ANTIBODY MUTANTS

Abstract: Antibody mutants of species-dependent antibodies are disclosed which have at least one amino acid substitution in a hypervariable region of species-dependent antibody and a binding affinity for an antigen from a nonhuman mammal which is at least about 10 fold stronger than the binding affinity of the species-dependent antibody for the antigen.

Description: ANTIBODY MUTANTS BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention This invention relates generally to the production of antibody mutants with beneficial properties from a therapeutic perspective Description of Related Art It is now over 100 years since animal antisera were first used therapeutically Many of the drawbacks of the first attempts at human therapy using animal antisera were overcome by the development of monoclonal antibodies in the mid 1970's Monoclonal antibodies are now commonly manufactured using recombinant DNA technology Widespread use has been made of monoclonal antibodies, particularly those derived from rodents, however nonhuman antibodies are frequently antigenic in humans The art has attempted to overcome this problem by constructing "chimenc" antibodies in which a nonhuman antigen-binding domain is coupled to a human constant domain (Cabilly et al , U S patent No 4,816,567) The isotype of the human constant domain may be selected to tailor the chimenc antibody for participation in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity In a further effort to resolve the antigen binding functions of antibodies and to minimize the use of heterologous sequences in human antibodies, Winter and colleagues (Jones et al , Nature 321 522-525 (1986), Riechmann et al , Nature 332 323-327 (1988), Verhoeyen et al , Science 239 1534-1536 (1988)) have substituted rodent complementarity determining region (CDR) residues for the corresponding segments of a human antibody to generate humanized antibodies As used herein, the term "humanized" antibody is an embodiment of chimenc antibodies wherein substantially less than an intact human variable domain has been substituted by the corresponding sequence from a non-human species In practice, humanized antibodies are typically human antibodies in which some CDR residues and possibly some framework region (FR) residues are substituted by residues from analogous sites in rodent antibodies Prior to administering the antibody to a human, preclinical work in nonhuman mammals is generally required or desired to evaluate the efficacy and/or toxicity of the antibody For such studies, nonhuman primates are often the mammal of choice because they are the nearest relatives of humans and have many biologic, physiologic, biochemical and lmmunoiogic similarities to the human species Furthermore, nonhuman primates develop many spontaneous diseases that are the counterpart to naturally occurring human diseases, and are susceptible to experimental infection with many bacterial, viral, parasitic and mitotic agents that cause disease in humans In many instances, nonhuman primates represent the only nonhuman species in which these diseases occur spontaneously or can be induced experimentally Monkeys of the macaque species, including the rhesus monkey and cynomolgus monkey, are particularly useful for preclinical studies These animals have been frequently utilized for studies of infectious disease, immunity, hematopoiesis and transplantation SUMMAR Y OF THE INVENTION A problem associated with certain antibodies intended for therapeutic use is disclosed herein In particular, the antibody for therapeutic use is normally generated using a target human antigen as the immunogen The resultant antibody may be "species-dependent", ; e while binding specifically to human antigen, it may be much less effective at binding a homologue of that antigen from a nonhuman mammal This is found herein to be problematic, particularly where the nonhuman mammal is one in which preclinical studies of the antibody are to be earned out An example is shown below for an anti-CDl la antibody used for treating LFA-1 mediated disorders While the antibody had a strong binding affinity for human CD1 la (; e 2 x 10 " l u M), the affinity for the CD1 la antigen from rhesus or cynomolgus monkey was unsuitable for generating preclinical data Accordingly, a method for modifying a species-dependent antibody so as to confer the ability to bind to the antigen from the nonhuman mammal to a degree suitable for using the antibody mutant m a primate preclinical model has been developed herein It is believed that this method can be applied to antibodies directed against other antigens For example, m a study of 89 human leukocvte-specific monoclonal antibodies it was found that only 48 cross-reacted with rhesus determinants (Reimann et al Cvtometrv 17 102- 108 (1994)) In another study, it was found that three monoclonal antibodies against human erythropoietin had varying effectiveness against baboon erythropoietin (Wognum et al Exp Hematol 18 228 (1990)) These antibodies displaying species-dependence serve as candidates for modification using the methods described herein Species-dependence of antibodies will rely on differences m the protein sequences of the first and second mammalian species of interest and therefore may occur regardless of the source of the antibody, including human monoclonal antibodies derived from SCID mice or phage libraries (see discussion below concerning generation of such antibodies) Accordingly, the invention provides a method for producing an antibody mutant comprising substituting at least one amino acid residue in a hypervaπable region of a species-dependent antibody, wherein the antibody mutant has a binding affinity for an antigen from a nonhuman mammal which is at least about 10 fold stronger than the binding affinity of the species-dependent antibody for the antigen Preferably the substituted amino acid residue is one which has been identified as being involved in binding the antigen from the nonhuman mammal and/or to a homologue of the antigen from a human The invention also provides for the use of at least on ammo acid substitution in a hypervaπable region of a species-dependent antibody in the production of an antibody mutant, wherein the antibody mutant has a binding affinity for an antigen from a nonhuman mammal which is at least about 10 fold stronger than the binding affinity of the species-dependent antibody for the antigen In a further embodiment, the invention provides a method for making an antibodv mutant, compnsing the steps of (a) identifying hypervaπable region residues in a species-dependent antibody which are involved in binding an antigen from a first mammalian species (e g a human) and those hypervaπable region residues mvolved in binding a homologue of the antigen from a second different mammalian species (e g Ά nonhuman mammal), (b) preparing a mutant of the species-dependent antibody wherein a residue identified in (a) as being involved m binding the antigen from the first mammalian species or the homologue thereof, or both, is replaced by another amino acid residue, and (c) selecting an antibody mutant prepared in (b) which has a stronger binding affinity for the antigen from the second mammalian species than the species-dependent antibody Step (b) can, for example, involve preparing a mutant of the species-dependent antibody wherein ( 1 ) a residue identified as being involved in binding the homologue, but not the antigen from the first mammalian species, is replaced by another amino acid residue, (2) a residue identified as being involved in binding both the antigen from the first mammalian species and the homologue thereof is replaced by another ammo acid residue, and/or (3) a residue identified as being mvolved in binding the antigen from the first mammalian species, but not the homologue thereof, is replaced by another amino acid residue The invention further provides an antibody mutant of a species-dependent antibody, which antibody mutant comprises an ammo acid substitution in a hypervaπable region of the species-dependent antibody and has a binding affinity for an antigen from a nonhuman mammal which is at least about 10 fold stronger than the binding affinity of the species-dependent antibody for the antigen In one embodiment, the antibody mutant binds rhesus CD1 la and has a heavy chain variable domain comprising the ammo acid sequence in SEQ ID NO 17, optionally combined with the humanized light chain variable domain in SEQ ID NO 2 Various forms of the antibody mutant are contemplated herein For example, the antibody mutant may be a full length antibody (e g having a human immunoglobulin constant region) or an antibody fragment (e g a F(ab') 9 ) Furthermore, the antibody mutant may be labeled with a detectable label, immobilized on a solid phase and/or conjugated with a heterologous compound (such as a cytotoxic agent) Diagnostic and therapeutic uses for the antibody mutant are contemplated In one diagnostic application, the invention provides a method for determining the presence of a protein of interest comprising exposing a sample suspected of containing the protein to the antibody mutant and determining binding of the antibody mutant to the sample For this use, the invention provides a kit comprising the antibody mutant and instructions for using the antibody mutant to detect the protein The invention further provides isolated nucleic acid encoding the antibody mutant, a vector comprising the nucleic acid, optionally, operably linked to control sequences recognized by a host cell transformed with the vector, a host cell transformed with the vector, a process for producing the antibody mutant comprising cultunng this host cell so that the nucleic acid is expressed and, optionally, recovering the antibody mutant from the host cell culture (e g from the host cell culture medium) The invention also provides a composition comprising the antibody mutant and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent This composition for therapeutic use is sterile and may be lyophi zed The invention further provides a method for treating a mammal, comprising administering an effective amount of the antibody mutant to the mammal The mammal to be treated in the method may be a nonhuman mammal, e g a primate suitable for gathering preclinical data The nonhuman mammal may be healthy (e g in toxicology studies) or may be suffering from a disorder to be treated with the antibody of interest The amount of antibody mutant administered may be a therapeutically effective amount to treat the disorder In dose escalation studies, a variety of doses of the antibody mutant may be administered to the mammal In another embodiment, a therapeutically effective amount of the antibody mutant is administered to a human patient to treat a disorder in that patient Brief Description of the Drawings Figure 1A shows the amino acid sequences of muπne MHM24 light cham (SEQ ID NO 1), humanized MHM24 F(ab)-8 light chain (SEQ ID NO 2), and human consensus sequence of light chain subgroup κl (humκl) (SEQ ID NO 3) Figure 1 B shows the amino acid sequences of munne MHM24 heavy chain (SEQ ID NO 4), humanized MHM24 F(ab)-8 heavy chain (SEQ ID NO 5), human consensus sequence of heavy chain subgroup III (humlll) (SEQ ID NO 6) and "rhesusized" antibody mutant heavy chain of the Example (RhlgGl) (SEQ ID NO 17) In Figs 1 A and 1 B, hypervaπable regions based on sequence hypervaπabihty (Kabat et al , Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest 5th Ed Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda. MD. (1991)) are enclosed within brackets and hypervaπable loops based on structure of F(ab)-antιgen complexes (Chothia et al , Nature 342 8767 (1989)) are in italics Residue numbering is according to Kabat et al , with insertions shown as a, b, and c Figure 2 shows sequences of human CD1 la I-domain (SEQ ID NO 7) and rhesus CD1 la I-domain (SEQ ID NO 8) β-strands and α-hehces are underlined and labeled according to Qu et al , Proc Natl Acad Set 92 10277-10281 (1995) The rhesus I-domain sequence (rhCDl la) shows only the four differences from human I-domam The binding epitope for the MHM24 MAb (SEQ ID NO 9) is shown in bold (Champe et al , J Biol Chem 270 1388-1394 (1995)) Figure 3 depicts inhibition of human Jurkat T-cells to normal human keratinocytes by murine MHM24 (filled circles), chimenc MHM24 (open triangles), humanized MHM24 (HulgG 1 ) (filled squares), and a human IgGI isotype control (+) Percent binding measured by fluorescence of labeled Jurkat cells Figures 4A-4C show inhibition of binding of rhesus lymphocytes to normal human keratinocytes (Fig 4 A), rhesus lymphocytes to recombinant human ICAM-1 coated on plates (Fig 4B), and rhesus/human CD1 la chimera-transfected 293 cells to normal human keratinocytes (Fig 4C) Inhibition by rhesus-binding MHM24 (RhlgGl , filled squares), antι-CD18 MHM23 (filled circles), a human IgGI isotype control (+) (Figs 4A and 4C), and a murine IgGI isotype control (+) (Fig 4B) Percent binding measured by fluorescence of labeled lymphocytes (Figs 4A and B) or labeled 293 cells (Fig 4C) Figure 5 shows human mixed lymphocyte response assy (MLR) is blocked by murine MHM24 (filled circles), humanized MHM24 (HulgG 1) (filled squares), and a humanized isotype IgGI control (filled diamond) Percent stimulation index (%SI) is the ratio of the response at a given MAb concentration to the maximal response with no MAb present Data is representative of multiple assays using at least two different stimulator/responder pairs Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments I. Definitions The term "antibody" is used in the broadest sense and specifically covers monoclonal antibodies (includmg full length monoclonal antibodies), polyclonal antibodies, multispecific antibodies (e g , bispecific antibodies), and antibody fragments so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity The term "hypervaπable region" when used herein refers to the amino acid residues of an antibody which are responsible for antigen-binding The hypervaπable region comprises am o acid residues from a "complementarity determining region" or "CDR" (; e residues 24-34 (LI), 50-56 (L2) and 89-97 (L3) in the light chain variable domain and 31-35 (HI), 50-65 (H2) and 95-102 (H3) in the heavy chain variable domain, Kabat et al , Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (1991)) and/or those residues from a "hypervaπable loop" (; e residues 26-32 (LI), 50-52 (L2) and 91-96 (L3) in the light chain variable domain and 26-32 (HI), 53-55 (H2) and 96- 101 (H3) in the heavy chain variable domain, Chothia and Lesk J Mol Biol 196 901-917 (1987)) "Framework" or "FR" residues are those variable domain residues other than the hypervaπable region residues as herein defined "Antibody fragments" comprise a portion of a full length antibody, generally the antigen binding or variable region thereof Examples of antibody fragments include Fab, Fab', F(ab')2 > and Fv fragments, diabodies, linear antibodies, single-chain antibody molecules, and multispecific antibodies formed from antibody fragments The term "monoclonal antibody" as used herein refers to an antibody obtained from a population of substantially homogeneous antibodies, ; e , the individual antibodies comprising the population are identical except for possible naturally occurring mutations that may be present m minor amounts Monoclonal antibodies are highly specific, being directeα against a single antigenic site Furthermore, in contrast to conventional (polyclonal) antibody preparations which typically include different antibodies directed against different determinants (epitopes), each monoclonal antibody is directed against a single determinant on the antigen The modifier "monoclonal" indicates the character of the antibody as being obtained from a substantially homogeneous population of antibodies, and is not to be construed as requiring production of the antibody by any particular method For example, the monoclonal antibodies to be used in accordance with the present invention may be made by the hybπdoma method first described by Kohler et al , Nature 256 495 (1975), or may be made by recombinant DNA methods (see, e g , U S Patent No 4,816,567) The "monoclonal antibodies" may also be isolated from phage antibody libraries using the techniques described in Clackson et al Nature 352 624-628 (1991) and Marks et al J Mol Biol 222 581-597 (1991), for example The monoclonal antibodies herein specifically include "chimenc" antibodies (immunoglobulins) in which a portion of the heavy and/or light chain is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from a particular species or belonging to a particular antibody class or subclass, while the remainder of the chaιn(s) is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from another species or belonging to another antibody class or subclass, as well as fragments of such antibodies, so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity (U S Patent No 4,816,567, and Morrison et al Proc Natl Acad Set USA 81 6851-6855 (1984)) "Humanized" forms of non-human (e g murine) antibodies are chimenc antibodies which contain minimal sequence derived from non-human lmmunoglobulm For the most part, humanized antibodies are human immunoglobulins (recipient antibody) in which residues from a hypervaπable region of the recipient are replaced by residues from a hypervaπable region of a non-human species (donor antibody) such as mouse, rat, rabbit or nonhuman primate having the desired specificity, affinity, and capacity In some instances, Fv framework region (FR) residues of the human immunoglobulin are replaced by corresponding non-human residues Furthermore, humanized antibodies may comprise residues which are not found in the recipient antibody or the donor antibody These modifications are made to further refine antibody performance In general, the humanized antibody will comprise substantially all of at least one, and typically two, variable domains, in which all or substantially all of the hypervanable loops correspond to those of a non-human immunoglobulin and all or substantially all of the FR regions are those of a human immunoglobulin sequence The humanized antibody optionally also will comprise at least a portion of an immunoglobulin constant region (Fc), typically that of a human immunoglobulin. For further details, see Jones et al , Nature 321.522-525 (1986), Riechmann et al , Nature 332 323-329 (1988), and Presta, Cw/r Op Struct Biol 2.593-596 (1992) "Single-chain Fv" or "sFv" antibody fragments comprise the V^ and V L domains of antibody, wherein these domains are present in a single polypeptide chain. Generally, the Fv polypeptide further comprises a polypeptide linker between the V and VT domains which enables the sFv to form the desired structure for antigen binding For a review of sFv see Pluckthun in The Pharmacology of Monoclonal Antibodies, vol 113, Rosenburg and Moore eds. Springer- Verlag, New York, pp 269-315 (1994) The term "diabodies" refers to small antibody fragments with two antigen-b ding sites, which fragments comprise a heavy chain variable domain (V H ) connected to a light chain variable domain (V j in the same polypeptide chain (V j ^ - V. ) By using a linker that is too short to allow pairing between the two domains on the same chain, the domains are forced to pair with the complementary domains of another chain and create two antigen-binding sites Diabodies are described more fully in, for example, EP 404,097, WO 93/11161 , and Hollinger et al , Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90-6444-6448 (1993) The expression "linear antibodies" when used throughout this application refers to the antibodies described in Zapata et al Protein Eng 8(10) 1057-1062 (1995) Briefly, these antibodies comprise a pair of tandem Fd segments ( j ^-C j _ [ 1 - j-Cu 1 ) which form a pair of antigen binding regions Linear antibodies can be bispecific or monospecific A "species-dependent antibody" is one which has a stronger binding affinity for an antigen from a first mammalian species than it has for a homologue of that antigen from a second mammalian species Normally, the species-dependent antibody "binds specifically" to a human antigen (i e has a binding affinity ( j ) value of no more than about 1 x 10 7 M, preferably no more than about 1 x 10 " R° M and most preferably no more than about 1 x 10 M) but has a binding affinity for a homologue of the antigen from a second nonhuman mammalian species which is at least about 50 fold, or at least about 500 fold, or at least about 1000 fold, weaker than its binding affinity for the human antigen The species-dependent antibody can be any of the various types of antibodies as defined above, but preferably is a humanized or human antibody As used herein, "antibody mutant" refers to an amino acid sequence variant of the species-dependent antibody wherein one or more of the ammo acid residues of the species-dependent antibody have been modified Such mutants necessarily have less than 100% sequence identity or similarity with the species- dependent antibody In a preferred embodiment, the antibody mutant will have an ammo acid sequence having at least 75% ammo acid sequence identity or similarity with the ammo acid sequence of either the heavy or light chain variable domain of the species-dependent antibody, more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, and most preferably at least 95% Identity or similarity with respect to this sequence is defined herein as the percentage of ammo acid residues in the candidate sequence that are identical (/ e same residue) or similar (; e amino acid residue from the same group based on common side-chain properties, see below) with the species-dependent antibody residues, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity None of N-terminal, C- terminal, or internal extensions, deletions, or insertions into the antibody sequence outside of the variable domain shall be construed as affecting sequence identity or similarity An "isolated" antibody is one which has been identified and separated and/or recovered from a component of its natural environment Contaminant components of its natural environment are materials which would interfere with diagnostic or therapeutic uses for the antibody, and may include enzymes, hormones, and other proteinaceous or nonproteinaceous solutes In preferred embodiments, the antibody will be purified (1) to greater than 95% by weight of antibody as determined by the Lowry method, and most preferably more than 99% by weight, (2) to a degree sufficient to obtain at least 15 residues of N-terminal or internal amino acid sequence by use of a spinning cup sequenator, or (3) to homogeneity by SDS-PAGE under reducing or nonreducmg conditions using Coomassie blue or. preferably, silver stain Isolated antibody includes the antibody in situ within recombinant cells since at least one component of the antibody's