METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR PRODUCING MORPHOGEN ANALOGS

Abstract: The invention disclosed herein provides methods and compositions for the computer-assisted design of morphogen analogs. Practice of the invention is enabled by the use of at least a portion of the atomic co-ordinates defining the three-dimensional structure of human osteogenic protein-1 (hOP-1) as a starting point in the design of the morphogen analogs. In addition, the invention provides methods for producing morphogen analogs of interest, and methods for testing whether the resulting analogs mimic or agonize human OP-1-like biological activity. The invention also provides a family of morphogen analogs produced by such methods.

Description: METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR PRODUCING MORPHOGEN ANALOGS Related Applications This application is a continuation-in-part of copending application U.S.S.N. 08/589,552, filed January 22, 1996, the disclosure of which is incoφorated herein by reference. Field ofthe Invention. The present invention relates generally to methods and compositions for designing, identifying, and producing compounds useful as tissue moφhogenic protein analogs. More specifically, the invention relates to structure-based methods and compositions useful in designing, identifying, and producing molecules which act as functional mimetics of the tissue moφhogenic protein osteogenic protein- 1 (OP-1). Background ofthe Invention Cell differentiation is the central characteristic of tissue moφhogenesis which initiates during embryogenesis, and continues to various degrees throughout the life of an organism in adult tissue repair and regeneration mechanisms. The degree of moφhogenesis in adult tissue varies among different tissues and is related, among other things, to the degree of cell turnover in a given tissue. The cellular and molecular events which govern the stimulus for differentiation of cells is an area of intensive research. In the medical and veterinary fields, it is anticipated that discovery ofthe factor or factors which control cell differentiation and tissue moφhogenesis will advance significantly the ability to repair and regenerate diseased or damaged mammalian tissues and organs. Particularly useful areas for human and veterinary therapeutics include reconstructive surgery, the treatment of tissue degenerative diseases including, for example, arthritis, emphysema, osteoporosis, cardiomyopathy, cirrhosis, degenerative nerve diseases, inflammatory diseases, and cancer, and in the regeneration of tissues, organs and limbs. In this and related applications, the terms "moφhogenetic" and "moφhogenic" are used interchangeably. A number of different factors have been isolated in recent years which appear to play a role in cell differentiation. Recently, a distinct subfamily of the "superfamily" of structurally related proteins referred to in the art as the "transforming growth factor- β (TGF-β) superfamily of proteins" have been identified as true tissue moφhogens. The members of this distinct "subfamily" of true tissue moφhogenic proteins share substantial amino acid sequence homology within their moφhogenetically active C-terminal domains (at least 50% identity in the C-terminal 102 amino acid sequence), including a conserved six or seven cysteine skeleton, and share the in vivo activity of inducing tissue-specific moφhogenesis in a variety of organs and tissues. The proteins apparently contact and interact with progenitor cells e.g., by binding suitable cell surface molecules, predisposing or otherwise stimulating the cells to proliferate and differentiate in a moφhogenetically permissive environment. These moφhogenic proteins are capable of inducing the developmental cascade of cellular and molecular events that culminate in the formation of new organ-specific tissue, including any vascularization, connective tissue formation, and nerve innervation as required by the naturally occurring tissue. The proteins have been shown to induce moφhogenesis of both bone cartilage and bone, as well as periodontal tissues, dentin, liver, and neural tissue, including retinal tissue. True tissue moφhogenic proteins identified to date include proteins originally identified as bone inductive proteins. These include OP-1, (osteogenic protein- 1, also referred to in related applications as "OPl "), its Drosophila homolog, 60A, with which it shares 69% identity in the C- terminal "seven cysteine" domain, and the related proteins OP-2 (also referred to in related applications as "OP2") and OP-3, both of which share approximately 65-75% identity with OP-1 in the C-terminal seven cysteine domain, as well as BMP5, BMP6 and its murine homolog, Vgr- 1, all of which share greater than 85% identity with OP-1 in the C-terminal seven cysteine domain, and the BMP6 Xenopus homolog, Vgl, which shares approximately 57% identity with OP-1 in the C-terminal seven cysteine domain. Other bone inductive proteins include the CBMP2 proteins (also referred to in the art as BMP2 and BMP4) and their Drosophila homolog, DPP. Another tissue moφhogenic protein is GDF-1 (from mouse). See, for example, PCT documents US92/01968 and US92/07358, the disclosures of which are incoφorated herein by reference. Members ofthe BMP/OP subfamily and the amino acid sequence identities (expressed as percentages) between selected members of the TGF-β superfamily are shown in Fig. 6. As stated above, these true tissue moφhogenic proteins are recognized in the art as a distinct subfamily of proteins different from other members ofthe TGF-β superfamily in that they share a high degree of sequence identity in the C-terminal domain and in that the true tissue moφhogenic proteins are able to induce, on their own, the full cascade of events that result in formation of functional tissue rather than merely inducing formation of fibrotic (scar) tissue. Specifically, members ofthe family of moφhogenic proteins are capable of all of the following in a moφhogenetically permissive environment: stimulating cell proliferation and cell differentiation, and supporting the growth and maintenance of differentiated cells. The moφhogenic proteins apparently also may act as endocrine, paracrine or autocrine factors. The moφhogenic proteins are capable of significant species "crosstalk." That is, xenogenic (foreign species) homologs of these proteins can substitute for one another in functional activity. For example, dpp and 60A, two Drosophila proteins, can substitute for their mammalian homologs, BMP2/4 and OP-1 , respectively, and induce endochondral bone formation at a non-bony site in a standard rat bone formation assay. Similarly, BMP2 has been shown to rescue a dpp" mutation in Drosophila. In their native form, however, the proteins appear to be tissue-specific, each protein typically being expressed in or provided to one or only a few tissues or, alternatively, expressed only at particular times during development. For example, GDF-1 appears to be expressed primarily in neural tissue, while OP-2 appears to be expressed at relatively high levels in early (e.g., 8-day) mouse embryos. The endogenous moφhogens may be synthesized by the cells on which they act, by neighboring cells, or by cells of a distant tissue, the secreted protein being transported to the cells to be acted on. A particularly potent tissue moφhogenic protein is OP-1. This protein, and its xenogenic homologs, are expressed in a number of tissues, primarily in tissues of urogenital origin, as well as in bone, mammary and salivary gland tissue, reproductive tissues, and gastrointestinal tract tissue. It is expressed also in different tissues during embryogenesis, its presence coincident with the onset of moφhogenesis of that tissue. The moφhogenic protein signal transduction across a cell membrane appears to occur as a result of specific binding interaction with one or more cell surface receptors. Recent studies on cell surface receptor binding of various members ofthe TGF-β protein superfamily suggests that the ligands mediate their activity by interaction with two different receptors, referred to as Type I and Type II receptors to form a hetero-complex. A cell surface bound beta-glycan also may enhance the binding interaction. The Type I and Type II receptors are both serine /threonine kinases, and share similar structures: an intracellular domain that consists essentially ofthe kinase, a short, extended hydrophobic sequence sufficient to span the membrane one time, and an extracellular domain characterized by a high concentration of conserved cysteines. Moφhogenic proteins are disulfide-linked dimers which are expressed as large precursor polypeptide chains containing a hydrophobic signal sequence, a long and relatively poorly conserved N-terminal pro region of several hundred amino acids, a cleavage site and a mature domain comprising an N-terminal region which varies among the family members and a more highly conserved C-terminal region. The C-terminal region, which is present in the processed mature proteins of all known moφhogen family members, contains approximately 100 amino acids with a characteristic motif having a conserved six or seven cysteine skeleton. Each ofthe moφhogenic proteins isolated to date are dimeric structures wherein the monomer subunits are held together by non-covalent interactions or by one or more disulfide bonds. The moφhogenic proteins are active as dimeric proteins but are inactive as individual monomer subunits. As a result of their biological activities, significant effort has been directed toward the development of moφhogen-based therapeutics for treating injured or diseased mammalian tissue, including, for example, therapeutic compositions for inducing regenerative healing of bone defects such as fractures, as well as therapeutic compositions for preserving or restoring healthy metabolic properties in diseased bone tissue, e.g., osteopenic bone tissue. Complete descriptions of efforts to develop and characterize moφhogen-based therapeutics for non-chondrogenic tissue applications in mammals, particularly humans, are set forth, for example, in: EP 0575,555; WO93/04692; WO93/05751 ; WO94/06399; WO94/03200; WO94/06449; WO94/10203; and WO94/06420, the disclosures of each of which are incoφorated herein by reference. Certain difficulties may be experienced upon administration of naturally isolated or recombinantly produced moφhogenic proteins to a mammal. These difficulties may include, for example, loss of moφhogenic activity due to disassociation ofthe biologically active moφhogen dimer into its inactive monomer subunits, and/or handling problems due to low solubility under physiological conditions. Accordingly, a need remains for the identification of moφhogen analogs, which mimic or enhance the physiological effects of a moφhogenic protein, for example OP- 1. The analogs may be modified, moφhogenically active hOP-1 protein dimers, or fragments or truncated analogs thereof, peptides or small organic molecules. Preferably the analogs have enhanced therapeutic value, for example, by being more stable and/or more soluble under physiological conditions than naturally occurring hOP-1, or , for example, by having enhanced tissue targeting specificity, enhanced biodistribution or a reduced clearance rate in the body. It is an object ofthe present invention to provide a database defining the atomic co¬ ordinates ofthe three-dimensional structure of mature hOP-1, all or a portion of which can be used as part of a computer system for designing and/or identifying a functional analog of hOP-1. Another object is to provide means for designing and/or identifying a molecule having enhanced solubility and/or stability under physiological conditions as compared with hOP-1 and which is capable of mimicking or enhancing the biological activity of hOP-1 in a mammal. Another object of the invention is to provide a therapeutic composition comprising an analog designed and/or identified, and produced by the methods ofthe invention, and suitable for administration to a mammal in need thereof, such as a mammal afflicted with a metabolic bone disease, e.g., a disease characterized by osteopenia. Another object ofthe invention is to provide methods and compositions useful for designing and/or identifying, and producing an hOP-1 antagonist capable of, for example, competing with hOP-1 for receptor binding, but incapable of inducing a receptor-mediated downstream biological effect. These and other objects and features ofthe invention will be apparent from the description, drawings, and claims which follow. Summary of the I vention The present invention is based, in part, upon the X-ray crystallographic determination of the three-dimensional structure of mature, dimeric human osteogenic protein- 1 (hOP-1). The three-dimensional structure of hOP-1 has been resolved to 2.3A. Provided herein are two sets of atomic X-ray crystallographic co-ordinates for hOP-1, one set defining a hOP-1 structure resolved to a resolution of 2.8A, and the other set defining a hOP-1 structure resolved to a resolution of 2.3 A. With this disclosure, the skilled artisan is provided with sets of atomic co¬ ordinates for use in conventional computer aided design (CAD) methodologies to identify or design protein or peptide analogs of OP-1 , or alternatively, to identify or design small organic molecules that functionally mimic OP-1. In one aspect, the invention provides a computer system comprising a memory and a processor in electrical communication with the memory. The memory has disposed therein, atomic X-ray crystallographic co-ordinates which together define at least a portion of the three- dimensional structure of hOP-1. In a preferred embodiment, the atomic co-ordinates are defined by either a portion or all ofthe atomic co-ordinates set forth in Figure 15 or Figure 16. The processor, in electrical communication with the memory, comprises a process which generates a molecular model having a three-dimensional shape representative of at least a portion of human OP-1. In a preferred embodiment, the processor is capable of producing a molecular model having, in addition to the three-dimensional shape, a solvent accessible surface representative of at least a portion of human OP-1. As used herein, the term "computer system" is understood to mean any general or special puφose system which includes a processor in electrical communication with both a memory and at least one input/output device, such as a terminal. Such a system may include, but is not limited to, personal computers, workstations or mainframes. The processor may be a general puφose processor or microprocessor or a specialized processor executing programs located in RAM memory. The programs may be placed in RAM from a storage device, such as a disk or preprogrammed ROM memory. The RAM memory in one embodiment is used both for data storage and program execution. The term computer system also embraces systems where the processor and memory reside in different physical entities but which are in electrical communication by means of a network. In the present invention, the processor executes a modeling program which accesses data representative ofthe X-ray crystallographic co-ordinates of hOP-1 thereby to construct a three- dimensional model ofthe molecule. In addition, the processor also can execute another program, a solvent accessible surface program, which uses the three-dimensional model of hOP-1 to construct a solvent accessible surface of at least a portion ofthe hOP-1 molecule and optionally calculate the solvent accessible areas of atoms. In one embodiment the solvent accessible surface program and the modeling program are the same program. In another embodiment, the modeling program and the solvent accessible surface program are different programs. In such an embodiment the modeling program may either store the three-dimensional model of hOP-1 in a region of memory accessible both to it and to the solvent accessible surface program, or the three-dimensional model may be written to external storage, such as a disk, CD ROM, or magnetic tape for later access by the solvent accessible surface program. The memory may have stored therein the entire set of X-ray crystallographic co-ordinates which define mature biologically active human OP-1, or may comprise a subset of such co¬ ordinates including, for example, one or more of: a finger 1 region; a finger 2 region; and a heel region. The protein structures which correspond to the finger and heel regions are described in detail below. In another preferred embodiment, the processor also is capable of identifying a moφhogen analog, or a moφhogen antagonist for example, a protein, peptide or small organic molecule, having a three-dimensional shape and preferably, in addition, a solvent accessible surface corresponding to at least a portion of human OP-1 and competent to mimic an OP-1 specific activity. As used herein, with respect to OP-1 (or related moφhogens), or with respect to a region of OP-1, the phrase "at least a portion ofthe three-dimensional structure of or "at least a portion of is understood to mean a portion ofthe three-dimensional surface structure ofthe moφhogen, or region ofthe moφhogen, including charge distribution and hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity characteristics, formed by at least three, more preferably at least three to ten, and most preferably at least ten contiguous amino acid residues ofthe OP-1 monomer or dimer. The contiguous residues forming such a portion may be residues which form a contiguous portion ofthe primary structure ofthe OP-1 molecule, residues which form a contiguous portion ofthe three- dimensional surface ofthe OP-1 monomer, residues which form a contiguous portion ofthe three-dimensional surface ofthe OP-1 dimer, or a combination thereof. Thus, the residues forming a portion of he three-dimensional structure of OP-1 need not be contiguous in the primary sequence ofthe moφhogen but, rather, must form a contiguous portion ofthe surface of the moφhogen monomer or dimer. In particular, such residues may be non-contiguous in the primary structure of a single moφhogen monomer or may comprise residues from different monomers in the dimeric form ofthe moφhogen. As used herein, the residues forming "a portion ofthe three-dimensional structure of" a moφhogen, or "a portion of a moφhogen, form a contiguous three-dimensional surface in which each atom or functional group forming the portion of the surface is separated from the nearest atom or functional group forming the portion ofthe surface by no more than 40 A, preferably by no more than 20 A, more preferably by no more than 5-10 A, and most preferably by no more than 1-5 A. As used herein the term "X-ray crystallographic co-ordinates" refers to a series of mathematical co-ordinates (represented as "X", "Y" and "Z" values) that relate to the spatial distribution of reflections produced by the diffraction of a monochromatic beam of X-rays by atoms of an hOP-1 molecule in crystal form. The diffraction data are used to generate electron density maps ofthe repeating units of a crystal, and the resulting electron density maps are used to define the positions of individual atoms within the unit cell ofthe crystal. As will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art, the hOP-1 structure presented herein is independent of its orientation, and that the atomic co-ordinates listed in Figs. 15 and 16 merely represent one possible orientation of the hOP-1 structure. It is apparent, therefore, that the atomic co-ordinates listed in Figs. 15 and 16, may be mathematically rotated, translated, scaled, or a combination thereof, without changing the relative positions of atoms or features of the hOP-1 structure. Such mathematical manipulations are intended to be embraced herein. Furthermore, it will be apparent to the skilled artisan that the X-ray atomic co-ordinates defined herein have some degree of uncertainty in location (see, for example, column "δ" in Fig. 16 which shows the thermal uncertainty in location of each atom, as expressed in A). Accordingly, for puφoses of this invention, a preselected protein or peptide having the same amino acid sequence as at least a portion of hOP-1 is considered to have the same structure as the corresponding portion of hOP-1 , when a set of atomic co-ordinates defining backbone Cα atoms of the preselected protein or peptide can be superimposed onto the corresponding Cα atoms for hOP-1 (as listed in Figure 16) to a root mean square deviation of preferably less than about 1.5 A, and most preferably less than about 0.75 A. As used herein, the term "moφhogen analog", is understood to mean any molecule capable of mimicking OP-l 's receptor binding activity and/or and inducing a receptor mediated downstream biological effect characteristic of a moφhogenic protein. Inducing alkaline phosphatase activity is a characteristic biological effect. The analog may be a protein, peptide, or non-peptidyl based organic molecule. Accordingly, the term moφhogen analog embraces any substance having such OP-1 like activity, regardless ofthe chemical or biochemical nature thereof. The present moφhogen analog can be a simple or complex substance produced by a living system or through chemical or biochemical synthetic techniques. It can be a large molecule, e.g., a modified hOP-1 dimer produced by recombinant DNA methodologies, or a small molecule, e.g., an organic molecule prepared de novo according to the principles of rational drug design. It can be a substance which is a mutein (or mutant protein) of hOP-1, a substance that structurally resembles a solvent-exposed surface epitope of hOP-1 and binds an OP-1 specific receptor, or a substance that otherwise stimulates an OP-1 specific receptor displayed on the surface of an OP-1 responsive cell. As used herein, the terms "OP-1 or OP- 1 -like biological activity" are understood to mean any biological activities known to be induced or enhanced by OP-1. OP-1 and OP- 1 -like biological activities include, but are not limited to, stimulating proliferation of progenitor cells; stimulating differentiation of progenitor cells; stimulating proliferation of differentiated cells; and supporting growth and maintenance of differentiated cells. The term "progenitor cells" includes uncommitted cells, preferably of mammalian