Liquid crystal display device

Abstract: A polariser (14) is provided on the upper side of a liquid crystal panel (10), and a light scattering member (15) and a polarised light separator (16) are provided in turn on the lower side of the liquid crystal panel (10). Of light incident on the upper side of the polarised light separator (16), a linearly polarised light component parallel to the plane of the drawings is transmitted, a linearly polarised light component perpendicular to the drawings is reflected, and for light incident on the lower side thereof, a linearly polarised light component parallel to the drawings can be emitted upwardly. When the switch is off, the external light incident on the display device is reflected by the polarised light separator (16) to obtain a bright display, and when the switch is on, the incident external light is transmitted through the polarised light separator (16) to obtain a dark display. when the switch is off, light from a light source (17) is transmitted through the polarised light separator (16) and absorbed by the polariser (12) to obtain a dark display, and when the switch is on, the light is transmitted through the polarised light separator (16) and through the polariser (14) to obtain a bright display.

Description: The present invention relates to a display device, and specifically to a display device using a liquid crystal as variable transmission polarisation axis means. Particularly, the present invention relates to a so-called transflective liquid crystal display device functioning as a transmissive liquid crystal display device when a light source is turned on and functioning as a reflective liquid crystal display device when the light source is turned off. Also, the present application describes an electronic apparatus comprising the display device as a display unit, such as a watch, an electronic handbook, a personal computer, and the like. A conventional liquid crystal display device comprising a variable transmission polarisation axis optical element 2605 in which the polarisation axis of a liquid crystal is variable, such as a TN (Twisted Nematic) liquid crystal, STN (Super-Twisted Nematic) crystal, or the like, has a structure in which the variable transmission polarisation axis optical element 2605 is sandwiched between two polarisation 2601 and 2606, as shown in Fig. 26. Therefore, the conventional liquid crystal display device has a low efficiency of light utilisation, and particularly, a reflective type has a problem with dark display. WO 95/17692 discloses a display device with brightness enhancement including a multiple layer reflective polariser placed between an optical cavity and an LCD module. Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a display device using a variable transmission polarisation axis optical element in which the display device is capable of providing a bright display. Also, in a conventional transflective liquid crystal display device, a thin reflecting plate is formed, or an opening is provided, thereby decreasing reflectance at reflective display. That is to say, in a transflective type device, brightness of the reflective display is sacrificed. Accordingly, another object of the present invention is to provide a transflective liquid crystal display device having a bright reflective display comprising a light source provided on the back of a liquid crystal display device so as to permit not only reflective display by external light but also display by transmitted light from the light source provided on the back of the device. In the transflective liquid crystal display device, when external light is incident on the display device with the light source turned on, due to positive-negative reversal, the display is sometimes hard to see. Accordingly, a further object of the present invention is to provide a display device in which the display is not hard to see in the case of positive-negative reversal. In accordance with the present invention, a display device comprises a liquid crystal panel; a polarizer disposed on a front side of the liquid crystal panel; a reflective polarizer disposed on a side opposite to the polarizer with respect to the liquid crystal panel; a light source disposed on a side opposite to the liquid crystal panel with respect to the reflective polarizer; and a color filter disposed between the reflective polarizer and the light source, the coloured filter having at least a first colored region capable of reflecting or transmitting light in a first predetermined wavelength range, and a second colored region capable of transmitting or reflecting light in a second predetermined wavelength range different from the first predetermined wavelength range, the color filter being capable of absorbing light at wavelengths except the first and second predetermined wavelength range. Preferably, the first and second colored regions correspond to respective character display portions to obtain different display colors in the respective character display portions, thereby widening the range of selection of design possibilities. More, preferably, a transflective reflecting plate between the color filter and the light source so as to transmit light from the light source to the color filter side, to reflect light which is incident on the color filter from the reflective polarizer side and then transmit through the color filter and to emit the light to the color filter side, is further provided. As the transflective plate, a mirror reflecting plate having openings provided therein can be used. In this configuration, for light incident from the outside of the first polarizer, the two display states, which are the first display state created by the light reflected by the reflective polarizer, and the second display state created by the light transmitted through the reflective polarizer and reflected by the color filter, and light transmitted through the color filter and then reflected by the transflective reflecting plate, are obtained according to the state of the transmission polarization axis of the liquid crystal panel, to form a reflective display device. In the second display state, the purity of color is increased due to the present of the of the transflective reflecting plate. Embodiments of the present invention will now be described by way of further example only and with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:- Fig. 1 is a sectional view of a display device of a first example. Fig. 2 is a schematic sectional view illustrating the principle of display of the display device of Fig.1. Fig. 3 is a schematic drawing of the configuration of a polarised light separator 16 used in an embodiment of the present invention. Fig. 4 is a drawing illustrating the operation of the polarised light separator 16 shown in Fig. 3. Fig. 5 is a drawing illustrating an example of a light source used in the present invention. Fig. 6 is a drawing illustrating another example of a light source used in the present invention. Fig. 7 is a drawing illustrating still another example of a light source used in the present invention. Fig. 8 is a drawing illustrating a further example of a light source used in the present invention. Fig. 9 is a drawing illustrating a still further example of a light source used in the present invention. Fig. 10 is a sectional view of a display device of a second example. Fig. 11 is a schematic sectional view illustrating the principle of display of the display device of Fig.10. Fig. 12 is a schematic sectional view illustrating a display device of a third example. Fig. 13 is a schematic sectional view illustrating a display device of a fourth example. Fig. 14 is a sectional view of a display device of a fifth example. Fig. 15 is a schematic view illustrating the principle of display of the display device of Fig. 14. Fig. 16 is a sectional view of a display device of a sixth example. Fig. 17 is a schematic sectional view illustrating the principle of display of the display device of Fig. 16. Fig. 18 is a drawing illustrating an example of a coloured layer used in the present invention. Fig. 19 is a drawing illustrating another example of a coloured layer used in the present invention. Fig. 20 is a sectional view of a display device in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention. Fig. 21 is a schematic sectional view illustrating the principle of display of the display device in accordance with the first embodiment of the present invention. Fig. 22 is a sectional view of the display device in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention. Fig. 23 is a schematic sectional view illustrating the principle of display of the display device in accordance with the second embodiment of the present invention. Fig. 24 is a drawing showing an example in which a prism sheet is combined with a display device of the present invention. Fig. 25 is drawing showing examples of electronic apparatus comprising a display device as a display unit. Fig. 26 is a drawing showing an example of a conventional display device. First Example (Basic Structure) Fig. 1 is a sectional view of a display device of a first example, and Fig. 2 is a schematic sectional view illustrating the principle of display of the display device in accordance with the first example. A display 100 of this example is a display device with a so-called transflective function which is capable of not only reflective display using reflection of external light in a place where external light is present, but also transmission display using light from a light source in a place where external light is absent. First the structure of the display device of this example is described with reference to Fig. 1. In the display device 100, a TN liquid crystal panel 10 is used as a variable transmission polarisation axis optical element. In the TN liquid crystal panel 10, a TN liquid crystal 13 is held between two glass plates 11 and 12, and a plurality of character display portions (not shown in the drawing) are provided to enable character display. On the upper side of the TN liquid crystal panel 10 is provided a polariser 14. On the lower side of the TN liquid crystal panel 10 are provided a light scattering member 15, a polarised light separator 16, and a light source 17 in this order. In order to drive the TN liquid crystal 10, a TAB substrate (not shown in the drawing) provided with a driver IC is connected to the TN liquid crystal panel 10 to form the display device. (Polarised Light Separator) Next, the polarised light separator used in this example is described with reference to Figs. 3 and 4. Fig. 4 is a schematic drawing showing the configuration of the polarised light separator 16 used in this example, and is a drawing illustrating the operation of the polarised light separator 16 shown in Fig. 3. The polarised light separator 16 has a structure in which two layers 41 (A layer) and 42 (B layer) are alternately laminated in a plurality of layers. In the polarised light separator 16, although the refractive index (n AX ) of the A layers 41 in the X axis direction is different from the refractive index (n BX ) of the B layers 42 in the X axis direction, the refractive index (n AX ) of the A layers 41 in the Y axis direction is substantially the same as the refractive index (n BY ) of the B layers 42 in the Y axis direction. Of light incident on the polarised light separator 16, linearly polarised light in the Y axis direction is transmitted through the polarised light separator 16 because the refractive index of the A layers 41 is substantially the same as the reflective index of the B layers in the polarised light separator 16. On the other hand, in the polarised light separator 16, if the thickness of the A layers 41 in the Z axis direction is t A , and the thickness of the B layers 41 is t B , the following equation is satisfied: tA · n AX + tB · n BX = λ/2 so that of light incident at wavelength λ on the polarised light separator 16, linearly polarised light in the X axis direction is reflected by the polarised light separator 16. Since the thickness of the A layers 41 and the thickness of the B layers 42 in the Z axis direction varies, of light incident on the polarised light separator 16 over a wide range of the visible wavelength region, the polarised light separator 16 reflects linearly polarised light in the X axis direction. In the polarised light separator 16, oriented polyethylene napthalate (PET; polyethylene naphthalate ) is used for the A layers 41, and copolyester of naphthalene dicarboxylic acid and terephthalic acid (coOEN; copolyester of napthalene dicarboxylic acid and terephthalic or isothalic acid) can be used for the B layers 42. Of course, materials of the polarised light separator 16 used in the present invention are not limited to these materials, and materials can be appropriately selected. Such a polarised light separator is disclosed in detail as a reflective polariser in Unexamined International Patent Applications (International Application No. WO/95/27819 and WO95/17692). Although, in this example, the above polarised light separator is used, besides the polarised light separator, a separator comprising a cholesteric liquid crystal layer held between λ/4 plates, a separator using the angle of polarisation (in the manner described in SID 92DIGEST pp. 427-429), a separator using hologram, and the like have the same function as the above polarised light separator, and may be used for the display device of this example. (Principle of Display) On the assumption that the right half of the display device 100 is a voltage applied portion, and the left half thereof is a voltage unapplied portion, the principle of display with the display device 100 is described below with reference to Fig. 2. First a reflective display where external light is incident on the display device 100 is described. In the voltage unapplied portion on the left hand side, when external light is incident on the display device 100, the external light is changed to linearly polarised light parallel to the plane of the drawing (hereinafter the plane of the drawing will simply be referred to as "the drawing") by the polariser 14, and then the direction of polarisation is rotated 90° by the TN liquid crystal 13 to form linearly polarised light perpendicular to the drawing. The linearly polarised light perpendicular to the drawing is reflected by the polarised light separator 16, and then the direction of polarisation is rotated 90° by the then TN liquid crystal 13 to form linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing, which is emitted as linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing from the polariser 14. With no voltage applied, incident external light is reflected by the polarised light separator 16, not absorbed thereby, to obtain a bright reflective display. Since the light scattering member 15 is provided between the polarised light separator 16 and the TN liquid crystal panel 10, light reflected from the polarised light separator 16 is changed from a mirror state to a white state. In the voltage applied portion on the right hand side, when external light is incident on the display device 100, the external light is changed to linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing, and then transmitted through the TN liquid crystal 13 without change in the direction of polarisation, and the polarised light separator 16 is also transmitted without change in the direction of polarisation to reach the light source 17. Since most of the light which reaches the light source 17 is transmitted through the light source or absorbed thereby, the display becomes dark. In this way, in a reflective display where external light is incident on the display device 100, in the voltage unapplied portion, light reflected by the polarised light separator 16 is transmitted through the light scattering member 15 to make the display bright, and in the voltage applied portion, light transmitted through the polarised light separator 16 is mostly transmitted through or absorbed by the light source 17 to make the display dark. With no voltage applied, since external light incident on the display device 100 is reflected by the polarised separator 16, not absorbed thereby, a bright display is obtained. Next, a transmissive display with the light from the light source is described. In the voltage unapplied portion on the left hand side, light from the light source 17 is incident on the polarised light separator 16, and changed to linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing by the polarised light separator 16. Then the direction of polarisation is rotated 90° by the TN liquid crystal 13 to form linearly polarised light perpendicular to the drawing, which is absorbed by the polariser 14, to make the display dark. In the voltage applied portion on the right hand side, light from the light source 17 is incident on the polarised light separator 16, scattered by the light scattering member 15, then transmitted through the TN liquid crystal 13 without change in the direction of polarisation, and also transmitted through the polariser 14, to make the display bright. In this way, in a transmissive display with the light from the light source 17, in the voltage unapplied portion, light from the light source 17 is absorbed by the polariser 14 to make the display dark. In the voltage applied portion, light from the light source is transmitted through the polariser 14 to make the display bright. Therefore, the display device 100 of this example is a reflective display device with a so-called transflective function, which is capable of not only reflective display using reflection of external light at a place with external light, but also transmissive display using light from the light source 17 at a place without external light. (Scattering Plate) As the scattering plate used in the display device of this example, a scattering plate capable of emitting incident light without removing the state of polarisation to the utmost. Since this scattering plate has the function to scatter and cloud the light emitted from the scattering plate, a display device with a cloudy display (white display) is obtained. In contrast, removal of the scattering plate 15 from the configuration produces a display device with a glossy display. Therefore, the scattering plate may be selected in accordance with application of the display device. (Light Source) Figs. 5 to 9 respectively show display devices using various light sources in accordance with this example of the present invention. In this example, any one of the light sources shown in Figs. 5 to 8 can be used. The light source used in the display device shown in Fig. 5 comprises a cold cathode tube 50 as a light source and a light guide plate 51. As the light guide plate 51, a light guide plate having the function to absorb light when the cold cathode tube 50 is turned off is used. Where the light source shown in Fig. 5 is used for the display device of this example, the display where external light including visible wavelength components having a plurality of colours is incident, i.e., a reflective display, becomes a black display in the voltage applied portion and becomes a white display in the voltage unapplied portion, respectively. On the other hand, a transmissive display with the light from the light source becomes a display having the colour of the light emitted from the cold cathode tube, i.e., a white display, in the voltage applied portion, and becomes a black display in the voltage unapplied portion. The light source used for the display device shown in Fig. 6 comprises an LED 60 which emits light at the wavelength corresponding to red as light source, and a light guide plate 61. In use of the light source shown in Fig. 6 for the display device of this example, a reflective display becomes a black display in the voltage applied portion and becomes a white display in the voltage unapplied portions, respectively. On the other hand, a transmissive display using light from the light source becomes a display having the colour of the light emitted from the LED 60, i.e., a red display, in the voltage applied portion, and becomes a black display in the voltage unapplied portion. In use of the light source shown in Fig. 5, as described above, for light from the light source 17, a dark display is obtained in the voltage unapplied portion and a bright display is obtained in the voltage applied portion, respectively, to form a transmissive display. However, in this case, when external light is incident on the front side of the display device, a bright display is obtained in the voltage unapplied portion and a dark display is obtained in the voltage applied portion, respectively, due to the external light. As a result, in both the voltage unapplied portion and the voltage applied portion, for example, when a display with transmitted light from the light source 17 is a bright display, a grey display is obtained due to addition of a reflective dark display by external light, and when a display with transmitted light from the light source 17 is a dark display, a grey display is obtained due to the addition of a reflective bright display by external light, to cause so-called positive-negative reversal and sometimes make the display hard to see. When the light source shown in Fig. 6 is turned on at incidence of external light, in the voltage applied portion, the light emitted from the LED can be seen so as to make the display greyish red, and in the voltage unapplied portion, the light reflected by the polarised light separator 16 can be seen so as to make the display grey. Therefore, the display is significantly easy to see as compared with a simple black-and-white display. The LED 60 which emits light having the wavelength corresponding to red is used in Fig. 6, but an LED which emits light having the wavelength corresponding to a colour other than red may be used. The light, source used for the display device shown in Fig. 7 comprises an EL element 70 as a light source, which emits light having the wavelength of green. In use of the light source shown in Fig. 7 for the display device of this example, a reflective display becomes a black display in the voltage applied portion and becomes a white display in the voltage unapplied portion, respectively. On the other hand, a transmissive display by the light from the light source becomes a display having the colour of the light emitted from the EL element 70, i.e., a green display, in the voltage applied portion, and becomes a black display in the voltage unapplied portion. When the light source shown in Fig. 7 is turned on at incidence of external light, in the voltage applied portion, the light emitted from the EL element 70 can be seen so as to make the display greyish green, and in the voltage unapplied portion, the externallight reflected by the polarised light separator can be seen so as to make the display grey. The EL element 70 which emits light having the wavelength of green is used in Fig. 7, but, of course, an EL element which emits light having the wavelength of a colour other than green may be used. The light source used for the display device shown in Fig. 8 comprises as light sources an LED 81 which emits light having the wavelength of red, and an LED 82 which emits light having the wavelength of blue, both LEDs being disposed on the side of a light guide plate 83. The light guide plate is partitioned by a reflecting plate 84 into regions corresponding to the LEDs so as to not to mix light having the wavelengths emitted from the respective light guide plates. The LEDs are arranged so that the emitted lights correspond to a plurality of character display portions 85 and 86 formed in the liquid crystal panel. In use of the light source shown in Fig. 8 for the display device of this example, a reflective display becomes a black display in the voltage applied portion and becomes a white display in the voltage unapplied portion, respectively. On the other hand, a transmissive display with the light from the light source becomes a display having the colour of the light emitted from each of the LEDs in the corresponding character display portion, i.e., a red or blue display, in the voltage applied portion, and becomes a black display in the voltage unapplied portion. When the light source 8 shown in Fig. 8 is turned on at incidence of external light, in the voltage applied portion, the light emitted from each of the LEDs can be seen to make the display greyish red or blue in each of the character display portions, and in the voltage unapplied portion, external light reflected by the polarised light separator can be seen to make the display grey. As shown in Fig. 8, the LED which emits light having the wavelength of red and the LED which emits light having the wavelength of blue are used, but, of course, an LED which emits light having the wavelength of a colour other than these colours may be used, and combinations may be appropriately selected according to application. The light source used for the display device shown in Fig. 9 comprises a plurality of LEDs 91 which emit