INTAKE AND EXHAUST DEVICE WITH MULTIPLE SECTIONS OF SPECIFIC GEOMETRY, FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

Abstract: A device for optimizing the efficiency of an internal combustion explosion engine of the type comprising at least one cylinder (2) within which a piston (1) moves, said cylinder receiving an air-fuel fresh gas mixture via an intake system or channel (13, 20) incorporating at least one relative usual intake valve (7), from said cylinder (2) there emerging spent gas directed to an exhaust pipe (S) via an exhaust system or channel (12, 21), said channel incorporating at least one relative usual exhaust valve (9). Within said intake channel (13, 20) and/or within said exhaust channel (12, 21) there are provided fixed or movable means (27) arranged to modify the useful gas passage section so as to modify the velocity and pressure of the gas flow directed towards the cylinder (2) or exhaust pipe (S). In this manner better air-fuel mixing is achieved.

Description: INTAKE AND EXHAUST DEVICE WITH MULTIPLE SECTIONS OF SPECIFIC GEOMETRY, FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES This invention relates to a device applied to an internal combustion engine in accordance with the introduction to the main claim. As is well known, internal combustion explosion engines, particularly four-stroke engines, have the drawback of not achieving satisfactory volumetric efficiency at each engine r.p.m. because of various phenomena, mainly the low pressure in the intake duct, the low quantity of fresh gas pushed into the cylinder, and the presence of residual spent gas therein. As a consequence, an irregular power curve is generated, with non- optimum power regulation. This problem, much felt by the expert, has been confronted by providing the engine with turbo-compressors, supplementary flap valves, variable timing diagrams, ducts of variable length, throttle controls which open and close one and then another intake duct, megaphone exhausts, exhausts with resonance chambers, supplementary electronically controlled exhaust valves, etc. The results, nearly always obtained by costly and technically complicated arrangements, in all cases leave considerable room for improvement. In this respect, technological progress has meant that very high maximum power levels are reached at high r.p.m., to the detriment of the power at low r.p.m. Moreover, and in particular, this power is delivered irregularly and with high specific fuel consumption. In addition to the aforesaid it must be noted that the search for improved performance by the expert can lead to an exaggerated increase in the cross-sections of the intake and exhaust ducts, producing the opposite effect to that required. In this respect, by enlarging these ducts beyond a certain limit, the velocity of the gas column is reduced, with consequent throughput reduction. An object of the invention is to provide a device for overcoming the aforesaid drawbacks. A particular object of the invention is to provide a device which enables an internal combustion engine volumetric efficiency to be achieved which is satisfactory at each engine r.p.m. A further object is to provide a device which at each engine r.p.m. enables a higher power to be achieved than known engines of equal displacement, with lesser fuel consumption and with lesser pollution than these latter. These and further objects which will be apparent to the expert of the art are attained by a device for varying the section of an induction or intake duct or of an exhaust duct of an internal combustion engine in accordance with the accompanying claims. By means of the device of the invention, the intake or exhaust duct is given a specific geometry which for equal values (given by the sum of its cross-sections) and for equal suction or compressive forces, determines a greater gas velocity and hence a greater throughput than known ducts. The consequent effects can be summarized as follows: better air-fuel mixing; increase in the throughput and density of the intake fresh gas charge; - increase in the expelled spent gas flow; better volumetric efficiency at each engine r.p.m.; increase in power; increase in torque; reduction in fuel consumption; reduction in pollution. When suitably positioned in the induction system (upstream of the intake valve), the device of the invention, described hereinafter in detail, makes it easier for fresh gas to enter the cylinder with greater density and velocity, so achieving greater dynamic supercharging. The consequent greater pressure impressed on the gas column (air-fuel mixture) not only increases volumetric efficiency but also opposes the "refusal" phenomenon of the fresh gas due essentially to the upward movement of the piston with the valve still partly open, particularly at low and medium engine r.p.m. In this manner a permeable ("transparent") duct is obtained for the air-fuel mixture directed towards the cylinder, and a more impermeable (braking) duct for the refusal gas which returns to this latter. If instead the device of the invention is positioned in the exhaust system, downstream of the relative valve, it enables the spent gas velocity to be increased towards the free air, particularly after the first spontaneous exhaust stage, so creating greater vacuum for better cylinder emptying, and preventing residual spent gas returning to it by known phenomena. All this results in a higher filling coefficient at each engine r.p.m., giving greater power, less fuel consumption and less pollution. In this manner a more "transparent" duct is obtained for the spent gas and a more braking duct for the return