Aligned peptide array and a rational and rapid method for the detection of a binding or interaction site of a protein by using the same

Abstract: The present invention relates to an aligned peptide array comprising, as separate elements, a plurality of peptide segments obtained by dividing the amino acid sequence of a protein into sequence segments of any suitable length and any suitable overlapping frame and synthesizing peptides on the basis of said sequence segments, the amino acid sequences of said peptide segments expressing the amino acid sequence of said protein. According to the present invention, the binding or interaction site of a protein with a ligand therefor can be detected rationally, rapidly, analytically, systematically, and conveniently. It is very obvious that the concept used for the present invention can he applied to make arrays for any molecules for detection of any binding or interacting molecules.

Description: BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to aligned peptides and their immobilized preparations. It also relates to rational and rapid methods for detecting the binding or interaction site of a protein with a ligand therefor (i.e., a substance which binds to or interacts with the protein), or for the detection of such a ligand, by using the same, to methods for the modification or design of a protein or a ligand by utilizing information on a site so detected, and to immunoassay methods. 2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, there has been no method for rationally, rapidly, and and systematically detecting the binding or interaction site of a protein with a ligand therefor. For example, the conventional detection of a specific protein by using an antigen-antibody reaction is generally carried out on the basis of the presence of reaction with the protein as a whole, whether the antibody used is polyclonal or monoclonal. In this case, therefore, (1) the detection of the reaction does not necessarily lead to the detection of the binding site and, moreover, (2) it cannot be known how many binding sites actually exist. Moreover, in the case of detection by western. blotting or detection in situ (e.g., in cells or tissues) by immune antibody techniques, (3) it is frequently impossible to know whether the binding protein is the specifically desired protein to be detected or not. J. Immunology 148 (7), pp. 2074 to 2079 (1992) discloses a peptide array derived from Sm B/B' polypeptide, with segments of suitable length and suitable frame (octapeptide). Overlapping octapeptides of this polypeptide are prepared to study the interaction sites. The present invention is based on an entirely new conception and there is no existing technique that is directly comparable to it. As described above, because there has been no method for the direct rational and rapid detection of the binding or interaction site of a protein with a ligand therefor, the modification of a protein or ligand and the design of a new protein or ligand has depended on chance. Accordingly, such tasks have been carried out by relying on mere chance or the "intuition" of an expert. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of the present invention is to solve the above-described problems by providing a method for rationally, rapidly, systematically, and conveniently detecting the binding or interaction site of a protein with a ligand therefor. Another object of the present invention is to provide a rational and rapid method for detecting a ligand by using the above method. Still another object of the present invention is to provide rational and rapid methods for the modification or design of a protein or a ligand by utilizing information obtained by the above described methods, as well as by immunoassay methods. To accomplish the above objectives, the present inventors have made various investigations and have now completed the present invention. The present invention is defined in the claims. According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided an aligned peptide array comprising, as separate elements, a plurality of peptide segments obtained by dividing the amino acid sequence of a protein into nonoverlapping sequence segments of equal length and of any suitable frame and synthesizing peptides on the basis of the sequence segments, wherein the peptide segments maintain each position thereof. According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided an aligned peptide array comprising, as separate elements, a plurality of peptide segments obtained by dividing the amino acid sequence of a protein into nonoverlapping sequence segments of equal length and of any suitable frame and synthesizing peptides on the basis of the sequence segments, the amino acid sequences of the peptide segments expressing the amino acid sequence of said protein, wherein the peptide segments maintain each position thereof. According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided an immobilized aligned peptide array preparation obtained by immobilizing the aligned peptide array in accordance with the first or second aspect of the present invention. According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a rational and rapid method for the detection of a binding or interaction site of a protein which comprises detecting the binding or interaction site of any suitable protein or a specific protein with a ligand therefor by using the aligned peptide array in accordance with the first or second aspect of the present invention or an immobilized aligned peptide array preparation derived therefrom. According to a fifth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a rational and rapid method for the detection of a ligand for a protein which comprises a step using the detection method in accordance with the fourth aspect of the present invention. According to a sixth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a rational and rapid method for the modification of a protein which comprises a step using the detection method in accordance with the fourth aspect of the present invention. According to a seventh aspect of the present invention, there is provided a rational and rapid method for the design of a protein which comprises a step using the detection method in accordance with the fourth aspect of the present invention. According to an eighth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a rational and rapid method for the modification of a ligand detected by the detection method in accordance with the fifth aspect of the present invention which comprises a step utilizing the information on a binding or interaction site of a protein as obtained by the detection method in accordance