natural environment will not be present Ordinarily, however, isolated antibody will be prepared by at least one purification step "Treatment" refers to both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative measures Those in need of treatment include those already with the disorder as well as those in which the disorder is to be prevented A "disorder" is any condition that would benefit from treatment with the antibody mutant This includes chronic and acute disorders or diseases including those pathological conditions which predispose the mammal to the disorder in question Where the antibody is directed against LFA-1 (e g an anti-CDl la antibody) or ICAM-1, the disorder may be a LFA-1 mediated disorder as defined below The term "LFA-1 -mediated disorder" refers to a pathological state caused by cell adherence interactions involving the LFA-1 receptor on lymphocytes Examples of such disorders include T cell inflammatory responses such as inflammatory skin diseases including psoriasis, responses associated with inflammatory bowel disease (such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis), adult respiratory distress syndrome, dermatitis, meningitis, encephalitis, uveitis, allergic conditions such as eczema and asthma, conditions involving infiltration of T cells and chronic inflammatory responses, skin hypersensitivity reactions (including poison ivy and poison oak), atherosclerosis, leukocyte adhesion deficiency, autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, Reynaud's syndrome, autoimmune thyroiditis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Sjorgen's syndrome, juvenile onset diabetes, and immune responses associated with delayed hypersensitivity mediated by cytokines and T-lymphocytes typically found in tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, polymyositis, granulomatosis and vascu tis, pernicious anemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchitis, msulinitis, rhinitis, urticaria, glomerulonephπtis, diseases involving leukocyte diapedesis, CNS inflammatory disorder, multiple organ injury syndrome secondary to septicaemia or trauma, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, myethemia gravis, antigen-antibody complex mediated diseases, nephrotic syndrome, malignancies (e g , B-cell malignancies such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia or hairy cell leukemia), all types of transplantations, including graft vs host or host vs graft disease, HIV and rhinovirus infection, pulmonary fibrosis, invasion of tumor cells into secondary organs etc The term "immunosuppressive agent" as used herein for adjunct therapy refers to substances that act to suppress or mask the immune system of the host into which the graft is being transplanted This would include substances that suppress cytokine production, downregulate or suppress self-antigen expression, or mask the MHC antigens Examples of such agents include 2-amιno-6-aryl-5-substιtuted pynmidines (see U S Pat No 4,665,077), azathiopπne (or cyclophosphamide, if there is an adverse reaction to azathiopπne), bromocryptme, glutaraldehyde (which masks the MHC antigens, as described in U S Pat No 4,120,649), anti- ldiotypic antibodies for MHC antigens and MHC fragments, cyclospoπn A, steroids such as glucocorticosteroids, e g , pred sone, methylprednisolone, and dexamethasone, cytokine or cytokine receptor antagonists including anti-interferon-γ, -β, or -α antibodies, anti-tumor necrosis factor-α antibodies, anti- tumor necrosis factor- β antibodies, antι-ιnterleukιn-2 antibodies and antι-IL-2 receptor antibodies, antι-L3T4 antibodies, heterologous anti-lymphocyte globulin, pan-T antibodies, preferably antι-CD3 or antι-CD4/CD4a antibodies, soluble peptide containing a LFA-3 binding domain (WO 90/08187 published 7/26/90), streptokinase, TGF-β, streptodornase, RNA or DNA from the host, FK506, RS-61443, deoxysperguahn, rapamycin, T-cell receptor (U S Pat No 5,1 14,721), T-cell receptor fragments (Offner et al Science 251 430-432 (1991), WO 90/1 1294, and WO 91/01133), and T cell receptor antibodies (EP 340,109) such as T10B9 These agents are administered at the same time or at separate times from the CDl la antibody, and are used at the same or lesser dosages than as set forth in the art The preferred adjunct immunosuppressive agent will depend on many factors, including the type of disorder being treated includmg the type of transplantation being performed as well as the patient's history, but a general overall preference is that the agent be selected from cyclospoπn A, a glucocorticosteroid (most preferably predmsone or methylprednisolone), OKT-3 monoclonal antibody, azathiopπne, bromocryptme, heterologous anti-lymphocyte globulin, or a mixture thereof Unless indicated otherwise, the term "CDl la" when used herem refers to the alpha subunit of LFA-1 from any mammal, but preferably from a human The CDl la may be isolated from a natural source of the molecule or may be produced by synthetic means (e g , using recombinant DNA technology ) The amino acid sequence for human CDl la is described in EP 362 526B1, for example The term "I-domain" of CDl 1 a refers to the region of this molecule delineated in Champe et al , J Biol Chem 270 1388-1394 (1995) and/or Qu etal Proc Natl Acad Sci 92 10277-10281 (1995) The amino acid sequences of human CDl l a I-domain (SEQ ID NO 7) and rhesus CDl la I-domain (SEQ ID NO 8) are depicted in Fig 2 herein The term "epitope MHM24" when used herein, unless indicated otherwise, refers to the region in the I-domam of human CDl la to which the MHM24 antibody (see Example below) binds This epitope compπses the ammo acid sequence of SEQ ID NO 9 and, optionally, other ammo acid residues of CDl la and/or CDl 8 The terms "cancer" and "cancerous" refer to or describe the physiological condition m mammals that is typically characterized by unregulated cell growth Examples of cancer include but are not limited to, carcinoma, lymphoma, blastoma. sarcoma, and leukemia More particular examples of such cancers include squamous cell cancer, small-cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, pancreatic cancer, ghoblastoma, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, liver cancer, bladder cancer, hepatoma, breast cancer, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, endometπal carcinoma, salivary gland carcinoma, kidney cancer, renal cancer, prostate cancer, vulval cancer, thyroid cancer, hepatic carcinoma and various types of head and neck cancer "Mammal" for purposes of treatment refers to any animal classified as a mammal, includmg humans, domestic and farm animals, nonhuman primates, and zoo, sports, or pet animals, such as dogs, horses, cats, cows, etc The term "epitope tagged" when used herein refers to an antibody mutant fused to an "epitope tag" The epitope tag polypeptide has enough residues to provide an epitope against which an antibody thereagainst can be made, yet is short enough such that it does not interfere with activity of the antibodv mutant The epitope tag preferably also is fairly unique so that the antibody thereagainst does not substantially cross-react with other epitopes Suitable tag polypeptide generally have at least 6 amino acid residues and usually between about 8-50 amino acid residues (preferably between about 9-30 residues) Examples include the flu HA tag polypeptide and its antibody 12CA5 (Field et al Mol Cell Biol 8 2159-2165 (1988)), the c-myc tag and the 8F9, 3C7, 6E10, G4, B7 and 9E 10 antibodies thereagainst (Evan et al , Mol Cell Biol 5(12) 3610-3616 (1985)), and the Herpes Simplex virus glycoprotem D (gD) tag and its antibody (Paborsky et al , Protein Engineering 3(6) 547-553 (1990)) In certain embodiments the epitope tag is a "salvage receptor binding epitope" As used herein, the term "salvage receptor binding epitope" refers to an epitope of the Fc region of an IgG molecule (e g , IgG , , IgG2, IgG , or IgG 4 ) that is responsible for increasing the in vivo serum half-life of the IgG molecule The term "cytotoxic agent" as used herein refers to a substance that inhibits or prevents the function of cells and/or causes destruction of cells The term is intended to include radioactive isotopes (e g I 131 , I 125 , γ" ϋ and Re'°"), chemotherapeutic agents, and toxins such as enzymatically active toxins of bacterial, fungal, plant or animal origin, or fragments thereof A "chemotherapeutic agent" is a chemical compound useful in the treatment of cancer Examples of chemotherapeutic agents include Adπamycin, Doxorubicin, 5-Fluorouracιl, Cytosine arabmoside ("Ara-C"), Cyclophosphamide, Thiotepa, Taxotere (docetaxel), Busulfan, Cytoxin, Taxol, Methotrexate, Cisplatm, Melphalan, Vinblastine, Bleomycin, Etoposide, Ifosfamide, Mitomycin C, Mitoxantrone, Vincreistine, Vinorelbme, Carboplatin, Temposide, Daunomycin, Carminomycin, Aminopteπn, Dactinomycin. Mitomycins, Esperamicins (see U S Pat No 4,675,187), Melphalan and other related nitrogen mustards The term "prodrug" as used in this application refers to a precursor or derivative form of a pharmaceutically active substance that is less cytotoxic to tumor cells compared to the parent drug and is capable of being enzymatically activated or converted into the more active parent form See, e g Wilman, "Prodrugs in Cancer Chemotherapy" Biochemical Society Transactions, 14, pp 375-382, 615th Meeting Belfast (1986) and Stella et al "Prodrugs A Chemical Approach to Targeted Drug Delivery," Directed Drug Delivery, Borchardt et al , (ed ), pp 247-267, Humana Press (1985) The prodrugs of this invention include, but are not limited to, phosphate-containmg prodrugs, thiophosphate-contaming prodrugs, sulfate-containing prodrugs, peptide-containing prodrugs, D-amino acid-modified prodrugs, glycosylated prodrugs, β-lactam- containing prodrugs, optionally substituted phenoxyacetamide-containing prodrugs or optionally substituted phenylacetamide-containing prodrugs, 5-fluorocytosιne and other 5-fluorouπdιne prodrugs which can be converted into the more active cytotoxic free drug Examples of cytotoxic drugs that can be deπvatized into a prodrug form for use in this invention include, but are not limited to, those chemotherapeutic agents descπbed above The word "label" when used herein refers to a detectable compound or composition which is conjugated directly or indirectly to the antibody The label may be itself be detectable (e g radioisotope labels or fluorescent labels) or, in the case of an enzymatic label, may catalyze chemical alteration of a substrate compound or composition which is detectable By "solid phase" is meant a non-aqueous matrix to which the antibody of the present invention can adhere Examples of solid phases encompassed herein include those formed partially or entirely of glass (e g controlled pore glass), polysaccharides (e g , agarose), polyacrylamides, polystyrene, polyvinyl alcohol and sihcones In certain embodiments, depending on the context, the solid phase can comprise the well of an assay plate, in others it is a purification column (e g an affinity chromatography column) This term also includes a discontinuous solid phase of discrete particles, such as those described in U S Patent No 4,275,149 A "hposome" is a small vesicle composed of various types of pids, phospho pids and/or surfactant which is useful for delivery of a drug (such as the antibody mutants disclosed herein and, optionally, a chemotherapeutic agent) to a mammal The components of the hposome are commonly arranged in a bilayer formation, similar to the lipid arrangement of biological membranes An "isolated" nucleic acid molecule is a nucleic acid molecule that is identified and separated from at least one contaminant nucleic acid molecule with which it is ordinarily associated in the natural source of the antibody nucleic acid An isolated nucleic acid molecule is other than in the form or setting in which it is found in nature Isolated nucleic acid molecules therefore are distinguished from the nucleic acid molecule as it exists m natural cells However, an isolated nucleic acid molecule mcludes a nucleic acid molecule contained in cells that ordinarily express the antibody where, for example, the nucleic acid molecule is in a chromosomal location different from that of natural cells The expression "control sequences" refers to DNA sequences necessary for the expression of an operably linked coding sequence in a particular host organism The control sequences that are suitable for prokaryotes, for example, include a promoter, optionally an operator sequence, and a πbosome binding site Eukaryotic cells are known to utilize promoters, polyadenylation signals, and enhancers Nucleic acid is "operably linked" when it is placed into a functional relationship with another nucleic acid sequence For example, DNA for a presequence or secretory leader is operably linked to DNA for a polypeptide if it is expressed as a preprotein that participates in the secretion of the polypeptide. a promoter or enhancer is operably linked to a coding sequence if it affects the transcription of the sequence, or a πbosome binding site is operably linked to a coding sequence if it is positioned so as to facilitate translation Generally, "operably linked" means that the DNA sequences being linked are contiguous, and, in the case of a secretory leader, contiguous and in reading phase However, enhancers do not have to be contiguous Linking is accomplished by ligation at convenient restriction sites If such sites do not exist, the synthetic oligonucleotide adaptors or linkers are used in accordance with conventional practice As used herein, the expressions "cell," "cell line," and "cell culture" are used interchangeably and all such designations include progeny Thus, the words "transformants" and "transformed cells" include the primary subject cell and cultures derived therefrom without regard for the number of transfers It is also understood that all progeny may not be precisely identical in DNA content, due to deliberate or inadvertent mutations Mutant progeny that have the same function or biological activity as screened for in the originally transformed cell are included Where distinct designations are intended, it will be clear from the context II. Modes for Carrying out the Invention The invention herein relates to a method for making an antibody mutant The starting antibody is prepared using techniques available in the art for generating such antibodies Exemplary methods for generating antibodies are described in more detail in the following sections The antibody is directed against an antigen of interest Preferably, the antigen is a biologically important polypeptide and administration of the antibody to a mammal suffering from a disease or disorder can result in a therapeutic benefit m that mammal However, antibodies directed against nonpolypeptide antigens (such as tumor-associated glycohpid antigens, see US Patent 5,091 ,178) are also contemplated Where the antigen is a polypeptide. it may be a transmembrane molecule (e g receptor) or ligand such as a growth factor Exemplary antigens include molecules such as ren , a growth hormone, including human growth hormone and bovine growth hormone, growth hormone releasing factor, parathyroid hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, hpoproteins, alpha- 1-antιtrypsιn, insulin A-cham, insulin B-chain, proinsuhn, follicle stimulating hormone, calcitomn, luteinizing hormone, glucagon, clotting factors such as factor VIIIC, factor IX, tissue factor, and von Willebrands factor, anti-clotting factors such as Protein C, atnal natnuretic factor, lung surfactant, a plasminogen activator, such as urokinase or human urine or tissue-type plasmmogen activator (t-PA), bombesin, thrombin, hemopoietic growth factor, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and -beta, enkephalmase. RANTES (regulated on activation normally T-cell expressed and secreted), human macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP-1 -alpha), a serum albumin such as human serum albumin, Muelleπan-inhibiting substance, relaxin A-cham relaxin B-cham, prorelaxin, mouse gonadotropm-associated peptide, a microbial protein, such as beta-lactamase, DNase, IgE, a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated antigen (CTLA), such as CTLA-4, inhibin, activin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), receptors for hormones or growth factors, protein A or D, rheumatoid factors, a neurotrophic factor such as bone-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophιn-3, -4, -5, or -6 (NT-3, NT-4, NT-5, or NT-6), or a nerve growth factor such as NGF- β , platelet- derived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast growth factor such as aFGF and bFGF, epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor (TGF) such as TGF-alpha and TGF-beta, including TGF-β 1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3, TGF-β4, or TGF-β5, insulin-like growth factor-I and -II (IGF-I and IGF-II), des(l-3)-IGF-I (brain IGF-I), msulm-hke growth factor binding proteins, CD proteins such as CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19 and CD20, erythropoietin, osteomductive factors, lmmunotoxins, a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), an interferon such as interferon-alpha, -beta, and -gamma, colony stimulating factors (CSFs), e , M-CSF, GM-CSF, and G-CSF, interleukins (ILs), e g , IL-1 to IL-10, superoxide dismutase, T-cell receptors, surface membrane proteins, decay accelerating factor, viral antigen such as, for example, a portion of the AIDS envelope, transport proteins, homing receptors, addressins, regulatory proteins, mtegπns such as CDl la, CDl lb, CDl lc, CD 18, an ICAM, VLA-4 and VCAM, a tumor associated antigen such as HER2, HER3 or HER4 receptor, and fragments of any of the above-listed polypeptides Preferred molecular targets for antibodies encompassed by the present mvention include CD proteins such as CD3, CD4, CD8, CD 19, CD20 and CD34, members of the ErbB receptor family such as the EGF receptor, HER2, HER3 or HER4 receptor, cell adhesion molecules such as LFA-1, Macl, pi 50,95, VLA-4, ICAM-1, VCAM and αv/β3 integrm includmg either α or β subunits thereof (e g anti-CDl la, antι-CD18 or anti-CDl lb antibodies), growth factors such as VEGF, IgE, blood group antigens, flk2/flt3 receptor, obesity (OB) receptor, mpl receptor, CTLA-4, protein C etc The antibody is raised against the antigen derived from a first mammalian species Preferably the first mammalian species is a human However, other mammals are contemplated such as farm, pet or zoo animals, e where the antibody is intended to be used to treat such mammals The antigen from the first mammalian species may be isolated from a natural source thereof for the purposes of generating an antibody thereagainst However, as noted below, cells comprising the antigen can be used as rmmunogens for making antibodies In other embodiments, the antigen is produced recombmantly or made using other synthetic methods The antibody selected will normally have a sufficiently strong binding affinity for the antigen For example, the antibody may bind the antigen from the first mammalian species with a binding affinity (K j ) value of no more than about 1 x 10 7 M, preferably no more than about 1 x M and most preferably no more than about 1 x 10 "y M Antibody affinities may be determined by saturation binding (e g as described for anti- CD1 la in the Example below), enzyme-lmked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA), and competition assays (e g RIA's), for example Also, the antibody may be subjected to other biological activity assays, e g , in order to evaluate its effectiveness as a therapeutic Such assays are known in the art and depend on the target antigen and intended use for the antibody Examples include the keratinocyte monolayer adhesion assay and the mixed lymphocyte response (MLR) assay for CDl la (each described in the Example below), tumor cell growth inhibition assays (as described in WO 89/06692, for example), antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-mediated cytotoxicity (CDC) assays (US Patent 5,500,362), and agonistic activity or hematopoiesis assays (see WO 95/27062) To screen for antibodies which bind to a particular epitope on the antigen of interest (e g those which block binding of the MHM24 antibody of the Example to CDl la), a routine cross-blocking assay such as that described in Antibodies A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Ed Harlow and David Lane (1988), can be performed Alternatively epitope mapping, e g as described in Champe et al J Biol Chem 270 1388-1394 (1995), can be performed to determine whether the antibody binds an epitope of interest Species-dependence of the antibody is then determined The binding affinity of the antibody for a homologue of the antigen used to generate the antibody (where the homologue is from the "second mammalian species") is assessed using techniques such as those described above In preferred embodiments, the second mammalian species is a nonhuman mammal to which the antibody will be administered in preclinical studies Accordingly, the second mammalian species may be a nonhuman primate, such as rhesus, cynomolgus, baboon, chimpanzee and macaque In other embodiment, the second mammalian species may be a rodent, cat or dog, for example The species-dependent antibody will normally have a binding affinity for the antigen from the second nonhuman mammalian species which is at least about 50 fold, or at least about 500 fold, or at least about 1000 fold, weaker than its bmdmg affinity for the antigen from the first mammalian species This bmdmg affinity will normally be such that the species-dependent antibody cannot effectively be used for preclinical studies in the second mammalian species While the preferred method of the instant invention for determining species-dependence (and for evaluating antibody mutants with unproved properties, see below) is to quantify antibody binding affinity, in other embodiments of the invention, one or more biological properties of the species-dependent antibody and antibody mutant are evaluated in addition to. or instead of, binding affinity determinations Exemplary such biological assays are described above Such assays are particularly useful where they provide an indication as to the therapeutic effectiveness of the antibody Normally, though not necessarily, antibodies which show 5 improved properties in such assays, will also have an enhanced binding affinity Thus, in one embodiment of the invention where the assay of choice is a biological activity assay other than an binding affinity assay, the species-dependent antibody will normally have a "biological activity" using "material" (e g antigen, cell, tissue, organ or whole animal) from the second mammalian species which is at least about 50 fold, or at least about 500 fold, or at least about 1000 fold, less effective than its biological activity in