APPARATUS FOR PERFORATING WEB LIKE MATERIALS

Abstract: Apparatus for the non-impact formation of perforations in a web of substrate material such as a polymer film (15) includes a static laser (20), movable beam deflector means, e.g. rotatable drum (30), carrying a plurality of optical reflectors (35) arranged to sequentially and selectively deflect the beam onto successive target sites on the web to perform perforation by ablation of the surface. Either the laser is selected on the basis that its emission wavelength coincides with a molecular absorption band at a resonant frequency or the material itself is doped to provide a suitable absorbance at the standard emission wavelength of the available laser.

Description: Apparatus for Perforating Web Like Material.. Technical Field of the Invention This invention relates industrial processes for producing perforated webs or sheet form materials, and, in particular, though not exclusively, to apparatus for use in non-contact perforating ("punching") of continuous web or indefinite lengths of sheet form materials, particularly paper webs or polymer sheets and films considered as thin or ultra-thin. Background to the Invention Ideally the apparatus used in an industrial process for perforating materials should be capable of providing a variety of openings of a desired shape without difficulty. In this specification the words "perforation" and "hole" are used to generally indicate the formation of an opening or cut in a material without any intended restriction as to the shape so formed unless otherwise stated. The perforating of web like materials as part of an industrial process also requires providing openings through the material consistently and efficiently at minimum cost. Frequently the material must be foraminated to a high degree but use of mechanical impact methods may result in distortion or possible weakening of the material due to localised stretching of the material or other damage resulting from contact with the foraminating device. Very thin paper webs or polymer films are difficult to process mechanically. Furthermore with mechanical devices alteration of the selected size of hole usually involves some process down-time and manipulation of the hole-punching devices to change the sizes to be cut, spacing etc. A typical use of mechanical hole punch systems has been in the cutting of holes in polythene sheet. The general process details relating to the use of such a mechanical impact perforation process are given in the following Table 1. Film Reel Film No of Total Film Width Width Thickness Layers Thickness Speed (m) (m) (μm) μm (m/min) 1.75 1.75 35 2 70 40 2.2 2.2 35 2 70 40 10 2.5 50 4 200 26 12 1.6 50 8 400 26 14 1.85 50 8 400 26 16 2.1 50 8 400 26 Table 1 Specification for on-line Hole Punching In such known films the holes are typically 10 mm diameter and arranged at 100 mm centres with a 300 mm gap at each side across the width of the film. The pattern is repeated at 80 mm intervals. Presently known hole punch systems suffer from a number of limitations in yield and production rate, choice of suitable film materials and thicknesses, and a tendency for the apparatus to "clog" by becoming fouled in the material. Therefore it is highly desirable to improve on such systems and examine other methods such as non-contact methods. The concept of focussing electromagnetic energy as a particle beam or laser beam for cutting purposes has been explored by others already. These methods have proved successful with paper substrates but the application thereof to polymeric materials, especially relatively thin films (say 70 μm or less) is particularly challenging. Problems observed in the art include the uncontrollable burning or melting of the plastics material or insufficient penetration of the target surface, which leads to unreliable processing either manifesting itself in irregular hole formation or to non- formation of the intended perforation. A further disadvantage is that simultaneous perforation of multiple layers cannot be achieved when melting occurs because the respective layers may stick together. The technical literature on industrial applications of lasers indicates the use of lasers for perforating a range of materials (paper, plastics, ceramics etc) wherein the perforations are formed either by thermal melting or ablation of the material . .Ablation involves absorption of a resonant wavelength with the quick and effective breaking of chemical bonds in the material and subsequent rapid vaporisation of the material, and provides a clean imprint on the material. Unfortunately since it relies on resonance at particular wavelengths it is a method which has hitherto been of limited industrial value being restricted to those materials exhibiting appropriate absorbance characteristics. Ablation processes are in general initiated by optical energy at wavelengths in the range 0.2 to 10 μm and the commonly employed lasers are Neodyτnium: Yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG -wavelength ~ 1 μm) and Carbon Dioxide (C0 2 - wavelength ~9 to "11 μm) . The wavelength for ablation of a particular material is dependent upon the material type and composition. Kapton for example ablates efficiently at 0.28 μm which coincides with an emission wavelength of an U.V. Excimer laser. The use of laser based perforating and cutting equipment in industrial based process operations is known and has found application in the perforation of high density polyethylene irrigation pipe, and integrated-circuit board cutting ("C0 2 Lasers in Plastics Production", D Werth, Lasers & Applications, June 1985) . Laser use on polymeric materials is discussed by S E Nielsen in an article "Laser Material Processing of Polymers, in Polymer Testing 3, (1983) 303-310, wherein perforation of a polyurethane vein prosthetic device using a pulsed laser is described. The use of lasers on thin substrates such as sheets or webs has been explored in the paper industry and is illustrated in the following documents. EP-A-0 281 686 discloses