with the fourth aspect of the present invention. According to a ninth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a rational and rapid method for the design of a ligand detected by the detection method in accordance with the fifth aspect of the present invention which comprises a step utilizing the information on a binding or interaction site of a protein as obtained by the detection method in accordance with the fourth aspect of the present invention. According to a tenth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a rational and rapid immunoassay method which comprises using the aligned peptide array in accordance with the first or second aspect of the present invention or an immobilized aligned peptide array preparation derived therefrom. According to the present invention, the binding or interaction site of a protein with a ligand therefor can be detected, rationally, rapidly, systematically, and conveniently. The detection of a ligand for a specific protein or its binding site as described in Example 2 of the present invention is not only indispensable for identification and understanding of the mode of action of the protein at a molecular level, but also very useful in the design of a protein having new properties by modifying its binding site as described in Example 3. In Example 3, for instance, a protein having the ability to combine with a phorbol ester was converted into a protein not having that ability. If this conception is extended, the reverse conversion will also be possible. Moreover, if the phorbol ester is taken as a ligand, this procedure may be applied to the detection of any desired protein and a ligand therefor. Furthermore, if a ligand-binding or interaction site can be identified and understood at a molecular level, it will become easier to design or modify the ligand. As a result, it will become correspondingly easier to design, for example, a chemical agent or physiologically active substance that can act directly on a specific protein by recognizing it as a ligand. Thus, the present invention also serves to create a protein or ligand having a more desirable function by modifying or designing the ligand-binding or ligand-interaction site of the protein or by modifying or designing the ligand. Moreover, the present invention makes it possible to search for unknown ligands for any desired protein rationally, rapidly, systematically, deliberately, exhaustively, and economically. Furthermore, the present invention can provide an excellent immunoassay method because, on the basis of an antigen-antibody reaction, the reacting (i.e., the binding or interacting) peptide segment(s) can readily be observed with the naked eye, a microscope, or other detection devices. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS In the present invention, the amino acid sequence of a protein is divided into non-overlapping sequence segments of equal length and of any suitable overlapping frame, and peptides corresponding to the respective sequence segments (hereinafter referred to as "peptide segments") are synthesized. The individual peptide segments so synthesized are arranged in suitable order, for example, starting from a terminus (i.e., the amino or carboxyl terminus) of the protein. Then, they are immobilized on a suitable substance, or made into solutions and held in a suitable container. This plurality of suitably arranged peptide segments is called an aligned peptide array or a peptall or PEPTALL. For example, an aligned peptide array can be formed by suitably arranging peptide segments so as to give the amino acid sequence of a protein as shown in the following formula (I). In this formula, the peptide units separated by "//" are independent peptide segments. Although each peptide segment consists of 10 amino acids in this example, the number of amino acids and the frame of peptide segments in a protein may be arbitrarily chosen. At present, if each peptide segment consists of up to several tens of amino acids, several tens of peptide segments can be concurrently synthesized in a short period of time by use of a single peptide synthesizer. Moreover, there are an increasing number of studies demonstrating that a protein may be regarded as an aggregate consisting of several to several tens of relatively short functional peptides. Substances suitable for the purpose of immobilizing the aligned peptide array of the present invention include membranes such as membrane filters. They also include gels in plate form, such as agar and polyacrylamide. Specific examples of the gels in plate form are agar media for the cultivation of bacteria which are placed in containers such as Petri dishes. Moreover, the aligned peptide array of the present invention may also be made by placing its peptide segments in a container which permits them to exist separately from each other. Specifically, the aligned peptide array may be made by preparing solutions containing its peptide segments and placing them in microtiter wells so that they exist separately from each other. Furthermore, the aligned peptide array of the present invention may be made in the form of a microchip or microdevice comprising an integrated circuit on which the aligned peptide array is arranged and immobilized. According to the present invention, based on the basic conception that the amino acid sequence of a protein is divided into non-overlapping peptide units of equal length, a variety of detailed information about peptide segments corresponding to the peptide units can be acquired by carrying out various detailed experiments (including testing and designing) on an aligned peptide array comprising the regularly arranged peptide segments. In other words, this means that detailed information about any desired portion of the original protein can be obtained. Thus, the knowledge and information required for the modification of the original protein or the design of a new protein can be obtained rationally,rapidly, analytically, systematically, and easily. Moreover, a ligand for any desired protein can be detected, and knowledge and information on the ligand-binding or ligand-interaction site of the protein can be obtained rationally, rapidly, analytically, and systematically. Thus, the knowledge and information required for the modification of the ligand or the novel designing of a ligand can be obtained rationally, rapidly, analytically, and systematically. The term "ligand" as used herein denotes any substance that binds to or interacts with proteins or any other molecules. Examples thereof include antibodies; chemical agents such as pharmaceutical drugs, agricultural chemicals, and insecticides; physiologically active substances such as