light having the wavelength of red, and a plurality of LEDs 92 which emit light having the wavelength of blue, with the LEDs arranged as a group for each of the colours. The light source shown in Fig. 9 has no light guide plate. Further, the LED groups are arranged so that the emitted lights respectively correspond to a plurality of character display portions formed in the liquid crystal panel. In use of the light source shown in Fig. 9 for the display device of this example, a reflective display becomes a black display in the voltage applied portion and becomes a white display in the voltage unapplied portion, respectively. On the other hand, a transmissive display by the light from the light source becomes a display having the colour of the light emitted from each of the LED groups respectively corresponding to the character display portions, i.e., a red or blue display, in the voltage applied portion, and becomes a black display in the voltage unapplied portion. When the light source shown in Fig. 9 is turned on at incidence of external light, light emitted from each of the LED groups can be seen to make the display greyish red or blue in each of the character display portions in the voltage applied portion, and external light reflected by the polarised light separator can be seen to make the display grey in the voltage unapplied portion. The LED 91 which emits light having the red wavelength and the LED 92 which emits light having the blue wavelength are used in Fig. 9, but, of course, LEDs which emits light having the wavelength of a colour other than these colours may be used, and the combination can be appropriately selected. Second Example Fig. 10 is a sectional view of a display device in accordance with a second example, and Fig. 11 is a schematic sectional view illustrating the principle of display of the display device in the second example. The display device 1000 of this example is a reflective display device with a so-called transflective function, which is capable of not only reflective display using reflection of external light at a place with external light, but also transmissive display using light from the light source at a place without external light. (Basic Structure) First, the structure of the display device of this embodiment is described with reference to Fig. 10. In the display device 1000, a TN liquid crystal panel 10 is used as a variable transmission polarisation axis optical element. In the TN liquid crystal panel 10, a TN liquid crystal 13 is held between two glass plates and 12, and a plurality of character display portions (not shown in the drawing) are provided to enable character display. On the upper side of the TN liquid crystal panel 10 is provided a polariser 14. On the lower side of the TN liquid crystal panel 10 are provided a light scattering member 15, a polarised light separator 101, a light absorber 102, and a light source 17 in this order. The light absorber 102 is black and has a plurality of openings 103 at a predetermined area density. In order to drive the TN liquid crystal 13, a TAB substrate (not shown in the drawing) provided with a driver IC is connected to the TN liquid crystal panel 10 to form the display device. (Polarised Light Separator) The polarised light separator 101 comprises a (1/4) λ plate 104 and a cholesteric liquid crystal layer 105. The cholesteric liquid crystal layer 105 is illuminated with light having the same wavelength as the pitch of the liquid crystal and reflects circularly polarised light with the same direction of rotation as the liquid crystal, transmitting other light. Therefore, for example, when a cholesteric liquid crystal having a pitch of 5000 angstroms and counterclockwise rotation is used for the cholesteric liquid crystal layer 105, a device is obtained in which left-handed circularly polarised light having a wavelength of 5000 angstroms is reflected, and right-handed circularly polarised light and light having other wavelengths are transmitted. Further, by using a cholesteric liquid crystal having counterclockwise rotation and changing the pitch thereof in the cholesteric liquid crystal over the whole wavelength range of visible light, an element is obtained which reflects left-handed circularly polarised light not only for monochrome light but also over the whole range of bright colour light, and transmits right-handed circularly polarised light. In this example, a cholesteric liquid crystal having counterclockwise rotation is used for the cholesteric liquid crystal layer 105, and the pitch thereof is changed in the cholesteric liquid crystal over the whole wavelength range of visible light. In the polarised light separator 101 comprising the combination of the cholesteric liquid crystal layer 105 and the (1/4) λ plate 104, when linearly polarised light in a predetermined first direction is incident on the (1/4) λ plate 104 side, the light is changed to left-handed circularly polarised light by the (1/4) λ plate 104, reflected by the cholesteric liquid crystal layer 105, changed again to linearly polarised light in the predetermined first direction by the (1/4) λ plate 104, and then emitted. When linearly polarised light in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction is incident, the light is changed to right-handed circularly polarised light by the (1/4) λ plate 104, and transmitted through the cholesteric liquid crystal layer 105. For light incident on the lower side of the cholesteric liquid crystal layer 105, linearly polarised light in the second direction is emitted upward from the (1/4) λ plate 104. In this way, the polarised light separator 101 comprising the combination of the cholesteric liquid crystal layer 105 and the (114) λ plate 104 is a polarised light separating means in which of light incident from the (1/4) λ plate 104 side, a linearly polarised light component in the predetermined second direction is transmitted, and a linearly polarised light component in the first direction perpendicular to the predetermined second direction is reflected, and for light incident on the cholesteric liquid crystal layer 105 side, linearly polarised light in the second direction can be emitted to the (1/4) λ plate 104 side. Besides the polarised light separator 101 comprising the combination of the cholesteric liquid crystal layer 105 and the (1/4) λ plate 104, polarised light separators having the above function include a separator comprising films laminated in multilayers (of the type disclosed in USP 4,974,219), a separator for separating into reflective polarised light and transmissive polarised light using Brewster angle (in the manner described in SID 92DIGEST pp. 427-429), a separator using a hologram, and the polarised light separator described above in the first example with reference to Figs. 3 and 4, i.e., the separator disclosed in Unexamined International Patent Applications (International Application Nos. WO95/27819 and WO95/17692). (Principle of Display) On the assumption that the right half of the display device 1000 is a voltage applied portion, and the left half thereof is a voltage unapplied portion, the principle of display by the display device 1000 is described. First, a reflective display where external light is incident on the display device 1000 is described. In the voltage unapplied portion on the left hand side, when external light is incident on the display device 1000, the external light is changed to linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing by the polariser 14, and then the direction of polarisation is rotated 90° by the TN liquid crystal 13 to form linearly polarised light perpendicular to the drawing. The linearly polarised light perpendicular to the drawing is changed to left-handed circularly polarised light by the (1/4) λ plate 104, reflected by the cholesteric liquid crystal layer 105, is again incident on the (1/4) λ plate 104, and changed to linearly polarised light perpendicular to the drawing by the (1/4) λ plate 104. Then the direction of polarisation is rotated 90° by the TN liquid crystal 13 to form linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing, which is emitted as linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing from the polariser 14. In this way, with no voltage applied, since incident external lightis reflected by the polarised light separator 101, not absorbed thereby, a bright reflective display can be obtained. Since the light scattering member 15 is provided between the polarised light separator 101 and the TN liquid crystal panel 10, light reflected by the polarised light separator 101 is changed from a mirror state to a bright colour state. In the voltage applied portion on the right hand side, when external light is incident on the display device 1000, the external light is changed to linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing by the polariser 14, and then transmitted through the TN liquid crystal 13 without changing the direction of polarisation. The linearly polarised light is changed to right-handed circularly polarised light by the (1/4) λ plate 104, and transmitted through the cholesteric liquid crystal layer 105. The right-handed circularly polarised light transmitted through the cholesteric liquid crystal layer 105 is absorbed by the black light absorber 102 to obtain a dark display. In this way, in a reflective display where external light is incident on the display device 100, in the voltage unapplied portion, light reflected by the polarised light separator 101 is transmitted through the light scattering member 15 to obtain a bright display, and in the voltage applied portion, light transmitted through the polarised light separator 101 is absorbed by the light absorber 102 to obtain a dark display. With no voltage applied, since external light incident on the display device 1000 is reflected by the polarised separator 101, not absorbed thereby, a bright display is obtained. Next, a transmissive display by the light from the light source 17 is described. In the voltage unapplied portion on the left hand side, light from the light source 17 is incident on the cholesteric liquid crystal layer 105 of the polarised light separator 101 through the openings 103 provided in the black light absorber 102, and only right-handed circularly polarised light is transmitted through the cholesteric liquid crystal layer 105, and changed to linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing by the (1/4) λ plate 104. Then the direction of polarisation is rotated 90° by the TN liquid crystal 13 to form linearly polarised light perpendicular to the drawing, which is absorbed by the polariser 14 to obtain a dark display. In the voltage applied portion on the right hand side, light from the light source 17 is incident on the polarised light separator 101 and on the cholesteric liquid crystal layer 105 through the openings 103 provided in the black light absorber 102, and only right-handed circularly polarised light is transmitted through the cholesteric liquid crystal layer 105 and changed to linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing by the (1/4) λ plate 104. The linearly polarised light is transmitted through the light scattering member 15, through the TN liquid crystal 13 without changing the direction of polarisation, and then through the polariser 14 to obtain a bright display. In this way, in a transmissive display by the light from the light source 17, in the voltage unapplied portion, light from the light source 17 is absorbed by the polariser 14 to obtain a dark display, and in the voltage applied portion, light from the light source 17 is transmitted through the polariser 14 to obtain a bright display. Therefore, the display device 1000 of this example is a reflective display device with a so-called transflective function, which is capable of not only a bright reflective display using reflection of external light at a place with external light, but also a transmissive display using light from the light source 17 at a place with external light. (Scattering Plate) As the scattering plate 15 used in the display device of this embodiment, a scattering plate capable of emitting incident light without removing the state of polarisation to the utmost is used. Since this scattering plate has the function to scatter and cloud the light emitted from the scattering plate, a display device with a cloudy display (white display) is obtained. In contrast, removal of the scattering plate 15 from the configuration produces a display device with a glossy display. Therefore, the scattering plate