a corresponding assay using 10 reagents from the first mammalian species The species-dependent antibody is then altered so as to generate an antibody mutant which has a stronger binding affinity for the antigen from the second mammalian species, than the species-dependent antibody The antibody mutant preferably has a bmdmg affinity for the antigen from the nonhuman mammal which is at least about 10 fold stronger, preferably at least about 20 fold stronger, more preferably at least about 15 50 fold stronger, and sometimes at least about 100 fold or 200 fold stronger, than the binding affinity of the species-dependent antibody for the antigen The enhancement in binding affinity desired or required will depend on the initial binding affinity of the species-dependent antibody Where the assay used is a biological activity assay, the antibody mutant preferably has a biological activity in the assay of choice which is at least about 10 fold better, preferably at least about 20 fold better, more preferably at least about 50 fold better, and 0 sometimes at least about 100 fold or 200 fold better, than the biological activity of the species-dependent antibody in that assay To generate the antibody mutant, one or more amino acid alterations (e g substitutions) are introduced in one or more of the hypervanable regions of the species-dependent antibody Alternatively, or addition, one or more alterations (e g substitutions) of framework region residues may be introduced in the species- 5 dependent antibody where these result in an improvement in the binding affinity of the antibody mutant for the antigen from the second mammalian species Examples of framework region residues to modify include those which non-covaiently bind antigen directly (Amit et al Science 233 747-753 (1986)), interact with/effect the conformation of a CDR (Chothia et al J Mol Biol 196 901-917 (1987)), and/or participate in the V L - V R interface (EP 239 400B1) In certain embodiments, modification of one or more of such framework region 0 residues results in an enhancement of the binding affinity of the antibody for the antigen from the second mammalian species For example, from about one to about five framework residues may be altered in this embodiment of the invention Sometimes, this may be sufficient to yield an antibody mutant suitable for use in preclinical trials, even where none of the hypervanable region residues have been altered Normally, however, the antibody mutant will comprise additional hypervanable region alteratιon(s) 5 The hypervanable region residues which are altered may be changed randomly, especially where the starting bmdmg affinity of the species-dependent antibody for the antigen from the second mammalian species is such that such randomly produced antibody mutants can be readily screened One useful procedure for generating such antibody mutants is called "alanine scanning mutagenesis" (Cunningham and Wells Science 244 1081-1085 (1989)) Here, one or more of the hypervanable region resιdue(s) are replaced by alanine or polyalamne resιdue(s) to affect the interaction of the amino acids with the antigen from the second mammalian species Those hypervanable region resιdue(s) demonstrating functional sensitivity to the substitutions then are refined by introducing further or other mutations at or for the sites of substitution Thus, while the site for introducing an amino acid sequence variation is predetermined, the nature of the mutation per se need not be predetermined The ala-mutants produced this way are screened for their biological activity as described herein Another procedure for generating such antibody mutants involves affinity maturation using phage display (Hawkms etal J Mol Biol 254 889-896 (1992) and Lowman e/α/ Biochemistry 30(45) 10832-10837 (1991)) Briefly, several hypervanable region sites (eg 6-7 sites) are mutated to generate all possible ammo substitutions at each site The antibody mutants thus generated are displayed in a monovalent fashion from filamentous phage particles as fusions to the gene III product of Ml 3 packaged within each particle The phage-displayed mutants are then screened for their biological activity (e g binding affinity) as herein disclosed The invention also provides a more systematic method for identifying ammo acid residues to modify According to this method, one identifies hypervanable region residues in the species-dependent antibody which are involved in binding the antigen from the first mammalian species and those hypervanable region residues involved in binding a homologue of that antigen from the second mammalian species To achieve this, an alanine-scan of the hypervanable region residues of the species-dependent antibody can be performed, with each ala-mutant being testing for binding to the antigen from the first and second mammalian species (see Example below) The hypervanable region residues involved in binding the antigen from the first mammalian species (e g human), and those involved in binding the homologue of the antigen from the second mammalian species (e g nonhuman mammal) are thereby identified Preferably, those resιdue(s) significantly involved in bmdmg the antigen from the second mammalian species (e g nonhuman mammal), but not the antigen from the first mammalian species (e g human), are chosen as candidates for modification In another embodiment, those resιdue(s) significantly involved in binding the antigen from both the first and second mammalian species are selected to be modified (see Example below) In yet a further but less preferred embodiment, those residues involved in bmdmg the antigen from the first mammalian species, but not the second mammalian species, are selected for modification Such modification can involve deletion of the residue or insertion of one or more residues adjacent the residue However, normally the modification involves substitution of the residue for another am o acid Normally one would start with a conservative substitution such as those shown in Table I below under the heading of "preferred substitutions" If such substitutions result in a change in biological activity (e g bmdmg affinity), then more substantial changes, denominated "exemplary substitutions" in Table I, or as further described below in reference to amino acid classes, are introduced and the products screened Table I Even more substantial modifications in the antibodies biological properties are accomplished by selecting substitutions that differ significantly in their effect on maintaining (a) the structure of the polypeptide backbone in the area of the substitution, for example, as a sheet or helical conformation, (b) the charge or hydrophobicity of the molecule at the target site, or (c) the bulk of the side chain. Naturally occurring residues are divided into groups based on common side-chain properties: (1) hydrophobic: norleucine, met, ala, val, leu, ile; (2) neutral hydrophilic: cys, ser, thr, asn, gin; (3) acidic: asp, glu; (4) basic: his, lys, arg; (5) residues that influence cham orientation gly, pro, and (6) aromatic trp, tyr, phe Non-conservative substitutions will entail exchanging a member of one of these classes for another class In another embodiment, the sites selected for modification are affinity matured using phage display (see above) Nucleic acid molecules encodmg ammo acid sequence mutants are prepared by a variety of methods known m the art These methods include, but are not limited to, oiigonucleotide-mediated (or site-directed) mutagenesis, PCR mutagenesis, and cassette mutagenesis of an earlier prepared mutant or a non-mutant version of the species-dependent antibody The preferred method for making mutants is site directed mutagenesis (see, e g , Kunkel, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82 488 (1985)) In certain embodiments, the antibody mutant will only have a single hypervanable region residue substituted In other embodiments, two or more of the hypervanable region residues of the species-dependent antibody will have been substituted, e g from about two to about ten hypervanable region substitutions For example, the CDl la antibody mutant of the example below had four hypervanable region substitutions Ordinarily, the antibody mutant with improved biological properties will have an ammo acid sequence having at least 75% ammo acid sequence identity or similarity with the ammo acid sequence of either the heavy or light chain variable domain of the species-dependent antibody, more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, and most preferably at least 95% Identity or similarity with respect to this sequence is defined herein as the percentage of amino acid residues in the candidate sequence that are identical (; e same residue) or similar (/ e amino acid residue from the same group based on common side-chain properties, see above) with the species-dependent antibody residues, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity None of N- terminal, C-termmal, or internal extensions, deletions, or insertions into the antibody sequence outside of the variable domain shall be construed as affecting sequence identity or similarity Following production of the antibody mutant, the biological activity of that molecule relative to the species-dependent antibody is determined As noted above, this may involve determining the binding affinity and/or other biological activities of the antibody In a preferred embodiment of the invention, a panel of antibody mutants are prepared above and are screened for binding affinity for the antigen from the second mammalian species One or more of the antibody mutants selected from this initial screen are optionally subjected to one or more further biological activity assays to confirm that the antibody mutant(s) with enhanced bmdmg affinity are indeed useful, e g for preclinical studies In preferred embodiments, the antibody mutant retains the ability to bind the antigen from the first mammalian species with a binding affinity similar to the species-dependent antibody This may be achieved by avoidmg alter g hypervanable region residues involved in bmdmg the antigen from the first mammalian species In other embodiments, the antibody mutant may have a significantly altered bmdmg affinity for the antigen from the first mammalian species (e g the binding affinity for that antigen is preferably better, but may be worse than the species-dependent antibody) The antibody mutant(s) so selected may be subjected to further modifications, oftentimes depending on the intended use of the antibody Such modifications may involve further alteration of the amino acid sequence, fusion to heterologous polypeptιde(s) and/or covalent modifications such as those elaborated below With respect to ammo acid sequence alterations, exemplary modifications are elaborated above For example, any cysteme residue not mvolved in maintaining the proper conformation of the antibody mutant also may be substituted, generally with serme, to improve the oxidative stability of the molecule and prevent aberrant cross linking Conversely, cysteme bond(s) may be added to the antibody to improve its stability (particularly where the antibody is an antibody fragment such as an Fv fragment) Another type of amino acid mutant has an altered glycosylation pattern This may be achieved by deleting one or more carbohydrate moieties found m the antibody, and/or addmg one or more glycosylation sites that are not present in the antibody Glycosylation of antibodies is typically either N-hnked or O-linked N-hnked refers to the attachment of the carbohydrate moiety to the side chain of an asparagine residue The tnpeptide sequences asparagme-X-seπne and asparagine-X-threonrne, where X is any ammo acid except prolme. are the recognition sequences for enzymatic attachment of the carbohydrate moiety to the asparagine side chain Thus, the presence of either of these tnpeptide sequences in a polypeptide creates a potential glycosylation site O-linked glycosylation refers to the attachment of one of the sugars N-aceylgalactosamme, galactose, or xylose to a hydroxyamino acid, most commonly serine or threonine, although 5-hydroxyprolιne or 5-hydroxylysme may also be used Addition of glycosylation sites to the antibody is conveniently accomplished by altering the amino acid sequence such that it contains one or more of the above-described tnpeptide sequences (for N-hnked glycosylation sites) The alteration may also be made by the addition of, or substitution by, one or more serine or threonine residues to the sequence of the original antibody (for O-linked glycosylation sites) Techniques for producing antibodies, which may be species-dependent and therefore require modification according to the techniques elaborated herein, follow A. Antibody Preparation (i) Antigen preparation Soluble antigens or fragments thereof, optionally conjugated to other molecules, can be used as immunogens for generating antibodies For transmembrane molecules, such as receptors, fragments of these (eg the extracellular domain of a receptor) can be used as the immunogen Alternatively, cells expressing the transmembrane molecule can be used as the immunogen Such cells can be derived from a natural source (e g cancer cell lines) or may be cells which have been transformed by recombinant techniques to express the transmembrane molecule Other antigens and forms thereof useful for preparing antibodies will be apparent to those in the art (u) Polyclonal antibodies Polyclonal antibodies are preferably raised in animals by multiple subcutaneous (sc) or lntrapeπtoneal (φ) injections of the relevant antigen and an adjuvant It may be useful to conjugate the relevant antigen to a protein that is lmmunogenic in the species to be immunized, e g , keyhole limpet hemocyanm, serum albumin, bovine thyroglobuhn, or soybean trypsin inhibitor using a bifunctional or deπvatizing agent, for example, maleimidobenzoyl sulfosuccinimide ester (conjugation through cysteme residues), N-hydroxysuccinimide (through lysine residues), glutaraldehyde, succinic anhydride, SOC^, or R'N=C=NR, where R and R 1 are different alkyl groups Animals are immunized agamst the antigen, immunogenic conjugates, or derivatives by combining, e g , 100 μg or 5 μg of the protem or conjugate (for rabbits or mice, respectively) with 3 volumes of Freund's complete adjuvant and injecting the solution intradermally at multiple sites One month later the animals are boosted with 1/5 to 1/10 the original amount of peptide or conjugate in Freund's complete adjuvant by subcutaneous injection at multiple sites Seven to 14 days later the animals are bled and the serum is assayed for antibody titer Animals are boosted until the titer plateaus Preferably, the animal is boosted with the conjugate of the same antigen, but conjugated to a different protein and or through a different cross-linking reagent Conjugates also can be made in recombinant cell culture as protein fusions Also, aggregatmg agents such as alum are suitably used to enhance the immune response (tit) Monoclonal antibodies Monoclonal antibodies may be made using the hybndoma method first described by Kohler et al , Nature, 256 495 (1975), or may be made by recombinant DNA methods (U S Patent No 4,816,567) In the hybndoma method, a mouse or other appropriate host animal, such as a hamster or macaque monkey, is immunized as hereinabove described to elicit lymphocytes that produce or are capable of producing antibodies that will specifically bind to the protein used for immunization Alternatively, lymphocytes may be immunized in vitro Lymphocytes then are fused with myeloma cells using a suitable fusing agent, such as polyethylene glycol, to form a hybndoma cell (Goding, Monoclonal Antibodies Principles and Practice, pp 59-103 (Academic Press, 1986)) The hybndoma cells thus prepared are seeded and grown m a suitable culture medium that preferably contains one or more substances that inhibit the growth or survival of the unfused, parental myeloma cells For example, if the parental myeloma cells lack the enzyme hypoxanfhme guanme phosphoπbosyl transferase (HGPRT or HPRT), the culture medium for the hybπdomas typically will include hypoxanthine, aminopteπn, and thymidine (HAT medium) which substances prevent the growth of HGPRT-deficient cells Preferred myeloma cells are those that fuse efficiently, support stable high-level production of antibody by the selected antibody-producing cells, and are sensitive to a medium such as HAT medium Among these, preferred myeloma cell lines are murine myeloma lines, such as those derived from MOPC-21 and MPC-1 1 mouse tumors available from the Salk Institute Cell Distribution Center, San Diego, California USA, and SP-2 or X63-Ag8-653 cells available from the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Maryland USA Human myeloma and mouse-human heteromyeloma cell lines also have been described for the production of human monoclonal antibodies (Kozbor, J Immunol , 133 3001 (1984), Brodeur et al , Monoclonal Antibody Production Techniques and Applications, pp 51-63 (Marcel Dekker, Inc , New York, 1987)) Culture medium in which hybndoma cells are growing is assayed for production of monoclonal antibodies directed agamst the antigen Preferably, the bmdmg specificity of monoclonal antibodies produced by hybndoma cells is determined by immunoprecipitation or by an in vitro binding assay, such as radioimmunoassay (RIA) or enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) After hybndoma cells are identified that produce antibodies of the desired specificity, affinity, and/or activity, the clones may be subcloned by limiting dilution procedures and grown by standard methods (Godmg, Monoclonal Antibodies Principles and Practice, pp 59-103 (Academic Press, 1986)) Suitable culture media for this purpose mclude, for example, D-MEM or RPMI- 1640 medium In addition, the hybndoma cells may be grown in vivo as ascites tumors in an animal The monoclonal antibodies secreted by the subclones are suitably separated from the culture medium, ascites fluid, or serum by conventional immunoglobulin purification procedures such as, for example, protein A-Sepharose, hydroxylapatite chromatography, gel electrophoresis, dialysis, or affinity chromatography DNA encoding the monoclonal antibodies is readily isolated and sequenced using conventional procedures (e g , by using oligonucleotide probes that are capable of binding specifically to genes encoding the heavy and light chams of the monoclonal antibodies) The hybndoma cells serve as a preferred source of such DNA Once isolated, the DNA may be placed into expression vectors, which are then transfected into host cells such as E coli cells, simian COS cells, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, or myeloma cells that do not otherwise produce immunoglobulin protein, to obtain the synthesis of monoclonal antibodies in the recombinant host cells Recombinant production of antibodies will be described in more detail below In a further embodiment, antibodies or antibody fragments can be isolated from antibody phage libraries generated using the techniques described in McCafferty et al Nature, 348 552-554 ( 1990) Clackson et al Nature, 352 624-628 (1991) and Marks et al J Mol Biol , 222 581-597 (1991) describe the isolation of murine and human antibodies, respectively, using phage libraries Subsequent publications describe the production of high affinity (nM range) human antibodies by chain shuffling (Marks et al Bio/Technology, 10 779-783 (1992)), as well as combinatorial infection and in vivo recombination as a strategy for constructing very large phage libraries (Waterhouse et al , Nuc Acids Res , 21 2265-2266 (1993)) Thus, these techniques are viable alternatives to traditional monoclonal antibody hybndoma techniques for isolation of monoclonal antibodies The DNA also may be modified, for example, by substituting the coding sequence for human heavy- and light-chain constant domains in place of the homologous murine sequences (U S Patent No 4,816,567, Morrison, et al Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 81 6851 (1984)), or by covalently joining to the immunoglobulin coding sequence all or part of the coding sequence for a non-immunoglobulin polypeptide Typically such non-immunoglobulin polypeptides are substituted for the constant domains of an antibody, or they are substituted for the variable domains of one antigen-combining site of an antibody to create a chimenc bivalent antibody comprising one antigen-combining site having specificity for an antigen and another antigen-combining site having specificity for a different antigen (iv) Humanized and human antibodies A humanized antibody has one or more amino acid residues introduced into it from a source which is non-human These non-human amino acid residues are often referred to as "import" residues, which are typically taken from an "import" variable domain Humanization can be essentially performed following the method of Winter and co-workers (Jones et al Nature, 321 522-525 (1986), Riechmann et al Nature, 332 323-327 (1988), Verhoeyen et al, Science, 239 1534-1536 (1988)), by substitutmg rodent CDRs or CDR sequences for the corresponding sequences of a human antibody Accordingly, such "humanized" antibodies are chimenc antibodies (U S Patent No 4,816,567) wherein substantially less than an intact human variable domain has been substituted by the corresponding sequence from a non-human species In practice, humanized antibodies are typically human antibodies in which some CDR residues and possibly some FR residues are substituted by residues from analogous sites in rodent antibodies The choice of human variable domains, both light and heavy, to be used in making the humanized antibodies is very important to reduce antigenicity Accordmg to the so-called "best-fit" method, the sequence of the variable domain of a rodent antibody is screened against the entire library of known human variable- domain sequences The human sequence which is closest to that of the rodent is then accepted as the human framework (FR) for the humanized antibody (Suns et al , J Immunol , 151 2296 (1993), Chothia etal , J Mol Biol , 196 901 (1987)) Another method uses a particular framework derived from the consensus sequence of all human antibodies of a particular subgroup of light or heavy cha s The same framework may be used for several different humanized antibodies (Carter et al , Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 89 4285 ( 1992), Presta et al , J Immnol , 151 2623 (1993)) It is further important that antibodies be humanized with retention of high affinity for the antigen and other favorable biological properties To achieve this goal, according to a preferred method, humanized antibodies are prepared by a process of analysis of the parental sequences and various conceptual humanized products using three-dimensional models of the parental and humanized sequences Three-dimensional immunoglobulin