toxins, pheromones, and hormones; and biological substances such as other proteins, nucleic acids (e.g., DNA and RNA), carbohydrates, and lipids. Obviously, the concept used for the present invention can be applied to make arrays for any molecules for detection of any binding or interacting molecules. The present invention can also be applied to immunoassay methods. Examples thereof include enzyme immunoassay typified by ELISA, viroimmunoassay, metalloimmunoassay, fluoroimmunoassay, and radioimmunoassay. In these immunoassay methods, an antibody may first be modified with an appropriate substance (i.e., an enzyme, bacteriophage, metal, fluorescent substance, or radioactive isotope) and then reacted with an aligned peptide to detect its antibody-binding or interaction site. Alternatively, an antibody may first be reacted with an aligned peptide and then modified with such a substance prior to detection. The purpose of the modification is to facilitate the observation of the site of reaction with the antibody (i.e., the binding or interaction site). That is, instead of detecting the antibody directly, the antibody is detected with detection sensitivity enhanced by the use of such an appropriate modifier. The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples. These examples, however, are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention. Example 1 The present invention is explained in connection with an example in which it is applied to the detection of the binding site of a specific protein with an antibody against the protein (i.e., the antibody recognition site of the protein). In this example, it was tried to detect the binding site of tubulin, which is a protein constituting microtubules, with an antibody against it (i.e., anti-tubulin antibody). First of all, the amino acid sequence of alpha 3-tubulin derived from a nematode was divided into 45 sequence segments each consisting of 10 amino acids (except the final sequence segment consisting of 12 amino acids), as shown in the following formula (II). Next, peptide segments were synthesized according to the amino acid sequences of the respective sequence segments. These peptide segments were arranged and immobilized on a membrane filter to prepare an aligned peptide array membrane. This aligned peptide array membrane was first reacted with anti-acetylated tubulin antibody, and then with a secondary antibody comprising mouse anti-rabbit IgG tagged with horseradish peroxidase. Thereafter, the reaction spot was identified by staining the aligned peptide array membrane by means of a color development reaction. In this example, color development was observed in the peptide segments corresponding to the fourth and fifth sequence segments of formula (II). It can be concluded from the above results that the binding site of alpha 3-tubulin with the anti-acetylated tubulin antibody used in this example lies in the amino acid sequence QPDGQMPSDKSLGGSDDSFS. Example 2 First of all, an amino acid sequence corresponding to a portion of the regulatory region of protein kinase C (PKC) was divided as shown in the following formula (III), and the corresponding peptide segments were synthesized. Then, an aligned peptide array membrane was prepared in the same manner as given in Example 1. The aligned peptide array membrane was reacted with a phorbol ester labeled with tritium ( 3 H) and then brought into contact with a photographic film. Thus, the reaction spot was identified by autoradiography. In this example, exposure to radiation was observed at the position of the peptide segment corresponding to the third sequence segment of formula (III). This sequence segment corresponds to a "zinc finger-like" sequence that has conventionally been presumed to be a phorbol ester-binding site. Example 3 In the third peptide segment detected in Example 2, one amino acid was replaced as shown in the following formula (IV). Excepting this modification, detection was carried out in the same manner as in Example 2. As a result, no exposure to radiation was observed at the position of the third peptide segment, in which one amino acid had been replaced. This fact can be interpreted to mean that, in consequence of the replacement of G (glycine) in the third peptide segment by E (glutamate), the phorbol ester acting as a ligand lost its ability to bind to this region. SEQUENCE LISTING SEQ ID NO:1 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:2 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:3 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:4 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:5 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:6 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:7 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:8 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:9 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:10 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:11 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:12 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:13 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:14 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:15 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:16 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:17 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:18 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:19 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:20 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:21 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:22 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:23 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:24 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:25 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:26 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:27 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:28 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:29 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:30 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:31 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:32 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:33 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:34 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:35 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:36 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:37 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:38 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:39 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:40 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:41 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:42 