode layer are stacked so as to adjust an ink jet volume, and to the area was added an area of a portion of the upper electrode layer, the portion being exposed to a direction of an edge of the thick substrate so as to actually remove the total area.

Inventors: KANAYA MUNEHIDE, KATAKURA TAKAHIRO, OKUMURA MOTONORI, USUI MINORU, YAMADA TOMOHIRO, YANO SHINSUKE, KANAYA, MUNEHIDE, KATAKURA, TAKAHIRO, OKUMURA, MOTONORI, USUI, MINORU, YAMADA, TOMOHIRO, YANO, SHINSUKE
Applicants: NGK INSULATORS LTD, SEIKO EPSON CORP, NGK INSULATORS, LTD., SEIKO EPSON CORPORATION
Application year: 1997
Main classification: B41J2
IPC codes: B41J2, H01L41