a method of and apparatus for the perforating of a paper substrate material with a pulsed laser. The proposal there is intended to address the issue of reduction of the number of lasers that are required for the industrial operation of the process, and discusses the use of beam splitting to provide a number of laser perforating beams from a single source of radiation. The use of mirrors, in conjunction with prisms and focussing lenses to direct and focus the radiation beam or beams is also disclosed. In this aspect the apparatus disclosed utilises polygon mirrors with their optical axis parallel to the width of a sheet of substrate being fed through the apparatus. The mirrors can be rotated in synchronisation or asychronisation with the speed of the sheet of material but they are always independent in space of one another. The apparatus proposed there would be complex to make and operate partly due to the dual nature of the arrangement for the directing of the laser beam to several points at one moment in time, as well as expensive due to the use of so much expensive optical equipment such as polygon mirrors. Further in view of the fact that beam splitting is a critical feature of the proposed apparatus, each time the beam is split there is a reduction in the power density of the beam. This raises a potential problem with regard to whether the divided beam will have sufficient power to achieve the desired surface energy level to achieve ablation of the substrate material rather then thermal dissipation therein. EP-A-0 234 805 discloses a method and apparatus for the formation of weakened areas in a tube like substrate, for example for use with beverage containers . The document uses internally disposed mirrors to effect the weakening of the substrate material which may be polythene. In so far as work conducted upon polymer films is concerned EP-A-0 155 035 describes the perforation of a polyolefin film bag for air-venting purposes by use of a laser to form the minimum perforation obtainable i.e. not more than about 150 μm, preferably 70-90 μm. These sizes are too small for the present purposes. Particularly such a proposal is totally unsuited for the purposes of producing perforated polyethylene films as obtainable by the mechanical hole punch process referred to in Table 1 above. A method of forming larger holes and / or slots is described in O-A-96/19 313 possibly utilising a C0 2 laser in view of its efficiency in converting radiant energy to heat in the material to be perforated. This involves additionally directing a gas which may be oxygen enriched to burn the required holes. Such a proposal does not provide ablation and cannot be adopted to give good hole quality through multiple layers. An object of the present invention is to provide improvements in or relating to perforation of substrates on a commercial scale. A further object is to provide an improved means for forming relatively large holes in thin web or sheet form substrates, particularly plastics film substrates . Thus an aim of the present invention is concerned with providing apparatus for the perforating of web- like substrates, particularly polymeric materials such as polyethylenes by an ablation technique using energy from a focussed or coherent electromagnetic radiation source. A further objective of the invention is to provide a method of applying energy emitted by a laser source device successfully in an industrial process for non-contact perforation of web substrates. By virtue of the various features and aspects of the invention to be more particularly described hereinbelow it is considered that these aims and objectives are now achievable, particularly by the described apparatus which is simple to operate and maintain and provides accurate control of the ablation of the substrate material . Summary of the Invention In accordance with the present invention there is provided apparatus for the non- impact formation of one or more perforations in a web of substrate material, which apparatus includes : means to transport and convey the web of substrate material through the apparatus,- a concentrated or focussed electromagnetic energy device for generating a coherent beam capable of ablating a substrate material, preferably a laser source device having a transmission wavelength which falls within an absorption band of a transmission spectrum of the substrate material; and means for directing the beam to the web of substrate material whereby the beam is selectively and sequentially directed towards target perforation sites upon the substrate in succession, e.g. by periodically interposing a device for reflecting or deflecting the path of the beam to direct the beam to effect ablation and perforating of the web. Preferably the beam directing means comprises an array of reflective surfaces arranged on a support which in use is movable to bring each reflective surface successively through the path of the laser beam in a repeatable manner and thereby automatically switch the beam from one target site to the next according to a predetermined programme of operation. The switching is put into effect by the controlled location of the array of reflective surfaces and simultaneous controlled advancement of the web of substrate material under the beam directing means. With the present invention the laser may be run from a static operational position adjacent the web transport system, essentially under continuous operation during a production run, with all the necessary switching of the beam being achieved by the beam delivery mechanism wherein a reflecting surface or surfaces acts to redirect the beam of ablating radiation against the web of substrate material precisely where and when it is required and so effectively provide a means of turning the radiation on and off with regard to a target point on the substrate. By suitable control of the web advancement in conjunction with the beam delivery mechanism multiple passes over the same target site is possible. Such an arrangement can be controlled by a