gas. The device of the invention is applicable to every type of four- stroke internal combustion engine, with more marked effects in high-performance engines such as those used in competitions. The present invention will be more apparent from the accompanying drawing, which is provided by way of non-limiting example and on which: - A - Figure 1 shows an internal combustion engine complete with induction and exhaust system with which the device of the invention is associated in two different configurations. Figure 2 shows the device of the invention applied to the feed system or to the intake duct, this figure showing the air-fuel mixture intake stage. Figure 3 again shows the device of the invention applied to the intake duct during another part of the intake stage, and in which said device decelerates and/or halts the fresh gas repelled by the piston 1, to oppose the "refusal" phenomenon. Figure 4 shows the device of the invention applied to the expulsion system or to the exhaust duct for the spent gas, this figure showing the exhaust stage of said gas. Figure 5 shows the device of Figure 4 and its action in decelerating and/or halting the spent gas "reflected" towards the cylinder 2. Figures 6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13 show some of the many implementational configurations of the device of the present invention. Figures 14, 14A, 15, 15A show further modifications of the invention. With reference to said figures, an internal combustion engine, of four-stroke type in the example, is indicated overall by M and comprises one or more cylinders 2 (only one of which is shown in the figures) within which a piston 1 moves in known manner. To the cylinder 2, or rather to the engine head T provided with ducts 20 and 21 connected to the cylinder 2, there are connected an induction duct 13 for an air-fuel mixture and an exhaust duct 12 for the spent gas expelled from the cylinder. At the cylinder head 2A there are provided valves 7 and 9 (known per se) each positioned in correspondence with a respective duct 13 or 12. According to the invention, operationally associated with at least one of the induction and exhaust ducts (ie with the duct 13 and 20 or with the duct 21 and 12) there is positioned a device D arranged to modify the velocity distribution of the gas flow (fresh and exhaust) within the duct, such as to make it uniform and increase the velocity of the gas flow along the wall of the relative duct, and which would be decelerated by friction against said wall. This is achieved without reducing the throughput of said flow, by creating within the duct a plurality of useful passage sections which can have various geometrical configurations. Modifying the useful section for the gas (fresh or exhaust) results in a variation in its transit velocity through the duct and in the pressure therein. This results in improved filling of the cylinder 2 if the device D is associated with the induction or intake duct 13 and 20, or if said device D is associated with the exhaust duct 12 and 21 it impresses a greater velocity on the gas passing through it towards an exhaust pipe S because of a stronger vacuum generated within said duct. More specifically, with reference to Figures 2 and 3, these show one embodiment of the device D of the invention operationally associated with the intake duct 13 (and 20). This device comprises a cylindrical or semi-cylindrical body 25 inserted into a seat 26 formed in that duct 20 of the head T connected to the exhaust duct 13. The body 25 can be formed integral with the relative seat (for example by casting), so dividing part of the duct into which it is inserted, or can be independent of this latter and be connected to it mechanically in a removable and interchangeable manner (with screws, bayonet coupling or the like) or be fixed (for example by welding). From an inner wall 25A of said body there branch one or more elements 27 arranged to modify the useful passage cross-section of the combined intake duct 13 and duct 20 (hereinafter known as the feed/intake system or channel), so as to create section variations in the path of the fresh gas fed to the cylinder. Specifically, the element or elements 27 create a plurality of ducts or sections 4 and 5 through which the fresh gas passes before reaching the cylinder. The sections 4 and 5 can have an entry area different from their exit area. Said elements can be of different shapes and dimensions, as shown in Figures 6 to 13. They can be simple fins positioned with their axes incident (Figure 6) or parallel to the axis Z of the body 25 (and hence of the duct through which the gas passes), or be actual variably sectioned pieces generating ducts 4 and 5 of such as shape as to converge (in the direction of the gaseous flow through the body 25, indicated by the arrow G) towards the axis Z (Figure 9, Figure 13) or to diverge from this axis (Figure 13), or of variable shape, ie a first portion diverging from and a second portion converging towards said axis Z (Figures 7, 8, 10 and 11). Said elements 27 can be of hollow conical shape with through end holes (as in Figures 7, 9, 13) or of hollow conical shape but not holed (as in Figure 12), or be solid but of variable section (Figures 10, 11), or hollow with their axis coaxial to the axis Z but with variable wall sections (as in Figure 8). The device D can be positioned at any point of the path of the fresh gas fed to the engine, depending on the geometry, the displacement and hence the type of engine M with which it is associated. Its position along the path, ie closer to or further from the valve 7, enables different engine