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:43 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:44 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:45 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:46 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:47 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:48 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:49 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:50 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:51 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:52 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:53 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:54 SEQUENCE LENGTH:10 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:55 SEQUENCE LENGTH:12 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:56 SEQUENCE LENGTH:15 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:57 SEQUENCE LENGTH:15 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:58 SEQUENCE LENGTH:15 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:59 SEQUENCE LENGTH:15 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:60 SEQUENCE LENGTH:15 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:61 SEQUENCE LENGTH:15 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:62 SEQUENCE LENGTH:15 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:63 SEQUENCE LENGTH:15 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:64 SEQUENCE LENGTH:15 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE: SEQ ID NO:65 SEQUENCE LENGTH:15 SEQUENCE TYPE:amino acid MOLECULE TYPE:peptide SEQUENCE:

Claims: An aligned peptide array comprising, as separate elements, a plurality of peptide segments obtained by dividing the amino acid sequence of a protein into non-overlapping sequence segments of equal length and of any suitable frame and synthesizing peptides on the basis of said sequence segments, wherein the peptide segments maintain each position thereof. An aligned peptide array comprising, as separate elements, a plurality of peptide segments obtained by dividing the amino acid sequence of a protein into non-overlapping sequence segments of equal length and of any suitable frame and synthesizing peptides on the basis of said sequence segments, the amino acid sequences of said peptide segments expressing the amino acid sequence of said protein, wherein the peptide segments maintain each position thereof. An immobilized aligned peptide array preparation obtained by immobilizing the aligned peptide array of claim 1 or 2. An aligned peptide array membrane comprising a membrane on which the aligned peptide array of claim 1 or 2 is immobilized. An immobilized aligned peptide array preparation comprising a gel on which the aligned peptide array of claim 1 or 2 is immobilized. An aligned peptide array plate comprising a gel in the form of a plate on which the aligned peptide array of claim 1 or 2 is immobilized. An aligned peptide array preparation, comprising a series of microtiter wells in which solutions containing the peptide segments constituting the aligend peptide array of claim 1 or 2 are placed in such a way that they exist separately from each other. A microchip comprising an integrated circuit on which the aligned peptide array of claim 1 or 2 is immoblizied. A microdevice comprising an integrated circuit on which the aligned peptide array of claim 1 or 2 is immobilized. A method for the detection of a binding or interaction site of a protein which comprises detecting the binding or interaction site of any suitable protein or a specific protein with a ligand therefore by using the aligned peptide array of claim 1 or 2 or an immobilized aligned peptide array preparation derived therefrom. A method for the detection of a binding or interaction site of a protein as claimed in claim 10 wherein the ligand is an antibody. A method for the detection of a binding or interaction site of a protein as claimed in claim 10 wherein the ligand is a pharmaceutical drug, an agricultural chemical, or an insecticide. A method for the detection of a binding or interaction site of a protein as claimed in claim 10 wherein the ligand is a pheromone or a hormone. A method for the detection of a binding or interaction site of a protein as claimed in claim 10 wherein the ligand is another protein. A method for the detection of a binding or interaction site of a protein as claimed in claim 10 wherein the ligand is a nucleic acid. A method for the detection of a binding or interaction site of a protein as claimed in claim 10, wherein the ligand is a carbohydrate. A method for the detection of a binding or interaction site of a protein as claimed in claim 10, wherein the ligand is a lipid. A method for the detection of a ligand for a protein which comprises a step using the detection method of claim 10. A method for the modification of a protein which comprises a step using the detection method of claim 10. A method for the design of a protein which comprises a step using the detection method of claim 10. A method for the modification of a ligand detected by the detection method of claim 18 which comprises a step utilizing the information on a binding or interaction site of a protein as obtained by the detection method of claim 10. A method for the design of a ligand detected by the detection method of claim 18 which comprises a step utilizing the information on a binding or interaction site of a protein as obtained by the detection method of claim 10. An immunoassay method which comprises using the aligned peptide array of claim 1 or 2 or an immobilized aligned peptide array preparation derived therefrom. An enzyme immunoassay method, represented by ELISA, which comprises using the aligned peptide array of claim 1 or 2 or an immobilized aligned peptide array preparation derived therefrom. A viroimmunoassay method which comprises using the aligned peptide array of claim 1 or 2 or an immobilized aligned peptide array preparation derived therefrom. A metalloimmunoassay method which comprises using the aligned peptide array of claim 1 or 2 or an immobilized aligned peptide array preparation derived therefrom. A fluoroimmunoassay method which comprises using the aligned peptide array of claim 1 or 2 or an immobilized aligned peptide array preparation derived therefrom. A radioimmunoassay method which comprises using the aligned peptide array of claim 1 or 2 or an immobilized aligned peptide array preparation derived therefrom.

Inventors: MIWA JOHJI, SIDDIQUI SHAHID SAEED, MIWA, JOHJI, SIDDIQUI, SHAHID SAEED, Miwa, Johji c/o NEC Corporation
Applicants: NIPPON ELECTRIC CO, NEC CORPORATION
Application year: 1997
Main classification: C07K17
IPC codes: C12N9, G01N33, C07K1, C07K14, C07K16, C07K19