local microprocessor or by a larger computer in control of the overall production run. Whereas it is desirable to operate with the minimum number of energy source devices, it should not be assumed that the invention described here is limited to use of a single source device. Circumstances may prevail where more than one source offers a process advantage. However generally the process and apparatus described herein makes it unnecessary to rely on a plurality of such source devices to perforate a web of substrate material. In one embodiment of the present invention the means for applying or re-directing the ablating radiation comprises a body rotatable about an axis parallel to the direction of the radiation emitted from the laser which body is provided with a number of reflecting surfaces which as the body rotates selectively and sequentially direct the laser radiation onto the web of substrate material. This represents a system of few moving parts, which is not technically complex and so not demanding upon maintenance and should offer long hours of reliable service. In this illustrative embodiment of the invention the rotatable body comprises a drum the rotation of the which causes reflective devices to intercept the beam from the source device and re-direct it to the web of substrate material sequentially and in a repeatable predetermined pattern. Preferably the drum is rotated by a motor, the operation of which is controllable by a computer or microprocessor to enable it to be synchronised with the web transport system. In the operation and use of the apparatus consideration must be given to a number of factors. These factors include the nature of the actual substrate material involved, the thickness of the substrate material (single or multi-layer) , the size of the perforation required, and the density of the perforations required. Clearly also the operational characteristics of the laser itself have a bearing on the operation of the apparatus and in particular the speed at which the web of substrate material can be processed using the apparatus . Considering the nature of the substrate material, it may inherently have an appropriate absorption band coincident with the emission wavelength of the selected irradiation source. Thus where the source is a carbon dioxide (C0 2 ) laser which is a laser suitable for industrial use, the polymer film may be a polyimide, a Phillips type hot pressed film polythene (see Figure 4), a Corlona 800 Shell polythene, or another commercially available polythene rich in pendent methylene or other group imparting appropriate absorbance characteristics to the material. If the chosen substrate material does not have an appropriate absorption band matching the preferred laser source device or any others which may be available, then in accordance with an inventive aspect of this invention consideration should be given to modifying the chosen substrate material to make it acquire the desired absorption characteristics. This aspect can also be applied to achieve perforation of paper substrates in a similar way to the processing of polymer films as particularly described herein. This can be achieved according to the invention by introducing dopants to the substrate material during its manufacture. Suitable dopants include inorganic materials such as opacifiers, fillers and pigments e.g. polysiloxanes , silicates and titania, and substrate compatible organic materials including appropriately absorbing polymer additives such as typical polyethylene compatible co- monomers e.g. vinyl acetate, ethyl acrylate, methyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, a vinyl ester, or an ester of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, and mixtures thereof, to obtain a doping effect by forming a copolymer with the base polymer. Such a copolymer includes in its matrix additional functionalities capable of absorbing at the desired wavelengths when irradiated. Naturally care must be taken when selecting the dopant to predict or test its effect on the technical properties of the substrate material in case of any detrimental effect. Thus for example, a polythene film may be adversely affected by inclusion of excessive amounts of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) co-polymer which would have a significant effect as regards physical properties of the film. Therefore the appropriate dopant/additive material to be selected and the amount of dopant/additive material employed are dependent upon a number of factors such as: (i) the wavelength required; (ii) the required mechanical strength of the polymer film; and (iii) provision of an ablation rate adequate for a practical production environment. The dopants may comprise up to 20%, say from 1-10% of the film, by weight. In the case of an inorganic e.g. silicate material dopant, the dopant may comprise less than 9% of the final film, by weight, and preferably 4 to 5%. A significant advantage of this invention is that it enables relatively large holes, greater than 1 mm (0.001 metres) to be formed in thin polymer foils, for example thin films of polyethylenes of say 70 μm, or less, up to about 400 μm thick. The invention is also usefully employed in perforating multiple layers simultaneously, which by ablation permits fast perforation cleanly through the layers which remain separable. The invention also provides the capability of trepanning very large holes accurately by adopting a sequential close perforation process. In order for the substrate material to be effectively ablated the wavelength of the radiation emitted by the laser must be suitable for the substrate material i.e. of the correct order, otherwise the substrate material will not ablate but will melt and burn. Therefore, the laser is selected or if possible tuned to emit a wavelength which coincides with or is substantially the same as the absorption wavelength of the substrate material being ablated. However since selecting and installing a laser source device is a major capital investment n any production line, it