origin that are competent to differentiate into one or more specific types of differentiated cells, depending on their genomic repertoire and the tissue specificity ofthe permissive environment where moφhogenesis is induced. Specifically, with regard to bone, cartilage, nerve, and liver tissue, the OP-1 stimulated moφhogenic cascade culminates in the formation of new or regenerative differentiated tissue appropriate to the selected local environment. OP-1 mediated moφhogenesis, therefore, differs significantly from simple reparative healing processes in which scar tissue (e.g., fibrous connective tissue) is formed and fills a lesion or other defect in differentiated functional tissue. As used herein a "moφhogen antagonist" is a molecule competent to mimic OP-1 receptor binding activity but which cannot induce a receptor-mediated downstream effect. In yet another preferred embodiment, the processor is capable of identifying amino acids defined by the co-ordinates, which upon site-directed modification, either by chemical modification or amino acid substitution, enhance the solubility and/or stability of human OP-1. In a related aspect, the invention provides a method of producing a moφhogen analog that mimics or enhances an OP-1 or OP- 1 -like biological activity. The method comprises the steps of: (a) providing a molecular model defining a three-dimensional shape representative of at least a portion of human OP-1, (b) identifying a compound having a three-dimensional shape corresponding to the three-dimensional shape representative of at least the portion of human OP- 1 ; and (c) producing the compound identified in step (b). The method can comprise the additional step of testing the compound in a biological system to determine whether the resultant candidate compound mimics or agonizes the biological activity of OP- 1. It is contemplated that, in the aforementioned method, step (a) and/or (b) may be performed by means of an electronic processor using commercially available software packages. It is contemplated that, upon determination of whether the candidate compound modulates OP-1 activity, the candidate compound can be iteratively improved using conventional CAD and/or rational drug design methodologies, well known and thoroughly documented in the art. Furthermore, it is contemplated that the resultant compound identified thus far, may be produced in a commercially useful quantity for administration into a mammal. In another embodiment, the moφhogen analog is created using atomic co-ordinates set forth in either Figs. 15 or 16. By reviewing the atomic co-ordinates set forth in Figs. 15 and 16, the skilled artisan can observe the three-dimensional structure of particular amino acid sequences located in situ within the three-dimensional structure of hOP-1. Preferred amino acid sequences are defined by one or more ofthe peptides selected from the group consisting of: HI, H-n2, H- c2, Fl-2, F2-2 and F2-3, as discussed hereinbelow. The peptides provide templates which can be used in the production of more effective moφhogen analogs. In a preferred embodiment, the Cα atoms of amino acid residues in the moφhogen analog are located within 6 A, preferably within 3 A, and most preferably within 2A ofthe corresponding Cα atom as defined by the respective atomic co-ordinates in Figs. 15 or 16. In another preferred embodiment, the Cα atoms of amino acid residues in the moφhogen analog are located within 6A, preferably within 3 A, and most preferably within 2A ofthe corresponding Cα atoms of at least three amino acids in the peptide sequences HI, H-n2, H-c2, Fl-2, F2-2 and F2-3, wherein each ofthe Cα atoms in the peptides are defined by the respective atomic co-ordinates set forth in Figs. 15 or 16. In another embodiment, the invention provides moφhogen analogs having greater solubility and/or stability in aqueous buffers than native dimeric hOP-1. In yet another embodiment, the invention provides a moφhogen analog which is a modified form of dimeric hOP-1, in which the modification eliminates an epitope or region on OP-1 normally recognized by an antibody or by a cellular scavenging protein for clearing OP-1 from the body. In another embodiment, the invention provides means for creating an analog with altered receptor binding characteristics. For example, provided with the structure, charge distribution, and solvent accessible surface information pertaining to the putative receptor binding site, one can alter or modify receptor binding specificity and avidity. In one embodiment, amino acid replacements in this region are made with reference to the corresponding amino acids of other known moφhogens, disclosed for example, in WO 94/06449 or WO 93/05751. After having determined the three-dimensional structure of human OP-1, a skilled artisan, in possession ofthe atomic co-ordinates defining the OP-1 structure is hereby enabled to use conventional CAD and/or rational drug design methodologies to identify or design protein or peptide analogs, or other small organic molecules which, after having been produced using conventional chemistries and methodologies, can be tested either in vitro or in vivo to assess whether they mimic or enhance the biological activity of human OP-1. The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages ofthe present invention will be made more apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments ofthe invention. Brief Description ofthe Drawings. The file of this patent contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Patent and Trademark Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee. The objects and features ofthe invention may be better understood by reference to the drawings described below, wherein like referenced features identify common features in corresponding figures. Figure 1 A is a simplified line drawing useful in describing the structure of a monomeric subunit of hOP-1. See the Summary ofthe Invention, infra, for explanation. Figures IB, IC, and 1 D are monovision ribbon tracings of the respective peptide backbones of hOP- 1 finger- 1 , heel, and finger-2 regions. Figures IE and IF are schematic representations of monomeric and dimeric forms of hOP-1, respectively, as represented by a left hand motif. Fig. 2 is a schematic drawing of a monomeric subunit of hOP-1. The hOP-1 cysteine knot comprising three disulfide bonds constitutes the core ofthe hOP-1 monomer subunit. Two disulfide bonds which connect residues Cys 67 - Cys 136 and Cys 71 -Cys 138 produce an eight residue ring through which the third disulfide bond which connects residues Cys 38 - Cys 104 passes. Four strands of antiparallel β-sheet, which emanate from the knot, form the two finger like projections. An α-helix located on the opposite end ofthe knot, lies peφendicular to the axis ofthe two fingers thereby forming the heel. The N-terminus ofthe monomer subunit remains unresolved. The β-sheets are displayed as arrows and labeled from βl through β8. The α-helix is displayed as a tube and labeled <χl. The intra-subunit disulfide bonds that constitute the cysteine knot are shown in solid lines. Starting from Gin 36 ("N 36 "), the first residue shown in this figure, the amino acid residues which produce secondary structure in the Finger 1 region include: Lys 39 - His 41 (βl), Tyr 44-Ser 46 (B2), Glu 60 - Ala 63 (β3), Tyr 65 - Glu 70 (β4); the amino acid residues which produce secondary structure in the Finger 2 region include: Cys 103- Asn 110 (β5); Ile 112 - Asp 118 (β6); Asn 122 - Tyr 128 (fi7); Val 132 - His 139 (B8); and the amino acid residues which produce secondary structure in the heel region include: Thr 82 - Ile 94(αl). Figure 3 is a structure-based sequence alignment ofthe hOP-1 and TGF-B2 finger- 1, heel, and finger-2 regions. Amino acid residues in the heel regions which constitute inter-chain contacts in the dimers of hOP- 1 and TGF- β 2 are highlighted as white on black. Amino acid residues in the finger- 1 and finger-2 regions which contact the other chain are highlighted as black on gray. In hOP-1 and TGF- β 2, the amino acids located at the same residue positions constitute the inter-chain contacts. Figures 4A and 4B are stereo peptide backbone ribbon trace drawings illustrating the three-dimensional shape of hOP-1 : A) from the "top" (down the two-fold axis of symmetry between the subunits) with the axes ofthe helical heel regions generally normal to the paper and the axes of each ofthe finger 1 and finger 2 regions generally vertical, and B) from the "side" with the two-fold axis between the subunits in the plane ofthe paper, with the axes ofthe heels generally horizontal, and the axes ofthe fingers generally vertical. The hOP-1 monomer has an accessible non-polar surface area of approximately 4394A , while that for the dimer is approximately 6831 A resulting in a hidden area upon dimerization of approximately 979A 2 per monomer. The reader is encouraged to view the stereo alpha carbon trace drawings in wall-eyed stereo, for example, using a standard stereo viewer device, to more readily visualize the spatial relationships of amino acids sequences in the moφhogen analog design. Figure. 5 A is a backbone ribbon trace drawing illustrating the hOP-1 dimer comprising the two hOP-1 monomer subunits resolved to 2.8A. One monomer subunit is shown in green and the other monomer subunit is shown in gold. Amino acid residues disposed within the puφorted receptor binding domain having solvent accessible side chains are shown as atomic spheres. The tips ofthe finger 1 and finger 2 regions of one OP-1 monomeric subunit and a loop at the C-terminal end ofthe heel ofthe other OP-1 monomeric subunit are believed to constitute the receptor binding domain. Amino acids located at positions of variable amino acid sequence shown in white while amino acids located at more conserved positions are shown in red. Figures 5B and 5C are pictures showing the respective solvent accessible surfaces of OP-1 and TGF-β2 dimers colored based on their electrostatic potential. Surface regions having an electrostatic potential of -3 kT or less are shown in red while surface regions of +3 kT or greater are shown in blue. Neutral regions are shown in green or gold to correspond to the backbone ribbons shown in 5A. Figure 6 is a table showing an identity matrix for the TGF-β superfamily. The matrix comprises members ofthe TGF- β superfamily having an amino acid sequence identity relative to OP-1 of greater than 36%. In the matrix, the TGF- β superfamily members are placed in order of decreasing amino acid identity relative to OP-1. TGF- β2 has an amino acid sequence of identity of 36% relative to OP- 1 and is positioned the bottom ofthe matrix. Boxes enclose families of sequences having 50% or higher identity with a majority ofthe other members ofthe family; with sequences having identities of 75% or higher are shown in gray. Recombinantly expressed OP/BMP family members which have been shown to make bone are denoted by a "+" in the left margin. In the left margin, TGF- β superfamily members with three-dimensional structures determined are highlighted white on black. The sequences are referenced in Kingsley (Kingsley. (1994) Genes and Development 5:133-146), except for the following: (UNIVIN (Stenzel et al. (1994) Develop. Biol. 76(5:149-158.), SCREW (Arora, et α/.(1994) Genes and Dev. 5:2588- 2601.), BMP-9 (Wozney, et α/.(1993) PCT/WO 93/00432, SEQ. ID. NO.9), BMP-10 (Celeste et al. (1994) PCT/WO 94/26893, SEQ. ID. NO. 1), GDF-5 (Storm et al. (1994) Nature 368:639- 643) (also called CDMP-1 (Chang et al. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269: 28227-28234.), GDF-6 (Storm, et al. (1994) Nature 368:639-643), GDF-7 (Storm et al. (1994) Nature 368:639-643), CDMP-2 (Chang et al. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269: 28227-28234.), OP-3 (Ozkaynak et al. (1994) PCT WO 94/10203, SEQ. ID. NO. 1), Inhibin Be (Hόtten, et al. (1995) Bioch. Biophys. Res. Comm. 20(5:608-613), and GDF-10 (Cunningham, et al. (1995) Growth Factors 72:99-109.). The disclosures ofthe aforementioned citations are incoφorated herein by reference. Several sequences in the matrix have alternate names: OP-1 (BMP-7), BMP-2 (BMP-2a), BMP-4 (BMP-2b), BMP-6 (Vgrl), OP-2 (BMP-8), 60A (Vgr-D), BMP-3 (osteogenin), GDF-5 (CDMP- 1, MP-52), GDF-6 (CDMP-2, BMP-13) and GDF-7 (CDMP-3, BMP-12). Figure 7 is a summary of amino acid residues which, according to the 2.8 A resolution structure, together define the solvent accessible surfaces of dimeric hOP-1. Figures 7 A, 7B, and 7C show the amino acid sequences defining the human OP-1 finger 1, heel, and finger 2 regions, respectively. The amino acid residues having 40% or greater of their sidechain exposed to solvent are boxed, wherein the solvent accessible amino acid residues that are highly variable among the BMP/OP family ofthe TGF-β superfamily are identified by shaded boxes. Figure 8 is a table, based on the 2.8A structure, which summarizes the percentage surface accessibility of the amino acid side chains in a hOP-1 monomer subunit and in a hOP-1 dimer. Amino acid residues believed to constitute putative epitopes are designated "EPITOPE" and amino acid residues which are potential candidates as surface modifiable amino acids are marked with an asterisk. In addition, surface modifiable amino acids which are preferred candidates for enhancing solubility are marked with an asterisk. Figure 9 is a table, based on the 2.8A structure, which summarizes amino acid residues believed to define the ridge. Amino acid residues believed to constitute the receptor binding domain in the ridge are marked with an asterisk. Figure 10 is a schematic representation of a computer system useful in the practice ofthe invention. Figures 11 A and 1 IB are tables, produced by reference to the 2.8A structure, which summarize amino acid pairs believed to be useful as sites for introducing additional inter-chain (1 IA) or intra-chain (1 IB) disulfide bonds in the hOP-1 dimer. Figure 12 is an amino acid sequence alignment showing the amino acid sequence of mature human OP-1, and peptides defining the finger- 1, finger-2 and heel regions of human OP- 1. Figures 13A-13D are bar graphs illustrating the effect of finger-2 and heel peptides on the alkaline phosphatase activity of ROS cells incubated in either the presence or absence of soluble OP-1. Figures 13A, 13B, 13C, and 13D show the effect of peptides F2-2, F2-3, Hn-2 and Hn-3, respectively, on the alkaline phosphatase activity of ROS cells incubated in the presence (shaded bars) or absence of soluble OP-1 (unshaded bars). Figures 14A and 14B are graphs showing the displacement of radiolabelled soluble OP-1 from ROS cell membranes by finger 1, finger 2, and heel peptides. Figure 14A shows the displacement of radiolabelled OP-1 from ROS cell membranes by unlabeled soluble OP-1 (open circles and triangles), finger 2 peptide F2-2 (closed circles) and finger 2 peptide F2-3 (closed triangles). Figure 14B shows the displacement of radiolabelled OP-1 from ROS cell membranes by unlabeled soluble OP-1 (open triangles), finger 1 peptide Fl-2 (closed boxes), heel peptide H- n2 (open diamonds) and heel peptide H-c2 (open circles). Figurc 15 is a table summarizing the atomic co-ordinates of hOP-1 resolved to 2.8A. Figure 16 is a table summarizing the atomic co-ordinates of hOP-1 resolved to 2.3 A. Further particulars concerning the drawings are disclosed in the following description which discloses details ofthe three-dimensional structure of hOP-1, methods for identifying moφhogen analogs, and methods for making, testing and using such moφhogen analogs. Detailed Description of Preferred Embodiments I. Introduction As described hereinbelow, the three-dimensional crystal structure of mature hOP-1 now has been solved to 2.3 A. The disclosure provides two sets of atomic co-ordinates for hOP-1, wherein one set of co-ordinates (see Fig. 15) represents the structure of hOP-1 resolved to 2.8A, and the other set of co-ordinates (see Fig. 16) represents the structure of hOP-1 resolved to 2.3 A. This disclosure thus provides, the atomic co-ordinates defining the relative positions, in three- dimensional space, of at least the C-terminal 104 amino acids of human OP-1 which are sufficient for imparting biological activity. The disclosure provides also an analysis ofthe structural features of hOP-1. The skilled artisan now can use some or all of these co-ordinates in a database for making moφhogenic protein analogs, particularly OP-1 analogs. Specifically, the artisan can select part or all ofthe database to create templates of part, or all ofthe hOP-1 structure in three-dimensions, and using this template, create a desired analog or variant which may be amino acid-based, or alternatively composed, in whole or in part, by non-amino acid- based organic components. Provided below is a detailed description ofthe three-dimensional crystal structure of hOP-1, along with a detailed description on how to use co-ordinates in a database to design a moφhogen analog or structural variant of interest. Amino acid sequences as exemplary templates are provided as examples for designing, identifying, and producing an OP-1 analog using one ofthe OP-1 atomic co-ordinate databases. Specifically contemplated herein as useful analogs include: small amino molecules which mimic the receptor binding region ofthe protein; analogs having enhanced stability or solubility; analogs having reduced clearance rates from the body; or enhanced target tissue specificity. The reader will appreciate that these examples are merely exemplary. Given the disclosure ofthe co-ordinates, the three-dimensional structure, the use ofthe co-ordinates in a database, and the level of skill in the art today, still other analogs, not specifically recited herein, are contemplated and enabled by this disclosure. In particular, it will be appreciated that, given the disclosure herein, and the known amino acid sequences for other, closely related moφhogens, the methods can be used to create other moφhogen analogs of, for example, BMP2, BMP4, OP2, BMP5 and BMP6. //. Structural Determination ofhOP-1 A. Determination ofthe 2. A Structure Crystals of mature hOP-1 were grown by mixing equal volumes of purified protein (Ozkaynak et al. (1990) EMBOJ. 9:2085-20893; and Sampath et al.(\992) J. Biol. Chem. 267:20 52-20362) at IO mg/ml, with 8% saturated ammonium sulfate in 50 mM sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.0) (Griffith et al. (1994) J. Mol. Biol. 244:651-65%). The crystals have the symmetry of space group P3 2 21 with unit cell dimensions a=b=99.46A, and c=42.09A. One crystal was used to collect a complete native data set to 2.8 A resolution at 4°C. Two heavy atom derivative data sets were collected at 4°C, one from a crystal soaked for seven days in 0.3mM uranyl nitrate and the other from a crystal soaked for eight hours in 0.5 mM sodium gold (III) tetra chloride (Griffith et al. (1994) supra). The native and derivative data sets were integrated and reduced with the R-AXIS-IIC software suite (Higashi (1990) A Program for Indexing and Processing R-AXIS IIC Imaging Plate Data, Rigaku Coφ.) and scaled together using the CCP4 program ANSC (Collaborative Computation Project (1994) Acta Cryst. 7)50:760-763). Inspection ofthe Harker sections of the difference Patterson map reveals a single uranyl site. The position ofthe single gold site was determined by using cross-Fourier techniques using the uranyl position as the phasing site. The heavy atom x,y,z parameters and occupancy were refined with the program TENEYCK (Ten Eyck et al. (1976) J. Mol. Biol. 700:3-1 1). Using these two derivatives and their anomalous signals, an initial phase set was calculated to 4.0A resolution with a mean figure of merit of 0.72. The phases were improved and extended to 3.5 A resolution by cycles of solvent flattening (Wang (1985) Meth. Enzymol. 