responses to be obtained at different r.p.m. It can also be applied to engines operating at atmospheric pressure, or to boosted engines (with turbocompressors or positive displacement compressors), with one or more valves positioned in the intake duct 13, so improving engine efficiency. The use of the device D in the case of Figures 2 and 3 is as follows: during engine operation, the fresh gas drawn into the cylinder 2 by the piston 1 passes through the body 25 (arrows F of Figure 2) by way of each section 4 and 5 and considerably increases its velocity towards the cylinder 2, to hence generate a strong vacuum in the intake duct 13. That portion of fresh gas which stagnates or passes at low velocity through the induction duct 13 in proximity to the walls is drawn by molecular friction by the effect of the vacuum generated by the faster gas column. The flows re-compact downstream of the body 25 in the section 6 shown in Figure 2, and on reducing their velocity transform the accumulated kinetic energy into pressure upstream of the intake valve 7, with evident positive effects on the filling of the cylinder 2. At the same time, that fresh gas portion repelled by the piston 1 during the first stage of its upward movement, when the intake valve 7 is still partially open, passes through the device D in the opposite direction within the converging portion of the sections 4 and 5 (arrows P of Figure 3), to be decelerated and/or halted, not only by the greater pressure applied to the gas column but also by the particular form of the device D. Said gas portion is then drawn into the next cycle to mix with greater uniformity with a new fresh gas charge. The advantages of the invention, when positioned within the induction system 13, can hence be summarized as follows: increase in the throughput and density of the indrawn fresh gas charge; - reduction in the air-fuel mixture "refusal" phenomenon at intake; increase in engine volumetric efficiency. Reference will now be made to Figures 4 and 5 which show the application of the device D of the invention to the spent gas exhaust duct 12. The device D is totally identical to that positioned in the fresh gas passage towards the cylinder 2 as heretofore described. Consequently those parts of the device identical to those already described in relation to Figures 2 and 3 are indicated by the same reference numerals and will not be further described. In the example under examination, the device D comprises a plurality of elements 27 in the form of fins arranged in pairs such as to diverge from and converge towards the central axis of the duct through which the spent gas flows. Specifically, a first pair 27A of these elements converges (in the spent gas flow direction) towards said axis, and a second pair 27B diverges from this axis. Between said elements there are created passages or sections 10 and 11 through which said gas changes its velocity, as will be indicated hereinafter. The device body 25 is associated with the exhaust duct 12 and duct 21 of the engine head (these defining the exhaust system or channel) in the manner already described in relation to the device D of Figures 2 and 3, and which will hence not be further described. During engine operation, hot spent gas passes through the device D; after the initial stage of spontaneous gas evacuation from the cylinder consequent on the high initial pressure on opening the exhaust valve 9, the device D causes this gas to undergo a velocity increase towards the free air through each section 10 and 11, to hence generate a strong vacuum in the exhaust duct 12 and cylinder 2. The residual spent gas stagnating in the cylinder and that spent gas passing through the exhaust duct in proximity to the walls are drawn by said vacuum to be also pushed downstream through the exhaust duct 12 towards the free air (Figure 4, arrow K). At the same time that spent gas which by known phenomena is "reflected" towards the cylinder 2 (arrows H of Figure 5), this gas being detrimental to engine efficiency, passes through the device D from downstream to upstream through the converging portions of the sections 10 and 11, to be decelerated and/or halted by the particular form of the device. This generates a prolongation of the spent gas extraction stage which, besides producing a more consistent emptying of the cylinder 2, facilitates its filling with fresh charge during the next cycl e . The advantages of the invention when positioned within the exhaust system 12 can hence be summarized as follows: - greater emptying of spent gas from the cylinder; lesser contamination of the fresh gas charge; greater volumetric efficiency. From the aforegoing, the beneficial effects which the aforedescribed invention when positioned within the intake and/or exhaust system has on the overall engine efficiency are apparent, in that it increases engine performance while reducing fuel consumption and atmospheric pollution. In addition, its constructional simplicity makes it extremely economical, while the reliability deriving therefrom ensures a virtually unlimited life. In addition, its characteristics and advantages make this device suitable for application to any suction-compression machine. In the practical embodiment of the invention, the size, the shape, the proportioning of the feed/intake system 13, 20 and of the expulsion/exhaust system 12, 21 (in the sense of an assembly extending from the valve or valves 7-9 of the cylinder or cylinders 2 to the external free air through the exhaust pipe S of Figure 1) and the location of the elements 27 (diverging and/or parallel and/or converging and or curved