is preferred to consider preliminary modification of the substrate material. Therefore if the absorption wavelength of the substrate material is not in the correct region with regard to the available laser source device, it is preferred that the absorption wavelength of the substrate material is adjusted during initial manufacture thereof, e.g. during a preliminary melt processing step prior to film forming, or during a paper web forming step, by the addition of suitable dopant or additive materials such as pigments or co-monomer identified as providing the appropriate absorption characteristics as mentioned above. A wide choice of laser source devices is available and it is considered that the invention can be worked with any laser capable of delivering radiation of the correct wavelength and of sufficient power density to effect ablation rather than melting of the substrate material. Preferred lasers are the high powered readily available monochromatic lasers such as excimer lasers and carbon dioxide lasers. Brief Description of the Drawings Embodiments of the present invention will be now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which : Fig 1 shows a schematic block diagram illustrating a generalised process of the invention for perforating a material using a laser; Fig 2 shows an optical absorption spectrum through a known 50 μm polythene film sample; Fig 3 is a graph representing rate of ablation of polythene sheet by etch rate versus fluence for the sample of Fig 2 using a 193 μm excimer laser at etch rates of 35 μm and 50 μm ; Fig 4 shows the optical absorption spectrum of a Phillips type hot pressed polythene; Fig 5 shows the optical absorption spectrum of a Carlona 800 Shell polythene; Fig 6 shows the optical absorption spectrum of a generic polythene rich in pendent methylene groups ; Fig 7 shows a schematic diagram of a preferred embodiment of an apparatus for forming hole(s) in a polymer film according to the present invention; Fig 8 is a schematic end view of the apparatus of Fig 7; Fig 9 shows schematically the parameters involved in hole formation utilising the invention; Fig 10 represents by a graph the relationship between height above work surface and drum radius for the apparatus of Fig 7 ; Fig 11 shows optical absorption spectra (C0 2 laser) for 3 polythene foil types (A, B, and C) used in this invention; Fig 12 shows the results of ablation of a 50 μm thick inorganic material doped polymer foil type (A) the absorption spectrum of which is shown in Fig. 11; Fig 13 shows the results of ablation of a 150 μm thick foil (C) , including both an inorganic dopant and a copolymer dopant in the polymer sample the absorption spectrum of which is shown in Fig. 11; and Fig 14 shows the results of ablation of a doped 200 μm thick foil of type (B) the absorption spectrum of which is shown in Fig. 11 Example Referring to Fig. 1 of the drawings there is shown by way of block diagrams a general layout of a method of perforating a web of substrate material. In this example the method is applied to a web of substrate material which is a polymer film 15, here, a sheet of polythene. With this general method as shown the polymer film 15 is transported through a perforation operation zone by, for example, a conventional sheet or film transport conveyor system 23. At a point in the operation zone a laser perforating apparatus 20 is set up with respect to the polymer film 15 being transported. This apparatus includes beam shaping optics 21, to ensure that the laser beam is coherent and well defined, and beam delivery optics 22 to relay the beam accurately and precisely to the surface of the polymer film 15. In the illustrated embodiment it will be evident that the beam delivery system is based on the technique known as beam time mul tiplexing by virtue of the fact that the beam is sequentially switched to illuminate different target sites on the film 15. The alternative technique of beam division mul tiplexing has the disadvantage of reducing the energy of the beam by division. Therefore greater care would have to be taken with that technique to ensure that the desired ablation is achieved. The inventive concept of targetting a specific absorption band can still be relied upon provided the divided beam can still effect ablation. Where the energy density delivered to a target site is not adequate to achieve ablation the bulk material absorbs the energy will only melt and hole formation becomes erratic. Of course the disadvantage of beam energy reduction by division can be overcome by moving the laser device and associated optics relative to the target film surface or by providing multiple laser sources corresponding to the number of holes required in the film. However such alternatives represent additional cost and complexity factors which suggest that these options are not likely to be favoured in an industrial foil production line. Now turning to Figs. 7 and 8 of the drawings the illustrated embodiment of a laser perforating apparatus of this invention will now be described in more detail. The apparatus includes a laser 20 with beam shaping optics, beam delivery optics mechanism (non-contact perforating means) 25, and film transport means (not shown) for transporting the polymer film 15 through the processing equipment in the direction shown by the arrow past the laser and under the beam delivery mechanism 25. In the particular arrangement shown the laser perforating apparatus 25 is positioned so that the laser beam emitted from the laser 10 is transverse disposed to the direction of transport of the polymer film 15. The laser 20 used in the illustrated arrangement is selected with regard to the polymer film or films to be processed and, in particular, the materials to be or likely to be processed using the equipment. This is primarily due to the fact that in the treatment of polymeric films in particular ablation of the material by laser irradiation is preferable so as to provide clean and well defined perforations as explained hereinbefore to avoid melting