775:90-112) and phase combination (Reed (1986) Acta Cryst. -442:140-149) using the CCP4 (Collaborative Computation Project (1994) supra) crystallographic package. A completely inteφretable 3.5A resolution electron density map permitted the unambiguous tracing of the polypeptide chain and identification of the amino acids from Gin 36 to His 139 using the graphic program "O" (Jones et al. (1991) Acta Crystallogr. A47Λ- 10-119). The model was refined with the program XPLOR (Brunger et al. (1987) Science 235:458-460) by using all reflections between lOA and 2.8A resolution for which F obs > 2.Oσ (F obs ). There were no water molecules included in the refinement. The root mean square (rms) deviation from ideality is 0.02 A for bond lengths, 3.2° for bond angles. Good stereochemistry was observed for backbone torsion angles. The current R factor is 22.8%. The atomic co-ordinates defining the 2.8A resolution structure are listed in Fig. 15. In Fig. 15, the columns entitled "Atom" denote atoms whose co-ordinates have been measured. The first letter in the column defines the element. The columns entitled "Residue" denote the amino acid residues in the hOP-1 monomer which contain an atom whose co-ordinates have been measured. The column entitled "Chain" denotes whether the atom of interest is located within the first (A) or second (B) monomer subunit ofthe hOP-1 dimer. The columns "X, Y, Z" arc the Cartesian co-ordinates that define the atomic position ofthe atom measured. B. Determination ofthe 2.3 A Structure Crystals of mature hOP-1 were produced as described in the previous section. One crystal, frozen in liquid nitrogen, was used to collect a data set to 2.3 A resolution that was 91% complete. The data were collected on imaging plates at beam line XI 2C (National Synchrotron Light Source) with an oscillation range of 0.5 degrees (overlap of 0.1 degrees) and exposure times of 60-90 seconds. The digitalized data were processed, merged and scaled with DENZO and SCALEPACK (available from Molecular Structure Coφoration, Texas). An initial 2Fo-FC map, calculated after X-PLOR rigid-body refinement using the 2.8A model, was readily inteφretable. Portions ofthe model were manually refitted to the electron-density map with the interactive graphics programs "O" and "Chain". Subsequent cycles of refinement (XPLOR/PROFFT) and manual rebuilding (QUANTA) rapidly converged to the present model. The current model yielded a conventional crystallographic R factor of 23.5% for data from 10 to 2.3 A (1.5σ cutoff) and a R^,. of 27%. The refined structure was analyzed using the PROCHECK (available from Protein Data Bank, Brookhaven, NY) algorithm and corrected where appropriate. The root mean square (rms) deviation from ideality is 0.015 A for bond distances, 0.034A for angle distances, and 0.142A for planar 1 -4 distances. The rms deviation from ideality is 1.7° for bond angles. The upper estimate ofthe error in the atomic positions from the Luzzati plots (EXPLOR) using the free R factor is 0.25-0.33A. The final model, comprising one monomer subunit, consists of 828 protein atoms (i.e., all non-hydrogen atoms) and 33 water molecules. The average temperature (B) factor is 33A 2 for protein atoms and 37A 2 for solvent atoms. The atomic co-ordinates defining the 2.3 A resolution structure are listed in Figure 16. In Fig. 16, the columns entitled "Atom" denote atoms whose co-ordinates have been measured. The first letter in the column defines the element. The columns entitled "Residue" denote the amino acid residues in the hOP-1 monomer which contain an atom whose co-ordinates have been measured. The column entitled "Chain" denotes whether the atom of interest is located within the first (A) or second (B) monomer subunit ofthe hOP-1 dimer. The columns "X, Y, Z" are the Cartesian co-ordinates that define the atomic position ofthe atom measured. The column denoted "δ" represents the uncertainty in the position ofthe co-ordinate as derived from the temperature factor (B) of each corresponding atom. The uncertainty of each co-ordinate was derived from the formula δ = I — j (see "Protein Crystallography" (1976) T.L. Blundell and L.N. Johnson, Academic Press, p. 121) and is expressed in units of A. III. Structural Features of hOP-l Monomer Subunits Human OP-1 , like TGF-β2, is a dimeric protein having a unique folding pattern involving six of the seven C-terminal cysteine residues, as illustrated in Figure IA. Each of the subunits in OP-1, like TGF β2 (See Daopin et al. (1992) Science 257:369-373; and Schulnegger et al. (1992) Nature 355:430-434) have a characteristic folding pattern, illustrated schematically in Fig. 1 A, that involves six ofthe seven C-terminal cysteine residues. Referring to Fig. 1 A, four ofthe cysteine residues in each subunit form two disulfide bonds which together create an eight residue ring, while two additional cysteine residues form a disulfide bond that passes through the ring to form a knot-like structure (cysteine knot). With a numbering scheme beginning with the most N-terminal cysteine ofthe 7 conserved cysteine residues assigned number 1, the 2nd and 6th cysteine residues are disulfide bonded to close one side ofthe eight residue ring while the 3rd and 7th cysteine residues are disulfide bonded to close the other side ofthe ring. The 1st and 5th conserved cysteine residues are disulfide bonded through the center of the ring to form the core ofthe knot. Amino acid sequence alignment patterns suggest this structural motif is conserved between members ofthe TGF-β superfamily. The 4th cysteine is semi-conserved and when present typically forms an inter-chain disulfide bond (ICDB) with the corresponding cysteine residue in the other subunit. Each hOP-1 monomer subunit comprises three major tertiary structural elements and an N- terminal region. The structural elements are made up of regions of contiguous polypeptide chain that possess over 50% secondary structure ofthe following types: (1) loop, (2) helix and (3) β- sheet. Furthermore, in these regions the N-terminal and C-terminal strands are not more than 7 A apart. The amino acid sequence between the 1st and 2nd conserved cysteines (Fig. 1 A) form a structural region characterized by an anti-parallel β-sheet finger, referred to herein as the finger 1 region (Fl). A ribbon trace ofthe human OP-1 finger 1 peptide backbone is shown in Fig. IB. Similarly the residues between the 5th and 6th conserved cysteines in Fig. 1 A also form an anti- parallel β-sheet finger, referred to herein as the finger 2 region (F2). A ribbon trace ofthe human OP-1 finger 2 peptide backbone is shown in Fig. ID. A β-sheet finger is a single amino acid chain, comprising a β-strand that folds back on itself by means of a β-turn or some larger loop so that the entering and exiting strands form one or more anti-parallel β-sheet structures. The third major structural region, involving the residues between the 3rd and 4th conserved cysteines in Fig. 1 A, is characterized by a three turn α-helix referred to herein as the heel region (H). A ribbon trace ofthe human OP-1 heel peptide backbone is shown in Fig. IC. The organization ofthe monomer structure is similar to that of a left hand (see Fig. IE) where the knot region is located at the position equivalent to the palm (16), the finger 1 region is equivalent to the index and middle fingers (12 and 13, respectively), the α-helix, or heel region, is equivalent to the heel ofthe hand (17), and the finger 2 region is equivalent to the ring and small fingers (14 and 15, respectively). The N-terminal region (undefined in the 2.8 A resolution map disclosed herein) is predicted to be located at a position roughly equivalent to the thumb (11). Monovision ribbon tracings illustrating the alpha carbon backbones of each ofthe three major independent structural elements ofthe monomer are illustrated in Figures IB-ID. Specifically, the finger 1 region comprising the first anti-parallel β-sheet segment is shown in Fig. IB, the heel region comprising the three turn α-helical segment is shown in Fig. IC, and the finger 2 region comprising second and third anti-parallel β-sheet segments is shown in Fig. ID. For the sake of comparison, Fig. 3 shows an alignment ofthe amino acid sequences defining the finger 1, finger 2 and heel regions of hOP-1 and TGF-β2. In Fig. 3, the OP-1 and TGF-β2 amino acid sequences were aligned according to the corresponding regions of local structural identity in the OP-1 and TGF-β2 structures. Alignment gaps were positioned in loop regions, which is where the local conformational homology ofthe α-carbon traces tends to be the lowest. The structure-based alignment of OP-1 and TGF-β2 then was used as a template for the alignment of the 7-cysteine domain sequences of other TGF-β superfamily members (other members ofthe TGF-β superfamily are set forth in Fig. 6). Alignment gaps were positioned in regions which are loops in both the OP-1 and TGF-β2 structures. Percent identity between pairs of sequences was calculated as the number of identical aligned sequence positions, excluding gaps, normalized to the geometric mean ofthe lengths ofthe sequences and multiplied by 100. Fig. 6 is a matrix ofthe resulting pair wise present identities between super family sequences so aligned. Using such principles, it is contemplated that the hOP-1 and TGF-β2 structures, either alone or in combination, may be used for homology modeling of other proteins belonging to the TGF-β superfamily whose three-dimensional structures have not yet been determined (see, for example, the other members ofthe TGF-β superfamily listed in Figure 6). It is contemplated that such models may be useful in designing moφhogen analogs for the particular candidate moφhogens of interest, however, for simplicity, the disclosure hereinbelow refers specifically the design, identification, and production of moφhogen analogs of hOP-1. Fig. 3 also shows, based on an analysis ofthe 2.8 A resolution structure, a comparison of interchain contact residues in OP-1 and TGF-β2. Residues were designated as contact residues if the distance between the centers of at least one non-hydrogen atom from each side chain was less than the sum of their Van der Waals radii plus 1.1 A. Despite the low level of sequence identity between OP-1 and TGF-β2, the inter chain contacts between residues in the heel of one chain and residues in finger 1 and finger 2 ofthe other chain are well conserved. Upon detailed inspection of the 2.8 A resolution structure of hOP-1 , the finger 1 region of hOP-1 is an antiparallel β-sheet containing a thirteen residue omega loop (Phe 47-Glu 60) (Fig. 2). The structural alignment ofthe OP-1 and TGF-β2 sequences in Fig. 3 places two gaps in the omega loop. The first gap represents a deletion in hOP-1 that aligns with Arg 26 in the α2 helix of TGF-β2. This deletion results in a tighter, non-α-helical turn in OP-1 as compared with TGF- β2. The second gap corresponds to the insertion of Gin 53 in OP-1, which has the result of directing both Gin 53 and Asp 54 side chains into the solvent. By comparison, in the corresponding region of TGF-β2, only Lys 31 is in contact with the solvent. These differences in the conformation ofthe omega loop also result in the conserved proline (Pro 59) adopting a trans conformation in hOP-1 rather than cis, as in TGF-β2. The conformation ofthe omega loop orients six non-polar residues so they can contribute to a solvent inaccessible interface with Finger 2. Of these six, four are aromatic (Phe 47, Tφ 55, Tyr 62 and Tyr 65), and two are aliphatic (Ile 56 and Ile 57). In all, the conformation ofthe omega loop backbone places five polar residues (Arg 48, Asp 49, Gin 53, Asp 54, and Glu 60) in contact with solvent. The net surface charge in this region is -2 whereas it is +2 for TGF-β2 (Fig. 5). According to the 2.8A structure, the only α helix in the monomer is located between the third and fifth cysteines (Cys 71 and Cys 104). This helix extends for three and one-half turns from residues Thr 82 to Ile 94, is amphipathic, and contains a number of hydrophobic residues which in the dimer make contact with residues from Finger 1 and Finger 2 ofthe other monomer (Fig. 3). Several hydrophilic residues (Thr 82, His 84, and Gin 88 ) form one wall of an internal solvent pocket near the 2-fold axis ofthe dimer, while others (Asn 83, His 92, and Asn 95) are in contact with the external solvent. The conformation ofthe loop leading from the C-terminal end ofthe helix back to the cysteine knot is similar in OP-1 and TGF-β2. By comparison, the loop located at the N-terminal end ofthe helix is 3 residues longer in OP-1, resulting in a different fold than in TGF-β2. In this loop of OP-1, it is believed that an N-linked sugar moiety is attached to Asn 80, however, no such corresponding glycosylation site exists in TGF-β2. Further, this loop is uncharged in OP-1 whereas it is negatively charged in TGF-β2. According to the 2.8A structure, Finger 2 is the second antiparallel β-sheet in OP-1 (Fig. 2). The polypeptide chain reverses direction between segments β6 and β7 through a 3:5 turn (Sibanda, et al. (1991) Methods in Enzymol. 202:59-82) beginning at residue Asp 1 18 and ending at residue Asn 122. In contrast, TGF-β2 has one less residue in this loop and adopts a 2:2 turn (Sibanda et al. (1991) supra). Residues Arg 129 to Val 132, located between segments β7 and β8, form a peptide bridge that crosses over the C-terminal end of strand β5 and produces a 180° twist in the Finger 2 antiparallel β-structure. A similar structure is observed in other cysteine knot growth factors, however the peptide bridge length varies (McDonald et al. (1991) Nature 354:41 1-414). Within the monomer, Finger 2 makes intra-chain contacts with Finger 1 by contributing aromatic residues Tyr 116, Phe 1 17 and Tyr 128, and aliphatic residues Val 1 14, Leu 1 15, Val 123, Met 131 and Val 133 to a solvent inaccessible interface. OP-1 and TGF-β2 differ by three charges in the region ofthe Finger 2 turn; OP-1 has two negative charges while TGF-β2 has one positive charge. In the region between the turn and the peptide bridge, OP-1 has a net charge of +3 while TGF-β2 is neutral (Fig. 5). The N-terminus of each monomeric subunit is believed to be highly mobile and has not been resolved in the 2.8A resolution structure of hOP-1. The N-terminal region can be deleted without affecting biological activity and, therefore, it is contemplated that this portion of mature hOP-1 may be removed and replaced with other protein or peptide sequences, such as antibodies, and/or radiolabel binding sites for enhancing targeting to a particular locus in vivo or for use in in vivo imaging experiments. In addition, the N-terminal region may be replaced with an ion chelating motif (e.g., His 6 ) for use in affinity purification schemes, or replaced with proteins or peptides for enhancing solubility in aqueous solvents. IV. Structural Features ofthe. hOP-1 Dimer Fig. 4 shows stereo ribbon trace drawings representative ofthe peptide backbone ofthe hOP-1 dimer complex, based on the 2.8A structure. The two monomer subunits in the dimer complex are oriented symmetrically such that the heel region of one subunit contacts the finger regions ofthe other subunit with the knot regions ofthe connected subunits forming the core of the molecule. The 4th cysteine forms an inter-chain disulfide bond with its counteφart on the second chain thereby equivalently linking the chains at the center ofthe palms. The dimer thus formed is an ellipsoidal (cigar shaped) molecule when viewed from the top looking down the two-fold axis of symmetry between the subunits (Fig. 4A). Viewed from the side, the molecule resembles a bent "cigar" since the two subunits are oriented at a slight angle relative to each other (Fig. 4B). As shown in Fig. 4, each ofthe structural elements which together define the native monomer subunits ofthe dimer are labeled 43, 43', 44, 44', 45, 45', 46, and 46', wherein, elements 43, 44, 45, and 46 are defined by one subunit and elements 43', 44', 45', and 46' belong to the other subunit. Specifically, 43 and 43' denote the finger 1 regions; 44 and 44' denote heel regions; 45 and 45' denote the finger 2 regions; and 46 and 46' denote disulfide bonds which connect the 1st and 5th conserved cysteines of each subunit to form the knot-like structure. From Fig. 4, it can be seen that the heel region from one subunit, e.g., 44, and the finger 1 and finger 2 regions, e.g., 43' and 45', respectively from the other subunit, interact with one another. These three elements are believed to co-operate with one another to define a structure interactive with the ligand binding interactive surface ofthe cognate receptor. The helical axis is defined as the line equi-distant from the alpha carbons in the helical region. A sequence of four points is needed to define the dihedral angle between the axes ofthe helices in the dimer. The two inner points were chosen to lie on the helical axes adjacent to the α-carbon of residue His 84 in OP-1 or His 58 in TGF-β2, respectively. The two outer points were chosen to lie on their respective helical axes, but their location is arbitrary. To measure the angle between the helices, the first two points used to define the dihedral angle were translated so as to superimpose the inner points. The resulting three points define the angle. A major difference between the OP-1 and TGF-β2 dimers is the relative orientation ofthe helices in the heel region. The angle between the axes ofthe helices in the heel region of OP-1 is 43° which is 10° larger than that measured for TGF-β2. The measured dihedral angle between the helices is -20° for OP-1 which is 14° more negative than for TGF-β2. Despite these differences in helical orientation, the same helix and finger residue positions are involved in making inter-chain contacts, as evidenced by the shaded residues in Fig. 3. A. Differences in the hOP-1 Dimer Relative To Individual Monomer Subunits During dimerization ofthe monomer subunits, several amino acids on the surface of each monomer subunit become buried in the hOP-1 dimer. Figure 8 highlights differences in the surface accessibility of particular amino acid residues located in the hOP-1 monomer subunit relative to those in the hOP-1 dimer, as determined from the 2.8 A structure. Loss of non-polar surface area during dimerization was calculated using ACCESS (version 2.1) with a 1.4A probe (Lee et al. (1971) J Mol. Biol. 55:379-400). Non-polar surface area is defined as the contribution to the total accessible surface from carbon and sulfur atoms. The surface area measurement algorithm in ACCESS slices the structure into 0.25A slabs peφendicular to the Z-axis. As a consequence, the results are sensitive to the orientation of a structure relative to the Z-axis (Lee et al. (1971) supra). In order to minimize this effect, we evaluated three peφendicular and one intermediate orientations of each structure. The results of these calculations were combined by accepting, for each non-polar atom, the largest accessible area measured among the four orientations. The values for TGF-β2 reported here were calculated using coordinates from entry 2TG1 (Daopin et al. (1992) supra) and entry 1TFG (Schlunegger et al. (1992) supra) obtained from the January 1994 release ofthe Protein Data Bank (Bernstein et al. (1977) J. Mol. Biol. 772:535-542) at Brookhaven National Laboratory. In Figure 8, the column entitled "Residue" denotes an amino acid of interest. The column entitled "Monomer % Area" denotes the percentage ofthe amino acid that is exposed on the surface ofthe hOP-1 monomer, the column entitled "Dimer % Area" denotes the percentage of the amino acid that is exposed on the surface ofthe hOP-1 dimer, and the column denoted "Hidden % Area" denotes amount of surface area for each amino acid that is lost upon dimerization of each monomer subunit to produce the hOP-1 dimer. This analysis reveals amino acids which become buried during dimerization and, thus, likely are located at the interface of the two monomer subunits. For example, 70.75% ofthe surface area of His 84 becomes hidden upon dimerization. A review ofthe structure of dimeric hOP-1 reveals that His 84 is located at the interface between the two monomers. B. Solution Electrostatic Potentials on the Surface of OP- 1 and TGF-B2 The solution electrostatic potentials surrounding the OP-1 and TGF-β2 (1TFG) (Schlunegger et al. (1992) supra) dimers were calculated using DELPHI (Gilson et al. (1987) Nature 330:84-86; and Nicholls et al. (1991) J. Comput. Chem. 72:435-445) (Biosym Technologies, Inc., San Diego, CA). The calculations were performed using a solvent dielectric constant of 80, a solvent radius of 1.4A, an ionic strength of 0.145M and an ionic radius of 2.0 A. The interior ofthe protein was modeled using a dielectric constant of 2.0. Formal charges were used and distributed as follows: atoms OD1 and OD2 of Asp were each charged -0. 5. atoms OE1 and OE2 of Glu were each charged -0.5, atoms ND1 and NE2 of His were each charged 0.25, atom NZ of Lys was charged +1.0, atoms NH1 and NH2 of Arg were each charged +0.5, and atom OXT ofthe C-terminal carboxyl group was charged -1.0. The differences in charge distribution on the surfaces of OP- 1 and TGF-β2 can be observed by comparing the color distributions of Figs. 5B and 5C, respectively. Surface regions having an electrostatic potential of -3kT or less are shown in red while surface regions of +3kT or greater are shown in blue. Neutral regions are shown in green or gold to correspond to the backbone ribbons shown in Fig. 5A. As mentioned in the following section, the differences in electrostatic potential on the surfaces of OP-1 and TGF-B2 may play an important role in the specific interactions ofthe TGF- β superfamily members with their cognate receptors. C. Receptor Binding Domain Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is contemplated that the receptor binding regions of hOP-1 includes amino acids that are both solvent accessible and lie at positions of heterogeneous composition, as determined from the amino acid sequence of hOP-1 when aligned with other members ofthe TGF-β superfamily (See Fig. 3). Divergent structural features in hOP-1 , like TGF-β2, occur primarily in the external loops of finger 1 and finger 2, the loops bordering the helix in the heel region, and the residues in the N-terminal domain preceding the first cysteine ofthe cysteine knot. These regions are solvent accessible. In both the OP-1 and TGF-β2 dimer structures, the tip of finger 2 and the omega loop of finger 1 from one chain, and the C-terminal end ofthe α-helix in the heel ofthe other chain form a contiguous ridge approximately 40 A long and 15 A wide (Fig. 5 A). It is contemplated that this ridge contains the primary structural features that interact with the cognate receptor, and that the binding specificity between different TGF-β superfamily members derives from conformational and electrostatic variations on the surface of this ridge. Differences in the conformation ofthe finger 1 omega loop, which constitutes the mid section ofthe ridge, and in the turn at the end of finger 2, which forms one end ofthe ridge are noted. However, there are striking differences in the surface charge ofthe ridge in hOP-1 relative to TGF-β2 (see Figs. 5B and 5C). In hOP-1, the ends of the finger regions are negatively charged whereas in TGF-β2, the ends ofthe finger regions are positively charged. This results in a net charge of -4 for the receptor binding ridge of hOP-1 versus +3 for TGF-β2. Conversely, the β-strand located C-terminal to the turn of finger 2 (β7, Fig. 2) is positively charged in OP-1 whereas it is negatively charged in TGF-β2 (Figs. 5B and 5C). These features suggests that electrostatic charge distribution plays an important role in the specific interactions ofthe TGF-β superfamily members with their cognate receptors. Figure 9 summarizes the amino acid residues which, according to the 2.8 A structure, are believed to constitute the ridge, and also indicates whether each amino acid residue is disposed within the heel, finger 1, or finger 2 domains. Figure 9 also provides a list of amino acid residues which are believed to constitute at least part, if not all ofthe receptor binding domain of hOP-1. V. Design of Morphogen Analogs Although it is contemplated that the design of moφhogen analogs can be facilitated by conventional ball and stick type modeling procedures, it is contemplated that the ability to design moφhogen analogs is enhanced significantly using modern computer-driven modeling and design procedures. It is contemplated that the design of moφhogen analogs, as discussed in detail hereinbelow, is facilitated using conventional molecular modeling computers or workstations, commercially available from, for example, Silicon Graphics, Inc. or Evans and Sutherland Computer Coφ., which implement equally conventional computer