may be selected in accordance with application of the display device. (Light Absorber) In this example, in a reflective display where external light is incident on the display device 1000, the two display states, i.e., a bright display by the light reflected by the polarised light separator 101, and a dark display where light transmitted through the polarised light separator 101 is absorbed by the light absorber 102, are obtained, as described above. However, since the light absorber 102 is a black light absorber to absorb light from the polarised light separator 101, and has a plurality of the openings 103 through which light can be transmitted, in the dark display state, light is not completely absorbed by the light absorber 102, but some light is transmitted through the openings 103 of the light absorber 102, reflected by the light source or the like, again transmitted through the openings 103 of the light absorber 102, and returned to the TN liquid crystal panel 10 side, causing a decrease in contrast. Therefore, the area ratio of the openings 103 to the light absorber 102 is preferably limited to decrease the amount of the light which is transmitted through the openings 103 of the light absorber 102, reflected by the light source 17 or the like, and returned through the openings 103 of the light absorber 102, thereby suppressing a decrease in contrast. Although, in this example, a black light absorber having the plurality of openings 103 is used as the light absorber 102, a light absorber in a grey translucence state can also be used for absorbing light from the polarised light separator 101 side and for transmitting light from the light source to the polarised light separator 101 side. In this case, since the light absorber is in a grey translucence state, the openings need not be provided. As the light absorber in a grey translucence state, light diffusion film D202 (produced by Tsujimoto Denki Seisakusho) or the like can be used. Although the black light absorber having the plurality of openings 103 is used as the light absorber 102, a polariser having an absorption axis shifted from that of the polarised light separator 101 can be used in place of the light absorber 102. In this way, with the polarised light separator 101 and the polariser having an absorption axis shifted from that of the polarised light separator 101, light from the TN liquid crystal panel 10 side can be absorbed and light from the light source 17 can be transmitted to the TN liquid crystal panel 10 side. (Light Source) In the display device of this example, the various light sources shown in Figs. 1 to 9 and described in the first example can be used. The operation and advantages are the same as the first example, and thus description thereof is omitted. Third Example (Basic Structure) Fig. 12 is a schematic sectional view illustrating a display device in accordance with a third example. In the second example, the polarised light separator 101 comprising the (1/4) λ plate 104 and the cholesteric liquid crystal layer 105 is used. This example is different from the second example in that a polarised light separator 121 comprising a (1/4) λ plate 104, a cholesteric liquid crystal layer 105, and a (1/4) λ plate 120 is used in place of the polarised light separator 101, but other points are the same as the second example. (Polarised Light Separator) In the polarised light separator 121 comprising the (1/4) λ plates 104 and 120 on both sides of the cholesteric liquid crystal layer 105, when linearly polarised light in a predetermined first direction is incident on the (1/4) λ plate 104 side, the light is changed to left-handed circularly polarised light by the (1/4) λ plate 104, reflected by the cholesteric liquid crystal layer 105, changed again to linearly polarised light in the predetermined first direction by the (1/4) λ plate 104, and then emitted. When linearly polarised light in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction is incident, the light is changed to right-handed circularly polarised light by the (1/4) λ plate 104, transmitted through the cholesteric liquid crystal layer 105, again changed to linearly polarised light in the second direction by the (1/4) λ plate 120, and then emitted. For light incident on the lower side of the (1/4) λ plate 146, linearly polarised light in the second direction is emitted upward from the (1/4) λ plate 104. In this way, the polarised light separator 121 comprising a combination of the cholesteric liquid crystal layer 105 and the (1/4) λ plates 104 and 120 is polarised light separating means in which of light incident on the (1/4) λ plate 104 side, a linearly polarised light component in the predetermined second direction is transmitted, and a linearly polarised light component in the first direction perpendicular to the predetermined second direction is reflected, and for light incident on the (1/4) λ plate 120 side, linearly polarised light in the second direction can be emitted to the (1/4) λ plate 104 side. Alternative arrangements for the polarised light separator 121, rather than the combination of the cholesteric liquid crystal layer 105 and the (1/4) λ plates 104 and 120, include: a separator comprising multilayer laminated films (of the type disclosed in USP 4,974,219); a separator for separating reflected polarised light and transmitted polarised light by using the Brewster angle (in the manner disclosed in SID 92DIGEST pp. 427-429); a separator using a hologram; and the polarised light separator described above in the first example with reference to Figs. 3 and 4, i.e., the separator disclosed as a reflective polariser in Unexamined International Patent Applications (International Application Nos. WO95/27819 and WO95/17692). (Principle of Display) On the assumption that the right half of the display device 1200 is a voltage applied portion, and the left half thereof is a voltage unapplied portion, the principle of display by the display device 1200 is described below. First, a reflective display where external light is incident on the display device 1200 is described. The function of the voltage unapplied portion on the left hand side is the same as the voltage unapplied portion of the first example. Namely, when external light is incident on the display device 1200, the external light is changed to linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing by the polariser 14, and then the direction of polarisation is rotated 90° by the TN liquid crystal 13 to form linearly polarised light perpendicular to the drawing. The linearly polarised light perpendicular to the drawing is changed to left-handed circularly polarised light by the (1/4) λ plate 104, reflected by the cholesteric liquid crystal layer 105 to be incident again on the (1/4) λ plate 104, and changed to linearly polarised light perpendicular to the drawing by the (1/4) λ plate 104. Then the direction of polarisation is rotated 90° by the TN liquid crystal 13 to form linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing, which is emitted as linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing from the polariser 14. In this way, with no voltage applied, incident external light is reflected by the polarised light separator 121, not absorbed thereby, to obtain a bright reflective display. Since the light scattering member 15 is provided between the (1/4) λ plate 104 and the TN liquid crystal panel 10, light reflected by the polarised light separator 101 is changed from a mirror state to a white state. In the voltage applied portion on the right hand side, when extemal light is incident on the display device 1200, the external light is changed to linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing by the polariser 14, and then transmitted through the TN liquid crystal 13 without changing the direction of polarisation. The linearly polarised light is changed to right-handed circularly polarised light by the (1/4) λ plate 104, and transmitted through the cholesteric liquid crystal layer 105. The right-handed circularly polarised light transmitted through the cholesteric liquid crystal layer 105 is changed to linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing by the (1/4) λ plate 120, and then absorbed by the black light absorber 102 to obtain a dark display. In this way, in a reflective display where external light is incident on the display device 1200, in the voltage unapplied portion, light is reflected by the polarised light separator 121 to obtain a bright display, and in the voltage applied portion, light transmitted through the polarised light separator 121 is absorbed by the light absorber 102 to obtain a dark display. With no voltage applied, since external light incident on the display device 1200 is reflected by the polarised separator 121, not absorbed thereby, a bright display is obtained. Next, transmissive display with the light from the light source 17 is described. In the voltage unapplied portion on the left hand side, light from the light source 17 is incident on the (1/4) λ plate 120 of the polarised light separator 121 through the openings 103 provided in the black light absorber 102, transmitted through the (1/4) λ plate 120 to be incident on the cholesteric liquid crystal layer 105, in which right-handed circularly polarised light is transmitted, and left-handed circularly polarised light is reflected. The transmitted circularly polarised light is changed to linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing by the (1/4) λ plate 104. Then the direction of polarisation is rotated 90° by the TN liquid crystal 13 to form linearly polarised light perpendicular to the drawing, which is absorbed by the polariser 14 to obtain a dark display. In the voltage applied portion on the right hand side, light from the light source 17 is incident on the (1/4) λ plate 120 of the polarised light separator 121 through the openings 103 provided in the black light absorber 102, and only right-handed circularly polarised light of the light incident on the cholesteric liquid crystal layer 105 is transmitted therethrough and changed to linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing by the (1/4) λ plate 104. The linearly polarised light is transmitted through the light scattering member 15, through the TN liquid crystal 13 without changing the direction of polarisation, and then through the polariser 14 to obtain a bright display. In this way, in transmissive display with the light from the light source 17, in the voltage unapplied portion, light from the light source 17 is absorbed by the polariser 14 to obtain a dark display, and in the voltage applied portion, light from the light source 17 is transmitted through the polariser 14 to obtain a bright display. Therefore, the display device 1200 of this example is a reflective display device with a so-called transflective function, which is capable of not only bright reflective display using reflection of external light at a place with external light, but also transmissive display using light from the light source 17 at a place without external light. (Scattering Plate) As the scattering plate used in the display device of this example, a scattering plate capable of emitting incident light without removing the state of polarisation to the utmost is used. Since this scattering plate has the function to scatter and cloud the light emitted from the scattering plate, a display device with a cloudy display (white display) is obtained. In contrast, removal of the scattering plate 15 from the configuration produces a display device with a glossy display. Therefore, the scattering plate should be selected in accordance with application of the display device. (Light Absorber) The same light absorber as that used in the second example can be used in this example. By limiting the area ratio of the openings 103 to the light absorber 102, a decrease in contrast can be suppressed as described in the second example. Of course, like in the second example, a light absorber in a grey translucence state and a polariser having an absorption axis shifted from that of the polarised light separator 121 can also be used. (Light Source) In the display device of this example, the various light sources described in Figs. 1 to 9 and the first example can be used. The operation and advantages are the same as the first example, and thus description thereof is omitted. Fourth Example (Basic Structure) Fig. 13 is a schematic sectional view illustrating a display device according to a fourth example. The polarised light separator 101 comprising the (1/4) λ plate 104 and the cholesteric liquid crystal layer 105 is used in the second example, and the polarised light separator 121 comprising the (1/4) λ plate 104, the cholesteric liquid crystal layer 105 and the (1/4) λ plate 120 is used in the third example. This example is different from the second and third examples in that the polarised light separator described above in the first example with reference to Figs. 3 and 4, i.e., the separator disclosed as a reflective polariser in Unexamined International Applications (International Application Nos. WO95/27819 and WO95/17692) is used as the polarised light separator 16 instead of the polarised light separator 101 and 102, but other points are the same as the second and third examples. (Polarised Light Separator) In this example, the same as described above in the first example with reference to Figs. 3 and 4 is used. Detailed description of the polarised light separator is omitted. Of course, besides this polarised light separator, polarised light separators having the same function as described above include a separator comprising a cholesteric liquid crystal layer between λ/4 plates, a separator using the Brewster angle (in the manner described in SID 92DIGEST pp. 427-429), a separator using a hologram, and the like. These separators may be used in the display device of this example. (Principle of Display) On the assumption that the right half of the display device 1300 is a voltage applied portion, and the left half thereof is a voltage unapplied portion, the principle of display by the display device 1300 is described. First, reflective display where external light is incident on the display device 1300 is described. In the voltage unapplied portion on the left hand side, when external light is incident on the display device 1300, the external light is changed to linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing by the polariser 14. And then the direction of polarisation is rotated 90° by the TN liquid crystal 13 to form linearly polarised light perpendicular to the drawing, which is reflected by the polarised light separator 16, maintaining a state of the linearly polarised light perpendicular to the drawing. The direction of polarisation is rotated 90° by the TN liquid crystal 13 to form linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing, which is emitted as linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing from the polariser 14. In this way, with no voltage applied, incident external light is reflected by the polarised light separator 16, not absorbed thereby, to obtain a bright reflective display. Since the light scattering member 15 is provided between the polarised light separator 16 and the TN liquid crystal panel 10, light reflected by the polarised light separator 101 is changed from a mirror state to a bright colour state. In the voltage applied portion on the right hand side, when external light is incident on the display device 1300, the external light is changed to linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing by the polariser 14, then transmitted through the TN liquid crystal 13 without changing the direction of polarisation, then also transmitted through the polarised light separator 16 without changing the direction of polarisation, and then absorbed by the black light absorber 102 to obtain dark display. In this way, in a reflective display where external light is incident on the display device 1300, the voltage unapplied portion, light reflected by the polarised light separator 16 is transmitted through the light scattering member 15 to obtain a bright display, and in the voltage applied portion, light transmitted through the polarised light separator 16 is absorbed by the light absorber 102 to obtain a dark display. With no voltage applied, since external light incident on the display device 1300 is reflected by the polarised separator 16, not absorbed thereby, a bright display is obtained. Next, transmissive display with the light from the light source 17 is described. In the voltage unapplied portion on the left hand side, light from the light source 17 is incident on the polarised light separator 16 through the openings 103 provided in the black light absorber 102, and changed to linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing by the polarised light separator 16. Then the direction of polarisation is rotated 90° by the TN liquid crystal 13 to form linearly polarised light perpendicular to the drawing, which is absorbed by the polariser 14 to obtain dark display. In the voltage applied portion on the right hand side, light from the light source 17 is incident on the polarised light separator 16 through the openings 103 provided in the black light absorber 102, and changed to linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing by the polarised light separator 16. The linearly polarised light is scattered by the light scattering member 15, then transmitted through the TN liquid crystal 13 without changing the direction of polarisation, and also transmitted through the polariser 14 to obtain a bright display. In this way, in transmissive display by the light from the light source 17, in the voltage unapplied portion, light from the light source 17 is absorbed by the polariser 14 to obtain a dark display, and in the voltage applied portion, light from the light source 17 is transmitted through the polariser 14 to obtain a bright display. Therefore, the display device 1300 of this example is a reflective display device with a so-called transflective function, which is capable of not only bright reflective display using reflection of external light at a place with external light, but also transmissive display using light from the light source 17 at a place without external light. (Scattering Plate) As the scattering plate used in the display device of this example, a scattering plate capable of emitting incident light without removing the state of polarisation to the utmost is used. Since this scattering plate has the function to scatter and cloud the light emitted from the scattering plate, a display device with a cloudy display (white display) is obtained. In contrast, removal of the scattering plate 15 from the configuration produces a display device with a glossy display. Therefore, the scattering plate should be selected in accordance with application of the display device. (Light Absorber) The same light absorber as that used in the second example can be used in this example. By limiting the area ratio of the openings 103 to the light absorber 102, a decrease in contrast can be suppressed as described in the second example. Of course, like in the second example, a light absorber in a grey translucence state and a polariser having an absorption axis shifted from that of the polarised light separator 101 or 121 can also be used. (Light Source) In the display device of this example, the various light sources described in Figs. 1 to 9 and the first example can be used. The operation and advantages are the same as the first example, and thus description thereof is omitted. Fifth Example Fig. 14 is a sectional view of a display device in the fifth example of the present invention, and Fig. 15 is a schematic sectional view illustrating the principle of display of the display device in the fifth example. The display device 100 of this example is a reflective display device with a so-called transflective function, which is capable of not only reflective display using reflection of external light at a place with external light, but also transmissive display using light from a light source at a place without external light. (Basic Structure) The structure of the display device of this example is described with reference to Fig. 14. In the display device 1400 of this example, a TN liquid crystal panel 10 is used as a variable transmission polarisation axis optical element. In the TN liquid crystal panel 10, a TN liquid crystal 13 is held between two glass plates 11 and 12, and a plurality of character display portions (not shown in the drawing) are provided to enable character display. On the upper side of the TN liquid crystal panel 10 is provided a polariser 14. On the lower side of the TN liquid crystal panel 10 are provided a light scattering member 15, a polarised light separator 16, a diffusion plate 140, and a light source 17 in this order. As the diffusion plate 140, a diffusion plate capable of changing the state of polarisation of incident light is used. A TAB substrate (not shown in the drawing) provided with a driver IC for driving the TN liquid crystal 13 is connected to the TN liquid crystal panel 10 to form the display device. (Polarised Light Separator) In this example, the same separator as described above in the first example with reference to Figs. 3 and 4 is used. Detailed description of the polarised light separator is therefore omitted. Of course, besides this polarised light separator, polarised light separators having the same function as described above include a separator comprising a cholesteric liquid crystal layer between λ/4 plates, a separator using the Brewster angle (in the manner described in SID 92DIGEST pp. 427-429), a separator using a hologram, and the like. These separators may be used in the display device of this example. (Principle of Display) On the assumption that the right half of the display device 1400 is a voltage applied portion, and the left half thereof is a voltage unapplied portion, the principle of display by the display device 1400 is described with reference to Fig. 15. First, reflective display where external light is incident on the display device 1400 is described. In the voltage unapplied portion on the left hand side, when external light is incident on the display device 1400, the external light is changed to linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing by the polariser 14. And then the direction of polarisation is rotated 90° by the TN liquid crystal 13 to form linearly polarised light perpendicular to the drawing, which is reflected by the polarised light separator 16, maintaining the state of linearly polarised light perpendicular to the drawing. And the direction of polarisation is rotated 90° by the TN liquid crystal 13 to form linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing, which is emitted as linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing from the polariser 14. In this way, with no voltage applied, incident external light is reflected by the polarised light separator 16, not absorbed thereby, to obtain a bright reflective display. Since the light scattering member 15 is provided between the polarised light separator 16 and the TN liquid crystal panel 10, light reflected by the polarised light separator 101 is changed from a mirror state to a white state. In the voltage applied portion on the right hand side, when external light is incident on the display device 1400, the external light is changed to linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing by the polariser 14, then transmitted through the TN liquid crystal 13 without changing the direction of polarisation, also transmitted through the polarised light separator 16 without changing the direction of polarisation, and then scattered by the scattering plate 140, changing the state of polarisation. Most of the light scattered to the polarised light separator side by the scattering plate 140 cannot be transmitted through the polarised light separator because the state of polarisation is removed, resulting in a dark display. In this way, in reflective display where external light is incident on the display device 1300, in the voltage unapplied portion, light reflected by the polarised light separator 16 is transmitted through the light scattering member 15 to obtain a bright display, and in the voltage applied portion, light transmitted through the polarised light separator 16 is scattered by the scattering plate 140 with a change in the state of polarisation to obtain a dark display. With no voltage applied, since external light incident on the display device 1300 is reflected by the polarised separator 16, not absorbed thereby, a bright display is obtained. Next, transmissive display by the light from the light source 17 is described. In the voltage unapplied portion on the left hand side, light from the light source 17 is incident on the polarised light separator 16 through the scattering plate 140, and changed to linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing by the polarised light separator 16. Then the