and burning of the material . In order to ensure that the material of the film 15 is ablated the wavelength of the light emitted by the laser should be at the absorption wavelength of the polymeric material. Since industrial lasers generally have a certain wavelength of emission, it may be necessary to adjust the wavelength of absorption of the material of the polymer film to ensure ablation as discussed hereinbefore. In this example the apparatus uses a C0 2 laser with high output powers in the wavelength range 9 μm to 11 μm. The laser 20 provides the energy required for perforating the polymer film 15 and this is in the form of a focussed, i.e. a well defined sharp, beam of coherent radiation. Those experienced in the field of lasers will understand the principles of beam shaping and alignment. Briefly, once the beam is emitted from the laser it passes through beam shaping optics 21 (Fig. 1) . The geometry of the beam is modified by the beam shaping optics 21 so that the fluence (energy per unit area) in the plane of the film 15 is maximised and limited to the dimensions of the perforation. The beam delivery mechanism uses optical devices, here mirrors 35, to re-direct and position the beam leaving the beam shaping optics for correct ablation of the surface of the film 15 to obtain perforation. In practice it is usually necessary to form a multiplicity of perforations at high speeds of manufacturing operation. In this embodiment multiple perforations are rapidly and successively ablated by beam time mul tiplexing. Consequently at any one moment in time there is only one beam acting on the substrate but the speed of operation is such that this would not be obvious to an observer . In this particular embodiment of the apparatus the beam delivery optics 25 comprises a drum 30 rotatable about an axis substantially parallel to the direction of the laser radiation but not coaxial therewith. The drum has an outer surface onto which is affixed a number of mirrors 35. The drum 30 is arranged transversely to the direction of travel of a web substrate to be perforated and extends over the full width thereof. The drum 30 is turned about its axis of rotational symmetry by a belt drive means here illustrated but unnumbered where power from a motor which may be an electric motor is transferred through a belt to a speed reduction drive-wheel attached to the drum 30. In operation, the perforation process requires the polymer film 15 to be being transported into an appropriate target zone, and the drum 30 to be rotated by the motor whilst the C0 2 laser 20 emits a beam of radiation which passes through the beam shaping means 21 before impinging against one of the mirrors 35 on the drum 30 and to be deflected downwards onto the polymer film 15 where it ablates the material of the film 15 and forms a perforation. In determining the controlling factors for the operation of laser perforating apparatus the following general points were considered: The invention relies on use of ablation as opposed to melting and this can only occur where the irradiated target material is capable of a strong molecular absorption resonant with the incident wavelength. Thus the laser choice is limited by the material's natural molecular absorption bands. Furthermore ablation rate depends on energy density. In order to break bonds and eject material from the body of the polymer a threshold energy must be available thus requiring a critical energy density. As the energy density is increased more material can be volatilised. However eventually the rate saturates. Saturation of the ablation rate, whereby an increase in input laser energy density does not increase the depth of material ablated occurs around the 1/e absorption depth, ie . when the thickness of material is sufficient to absorb approximately 37% of the incident signal. In general a polythene or similar plastic can be ablated by a typical excimer laser at the rate of 0.5 -1 μm with a saturation energy density of order 5 J/cm 2 . The rate at which material is ablated is determined, for a given energy density by the absorption of the material at the laser wavelength. A stronger absorption results in resonant absorption by a chemical bond which then breaks by ablation in preference to melting and hence more material is removed in a single shot. If the band is weak much of the pulse energy is converted to thermal energy and therefore wasted. Tests performed on polymer materials have shown that a 1/e absorption length of 1-2 μm results in saturated ablation at a rate of ~2 μm/shot from a typical excimer laser used for ablation of polymer having an emission wavelength: 193 nm; an energy per pulse: 4 mJ; and a duty cycle: 5 Hz, 20 ns pulse. Furthermore the energy density must reach a critical level over the whole of the shape to be ablated if a hole is to be generated in a single pass. Thus the energy emitted from the laser must be increased as the square of the diameter of a hole to be formed. The energies available from a typical excimer laser as specified in the preceding paragraph are suitable for holes around 200 μm in diameter but for larger holes the beam must be scanned. Also an excimer is not suitable for trepanning large holes because the energy delivery rate is too low. Once the ablation rate is saturated an increase in input laser energy density does not increase the depth of material ablated in a single pulse. Thus to increase the rate of material removal the pulse repetition rate must be increased rather than the energy density. For effective non-contact processing the laser source must match closely the material characteristics and the processing requirements. To identify the most appropriate source to cut large (10 mm) holes in material by ablation experimental work was conducted. Ablation is the key to forming a high quality hole in the polymer and only occurs if the incident energy input is resonant with a sample absorption. A short list of such wavelengths is obtained from the optical absorption spectrum absorption. Figure 2 shows