modeling programs, for example, INSIGHTII, DISCOVER, and DELPHI, commercially available from Biosym, Technologies Inc., and QUANTA, and CHARMM commercially available from Molecular Simulations, Inc. Furthermore, it is understood that any computer system having the overall characteristics set forth in Fig. 10 may be useful in the practice ofthe instant invention. More specifically, Fig. 10, is a schematic representation of a typical computer work station having in electrical communication (100) with one another via, for example, an internal bus or external network, a processor (101), a RAM (102) , a ROM (103), a terminal (104), and optionally an external storage device, for example, a diskette, CD ROM, or magnetic tape (105). It is contemplated, that the co-ordinates can be used not only to provide a basis for re¬ engineering hOP-1 dimers by using, for example, site-directed mutagenesis methodologies, to enhance, for example, the solubility and or/stability ofthe active hOP-1 dimer in physiological buffers, but also to provide a starting point for the de novo design and production of peptides or other small molecules which mimic the bioactivity of hOP-1. Set forth below are illustrative examples demonstrating the usefulness of hOP-1 atomic co-ordinates in the design of moφhogen analogs, however, it is understood the examples below are illustrative and not meant to be limiting in any way. A. Engineering hOP-1 Dimers In one aspect, the availability ofthe atomic co-ordinates for hOP-1 , enables the artisan to perform theoretical amino acid replacements and to determine by calculation, in advance of actually making and testing the candidate molecule in a laboratory setting, whether a particular amino acid substitution disrupts the packing ofthe OP-1 dimer and whether a moφhogen analog is likely to be more stable and/or soluble than the template OP-1 molecule. Such procedures assist the artisan to eliminate non viable replacements and to focus efforts on more promising candidate analogs. fi) Enhancing the Stability of hOP-1 Dimers It is contemplated that the skilled artisan in possession ofthe atomic co-ordinates defining hOP-1 can introduce additional inter- or intra-chain covalent and/or non-covalent interactions into the hOP-1 dimer to stabilize the dimer by preventing disassociation or unfolding of each monomer subunit. Preferred engineered covalent interactions include, for example, engineered disulfide bonds, and preferred engineered non-covalent interactions include, for example, hydrogen bonds, salt bridges, and hydrophobic interactions. For example, in order to introduce additional disulfide bonds, the skilled artisan can identify sites suitable for the introduction of a pair of cysteine amino acid residues by using standard molecular modeling programs, for example, INSIGHT, DISCOVER, CHARMM and QUANTA. Another program useful in identifying pairs of amino acids as potential sites for introducing stabilizing disulfide bonds is described in U.S. Patent No. 4,908,773, the disclosure of which is incoφorated herein by reference. For example, the skilled artisan using the INSIGHT program can screen for pairs of amino acids, where the distance between the Cβ atoms of each amino acid is in the range of about 3.0 to about 5.0, or more preferably about 3.5 to about 4.5 A apart. For this puφose, glycines, which contain no Cβ-Cβ bond, are first converted to alanines on the computer. The possible range of Cβ-Cβ distances in a disulfide bond are 3.1 A to 4.6 A, but separations outside this range can be accommodated by small shifts in the neighboring atoms. Searching Cβ, rather than Cα distances, ensures both reasonable spacing as well as proper orientation ofthe Cα-Cβ bond. The effects of adding such an additional linkage on protein structure are determined by mutating the two candidates residues to Cys; rotating each new Cys about the Cα-Cβ bond to bring the two γ sulfurs as close to within 2A as possible; creating a disulfide between the γ sulfurs; and energy minimizing structural regions within 5 A ofthe disulfide bond. Any deformation ofthe structure caused by introduction ofthe additional disulfide bond is revealed by inspection when the minimized, mutated model structure is superimposed on the native structure. It is contemplated that the introduction of additional linkages will improve solubility by preventing transient exposure of non-polar interface or buried residues. Figure 11 A lists amino acid residues, based on the 2.8A structure, which may be mutated to cysteine residues for introducing additional inter-chain disulfide bonds, based upon the selection criteria presented above. For reference puφoses, Table 11 A includes also the length ofthe naturally occurring inter-chain disulfide linkage in wild type hOP-1 , that is, the disulfide linkage connecting Cys- 103 of one monomer subunit with the counteφart Cys- 103 of the other monomer subunit. A preferred pair of residues suitable for modification include the residue at position 83 of one chain and the residue at position 130 ofthe other chain. It is contemplated that the additional inter-chain linkage stabilizes the dimeric structure by connecting the N-terminal end ofthe Heel helix ofthe first subunit to the middle ofthe Finger 2 region in the second subunit. A disulfide bond between position 82 on one chain and position 130 ofthe other chain also is geometrically feasible, but because Thr 82 is part ofthe NAT glycosylation site in OP-1, its modification may inhibit proper glycosylation. Figure 1 IB summarizes amino acid residues which can be mutated to cysteine residues for introducing additional intra-chain disulfide bonds, based upon the selection criteria presented above. As noted previously, the putative receptor binding region comprises at least two physically proximal, but sequentially separate regions, namely the tips of Finger 1 and Finger 2. It is contemplated that the structural integrity ofthe putative receptor binding ridge can be stabilized by engineering an intra-chain disulfide link between residues of Finger 1 and Finger 2. In a preferred embodiment, the residue at position 58 in Finger 1 can be disulfide bonded with the residue at position 1 14 in Finger 2. It is contemplated that a link between the residues at positions 58 and 115 also would be viable, however, this would move the disulfide bond nearer to the putative receptor binding region on Finger 2. Also a link between positions 65 and 133 is possible, however, this would be located near to the knot region of each chain and, thus may have little effect on stabilizing the putative receptor binding regions at the tips of Finger 1 and Finger 2. Additionally, the proximity of such a linkage to the disulfide bonds in the knot region might interfere with the proper formation of those structures. With regard to non-covalent interactions, it is contemplated that the structural stability of the hOP-1 dimer can be enhanced by increasing inter-chain hydrogen bonding. The electrostatic potential (due to other charges in a protein) in the region of a charged residue affects the pK of that residue. Because the pK's of both histidine and the N-terminal primary amino group are near neutrality, it may be possible to modify their pKs through the placement of charges on the surface ofthe molecule. It is contemplated that the buried His at position His 84 in hOP-1 helps stabilize the structure ofthe dimer by participating in hydrogen bonds with backbone carboxyl groups of residues Ala 64 and Tyr 65 ofthe other chain. Accordingly, it is contemplated that the introduction of surface charges may enhance this effect and thereby further stabilize the structure ofthe molecule. For example, mutating Tyr 65 or Val 132 to Asp may further polarize the carbonyl bonds ofthe amino acid residues at positions 64 and 65, as well as raise the pK of His 84. The pK of His 84 may further be affected by replacing residues Tyr 44, Ala 63, or Asn 110 by an Asp. It is contemplated that the preferred modification for this puφose is Tyr 65-> Asp 65. Using the same basic principles, the skilled artisan likewise can identify pairs of amino acids whose replacement can facilitate the introduction of an inter-chain salt bridge, internal hydrogen bond, or hydrophobic interaction. Such determinations are within the scope of an artisan having an ordinary level of skill in the field of molecular modeling. Once a pair of target amino acids has been identified, the site-directed replacement ofthe target amino acids with the desirable replacements can be facilitated by the use of conventional site-directed mutagenesis procedures, for example, by cassette mutagenesis or oligonucleotide- directed mutagenesis. Such techniques are thoroughly documented in the art and so are not discussed herein. The effect of the site-specific replacements on the stability of resulting modified hOP-1 dimers or muteins can be measured, after production and purification, using standard methodologies well known in the art, for example, circular dichroism, analytical centrifugation, differential scanning calorimetry, fluoresence or other spectroscopic techniques. (ii) Enhancing Water Solubility of hOP-1 Dimer OP-1 has limited solubility in aqueous solvents. It is contemplated, however, that by using the hOP-1 atomic co-ordinates that the artisan can replace amino acids at the solvent accessible surface of the dimer thereby to increase the dielectric properties of dimeric hOP-1. For example, solvent accessible hydrophobic amino acid residues, such as, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine and isoleucine may be replaced by more polar residues, such as, lysine, arginine, histidine, aspartate, asparagine, glutamate and glutamine. The solvent accessible amino acids can be identified using a computer program, such as ACCESS (version 2.1) using a 1.4 A probe (Lee et al. (1972) supra). In Fig. 7 amino acid residues having at least 20% of their side chain areas exposed to solvent are boxed. When modifying surface residues it is important not to produce new epitopes that can be recognized as non-host especially, if the hOP-1 analogs are to be used as injectable molecules. It is believed that, amino acid side chains seen by a 10 A spherical probe likely are part of surface epitopes. One skilled in the art can use ACCESS with a 10 A spherical probe to identify potential epitopes, however this process can be carried out manually using a graphics package, such as, INSIGHT II. In Figure 8, residue side chains so identified as potential epitopes are highlighted. Residue positions that are candidates for modification so as to improve the solubility ofthe dimer are highlighted. Preferred candidate amino acids for replacement include, for example, Ala 63, Ala 72, Ala 81, Ala 111 and Ala 135, Ile 86, Ile 112, Tyr 52, Tyr 65, and Tyr 128. Once solvent accessible hydrophobic or non polar amino acids have been identified (see Fig. 9), these amino acids theoretically may be replaced, via a computer, with more polar amino acids. The effect ofthe amino acid replacements on the solution electrostatic potentials surrounding the modified hOP-1 dimer as well as the free energy ofthe dimer can calculated using the program DELPHI (Gilson et al (1987) supra; Nicholls et al. (1991) supra). Preferred amino acid substitutions lower the free energy ofthe hOP-1 dimer without introducing potential antigenic sites. As mentioned above, such antigenic sites may be detected by implementing a computer program like ACCESS (version 2.1) using a 10 A probe. In addition, it is contemplated that preferred surface residues suitable for replacement do not constitute part of the receptor binding domain. The resulting candidate moφhogen analogs can be produced using conventional site- directed mutagenesis methodologies and the effect ofthe site-directed modification on the solubility ofthe hOP-1 dimer can be measured, for example, by comparing the partition coefficient or "salting out properties" ofthe modified hOP-1 dimer versus the native hOP-1 dimer. See for example, Scopes (1987) in Protein Purification: Principles and Practice, 2nd Edition (Springer- Verlag); and Englard et al. (1990) Methods in Enzymology 182: 285-300. (iii) Engineering Glycosylation Sites In addition to replacing single, solvent accessible amino acid residues with more polar or hydrophobic amino acid residue, one or more solvent accessible amino acid residues may be replaced so as to create a new eukaryotic glycosylation site or alternatively to eliminate or alter an existing glycosylation site. Glycosylation sites are well known and are thoroughly described in the art. Addition of a new glycosylation site or alteration of an existing site may result in the addition of one or more glycosyl groups, e.g., N-acetyl-sialic acid, which may enhance the solubility ofthe moφhogen analog. As described herein, such sites can be introduced by site- directed mutagenesis methodologies which are well known in the art. Preferably, such sites do not create new antigenic determinants (although these may be tolerable for short duration therapeutic uses). Reference to Table 8 identifies surface accessible amino acid residues, based on the 2.8A structure, which likely are not part of an antigenic epitope and which may be used as candidates for introducing an additional glycosylation site. B. Engineering Small Molecules Based Upon The hOP-1 Structure The availability of atomic co-ordinates for hOP-1 enables the skilled artisan to design small molecules, for example, peptides or non-peptidyl based organic molecules having certain chemical features, which mimic the biological activity of hOP-1. Chemical features of interest may include, for example, the three-dimensional structure of a particular protein domain, solvent accessible surface of a particular protein domain, spatial distribution of charged and/or hydrophobic chemical moieties, electrostatic charge distribution, or a combination thereof. Such chemical features may readily be determined from the three-dimensional representation of hOP- 1. (i) Peptides After having determined which amino acid residues contribute to the receptor binding domain (supra), it is possible for the skilled artisan to design synthetic peptides having amino acid sequences that define a pre-selected receptor binding motif. A computer program useful in designing potentially bioactive peptido-mimetics is described in U.S. Patent No. 5,331,573, the disclosure of which is incoφorated by reference herein. In addition to choosing a desirable amino acid sequence, the skilled artisan using standard molecular modeling software packages, infra, can design specific peptides having, for example, additional cysteine amino acids located at pre-selected positions to facilitate cyclization ofthe peptide of interest. Oxidation ofthe additional cysteine residues results in cyclization ofthe peptide thereby constraining the peptide in a conformation which mimics the conformation ofthe corresponding amino acid sequence in native hOP-1. It is contemplated, that any standard covalent linkage, for example, disulfide bonds, typically used to cyclize synthetic peptides maybe useful in the practice ofthe instant invention. Alternative cyclization chemistries are discussed in International Application PCT/WO 95/01800, the disclosure of which is incoφorated herein by reference. In addition, it is contemplated that a single peptide containing amino acid sequences derived from separate hOP-1 subunit domains, for example, a single peptide having an amino acid sequence defining the tip of the finger 1 region linked by means of a polypeptide linker to an amino acid sequence defining the tip ofthe finger 2 region. The amino sequence defining each of the finger regions may further comprise a means, for example, disulfide bonds for cyclizing each finger region motif. The resulting peptide therefore comprises a single polypeptide chain having a first amino acid sequence defining a three-dimensional domain mimicking the tip ofthe finger 1 region and a second said sequence defining a three-dimensional domain mimicking the tip ofthe finger 2 region. Such peptides may be synthesized and screened for OP-1 like activity using any ofthe standard protocols described below. (ii) Organic molecules As discussed above, upon determination ofthe receptor binding domain of hOP-1 , it is contemplated that the skilled artisan, can design non-peptidyl based small molecules, for example, small organic molecules, whose structural and chemical features mimic the same features displayed on at least part ofthe surface ofthe receptor binding domain of hOP-1. Because a major contribution to the receptor binding surface is the spatial arrangement of chemically interactive moieties present within the sidechains of amino acids which together define the receptor binding surface, a preferred embodiment ofthe present invention relates to designing and producing a synthetic organic molecule having a framework that carries chemically interactive moieties in a spatial relationship that mimics the spatial relationship ofthe chemical moieties disposed on the amino acid sidechains which constitute the receptor binding site of hOP-1. Preferred chemical moieties, include but are not limited to, the chemical moieties defined by the amino acid side chains of amino acids believed to constitute the receptor binding domain of hOP-1 (See Fig. 9). It is understood, therefore, that the receptor binding surface ofthe moφhogen analog need not comprise amino acid residues but the chemical moieties disposed thereon. For example, upon identification of relevant chemical groups, the skilled artisan using a conventional computer program can design a small molecule having the receptor interactive chemical moieties disposed upon a suitable carrier framework. Useful computer programs are described in, for example, Dixon (1992) Tibtech 10: 357-363; Tschinke et al. (1993) J. Med. Chem 36: 3863-3870; and Eisen et al. (1994) Proteins: Structure, Function , and Genetics 19: 199-221, the disclosures of which are incoφorated herein by reference. One particular computer program entitled "CAVEAT" searches a database, for example, the Cambridge Structural Database, for structures which have desired spatial orientations of chemical moieties (Bartlett et al. (1989) in "Molecular Recognition: Chemical and Biological Problems " (Roberts, S.M., ed) pp 182-196). The CAVEAT program has been used to design analogs of tendamistat, a 74 residue inhibitor of α-amylase, based on the orientation of selected amino acid side chains in the three-dimensional structure of tendamistat (Bartlett et al. (1989) supra). Alternatively, upon identification of a series of analogs which mimic the biological activity of OP-1, as determined by in vivo or in vitro assays, the skilled artisan may use a variety of computer programs which assist the skilled artisan to develop quantitative structure activity relationships (QS AR) and further to assist in the de novo design of additional moφhogen analogs. Other useful computer programs are described in, for example, Connolly-Martin (1991) Methods in Enzymology 203:587-613; Dixon (1992) supra; and Waszkowycz et al. (1994) J. Med. Chem. 37: 3994-4002. Thus, for example, one can begin with a portion ofthe three dimensional structure of OP- 1 ( or a related moφhogen) corresponding to a region of known or suspected biological importance. One such region is the solvent accessible loop or "tip" ofthe finger 2 region between the β6 and β7 sheets (i.e., from approximately residues 118-122). Synthetic, cyclic peptides (i.e., F2-2 and F2-3) were produced including this region (and several flanking residues) and were shown to possess OP-1-like biological activity (see Examples below). Based upon the three-dimensional structure of this region, disclosed herein, one is now enabled to produce more effective OP- 1 -like (or, generally, moφhogen-like) analogs. For example, as shown in great detail in Figures 7-9 and 15, the charged γ-carboxy groups of Asp 118 and Asp 1 19, and the relatively hydrophilic hydroxyl groups of Ser 120 and Ser 121, are solvent accessible and believed to be involved in OP-1 receptor binding. The relative positions of these groups in three dimensions in OP-1 are given in Figures 15 and 16. These functional groups define a contiguous portion ofthe three dimensional structure ofthe OP-1 surface. The peptide backbone of these residues, however, is not solvent accessible and, therefore, is not believed to form a portion of the three-dimensional surface ofthe OP-1 molecule. Thus, one of ordinary skill in the art, when choosing or designing an OP-1 or moφhogen analog, can choose or design a molecule having the same or substantially equivalent (e.g., thiol v. hydroxyl) functional groups in substantially the same (e.g., + 1-3 A) three-dimensional conformation. The same is true for other regions of interest in the OP-1 monomers or dimers (e.g., the receptor binding domain, the finger 1, finger 2. or heel regions, or solvent accessible portions thereof). By using the three-dimensional structures disclosed herein, including the disclosure of the positions of solvent accessible and probable receptor contact residues, one of ordinary skill in the art can choose a portion ofthe three-dimensional structure ofthe OP-1 (or a related moφhogen) molecule and, using this "portion" as a template select or design an analog which functionally mimics the template structure. The molecular framework or backbone ofthe moφhogen analog can be freely chosen by one of ordinary skill in the art so that it (1) joins the functional groups which mimic the portion ofthe moφhogen's contiguous three-dimensional surface, including charge distribution and hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity characteristics, and (2) maintains or, at least, allows the functional groups to maintain the appropriate three-dimensional surface interaction and spatial relationships, including any hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions. As described above, peptides are obvious choices for the production of such moφhogen analogs because they can provide all ofthe necessary functional groups and can assume appropriate three-dimensional structures. Several examples of peptide analogs ofthe finger regions are described herein, below. The peptides are cyclized to maintain hydrogen bonds and create a structure