direction of polarisation is rotated by 90° by the TN liquid crystal 13 to form linearly polarised light perpendicular to the drawing, which is absorbed by the polariser 14 to obtain a dark display. In the voltage applied portion on the right hand side, light from the light source 17 is incident on the polarised light separator 16 through the scattering plate 140, and changed to linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing by the polarised light separator 16. The linearly polarised light is scattered by the light scattering member 15, then transmitted through the TN liquid crystal 13 without changing the direction of polarisation, and also transmitted through the polariser 14 to obtain a bright display. In this way, in transmissive display with the light from the light source 17, in the voltage unapplied portion, light from the light source 17 is absorbed by the polariser 14 to obtain a dark display, and in the voltage applied portion, light from the light source 17 is transmitted through the polariser 14 to obtain a bright display. Therefore, the display device 1400 of this example is a reflective display device with a so-called transflective function, which is capable of not only bright reflective display using reflection of external light at a place with external light, but also transmissive display using light from the light source 17 at a place without external light. (Scattering Plate) As the scattering plate used in the display device of this example, a scattering plate capable of emitting incident light without removing the state of polarisation to the utmost is used. Since this scattering plate has the function to scatter and cloud the light emitted from the scattering place, a display device with a cloudy display (white display) is obtained. In contrast, removal of the scattering plate 15 from the configuration produces a display device with a glossy display. Therefore, the scattering plate should be selected in accordance with application of the display device. (Light Source) In the display device of this example, the various light sources described in Figs. 1 to 9 and the first example can be used. The operation and advantages are the same as the first example, and thus description thereof is omitted. Sixth Example Fig. 16 is a sectional view of a display device in accordance with a sixth example, and Fig. 17 is a schematic sectional view illustrating the principle of display of the display device in accordance with the sixth example. The display device 1600 of this example is a reflective display device with a so-called transflective function, which is capable of not only reflective display using reflection of external light at a place with external light, but also transmissive display using light from a light source at a place without external light. (Basic Structure) The structure of the display device of this example is described with reference to Fig. 16. In the display device 1600 of this example, a TN liquid crystal panel 10 is used as a variable transmission polarisation axis optical element. In the TN liquid crystal panel 10, a TN liquid crystal 13 is held between two glass plates 11 and 12, and a plurality of character display portions (not shown in the drawing) are provided to enable character display. On the upper side of the TN liquid crystal panel 10 is provided a polariser 14. On the lower side of the TN liquid crystal panel 10 are provided a light scattering member 15, a polarised light separator 16, a coloured film 160 as a coloured layer, and a light source 60 in this order. As the coloured film, a translucence film capable of changing the state of polarisation of light at a predetermined wavelength to emit the light, and absorbing light at wavelengths other than the above wavelength is used. As the light source, a cold cathode tube which is a white light source is used. In order to drive the TN liquid crystal 13, a TAB substrate (not shown in the drawing) provided with a drive IC is connected to the TN liquid crystal panel 10 to form the display device. (Polarised Light Separator) In this example, the same polarised light separator as described above in the first example with reference to Fig. 3 and 4 is used. Detailed description of the polarised light separator is therefore omitted. Of course, besides this polarised light separator, polarised light separators having the same function as described above include a separator comprising a cholesteric liquid crystal layer between λ/4 plates, a separator using the Brewster angle (in the manner described in SID 92DIGEST pp. 427-429), a separator using a hologram, and the like. These separators may be used in the display device of this example. (Principle of Display) On the assumption that the right half of the display device 1600 is a voltage applied portion, and the left half thereof is a voltage unapplied portion, the principle of display by the display device 1600 is described with reference to Fig. 17. First, reflective display where external light is incident on the display device 1600 is described. In the voltage unapplied portion on the left hand side, when external light is incident on the display device 1600, the external light is changed to linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing by the polariser 14. And then the direction of polarisation is rotated 90° by the TN liquid crystal 13 to form linearly polarised light perpendicular to the drawing, which is reflected by the polarised light separator 16, remaining the state of the linearly polarised light perpendicular to the drawing. The direction of polarisation is rotated 90° by the TN liquid crystal 13 to form linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing, which is emitted as linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing from the polariser 14. In this way, with no voltage applied, incident light is reflected by the polarised light separator 16, not absorbed thereby, to obtain a bright reflective display. Since the light scattering member 15 is provided between the polarised light separator 16 and the TN liquid crystal panel 10, light reflected by the polarised light separator 101 is changed from a mirror state to a white state. In the voltage applied portion on the right hand side, when external light is incident on the display device 1600, the external light is changed to linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing by the polariser 14, then transmitted through the TN liquid crystal 13 without changing the direction of polarisation, and also transmitted through the polarised light separator 16 without changing the direction of polarisation. Then, light in a predetermined wavelength range is absorbed by the coloured film 160. Since light in the predetermined wavelength range is absorbed by the coloured film 160, a dark display is obtained. In this way, in reflective display where external light is incident on the display device 1600, in the voltage unapplied portion, light reflected by the polarised light separator 16 is transmitted through the light scattering member 15 to obtain a bright display, and in the voltage applied portion, light transmitted through the polarised light separator 16 is absorbed by the coloured film 50 to obtain a dark display. With no voltage applied, since external light incident on the display device 1600 is reflected by the polarised separator 16, not absorbed thereby, a bright display is obtained. Next, transmissive display with the light from the light source 17 is described. In the voltage unapplied portion on the left hand side, light from the light source 17 is incident on the polarised light separator 16 through the coloured film 160, and changed to linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing by the polarised light separator 16. Then the direction of polarisation is rotated 90° by the TN liquid crystal 13 to form linearly polarised light perpendicular to the drawing, which is absorbed by the polariser 14 to obtain a dark display. In the voltage applied portion on the right hand side, light from the light source 17 is incident on the polarised light separator 16 while being coloured by passing through the coloured film 160, and changed to linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing by the polarised light separator 16. The linearly polarised light is scattered by the light scattering member 15, then transmitted through the TN liquid crystal 13 without changing the direction of polarisation, and also transmitted through the polariser 14 to obtain a bright display. In this way, in transmissive display with the light from the light source 17, in the voltage unapplied portion, light from the light source 17 is absorbed by the polariser 14 to obtain a dark display, and in the voltage applied portion, light from the light source 17 is transmitted through the polariser 14 to obtain a bright display. Therefore, the display device 1600 of this example is a reflective display device with a so-called transflective function, which is capable of not only bright reflective display using reflection of external light at a place with external light, but also transmissive display using light from the light source 17 at a place without external light. (Scattering Plate) As the scattering plate used in the display device of this example, a scattering plate capable of emitting incident light without removing the state of polarisation to the utmost is used. Since this scattering plate has the function to scatter and cloud the light emitted from the scattering plate, a display device with a cloudy display (white display) is obtained. In contrast, removal of the scattering plate 15 from the configuration produces a display device with a glossy display. Therefore, the scattering plate should be selected in accordance with application of the display device. (Coloured Layer) Figs. 18 and 19 respectively show display devices comprising various coloured films as the coloured layer in accordance with this example. In this example, any one of the coloured films shown in Figs. 18 and 19 can be used. In the display device shown in Fig. 18, a coloured film which transmits and reflects light at the wavelength of red is used. In the display device shown in Fig. 18, as for reflective display, a blackish red display is obtained in the voltage applied portion and a white display is obtained in the voltage unapplied portion, respectively. On the other hand, as for transmissive display with the light from the light source, a display having the colour of light emitted from the light source and coloured by the coloured film, i.e., a red display, is obtained in the voltage applied portion, and a black display is obtained in the voltage unapplied portion. Where the coloured film is not used, but a light source emitting white light is used, for the light from the light source 17, a dark display is obtained in the voltage unapplied portion and a bright display is obtained in the voltage applied portion, respectively, to obtain a transmissive display, as described above. In this case, when external light is incident on the front side of the display device, due to the external light, a bright display is obtained in the voltage unapplied portion and a dark display is obtained in the voltage applied portion, respectively. As a result, in both the voltage unapplied portion and the voltage applied portion, for example, when display by transmitted light from the light source 17 is a bright display, a grey display is obtained due to addition of a reflective dark display by external light, and when display by transmitted light from the light source 17 is a dark display, a grey display is obtained due to addition of a reflective bright display by external light. Therefore, so-called positive-negative reversal occurs, and sometimes makes the display hard to see. When the light source is turned on by using the coloured filter shown in Fig. 8 at incidence of external light, the light emitted from the light source 17 and transmitted through the coloured filter 160 is seen in the voltage applied portion to obtain a greyish red display, and external light reflected by the polarised light separator is seen in the voltage unapplied portion to obtain a grey display, thereby making display significantly easy to see as compared with a black-and-white display. Although the coloured filter which reflects or transmits light at the wavelength of red is used in Fig. 18, of course, light at the wavelength of a colour other than red may be used. In the display device shown in Fig. 19, a coloured film having a region which