the optical absorption spectrum of a 50 μm known polythene foil sample (80% LDPE, 20% LLDPE) between 0.190 μm and 25 μm. The spectrum is corrected for background absorption. The bands are listed in Table 2 with lasers having emission near that wavelength. Band (μm) Laser source Emission Output power wavelength (μm) 0.190 (edge) Excimer (ArF) 0.193 4-25mJ, 4-300H 1.68 NaCl 1.45-1.85 1.5W 2.31 Co :MgF 2 1.75-2.5 0.15J, 20Hz 2.35 Co:MgF 2 1.75-2.5 0.15J, 20Hz 2.38-2.44μm Co : MgF 2 1.75-2.5 0.15J, 20Hz Ti : sapphire 1.1-2.4 20nJ, 82MHz Xe-He 2-4 600mW 3.36-3.54 Lead salt 3.4-3.6 3mW laser diodes Xe-He 2-4 500mJ, lKHz 4.27 6.77-6.93 13.61-13.97 Table 2 Optical absorption bands known polythene sample and lasers with resonant emission wavelengths. There is no absorption compatible with either of the two most commonly used lasers, C0 2 around 10 μm or Nd:YAG at 1.064 μm. However of those listed the excimer laser is most widely used for material processing. The absorption spectrum of Fig. 2 shows that the sample has an absorption of around 90% (10% transmission) through 50 μm at the excimer wavelength, 193 nm. This corresponds to an absorption length of 20 μm. The absorption of polymers is increasingly strong at shorter wavelengths so the absorption length correspondingly decreases. However, as the reliability of excimer lasers operating at shorter wavelengths than 193 nm is presently poor they are not considered suitable for industrial applications . It has been found that the ablation rate depends on energy density of the incident laser beam at the absorption band. To confirm the importance of the laser operating wavelength polymer samples were exposed to energy densities of between 1 and 10 J/cm 2 from sources operating outside an absorption band; C0 2 laser at 10.6 μm and 9.4 μm and an excimer laser at 251 nm. In each case the polythene sheet melted uncontrollably. Data in Figure 3 show the depth of the test material ablated per shot from a typical excimer laser as defined above. These results show that an energy density of at least 10 J/cm 2 is needed to ablate 0.5 μm depth. The data confirms that the ablation rate is saturating around 10 J/cm 2 so that simply increasing the energy density will not lead to a significant increase in cutting rate. The saturation rate is in line with expectation due to the relatively weak absorption of the band. Ablation through two layers was tested and was confirmed to be clean, without melting. The two layers did not melt together. The area of material ablated depends on laser power. An energy density of 10 J/cm 2 is required to ablate 0.5 μm of material . However the laser used here was a high power excimer laser suitable for ablation of polymer, as follows: Product: Lambda Physik LPX325i; Nova tube and Halo safe for high reliability and ease of use; In excess of 1.5 billion shots for a single gas fill; Emiss ion wavelength; 193 nm; Energy per pulse: 25 mJ; and Duty cycle: 250 Hz, 20 ns pulse. This laser emitted only 4 mJ per pulse, resulting in a maximum hole diameter, without scanning, of 225 μm. The maximum energy available from this class of laser is around 25 J so the maximum hole diameter per pulse remains very small, around 564 μm. To meet particular requirements a multiple pass scheme is required with the laser operating at extremely high frequencies. It has been found that the total depth of material ablated depends on laser repetition rate. Irrespective of the area to be ablated a large number of pulses are needed to cut through the polythene sheet given that only 0.5 μ is ablated per pulse of energy density 10 J/cm 2 . As specified in Table 1 above the total film thickness normally varies between 70 μm and 400 μm; thus between 140 and 800 pulses would be needed to ablate a 225 μm diameter hole. Further the film may travel at either 40 m/min or 26 m/min with a pattern repeat every 80 mm. Thus 225 μm (corresponding to unit ablation diameter) is traversed in 0.3 ms and 0.5 ms respectively. Ablation should, therefore, occur at faster than 467 kHz or 1.6 MHz respectively to form only a 225 μm hole. Therefore, whilst perforation of polythene by ablation offers great potential no laser source devices are presently available having a transmission wavelength matching the absorption band of currently used polymer films. The proposed solution of this invention is to adopt a polymer which enables a practical laser source to be used. This is most easily achieved by generating an intense absorption band at the wavelength of an industrial grade laser. A C0 2 laser would be preferred as it is a highly reliable cheap source with low maintenance costs and is widely used in industry. A typical system as detailed in Table 3 offers high powers, 1 kW at high repetition rates, 5 kHz, and is highly reliable. Laser Beam data ROFIN DC 015 ROFIN DC 020 Wavelength 10.6μm 10.6μm Excitation RF RF Output Power Guaranteed 1500 W 1500 W Range (typical) 150 to 1600 200 to 2100 Stability +2% (long term) ±2 - ; (long term) Laser Beam Quality <25mm <25mm Pulsed Mode 8 to 5000 Hz 8 to 5000 Hz 20 μs to CW 20 μs to CW Electrical ratings Voltage 400 V ±10% 50/60 400 V ±10% 50/60 Hz; 3 -phase, PE; Hz; 3 -phase, PE; Connected load approx 30 kVA approx 40 kVA approx 25 kW approx 33 kW Effective power (at nominal power) approx 2.5 kW approx 2.5 kW Effective poser 45 A 55 A (and by) Max. Current 63 A NH 80 A NH consumption Fuses Table 3 C0 2 Laser Specification. The material modifications, likely ablation rates, beam delivery system and resultant cutting speeds are considered below. .An intense absorption band between 9.2 μm and 10.6 μm, the C0 2 wavelengths can be generated in one of a number of ways, such as, the non-limitative examples of; (i) Using an alternative polymer such as polyimide (ii) Doping current polythene with, for example, a polysiloxane or titania pigment. (iii) Choosing a polythene fabricated by a different method which exhibits an appropriate absorption. For example Phillips type hot pressed film, Carlona 800 Shell polythenes and generic polythenes