models are commonly available and are familiar to those skilled in the art Computer programs are available which illustrate and display probable three-dimensional conformational structures of selected candidate immunoglobulin sequences Inspection of these displays permits analysis of the likely role of the residues in the functioning of the candidate immunoglobulin sequence, / e , the analysis of residues that influence the ability of the candidate immunoglobulin to bind its antigen In this way, FR residues can be selected and combined from the recipient and import sequences so that the desired antibody characteristic, such as increased affinity for the target antιgen(s), is achieved In general, the CDR residues are directly and most substantially involved in influencing antigen binding Alternatively, it is now possible to produce transgenic animals (e , mice) that are capable, upon immunization, of producing a full repertoire of human antibodies in the absence of endogenous immunoglobulin production For example, it has been described that the homozygous deletion of the antibody heavy-chain joining region (JJ_J) gene in chimenc and germ-line mutant mice results in complete inhibition of endogenous antibody production Transfer of the human germ-line immunoglobulin gene array in such germ- line mutant mice will result in the production of human antibodies upon antigen challenge See, e , Jakobovits et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci [7X4, 90 2551 (1993), Jakobovits et al , Nature, 362 255-258 (1993), Bruggermann et al , Year in Immuno , 7 33 (1993), and Duchosal et al Nature 355 258 (1992) Human antibodies can also be derived from phage-display libraries (Hoogenboom et al , J Mol Biol , 227 381 ( 1991 ), Marks et al J Mol Biol , 222 581-597 (1991), Vaughan et al Nature Biotech 14 309 (1996)) (v) Antibody fragments Various techniques have been developed for the production of antibody fragments Traditionally, these fragments were derived via proteolytic digestion of intact antibodies (see, e , Moπmoto et al , Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods 24 107-117 (1992) and Brennan et al , Science, 229 81 (1985)) However, these fragments can now be produced directly by recombinant host cells For example, the antibody fragments can be isolated from the antibody phage libraries discussed above Alternatively, Fab'-SH fragments can be directly recovered from E coli and chemically coupled to form F(ab')2 fragments (Carter et al , Bio/Technology 10 163-167 (1992)) According to another approach, F(ab')2 fragments can be isolated directly from recombinant host cell culture Other techniques for the production of antibody fragments will be apparent to the skilled practitioner In other embodiments, the antibody of choice is a single chain Fv fragment (scFv) See WO 93/16185 (vi) Multispecific antibodies Multispecific antibodies have binding specificities for at least two different antigens While such molecules normally will only bind two antigens (; e bispecific antibodies, BsAbs), antibodies with additional specificities such as tπspecific antibodies are encompassed by this expression when used herein Examples of BsAbs mclude those with one arm directed against a tumor cell antigen and the other arm directed against a cytotoxic trigger molecule such as antι-FcγRI/antι-CD15, antι-pl85 HER /FcγRIII (CD16), antι-CD3/antι- mahgnant B-cell (1D10), antι-CD3/antι-pl85 HER2 , antι-CD3/antι-p97, antι-CD3/antι-renal cell carcinoma, antι-CD3/antι-OVCAR-3. antι-CD3/L-Dl (anti-colon carcinoma), antι-CD3/antι-melanocyte stimulating hormone analog, anti-EGF receptor/antι-CD3, antι-CD3/antι-C AMA 1 , antι-CD3/antι-CD 19, antι-CD3/MoV 18. anti-neural cell ahesion molecule (NCAM)/antι-CD3, anti-folate binding protein (FBP)/antι-CD3, anti-pan carcinoma associated antigen (AMOC-3 l)/antι-CD3, BsAbs with one arm which binds specifically to a tumor antigen and one arm which binds to a toxin such as antι-sapoπn/antι-Id-1, antι-CD22/antι-sapoπn, anti- CD7/antι-sapoπn, antι-CD38/antι-sapoπn, anti-CEA/anti-πcin A chain, antι-ιnterferon-α(IFN-α)/antι- hybπdoma ldiotype, anti-CEA/anti-vinca alkaloid, BsAbs for converting enzyme activated prodrugs such as antι-CD30/antι-alkalιne phosphatase (which catalyzes conversion of mitomycin phosphate prodrug to mitomycin alcohol), BsAbs which can be used as fibrrnolytic agents such as anti-fibπn/anti-tissue plasmmogen activator (tPA), anti-fibπn/anti-urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), BsAbs for targeting immune complexes to cell surface receptors such as anti-low density lipoprotem (LDL)/antι-Fc receptor (e g FcγRI, FcγRII or FcγRIII), BsAbs for use in therapy of infectious diseases such as antι-CD3/antι-herpes simplex virus (HSV), anti-T-cell receptor CD3 complex/anti-influenza, anti-FcγR/anti-HIV, BsAbs for tumor detection in vitro or in vivo such as anti-CEA/anti-EOTUBE, anti-CEA/anti-DPTA, antι-pl85 HER /antι-hapten, BsAbs as vaccine adjuvants, and BsAbs as diagnostic tools such as anti-rabbit IgG/anti-ferntin, anti-horse radish peroxidase (HRP)/antι-hormone, anti-somatostatm/anti-substance P, anti-HRP/anti-FITC, anti-CEA/anti-β- galactosidase Examples of tπspecific antibodies include antι-CD3/antι-CD4/antι-CD37, antι-CD3/antι- CD5/antι-CD37 and antι-CD3/antι-CD8/antι-CD37 Bispecific antibodies can be prepared as full length antibodies or antibody fragments (e g F(ab')2 bispecific antibodies) Methods for makmg bispecific antibodies are known in the art Traditional production of full length bispecific antibodies is based on the coexpression of two immunoglobulin heavy chain-light cham pairs, where the two chains have different specificities (Millstein et al , Nature, 305 537-539 (1983)) Because of the random assortment of immunoglobulin heavy and light chains, these hybndomas (quadromas) produce a potential mixture of 10 different antibody molecules, of which only one has the correct bispecific structure Purification of the correct molecule, which is usually done by affinity chromatography steps, is rather cumbersome, and the product yields are low Similar procedures are disclosed in WO 93/08829, and in Traunecker et al , EMBO J , 10 3655-3659 (1991) Accordmg to a different approach, antibody variable domains with the desired binding specificities (antibody-antigen combining sites) are fused to immunoglobulin constant domain sequences The fusion preferably is with an immunoglobulin heavy chain constant domain, comprising at least part of the hinge, CH2, and CH3 regions It is preferred to have the first heavy-chain constant region (CHI) containing the site necessary for light cham bindmg, present in at least one of the fusions DNAs encoding the immunoglobulin heavy chain fusions and, if desired, the immunoglobulin light chain, are inserted into separate expression vectors, and are co-transfected into a suitable host organism This provides for great flexibility in adjusting the mutual proportions of the three polypeptide fragments in embodiments when unequal ratios of the three polypeptide chains used in the construction provide the optimum yields It is, however, possible to insert the cod g sequences for two or all three polypeptide chains in one expression vector when the expression of at least two polypeptide chains in equal ratios results in high yields or when the ratios are of no particular significance In a preferred embodiment of this approach the bispecific antibodies are composed of a hybrid immunoglobulin heavy chain with a first binding specificity in one arm, and a hybrid immunoglobulin heavy chain-light cham pair (providing a second binding specificity) in the other arm It was found that this asymmetric structure facilitates the separation of the desired bispecific compound from unwanted immunoglobulin chain combinations, as the presence of an immunoglobulin light cham in only one half of the bispecific molecule provides for a facile way of separation This approach is disclosed in WO 94/04690 For further details of generating bispecific antibodies see, for example, Suresh et al , Methods in Enzymology, 121 210 (1986) According to another approach described in W096/2701 1 , the interface between a pair of antibody molecules can be engineered to maximize the percentage of heterodimers which are recovered from recomb ant cell culture The preferred interface comprises at least a part of the Cτι3 domain of an antibody constant domain In this method, one or more small am o acid side chains from the interface of the first antibody molecule are replaced with larger side chains (e g tyrosine or tryptophan) Compensatory "cavities" of identical or similar size to the large side cham(s) are created on the interface of the second antibody molecule by replacmg large ammo acid side chains with smaller ones (e g alanine or threonine) This provides a mechanism for increasing the yield of the heterodimer over other unwanted end-products such as homodimers Bispecific antibodies include cross-linked or "heteroconjugate" antibodies For example, one of the antibodies in the heteroconjugate can be coupled to avidin, the other to biotin Such antibodies have, for example, been proposed to target immune system cells to unwanted cells (US Patent No 4,676,980), and for treatment of HIV mfection (WO 91/00360, WO 92/200373, and EP 03089) Heteroconjugate antibodies may be made using any convenient cross-linking methods Suitable cross-linking agents are well known in the art, and are disclosed in US Patent No 4,676,980, along with a number of cross-linking techniques Techniques for generating bispecific antibodies from antibody fragments have also been described in the literature For example, bispecific antibodies can be prepared using chemical linkage Brennan et al , Science, 229 81 (1985) describe a procedure wherein intact antibodies are proteolytically cleaved to generate F(ab') fragments These fragments are reduced in the presence of the dithiol complexing agent sodium arsenite to stabilize vicinal dithiols and prevent intermolecular disulfide formation The Fab' fragments generated are then converted to thionitrobenzoate (TNB) derivatives One of the Fab'-TNB derivatives is then reconverted to the Fab'-thiol by reduction with mercaptoethylamine and is mixed with an equimolar amount of the other Fab'-TNB derivative to form the bispecific antibody The bispecific antibodies produced can be used as agents for the selective immobilization of enzymes Recent progress has facilitated the direct recovery of Fab'-SH fragments from E coli, which can be chemically coupled to form bispecific antibodies Shalaby e/ α/ J Exp Med, \15 217-225 (1992) describe the production of a fully humanized bispecific antibody F(ab') ' molecule Each Fab' fragment was separately secreted from E coli and subjected to directed chemical coupling in vitro to form the bispecific antibody The bispecific antibody thus formed was able to bind to cells overexpressing the ErbB2 receptor and normal human T cells, as well as trigger the lytic activity of human cytotoxic lymphocytes against human breast tumor targets Various techniques for making and isolating bispecific antibody fragments directly from recombinant cell culture have also been described For example, bispecific antibodies have been produced using leucine zippers Kostelny et al , J Immunol , 148(5) 1547- 1553 (1992) The leucine zipper peptides from the Fos and Jun proteins were linked to the Fab' portions of two different antibodies by gene fusion The antibody homodimers were reduced at the hinge region to form monomers and then re-oxidized to form the antibody heterodimers This method can also be utilized for the production of antibody homodimers The "diabody" technology described by Hollinger et al Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 90 6444-6448 (1993) has provided an alternative mechanism for making bispecific antibody fragments The fragments comprise a heavy-chain variable domain (VJ_J) connected to a light-chain variable domain (V, ) by a linker which is too short to allow pairing between the two domains on the same chain Accordingly, the V j ^ and V L domains of one fragment are forced to pair with the complementary Vi and Vπ domains of another fragment, thereby forming two antigen-binding sites Another strategy for making bispecific antibody fragments by the use of single-chain Fv (sFv) dimers has also been reported See Gruber et al J Immunol , 152 5368 (1994) Antibodies with more than two valencies are contemplated For example, tπspecific antibodies can be prepared Tutt et al J Immunol 147 60 (1991 ) (vu) Effector function engineering It may be desirable to modify the antibody of the invention with respect to effector function, so as to enhance the effectiveness of the antibody in treating cancer, for example For example cysteme resιdue(s) may be introduced in the Fc region, thereby allowing interchain disulfide bond formation in this region The homodimeπc antibody thus generated may have improved internalization capability and/or increased complement-mediated cell killing and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) See Caron et al , J Exp Med 176 1191-1195 (1992) and Shopes, B J Immunol 148 2918-2922 (1992) Homodimeπc antibodies with enhanced anti-tumor activity may also be prepared using heterobifunctional cross-linkers as described in Wolff et al Cancer Research 53 2560-2565 (1993) Alternatively, an antibody can be engineered which has dual Fc regions and may thereby have enhanced complement lysis and ADCC capabilities See Stevenson et al Anti-Cancer Drug Design 3 219-230 (1989) (vtit) Immunoconjugates The vention also pertains to immunoconjugates comprising the antibody descπbed herem conjugated to a cytotoxic agent such as a chemotherapeutic agent, toxin (e g an enzymatically active toxin of bacterial, fungal, plant or animal origin, or fragments thereof), or a radioactive isotope (/ e a radioconjugate) Chemotherapeutic agents useful in the generation of such immunoconjugates have been described above Enzymatically active toxins and fragments thereof which can be used include diphtheria A cham, nonbmding active fragments of diphtheria toxin, exotoxin A chain (from Pseudomonas aeruginosά), πcin A cham, abrm A chain, modeccin A chain, alpha-sarcin, Aleurites fordu proteins, dianthin proteins, Phytolaca americana proteins (PAPI, PAPII, and PAP-S), momordica charantia inhibitor, curcin, crot . sapaonaπa officmalis inhibitor, gelon , mitogellin. restrictocm, phenomycin. enomycm and the tricothecenes A variety ofradionuchdes are available for the production of radioconjugate antibodies Examples include Bi, I, 13 1 In, 90 Y and 1 86 Re Conjugates of the antibody and cytotoxic agent are made using a variety of bifunctional protein coupling agents such as N-succιnιmιdyl-3-(2-pyπdyldιthιoi) propionate (SPDP), iminothiolane (IT), bifunctional derivatives of lmidoesters (such as dimethyl adipimidate HCL), active esters (such as disuccimmidyl suberate), aldehydes (such as glutareldehyde), bis-azido compounds (such as bis (p- azιdobenzoyl)hexanedιamme), bis-diazonium derivatives (such as bιs-(p-dιazonιumbenzoyl)-ethylenedιamιne), dnsocyanates (such as tolyene 2,6-dnsocyanate), and bis-active fluorine compounds (such as l,5-dιfluoro-2,4- dmitrobenzene) For example, a πcin lmmunotoxin can be prepared as described m Vitetta et al Science 238 1098 (1987) Carbon- 14-labeled l-ιsothιocyanatobenzyl-3-methyldιethylene tπaminepentaacetic acid (MX- DTPA) is an exemplary chelating agent for conjugation of radionucleotide to the antibody See W094/11026 In another embodiment, the antibody may be conjugated to a "receptor" (such streptavidm) for utilization in tumor pretargetmg wherein the antibody-receptor conjugate is administered to the patient, followed by removal of unbound conjugate from the circulation using a clearing agent and then administration of a "ligand" (e avidm) which is conjugated to a cytotoxic agent (e g a radionucleotide) (tx) Immunoliposomes The antibody mutants disclosed herein may also be formulated as immunoliposomes Liposomes containing the antibody are prepared by methods known in the art, such as described in Epstein et al , Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 82 3688 (1985), Hwang et al Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 11 4030 (1980), and U S Pat Nos 4,485,045 and 4,544,545 Liposomes with enhanced circulation time are disclosed in U S Patent No 5,013,556 Particularly useful liposomes can be generated by the reverse phase evaporation method with a hpid composition comprising phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol and PEG-deπvatized phosphatidylethanolam e (PEG-PE) Liposomes are extruded through filters of defined pore size to yield liposomes with the desired diameter Fab' fragments of the antibody of the present invention can be conjugated to the liposomes as described in Martin et al J Biol Chem 257 286-288 (1982) via a disulfide interchange reaction A chemotherapeutic agent (such as Doxorubicm) is optionally contained within the hposome See Gabizon et al J National Cancer Inst 81 ( 19) 1484 ( 1989) (x) Antibody Dependent Enzyme Mediated Prodrug Therapy (ADEPT) The antibody of the present invention may also be used in ADEPT by conjugating the antibody to a prodrug-activating enzyme which converts a prodrug (e g a peptidyl chemotherapeutic agent, see WO81/01 145) to an active anti-cancer drug See, for example. WO 88/07378 and U S Patent No 4,975,278 The enzyme component of the immunoconjugate useful for ADEPT includes any enzyme capable of acting on a prodrug m such a way so as to covert it into its more active, cytotoxic form Enzymes that are useful in the method of this invention include, but are not limited to, alkaline phosphatase useful for converting phosphate-containmg prodrugs into free drugs, arylsulfatase useful for converting sulfate-containing prodrugs mto free drugs, cytosine deaminase useful for converting non-toxic 5- fluorocytosme into the anti-cancer drug, 5-fluorouracιl, proteases, such as serratia protease, thermolysm, subtilism, carboxypeptidases and cathepsins (such as cathepsins B and L), that are useful for converting peptide-contammg prodrugs into free drugs, D-alanylcarboxypeptidases, useful for converting prodrugs that contain D-amino acid substituents. carbohydrate-cleaving enzymes such as β-galactosidase and neuram nidase useful for converting glycosvlated prodrugs into free drugs, β-lactamase useful for converting drugs deπvatized with β-lactams into free drugs, and penicillin amidases, such as penicillin V amidase or penicillin G amidase, useful for converting drugs deπvatized at their amine nitrogens with phenoxyacetyl or phenylacetyl groups, respectively, into free drugs Alternatively, antibodies with enzymatic activity, also known in the art as "abzymes", can be used to convert the prodrugs of the invention into free active drugs (see, e g , Massey, Nature 328 457-458 (1987)) Antibody-abzyme conjugates can be prepared as described herein for delivery of the abzyme to a tumor cell population The enzymes of this invention can be covalently bound to the antibody mutant by techniques well known m the art such as the use of the heterobifunctional crosslmkmg reagents discussed above Alternatively, fusion proteins comprising at least the antigen binding region of an antibody of the invention linked to at least a functionally active portion of an enzyme of the invention can be constructed using recombinant DNA techniques well known in the art (see, e g , Neuberger et al , Nature, 312 604-608 (1984)) (xi) Anttbodv-salvage receptor binding epitope fusions In certain embodiments of the invention, it may be desirable to use an antibody fragment, rather than an intact antibody, to increase tumor penetration, for example In this case, it may be desirable to modify the antibody fragment in order to increase its serum half life This may be achieved, for example, by incorporation of a salvage receptor binding epitope into the antibody fragment (e g by mutation of the appropriate region in the antibody fragment or by incorporating the epitope into a peptide tag that is then fused to the antibody fragment at either end or in the middle, e g , by DNA or peptide synthesis) The salvage receptor binding epitope preferably constitutes a region wherem any one or more ammo acid residues from one or two loops of a Fc domain are transferred to an analogous position of the antibody fragment Even more preferably, three or more residues from one or two loops of the Fc domain are transferred Still more preferred, the epitope is taken from the CH2 domain of the Fc region (e g , of an IgG) and transferred to the CHI, CH3, or VJ_J region, or more than one such region, of the antibody Alternatively, the epitope is taken from the CH2 domain of the Fc region and transferred to the C^ region or V region, or both, of the antibody fragment In one most preferred embodiment, the salvage receptor binding epitope comprises the sequence (5' to 3') PKNSSMISNTP (SEQ ID NO 10), and optionally further comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of HQSLGTQ (SEQ ID NO 1 1 ), HQNLSDGK (SEQ ID NO 12), HQNISDGK (SEQ ID NO 13), or VISSHLGQ (SEQ ID NO 14), particularly where the antibody fragment is a Fab or F(ab')2 In another most preferred embodiment, the salvage receptor binding epitope is a polypeptide containing the sequence(s)(5' to 3') HQNLSDGK (SEQ ID NO 12), HQNISDGK (SEQ ID NO 13), or VISSHLGQ (SEQ ID NO 14) and the sequence PKNSSMISNTP (SEQ ID NO 10) (xu) Other covalent modifications of the antibody Covalent modifications of the antibody are included within the scope of this invention They may be made by chemical synthesis or by enzymatic or chemical cleavage of the antibody, if applicable Other types of covalent modifications of the antibody are introduced into the molecule by reacting targeted amino acid residues of the antibody with an organic deπvatizing agent that is capable of reacting with selected side chams or the N- or C-terminal residues Cysteinvl residues most commonly are reacted with α-haloacetates (and corresponding amines), such as chloroacetic acid or chloroacetamide, to give carboxymethyl or carboxyamidomethyl derivatives Cysteinyl residues also are deπvatized by reaction with bromotπfluoroacetone, α-bromo-β-(5-ιmιdozoyl)propιonιc acid, chloroacetyl phosphate, N-alkylmaleimides, 3-nιtro-2-pyπdyl disulfide, methyl 2-pyπdyl disulfide, p- chloromercuπbenzoate, 2-chloromercuπ-4-nιtrophenol, or chloro-7-nιtrobenzo-2-oxa-l ,3-dιazoIe Histidyl residues are deπvatized by reaction with diethylpyrocarbonate at pH 5 5-7 0 because this agent is relatively specific for the histidyl side chain Para-bromophenacyl bromide also is useful, the reaction is preferably performed in 0 1 M sodium cacodylate at pH 6 0 Lysinyl and amino-terminal residues are reacted with succinic or other carboxylic acid anhydrides Deπvatization with these agents has the effect of reversing the charge of the lysinyl