which mimics that ofthe template. These peptides are synthesized from a linear primary sequence of amino acids in finger 2. An alternative peptide can be created, for example, which combines portions of finger 1 and finger 2, constructed to mimic the structure ofthe tips of fingers 1 and 2 together as they occur in the folded OPl monomer. Biologically active peptides such as F2, F3 or others, then can be used as is or, more preferably, become lead compounds for iterative modification to create a compound that is more stable or more active in vivo. For example, the peptide backbone can be reduced or replaced to reduce hydrolysis in vivo. Alternatively, structural modifications can be introduced to the backbone or by amino acid substitutions which more accurately mimic the protein's structure when bound to the receptor. These second generation structures then can be tested for enhanced binding. In addition, iterative amino acid replacements with alanines, ("alanine scan") can be used to determine the minimum residue contacts required for binding. Once these minimum functional groups are known, a fully synthetic molecule can be created which mimics the charge or electrostatic distribution of the minimum required functional groups, and provides the appropriate bulk and structure to functionally mimic a second generation molecule having the desired binding affinity. VI. Production of Morphogen Analogs. As mentioned above, the moφhogen analogs ofthe invention may comprise modified hOP-1 dimeric proteins or small molecules, for example, peptides or small organic molecules. It is contemplated that any appropriate methods can be used for producing a pre-selected moφhogen analog. For example, such methods may include, but are not limited to, methods of biological production from suitable host cells or synthetic production using synthetic organic chemistries. For example, modified hOP-1 dimeric proteins or hOP-based peptides may be produced using conventional recombinant DNA technologies, well known and thoroughly documented in the art. Under these circumstances, the proteins or peptides may be produced by the preparation of nucleic acid sequences encoding the respective protein or peptide sequences, after which, the resulting nucleic acid can be expressed in an appropriate host cell. By way of example, the proteins and peptides may be manufactured by the assembly of synthetic nucleotide sequences and/or joining DNA restriction fragments to produce a synthetic DNA molecule. The DNA molecules then are ligated into an expression vehicle, for example an expression plasmid, and transfected into an appropriate host cell, for example E. coli. The protein encoded by the DNA molecule then is expressed, purified, folded if necessary, tested in vitro for binding activity with an OP- 1 receptor, and subsequently tested to assess whether the moφhogen analog induces or stimulates hOP- 1 -like biological activity. The processes for manipulating, amplifying, and recombining DNA which encode amino acid sequences of interest generally are well known in the art, and therefore, are not described in detail herein. Methods of identifying and isolating genes encoding hOP-1 and its cognate receptors also are well understood, and are described in the patent and other literature. Briefly, the construction of DNAs encoding the biosynthetic constructs disclosed herein is performed using known techniques involving the use of various restriction enzymes which make sequence specific cuts in DNA to produce blunt ends or cohesive ends, DNA ligases, techniques enabling enzymatic addition of sticky ends to blunt-ended DNA, construction of synthetic DNAs by assembly of short or medium length oligonucleotides, cDNA synthesis techniques, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques for amplifying appropriate nucleic acid sequences from libraries, and synthetic probes for isolating OP-1 genes or genes encoding other members of the TGF-β superfamily as well as their cognate receptors. Various promoter sequences from bacteria, mammals, or insects to name a few, and other regulatory DNA sequences used in achieving expression, and various types of host cells are also known and available. Conventional transfection techniques, and equally conventional techniques for cloning and subcloning DNA are useful in the practice of this invention and known to those skilled in the art. Various types of vectors may be used such as plasmids and viruses including animal viruses and bacteriophages. The vectors may exploit various marker genes which impart to a successfully transfected cell a detectable phenotypic property that can be used to identify which of a family of clones has successfully incoφorated the recombinant DNA ofthe vector. One method for obtaining DNA encoding the biosynthetic constructs disclosed herein is by assembly of synthetic oligonucleotides produced in a conventional, automated, oligonucleotide synthesizer followed by ligation with appropriate ligases. For example, overlapping, complementary DNA fragments may be synthesized using phosphoramidite chemistry, with end segments left unphosphorylated to prevent polymerization during ligation. One end ofthe synthetic DNA is left with a "sticky end" corresponding to the site of action of a particular restriction endonuclease, and the other end is left with an end corresponding to the site of action of another restriction endonuclease. The complementary DNA fragments are ligated together to produce a synthetic DNA construct. After the appropriate DNA molecule has been synthesized, it may be integrated into an expression vector and transfected into an appropriate host cell for protein expression. Useful prokaryotic host cells include, but are not limited to, E. coli, and B. subtilis. Useful eukaryotic host cells include, but are not limited to, yeast cells, insect cells, myeloma cells, fibroblast 3T3 cells, monkey kidney or COS cells, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, mink-lung epithelial cells, human foreskin fibroblast cells, human glioblastoma cells, and teratocarcinoma cells. Alternatively, the genes may be expressed in a cell-free system such as the rabbit reticulocyte lysate system. The vector additionally may include various sequences to promote correct expression of the recombinant protein, including transcriptional promoter and termination sequences, enhancer sequences, preferred ribosome binding site sequences, preferred mRNA leader sequences, preferred protein processing sequences, preferred signal sequences for protein secretion, and the like. The DNA sequence encoding the gene of interest also may be manipulated to remove potentially inhibiting sequences or to minimize unwanted secondary structure formation. The moφhogenic protein analogs proteins also may be expressed as fusion proteins. After being translated, the protein may be purified from the cells themselves or recovered from the culture medium and then cleaved at a specific protease site if so desired. For example, if the gene is to be expressed in E. coli, it is cloned into an appropriate expression vector. This can be accomplished by positioning the engineered gene downstream of a promoter sequence such as Tφ or Tac, and/or a gene coding for a leader peptide such as fragment B of protein A (FB). During expression, the resulting fusion proteins accumulate in refractile bodies in the cytoplasm ofthe cells, and may be harvested after disruption of the cells by French press or sonication. The isolated refractile bodies then are solubilized, and the expressed proteins folded and the leader sequence cleaved, if necessary, by methods already established with many other recombinant proteins. Expression ofthe engineered genes in eukaryotic cells requires cells and cell lines that are easy to transfect, are capable of stably maintaining foreign DNA with an unrearranged sequence, and which have the necessary cellular components for efficient transcription, translation, post- translation modification, and secretion ofthe protein. In addition, a suitable vector carrying the gene of interest also is necessary. DNA vector design for transfection into mammalian cells should include appropriate sequences to promote expression ofthe gene of interest as described herein, including appropriate transcription initiation, termination, and enhancer sequences, as well as sequences that enhance translation efficiency, such as the Kozak consensus sequence. Preferred DNA vectors also include a marker gene and means for amplifying the copy number of the gene of interest. A detailed review of the state of the art of the production of foreign proteins in mammalian cells, including useful cells, protein expression-promoting sequences, marker genes, and gene amplification methods, is disclosed in Bendig (1988) Genetic Engineering 7:91- 127. The best characterized transcription promoters useful for expressing a foreign gene in a particular mammalian cell are the SV40 early promoter, the adenovirus promoter (AdMLP), the mouse metallothionein-I promoter (mMT-I), the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) long terminal repeat (LTR), the mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat (MMTV-LTR), and the human cytomegalovirus major intermediate-early promoter (hCMV). The DNA sequences for all of these promoters are known in the art and are available commercially. The use of a selectable DHFR gene in a dhfr cell line is a well characterized method useful in the amplification of genes in mammalian cell systems. Briefly, the DHFR gene is provided on the vector carrying the gene of interest, and addition of increasing concentrations of the cytotoxic drug methotrexate, which is metabolized by DHFR, leads to amplification ofthe DHFR gene copy number, as well as that ofthe associated gene of interest. DHFR as a selectable, amplifiable marker gene in transfected Chinese hamster ovary cell lines (CHO cells) is particularly well characterized in the art. Other useful amplifiable marker genes include the adenosine deaminase (ADA) and glutamine synthetase (GS) genes. The choice of cells/cell lines is also important and depends on the needs ofthe experimenter. COS cells provide high levels of transient gene expression, providing a useful means for rapidly screening the biosynthetic constructs ofthe invention. COS cells typically are transfected with a simian virus 40 (SV40) vector carrying the gene of interest. The transfected COS cells eventually die, thus preventing the long term production ofthe desired protein product but provide a useful technique for testing preliminary analogs for binding activity. The various cells, cell lines and DNA sequences that can be used for mammalian cell expression ofthe single-chain constructs ofthe invention are well characterized in the art and are readily available. Other promoters, selectable markers, gene amplification methods and cells also may be used to express the proteins of this invention. Particular details of the transfection, expression, and purification of recombinant proteins are well documented in the art and are understood by those having ordinary skill in the art. Further details on the various technical aspects of each ofthe steps used in recombinant production of foreign genes in mammalian cell expression systems can be found in a number of texts and laboratory manuals in the art, such as, for example, Ausubel et ai, ed., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, New York, (1989). Alternatively, moφhogen analogs which are small peptides, usually up to 50 amino acids in length, may be synthesized using standard solid-phase peptide synthesis procedures, for example, procedures similar to those described in Merrifield (1963) J. Am. Chem. Soc, 55:2149. For example, during synthesis, N-α-protected amino acids having protected side chains are added stepwise to a growing polypeptide chain linked by its C-terminal end to an insoluble polymeric support, e.g., polystyrene beads. The peptides are synthesized by linking an amino group of an N-α-deprotected amino acid to an α-carboxy group of an N- α-protected amino acid that has been activated by reacting it with a reagent such as dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The attachment of a free amino group to the activated carboxyl leads to peptide bond formation. The most commonly used N-α-protecting groups include Boc which is acid labile and Fmoc which is base labile. Briefly, the C-terminal N-α-protected amino acid is first attached to the polystyrene beads. Then, the N-α-protecting group is removed. The deprotected α-amino group is coupled to the activated α-carboxylate group ofthe next N-α-protected amino acid. The process is repeated until the desired peptide is synthesized. The resulting peptides are cleaved from the insoluble polymer support and the amino acid side chains deprotected. Longer peptides, for example greater than about 50 amino acids in length, typically are derived by condensation of protected peptide fragments. Details of appropriate chemistries, resins, protecting groups, protected amino acids and reagents are well known in the art and so are not discussed in detail herein. See for example, Atherton et al. (1963) Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis: A Practical Approach (IRL Press,), and Bodanszky (1993) Peptide Chemistry, A Practical Textbook, 2nd Ed, Springer- Verlag, and Fields et al. (1990) Int. J. Peptide Protein Res. 35:161-214, the disclosures of which are incoφorated herein by reference. Purification ofthe resulting peptide is accomplished using conventional procedures, such as preparative HPLC, e.g., gel permeation, partition and/or ion exchange chromatography. The choice of appropriate matrices and buffers are well known in the art and so are not described in detail herein. With regard to the production of non-peptide small organic molecules which induce OP-1 like biological activities, these molecules can be synthesized using standard organic chemistries well known and thoroughly documented in the patent and other literatures. Vll Screening For Binding and Biological Activity. As a first step in determining whether a moφhogen analog induces an OP- 1 like biological activity, the skilled artisan can use a standard ligand-receptor assay to determine whether the moφhogen analog binds preferentially to OP-1 receptor. For standard receptor- ligand assays, the artisan is referred to, for example, Legerski et al. (1992) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 183: 672-679; Frakar et α/. (1978) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 50:849-857; Chio et al. (1990) Nature 343: 266-269; Dahlman et al. (1988) Biochem 27: 1813-1817; Strader et al. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264: 13572-13578; and D'Dowd et al. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263: 15985-15992. In a typical ligand/receptor binding assay useful in the practice of this invention, purified OP-1 having a known, quantifiable affinity for a pre-selected OP-1 receptor (see, for example, Ten Dijke et al. (1994) Science 264:\0\-\03, the disclosure of which is incoφorated herein by reference) is labeled with a detectable moiety, for example, a radiolabel, a chromogenic label, or a fluorogenic label. Aliquots of purified receptor, receptor binding domain fragments, or cells expressing the receptor of interest on their surface are incubated with labeled OP-1 in the presence of various concentrations ofthe unlabeled moφhogen analog. The relative binding affinity ofthe moφhogen analog may be measured by quantitating the ability ofthe candidate (unlabeled moφhogen analog) to inhibit the binding of labeled OP-1 with the receptor. In performing the assay, fixed concentrations ofthe receptor and the OP-1 are incubated in the presence and absence of unlabeled moφhogen analog. Sensitivity may be increased by pre- incubating the receptor with the candidate moφhogen analog before adding labeled OP-1. After the labeled competitor has been added, sufficient time is allowed for adequate competitor binding, and then free and bound labeled OP-1 are separated from one another, and one or the other measured. Labels useful in the practice ofthe screening procedures include radioactive labels (e.g., 125ι. 131ι. 1 ^ In or ^Br), chromogenic labels, spectroscopic labels (such as those disclosed in Haughland (1994) "Handbook of Fluorescent and Research Chemicals 5 ed." by Molecular Probes, Inc., Eugene, OR), or conjugated enzymes having high turnover rates, for example, horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, or β-galactosidase, used in combination with chemiluminescent or fluorogenic substrates. The biological activity, namely the agonist or antagonist properties ofthe resulting moφhogen analogs subsequently may be characterized using any conventional in vivo and in vitro assays that have been developed to measure the biological activity of OP-1. A variety of specific assays believed to be useful in the practice ofthe invention are set forth in detail in Example 1 , hereinbelow. Furthermore, it is appreciated that many ofthe standard OP-1 assays may be automated thereby facilitating the screening of a large number of moφhogen analogs at the same time. Such automation procedures are within the level of skill in the art of drug screening and, therefore, are not discussed herein. Following the identification of useful moφhogen analogs, the moφhogenic analogs may be produced in commercially useful quantities (e.g., without limitation, gram and kilogram quantities), for example, by producing cell lines that express the moφhogen analogs of interest or by producing synthetic peptides defining the appropriate amino acid sequence. It is appreciated, however, that conventional methodologies for producing the appropriate cell lines and for producing synthetic peptides are well known and thoroughly documented in the art, and so are not discussed in detail herein. VIII. Formulation and Bioactivity. Moφhogen analogs, including OP-1 analogs, can be formulated for administration to a mammal, preferably a human in need thereof as part of a pharmaceutical composition. The composition can be administered by any suitable means, e.g., parenterally, orally or locally. Where the moφhogen analog is to be administered locally, as by injection, to a desired tissue site, or systemically, such as by intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, ophthalmic, intraventricular, intracranial, intracapsular, intraspinal, intracisternal, intraperitoneal, buccal, rectal, vaginal, intranasal or aerosol administration, the composition preferably comprises an aqueous solution. The solution preferably is physiologically acceptable, such that administration thereof to a mammal does not adversely affect the mammal's normal electrolyte and fluid volume balance. The aqueous solution thus can comprise, e.g., normal physiologic saline (0.9% NaCl, 0.15M), pH 7-7.4. Useful solutions for oral or parenteral systemic administration can be prepared by any of the methods well known in the pharmaceutical arts, described, for example, in "Remington 's Pharmaceutical Sciences" (Gennaro, A., ed., Mack Pub., 1990, the disclosure of which is incoφorated herein by reference). Formulations can include, for example, polyalkylene glycols such as polyethylene glycol, oils of vegetable origin, hydrogenated naphthalenes, and the like. Formulations for direct administration, in particular, can include glycerol and other compositions of high viscosity. Biocompatible, preferably bioresorbable polymers, including, for example, hyaluronic acid, collagen, tricalcium phosphate, polybutyrate, polylactide, polyglycolide and lactide/glycolide copolymers, may be useful excipients to control the release of the moφhogen analog in vivo. Other potentially useful parenteral delivery systems for the present analogs can include ethylene- vinyl acetate copolymer particles, osmotic pumps, implantable infusion systems, and liposomes. Formulations for inhalation administration can contain as excipients, for example, lactose, or can be aqueous solutions containing, for example, polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether, glycocholate or deoxycholate, or oily solutions for administration in the form of nasal drops or as a gel to be applied intranasally. Alternatively, the moφhogen analogs, including OP-1 analogs, identified as described herein may be administered orally. For example, liquid formulations of moφhogen analogs can be prepared according to standard practices such as those described in "Remington 's Pharmaceutical Sciences " (supra). Such liquid formulations can then be added to a beverage or another food supplement for administration. Oral administration can also be achieved using aerosols of these liquid formulations. Alternatively, solid formulations prepared using art- recognized emulsifiers can be fabricated into tablets, capsules or lozenges suitable for oral administration. Optionally, the analogs can be formulated in compositions comprising means for enhancing uptake ofthe analog by a desired tissue. For example, tetracycline and diphosphonates (bisphosphonates) are known to bind to bone mineral, particularly at zones of bone remodeling, when they are provided systemically in a mammal. Accordingly, such components can be used to enhance delivery ofthe present analogs to bone tissue. Alternatively, an antibody or portion thereof that binds specifically to an accessible substance specifically associated with the desired target tissue, such as a cell surface antigen, also can be used. If desired, such specific targeting molecules can be covalently bound to the present analog, e.g., by chemical crosslinking or by using standard genetic engineering techniques to create, for example, an acid labile bond such as an Asp-Pro linkage. Useful targeting molecules can be designed, for example, according to the teachings of U.S. 5,091,513. It is contemplated also that some of the moφhogen analogs may exhibit the highest levels of activity in vivo when combined with carrier matrices i.e., insoluble polymer matrices. See for example, U.S. Patent No. 5,266,683 the disclosure of which is incoφorated by reference herein. Currently preferred carrier matrices are xenogenic, allogenic or autogenic in nature. It is contemplated, however, that synthetic materials comprising polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, polybutyric acid, derivatives and copolymers thereof may also be used to generate suitable carrier matrices. Preferred synthetic and naturally derived matrix materials, their preparation, methods for formulating them with the moφhogen analogs ofthe invention, and methods of administration are well known in the art and so are not discussed in detailed herein. See for example, U.S. Patent No. 5,266,683. Still further, the present analogs can be administered to the mammal in need thereof either alone or in combination with another substance known to have a beneficial effect on tissue moφhogenesis. Examples of such substances (herein, cofactors) include substances that promote tissue repair and regeneration and/or inhibit inflammation. Examples of useful cofactors for stimulating bone tissue growth in osteoporotic individuals, for example, include but are not limited to, vitamin D 3 , calcitonin, prostaglandins, parathyroid hormone, dexamethasone, estrogen and IGF-I or IGF-II. Useful cofactors for nerve tissue repair and regeneration can include nerve growth factors. Other useful cofactors include symptom-alleviating cofactors, including antiseptics, antibiotics, antiviral and antifungal agents, analgesics and anesthetics. Analogs preferably are formulated into pharmaceutical compositions by admixture with pharmaceutically acceptable, nontoxic excipients and carriers. As noted above, such compositions can be prepared for systemic, e.g., parenteral, administration, particularly in the form of liquid solutions or suspensions; for oral administration, particularly in the form of tablets or capsules; or intranasally, particularly in the form of powders, nasal drops or aerosols. Where adhesion to a tissue surface is desired, the composition can comprise a fibrinogen-thrombin dispersant or other bioadhesive such as is disclosed, for example, in PCT US91/09275, the disclosure of which is incoφorated herein by reference. The composition then can be painted, sprayed or otherwise applied to the desired tissue surface. The compositions can be formulated for parenteral or oral administration to humans or other mammals in therapeutically effective amounts, e.g., amounts which provide appropriate concentrations ofthe moφhogen analog to target tissue for a time sufficient to induce the desired effect. Preferably, the present compositions alleviate or mitigate the mammal's need for a moφhogen-associated biological response, such as maintenance of tissue-specific function or restoration of tissue-specific phenotype to senescent tissues (e.g., osteopenic bone tissue). As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the concentration ofthe compounds described in a therapeutic composition will vary depending upon a number of factors, including the dosage ofthe drug to be administered, the chemical characteristics (e.g., hydrophobicity) of the compounds employed, and the route of administration. The preferred dosage of drug to be administered also is likely to depend on such variables as the type and extent of a disease, tissue loss or defect, the overall health status ofthe particular patient, the relative biological efficacy of the compound selected, the formulation ofthe compound, the presence and types of excipients in the formulation, and the route of administration. In general terms, the therapeutic molecules of this invention may be provided to an individual where typical doses range from about 10 ng/kg to about 1 g/kg of body weight per day; with a preferred dose range being from about 0.1 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg of body weight. IX Examples Practice ofthe invention will be more fully understood from the following examples, which are presented herein for illustrative puφoses only, and should not be construed as limiting the invention in any way. Example 1. Introduction of Inter-chain Disulfide Bonds to Stabilize the hOP-1 Dimer. As discussed in section V.A.(i) it is contemplated that introduction of one or more additional inter-chain disulfide may stabilize further the hOP-1 dimer. The introduction of additional inter-chain disulfide bonds is described here. A Sma I to Bam HI fragment of the human OP-1 cDNA as described in Ozkaynak et al. (1990) supra is cloned into Bluescript KS+ (available from Stratagene Cloning Systems, La Jolla, CA), previously cleaved with Eco RV and Bam HI. Upon transformation into E. coli, the resulting colonies are screened by a blue-white selection process wherein the desired colonies containing the OP-1 cDNA insert are blue. The correct clone may be identified by restriction screening to give the following expected restriction fragments. Restriction Enzvme Fragment size (bp) EcoR I 84, 789, 3425 Xho l 161, 1223, 2914 Sac ll 97, 650, 3551 In order to introduce two additional inter-chain disulfide bridges, a double cysteine mutant containing Asn 83 to Cys and Asn 130 to Cys replacements is produced. The cysteine mutant can be prepared by site-directed mutagenesis using synthetic oligonucleotides and either PCR or the site-directed mutagenesis methods, see for example, Kunkel et al. (1985,) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 822: 488; Kunkel et al. (1985) Meth. Enzymol. 154: 367 and U.S. Patent No. 4,873,192. Neither mutation causes a frameshift and, therefore, E. coli transformed with mutagenesis products that give white colonies indicate an error in the sequence. The presence of the appropriate mutation is verified by conventional dideoxy sequencing. Then, linkers are introduced into the N- and C-termini ofthe mutant gene by oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis using appropriate oligonucleotides. A preferred N terminal linker introduces a unique Not I site and a preferred C terminal linker introduces a non- suppressible stop codon TAA at the end ofthe mutein gene followed by a unique Bgl II site (AGATCT). Each ofthe resulting mutant genes are excised from the cloning vector by the restriction enzymes Nde I and Bgl II, isolated, and ligated independently into pET vector (New England Biolabs, Beverly, MA) previously cleaved with Nde I and Bam HI. The ligation products then are transformed into E. coli and transformants containing, and expressing each individual mutant protein are identified. Expression ofthe double cysteine containing mutant analog is induced after the expression of T7 RNA polymerase (initiated through infected with λCE6 phage). During expression, the mutant analog is produced as inclusion granules which are harvested from the cell paste. Then, the mutant protein is dissolved in 6M guanidine-HCl, 0.2M Tris-HCl, pH 8.2 and 0.1 M 2- mercaptoethanol, and the mixture dialyzed exhaustively against 6M urea, 2.5 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5 and 1 mM EDTA. 2-mercaptoethanol is added to a final concentration of 0.1 M and the solution incubated at room temperature. The mixture is dialyzed exhaustively against buffer containing 2.5 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5 and ImM EDTA. Folded mutant protein is purified by affinity chromatography on a column packed with surface immobilized OP- 1 receptor. Unbound material is removed by washing as described above and the specific OP-1 receptor binding material eluted. Following purification the stabilizing effect ofthe additional bond is determined by fluorescence polarization. For example, the rotational rates of moφhogen analog (mutein) and natural hOP-1 are determined as a function of temperature using a fluorescence spectrophotometer modified for fluoresence anisotropy (Photon Technology International). It is anticipated that the mutein dimer will exhibit a lower rational rate upto a higher temperature than natural hOP-1 dimer, thereby indicating that the mutein dimer remains as a dimer and is more stable upto a higher temperature than is the wild type protein. The biological activity ofthe resulting mutant protein or mutein can be tested using any ofthe bioassays developed to date for determining the biological activity of native hOP-1. A variety of such exemplary assays are described below. The assays which follow are recited for ease of testing. Specific in vivo assays for testing the efficacy of a moφhogenic protein or analog in an application to repair or regenerate damaged bone, liver, kidney, or nerve tissue, periodontal tissue, including cementum and/or periodontal ligament, gastrointestinal and renal tissues, and immune-cell mediated damages tissues are disclosed in publicly available documents, which include, for example, EP 0575,555; WO93/04692; WO93/05751 ; WO/06399; WO94/03200; WO94/06449; and WO94/06420. The skilled artisan can test an analog in any of these assays without undue experimentation. A. Mitogenic Effect on Rat and Human Osteoblasts The following example is a typical assay useful in determining whether an OP-1 moφhogen analog induces proliferation of osteoblasts in vitro. It is contemplated that in this, and all other examples using osteoblast cultures, preferably uses rat osteoblast-enriched primary cultures. Although these cultures are heterogeneous in that the individual cells are at different stages of differentiation, the culture is believed to more accurately reflect the metabolism and function of osteoblasts in vivo than osteoblast cultures obtained from established cell lines. Unless otherwise indicated, all chemicals referenced are standard, commercially available reagents, readily available from a number of sources, including Sigma Chemical, Co., St. Louis; Calbiochem, Coφ., San Diego and Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee. Briefly, rat osteoblast-enriched primary cultures are prepared by sequential collagenase digestion of newborn rat calvaria (e.g., from 1-2 day-old animals, Long-Evans strain, Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, MA), following standard procedures, such as are described, for example, in Wong et al. (1975) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72: 3167-3171. Rat osteoblast single cell suspensions then are plated onto a multi-well plate (e.g., a 24 well plate at a concentration of 50,000 osteoblasts per well) in alpha MEM (modified Eagle's medium, Gibco, Inc., NY) containing 10% FBS (fetal bovine serum), L-glutamine and penicillin/streptomycin. The cells are incubated for 24 hours at 37°C, at which time the growth medium is replaced with alpha MEM containing 1% FBS and the cells incubated for an additional 24 hours so that cells are in serum-deprived growth medium at the time ofthe experiment. The cultured cells are divided into four groups: (1) wells which receive, for example, 0.1, 1.0, 10.0, 40.0 and 80.0 ng ofthe OP-1 moφhogen analog (mutein), (2) wells which receive 0.1, 1.0, 10.0 and 40.0 ng of wild type OP- 1; (3) wells which receives 0.1, 1.0, 10.0, and 40.0 ng of TGF-β, and (4) the control group, which receive no growth factors. The cells then are incubated for an additional 18 hours after which the wells are pulsed with 2mCi/well of ^H-thymidine and incubated for six more hours. The excess label then is washed off with a cold solution of 0.15 M NaCl and then 250 ml of 10% tricholoracetic acid is added to each well and the wells incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes. The cells then are washed three times with cold distilled water, and lysed by the addition of 250 ml of 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) for a period of 30 minutes at 37°C. The resulting cell lysates are harvested using standard means and the incoφoration of ^H-thymidine into cellular DNA determined by liquid scintillation as an indication of mitogenic activity ofthe cells. In the experiment, it is contemplated that the OP-1 moφhogen analog construct (mutein), like natural OP- 1, will stimulate ^H-thymidine incoφoration into DNA, and therefore promote osteoblast cell proliferation. In contrast, the effect ofthe TGF-β is expected to be transient and biphasic. Furthermore, it is contemplated that at higher concentrations, TGF-β will have no significant effect on osteoblast cell proliferation. The in vitro effect ofthe OP-1 moφhogen analog on osteoblast proliferation also may be evaluated using human primary osteoblasts (obtained from bone tissue of a normal adult patient and prepared as described above) and on human osteosarcoma-derived cell lines. B. Progenitor Cell Stimulation. The following example is designed to demonstrate the ability of OP-1 moφhogen analogs to stimulate the proliferation of mesenchymal progenitor cells. Useful naive stem cells include pluripotent stem cells, which may be isolated from bone marrow or umbilical cord blood using conventional methodologies, (see, for example, Faradji et al. (1988) Vox Sang. 55 (3): 133- 138 or Broxmeyer et al. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 86: 3828-3832), as well as naive stem cells obtained from blood. Alternatively, embryonic cells (e.g., from a cultured mesodermal cell line) may be used. Another method for obtaining progenitor cells and for determining the ability of OP-1 moφhogen analogs to stimulate cell proliferation is to capture progenitor cells from an in vivo source. For example, a biocompatible matrix material able to allow the influx of migratory progenitor cells may be implanted at an in vivo site long enough to allow the influx of migratory progenitor cells. For example, a bone-derived, guanidine-extracted matrix, formulated as disclosed for example in Sampath et al. (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80: 6591 -6595, or U.S. Patent No. 4,975,526, may be implanted into a rat at a subcutaneous site, essentially following the method of Sampath et al. After three days the implant is removed, and the progenitor cells associated with the matrix dispersed and cultured. Progenitor cells, however obtained, then are incubated in vitro with the candidate OP- 1 moφhogen analog under standard cell culture conditions, such as those described hereinbelow. In the absence of external stimuli, the progenitor cells do not, or only minimally, proliferate on their own in culture. However, progenitor cells cultured in the presence of a biologically active OP-1 moφhogen analog, like OP-1 , will proliferate. Cell growth can be determined visually or spectrophotometrically using standard methods well known in the art. C. Morphogen-Induced Cell Differentiation. A variety of assays also can be used to determine OP-1 based moφhogen analog-induced cellular differentiation. CU Embryonic Mesenchvme Differentiation As with natural OP-1, it is contemplated that the OP-1 moφhogen analog (mutein) can induce cell differentiation. The ability of OP-1 moφhogen analogs to induce cell differentiation can be demonstrated by culturing early mesenchymal cells in the presence of OP-1 moφhogen analog and then studying the histology ofthe cultured cells by staining with toluidine blue using standard cell culturing and cell staining methodologies well described in the art. For example, it is known that rat mesenchymal cells destined to become mandibular bone, when separated from the overlying epithelial cells at stage 1 1 and cultured in vitro under standard tissue culture conditions, e.g., in a chemically defined, serum-free medium, containing for example, 67% DMEM (Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium), 22% F-12 medium, lOmM Hepes pH 7, 2mM glutamine, 50 mg/ml transferrin, 25 mg/ml insulin, trace elements, 2mg/ml bovine serum albumin coupled to oleic acid, with HAT (0.1 mM hypoxanthine, 1 OmM aminopterin, 12 mM thymidine, will not continue to differentiate. However, if these same cells are left in contact with the overlying endoderm for an additional day, at which time they become stage 12 cells, they will continue to differentiate on their own in vitro to form chondrocytes. Further differentiation into osteoblasts and, ultimately, mandibular bone, requires an appropriate local environment, e.g., a vascularized environment. It is anticipated that, as with natural OP- 1 , stage 1 1 mesenchymal cells, cultured in vitro in the presence of OP-1 moφhogen analog (mutein), e.g., 10-100 ng/ml, will continue to differentiate in vitro to form chondrocytes just as they continue to differentiate in vitro if they are cultured with the cell * products harvested from the overlying endodermal cells. This experiment can be performed with different mesenchymal cells to demonstrate the cell differentiation capability of OP-1 moφhogen analog in different tissues. As another example of moφhogen-induced cell differentiation, the ability of OP-1 moφhogen analogs to induce osteoblast differentiation can be demonstrated in vitro using primary osteoblast cultures, or osteoblast-like cells lines, and assaying for a variety of bone cell markers that are specific markers for the differentiated osteoblast phenotype, e.g., alkaline phosphatase activity, parathyroid hormone-mediated cyclic AMP (cAMP) production, osteocalcin synthesis, and enhanced mineralization rates. QX Induction of Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Osteoblasts. Cultured osteoblasts in serum-free medium are incubated with a range of OP-1 moφhogen analog concentrations, for example, 0.1, 1.0, 10.0, 40.0 or 80.0 ng OP-1 moφhogen analog/ml medium; or with a similar concentration range of natural OP-1 or TGF-β. After a 72 hour incubation the cell layer is extracted with 0.5 ml of 1% Triton X-100. The resultant cell extract is centrifuged, and 100 ml ofthe extract is added to 90 ml of para-nitroso- phenylphosphate (PNPP)/glycerine mixture and incubated for 30 minutes in a 37°C water bath and the reaction stopped with 100 ml NaOH. The samples then are run through a plate reader (e.g., Dynatech MR700 plate reader, and absorbance measured at 400 nm, using p-nitrophenol as a standard) to determine the presence and amount of alkaline phosphate activity. Protein concentrations are determined by the BioRad method. Alkaline phosphatase activity is calculated in units/mg protein, where 1 unit=l nmol p-nitrophenol liberated/30 minutes at 37°C. It is contemplated that the OP-1 moφhogen analog, like natural OP-1 , will stimulate the production of alkaline phosphatase in osteoblasts thereby promoting the growth and expression ofthe osteoblast differentiated phenotype. The long term effect of OP-1 moφhogen analog on the production of alkaline phosphatase by rat osteoblasts also can be demonstrated as follows. Rat osteoblasts are prepared and cultured in multi-well plates as described above. In this example six sets of 24 well plates are plated with 50,000 rat osteoblasts per well. The wells in each plate, prepared as described above, then are divided into three groups: (1) those which receive, for example, 1 ng of OP-1 moφhogen analog per ml of medium; (2) those which receive 40 ng of OP-1 moφhogen analog per ml of medium; and (3) those which receive 80 ng of OP-1 moφhogen analog per ml of medium. Each plate then is incubated for different lengths of time: 0 hours (control time), 24 hours, 48 hours, 96 hours, 120 hours and 144 hours. After each incubation period, the cell layer is extracted with 0.5 ml of 1 % Triton X- 100. The resultant cell extract is centrifuged, and alkaline phosphatase activity determined using para-nitroso- phenylphosphate (PNPP), as above. It is contemplated that the OP-1 moφhogen analog, like natural OP- 1, will stimulate the production of alkaline phosphatase in osteoblasts in a dose- dependent manner so that increasing doses of OP-1 moφhogen analog will further increase the level of alkaline phosphatase production. Moreover, it is contemplated that the OP-1 moφhogen analog-stimulated elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase in the treated osteoblasts will last for an extended period of time. CU Induction of PTH-Mediated cAMP This experiment is designed to test the effect of OP-1 moφhogen analogs on parathyroid hormone-mediated cAMP production in rat osteoblasts in vitro. Briefly, rat osteoblasts are prepared and cultured in a multiwell plate as described above. The cultured cells then are divided into four groups: (1) wells which receive, for example, 1.0, 10.0 and 40.0 ng OP-1 moφhogen analog/ml medium); (2) wells which receive for example, natural OP-1, at similar concentration ranges; (3) wells which receive for example, TGF-β, at similar concentration ranges; and (4) a control group which receives no growth factors. The plate then is incubated for another 72 hours. At the end ofthe 72 hours the cells are treated with medium containing 0.5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) and ImM 3 -isobutyl- 1 -methylxanthine for 20 minutes followed by the addition into half of the wells of human recombinant parathyroid hormone (hPTH, Sigma, St. Louis) at a concentration of 200 ng/ml for 10 minutes. The cell layer then is extracted from each well with 0.5 ml of 1% Triton X-l 00. The cAMP levels then are determined using a radioimmunoassay kit (e.g., Amersham, Arlington Heights, Illinois). It is contemplated that OP- 1 moφhogen analog alone, like OP-1, will stimulate an increase in the PTH-mediated cAMP response, thereby promoting the growth and expression ofthe osteoblast differentiated phenotype. H Induction of Osteocalcin Production. Osteocalcin is a bone-specific protein synthesized by osteoblasts which plays an integral role in the rate of bone mineralization in vivo. Circulating levels of osteocalcin in serum are used as a marker for osteoblast activity and bone formation in vivo. Induction of osteocalcin synthesis in osteoblast-enriched cultures can be used to demonstrate OP-1 moφhogen analog efficacy in vitro. Rat osteoblasts are prepared and cultured in a multi-well plate as above. In this experiment the medium is supplemented with 10%FBS, and on day 2, cells are fed with fresh medium supplemented with fresh 10 mM β-glycerophosphate (Sigma, Inc.). Beginning on day 5 and twice weekly thereafter, cells are fed with a complete mineralization medium containing all of the above components plus fresh L(+)-ascorbate, at a final concentration of 50mg/ml medium. OP-1 moφhogen analog then is added to the wells directly, e.g., in 50% acetonitrile (or 50% ethanol) containing 0.1 % trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), at no more than 5ml moφhogen analog/ml medium. Control wells receive solvent vehicle only. The cells then are re-fed and the conditioned medium sample diluted 1 :1 in standard