rich in pendent methylene groups exhibit some absorption in this region, as shown in Figures 3, 4 and 5 respectively. Changing the material may have major implications for the production process, recycling, cost and mechanical strength all of which must be assessed when considering the feasibility of changing the material to match the spectral absorption characteristics to a preferred laser source. An industry standard C0 2 laser with operating wavelengths between 9.2-10.6 μm has been used to ablate large holes in polyimide successfully. Typical ablation rates of 10 μm for a saturated energy density of 1 J/cm 2 allow deep holes to be formed rapidly. The high output powers facilitate large area ablation. The expected performance from readily available sources is summarised in Table 4 for the processing conditions specified in Table 1. Rep Power E/Pulse Total Time to Area Diameter rate Thickness cut hole ablated ablated kHz W J (μm) (ms) cm 2 (mm) 1 200 0.2 70 7 0.2 5.05 1 200 0.2 400 40 0.2 5.05 5 1000 0.2 70 1.4 0.2 5.05 5 1000 0.2 400 8 0.2 5.05 Table 4 Expected Ablation rate and hole diameter achievable. A polyimide ablation rate of 10 μm from 1 J/cm 2 pulse yielding a 400 μm deep hole, equivalent to cutting through 8 layers of 50 μm film, can be formed in 8 ms . The diameter of the hole cut in this time with a standard 1000 W laser delivery 200 mJ per pulse is around 5 mm. Lasers operating at several times this power and repetition rate are not uncommon (see Table 3) although more expensive thus higher repetition rates are feasible if required. The drum scanner design and practical operating conditions are determined from the time needed to cut the holes, the beam geometry, polymer traverse speed and pattern repeat . Time: the optimum time to expose the sheet is given by the time to ablate the sample: t=N/R where R is the laser repetition rate and N, the number of pulses to ablate the working thickness is given by: N=T/T a where T is the total thickness to be processed and T a is the thickness ablated per shot. The optimum time is that for which a given segment of polymer layer is exposed to the laser beam and is given by the time a single mirror is fully illuminated by the incident beam: t = /ω where, with reference to Figure 8, ω is the angular rotation rate and is the angle travelled round the circumference in that time. In the case where t e is the required exposure time a represents the 'useful' part of the mirror, and assuming the angle is small; α = (P-d) /C s where, P is the width of the mirror at the drum circumference, d is the laser beam diameter and C„ is the radius of the scanner drum. Beam geometry: for this application the laser pulse is required to cut through several layers of the polymer repeated pulses thus, to ensure the shape formed is the same for each layer, the laser spot must be directed to the same point on the polymer surface throughout the exposure . The beam traverse and polymer velocities must therefore be matched. In such as case the exposed area is the circular beam area,- V 4 d 2 Traverse speed: V^ can be related to the drum rotation rate and the height of the mirror above the work surface : V b =(Cp-C 3 )ω Equating the polymer velocity, V , and the directed beam velocity V^ .- V p =V b =(Cp-C 3 )u, and the drum rotation rate is: ω=Vp/(Cp-C 3 )=Vp/D The working height of the drum above the travelling surface, D, can be chosen independently where: D=Cp-C 3 Pattern repeat: the number of perforations needed, n, across the sheet defines the number of mirrors which fit on the circumference of the working drum, thus: 2 π C S =X n P where, X is an integer >. 1 indicating that the pattern can be repeated over the drum to give a slower rotation rate. The pattern repeat time, tr, is given by the distance between repeats, Dr, and the velocity of the polymer, Vp : tr=Dr/Vp For the design to be repeated successfully the pattern repeat time must be greater than the time to generate all the perforations across the sheet: tr _> n t Drum geometry and operation: first the feasibility of cutting the perforation in the time allowed must be confirmed for the specified operating conditions. Combining the required exposure time, the beam diameter and the required number of mirrors and the polymer velocity the work surface, D, can be determined relative to the height above the drum radius, C g ; t e ω=(P-d) /C s _>=Vp/D 2πC s =XnP Combining gives Given that the drum rotation frequency is related to the height of the mirror above the work surface; f=_)/2_τ ω=Vp/D Realistic values can therefore be determined for a varying number of pattern repeats on the drum given in time for a pattern repeat, tr = 1/f limits can be placed on the drum rotation frequency in conjunction with those for the operating height above the work surface. Thus the working beam scanner parameters can be determined. Perforation cutting for all the conditions defined in Table 1 can be met for a given drum radius, C s , and number of mirror sets, X, over the drum by varying the drum rotation frequency, f, and the height above the work surface, D. Realistic operating frequencies and working heights can be achieved with 5 mirror sets on the drum. For X = 5 and C s = 15 cm Operating 1 2 3 4 5 6 conditions f (Hz) 7.6 4.6 0.8 1.1 0.8 0.6 D (cm) 1.4 2.3 7.8 6.3 8.3 10.9 For X 5 and C s = 20 cm Operating 1 2 3 4 5 6 conditions f (Hz) 8.6 5.5 0.8 1.3 1.0 0.8 D (cm) 1.2 1.9 5.7 5.5 6.9 8.6 Increasing the working height is achieved by an increased number of mirror sets, for example: For X = 10 and Cs 20 cm Operating 1 2 3 4 5 6 conditions f (Hz) 2.8 1.3 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.1 D (cm) 3.7 8.0 6.5 18.3 28.1 46.5 Not only is there a cost implication of using a larger number of mirror sets but to meet all operating conditions increasing heights and lower frequencies should be used. This will make the production process less reliable; optical losses through the air will reduce the power at the work surface while a 0.1 Hz rotation frequency may be rather easily perturbed.