residues Other suitable reagents for deπvatizmg α-amino-containing residues include lmidoesters such as methyl picolimmidate, pyπdoxal phosphate, pyπdoxal, chloroborohydπde, tπnitrobenzenesulfonic acid, O-methylisourea, 2,4- pentanedione, and transammase-catalyzed reaction with glyoxylate Argmyl residues are modified by reaction with one or several conventional reagents among them phenylglyoxal, 2,3-butanedιone, 1 ,2-cyclohexanedιone, and ninhydπn Deπvatization of arginine residues requires that the reaction be performed in alkaline conditions because of the high pK of the guanidine functional group Furthermore, these reagents may react with the groups of lysine as well as the arginine epsilon-ammo group The specific modification of tyrosyl residues may be made, with particular interest in introducing spectral labels into tyrosyl residues by reaction with aromatic diazonium compounds or tetranitromethane Most commonly, N-acetyhmidizole and tetranitromethane are used to form O-acetyl tyrosyl species and 3-nιtro 175 131 derivatives, respectively Tyrosyl residues are lodmated using I or J to prepare labeled proteins for use in radioimmunoassay Carboxyl side groups (aspartyl or glutamyl) are selectively modified by reaction with carbodnmides (R-N=C=N-R'), where R and R' are different alkyl groups, such as l -cyclohexyl-3-(2-morpholιnyl-4-ethyl) carbodiimide or l-ethyl-3-(4-azonιa-4,4-dιmethylpentyl) carbodnmide Furthermore, aspartyl and glutamyl residues are converted to asparaginyl and glutammyl residues by reaction with ammonium ions Glutaminyl and asparaginyl residues are frequently deamidated to the corresponding glutamyl and aspartyl residues, respectively These residues are deamidated under neutral or basic conditions The deamidated form of these residues falls within the scope of this invention Other modifications mclude hydroxylation of proline and lysine, phosphorylation of hydroxyl groups of seryl or threonyl residues methylation of the α -amino groups of lysine, arginine, and histidine side chains (T E Creighton, Proteins Structure and Molecular Properties, W H Freeman & Co , San Francisco, pp 79- 86 (1983)), acetylation of the N-terminal amine, and amidation of any C-terminal carboxyl group Another type of covalent modification involves chemically or enzymatically coupling glycosides to the antibody These procedures are advantageous m that they do not require production of the antibody m a host cell that has glycosylation capabilities for N- or O-linked glycosylation Dependmg on the coupling mode used, the sugar(s) may be attached to (a) arginine and histidine, (b) free carboxyl groups, (c) free sulfhydryl groups such as those of cvsteine (d) free hydroxyl groups such as those of serine, threonine, or hydroxyproline, (e) aromatic residues such as those of phenylalanine tyrosine, or tryptophan, or (f) the amide group of glutamine These methods are described in WO 87/05330 published 1 1 September 1987, and in Aplin and Wπston, CRC Crit Rev Biochem , pp 259-306 (1981) Removal of any carbohydrate moieties present on the antibody may be accomplished chemically or enzymatically Chemical deglycosylation requires exposure of the antibody to the compound tnfluoromethanesulfonic acid, or an equivalent compound This treatment results in the cleavage of most or all sugars except the linking sugar (N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamme), while leaving the antibody tact Chemical deglycosvlation is described by Hakimuddm, et al Arch Biochem Biophys 259 52 (1987) and by Edge et al Anal Biochem , 1 18 131 (1981) Enzymatic cleavage of carbohydrate moieties on antibodies can be achieved by the use of a variety of endo- and exo-glycosidases as described by Thotakura et al Meth Enzymol 138 350 (1987) Another type of covalent modification of the antibody comprises linking the antibody to one of a variety of nonprotemaceous polymers, e g , polyethylene glycol, polypropvlene glycol, or polyoxvalkylenes, in the manner set forth in U S Patent Nos 4,640,835, 4,496,689, 4,301,144, 4,670,417, 4 791,192 or 4,179,337 B. Vectors, Host Ceils and Recombinant Methods The mvention also provides isolated nucleic acid encoding an antibody mutant as disclosed herein, vectors and host cells comprising the nucleic acid, and recombinant techniques for the production of the antibody mutant For recombinant production of the antibody mutant, the nucleic acid encoding it is isolated and inserted into a replicable vector for further cloning (amplification of the DNA) or for expression DNA encoding the monoclonal antibody mutant is readily isolated and sequenced using conventional procedures ( g , by using oligonucleotide probes that are capable of binding specifically to genes encoding the heavy and ght chains of the antibody mutant) Many vectors are available The vector components generally include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following a signal sequence, an origin of replication, one or more marker genes, an enhancer element, a promoter, and a transcription termination sequence (i) Signal sequence component The antibody mutant of this mvention may be produced recombinantly not only directly, but also as a fusion polypeptide with a heterologous polypeptide, which is preferably a signal sequence or other polypeptide having a specific cleavage site at the N-terminus of the mature protein or polypeptide The heterologous signal sequence selected preferably is one that is recognized and processed (/ e , cleaved by a signal peptidase) by the host cell For prokaryotic host cells that do not recognize and process the native antibody signal sequence, the signal sequence is substituted by a prokaryotic signal sequence selected, for example, from the group of the alkaline phosphatase, penicilhnase, lpp, or heat-stable enterotoxin II leaders For yeast secretion the native signal sequence may be substituted by, e , the yeast invertase leader, α factor leader (including Saccharomyces and Kluyveromyces a -factor leaders), or acid phosphatase leader, the C albicans glucoamylase leader, or the signal described in WO 90/13646 In mammalian cell expression, mammalian signal sequences as well as viral secretory leaders, for example, the herpes simplex gD signal, are available The DNA for such precursor region is ligated in reading frame to DNA encodmg the antibody mutant (u) Origin of replication component Both expression and cloning vectors contain a nucleic acid sequence that enables the vector to replicate in one or more selected host cells Generally, in cloning vectors this sequence is one that enables the vector to replicate independently of the host chromosomal DNA, and includes origins of replication or autonomously replicating sequences Such sequences are well known for a variety of bacteria yeast, and viruses The origin of replication from the plasmid pBR322 is suitable for most Gram-negative bacteria, the 2μ plasmid origin is suitable for yeast, and various viral origins (SV40, polyoma, adenovirus, VSV or BPV) are useful for clonmg vectors in mammalian cells Generally, the origin of replication component is not needed for mammalian expression vectors (the SV40 origin may typically be used only because it contains the early promoter) (in) Selection gene component Expression and cloning vectors may contain a selection gene, also termed a selectable marker Typical selection genes encode proteins that (a) confer resistance to antibiotics or other toxins, e g , ampicillin, neomycin, methotrexate, or tetracycline, (b) complement auxotrophic deficiencies, or (c) supply critical nutrients not available from complex media, e g , the gene encoding D-alanine racemase for Bacilli One example of a selection scheme utilizes a drug to arrest growth of a host cell Those cells that are successfully transformed with a heterologous gene produce a protein conferring drug resistance and thus survive the selection regimen Examples of such dominant selection use the drugs neomycin, mycophenolic acid and hygromycin Another example of suitable selectable markers for mammalian cells are those that enable the identification of cells competent to take up the antibody nucleic acid, such as DHFR, thymidrne kinase, metallothιoneιn-I and -II, preferably primate metallothionein genes, adenosine deaminase, ornithine decarboxylase, etc For example, cells transformed with the DHFR selection gene are first identified by cultuπng all of the transformants m a culture medium that contains methotrexate (Mtx), a competitive antagonist of DHFR An appropriate host cell when wild-type DHFR is employed is the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line deficient in DHFR activity Alternatively, host cells (particularly wild-type hosts that contain endogenous DHFR) transformed or co-transformed with DNA sequences encoding antibody, wild-type DHFR protein, and another selectable marker such as ammoglycoside 3'-phosphotransferase (APH) can be selected by cell growth in medium containing a selection agent for the selectable marker such as an ammoglycosidic antibiotic, e , kanamycm, neomycin, or G418 See U S Patent No 4,965,199 A suitable selection gene for use in yeast is the trp\ gene present in the yeast plasmid YRp7 (Stinchcomb et al Nature, 282 39 (1979)) The trp\ gene provides a selection marker for a mutant strain of yeast lack g the ability to grow in tryptophan, for example, ATCC No 44076 or PEP4-1 Jones, Genetics, 85 12 (1977) The presence of the trp\ lesion in the yeast host cell genome then provides an effective environment for detecting transformation by growth in the absence of tryptophan Similarly, Ieu2-deficιent yeast strains (ATCC 20,622 or 38,626) are complemented by known plasmids bearing the Leul gene In addition, vectors derived from the 1 6 μm circular plasmid pKDl can be used for transformation of Kluyveromyces yeasts Alternatively, an expression system for large-scale production of recombinant calf chymosm was reported for K lactis Van den Berg, Bio/Technology, 8 135 (1990) Stable multi-copy expression vectors for secretion of mature recombinant human serum albumin by industrial strains of Kluyveromyces have also been disclosed Fleer et al , Bio/Technology, 9 968-975 (1991) (iv) Promoter component Expression and cloning vectors usually contain a promoter that is recognized by the host organism and is operably linked to the antibody nucleic acid Promoters suitable for use with prokaryotic hosts include the phoA promoter , β-lactamase and lactose promoter systems, alkaline phosphatase, a tryptophan (trp) promoter system, and hybrid promoters such as the tac promoter However, other known bacterial promoters are suitable Promoters for use in bacterial systems also will contain a Shine-Dalgarno (S D ) sequence operably linked to the DNA encoding the antibody Promoter sequences are known for eukaryotes Virtually all eukaryotic genes have an AT-πch region located approximately 25 to 30 bases upstream from the site where transcription is initiated Another sequence found 70 to 80 bases upstream from the start of transcription of many genes is a CNCAAT region where N may be any nucleotide At the 3' end of most eukaryotic genes is an AATAAA sequence that may be the signal for addition of the poly A tail to the 3' end of the coding sequence All of these sequences are suitably inserted into eukaryotic expression vectors Examples of suitable promoting sequences for use with yeast hosts include the promoters for 3- phosphoglycerate kinase or other glycolytic enzymes, such as enolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, hexokmase, pyruvate decarboxylase, phosphofructokinase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, 3 -phosphoglycerate mutase, pyruvate kinase, tπosephosphate isomerase, phosphoglucose isomerase, and glucokinase Other yeast promoters, which are mducible promoters having the additional advantage of transcription controlled by growth conditions, are the promoter regions for alcohol dehydrogenase 2, isocytochrome C, acid phosphatase, degradative enzymes associated with nitrogen metabolism, metallothionein, glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate dehydrogenase, and enzymes responsible for maltose and galactose utilization Suitable vectors and promoters for use in yeast expression are further described in EP 73,657 Yeast enhancers also are advantageously used with yeast promoters Antibody transcription from vectors in mammalian host cells is controlled, for example, by promoters obtained from the genomes of viruses such as polyoma virus, fowlpox virus, adenovirus (such as Adenovirus 2), bovine papilloma virus, avian sarcoma virus, cytomegalovirus, a retrovirus, hepatitis-B virus and most preferably Simian Virus 40 (SV40), from heterologous mammalian promoters, e g , the actin promoter or an immunoglobulin promoter, from heat-shock promoters, provided such promoters are compatible with the host cell systems The early and late promoters of the SV40 virus are conveniently obtained as an SV40 restriction fragment that also contains the SV40 viral origin of replication The immediate early promoter of the human cytomegalovirus is conveniently obtained as a Hmdlll E restriction fragment A system for expressing DNA in mammalian hosts using the bovine papilloma virus as a vector is disclosed in U S Patent No 4,419,446 A modification of this system is described in U S Patent No 4,601 ,978 See also Reyes et al , Nature 297 598-601 ( 1982) on expression of human β-interferon cDNA in mouse cells under the control of a thymidine kinase promoter from herpes simplex virus Alternatively, the rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat can be used as the promoter (v) Enhancer element component Transcription of a DNA encoding the antibody of this invention by higher eukaryotes is often increased by inserting an enhancer sequence into the vector Many enhancer sequences are now known from mammalian genes (globin. elastase, albumin, α-fetoprotem, and insulin) Typically, however, one will use an enhancer from a eukaryotic cell virus Examples include the SV40 enhancer on the late side of the replication origin (bp 100-270), the cytomegalovirus early promoter enhancer, the polyoma enhancer on the late side of the replication origin, and adenovirus enhancers See also Yaniv, Nature 297 17-18 ( 1982) on enhancing elements for activation of eukaryotic promoters The enhancer may be spliced into the vector at a position 5' or 3' to the antibody-encoding sequence, but is preferably located at a site 5' from the promoter (vi) Transcription termination component Expression vectors used in eukaryotic host cells (yeast, fungi, insect, plant, animal, human, or nucleated cells from other multicellular organisms) will also contain sequences necessary for the termination of transcription and for stabilizing the mRNA Such sequences are commonly available from the 5' and, occasionally 3', untranslated regions of eukaryotic or viral DNAs or cDNAs These regions contain nucleotide segments transcribed as polyadenylated fragments in the untranslated portion of the mRNA encoding the antibody One useful transcription termination component is the bovine growth hormone polyadenylation region See W094/1 1026 and the expression vector disclosed therein (vu) Selection and transformation of host cells Suitable host cells for cloning or expressing the DNA in the vectors herein are the prokaryote, yeast, or higher eukaryote cells described above Suitable prokaryotes for this purpose include eubacteπa, such as Gram-negative or Gram-positive organisms, for example, Enterobacteπaceae such as Escherichia, e g , E coli, Enterobacter, Erwinia, Klebsiella, Proteus, Salmonella, e g , Salmonella typhimurium, Serratia, e g , Serratia marcescans, and Shigella, as well as Bacilli such as B subtilis and B lichemformis (e g , B licheniformis 41P disclosed m DD 266,710 published 12 April 1989), Pseudomonas such as P aerugmosa, and Streptomyces One preferred E coli cloning host is E coli 294 (ATCC 31 ,446), although other strains such as E coli B, E colt X1776 (ATCC 31,537). and E colt W31 10 (ATCC 27,325) are suitable These examples are illustrative rather than limiting In addition to prokaryotes, eukaryotic microbes such as filamentous fungi or yeast are suitable cloning or expression hosts for antibody-encodmg vectors Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or common baker's yeast, is the most commonly used among lower eukaryotic host microorganisms However, a number of other genera, species, and strains are commonly available and useful herein, such as Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Kluyveromyces hosts such as, e g , K lactis. K fragilis (ATCC 12,424), K bulgancus (ATCC 16,045), K wickeramu (ATCC 24, 178), K waltu (ATCC 56,500), K drosophύarum (ATCC 36,906), K thermotolerans, and K marxianus, yarrowia (EP 402,226), Pichia pastoris (EP 183,070), Candida, Trichoderma reesia (EP 244,234), Neurospora crassa, Schwanmomyces such as Schwanmomyces occidentals, and filamentous fungi such as, e , Neurospora, Penicillium, Tolypocladium. and Aspergillus hosts such as A nidulans and A niger Suitable host cells for the expression of glycosylated antibody are derived from multicellular organisms Examples of invertebrate cells include plant and insect cells Numerous baculoviral strains and variants and corresponding permissive insect host cells from hosts such as Spodoptera frugψerda (caterpillar), Aedes aegypti (mosquito), Aedes albopictus (mosquito), Drosophύa melanogaster (fruitfly), and Bombyx mori have been identified A variety of viral strains for transfection are publicly available, e g , the L-l variant of Autographa californica NPV and the Bm-5 strain of Bombyx mori NPV, and such viruses may be used as the virus herein according to the present invention, particularly for transfection of Spodoptera frugiperda cells Plant cell cultures of cotton, com, potato, soybean, petunia, tomato, and tobacco can also be utilized as hosts However, interest has been greatest in vertebrate cells, and propagation of vertebrate cells in culture (tissue culture) has become a routine procedure Examples of useful mammalian host cell lines are monkey kidney CV 1 line transformed by SV40 (COS-7, ATCC CRL 1651 ), human embryonic kidney line (293 or 293 cells subcloned for growth in suspension culture, Graham et al , J Gen Virol 36 59 (1977)), baby hamster kidney cells (BHK, ATCC CCL 10), Chinese hamster ovary cells/-DHFR (CHO, Urlaub et al , Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 11 4216 (1980)), mouse sertoli cells (TM4, Mather, Biol Reprod 23.243-251 (1980)), monkey kidney cells (CV 1 ATCC CCL 70), African green monkey kidney cells (VERO-76, ATCC CRL- 1587), human cervical carcinoma cells (HELA, ATCC CCL 2), canine kidney cells (MDCK, ATCC CCL 34). buffalo rat ver cells (BRL 3 A, ATCC CRL 1442), human lung cells (W138, ATCC CCL 75), human liver cells (Hep G2, HB 8065), mouse mammary tumor (MMT 060562, ATCC CCL51 ), TRI cells (Mather et al , Annals N Y Acad Sci 383 44-68 (1982)), MRC 5 cells, FS4 cells, and a human hepatoma line (Hep G2) Host cells are transformed with the above-described expression or cloning vectors for antibody production and cultured in conventional nutrient media modified as appropriate for inducing promoters, selecting transformants, or amplifying the genes encoding the desired sequences (viu) Culturmg the host cells The host cells used to produce the antibody mutant of this invention may be cultured in a variety of media Commercially available media such as Ham's F10 (Sigma), Minimal Essential Medium ((MEM), (Sigma), RPMI-1640 (Sigma), and Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium ((DMEM), Sigma) are suitable for culturmg the host cells In addition, any of the media described in Ham et al Meth Enz 58 44 (1979), Barnes et al Anal Biochem 102 255 (1980), U S Pat Nos 4,767,704, 4,657,866, 4,927,762, 4,560,655, or 5,122,469, WO 90/03430, WO 87/00195, or U S Patent Re 30,985 may be used as culture media for the host cells Any of these media may be supplemented as necessary with hormones and/or other growth factors (such as insulin, transferrm, or epidermal growth factor), salts (such as sodium chloride, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate), buffers (such as HEPES), nucleotides (such as adenosme and thymidine), antibiotics (such as GENTAMYCIN™drug), trace elements (defined as inorganic compounds usually present at final concentrations in the micromolar range), and glucose or an equivalent energy source Any other necessary supplements may also be included at appropriate concentrations that would be known to those skilled in the art The culture conditions, such as temperature, pH, and the like, are those previously used with the host cell selected for expression, and will be apparent to the ordinarily skilled artisan (ix) Antibody purification When using recombinant techniques, the antibody mutant can be produced mtracellularly, in the peπplasmic space, or directly secreted into the medium If the antibody mutant is produced mtracellularly, as a first step, the particulate debris, either host cells or lysed fragments, is removed, for example, by centπfugation or ultrafiltration Carter et al Bio/Technology 10 163-167 (1992) describe a procedure for isolating antibodies which are secreted to the peπplasmic space of £ coli Briefly, cell paste is thawed in the presence of sodium acetate (pH 3 5), EDTA, and phenylmethylsulfonylfluoπde (PMSF) over about 30 mm Cell debris can be removed by centπfugation Where the antibody mutant is secreted into the medium, supematants from such expression systems are generally first concentrated using a commercially available protein concentration filter, for example, an Amicon or Millipore Pellicon ultrafiltration unit A protease inhibitor such as PMSF may be included in any of the foregoing steps to inhibit proteolysis and antibiotics may be included to prevent the growth of adventitious contaminants The antibody composition prepared from the cells can be purified using, for example, hydroxylapatite chromatography, gel electrophoresis, dialysis, and affinity chromatography, with affinity chromatography being the preferred purification technique The suitability of protein A as an affinity ligand depends on the species and isotype of any immunoglobulin Fc domain that is present in the antibody mutant Protein A can be used to purify antibodies that are based on human γ 1 , γ2, or γ4 heavy chains (Lindmark et al J Immunol Meth 62 1-13 (1983)) Protein G is recommended for all mouse isotypes and for human γ3 (Guss et al EMBO J 5 15671575 (1986)) The matrix to which the affinity ligand is attached is most often agarose, but other matrices are available Mechanically stable matrices such as controlled pore glass or poly(styrenedιvιnyl)benzene allow for faster flow rates and shorter processing times than can be achieved with agarose Where the antibody mutant comprises a C H 3 domain, the Bakerbond ABX™resιn (J T Baker, Philhpsburg, NJ) is useful for purification Other techniques for protein purification such as fractionation on an ion-exchange column, ethanol precipitation. Reverse Phase HPLC, chromatography on silica, chromatography on heparin SEPHAROSE™ chromatography on an anion or cation exchange resin (such as a polyaspartic acid column), chromatofocus g, SDS-PAGE, and ammonium sulfate precipitation are also available depending on the antibody mutant to be recovered Following any preliminary purification step(s), the mixture comprising the antibody mutant of mterest and contaminants may be subjected to low pH hydrophobic interaction chromatography usmg an elution buffer at a pH between about 2 5-4 5, preferably performed at low salt concentrations (e g , from about 0-025M salt) C. Pharmaceutical Formulations Therapeutic formulations of the antibody mutant are prepared for storage by mixing the antibody mutant having the desired degree of purity with optional physiologically acceptable carriers, excipients or stabilizers (Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences 16th edition, Osol, A Ed (1980)), in the form of lyophilized formulations or aqueous solutions Acceptable carriers, excipients, or stabilizers are nontoxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed, and include buffers such as phosphate, citrate, and other organic acids, antioxidants including ascorbic acid and methionine, preservatives (such as octadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride, hexamethonium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, phenol, butyl or benzyl alcohol, alkyl parabens such as methyl or propyl paraben, catechol, resorcmol, cyclohexanol, 3- pentanol, and m-cresol), low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues) polypeptide, proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins, hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone, amino acids such as glycine, glutamine. asparagine, histidine, arginine, or lysine, monosacchaπdes, disacchaπdes, and other carbohydrates including glucose, mannose, or dextπns, chelating agents such as EDTA, sugars such as sucrose, mannitol, trehalose or sorbitol, salt-forming counter-ions such as sodium, metal complexes (e g Zn-protein complexes), and/or non-ionic surfactants such as TWEEN™, PLURONICS™ or polyethylene glycol (PEG) The formulation herein may also contain more than one active compound as necessary for the particular indication being treated, preferably those with complementary ac'ivities that do not adversely affect each other For example, it may be desirable to further provide an immunosuppressive agent Such molecules are suitably present in combination in amounts that are effective for the purpose intended The active ingredients may also be entrapped in microcapsule prepared, for example, by coacervation techniques or by interfacial polymerization, for example, hydroxymethylcellulose or gelatrn-microcapsule and poly-(methylmethacylate) microcapsule, respectively, in colloidal drug delivery systems (for example, liposomes, albumin microspheres, microemulsions, nano-particles and nanocapsules) or in macroemulsions Such techniques are disclosed in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences 16th edition, Osol, A Ed (1980) The formulations to be used for in vivo administration must be sterile This is readily accomplished by filtration through sterile filtration membranes Sustained-release preparations may be prepared Suitable examples of sustamed-release preparations include semipermeable matrices of solid hydrophobic polymers containing the antibody mutant, which matrices are in the form of shaped articles, e , films, or microcapsule Examples of sustained-release matrices include polyesters, hydrogels (for example, poly(2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate), or poly(vιnylalcohol)), polylactides (U S Pat No 3,773,919), copolymers of L-glutamic acid and γ ethyl-L-glutamate, non-degradable ethylene- vinyl acetate, degradable lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymers such as the LUPRON DEPOT™ (injectable microspheres composed of lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer and leuprohde acetate), and poly-D-(-)-3- hydroxybutyπc acid While polymers such as ethylene-vinyl acetate and lactic acid-glycolic acid enable release of molecules for over 100 days, certain hydrogels release proteins for shorter time periods When encapsulated antibodies remain m the body for a long time, they may denature or aggregate as a result of exposure to moisture at 37° C, resulting in a loss of biological activity and possible changes in immunogenicity Rational strategies can be devised for stabilization depending on the mechanism involved For example, if the aggregation mechanism is discovered to be intermolecular S-S bond formation through thio-disulfide interchange, stabilization may be achieved by modifying sulfhydryl residues, lyophihzing from acidic solutions, controlling moisture content, using appropriate additives, and developing specific polymer matrix compositions D. Non-Therapeutic Uses for the Antibody Mutant The antibody mutants of the invention may be used as affinity purification agents In this process, the antibodies are immobilized on a solid phase such a Sephadex resin or filter paper, using methods well known m the art The immobilized antibody mutant is contacted with a sample containing the antigen to be purified, and thereafter the support is washed with a suitable solvent that will remove substantially all the material in the sample except the antigen to be purified, which is bound to the immobilized antibody mutant Finally, the support is washed with another suitable solvent, such as glycine buffer, pH 5 0, that will release the antigen from the antibody mutant The mutant antibodies may also be useful in diagnostic assays, e g , for detecting expression of an antigen of interest in specific cells, tissues, or serum For diagnostic applications, the antibody mutant typically will be labeled with a detectable moiety Numerous labels are available which can be generally grouped into the following categories (a) Radioisotopes, such as 5 S, C, I, H, and I The antibody mutant can be labeled with the radioisotope using the techniques described in Current Protocols in Immunology, Volumes 1 and 2, Coligen et al , Ed Wiley-Interscience, New York, New York, Pubs (1991 ) for example and radioactivity can be measured using scintillation counting (b) Fluorescent labels such as rare earth chelates (europium chelates) or fluorescein and its derivatives, rhodamine and its derivatives, dansyl, Lissamme, phycoerythrm and Texas Red are available The fluorescent labels can be conjugated to the antibody mutant using the techniques disclosed in Current Protocols in Immunology, supra, for example Fluorescence can be quantified using a fluoπmeter (c) Various enzyme-substrate labels are available and U S Patent No 4,275,149 provides a review of some of these The enzyme generally catalyzes a chemical alteration of the chromogenic substrate which can be measured usmg various techniques For example, the enzyme may catalyze a color change in a substrate, which can be measured spectrophotometπcally Alternatively, the enzyme may alter the fluorescence or chemiluminescence of the substrate Techniques for quantifying a change in fluorescence are descnbed above The chemilummescent substrate becomes electronically excited by a chemical reaction and may then emit light which can be measured (using a chemiluminometer, for example) or donates energy to a fluorescent acceptor Examples of enzymatic labels include luciferases (e g, firefly luciferase and bacterial luciferase, U S Patent No 4,737,456), lucifeπn, 2,3-dιhydrophthalazmedιones, malate dehydrogenase, urease, peroxidase such as horseradish peroxidase (HRPO), alkaline phosphatase β-galactosidase, glucoamylase, lysozyme, sacchaπde oxidases (e g , glucose oxidase, galactose oxidase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase), heterocyclic oxidases (such as uncase and xanthme oxidase), lactoperoxidase microperoxidase, and the like Techniques for conjugating enzymes to antibodies are described in O'Sulhvan et al , Methods for the Preparation of Enzyme-Antibody Conjugates for use in Enzyme Immunoassay, in Methods in Enzym (ed J Langone & H Van Vunakis), Academic press, New York, 73 147-166 (1981) Examples of enzyme-substrate combinations include, for example (l) Horseradish peroxidase (HRPO) with hydrogen peroxidase as a substrate wherein the hydrogen peroxidase oxidizes a dye precursor (e g orthophenylene diamine (OPD) or 3,3',5,5'-tetramethyl benzidine hydrochloπde (TMB)), (n) alkaline phosphatase (AP) with para-Nitrophenyl phosphate as chromoge c substrate, and (in) β-D-galactosidase (β-D-Gal) with a chromogemc substrate (e g p-nitrophenyl-β-D- galactosidase) or fluorogenic substrate 4-methylumbellιferyl-β-D-galactosιdase Numerous other enzyme-substrate combinations are available to those skilled in the art For a general review of these, see U S Patent Nos 4,275,149 and 4,318,980 Sometimes, the label is indirectly conjugated with the antibody mutant The skilled artisan will be aware of various techniques for achieving this For example, the antibody mutant can be conjugated with biotm and any of the three broad categories of labels mentioned above can be conjugated with avidin, or vice versa Biotin binds selectively to avidin and thus, the label can be conjugated with the antibody mutant this indirect manner Alternatively, to achieve indirect conjugation of the label with the antibody mutant, the antibody mutant is conjugated with a small hapten (e g , digoxin) and one of the different types of labels mentioned above is conjugated with an anti-hapten antibody mutant (e g anti-digoxin antibody) Thus, indirect conjugation of the label with the antibody mutant can be achieved In another embodiment of the invention, the antibody mutant need not be labeled, and the presence thereof can be detected using a labeled antibody which binds to the antibody mutant The antibodies of the present invention may be employed in any known assay method, such as competitive binding assays, direct and indirect sandwich assays, and immunoprecipitation assays Zola, Monoclonal Antibodies A Manual of Techniques, pp 147-158 (CRC Press, Inc 1987) Competitive bmdmg assays rely on the ability of a labeled standard to compete with the test sample analyze for binding with a limited amount of antibody mutant The amount of antigen in the test sample is inversely proportional to the amount of standard that becomes bound to the antibodies To facilitate determining the amount of standard that becomes bound, the antibodies generally are msolubihzed before or after the competition, so that the standard and analyze that are bound to the antibodies may conveniently be separated from the standard and analyze which remain unbound Sandwich assays involve the use of two antibodies, each capable of binding to a different immunoge c portion, or epitope, of the protein to be detected In a sandwich assay, the test sample analyze is bound by a first antibody which is immobilized on a solid support, and thereafter a second antibody binds to the analyze, thus forming an insoluble three-part complex See, e g , US Pat No 4,376,1 10 The second antibody may itself be labeled with a detectable moiety (direct sandwich assays) or may be measured using an anti-immunoglobulin antibody that is labeled with a detectable moiety (indirect sandwich assay) For example, one type of sandwich assay is an ELISA assay, in which case the detectable moiety is an enzyme For immunohistochemistry, the tumor sample may be fresh or frozen or may be embedded in paraffin and fixed with a preservative such as formalin, for example The antibodies may also be used for in vivo diagnostic assays Generally, the antibody mutant is labeled with a radionuchde (such as ι π In. 99 Tc, 14 C, 13 1 I, 125 I, 3 H, 32 P or 35 S) so that the tumor can be localized using immunoscintiography E. Diagnostic Kits As a matter of convenience, the antibody mutant of the present invention can be provided in a kit, ; e , a packaged combination of reagents m predetermined amounts with instructions for performing the diagnostic assay Where the antibody mutant is labeled with an enzyme, the kit will include substrates and cofactors required by the enzyme (e g a substrate precursor which provides the detectable chromophore or fluorophore) In addition, other additives may be included such as stabilizers, buffers (e g, a block buffer or lysis buffer) and the like The relative amounts of the various reagents may be varied widely to provide for concentrations in solution of the reagents which substantially optimize the sensitivity of the assay Particularly, the reagents may be provided as dry powders, usually lyophihzed, including excipients which on dissolution will provide a reagent solution having the appropriate concentration F. In Vivo Uses for the Antibody Mutant It is contemplated that the antibody mutant of the present invention may be used to treat a mammal In one embodiment, the antibody is administered to a nonhuman mammal for the purposes of obtaining preclinical data, for example Exemplary nonhuman mammals to be treated include nonhuman primates, dogs, cats, rodents and other mammals in which preclinical studies are performed Such mammals may be established animal models for a disease to be treated with the antibody or may be used to study toxicity of the antibody of interest In each of these embodiments, dose escalation studies may be performed in the mammal Where the antibody is an anti-CDl la antιbod>, it may be administered to a rhesus monkey in a heart allograft model, for example In addition, or m the alternative, the antibody mutant is used to treat a human, e g a patient suffering from a disease or disorder who could benefit from administration of the antibody mutant The conditions which can be treated with the antibody are many and include LFA-mediated disorders (e g where the antibody is an antι-LFA-1 or antι-ICAM-1 antibody), cancer (e g where the antibody binds the HER2 receptor or CD20), allergic conditions such as asthma (with an anti-IgE antibody) etc The antibody mutant is administered by any suitable means, including parenteral, subcutaneous, intrapentoneal, intrapulmonary, and mtranasal, and, if desired for local immunosuppressive treatment, intralesional administration Parenteral infusions include intramuscular, intravenous, inrraarteπal, intrapentoneal, or subcutaneous administration In addition, the antibody mutant is suitably administered by pulse infusion, particularly with declining doses of the antibody mutant Preferably the dosing is given by injections, most preferably intravenous or subcutaneous injections, depending in part on whether the administration is brief or chronic For the prevention or treatment of disease, the appropriate dosage of antibody mutant will depend on the type of disease to be treated, the severity and course of the disease, whether the antibody mutant is administered for preventive or therapeutic purposes, previous therapy, the patient's clinical history and response to the antibody mutant, and the discretion of the attending physician The antibody mutant is suitably administered to the patient at one time or over a series of treatments Depend g on the type and severity of the disease, about 1 μg/kg to 15 mg/kg (e , 0 1 -20mg/kg) of antibody mutant is an initial candidate dosage for administration to the patient, whether, for example, by one or more separate administrations, or by continuous infusion A typical daily dosage might range from about 1 μg/kg to 100 mg/kg or more, depending on the factors mentioned above For repeated administrations over several days or longer, depending on the condition, the treatment is sustained until a desired suppression of disease symptoms occurs However, other dosage regimens may be useful The progress of this therapy is easily monitored by conventional techniques and assays An exemplary dosing regimen for an anti-LFA- 1 or anti-IC AM- 1 antibody is disclosed in WO 94/04188 The antibody mutant composition will be formulated dosed, and administered in a fashion consistent with good medical practice Factors for consideration in this context include the particular disorder being treated, the particular mammal being treated, the clinical condition of the individual patient, the cause of the disorder, the site of delivery of the agent, the method of administration, the scheduling of administration, and other factors known to medical practitioners The "therapeutically effective amount" of the antibody mutant to be administered will be governed by such considerations, and is the minimum amount necessary to prevent, ameliorate, or treat a disease or disorder The antibody mutant need not be, but is optionally formulated with one or more agents currently used to prevent or treat the disorder in question The effective amount of such other agents depends on the amount of antibody mutant present in the formulation, the type of disorder or treatment, and other factors discussed above These are generally used in the same dosages and with administration routes as used hereinbefore or about from 1 to 99% of the heretofore employed dosages G. Articles of Manufacture In another embodiment of the invention, an article of manufacture containing materials useful for the treatment of the disorders described above is provided The article of manufacture comprises a container and a label Suitable containers include, for example, bottles, vials, syringes, and test tubes The containers may be formed from a variety of materials such as glass or plastic The container holds a composition which is effective for treating the condition and may have a sterile access port (for example the container may be an intravenous solution bag or a vial having a stopper pierceable by a hypodermic injection needle) The active agent in the composition is the antibody mutant The label on, or associated with, the container indicates that the composition is used for treating the condition of choice The article of manufacture may further comprise a second container comprising a pharmaceutically-acceptable buffer, such as phosphate-buffered saline, Ringer's solution and dextrose solution It may further include other materials desirable from a commercial and user standpoint, including other buffers, diluents, filters, needles, syringes, and package inserts with instructions for use EXAMPLE PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODY MUTANTS This example describes the humanization and in vitro biological efficacy of a murine anti -human CDl la monoclonal antibody, MHM24 (Hildreth et al Eur J Immunol 13 202-208 (1983)) Previous studies on the murine MHM24 have shown that it, like other anti-CDl la antibodies, can inhibit T cell function (Hildreth et al J Immunol 134 3272-3280 (1985), Dougherty et al , Eur J Immunol 17 943-947 (1987)) Both the murine and humanized MAbs effectively prevent adhesion of human T cells to human keratinocytes and the proliferation of T cells in response to nonautologous leukocytes in the mixed lymphocytes response (MLR), a model for responsiveness to MHC class II antigens (McCabe et al Cellular Immunol 150 364-375 (1993)) However both the murine (Re mann et al Cytometry, 17 102-108 (1994)) and humanized MAbs did not cross-react with nonhuman primate CD 11 a other than chimpanzee CD 1 1 a In order to have a humanized MAb available for preclinical studies in rhesus the humanized MAb was re-engineered to bind to rhesus CDl la by changing four residues in one of the complementarity-determining regions, CDR-H2, in the variable heavy domain Clonmg and molecular modeling of the rhesus CDl la I-domain suggested that a change from a lysine residue in human CDl la I-domain to glutamic acid in rhesus CDl la I-domam is the reason that the murine and humanized MAbs do not bind rhesus CDl la Materials and Methods (a) Construction of humanized F(ab')s The murine anti-human CDl la MAb MHM24 (Hildreth et al Eur J Immunol 13 202-208 (1983), Hildreth et al J Immunol 134 3272-3280 (1985)) was cloned and sequenced In order to have a plasmid useful for mutagenesis as well as for expression of F(ab)s in E coli, the phagemid pEMXl was constructed Based on the phagemid pb0720, a derivative of pB0475 (Cunningham et al Science 243 1330-1336 (1989)), pEMXl contains a DNA fragment encoding a humanized K-subgroup I light chain and a humanized subgroup III heavy cham (VH-CH1) and an alkaline phosphatase promotor and Shine-Dalgarno sequence both derived from another previously described pUCl 19-based plasmid, pAK2 (Carter et al Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89 4285 (1992)) A unique Spel restriction site was also introduced between the DNA encoding for the F(ab) light and heavv chains To construct the first F(ab) mutant of humanized MHM24, F(ab)- 1 site-directed mutagenesis (Kunkel, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82 488 (1985)) was performed on a deoxyuπdine-containing template of pEMXl, all six CDRs were changed to the MHM24 sequence All other F(ab) mutants were constructed from a template of F(ab)-1 Plasmids were transformed into E coli strain XL-1 Blue (Stratagene San Diego, CA) for preparation of double- and single-stranded DNA For each mutant both light and heavy chams were completely sequenced using the dideoxynucleotide method (Sequenase, U S Biochemical Corp ) Plasmids were transformed into E coli strain 16C9, a derivative of MM294, plated onto LB plates containing 5 μg ml carbenicillin, and a smgle colony selected for protein expression The single colony was grown m 5 ml LB- 100 μg/ml carbenicillin for 5-8 h at 37° C The 5 ml culture was added to 500 ml AP5-100 μg ml carbenicillin and allowed to grow for 16 h in a 4 L baffled shake flask at 37° C APS media consists of 1 5 g glucose, 11 0 Hycase SF, 0 6 g yeast extract (certified), 0 19 g MgS04 (anhydrous), 1 07 g NH4C1, 3 73 g KC1, 1 2 g NaCl, 120 ml 1 M tnethanolamine, pH 7 4, to 1 L water and then sterile filtered through 0 1 μm Sealkeen filter Cells were harvested by centπfugation in a 1 L centrifuge bottle (Nalgene) at 3000 x g and the supernatant removed After freezing for 1 h, the pellet was resuspended in 25 ml cold 10 mM MES-10 mM EDTA, pH 5 0 (buffer A) 250 μl of 0 1 M PMSF (Sigma) was added to inhibit proteolysis and 3 5 ml of stock 10 mg/ml hen egg white lysozyme (Sigma) was added to aid lysis of the bacterial cell wall After gentle shaking on ice for 1 h, the sample was centnfuged at 40,000 x g for 15 min The supernatant was brought to 50 ml with buffer A and loaded onto a 2 ml DEAE column equilibrated with buffer A The flow-through was then applied to a protein G-Sepharose CL-4B (Pharmacia) column (0 5 ml bed volume) equilibrated with buffer A The column was washed with 10 ml buffer A and eluted with 3 ml 0 3 