radioimmunoassay buffer containing standard protease inhibitors and stored at -20°C until assayed for osteocalcin. Osteocalcin synthesis is measured by standard radioimmunoassay using a commercially available osteocalcin-specific antibody. Mineralization is determined on long term cultures (13 day) using a modified von Kossa staining technique on fixed cell layers: cells are fixed in fresh 4% paraformaldehyde at 23 °C for 10 min, following rinsing cold 0.9% NaCl. Fixed cells then are stained for endogenous alkaline phosphatase at pH 9.5 for 10 min, using a commercially available kit (Sigma, Inc.). Puφle stained cells then are dehydrated with methanol and air dried. After 30 min incubation in 3% AgNO3 in the dark, H2θ-rinsed samples are exposed for 30 sec to 254 nm UV light to develop the black silver-stained phosphate nodules. Individual mineralized foci (at least 20 mm in size) are counted under a dissecting microscope and expressed as nodules/culture. It is contemplated that the OP-1 moφhogen analog, like natural OP- 1, will stimulate osteocalcin synthesis in osteoblast cultures. Furthermore, it is contemplated that the increased osteocalcin synthesis in response to OP-1 moφhogen analog will be in a dose dependent manner thereby showing a significant increase over the basal level after 13 days of incubation. Enhanced osteocalcin synthesis also can be confirmed by detecting the elevated osteocalcin mRNA message (20-fold increase) using a rat osteocalcin-specific probe. In addition, the increase in osteocalcin synthesis correlates with increased mineralization in long term osteoblast cultures as determined by the appearance of mineral nodules. It is contemplated also that OP-1 moφhogen analog, like natural OP- 1, will increase significantly the initial mineralization rate as compared to untreated cultures. C5Ji Morphogen-lnduced CA M Expression Members ofthe BMP/OP family (see Figure 6) induce CAM expression, particularly N- CAM expression, as part of their induction of moφhogenesis (see copending U.S.S.N. 922,813). CAMs are moφhoregulatory molecules identified in all tissues as an essential step in tissue development. N-CAMs, which comprise at least 3 isoforms (N-CAM-180, N-CAM-140 and N- CAM-120, where "180", "140" and "120" indicate the apparent molecular weights ofthe isoforms as measured by SDS poiyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) are expressed at least transiently in developing tissues, and permanently in nerve tissue. Both the N-C AM- 180 and N- CAM-140 isoforms are expressed in both developing and adult tissue. The N-CAM-120 isoform is found only in adult tissue. Another neural CAM is Ll . The ability of OP-1 based moφhogen analogs to stimulate CAM expression may be demonstrated using the following protocol, using NG108-15 cells. NG108-15 is a transformed hybrid cell line (neuroblastoma x glioma, America Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Rockville, MD), exhibiting a moφhology characteristic of transformed embryonic neurons. As described in Example D, below, untreated NG108-15 cells exhibit a fibroblastic, or minimally differentiated, moφhology and express only the 180 and 140 isoforms of N-CAM normally associated with a developing cell. Following treatment with members ofthe vg/dpp subgroup these cells exhibit a moφhology characteristic of adult neurons and express enhanced levels of all three N-CAM isoforms. In this example, NG108-1 cells are cultured for 4 days in the presence of increasing concentrations of either the OP-1 moφhogen analog or natural OP-1 using standard culturing procedures, and standard Western blots are performed on whole cell extracts. N-CAM isoforms are detected with an antibody which crossreacts with all three isoforms, mAb H28.123, obtained from Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, the different isoforms being distinguishable by their different mobilities on an electrophoresis gel. Control NG108-15 cells (untreated) express both the 140 kDa and the 180 kDa isoforms, but not the 120 kDa, as determined by Western blot analyses using up to 100 mg of protein. It is contemplated that treatment of NG 108- 15 cells with OP-1 moφhogen analog, like natural OP-1 may result in a dose-dependent increase in the expression ofthe 180 kDa and 140 kDa isoforms, as well as the induction ofthe 120 kDa isoform. In addition, it is contemplated that the OP-1 moφhogen analog, like natural OP-1- induced CAM expression may correlate with cell aggregation, as determined by histology. (D) OP-1 Morphogen Analog-Induced Redifferentiation of Transformed Phenotype It is contemplated that OP-1 moφhogen analog, like natural OP-1, also induces redifferentiation of transformed cells to a moφhology characteristic of untransformed cells. The examples provided below detail moφhogen-induced redifferentiation of a transformed human cell line of neuronal origin (NG108-15); as well as mouse neuroblastoma cells (N1E-115), and human embryo carcinoma cells, to a moφhology characteristic of untransformed cells. As described above, NG108-15 is a transformed hybrid cell line produced by fusing neuroblastoma x glioma cells (obtained from ATCC, Rockville, MD), and exhibiting a moφhology characteristic of transformed embryonic neurons, e.g., having a fibroblastic moφhology. Specifically, the cells have polygonal cell bodies, short, spike-like processes and make few contacts with neighboring cells. Incubation of NG 108- 15 cells, cultured in a chemically defined, serum-free medium, with 0.1 to 300 ng/ml of moφhogen analog or natural OP-1 for four hours induces an orderly, dose-dependent change in cell moφhology. For example, NG108-15 cells are subcultured on poly-L-lysine coated 6 well plates. Each well contains 40-50,000 cells in 2.5 ml of chemically defined medium. On the third day, 2.5 ml of OP-1 moφhogen analog or natural OP-1 in 60% ethanol containing 0.025% trifluoroacetic is added to each well. The media is changed daily with new aliquots of moφhogen. It is contemplated that OP-1 moφhogen analog, like OP-1 , may induce a dose- dependent redifferentiation ofthe transformed cells, including a rounding ofthe soma, an increase in phase brightness, extension ofthe short neurite processes, and other significant changes in the cellular ultrastructure. After several days it is contemplated also that treated cells may begin to form epithelioid sheets that then become highly packed, multi-layered aggregates, as determined visually by microscopic examination. Moreover, it is contemplated that the redifferentiation may occur without any associated changes in DNA synthesis, cell division, or cell viability, making it unlikely that the moφhologic changes are secondary to cell differentiation or a toxic effect ofthe moφhogen. In addition, it is contemplated that the moφhogen analog-induced redifferentiation may not inhibit cell division, as determined by ^H-thymidine uptake, unlike other molecules such as butyrate, DMSO, retinoic acid or Forskolin, which have been shown to stimulate differentiation of transformed cells in analogous experiments. Thus, it is contemplated that the OP-1 moφhogen analog, like natural OP-1 , may maintain cell stability and viability after inducing redifferentiation. The moφhogen described herein would, therefore, provide useful therapeutic agents for the treatment of neoplasias and neoplastic lesions ofthe nervous system, particularly in the treatment of neuroblastomas, including retinoblastomas, and gliomas. CEX Maintenance of Phenotype. OP-1 moφhogen analogs, like natural OP-1, also may be used to maintain a cell's differentiated phenotype. This application is particularly useful for inducing the continued expression of phenotype in senescent or quiescent cells. (1) In Vitro Model for Phenotypic Maintenance The phenotypic maintenance capability of moφhogens is determined readily. A number of differentiated cells become senescent or quiescent after multiple passages in vitro under standard tissue culture conditions well described in the art (e.g., Culture of Animal Cells: A Manual of Basic Techniques, CR. Freshney, ed., Wiley, 1987). However, if these cells are cultivated in vitro in association with a moφhogen such as OP-1, cells are stimulated to maintain expression of their phenotype through multiple passages. For example, the alkaline phosphatase activity of cultured osteoblasts, such as cultured osteosarcoma cells and calvaria cells, is significantly reduced after multiple passages in vitro. However, if the cells are cultivated in the presence of OP-1, alkaline phosphatase activity is maintained over extended periods of time. Similarly, phenotypic expression of myocytes also is maintained in the presence of a moφhogen. In the experiment, osteoblasts are cultured as described in Example A. The cells are divided into groups, incubated with varying concentrations of either OP-1 moφhogen analog or natural OP-1 (e.g., 0-300 ng/ml) and passaged multiple times (e.g., 3-5 times) using standard methodology. Passaged cells then are tested for alkaline phosphatase activity, as described in Example C as an indication of differentiated cell metabolic function. It is contemplated that osteoblasts cultured in the absence of OP- 1 moφhogen analog may have reduced alkaline phosphatase activity, as compared to OP-1 moφhogen analog, or natural OP- 1 -treated cells. (2) In Vivo Model for Phenotypic Maintenance. Phenotypic maintenance capability also may be demonstrated in vivo, using a standard rat model for osteoporosis. Long Evans female rats (Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, MA) are sham-operated (control animals) or ovariectomized using standard surgical techniques to produce an osteoporotic condition resulting from decreased estrogen production. Following surgery, e.g., 200 days after ovariectomy, rats are systemically provided with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or moφhogen, (e.g., OP-1 moφhogen analog, or natural OP-1, 1-100 mg) for 21 days (e.g., by daily tail vein injection.) The rats then are sacrificed and serum alkaline phosphatase levels, serum calcium levels, and serum osteocalcin levels are determined, using standard methodologies as described therein and above. It is contemplated that the OP-1 moφhogen analog treated rats, like the OP-1 treated rats may exhibit elevated levels of osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase activity. It is contemplated also that histomoφhometric analysis on the tibial diaphyseal bone may show improved bone mass in OP-1 moφhogen analog-treated animals as compared with untreated, ovariectomized rats. F. Proliferation of Progenitor Cell Populations Progenitor cells may be stimulated to proliferate in vivo or ex vivo. It is contemplated that cells may be stimulated in vivo by injecting or otherwise providing a sterile preparation containing the OP-1 moφhogen analog into the individual. For example, the hematopoietic pluripotential stem cell population of an individual may be stimulated to proliferate by injecting or otherwise providing an appropriate concentration of OP-1 moφhogen analog to the individual's bone marrow. Progenitor cells may be stimulated ex vivo by contacting progenitor cells ofthe population to be enhanced with a moφhogenically active OP-1 moφhogen analog under sterile conditions at a concentration and for a time sufficient to stimulate proliferation of the cells. Suitable concentrations and stimulation times may be determined empirically, essentially following the procedure described in Example A, above. It is contemplated that a OP-1 moφhogen analog concentration of between about 0.1-100 ng/ml and a stimulation period of from about 10 minutes to about 72 hours, or, more generally, about 24 hours, typically should be sufficient to stimulate a cell population of about 10^ to 10^ cells. The stimulated cells then may be provided to the individual as, for example, by injecting the cells to an appropriate in vivo locus. Suitable biocompatible progenitor cells may be obtained by any ofthe methods known in the art or described hereinabove. G. Regeneration of Damaged or Diseased Tissue It is contemplated that OP-1 moφhogen analogs may be used to repair diseased or damaged mammalian tissue. The tissue to be repaired preferably is assessed first, and excess necrotic or interfering scar tissue removed as needed, e.g., by ablation or by surgical, chemical, or other methods known in the medical arts. OP-1 moφhogen analog then may be provided directly to the tissue locus as part of a sterile, biocompatible composition, either by surgical implantation or injection. The moφhogen analog also may be provided systemically, as by oral or parenteral administration. Alternatively, a sterile, biocompatible composition containing progenitor cells stimulated by a moφhogenically active OP-1 moφhogen analog may be provided to the tissue locus. The existing tissue at the locus, whether diseased or damaged, provides the appropriate matrix to allow the proliferation and tissue-specific differentiation of progenitor cells. In addition, a damaged or diseased tissue locus, particularly one that has been further assaulted by surgical means, provides a moφhogenically permissive environment. Systemic provision of OP-1 moφhogen analog may be sufficient for certain applications (e.g., in the treatment of osteoporosis and other disorders of the bone remodeling cycle). In some circumstances, particularly where tissue damage is extensive, the tissue may not be capable of providing a sufficient matrix for cell influx and proliferation. In these instances, it may be necessary to provide progenitor cells stimulated by the OP- 1 moφhogen analog to the tissue locus in association with a suitable, biocompatible, formulated matrix, prepared by any of the means described below. The matrix preferably is in vivo biodegradable. The matrix also may be tissue-specific and/or may comprise porous particles having dimensions within the range of 70-850 μm, most preferably 150-420 μm. OP-1 moφhogen analog also may be used to prevent or substantially inhibit immune/inflammatory response-mediated tissue damage and scar tissue formation following an injury. OP-1 moφhogen analog may be provided to a newly injured tissue locus, to induce tissue moφhogenesis at the locus, preventing the aggregation of migrating fibroblasts into non- differentiated connective tissue. Preferably the OP-1 moφhogen analog may be provided as a sterile pharmaceutical preparation injected into the tissue locus within five hours ofthe injury. Where an immune/inflammatory response is unavoidably or deliberately induced, as part of, for example, a surgical or other aggressive clinical therapy, OP- 1 moφhogen analog preferably may be provided prophylactically to the patient prior to, or concomitant with, the therapy. Described below is a protocol for demonstrating whether a OP-1 moφhogen analog- induces tissue moφhogenesis in bone. (1) OP-1 Morphogen Analog-Induced Bone Morphogenesis. A particularly useful mammalian tissue model system for demonstrating and evaluating the moφhogenic activity of a moφhogen analog is the endochondral bone tissue moφhogenesis model known in the art and described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,968,590, incoφorated herein by reference. The ability to induce endochondral bone formation includes the ability to induce proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cells into chondroblasts and osteoblasts, the ability to induce cartilage matrix formation, cartilage calcification, and bone remodeling, and the ability to induce formation of an appropriate vascular supply and hematopoietic bone marrow differentiation. The local environment in which the moφhogenic material is placed is important for tissue moφhogenesis. As used herein, "local environment" is understood to include the tissue structural matrix and the environment surrounding the tissue. For example, in addition to needing an appropriate anchoring substratum for their proliferation, the cells stimulated by moφhogens need signals to direct the tissue-specificity of their differentiation. These signals vary for the different tissues and may include cell surface markers. In addition, vascularization of new tissue requires a local environment which supports vascularization. The following sets forth various procedures for evaluating the in vivo moφhogenic utility of OP-1 moφhogen analogs and OP-1 moφhogen analog containing compositions. The compositions may be injected or surgically implanted in a mammal, following any of a number of procedures well known in the art. For example, surgical implant bioassays may be performed essentially following the procedure of Sampath et al. (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80: 6591-6595 and U.S. Pat No. 4,968,590. Histological sectioning and staining is preferred to determine the extent of moφhogenesis in vivo, particularly in tissue repair procedures. Excised implants are fixed in Bouins Solution, embedded in paraffin, and cut into 6-8 μm sections. Staining with toluidine blue or hemotoxylin/eosin demonstrates clearly the ultimate development of the new tissue. Twelve day implants are usually sufficient to determine whether the implants contain newly induced tissue. Successful implants exhibit a controlled progression through the stages of induced tissue development allowing one to identify and follow the tissue-specific events that occur. For example, in endochondral bone formation the stages include: (1) leukocytes on day one; (2) mesenchymal cell migration and proliferation on days two and three; (3) chondrocyte appearance on days five and six; (4) cartilage matrix formation on day seven; (5) cartilage calcification on day eight; (6) vascular invasion, appearance of osteoblasts, and formation of new bone on days nine and ten; (7) appearance of osteoclastic cells, and the commencement of bone remodeling and dissolution ofthe implanted matrix on days twelve to eighteen; and (8) hematopoietic bone marrow differentiation in the resulting ossicles on day twenty-one. In addition to histological evaluation, biological markers may be used as markers for tissue moφhogenesis. Useful markers include tissue-specific enzymes whose activities may be assayed (e.g., spectrophotometrically) after homogenization ofthe implant. These assays may be useful for quantitation and for rapidly obtaining an estimate of tissue formation after the implants are removed from the animal. For example, alkaline phosphatase activity may be used as a marker for osteogenesis. Incoφoration of systemically provided OP-1 moφhogen analog may be followed using labeled protein (e.g., radioactively labeled) and determining its localization in the new tissue, and/or by monitoring their disappearance from the circulatory system using a standard labeling protocol and pulse-chase procedure. OP-1 moφhogen analog also may be provided with a tissue-specific molecular tag, whose uptake may be monitored and correlated with the concentration of OP-1 moφhogen analog provided. As an example, ovary removal in female rats results in reduced bone alkaline phosphatase activity, and renders the rats predisposed to osteoporosis (as described in Example E). If the female rats now are provided with OP-1 moφhogen analog, a reduction in the systemic concentration of calcium may be seen, which correlates with the presence ofthe provided OP-1 moφhogen analog and which is anticipated to correspond with increased alkaline phosphatase activity. Example 2. Enhancing the Solubility of a hOP-1 Dimer. As described in section V.A.(ii), supra, it is contemplated that the solubility ofthe hOP-1 dimer can be enhanced by replacing hydrophobic amino acid residues located at the solvent accessible surface of hOP-1 dimer with more polar or hydrophilic amino acid residues. This example provides a description of such an approach. A Sma I to Bam HI fragment ofthe human OP-1 cDNA as described in Ozkaynak et al. (1990) supra is cloned into a vector to produce a plasmid similar to the plasmid called pW24 in International Application PCT/US94/12063, the disclosure of which is incoφorated herein by reference. The pW24 plasmid contains OP-1 cDNA under the transcriptional control ofthe CMV (cytomegalovirus) immediate early promoter. The selective marker on pW24 is the neomycin gene which provides resistance to the cytostatic drug G418. The pW24 plasmid also employs an SV40 origin of replication (ori). The early SV40 promoter is used to drive transcription ofthe neomycin marker gene. Then, the alanine at position 63 is mutated to a serine by site-directed mutagenesis using, for example, synthetic oligonucleotides and either PCR or the site-directed mutagenesis methods. See, for example, Kunkel et al. (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 822: 488; Kunkel et al. (1985) Meth. Enzymol. 