reflects or transmits light at the wavelength of red and a region which reflects or transmits light at the wavelength of blue is provided as the coloured layer. These regions are arranged so that emitted light corresponds to each of the character display portions formed in the liquid crystal panel. When using the coloured film shown in Fig. 19 in the display device of this example, in reflective display, a black display is obtained in the voltage applied portion and a white display is obtained in the voltage unapplied portion, respectively. On the other hand, as for transmissive display with the light from the light source, a display having the colour of light emitted from each of the regions of the coloured film, i.e., a red or blue display, is obtained at the corresponding character display portion in the voltage applied portion, and a black display is obtained in the voltage unapplied portion. When the light source shown in Fig. 19 is turned on at incidence of external light, the light emitted from each of the LED groups is seen, causing a greyish red or blue display at each of the character display portions in the voltage applied portion, and external light reflected by the polarised light separator is seen, causing a grey display in the voltage unapplied portion. Although the coloured film which transmits or reflects light at the wavelength of red and the coloured film which transmits or reflects light at the wavelength of blue are used in Fig. 19, of course, a coloured film which reflects or transmits light at the wavelength of a colour other than these colours may be used, and a combination of coloured films can appropriately be selected. First Embodiment Fig. 20 is a sectional view of a display device in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention, and Fig. 21 is a schematic sectional view illustrating the principle of display of the display device in accordance with the first embodiment of the invention. The display device 2000 of this embodiment is a reflective display device with a so-called transflective function, which is capable of not only reflective display using reflection of external light at a place with external light, but also transmissive display using light from a light source at a place without external light. (Basic Structure) The structure of the display device of this embodiment is described with reference to Fig. 20. In the display device 2000 of this embodiment, a TN liquid crystal panel 10 is used as a variable transmission polarisation axis optical element. In the TN liquid crystal panel 10, a TN liquid crystal is held between two glass plates, and a plurality of character display portions 201 and 202 are provided to enable character display. On the upper side of the TN liquid crystal panel 10 is provided a polariser 14. On the lower side of the TN liquid crystal panel 10 are provided a light scattering member 15, a polarised light separator 16, a light absorber 200 in a grey translucence state, a coloured film 160 as a coloured layer, and a light source 17 in this order. In order to drive the TN liquid crystal 13, a TAB substrate (not shown in the drawing) provided with a driver IC is connected to the TN liquid crystal panel 10 to form the display device. (Polarised Light Separator) In this embodiment, the same polarised light separator as described above in the first example with reference to Figs. 3 and 4 is used. Detailed description of the polarised light separator is therefore omitted. Of course besides this polarised light separator, polarised light separators having the same function as described above include a separator comprising a cholesteric liquid crystal layer between λ/4 plates, a separator using the Brewster angle (in the manner described in SID 92DIGEST pp. 427-429), a separator using a hologram, and the like. These separators may be used in the display device of this embodiment. (Principle of Display) On the assumption that the right half of the display device 2000 is a voltage applied portion, and the left half thereof is a voltage unapplied portion, the principle of display by the display device 2000 is described with reference to Fig. 21. First, reflective display where external light is incident on the display device 2000 is described. In the voltage unapplied portion on the left hand side, when external light is incident on the display device 2000, the extemal light is changed to linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing by the polariser 14. Then the direction of polarisation is rotated 90° by the TN liquid crystal 13 to form linearly polarised light perpendicular to the drawing, which is reflected by the polarised light separator 16, remaining the state of the linearly polarised light perpendicular to the drawing. And the direction of polarisation is rotated 90° by the TN liquid crystal 13 to form linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing, which is emitted as linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing from the polariser 14. In this way, with no voltage applied, incident external light is reflected by the polarised light separator 16, not absorbed thereby, to obtain a bright reflective display. Since the light scattering member 15 is provided between the polarised light separator 16 and the TN liquid crystal panel 10, light reflected by the polarised light separator 101 is changed from a mirror state to a white state. In the voltage applied portion on the right hand side, when external light is incident on the display device 2000, the external light is changed to linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing by the polariser 14, then transmitted through the TN liquid crystal 13 without changing the direction of polarisation, and also transmitted through the polarised light separator 16 without changing the direction of polarisation. Then, the light is absorbed by the light absorber 200 in a grey translucence state to obtain a dark display. In this way, in reflective display where external lightis incident on the display device 1600, in the voltage unapplied portion, light reflected by the polarised light separator 16 is transmitted through the light scattering member 15 to obtain a bright display, and in the voltage applied portion, light transmitted through the polarised light separator 16 is absorbed by the light absorber 200 in a grey translucence state to obtain a dark display. With no voltage applied, since external light incident on the display device 1600 is reflected by the polarised separator 16, not absorbed thereby, a bright display is obtained. Next, transmissive display by the light from the light source 17 is described. In the voltage unapplied portion on the left hand side, light from the light source 17 passes through the light absorber 160 in a translucence state, passes through the coloured film while being coloured, and is incident on the polarised light separator 16. The light is changed to linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing by the polarised light separator 16. Then the direction of polarisation is rotated 90° by the TN liquid crystal 13 to form linearly polarised light perpendicular to the drawing, which is absorbed by the polariser 14 to obtain dark display. In the voltage applied portion on the right hand side, light from the light source 17 is transmitted through the light absorber 160 in a translucence state, is incident on the polarised light separator 16 while being coloured by passing through the coloured film, and is changed to linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing by the polarised light separator 16. The linearly polarised light is scattered by the light scattering member 15, then transmitted through the TN liquid crystal 13 without changing the direction of polarisation, and also transmitted through the polariser 14 to obtain a bright display. In this way, in transmissive display with the light from the light source 17, in the voltage unapplied portion, light from the light source 17 is absorbed by the polariser 14 to obtain a dark display, and in the voltage applied portion, light from the light source 17 is transmitted through the polariser 14 to obtain a bright display. Therefore, the display device 2000 of this embodiment is a reflective display device with a so-called transflective function, which is capable of not only bright reflective display using reflection of external light at a place with external light, but also transmissive display using light from the light source 17 at a place without external light. (Light Absorber) In this embodiment, besides the light absorber in a translucence state, the same light absorber as used in the second example, i.e., the black light absorber having openings, can also be used as the light absorber 200. By limiting the area ratio of th openings to the light absorber, a decrease in contrast can be suppressed as described in the second example. Of course, like in the second example, a polariser having an absorption axis shifted from that of the polarised light separator 16 can also be used. (Coloured Layer) In the display device of this embodiment, the coloured films described in Figs. 18 and 19 and the sixth example can be used as a coloured layer. The operation and advantage of the coloured layer are the same as the sixth embodiment, and thus description thereof is omitted. Second Embodiment Fig. 22 is a sectional view of a display device in accordance with an second embodiment of the present invention, and Fig. 23 is a schematic sectional view illustrating the principle of display of the display device in accordance with the second embodiment of the invention. The display device 2200 of this embodiment is a reflective display device with a so-called transflective function, which is capable of not only reflective display using reflection of external light at a place with external light, but also transmissive display using light from a light source at a place without external light. (Basic Structure) The structure of the display device of this embodiment is described with reference to Fig. 22. In the display device 2200 of this embodiment, a TN liquid crystal panel 10 is used as a variable transmission polarisation axis optical element. In the TN liquid crystal panel 10, a TN liquid crystal is held between two glass plates, and a plurality of character display portions 201 and 202 are provided to enable character display. On the upper side of the TN liquid crystal panel 10 is provided a polariser 14. On the lower side of the TN liquid crystal panel 10 are provide a polarised light separator 16, a coloured film 60 as a coloured layer, a reflecting plate having openings, and a light source 17 in this order. In the reflecting plate 220 are provided a plurality of openings 221 at a predetermined area ratio. In order to drive the TN liquid crystal 13, a TAB substrate (not shown in the drawing) provided with a driver IC is connected to the TN liquid crystal panel 10 to form the display device. (Polarised Light Separator) In this embodiment, the same polarised light separator as described above in the first example with reference to Figs. 3 and 4 is used. Detailed description of the polarised light separator is therefore omitted. Of course, besides this polarised light separator, polarised light separators having the same function as described above include a separator comprising a cholesteric liquid crystal layer between λ/4 plates, a separator using the Brewster angle (in the manner described in SID 92DIGEST pp. 427-429), a separator using a hologram, and the like. These separators may be used in the display device of this embodiment. (Principle of Display) On the assumption that the right half of the display device 2200 is a voltage applied portion, and the left half thereof is a voltage unapplied portion, the principle of display by the display device 2200 is described with reference to Fig. 23. First, reflective display where external light is incident on the display device 2200 is described. In the voltage unapplied portion on the left hand side, when external light is incident on the display device 2200, the external light is changed to linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing by the polariser 14. And then the direction of polarisation is rotated 90° by the TN liquid crystal 13 to form linearly polarised light perpendicular to the drawing, which is reflected by the polarised light separator 16, remaining in the state of the linearly polarised light perpendicular to the drawing. And the direction of polarisation is rotated 90° by the TN liquid