M glycine. pH 3 0, mto 1 25 ml 1 M Tπs, pH 8 0 The F(ab) was then buffer exchanged into PBS using a Centncon-30 (Amicon) and concentrated to a final volume of 0 5 ml SDS-PAGE gels of all F(ab)s were run to ascertain purity and the molecular weight of each mutant was verified by electrospray mass spectrometry (b) Construction of chimenc and humanized IgG For generation of human IgGI mutants of chimenc (chlgG l ) and humanized (HulgG 1) MHM24. the appropriate murine or humanized variable light and variable heavy (F(ab)-8, Table II) domains were subcloned into separate previously described pRK vectors (Gorman et al DNA Protein Eng Tech 2 3 (1990)) Alanine- scan mutants were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis (Kunkel, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82 488 (1985)) of the HuIgG l light and heavy chain plasmids The DNA sequence of each mutant was verified by dideoxynucleotide sequencing Heavy and light chain plasmids were cotransfected into an adenovirus-transformed human embryonic kidney cell line 293 (Graham et al J Gen Virol 36 59 (1977)), using a high efficiency procedure (Graham et al , J Gen Virol 36 59 (1977) Gorman et al , Science, 221 551 (1983)) Media was changed to serum-free and harvested daily for up to 5 days Antibodies were purified from the pooled supematants using protein A- Sepharose CL-4B (Pharmacia) The eluted antibody was buffer exchanged into PBS using a Centncon-30 (Amicon), concentrated to 0 5 ml, sterile filtered using a Millex-GV (Milhpore) and stored at 4° C The concentration of antibody was determined using total Ig-binding ELISA The concentration of the reference humanized antι-p l 85 HER IgG l (Carter et al Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89 4285 ( 1992)) was determined by amino acid composition analysis Each well of a 96-well plate was coated with 1 μg/ml of goat anti-human IgG F(ab') 2 (Cappel Laboratories, Westchester, PA) for 24 h at 4° C Purified antibodies were diluted and added in duplicate to the coated plates After 1 5 h incubation, the plates were washed with PBS- 0 02% Tween 20 and 0 1 ml of a 1 2000 dilution of horseradish peroxidase-conjugated sheep anti-human IgG F(ab')2 (Cappel) was added After 1 5 h incubation the plates were washed and 0 1 ml 0 2 mg/ml o- phenylenediamine dιhydrochloπde-0 01% hydrogen peroxide-PBS was added After 10 mm the reaction was stopped with 2 M sulfuric acid and the O D 490 nm was read (c) Cloning of rhesus CDl la 1-domam The DNA sequence of the rhesus I-domain was obtained usmg RT-PCR and primers derived from the 7 human CD 1 1 a DNA sequence Briefly, mRNA was isolated from -10 ' rhesus leukocytes using the Fast Track mRNA purification kit (Invitrogen) 10 μg mRNA was reverse transcribed using MuLV reverse transcπptase The first strand cDNA was then amplified by 40 cycles of PCR using the primers 5'-CACTTTGGATACCGCGTCCTGCAGGT-3' (forward)(SEQ ID NO 15) and 5'-CATCCTGCAGGTCTGCCTTCAGGTCA-3' (reverse)(SEQ ID NO 16) A single band of the predicted size was purified from the PCR reaction using agarose gel electrophoresis The PCR product was digested with restriction enzyme Sse8387I (Takara) and ligated to a human CDl la-containing plasmid digested with the same restriction enzyme There are two Sse8387I sites m the human CDl la sequence, one on either side of the I-domain The resulting plasmid encoded a chimera consisting of human CDl la with a rhesus I-domam substituted for the human I-domain DNA sequence analysis revealed five amino acid differences between human and rhesus One difference was in the region N- terminal to the I-domain (Thr59Ser) and the other four differences were in the I-domain itself Vall33Ile, Argl 89Gln, Lysl97Glu, and Val308Ala (Fig 2) (d) FACScan analysis ofF(ab) and IgG binding to Jurkat cells Aliquots of 10 Jurkat T-cells were incubated with serial dilutions of humanized and control antibodies in PBS-0 1% BSA-10 mM sodium azide for 45 mm at 4° C The cells were washed and then incubated in fluoresce -conjugated goat anti-human F(ab')2 (Organon Teknika, Westchester, PA) for 45 mm at 4°C Cells were washed and analysed on a FACScan (Becton Dickinson, Mountain View, CA) 8 x 10 cells were acquired by list mode and gated bv forward light scatter versus side light scatter, thereby excluding dead cells and debris (e) Saturation binding to determine apparent K ^ s Radiolabeled antibodies were prepared using Iodo-Gen (Pierce, Rockford IL) according to the manufacturer's instructions 50 μg of antibody and 1 mO 19 I (DuPont. Wilmington, DE) were added to each tube and incubated for 15 min at 25° C Radiolabeled proteins were purified from the remaining free 125 I usmg PD-10 columns (Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden) equilibrated in Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS, Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY) containing 0 2% gelatin Mononuclear cells were purified from hepaπnized human peripheral blood collected from two donors usmg Lymphocyte Separation Medium (LSM, Organon Teknika, Durham, NC) according to the manufacturer's instructions The blood was centnfuged at 400 x g for 40 mm at 25° C with no braking Cells at the interface of the LSM and plasma were harvested and then resuspended in HBSS-0 2% gelatin Leukocytes were purified from hepaπnized rhesus monkey peripheral blood collected from two individuals by Dextran sedimentation Blood was diluted with an equal volume of 3% Dextran T500 (Pharmacia) in PBS and was allowed to sediment undisturbed at 25° C for 30 mm After sedimentation, cells remaining m suspension were harvested and pelleted by centnfugation at 400 x g for 5 mm Residual erythrocytes were removed by two cycles of hypotonic lysis using distilled water and 2X HBSS After erythrocyte lysis, cells were washed in PBS and then resuspended in HBSS-0 2% gelatin Antibody affinities were determined by saturation binding using either peripheral blood mononuclear cells (murine MHM24 and HulgG 1) or rhesus leukocytes (MHM23, RhlgGl) In each assay, a radiolabeled antibody was serially diluted in HBSS-0 2% gelatin in quadruplicate Nonspecific bmdmg was determined by the addition of 500nM final concentration of homologous unlabeled antibody in duplicate through the serial dilution Human lymphocytes or rhesus leukocytes were added to the plates in a volume of 170 μl per well Plates were incubated for 2 hr at room temperature on an orbital plate shaker After incubation, cells were harvested using a SKATRON™ cell harvester (Lier, Norway) and washed 10 times with PBS containing 0 25% gelatin and 0 1% sodium azide Samples were then counted for 1 mm m an LBK Wallac GammaMaster gamma counter (Gaithersburg, MD) Data was transformed from counts per minute to nanomolaπty and four- parameter curve-fitting of saturation plots (bound versus total) was then performed to determine K^ (app) values (f) Keratinocyte monolayer adhesion assay Normal human epidermal keratinocytes (Clonetics. San Diego, CA) were removed from culture flasks with trypsin-EDTA, centnfuged, and resuspended in lymphocyte assay medium (RPMI 1640 (GIBCO)-10% fetal calf serum- 1% penicillin/streptomycin) at a concentration of 5 x 10 5 viable cells/ml Aliquots of 0 1 ml/well were then cultured overnight in flat-bottom 96-well plates, appropriate wells were stimulated by addition of interferon-gamma (Genentech, South San Francisco, CA) at 100 units/well Jurkat clone E6-1 cells (ATCC, Rockville, MD) or purified rhesus lymphocytes (see MLR methods) were labeled with 20 μg/ml Calcein AM (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR) at 37° C for 45 mm After washing three times with lymphocyte assay medium, Jurkat or rhesus lymphocyte cells were resuspended to 1 x 10 cells/ml and incubated with serially-diluted antibody at 4° C for 30 mm After removal of medium from the keratinocyte monolayer, 0 1 ml/well of labeled cells were added and incubated at 37° C for 1 h The wells were washed five times with 0 2 ml/weli/wash of 37° C lymphocyte medium to remove non-attached cells Fluorescence was measured using a Cytofluor 2300 (Millipore, Bedford, MA) A rhesus-human chimenc CD l l a (Rh/HuCDl l a) compπsmg human CDl l a with a rhesus I-domain was constructed by site-directed mutagenesis (Kunkel, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82 488 (1985)) on a deoxyuridine-containing template plasmid encoding human CDl la Four residues were altered Val l 33Ile, Argl89Gln, Lysl97Glu, and Val308Ala (Fig 2) Plasmids coding for Rh/HuCDl la and human CDl lb (EP 364, 690) were cotransfected into an adenovirus-transformed human embryonic kidney cell line, 293 (Graham et al J Gen Virol 36 59 (1977)), using a high efficiency procedure (Graham et al J Gen Virol 36 59 ( 1977), Gorman et al , Science, 221 551 ( 1983)) Rh/HuCD l la-transfected 293 cells were labeled with 20 μg/ml Calcein AM at 37° C for 45 mm After washing three times with lymphocyte assay medium, Rh/HuCDl la-transfected 293 cells were resuspended to 1 x 10 cells/ml and incubated with serially-diluted antibody at 4° C for 30 mm After removal of medium from the keratinocyte monolayer, 0 1 ml/well of labeled 293 cells was added and incubated at 37° C for 1 h The wells were washed five times with 0 2 ml/well/wash of 37° C lymphocyte medium to remove non-attached cells Fluorescence was measured using a Cytofluor 2300 (g) ICAM adhesion assay Maxisorp (Nunc) 96-well plates were coated with 0 1 ml/well of 1 μg/ml goat anti-human IgG Fc (Caltag) for 1 h at 37° C After washing the plates three times with PBS, the plates were blocked with 1% BSA- PBS for 1 h at 25° C The plates were then washed three times with PBS and 0 1 ml/well of 50 ng/ml recombinant human ICAM-IgG was added and incubated overnight The ICAM-IgG consisted of the five extracellular domams of human ICAM fused onto a human IgG Fc A plasmid for the expression of a human ICAM- 1 (Simmons et al Nature 331 624-627 (1988) and Staunton et al Cell 52 925-933 (1988)) immunoadhesm called pRK 5dICAMGaIg was constructed It contains the five Ig- ke domains of ICAM-1, a six amino acid cleavage site recognized by an H64A variant of subtihsin BPN', Genenase I (Carter et al Proteins Structure Function and Genetics 6 240-248 (1989)), and the Fc region from human IgGI (Ellison et al Nucleic Acids Research 10 4071 -4079 (1982)) in the pRK5 vector (Eaton et al Biochemistry 25 8343-8347 (1986)) Human embryonic kidney 293 cells (Graham et al J Gen Virol 36 59 (197" 7 )) were stably transfected with pRK 5dICAMGaIg and the RSV-neo plasmid (Gorman et al Science 221 551-553 (1983)) to generate a cell line expressing the five domain ICAM Ig (5dICAMIg) A clone was selected which expressed 20 μg/ml of secreted 5dICAMIg by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), using antibodies to human IgG Fc (Caltag, Burlmgame, CA) and ICAM- 1 (BBIG-I1 , R & D Systems, Minneapolis MN) Cell culture supernatant from this cell line was loaded onto a Protein A column (ProsepA, Bioprocessing, Ltd , Durham, England) equilibrated in 0 01 M Hepes buffer (pH 7 0), 0 15 M NaCl (HBS) and the column was washed with HBS followed by 0 01 M Hepes buffer (pH 7 0), 0 5 M NaCl, 0 5 M TMAC (tetra-methyl ammonium chloride) to remove non-specifically bound mateπal The TMAC buffer was thoroughly washed from the column with HBS and the 5dICAMIg eluted with 0 01 M Hepes buffer (pH 7 0), 3 5 M MgC12 and 10% (w/v) glycerol The protein A pool was dialyzed extensively against HBS and concentrated Purified rhesus lymphocvtes (see MLR methods) were labeled with 20 μg/ml Calcein AM (Molecular Probes, Eugene OR) at 37° C for 45 min After washing three times with lymphocyte assay medium, rhesus lymphocyte cells were resuspended to 1 x 10" cells/ml and incubated with serially-diluted antibodv at 4° C for 30 mm After removal of medium from the ICAM-IgG coated plates 0 1 ml/well of labeled cells were added and incubated at 37° C for 1 h The wells were washed five times with 0 2 ml/well/wash of 37° C lymphocyte medium to remove non-attached cells Fluorescence was measured using a Cytofluor 2300 (Milhpore, Bedford, MA) (h) One-way mixed lymphocyte response (MLR) For both human and rhesus MLR, peripheral blood lymphocytes from two unrelated donors were isolated from whole, hepaπnized blood using Lymphocyte Separation Medium (Organon Teknika, Durham, NC) Lymphocytes were resuspended to a concentration of 3 x 10 cells/ml in RPMI 1640 (GIBCO)-10% human AB serum- 1% glutamine- 1% penicillin/streptomycin- 1 % non-essential amino acids- 1 % pyruvate-5 x 10 M 2-β-mercaptoethanol-50 μg/ml gentamycιn-5 μg/ml polymyxm B The stimulator cells were made unresponsive bv irradiation with 3000 rads in a cesium irradiator Responder cells at a concentration of 1 5 x 10 5 cells per well were co-cultured with an equal number of stimulator cells in 96-well, flat-bottom plates Serial two-fold dilutions of each antibody were added to the cultures to give a total volume of 200 μl/well The cultures were incubated at 37° C in 5% C02 for 5 days and then pulsed with 1 μCi/well of [ H]thymιdιne for 3 16 h [ HJthymidine incorporation was measured with a Beckman scintillation counter Assays were done in triplicate A humanized anti-human pl 85 HER2 MAb (Carter et al Proc Natl Acad Set USA 89 4285 (1992)) was used as isotype control for HulgG 1 and RhlgG l A murine anti-hamster tPA MAb (Genentech) was used as isotype control (murine IgG 1 ) for the MHM23 MAb MAb 25 3 was purchased from Immunotech, Inc (Westbrook, ME) (t) Computer graphics models of murine and humanized MHM24 Sequences of the VL and VH domains (Figs 1 A & B) were used to construct a computer graphics model of the murine MHM24 VL-VH domains This model was used to determine which framework residues should be incoφorated into the humanized antibody A model of F(ab)-8 was also constructed to veπfy correct selection of murme framework residues Construction of the models was performed as described previously (Carter et al Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89 4285 (1992). Eigenbrot et al J Mol Biol 229 969 (1993)) Results (a) Humanization The consensus sequence for the human heavy chain subgroup III and the light chain subgroup K I were used as the framework for the humanization (Kabat et al Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest 5th Ed Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (1991)) (Figs 1A & B) This framework has been successfully used in the humanization of other murine antibodies (Carter et al Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89 4285 ( 1992) Presta et al J Immunol 151 2623-2632 ( 1993), Eigenbrot et al Proteins 18 49-62 (1994)) All humanized mutants were initially made and screened for binding as F(ab)s expressed in E coli Typical yields from 500 ml shake flasks were 0 2-0 5 mg F(ab) Mass spectrometry verified the mass of each F(ab) to within 5 mass units CDR-H 1 included residues H28-H35, which includes all exposed residues from both Kabat et al Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest 5th Ed Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (1991 ) and Chothia et al Nature 342 8767 (198°) The other hypervanable loops were defined according to Chothia et al ( 1989) Light chain residue numbers are prefixed with L heavy chain residue numbers are prefixed with H Table II Binding of humanized MHM24 mutants to human CDl la on Jurkat cells a Murine residues are in bold, residue numbers are according to Kabat et al , Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest 5th Ed Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (1991) Mean and standard deviation are the average of the ratios calculated for each of the independent FACScan assays, the EC50 for F(ab)-2 was 771 ± 320 ng/ml c HulgG 1 is F(ab)-8 VL and VH domains fused to human constant light and heavy chains chlgG l is chimenc IgG with murine VL and VH domains fused to human constant light and heavy chains In the initial mutant F(ab)- 1 the CDR residues were transferred from the murine antibody to the human framework In addition, residue H71 was changed from the human Arg to murine Val since this residue has been shown previously to affect the conformations of CDR-H 1 and CDR-H2 (Chothia et al Nature, 342 8767- 883 (1989), Tramantano J Mol Biol 215 175 (1990)) This F(ab) showed no detectable binding In F(ab)-2 CDR-H2 was extended to include the sequence-based definition (; e including residues H60-H65) The EC50 for F(ab)-2 binding to human CDl la was 771 ± 320 ng/ml, which was 148-fold weaker than the EC50 of the chimenc IgG I (5 2 ± 3 0 ng/ml) In previous humanizations, it has been found that residues in a framework loop (FR-3) adjacent to CDR-H 1 and CDR-H2 can affect binding (Eigenbrot et al Proteins 18 49-62 (1994)) In F(ab)-5 three residues in this loop were changed to their murine counteφart and this mutant showed a 23-fold improvement in binding (Table II) Alteration of human residues at positions L53 and L55 to murine (; e SerL53Thr and GluL55Gln) further improved binding by another 4-fold (F(ab)-6, Table II). this effectively converted CDR-L2 from the structure-based definition (residues L50-L52) to the sequence-based definition (residues L50-L56) Subsequent alteration of PheH27 to murine Tyr in CDR-H 1 resulted in an additional 3-fold improvement (F(ab)-7, Table II) Finally, based on the models of murine and humanized MHM24, two of the three murine residues (H75 and H76) in FR-3 were changed back to human and it was found that these two residues had no effect on bmdmg (cf F(ab)-7 and F(ab)-8. Table II) The average EC50 for F(ab)-8 was slightly better than that of the chimenc IgGI (Table II) Not all changes from human to murine resulted in improved binding PheH67 was changed to murine Ala since this position had been previously found to affect binding (Presta et al, J Immunol 151 2623-2632 (1993)) but no effect was evident (F(ab)-3 Table II) Changing ValH71 back to the human Arg effected a 3-fold reduction m binding (F(ab)-4, Table II), supporting inclusion of ValH71 ιn F(ab)-l The VL and VH domains from F(ab)-8 were transferred to human IgG 1 constant domains The full length intact antibody, HulgG 1 , showed an EC50 equivalent to F(ab)-8 and improved compared to the full length chimenc IgGI (Table II) When data for all assays of HulgG! is considered, including its use as a standard for the alanine-scan and MLR assays (see below), the EC50 for HulgG 1 against human CDl la was 0 042 ± 0 072 nM (N = 15) Saturation binding analysis was also performed to determine the apparent dissociation constants, K d (app): 0.15 ± 0.02 nM for murine MHM24 and 0.15 ± 0.04 nM for HulgG 1 (Table III). Table III Apparent K^ by saturation binding to human lymphocytes and rhesus leukocytes a Assays of rhesus donor 3 were performed using two batches of RhlgG l ; the assays were performed in the presence of 1 mg/ml human IgG I to block Fc receptor interaction. (b) Alanine-Scan of CDR Residues To determine which CDR residues were involved in binding to human CDl l a an alanine-scan (Cunningham et al, Science 244: 1081 (1989)) was performed on the CDR residues of HulgG 1. Each mutant was tested for binding to CD l l a on Jurkat cells. In the light chain only CDR-L3 contributes to binding. HisL91 had a large effect (Table IV) and is probably conformational since this side chain should be partially buried. Residues AsnL92 and TyrL94 had more modest effect, reducing binding by 3-fold and 12-fold, respectively. Note however that simultaneously changing these two residues to alanine (as well as GluL93Ala) had a non-additive effect on binding (mutant L3, Table IV). Table IV Alanine-scan of humanized MHM24 CDR residues CDRs and FR-3 are as defined in Kabat et al , ( 1991 ) supra EC50 HulgG I for human CDl la = 0 042 nM (S D = 0 072, N = 15) c EC50 HuIgGl for rhesus CDl la = 45 6 nM (S D = 40 4, N = 16), all values for rhesus CDl la are for a single binding assay unless otherwise noted, nb denotes binding of mutant is greater than 10-fold weaker than HulgG 1 Multiple alanine mutants HI, SerH28Ala ThrH30Ala/HιsH32Ala, H2,HιsH52Ala SerH53Ala/SerH55Ala, H2B, AspH54Ala/GluH56Ala/ArgH58Ala, H2A1 , HιsH52Ala/SerH53Ala, H2A2, SerH53Ala/SerH55Ala, H2A3, HιsH52Ala/SerH55Ala, H3,TyrH97Ala/TyrH99Ala, H3B, ThrH 1 OOaAla/ThrH 1 OObAla/TyrH 1 OOcAla, L 1 , LysL27Ala/ThrL28Ala/SerL30Ala/LysL31 Ala, L2, SerL50Ala/SerL52Ala/ThrL53Ala, L3 AsnL92Ala GluL93Ala/TyrL94Ala a J HFR7 hu4D5 is a humanized antι-pl85 antibody with the same IgGI framework as the huMHM24 antibody (Carter et al Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89 4285 (1992)) In the heavy chain, CDR-H2 and CDR-H3 are the prominent contributors to the binding CDR-H 1 residue TφH33Ala had a large effect but this is most likely due to a conformational change as TφH33 should be partially buried The most important single residue contributing to the binding is AspH54 in CDR-H2, changing this residue to alanine effected a 147-fold reduction in binding (Table IV) Other residues in CDR- H2 involved m binding include GluH56 GlnH61 and LysH64 (Table IV) In CDR-H3, TyrH97Ala reduced binding by 1 1-fold and TyrHlOOcAla by 8-fold As in CDR-L3 simultaneous alteration of several CDR-H3 residues to alanine effected a non-additive, large reduction in binding (cf mutant H3 versus TyrH97Ala and TyrH99Ala, Table IV) In addition, the FR-3 residue included in the humanization, LysH73, also showed a 5-fold reduction in binding when changed to alanine or arginine (Table IV) (c) Re-engineering HulgG 1 to Bind to Rhesus CDl la Both murine MHM24 and HulgG 1 showed approximately 1000-fold reduction in binding to rhesus CDl la HulgG 1 had an EC50 agamst rhesus CDl la of 45 6 ± 40 4 nM (N - 16) compared to an EC50 of 0 042 ± 0 072 nM agamst human CDl la Since a primate model is important in evaluating the biology, toxicity, and efficacy of MHM24, improving the binding of HulgG 1 to rhesus CDl la was deemed advantageous Initially, the MAb hypervanable region residues which were important in binding to human CD 1 1 a and rhesus CDl la were determined so that those important for the rhesus but not the human could be altered Accordingly, the alanme-scan mutants were also assayed against rhesus CDl la on peripheral blood lymphocytes The most important finding was that one of the multiple-alanine mutation mutants, mutant H2, bound 18-fold better to rhesus CDl la than HulgG 1 (Table IV) However, individual mutations at the three residues included in mutant H2 showed minimal improvement in binding HιsH52Ala, 0 7-fold better, SerH53Ala, 0 7-fold better, and SerH55Ala, 1 3-fold worse (Table IV) A series of double mutations at these three residues showed that the combination HιsH52Ala-SerH53Ala was the best, providing a 77-fold improvement in bmding compared to HulgG 1 (cf mutants H2A1, H2A2 and H2A3, Table IV) In addition, the AspH54Ala and GluH56Ala mutants also effected a 3-fold improvement over HulgG 1 (Table IV), even though AspH54 is the most important binding residue in HulgG 1 with respect to human CDl