portions, etc.), can be chosen at will according to requirements. Furthermore the body 25 of the device D can be applied in different numbers, shapes and positions within the feed/intake system 13, 20 from the entry section or sections to the intake valve or valves 7, or in the expulsion/exhaust system 12, 21 from the exhaust valve or valves 9 to the exit section or sections towards the free air. It can also be applied to the vehicle dynamic intake, and to already existing engines. Figures 14, 14A show a further embodiment of the invention. These figures, in which parts corresponding to those of the already described figures are indicated by the same reference numerals, show a device D comprising an element 27 inserted directly into the intake duct 13 or 20 (as shown) or into the exhaust duct 12 or 21. In other words, the described body 25 shown in the preceding figures (for example from 6 to 13) is defined by the duct within which the element 27 is positioned. In the example under examination, the element 27 is shaped as a body consisting of two half-cone frustums 27H and 27K, connected together at their greater-area base 27N and tapering in opposite directions. The body is hollow and divides the system in which it is positioned, for example the intake system indicated by 20, into two sections 140 and 141. In the example, the system or duct 20 is cylindrical, and the total area of said sections 140 and 141 is constant within the duct 20. If this duct should itself taper, then said area would change constantly along the axis (Z) of the duct. According to the embodiment under examination, the element 27 is movable (arrows Q of Figure 14) within the relative duct 20 along guides 142 provided on the inner wall 143 of this latter. For this purpose, the element 27 comprises end shoes 144 movable within the guides 142. These latter are shown rectilinear, ie parallel to said axis Z. However they can have any orientation along the wall 143. Moving the element 27 enables it to be positioned closer to or further from the valve (not shown) located in said duct so as to modify the conditions (velocity and pressure) of the fluid directed towards the cylinder, and hence modify the engine response to the various r.p.m. If the device D is positioned in the exhaust system (for example within the duct 21) the facility for moving the element 27 towards or away from the corresponding exhaust valve enables cylinder emptying to be improved on the basis of engine r.p.m. Its movement can be manual by moving the element 27 along the guides 142 and then fixing it in discrete positions by screws (setscrews) 150 shown by dashed lines in Figure 14A and operable through holes 151 provided through the duct 20 (or 21). Alternatively it can be moved by a suitable actuator (mechanical or hydraulic) either operated manually or preferably controlled by a microprocessor on the basis of the engine r.p.m. Figures 15 and 15A, in which parts corresponding to those of the already described figures are indicated by the same reference numerals, show a further embodiment of the invention in which the element 27 is associated with an annular support body 155 to be positioned on a step provided at the commencement of the corresponding duct 20 or 21 (not shown) or within this latter. The embodiment shown on the figures enables the element 27, by suitably choosing its length, to be positioned closer to or further from the relative valve, to achieve different engine behaviour at various r.p.m. The embodiments shown in Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 14A and 15A are therefore purely indicative and as such are not limitative of the process. Said embodiments are therefore not to be considered as exhaustive of the possible internal and external configurations of the multiple-section duct of the invention. The invention can be implemented by any known technique and can also be applied to ducts of already existing engines, and to suction or compression machines.

Claims: Cl aims : 1. An intake and exhaust device with multiple sections of specific geometry for an internal combustion engine, for the purpose of optimizing the efficiency of said engine, this latter being of the type comprising at least one cylinder (2) within which a piston (1) moves, said cylinder receiving an air-fuel fresh gas mixture via an intake system or channel (13, 20) incorporating at least one relative usual intake valve (7), from said cylinder (2) there emerging spent gas fed to an exhaust pipe (S) via an exhaust system or channel (12, 21), said channel incorporating at least one relative usual exhaust valve (9), characterised in that within said intake channel (13, 20) and/or within said exhaust channel (12, 21) there are provided sectioning means (27) arranged to divide said channel (13, 20; 12, 21) into at least two ducts or portions (4, 5; 10, 11; 140, 141) so as to modify the useful section for gas passage, said sectioning means modifying the transit velocity distribution of the gas flow through the channel by tending to make it uniform and modifying the pressure of the gas flow directed towards the cylinder (2) and the exhaust pipe (S), said means acting on said gas such as to modify its throughput per unit of time so as to improve cylinder filling and/or cylinder emptying. 2. A device as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that the sectioning means (27) are fixed within the system or channel (13, 20; 12, 21) in which they are positioned. 