154: 367 and U.S. Patent No. 4,873,192. The resulting mutation is confirmed by dideoxy sequencing. Two additional vectors have been developed for use in a triple transfection procedure along with pW24 to enhance OP-1 expression. One ofthe vectors employs the adenovirus EIA gene under the VA1 gene as translation stimulation for the gene DHFR gene. The other vector employs the adenovirus EIA gene under the control ofthe thymidine kinase promoter as a transactivating transcription activator. Both additional vectors, known as pHl 130 and pHl 176, as well as preferred transfection and screening procedures are described in International Application PCT US94/12063. Briefly, triple transfections are performed using the calcium phosphate coprecipitation procedure. CHO cells are cultured in αMEM, containing 5% or 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), non-essential amino acids, glutamine and antibiotics: penicillin and streptomycin. Stable cell line transfections are carried out by seeding 1-2x10 cells in a 9 cm. petri dish. Following an incubation period of up to 24-hour, each petri dish is transfected with 10-30 μg total vector DNA in equimolar amounts, by calcium phosphate coprecipitation followed by glycerol shock using standard methodology. Cells are incubated at 37°C in growth medium for 24 hours, then transferred to selection medium. All cultures are fed once or twice weekly with fresh selective medium. After 10 - 21 days, resistant colonies are picked and assayed for protein production. Approximately 30 individual clones are selected, transferred to a 24- well petri dish, and allowed to grow to confluence in serum-containing media. The conditioned media from all surviving clones is screened for protein production using a standard ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) or Western blot. The methodologies for these assay protocols as well as for generating antibodies for use in these assays are well described in the art (see e.g., Ausubel, supra). Under such conditions, the VA1 and EIA genes typically act synergistically to enhance OPl expression in unamplified transfected CHO cells. Candidate cell lines identified by the screening protocol, then are seeded on ten 100 mm petri dishes at a cell density of either 50 or 100 cells per plate, and with a higher drug concentration (e.g., 1.0-μm). After 10-21 days of growth, the clones are isolated using cloning cylinders and standard procedures, and cultured in 24-well plates. Then, clones are screened for OP-1 expression by Western immunoblots using standard procedures, and OP-1 expression levels compared to parental lines. Candidate cells showing higher protein production than cells of parental lines then are replated and grown in the presence of a still higher drug concentration (e.g., 5-20μm). Generally, no more than 2-3 rounds of these "amplification" cloning steps are necessary to achieve cell lines with high protein productivity. Useful high producing cell lines may be further subcloned to improve cell line homogeneity and product stability. A currently preferred method of large scale protein production e.g., at least 2 liters, is by suspension culture ofthe host Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. CHO cells prefer attachment but can be adapted to grow in suspension mode of cultivation. The cells are trypsinized from a culture dish, introduced to growth media containing 10% FBS and completely suspended to produce a single cell suspension. The single cell suspension is introduced to a spinner flask and placed in a 37°C 95% air/5% CO 2 humidified incubator. Over a period of time the cells are subcultured in medium with descending concentrations of serum. Specifically, the adapted cells are introduced into a 3L spinner flask at an initial viable cell density of approximately 2x 10 cells/ml. Preferred culture medium is DMEM/F- 12 (1 :1) (GIBCO, New York) supplemented with 2% FBS, and preferred agitation is approximately 50- 60 φm with a paddle impeller. After 7 days, the culture media is harvested, centrifuged at 1500 and the clarified conditioned media stored at 4°C. A representative purification scheme for purifying recombinant moφhogenic protein involves three chromatographic steps (S-Sepharose, phenyl-Sepharose and C-18 HPLC) and is described in International Application PCT/US94/ 12063. Moφhogen analog containing culture media is diluted to 6M urea, 0.05M NaCl, 13mM HEPES, pH 7.0 and loaded onto an S- Sepharose column, which acts as a strong cation exchanger. The column subsequently is developed with two salt elutions. The first elution employs a solution containing 0.1M NaCl, and the second elution employs a buffer containing 6M urea, 0.3M NaCl, 20mM HEPES, pH 7.0. Ammonium sulfate is added to the 0.3M NaCl fraction to give a solution containing 6M urea, IM (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , 0.3M NaCl, 20mM HEPES, pH 7.0. Then, the sample is loaded onto a phenyl-Sepharose column in the presence of IM (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ). Then, the column is developed with two step elutions using decreasing concentrations of ammonium sulfate. The first elution employs 0.6M (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 and the second elution employs 6M urea, 0.3M NaCl, 20mM HEPES, pH 7.0 buffer. The material harvested from the second elution is dialyzed against water, followed by 30% acetonitrile (0.1% TFA), and then applied to a C-18 reverse phase HPLC column. Purified moφhogen analog is harvested from the HPLC column. The enhanced solubility ofthe resulting moφhogen analog is measured by comparing the partition coefficient ofthe Ala 63-> Ser 63 mutein versus wild type hOP-1 dimer. It is contemplated that the Ala 63-> Ser 63 mutein has a higher solubility than native hOP-1. It is contemplated that, additional muteins having multiple hydrophobic to hydrophilic substitutions can be produced and characterized using the protocols described in this Example. The biological activity ofthe resulting moφhogen analogs can be determined using one or more of the OP-1 activity assays described Example 1. Example 3. Biological Activity of Finger 1. Finger 2. and Heel Peptides The hOP-1 -based peptides described in this example were produced and characterized prior to determination ofthe three-dimensional structure of hOP-1. These peptides either agonize or antagonize the biological activity of hOP-1. It is contemplated that, further refinements based upon the hOP-1 crystal structure, for example, the choice of more suitable sites for cyclizing peptides which constrain the peptide into a conformation that more closely mimics the shape ofthe corresponding region in hOP-1, may be used to further enhance the agonostic or antagonistic properties of such hOP-1 -based peptides. All ofthe peptides used in the following experiments, as well as their relationships with the mature hOP-1 amino acid sequence, are shown in Fig. 12. The finger 1 -based peptides are designated Fl - 2; the heel-based peptides are designated H-l, H-n2 and H-c2; and the finger 2- based peptides are designated F2-2, and F2-3. Potential intra-peptide disulfide linkages are shown for each peptide. All the peptides were synthesized on a standard peptide synthesizer in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. The peptides were deprotected, cyclized by oxidation, and then cleaved from resin prior to use. In a first series of experiments, increasing concentrations of peptides F2-2 (Fig. 13 A), F2- 3 (Fig. 13B), Hn-2 (Fig. 13C) and Hc-2(Fig. 13D) were added to ROS cells either alone (open bars) or in combination with 40ng/ml soluble OP-1 (filled bars) and their effect on alkaline phosphatase activity measured. Soluble OP-1 is the form of OP-1 in which the pro-domain is still attached to the mature portion of OP-1 (see WO94/03600). A basal alkaline phosphatase activity is shown by the line and represents the alkaline phosphatase activity of cells incubated in the absence of both soluble OP-1 and peptide. In Fig. 13 A, peptide F2-2 at a concentration of about 60 μM appears to double the basal alkaline phosphatase level and, in the presence of soluble OP-1, increases alkaline phosphatase activity by about 20% relative to soluble OP-1 alone. In Fig. 13B, peptide F2-3 at a concentration of about 0.01 μM appears to increase the basal alkaline phosphatase level and, in the presence of soluble OP-1, increases alkaline phosphatase activity by about 20% relative to soluble OP-1 alone. Accordingly, both peptides F2-2 and F2-3, in the alkaline phosphatase assay, appear to act as weak OP-1 agonists. In Fig. 13C, peptide H-n2 displays little or no effect on alkaline phosphatase activity either alone or in combination with soluble OP-1. Fig. 13D, peptide H-c2, at concentrations greater than about 5 μM, appears to antagonize the activity of soluble OP- 1. In a second series of experiments, the ability of unlabeled soluble OP-1 and unlabeled peptides Fl-2, F2-2, F2-3, H-n2 and H-c2 to displace 125 I labeled soluble OP-1 from ROS cell membranes was measured. The activities of peptides F2-2 and F2-3 relative to soluble OP-1 are shown in Fig. 14A, and the activities of peptides Fl-2, H-n2 and H-c2 relative to soluble OP-1 are shown in Fig. 14B. OP-1 receptor-enriched plasma membranes of ROS cells were incubated for 20 hrs at 4°C with 125 I-labeled soluble OP-1 and unlabeled peptide. Receptor bound material was separated from unbound material by centrifugation at 39,500 x g. The resulting pellet was harvested and washed with 50mM HEPES buffer, pH7.4 containing 5mM MgCl 2 and ImM CaCl 2 Radioactivity remaining in the pellet was determined by means of a gamma counter. In Fig. 14A, peptide F2-2 (filled circles) soluble competes with soluble OP-1 with an Effective Dose 50 (ED 50 ) of about 1 μM, but cannot completely displace soluble OP- 1 ED 50 is the concentration of peptide to produce half maximal displacement of labeled soluble OP-1. Peptide F2-3 (filled triangles) competes and is able to completely displace soluble OP-1 with an ED 50 of about 5 μM. In Fig. 14B, peptide Fl-2 (filled boxes), peptide H-n2 (open diamonds) and peptide H-c2 (open circles) all appear to exhibit little or no ability to displace iodinated soluble OP-1 from ROS cell membranes. Although the peptide experiments appear promising, it is contemplated that resolution of the hOP-1 structure will enable the skilled practitioner to design constrained peptides that more closely mimic the receptor binding domains of human OP-1 and which are more effective at agonizing or antagonizing an hOP-1 mediated biological effect. Example 4. Elimination of a Binding Site on the Surface of OP -I α-2 macroglobulin, a protease scavenging protein known to bind proteins in serum and target them to the kidney for clearance from the body, binds OP-1. As described herein, α-2's interaction sites on the OP-1 protein have been mapped. Accordingly, using the database and structural information provided herein, one can design an analog of OP-1 which eliminates one or more α-2 macroglobulin interaction sites and provide an analog having enhanced bioavailability in the body. This same strategy can be applied for identifying and/or eliminating interaction sites for other binding proteins on the OP-1 surface. A. Identifying α-2 macroglobulin Binding Sites OP-1 was determined to interact specifically with α-2 macroglobulin in a standard competition binding assay, using immobilized, commercially available α-2 macroglobulin, and labeled and unlabeled OP-1 protein. Truncated mature OP-1, wherein the first 22 amino acids have been cleaved from the mature form of OP-1 in a standard trypsin digest, bound α-2 with 10- fold less affinity, indicating that the N terminal portion ofthe mature protein is involved in binding. This N-terminal portion ofthe protein, which is not part ofthe crystal structure, is positively charged and likely is highly flexible in solution. Elimination of this sequence does not interfere with OP-1 activity. Two cyclized peptides to all or a portion ofthe heel region, H-n2 and HI (Cys 71 - Pro 102 where Pro 10 has been changed to a cysteine to allow a disulfide bond between the two cysteines) also compete for binding; while peptides to the finger regions (F2-2, F2-3) do not compete. α-2 macroglobulin was determined not to interfere with OP-l 's ability to stimulate alkaline phosphatase activity in a ROS cell assay. Accordingly, α-2 macroglobulin binding does not appear to sterically inhibit OP-1 receptor binding. B. Design of Modified OP- 1 Analog The precise α-2 macroglobulin interaction sites on OP-1 now can be mapped and an analog designed using the structure information provided herein. For example, the exact contact residues can be identified by creating model peptides like H-N2 and/or HI in conjunction with an "alanine scan" mutagenesis program, wherein each residue is individually changed to an alanine in turn, and the constructs then tested for their ability to compete for binding. Once the contact residues are mapped, an analog can be designed which eliminates the contact residues without altering the overall structure ofthe heel region. Specifically, a template ofthe region can be called up on the computer from the database, and candidate replacement residues tested. The information in Table 8 identifies particularly useful candidate residues in the heel region which are solvent accessible, which likely are not available as epitopes and make good candidates for modification. Equivalents. The invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The foregoing embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects illustrative rather than limiting on the invention described herein. Scope ofthe invention is thus indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes that come within the meaning and range of equivalency ofthe claims are intended to be embraced therein. SEQUENCE LISTING (1) GENERAL INFORMATION: (i) APPLICANT: KECK, PETER GRIFFITH, DIANA L CARLSON, WILLIAM D RUEGER, DAVID C SAMPATH, KUBER T (ii) TITLE OF INVENTION: METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR PRODUCING MORPHOGEN ANALOGS (iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 8 (iv) CORRESPONDENCE ADDRESS: (A) ADDRESSEE: PATENT ADMINISTRATOR, CREATIVE BIOMOLECULES, INC. (B) STREET: 45 SOUTH STREET (C) CITY: HOPKINTON (D) STATE: MA (E) COUNTRY: USA (F) ZIP: 01748 (v) COMPUTER READABLE FORM: (A) MEDIUM TYPE: Floppy disk (B) COMPUTER: IBM PC compatible (C) OPERATING SYSTEM: PC-DOS/MS-DOS (D) SOFTWARE: Patentin Release #1.0, Version #1.30 (vi) CURRENT APPLICATION DATA: (A) APPLICATION NUMBER: US (B) FILING DATE: (C) CLASSIFICATION: (viii) ATTORNEY/AGENT INFORMATION: (A) NAME: PITCHER, EDMUND R (B) REGISTRATION NUMBER: 27,829 (C) REFERENCE/DOCKET NUMBER: CRP-102 (ix) TELECOMMUNICATION INFORMATION: (A) TELEPHONE: (508) 435-9001 (B) TELEFAX: (508) 435-0992 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:1 : (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 102 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: Protein (B) LOCATION: 1..102 (D) OTHER INFORMATION: /product= "hOP-1" (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 1 : Cys Lys Lys His Glu Leu Tyr Val Ser Phe Arg Asp Leu Gly Trp Gin 1 5 10 15 Asp Trp Ile Ile Ala Pro Glu Gly Tyr Ala Ala Tyr Tyr Cys Glu Gly 20 25 30 Glu Cys Ala Phe Pro Leu Asn Ser Tyr Met Asn Ala Thr Asn His Ala 35 40 45 Ile Val Gin Thr Leu Val His Phe Ile Asn Pro Glu Thr Val Pro Lys 50 55 60 Pro Cys Cys Ala Pro Thr Gin Leu Asn Ala Ile Ser Val Leu Tyr Phe 65 70 75 80 Asp Asp Ser Ser Asn Val Ile Leu Lys Lys Tyr Arg Asn Met Val Val 85 90 95 Arg Ala Cys Gly Cys His 100 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:2 : (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 15 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: Peptide (B) LOCATION: 1..15 (D) OTHER INFORMATION: /product= "PEPTIDE Fl-2" (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:2 : Cys Phe Arg Asp Leu Gly Trp Gin Asp Trp Ile Ile Ala Pro Cys 1 5 10 15 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:3: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 32 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: Peptide (B) LOCATION: 1..32 (D) OTHER INFORMATION: /product= "PEPTIDE H-l" (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:3 : Cys Ala Phe Pro Leu Asn Ser Tyr Met Asn Ala Thr Asn His Ala Ile 1 5 10 15 Val Gin Thr Leu Val His Phe Ile Asn Pro Glu Thr Val Pro Lys Cys 20 25 30 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:4 : (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 13 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: Peptide (B) LOCATION: 1..13 (D) OTHER INFORMATION: /product= "PEPTIDE H-N2" (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:4 : Cys Leu Asn Ser Tyr Met Asn Ala Thr Asn His Ala Cys 1 5 10 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:5 : (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 11 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: Peptide (B) LOCATION: 1..11 (D) OTHER INFORMATION: /product= "PEPTIDE H-C2" (Xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:5: Cys Cys Phe Ile Asn Pro Glu Thr Val Cys Cys 1 5 10 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 6: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 11 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: Peptide (B) LOCATION: 1..11 (D) OTHER INFORMATION: /product= "PEPTIDE F2-2" (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:6: Cys Tyr Phe Asp Asp Ser Ser Asn Val Ile Cys 1 5 10 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:7: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 16 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: Peptide (B) LOCATION: 1..16 (D) OTHER INFORMATION: /produc = "PEPTIDE F2-3" (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:7 : Cys Tyr Phe Asp Asp Ser Ser Asn Val Ile Cys Lys Lys Tyr Arg Ser 1 5 10 15 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:8 : (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 98 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: Protein (B) LOCATION: 1..98 (D) OTHER INFORMATION: /product= "TGFB2" (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:8 : Cys Cys Leu Arg Pro Leu Tyr Ile Asp Phe Lys Arg Asp Leu Gly Trp 1 5 10 15 Lys Trp Ile His Glu Pro Lys Gly Tyr Asn Ala Asn Phe Cys Ala Gly 20 25 30 Ala Cys Pro Tyr Leu Trp Ser Ser Asp Thr Gin His Ser Arg Val Leu 35 40 45 Ser Leu Tyr Asn Thr Ile Asn Pro Glu Ala Ser Ala Ser Pro Cys Cys 50 55 60 Val Ser Gin Asp Leu Glu Pro Leu Thr Ile Leu Tyr Tyr Ile Gly Lys 65 70 75 80 Thr Pro Lys Ile Glu Gin Leu Ser Asn Met Ile Val Lys Ser Cys Lys 85 90 95 Cys Ser

Claims: CEAIMS What is claimed is: 1. A computer system comprising: (a) a memory having disposed therein atomic X-ray crystallographic co-ordinates defining at least a portion of human OP- 1 ; and (b) a processor in electrical communication with the memory; the processor comprising a process which generates a molecular model having a three-dimensional shape representative of at least a portion of human OP- 1. 2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the processor further comprises a process which generates the molecular model having a solvent accessible surface representative of at least a portion of human OP- 1. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein said co-ordinates are stored on a computer readable diskette. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the molecular model is representative of at least a portion of human OP-1 finger 1 region. 5. The system of claim 1 or 4, wherein the molecular model is representative of at least a portion ofthe human OP-1 heel region. 6. The system of claim 1 or 4, wherein the molecular model is representative of at least a portion ofthe human OP-1 finger 2 region. 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the molecular model is representative of at least a portion ofthe human OP-1 heel region. 8. The system of claim 1 , wherein the processor further identifies a moφhogenic analog having a three-dimensional shape and a solvent accessible surface corresponding to at least a portion ofthe three-dimensional shape and the solvent accessible surface of human OP-1. 9. The system of claim 1 , wherein the processor further identifies at least one candidate amino acid defined by the co-ordinates, which upon modification enhances water solubility or stability of human OP- 1. 10. A method of producing a moφhogenic analog having osteogenic protein- 1 (OP- 1 ) like biological activity, the method comprising the steps of: (a) providing a molecular model defining a three dimensional shape representative of at least a portion of human OP- 1 ; (b) identifying a candidate analog having a three dimensional shape conesponding to the three dimensional shape representative of at least a portion of human OP-1 ; and (c) producing the candidate analog identified in step (b). 11. The method of claim 10, further comprising the step of determining whether the compound produced in step (c) has an OP- 1 -like biological activity. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the molecular model provided in step (a) is representative of at least a portion of a finger 1 region of human OP-1. 13. The method of claim 10 or 12, wherein the molecular model provided in step (a) is representative of at least a portion of a heel region of human OP- 1. 14. The method of claim 10 or 12, wherein the model provided in step (a) is representative of at least a portion of a finger 2 region of human OP- 1. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the molecular model provided in step (a) is representative of at least a portion of a heel region of human OP- 1. 16. The method of claim 10, wherein the analog comprises a plurality of charged moieties spaced about the solvent accessible surface thereof and disposed in a spaced-apart relation conesponding to charged moieties spaced about a portion ofthe solvent accessible surface of human OP- 1. 17. The method of claim 10, wherein steps (a) and (b) are performed by means of an electronic processor. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein step (a) comprises storing a representation of at least a portion ofthe atomic co-ordinates of human OP-1 in a computer memory. 19. A method of producing a moφhogen analog that modulates an osteogenic protein- 1 (OP- 1) mediated biological effect, the method comprising the steps of: (a) providing in a computer memory atomic X-ray crystallographic co-ordinates defining at least a portion of human OP- 1 ; (b) generating with a processor a molecular model having a three-dimensional shape and a solvent accessible surface representative of at least a portion of human OP-1, (c) identifying a candidate moφhogen analog having a three-dimensional structure shape and a solvent accessible surface corresponding to the three-dimensional shape and the solvent accessible surface of at least a portion of human OP- 1 ; (d) producing the candidate moφhogen analog identified in step (c); and (e) determining whether the candidate moφhogen analog produced in step (d) modulates the OP-1 mediated biological effect. 20. The method of claim 11 or 19, further comprising the additional step of producing the compound in a commercially useful quantity. 21. The method of claim 11 or 19, wherein said compound is a peptide. 22. A compound that modulates an OP-1 mediated biological effect produced by the method of claim 1 1 or 19. 23. The compound of claim 22, wherein said compound agonizes the biological activity of human OP- 1.

Inventors: CARLSON WILLIAM D, GRIFFITH DIANA L, KECK PETER, RUEGER DAVID C, SAMPATH KUBER T, CARLSON, WILLIAM, D., GRIFFITH, DIANA, L., KECK, PETER, RUEGER, DAVID, C., SAMPATH, KUBER, T.
Applicants: CREATIVE BIOMOLECULES INC, UNIV BRANDEIS, BRANDEIS UNIVERSITY, CREATIVE BIOMOLECULES, INC.
Application year: 1997
Main classification: C07K14
IPC codes: C07B61, C07K1, C07K7, C07K14, G06F17