la In an attempt to find a single substitution at position H54 which would improve bmdmg to rhesus CDl la out not reduce binding to human CDl la, position H54 was substituted with a variety of amino acids All 98/23746 substitutions reduced binding by greater than an order of magnitude whereas the substitution AspH54Asn improved rhesus binding by 10-fold (Table V) Table V Amino acid substitution at AspH54 a EC50 HulgG 1 for human CDl la = 0 042 nM (S D = 0 072, N=15), EC50 HulgG 1 for rhesus CDl la = 45 6 nM (S D = 404, N=16) Values are the mean of two assays c Values are for a single assay Since non-additive effects were noted for changes at positions H52-H53, these were combined with a variety of changes at positions H54 and H56 (Table VI) For all mutants, H52 and H53 were alanine In one series, position H54 was Asn and position H56 was Glu (original), Ala, Asn or Gin None of these mutants improved rhesus CDl la bmdmg over the H2A1 mutant (Table VI) In another series, position H54 was Ala and position H56 was Glu (original), Ala, Ser or Asn and again all were worse than mutant H2A 1 In the thu-d series, position H54 was Ser and position H56 was Glu (original), Ala, Ser or Asn Two of these mutants exhibited improved bmdmg to rhesus CDl la compared to the H2AI mutant (H2CI 1 and H2C12, Table VI) The rhesus CDl la EC50 for these two mutants was 0 1 1 ± 0 11 nM (N = 9) for H2C1 1 and 0 19 ± 0 08 nM (N = 7) for H2C12 These values are 3- to 5-fold weaker than the EC50 of HulgG 1 for human CDl la (0042 nM) but are a 240- to 415-fold improvement over the EC50 of HulgG 1 for rhesus CD 11 a (45 6 nM) H2C 12 will hereafter be referred to as RhlgG 1 Apparent K values from saturation binding experiments showed that RhlgGl bound to rhesus CDl la as well as murine MHM23 bound to rhesus CD 18 (Table III) Table VI Binding ofCDR-H2 mutants to human and rhesus CDl la Var .EC50/HuIgGl EC50 3 Mutant Sequence Human Rhesus CDl la IgGI CDl la Mean S.D. H2C2 A 2 6 >100 H2C3 A A A N >100 > 100 CDR-H2 M I H P S D S E T R Y 1 0 1 00 H2A 1 A A 10 8 0 013 0 012 (N=10) H2C 1 A A N >100 0 56 0 01 H2C4 A A N A > 100 0 38 0 06 H2C5 A A N N 46 O i l 0 02 H2C6 A A N Q > 100 0 21 0 01 H2C8 A A A 12 7 0 38 H2C7 A A A A 2 4 1 03 0 05 H2C 10 A A A S 14 2 0 22 0 03 H2C9 A A A N 34 3 0 22 0 04 H2C13 A A S 0 10 0 06 H2C14 A A S A 0 021 0 013 H2C12 A A S S 0 004 0 001 (N=7) H2C1 1 A A S N 24 9 0 002 0 001 (N=9) a EC50 HulgG 1 for human CDl la = 0 042 nM (S D = 0 072, N = 15), EC50 HulgG 1 for rhesus CD 11 a = 45 6 nM (S D = 40 4, N = 16), all values for rhesus CDl la are the mean of two independent binding assays except as noted For the HulgG 1 -human CD 11 a interaction, AspH54 was the most important residue (Table IV), changmg this residue to other amino acids significantly reduced binding with the least reduction occurring for changes to Glu, Asn and Gin However, for the HulgG 1 -rhesus CDl la interaction, AspH54 was deleterious since changing this residue to Ala or Asn improved binding (Table V) In order to understand this difference between bmdmg to human and rhesus CDl la, the latter was cloned from a rhesus PBL library Fig 2 shows that rhesus CDl la I-domain differs from human CDl la I-domain at only four positions 133, 189, 197, 308 Previously the human CDl la epitope of MHM24 was mapped to residues 197-203 (Champe et al J Biol Chem 270 1388-1394 (1995)) which includes the human Lysl97 to rhesus Glul97 change in rhesus (d) Keratinocyte Cell Adhesion Assays Murine MHM24, chimenc IgG 1 and HulgG 1 were compared m their ability to prevent adhesion of Jurkat cells (human T-cells expressing LFA- 1 ) to normal human epidermal keratinocytes expressing ICAM- 1 All three antibodies performed similarly (Fig 3) with similar IC50 values (Table VII) Table VII Blocking of cell adhesion by MHM24 mutants a HuK = normal human epidermal keratinocyte RhLy = rhesus lymphocyte c HuICAM = recombinant human ICAM-1 d Rh/HuCDl la = human CDl la with rhesus I-domam transfected into human 293 cells Neither murine nor humanized MHM24 blocked rhesus or cynomolgus lymphocytes from adhering to human keratinocytes When RhlgG l was compared to the murine anti-human CD 18 antibody MHM23 (Hildreth et al Eur J Immunol 13 202-208 (1983), Hildreth et al J Immunol 134 3272-3280 (1985)) in blocking adherence of rhesus lymphocytes to human keratinocytes, RhlgGl was 74-fold less efficacious than MHM23 (Fig 4 A, Table VII) However when recombinant human ICAM-1 was coated on plates (instead of human keratinocytes) RhlgGl was only 4-fold less efficacious than MHM23 (Fig 4B, Table VII) A chimenc CDl la comprised of human CDl la in which the I-domain was mutated to rhesus (Vall33Ile, Arg 189Gln, Lys 197Glu, Val308Ala) was transfected into human embryonic kidney 293 cells Agam, RhlgG 1 was only 4-fold down from MHM23 in blocking these Rh HuCD 11 a-293 cells from adhering to human keratinocytes (Fig 4C, Table VII) Control isotype antibodies for RhlgGl (humanized anti-p 185HER2 antibody, Carter et al Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89 4285 (1992)) and MHM23 (murine MAb 354, a murine IgGI anti-hamster tPA) did not block binding of rhesus lymphocytes to human keratinocytes or recombinant ICAM-1 (Figs 4A, 4B) or Rh/HuCDl la to human keratinocytes (Fig 4C) This implies that the reduced performance of RhlgGl compared to murine MHM23 in the rhesus lymphocyte human keratinocyte assay was not due to any unexpected interaction of the human Fc of HulgG 1 (compared to the murine Fc of MHM23) with the rhesus lymphocytes, which might reduce the concentration of RhlgGl available for binding to rhesus CDl la The recombinant human ICAM-1 data show that RhlgGl is binding to the rhesus lymphocytes and preventmg adherence almost as well as murine MHM23 (Fig 4B, Table VII) The Rh/HuCDl 1 a-293 data (Fig 4C, Table VII) show that RhlgGl is not binding to targets on the human keratinocytes (compared to HulgG 1), which might reduce the concentration of RhlgGl available for binding to rhesus CDl la In addition, the K d (app) of RhlgGl to rhesus leukocytes was similar with (rhesus donor 3) and without (rhesus donor 1) addition of 1 mg/ml human IgGI (Table III), This shows that binding of RhlgGl is specific to rhesus CDl la (e) Mixed Lymphocyte Response Assays In the MLR, HulgG 1 exhibited an IC50 value 2-fold weaker than the murine MHM24 (Table VIII, Fig 5). Table VIII Mixed lymphocyte response assay results a murMHM24, HulgG 1 and mAb 25 3 tested in human MLR; RhlgG l and MHM23 tested in rhesus MLR Both the murine and humanized MAbs fared 10- to 20-fold better than MAb 25.3, which has been previously tested in vivo (Fischer et at , Blood 11 249-256 ( 1991), Stoppa et al , Transplant Intl. 4 3-7 (1991 ), Hourmant et al , Transplantation 58 377-380 (1994)). The rhesus-binding mutant RhlgG 1 exhibited an IC50 value slightly better than murme MHM23 (Table VIII). Different respondeπstimulator blood donors were used m mdependent assays and the results did not vary significantly The K d of RhlgGl for rhesus CDl la is about 26-fold down from the K d of HulgG 1 for human CDl la (Table III) and this is reflected in the IC50 values derived from the MLR assays (Table VIII). SEQUENCE LISTING (1) GENERAL INFORMATION: (i) APPLICANT: Genentech, Inc. ( l) TITLE OF INVENTION: Antibody Mutants (iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 17 (iv) CORRESPONDENCE ADDRESS: (A) ADDRESSEE: Genentech, Inc. (B) STREET: 1 DNA Way (C) CITY: South San Francisco (D) STATE: California (E) COUNTRY: USA (F) ZIP: 94080 (v) COMPUTER READABLE FORM: (A) MEDIUM TYPE: 3.5 inch, 1.44 Mb floppy disk (B) COMPUTER: IBM PC compatible (C) OPERATING SYSTEM: PC-DOS/MS-DOS (D) SOFTWARE: inPatin (Genentech) (vi) CURRENT APPLICATION DATA: (A) APPLICATION NUMBER: (B) FILING DATE: (C) CLASSIFICATION: (viil) ATTORNEY/AGENT INFORMATION: (A) NAME: Lee, Wendy M. (B) REGISTRATION NUMBER: 40,378 (C) REFERENCE/DOCKET NUMBER: P1064PCT (ix) TELECOMMUNICATION INFORMATION: (A) TELEPHONE: 650/225-1994 (B) TELEFAX: 650/952-9881 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO : 1 : (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 108 ammo acids (B) TYPE: Ammo Acid (D) TOPOLOGY: Linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO : 1 : Asp Val Gin Ile Thr Gin Ser Pro Ser Tyr Leu Ala Ala Ser Pro 1 5 10 15 Gly Glu Thr Ile Ser Ile Asn Cys Arg Ala Ser Lys Thr Ile Ser 20 25 30 Lys Tyr Leu Ala Trp Tyr Gin Glu Lys Pro Gly Lys Thr Asn Lys 35 40 45 Leu Leu Ile Tyr Ser Gly Ser Thr Leu Gin Ser Gly Ile Pro Ser 50 55 60 Arg Phe Ser Gly Ser Gly Ser Gly Thr Asp Phe Thr Leu Thr Ile 65 70 75 Ser Ser Leu Glu Pro Glu Asp Phe Ala Met Tyr Tyr Cys Gin Gin 80 85 90 His Asn Glu Tyr Pro Leu Thr Phe Gly Thr Gly Thr Lys Leu Glu 95 100 105 Leu Lys Arg 108 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO : 2 : (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 108 amino acids (B) TYPE: Amino Acid (D) TOPOLOGY: Linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO : 2 : Asp Ile Gin Met Thr Gin Ser Pro Ser Ser Leu Ser Ala Ser Val 1 5 10 15 Gly Asp Arg Val Thr Ile Thr Cys Arg Ala Ser Lys Thr Ile Ser 20 25 30 Lys Tyr Leu Ala Trp Tyr Gin Gin Lys Pro Gly Lys Ala Pro Lys 35 40 45 Leu Leu Ile Tyr Ser Gly Ser Thr Leu Gin Ser Gly Val Pro Ser 50 55 60 Arg Phe Ser Gly Ser Gly Ser Gly Thr Asp Phe Thr Leu Thr Ile 65 70 75 Ser Ser Leu Gin Pro Glu Asp Phe Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys Gin Gin 80 85 90 His Asn Glu Tyr Pro Leu Thr Phe Gly Gin Gly Thr Lys Val Glu 95 100 105 Ile Lys Arg 108 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO : 3 : (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 108 amino acids (B) TYPE: Amino Acid (D) TOPOLOGY: Linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO : 3 : Asp Ile Gin Met Thr Gin Ser Pro Ser Ser Leu Ser Ala Ser Val 1 5 10 15 Gly Asp Arg Val Thr Ile Thr Cys Arg Ala Ser Gin Ser Ile Ser 20 25 30 Asn Tyr Leu Ala Trp Tyr Gin Gin Lys Pro Gly Lys Ala Pro Lys 35 40 45 Leu Leu Ile Tyr Ala Ala Ser Ser Leu Glu Ser Gly Val Pro Ser 50 55 60 Arg Phe Ser Gly Ser Gly Ser Gly Thr Asp Phe Thr Leu Thr Ile 65 70 75 Ser Ser Leu Gin Pro Glu Asp Phe Ala Thr Tyr Tyr Cys Gin Gin 80 85 90 Tyr Asn Ser Leu Pro Trp Thr Phe Gly Gin Gly Thr Lys Val Glu 95 100 105 Ile Lys Arg 108 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 4: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 121 amino acids (B) TYPE: Amino Acid (D) TOPOLOGY: Linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:4: Glu Val Gin Leu Gin Gin Pro Gly Ala Glu Leu Met Arg Pro Gly 1 5 10 15 Ala Ser Val Lys Leu Ser Cys Lys Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ser Phe Thr 20 25 30 Gly His Trp Met Asn Trp Val Arg Gin Arg Pro Gly Gin Gly Leu 35 40 45 Glu Trp Ile Gly Met Ile His Pro Ser Asp Ser Glu Thr Arg Leu 50 55 60 Asn Gin Lys Phe Lys Asp Lys Ala Thr Leu Thr Val Asp Lys Ser 65 70 75 Ser Ser Ser Ala Tyr Met Gin Leu Ser Ser Pro Thr Ser Glu Asp 80 85 90 Ser Ala Val Tyr Tyr Cys Ala Arg Gly Ile Tyr Phe Tyr Gly Thr 95 100 105 Thr Tyr Phe Asp Tyr Trp Gly Gin Gly Thr Thr Leu Thr Val Ser 110 115 120 Ser 121 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO : 5 : (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 121 amino acids (B) TYPE: Amino Acid (D) TOPOLOGY: Linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO : 5 : Glu Val Gin Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gin Pro Gly 1 5 10 15 Gly Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ser Phe Thr 20 25 30 Gly His Trp Met Asn Trp Val Arg Gin Ala Pro Gly Lys Gly Leu 35 40 45 Glu Trp Val Gly Met Ile His Pro Ser Asp Ser Glu Thr Arg Tyr 50 55 60 Asn Gin Lys Phe Lys Asp Arg Phe Thr Ile Ser Val Asp Lys Ser 65 70 75 Lys Asn Thr Leu Tyr Leu Gin Met Asn Ser Leu Arg Ala Glu Asp 80 85 90 Thr Ala Val Tyr Tyr Cys Ala Arg Gly Ile Tyr Phe Tyr Gly Thr 95 100 105 Thr Tyr Phe Asp Tyr Trp Gly Gin Gly Thr Leu Val Thr Val Ser 110 115 120 Ser 121 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO : 6 : (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 113 amino acids (B) TYPE: Amino Acid (D) TOPOLOGY: Linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 6: Glu Val Gin Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gin Pro Gly 1 5 10 15 Gly Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Phe Thr Phe Ser 20 25 30 Ser Tyr Ala Met Ser Trp Val Arg Gin Ala Pro Gly Lys Gly Leu 35 40 45 Glu Trp Val Ser Val Ile Ser Gly Asp Gly Gly Ser Thr Tyr Tyr 50 55 60 Ala Asp Ser Val Lys Gly Arg Phe Thr Ile Ser Arg Asp Asn Ser 65 70 75 Lys Asn Thr Leu Tyr Leu Gin Met Asn Ser Leu Arg Ala Glu Asp 80 85 90 Thr Ala Val Tyr Tyr Cys Ala Arg Gly Phe Asp Tyr Trp Gly Gin 95 100 105 Gly Thr Leu Val Thr Val Ser Ser 110 113 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO : 7 : (l) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH. 184 ammo acids (D) TOPOLOGY: Linear (x ) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO : 7 : Lys Gly Asn Val Asp Leu Val Phe Leu Phe Asp Gly Ser Met Ser 1 5 10 15 Leu Gin Pro Asp Glu Phe Gin Lys Ile Leu Asp Phe Met Lys Asp 20 25 30 Val Met Lys Lys Leu Ser Asn Thr Ser Tyr Gin Phe Ala Ala Val 35 40 45 Gin Phe Ser Thr Ser Tyr Lys Thr Glu Phe Asp Phe Ser Asp Tyr 50 55 60 Val Lys Arg Lys Asp Pro Asp Ala Leu Leu Lys His Val Lys His 65 70 75 Met Leu Leu Leu Thr Asn Thr Phe Gly Ala Ile Asn Tyr Val Ala 80 85 90 Thr Glu Val Phe Arg Glu Glu Leu Gly Ala Arg Pro Asp Ala Thr 95 100 105 Lys Val Leu Ile Ile Ile Thr Asp Gly Glu Ala Thr Asp Ser Gly 110 115 120 Asn Ile Asp Ala Ala Lys Asp Ile Ile Arg Tyr Ile Ile Gly Ile 125 130 135 Gly Lys His Phe Gin Thr Lys Glu Ser Gin Glu Thr Leu His Lys 140 145 150 Phe Ala Ser Lys Pro Ala Ser Glu Phe Val Lys Ile Leu Asp Thr 155 160 165 Phe Glu Lys Leu Lys Asp Leu Phe Thr Glu Leu Gin Lys Lys Ile 170 175 180 Tyr Val Ile Glu 184 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO : 8 • (l) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH. 184 ammo acids (D) TOPOLOGY: Linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO .8. Lys Gly Asn Val Asp Leu Ile Phe Leu Phe Asp Gly Ser Met Ser 1 5 10 15 Leu Gin Pro Asp Glu Phe Gin Lys Ile Leu Asp Phe Met Lys Asp 20 25 30 Val Met Lys Lys Leu Ser Asn Thr Ser Tyr Gin Phe Ala Ala Val 35 40 45 Gin Phe Ser Thr Ser Tyr Lys Thr Glu Phe Asp Phe Ser Asp Tyr 50 55 60 Val Lys Gin Lys Asp Pro Asp Ala Leu Leu Glu His Val Lys His 65 70 75 Met Leu Leu Leu Thr Asn Thr Phe Gly Ala Ile Asn Tyr Val Ala 80 85 90 Thr Glu Val Phe Arg Glu Glu Leu Gly Ala Arg Pro Asp Ala Thr 95 100 105 Lys Val Leu Ile Ile Ile Thr Asp Gly Glu Ala Thr Asp Ser Gly 110 115 120 Asn Ile Asp Ala Ala Lys Asp Ile Ile Arg Tyr Ile Ile Gly Ile 125 130 135 Gly Lys His Phe Gin Thr Lys Glu Ser Gin Glu Thr Leu H s Lys 140 145 150 Phe Ala Ser Lys Pro Ala Ser Glu Phe Val Lys Ile Leu Asp Thr 155 160 165 Phe Glu Lys Leu Lys Asp Leu Phe Thr Glu Leu Gin Lys Lys Ile 170 175 180 Tyr Ala Ile Glu 184 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO : 9 : (l) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 7 ammo acids (D) TOPOLOGY: Linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO : 9 : Lys His Val Lys His Met Leu 1 5 7 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 10: (l) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 11 ammo acids (D) TOPOLOGY: Linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 10: Pro Lys Asn Ser Ser Met Ile Ser Asn Thr Pro 1 5 10 11 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 11: (l) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 7 ammo acids (D) TOPOLOGY: Linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 11: His Gin Ser Leu Gly Thr Gin 1 5 7 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 12: (l) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 8 ammo acids (D) TOPOLOGY: Linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 12: His Gin Asn Leu Ser Asp Gly Lys 1 5 8 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 13: (l) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 8 ammo acids (D) TOPOLOGY: Linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 13: His Gin Asn Ile Ser Asp Gly Lys 1 5 8 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO : 1 : (l) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 8 ammo acids (D) TOPOLOGY: Linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 14: Val Ile Ser Ser His Leu Gly Gin (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 15: (l) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 26 base pairs (B) TYPE: Nucleic Acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: Single (D) TOPOLOGY: Linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 15: CACTTTGGAT ACCGCGTCCT GCAGGT 26 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 16: (l) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 26 base pairs (B) TYPE: Nucleic Acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: Single (D) TOPOLOGY: Linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 16: CATCCTGCAG GTCTGCCTTC AGGTCA 26 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 17: (l) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 121 ammo acids (B) TYPE: Ammo Acid (D) TOPOLOGY: Linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 17: Glu Val Gin Leu Val Glu Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Val Gin Pro Gly 1 5 10 15 Gly Ser Leu Arg Leu Ser Cys Ala Ala Ser Gly Tyr Ser Phe Thr 20 25 30 Gly His Trp Met Asn Trp Val Arg Gin Ala Pro Gly Lys Gly Leu 35 40 45 Glu Trp Val Gly Met Ile Ala Pro Ala Ser Ser Ser Thr Arg Tyr 50 55 60 Asn Gin Lys Phe Lys Asp Arg Phe Thr Ile Ser Val Asp Lys Ser 65 70 75 Lys Asn Thr Leu Tyr Leu Gin Met Asn Ser Leu Arg Ala Glu Asp 80 85 90 Thr Ala Val Tyr Tyr Cys Ala Arg Gly Ile Tyr Phe Tyr Gly Thr 95 100 105 Thr Tyr Phe Asp Tyr Trp Gly Gin Gly Thr Leu Val Thr Val Ser 110 115 120 Ser 121

Claims: WHAT IS CLAIMED IS 1 An antibody mutant of a species-dependent antibody, which antibody mutant comprises an am o acid substitution in a hypervanable region of the species-dependent antibody and has a binding affinity for an antigen from a nonhuman mammal which is at least about 10 fold stronger than the binding affinity of the species-dependent antibody for said antigen 2 The antibody mutant of claim 1 wherein the species-dependent antibody binds specifically to the human homologue of said antigen 3 The antibody mutant of claim 1 wherein the antibody mutant is to be administered to a nonhuman mammal in preclinical studies 4 The antibody mutant of claim 1 wherein the nonhuman mammal is a primate 5 The antibody mutant of claim 4 wherein the nonhuman primate is selected from the group consisting of rhesus, cynomolgus, baboon, chimpanzee and macaque 6 The antibody mutant of claim 1 wherein only one hypervanable region residue of the species- dependent antibody has been substituted 7 The antibody mutant of claim 1 wherein two to ten hypervanable region residues of the species- dependent antibody have been substituted 8 The antibody mutant of claim 1 wherein the antibody mutant has a binding affinity for said antigen from the nonhuman mammal which is at least about 20 fold stronger than the binding affinity of the species- dependent antibody for said antigen 9 The antibody mutant of claim 1 wherein the antibody mutant has a binding affinity for said antigen from the nonhuman mammal which is at least about 50 fold stronger than the binding affinity of the species- dependent antibody for said antigen 10 The antibody mutant of claim 1 further comprising an ammo acid substitution in a framework region of said species-dependent antibody 11 The antibody mutant of claim 1 wherein the species-dependent antibody is a humanized antibody 12 The antibody mutant of claim 1 wherein the species-dependent antibody is a human antibody 13 The antibody mutant of claim 1 which comprises a heavy chain variable domain compπsmg the amino acid sequence in SEQ ID NO 17 14 A method for producing an antibody mutant comprising substitutmg an ammo acid residue in a hypervanable region of a species-dependent antibody, wherein the antibody mutant has a bmdmg affinity for an antigen from a nonhuman mammal which is at least about 10 fold stronger than the binding affinity of the species-dependent antibody for said antigen 15 The method of claim 14 wherein the substituted amino acid residue is one which has been identified as being involved in binding the antigen is from the nonhuman mammal 16 The method of claim 14 wherein the substituted ammo acid residue is one which has been identified as bemg mvolved in binding a homologue of the antigen from the mammal, where the homologue is from a human 17 A method for making an antibody mutant, comprising the steps of (a) identifying hypervanable region residues in a species-dependent antibody which are involved in bmdmg an antigen from a first mammalian species and those hypervanable region residues involved in binding a homologue of the antigen from a second different mammalian species, (b) preparing a mutant of the species-dependent antibody wherein a residue identified (a) as bemg involved in binding the antigen from the first mammalian species or the homologue thereof, or both, is replaced by another amino acid residue, and (c) selecting an antibody mutant prepared as in (b) which has a stronger binding affinity for the antigen from the second mammalian species than the species-dependent antibody 18 The method of claim 17 wherein the first mammalian species is a human 19 The method of claim 17 wherein the second mammalian species is a nonhuman mammal 20 The method of claim 17 wherein step (b) involves preparing a mutant of the species- dependent antibody wherem a residue identified in (a) as being involved in binding the homologue, but not the antigen from the first mammalian species, is replaced by another amino acid residue 21 The method of claim 17 wherein step (b) involves preparing a mutant of the species- dependent antibody wherein a residue identified in (a) as being involved in binding both the antigen from the first mammalian species and the homologue thereof is replaced by another amino acid residue 22 The method of claim 17 wherein step (b) involves preparing a mutant of the species- dependent antibody wherein a residue identified in (a) as being involved in bmdmg the antigen from the first mammalian species, but not the homologue thereof, is replaced by another amino acid residue 23 Isolated nucleic acid encoding the antibody mutant of claim 1 24 A vector comprising the nucleic acid of claim 23 25 A host cell transformed with the vector of claim 24 26 A process of producing an antibody mutant comprising culturmg the host cell of claim 25 so that the nucleic acid is expressed 27 The process of claim 26 further comprising recovering the antibody mutant from the host cell culture 28 The process of claim 27 wherein the antibody mutant is recovered from the host cell culture medium

Inventors: JARDIEU PAULA M, PRESTA LEONARD G, JARDIEU, PAULA, M., PRESTA, LEONARD, G.
Applicants: GENENTECH INC, GENENTECH, INC.
Application year: 1997
Main classification: C12N15
IPC codes: A61K38, C07K14, C07K16, C12N15