3. A device as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that the sectioning means (27) are movable within the system or channel (13, 20; 12, 21) in which they are positioned, either along the longitudinal axis (Z) of this latter or about it. 4. A device as claimed in claim 3, characterised in that the sectioning means (27) cooperate with actuator means for their movement, said actuator means acting on said sectioning means (27) preferably on the basis of the engine r.p.m. such as to modify their relative position within the corresponding system or channel (13, 20; 12, 21) along the longitudinal axis (Z) of this latter or about it. 5. A device as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that the sectioning means (27) modifying the section of the channel (12, 21; 13, 20) are carried internally by a body (25) independent of the relative channel (12, 21; 13, 20) with which said means (27) are associated, said body being however connected to said channel (12, 21; 13, 20). 6. A device as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that the sectioning means (27) form part of the channel (12, 21; 13, 20) within which they are positioned. 7. A device as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that the sectioning means (27) are associated with an annular support element (155) associated with the channel (12, 21; 13, 20) in which they are positioned. 8. A device as claimed in claims 1 and 5, characterised in that the means modifying the section of the channel (12, 21; 13, 20) are at least one pair of flat elements (27), said elements being arranged inclined to the axis (Z) of the body (25) which supports them. 9. A device as claimed in claims 1 and 5 or 1 and 6 or 1 and 7, characterised in that the means (27) modifying the section of the channel (12, 21; 13, 20) are at least one conical or frusto- conical element. 10. A device as claimed in claim 9, characterised in that the hollow conical or f rusto-conical element is axially holed. 11. A device as claimed in claim 9 or 10, characterised in that the conical or f rusto-conical element tapers in the direction of the gas flow through the channel (12, 21; 13, 20) in which said element (27) is positioned. 12. A device as claimed in claim 9 or 10, characterised in that the conical or f rusto-conical element tapers in the direction contrary to the direction of the gas flow through the channel (12, 21; 13, 20) in which said element (27) is positioned. 13. A device as claimed in claim 9, characterised by comprising at least two hollow f rusto-conical elements (27) positioned in succession within the channel through which the gas flow passes. 14. A device as claimed in claim 13, characterised in that the f rusto-conical elements taper in opposite directions in the direction of the gas flow. 15. A device as claimed in claim 13, characterised in that the f rusto-conical elements taper in the same direction in the direction of the gas flow. 16. A device as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that the sectioning means (27) modifying the section of the channel (12, 21; 13, 20) are at least one body having a cross-section the dimensions of which vary in the direction of the gas flow passing through the relative channel (12, 21; 13, 20). 17. A device as claimed in claim 11, characterised in that the element (27) of variable cross-section has parts converging towards and parts diverging from the axis (Z) of the body (25) which supports it. 18. A device as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that the channel within which the section modifying means (27) are positioned is the intake channel (13, 20). 19. A device as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that the channel within which the sectioning means (27) are positioned is the exhaust channel (12, 21). 20. A device as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that the sectioning means (27) define, within the respective channel (12, 21; 13, 20), gas flow transit sections which are connected together by portions which are at least partially communicating. 21. A device as claimed in claim 20, characterised in that the gas flow transit sections have an entry area different from their exit area. 22. A device as claimed in claim 5, characterised in that the body (25) carrying the section modifying means (27) is removably fixed to the corresponding channel (12, 21; 13, 20). 23. A device as claimed in the preceding claims, characterised by comprising a part (27) to be inserted into the duct and supported by a member (155) external and coaxial to this latter. 24. A device as claimed in claim 22, characterised in that the fixing is mechanical. 25. A device as claimed in claim 24, characterised in that the body (25) carrying the sectioning means (27) is permanently fixed to the corresponding channel (12, 21; 13, 20). 26. A device as claimed in claim 1, characterised by being positioned at any point of the intake channel or system (13, 20). 27. A device as claimed in claim 1, characterised by being positioned at any point of the exhaust channel or system (12, 21). 28. A device as claimed in claim 1, characterised by being positioned in a vehicle dynamic intake. 29. A device as claimed in claim 1, characterised by comprising several section modifying means (27) for the respective channel, which are positioned in succession spaced apart along this latter. 30. A device as claimed in the preceding claims, characterised by comprising means (155) enabling it to be used in ducts of existing engines.

Inventors: DELLAROSA STEFANO, DELLAROSA, STEFANO
Applicants: DELLAROSA STEFANO, RICERCHE TECNOLOGICHE S R L CE, CENTRO RICERCHE TECNOLOGICHE S.R.L., DELLAROSA, STEFANO
Application year: 1997
Main classification: F02B27
IPC codes: F01N7, F02B25, F02B27, F02B61, F02M35