Claims: CLAIMS 1. A method of manufacturing a perforated web substrate material including the step of ablating said substrate with a laser to produce perforations therein, said method also including at least the steps of forming a web substrate, and introducing if necessary during said forming step a dopant selected on the basis of optical absorption characteristics having regard to the emission wavelength of the available laser to ensure that the web substrate when formed has an appropriate absorption band whereby irradiation of a target site on the web substrate results in a strong bond-breaking energy absorption causing ablation of the surface at that site, and subsequently irradiating selected target sites on the formed substrate web for a sufficient time period to effect the desired perforation thereof . 2. Apparatus for the non-contact perforation of a web of substrate material, which apparatus includes: transport means to convey such material through a perforation zone in the apparatus in a controllable manner; a laser source device for emitting a laser beam, located in operational proximity to the perforation zone to deliver the laser beam towards said zone, and having a transmission wavelength which coincides with an absorption band of a transmission spectrum of the substrate material; and, the said beam being optionally a uniform beam, a shaped beam or rapidly scanning beam according to the beam delivery system provided, means for directing the laser beam on to the web of substrate material, wherein the means for directing the laser beam comprises a plurality of guide means movable in relation to the path of the beam emitted from the laser to intercept and re-direct the laser beam sequentially and selectively to successive target sites on the web of substrate material to effect ablation and perforating of the web according to a predetermined programme of operation. 3. Apparatus as claimed in claim 2, wherein the plurality of guide means are fixed upon movable support means arranged to cause only one such guide means to intercept the laser beam at a time. 4. Apparatus as claimed in claim 2 or claim 3 wherein the plurality of guide means are fixed upon a continuous surface arranged transversely to the path of the laser beam and moveable with respect thereto, the plurality of guide means being mutually spaced across said surface in a staggered array whereby movement of the continuous surface causes the guide means to enter the path of the laser beam successively whereby each in turn re-directs the laser beam to a target site on a substrate material within the perforation zone. 5. Apparatus according to claim 2 wherein the plurality of guide means are fixed to a support body mounted for rotation about an axis parallel to the direction of the beam emitted from the laser device and arranged radially with respect to that axis such that rotation of the body in use brings the guide means in turn into registry with the beam emitted from the laser device. 6. Apparatus according to claim 5 wherein the support body is rotatable by drive means the operation of which is synchronised with the transport means to permit automatic control of the time period in which a target site on a web of substrate material is irradiated by the re-directed laser beam. 7. Apparatus according to claim 5 or claim 6 wherein the guide means are fixed to the support body in a helical pattern. 8. Apparatus according to claim 2 wherein the guide means each comprise at least one reflective surface arranged for re-directing the laser beam towards a target site on a web of substrate material. 9. Apparatus according to any one of claims 2 to 8 wherein the laser device has a transmission wavelength which coincides with an absorption band of a transmission spectrum of a polymeric material from which the web substrate is formed. 10. Apparatus according to any one of claims 2 to 8 wherein the laser device has a transmission wavelength which is substantially the same as the absorption wavelength of the substrate material. 11. Apparatus according to any one of claims 2 to 10 wherein the laser beam is controlled to form holes of greater than 1 mm in diameter. 12. Apparatus according to any one of claims 2 to 11 wherein more than one laser beam is directed onto the web substrate to ablate target sites thereon. 13. A process for the production of a non-contact perforated web of substrate material comprising, (a) selecting a laser source device capable of delivering a laser beam having a transmission wavelength which coincides with an absorption band of a transmission spectrum of the substrate material, (b) optionally adjusting the absorption characteristics of the substrate material prior to forming a web of such material by incorporating therein a dopant capable of imparting enhanced absorption at the transmission wavelength of the selected laser source device, (c) providing a moveable array of guide means capable of re-directing the laser beam of the selected laser source device, (d) providing transport means to convey a web of substrate material in a controlled manner through a zone for conducting non-contact perforation upon such a web by ablation of the surface, (e) arranging the selected laser source device and said array of guide means in operational proximity to the perforation zone, and (f) operating the laser source device and moving the array of guide means to re -direct the laser beam sequentially and selectively to successive target sites on the web of substrate material to effect ablation and perforating of the web according to a predetermined programme of operation. 14. A polymeric film having perforations ablated therein by a laser source device, wherein the polymeric film is a polyethylene based film comprising a dopant providing enhanced absorption at the transmission wavelength of the selected laser source device. 15. A polymeric film according to claim 14 wherein the dopant is selected from inorganic opacifiers, fillers and pigments, and is incorporated in the film in an amount of up to 20% by weight . 16. A polymeric film according to claim 15 wherein the dopant is selected from silicates, polysiloxanes and titania. 17. A polymeric film according to claim 14 wherein the dopant is a co-monomer additive compatible with olefinic polymers and capable of forming a copolymer therewith. 18. A polymeric film according to claim 17 wherein the dopant is selected from vinyl acetate, ethyl acrylate, methyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, a vinyl ester, an ester of acrylic acid, an ester of ethacrylic acid, and mixtures thereof . 19. A polymeric film according to claim 17 wherein the dopant is present in the film in an amount of from 1 to 10% by weight . 20. A polymeric film according to any one of claims 13 to 18 wherein the ablated perforations exceed 1 mm in diameter.

Inventors: HAZELL MICHAEL, JONES ROBERT, HAZELL, MICHAEL, JONES, ROBERT
Applicants: BRITISH POLYTHENE LTD, HAZELL MICHAEL, JONES ROBERT, BRITISH POLYTHENE LIMITED, HAZELL, MICHAEL, JONES, ROBERT
Application year: 1997
Main classification: B23K26
IPC codes: B23K26, B29C65