crystal 13 to form linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing, which is emitted as linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing from the polariser 14. In this way, with no voltage applied, incident external light is reflected by the polarised light separator 16, not absorbed thereby, to obtain a bright reflective display. In the voltage applied portion on the right hand side, when external light is incident on the display device 2000, the external light is changed to linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing by the polariser 14, then transmitted through the TN liquid crystal 13 without changing the direction of polarisation, and also transmitted through the polarised light separator 16 without changing the direction of polarisation. Part of the light is reflected by the coloured layer 160, again transmitted through the polarised light separator 160, transmitted as linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing through the TN liquid crystal 140, and emitted as linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing from the polariser 14. Part of the light emitted from the polarised light separator 16 is transmitted through the coloured layer 160 while being absorbed thereby, reflected by the reflecting plate 220, and again transmitted through the coloured layer 160 while being absorbed thereby. Then the light is again transmitted through the polarised light separator 16, and transmitted as linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing through the TN liquid crystal 13 without changing the direction of polarisation, and emitted as linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing from the polariser 14 to obtain a colour display. Next, transmissive display with the light from the light source 17 is described. In the voltage unapplied portion on the left hand side, light from the light source 17 is incident on the polarised light separator 16 while being coloured by the coloured film through the openings 221 provided in the reflecting plate 220. The light is changed to linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing by the polarised light separator 16. Then the direction of polarisation is rotated 90° by the TN liquid crystal 13 to form linearly polarised light perpendicular to the drawing, which is absorbed by the polariser 14 to obtain a dark display. In the voltage applied portion on the right hand side, light from the light source 17 passes through the openings 221 provided in the reflecting plate 220, is incident on the polarised light separator 16 while being coloured by passing through the coloured layer 160, and changed to linearly polarised light parallel to the drawing by the polarised light separator 16. The linearly polarised light is transmitted through the TN liquid crystal 13 without changing the direction of polarisation, and also transmitted through the polariser 14 to obtain a bright display. In this way, in transmissive display with the light from the light source 17, in the voltage unapplied portion, light from the light source 17 is absorbed by the polariser 14 to obtain a dark display, and in the voltage applied portion, light from the light source 17 is transmitted through the polariser 14 to obtain a bright display. Therefore, the display device 2200 of this embodiment is a reflective display device with a so-called transflective function, which is capable of not only a bright reflective display using reflection of external light at a place with external light, but also a transmissive display using light from the light source 17 at a place without external light. (Reflecting Plate) In this embodiment, an A1 reflecting plate or the like can be used as the reflecting plate. Besides the reflecting plate having the openings, a half mirror or the like may be used. (Coloured Layer) In the display device of this embodiment, the coloured films described in Figs. 18, 19 and the sixth example can be used as a coloured layer. The operation and advantage of the coloured layer are the same as the sixth example, and thus description thereof is omitted. Fig. 25(a) is a perspective view of a portable telephone using the display devices described in the first to sixth examples and the first and second embodiments of the present invention as a display portion. Fig. 25(a) shows a portable telephone, and Fig. 25(b) shows a wristwatch. Although, in this embodiment, a portable telephone and a wristwatch are shown, the display device of the present invention can be used for various electronic apparatus such as a personal computer, a car navigation, an electronic handbook, etc. Although only dark display, bright display and colour display are described, of course, the display device of each of the examples and embodiments is capable of half tone display. Also, although the TN liquid crystal panel 10 is described as an example of variable transmission polarisation axis means, an STN liquid crystal element, an ECB liquid crystal element, and the like can also be used. As the STN liquid crystal element, and STN liquid crystal element comprising a colour compensation optical anisotropic material, such as an F-STN liquid crystal element or the like, is preferably used. In the examples and embodiments, preferably, the amount of the light reflected by the light source and returned can be decreased by increasing the distance between the polarised light separator and the light source, whereby a decrease in contrast can be suppressed. Also, in the second to fifth examples, and the first and second embodiments, the quantity of the light which is transmitted through the light absorber and returned by reflection from the light source can be decreased by increasing the distance between the light absorber or the scattering plate and the light source, whereby a decrease in contrast can be suppressed. Also, in the first to sixth examples and second embodiment, reflection of the surface of the light source can be suppressed by darkening the surface colour of the light source, resulting in a decrease in the quantity of the light which is transmitted through the light absorber and returned by reflection from the light source, whereby a decrease in contrast can be suppressed. In the second to fifth examples, and the first embodiment, since the bright display with the light reflected by the polarised light separator side is a display with the light reflected by the polarised light separator side, this display is not influenced by the structure of the light absorber disposed behind the polarised light separator. The display device described in the first to fifth examples may further comprise means for converging light from the light source to the front of the display device. When a reflective display using external light is seen, the reflective display is generally seen at a position at an angle with the normal to the front of the display device. This is because if the reflective display is seen from the direction normal to the front of the display device, the external light incident on the display device is hindered by the observer, and thus the reflective display by external light is darkened. On the other hand, when the display using transmitted light from the light source is seen, the display is generally seen from the direction normal to the front of the display device. Therefore, the display with transmitted light from the light source can be brightened by providing means for converging light from the light source toward to the front of the display device, thereby making the transmissive display by the light from the light source easy to see from the direction normal to the front of the display device. As means for converging light from the light source toward the front of the display device, for example, a prism sheet is preferably used. Regarding to the position where the prism sheet is provided, in the first to fifth examples, the prism sheet is preferably provided between the light source and the polarised light separator, and in the sixth example and the first and second embodiments, the prism sheet is preferably provided between the light source and the coloured film, as shown in Fig. 24. In the display device of the present invention, for light incident from the outside of the first polarised light separating means, the two display states, which are the first display state created by the light reflected from the second polarised light separating means, and the second display state where the light transmitted through the second polarised light separating means is absorbed by the optical element, are obtained according to the state of the transmission polarisation axis of the variable transmission polarisation axis means, to form a reflective display device. Since the first display state is a display state created by the light reflected from the second polarised light separating means, a bright display is obtained. Also, for light from the light source, the two display states, which are the third display state created by the light transmitted through the first polarised light separating means, and the fourth display state where no light is transmitted through the first polarised light separating means, are obtained according to the state of the transmission polarisation axis of the variable transmission polarisation axis means, to obtain a transmissive display. In this way, the display device of the present invention is capable of not only a bright reflective display using reflection of external light at a place with external light, but also a transmissive display using light from the light source at a place without external light. The second polarised light separating means is polarised light separating means in which for light over the substantially whole wavelength range of the visible light region, of light incident on the variable transmission polarisation axis means side, a linearly polarised light component in the third predetermined direction is transmitted to the optical element side, and a linearly polarised light component in the fourth predetermined direction perpendicular to the third predetermined direction is reflected to the variable transmission polarisation axis means side, and for light over the substantially whole wavelength range of the visible light region and incident on the optical element side, linearly polarised light in the third predetermined direction can be emitted to the variable transmission polarisation axis means side. As a result, the first to fourth display states for light over the whole wavelength range of the visible light region can be obtained, and a transmissive or a bright display can be obtained in the first and third display states. The optical element mentioned above is an optical element which absorbs light over the substantially whole wavelength range of the visible light region, particularly it is a black light absorber, whereby a dark display can be obtained in the second and fourth display states.

Claims: A display device (2200), comprising: a liquid crystal panel (10); a polarizer (14) disposed on a front side of the liquid crystal panel (10); a reflective polarizer (16) disposed on a side opposite to the polarizer (14) with respect to the liquid crystal panel (10); and a light source (17) disposed on a side opposite to the liquid crystal panel (10) with respect to the reflective polarizer (16); characterized by a color filter (160) disposed between the reflective polarizer (16) and the light source (17), the color filter (160) having at least a first colored region capable of reflecting or transmitting light in a first predetermined wavelength range, and a second colored region capable of transmitting or reflecting light in a second predetermined wavelength range different from the first predetermined wavelength range, the color filter (160) being capable of absorbing light at wavelengths except the first and second predetermined wavelength ranges. A display device (2200) according to claim 1, further comprising: a transflective reflecting plate (220) between the color filter (160) and the light source (17) so as to transmit light from the light source to the color filter (160) side, to reflect light which is incident on the color filter (160) from the reflective polarizer (16) side and then transmitted through the colour filter (160), and to emit the light to the colour filter (160) side.

Inventors: MAEDA TSUYOSHI, OKUMURA OSAMU, MAEDA, TSUYOSHI, OKUMURA, OSAMU
Applicants: SEIKO EPSON CORP, SEIKO EPSON CORPORATION
Application year: 1997
Main classification: G02F1
IPC codes: G02F1