Continuous quick measurement of biochemical oxygen demand and apparatus therefor

Abstract: There are disclosed a continuous, quick measurement method of BOD and an apparatus therefor. It comprises a sample tank in which a sample is prepared suitably for the measurement, a reactor in which microorganisms maintain their activity, a medium reservoir which contains nutrients for the growth of the microorganisms, pumps for transferring liquids, and a microprocessor which controls the operation of all means including a magnetic stirrer for mixing the liquid in the reactor and diagnoses of the apparatus itself. Using the apparatus, the method comprises a continuous culture stage, an endogenous respiration stage, a endogenous respiration rate-measuring stage, a sample feeding stage and a BODq measuring stage. The apparatus can detect BOD in one hour and is very low in error rate. Further, because microorganisms can be continuously cultured, the apparatus is semi-permanent, easy to manage, low in cost and suitable to be operated at treatment site.

Description: BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the invention The present invention relates, in general, to a method for measuring biological oxygen demand (hereinafter referred to as "BOD") continuously and rapidly and an apparatus therefor. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method with which BOD can be automatically measured in 20 min by using the apparatus. Description of the Prior Art BOD refers to the oxygen amount required to oxidize the organic materials which can be decomposed by the metabolic action of aerobic microorganisms. Because BOD informs of the amount of the organic material present in a solution, it is one of the most important indicators for water pollution and has the following implications. When sewage or waste water is discharged from homes or plants to a river, the organic materials contained therein are primarily decomposed by the aerobic microorganisms which inhabit the river. Owing to this, the dissolved oxygen in the river is exhausted, thereby creating a poor environment in which it is very difficult for higher aerobic organisms, such as fish, to survive. Thus, the BOD of sewage or waste water indicates the concentration of the organic materials it contains, and thus basically indicates the influence on the environment. Most countries of the world have their own BOD allowance limits in order to protect their own environments. To reduce such deleterious influence of waste water, the organic materials in the waste water should be removed prior to being discharged into the environment. One method is to biologically treat the waste water. In fact, most home sewage and plant waste water is processed by such a biological treatment method. According to this treatment method, the organic materials in waste water are decomposed by a high concentration of aerobic microorganisms (active sludge), prior to being discharged into the environment. This is based on the strategy that a phenomenon occurring in nature is intensively and rapidly utilized at a safe site before the sewage or waste water is discharged into the environment. In running a process for the biological treatment of waste water, the BOD of an influx and the BOD in an aeration bath are very important parameters to normally run the process and to prevent various problems which may occur in the process. Further, because the BOD of an efflux, as mentioned above, is regulated legally, it is continuously measured and managed. Therefore, in order to meet legal regulations or in order to smoothly run the biological treatment process, the BOD of waste water should be measured. Conventionally, the measurement result is completely interpreted 5 days after measurements are taken. This delay acts as a great hinderance to the application of the BOD result for managing the waste water treatment process as well as makes the BOD result unreliable in legally regulating the waste water of a plant. There is a standard for BOD measurement in each country. For example, American Public Health Association Standard Method No. 219 is referred in U.S.A., Japanese Industrial Standard JIS K0102-1974 in Japan, and KS M0111 #19 in Korea. These three are almost the same in practice and all of them give complete interpretation of BOD 5 days after BOD measurement. In addition, because their measurement processes are very difficult and complicated, the BOD results are modulated somewhat depending on the skill of the experiment workers. Further, even though skilled workers measure BOD, the results are not good in reproducibility. With increasing interest in the environment, a new BOD measurement method which is fast and correct and shows good reproducibility is desperatively required. Up to now, much effort has been made to solve the problems of conventional BOD measurement techniques. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,350,763 to Shuichi Suzuki (hereinafter referred to as "'763 patent") suggests a quick method by which BOD can be measured in 30 min. This quick BOD measurement of '763 patent has a significant advantage of being quicker and simpler than a conventional BOD measurement (hereinafter referred to as "BOD5"). According to '763 patent, microorganisms are immobilized on a dissolved oxygen (hereinafter referred to as "DO") sensor membrane. In organic material-free solutions, constant DO values are read by their action. When a solution containing organic materials comes into contact with the immobilized microorganisms at a constant flow rate, they use the dissolved oxygen to decompose the organic materials, so that the DO value decreases with the concentration of the organic material contained. In other words, '763 patent takes advantage of the fact that the concentration of organic material in a sample is proportional to ΔDO (difference in DO between an organic material-free buffer solution and a sample). The microorganism-immobilized sensor of '763 patent is advantageous in that it is simple but has the following disadvantages: First, because the activity of the microorganisms immobilized on the DO sensor membrane changes with time, frequent reference to a standard solution (defined in BOD) should be made in order to detect the ▵DO, thereby calculating the BOD. Second, measurement itself is impossible unless the organic materials in the sample are decomposed by the microorganisms. This phenomenon occasionally occurs in the waste water from plants. Third, when the concentration of the organic materials in a sample exceeds a certain degree, the oxygen consumption rate of the microorganisms does not increase any more. Accordingly, in this case, the concentrated sample should be diluted to a concentration at which the organic material concentration and the oxygen consumption rate are in a proportional relation, in order to measure the DO. Another prior technique is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,898,829 to Friedrich W. Siepmann (hereinafter referred to as "'829 patent") which complements the above disadvantages of '763 patent. In detail, a lot of carriers on which microorganisms are immobilized are placed in a reactor into which test water is, then, continuously flowed, so that the microorganisms capable of decomposing the organic materials in the test water naturally adhere to the carriers and grow therein, thereby solving the indecomposibility of organic material, a disadvantage of '763 patent. '829 patent is similar to '763 patent in measurement principle but significantly different in working mechanism. When a sample is aerated to have a saturated DO concentration at a certain temperature and then, fed into a reactor, the oxygen consumption rate of the microorganisms is changed, as in '763 patent, with the concentration of the organic materials in the sample, so that the sample which is passing through the reactor comes to have a different DO. To avoid the dilution problem of '763 patent, '829 patent suggests an apparatus equipped with a diluting water line with which the sample passing through the reactor is constantly maintained in ΔDO (difference in DO between at the inlet and at the outlet of the bath). When the BOD of a sample is too high, the DO is considerably decreased, which can be compensated by adding a great amount of diluting water to the sample. On the other hand, a low BOD is attributed to a low decrease of DO, which requires the addition of a small amount of diluting water. The apparatus of '829 patent further comprises a microprocessor with which the flow rates of the diluting water and the sample are controlled, thereby calculating the BOD of the sample. '829 patent is a considerably advanced technique capable of solving the problems of '763 patent including: 1) indecomposibility of organic material, 2) dilution of sample, and 3) maintenance in the activity of immobilized microorganisms as well as automatic measurement of BOD, but still has limits as follows: First, when the sample has a low concentration of organic materials, there are not enough nutrients to grow the microorganisms adherent to the carriers, so that immobilized microorganisms are not maintained to the degree of being able to measure BOD. Second, because the activity of the microorganisms has a great influence, as in '763 patent, it should be constantly maintained. Following the installation of the apparatus, a waiting period until the microorganisms of the carriers reach a steady state should be given. As such, it takes a long time to be ready to measure the BOD of sample. Third, the measurement method should be of a continuous type requiring continuous inflow of test water. Because the flow rates of the sample and the diluting water are controlled with maintenance of constant delta DO, it is impossible to apply a laboratory scale measuring apparatus other than a continuous measuring apparatus working at the site. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION As mentioned above, the prior patents had attempts to quickly and correctly measure BOD but include many problems to be solved in principle. Based on the principle disclosed in Korean Pat. Appl. No. 93-6458 to the inventors, a BOD measuring method and apparatus therefor is developed with which BOD is measured automatically, quickly and continuously. Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to overcome the above problems encountered in prior arts and to provide a novel, quick, continuous BOD measuring method and an apparatus therefor. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Other objects and aspects of the invention will become apparent from the following description of embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: Fig. 1 schematically shows an apparatus according to the present invention; Fig. 2 is a flow view showing the procedure of the present invention; Fig. 3 is a graph showing the changes in DO and Oxygen Uptake Rate (hereinafter refer to as "OUR") according to an embodiment of the present invention; Fig. 4 is a graph showing the comparison of quick BOD (hereinafter refer to as "BODq") of the present invention with BOD5; Fig. 5 is a graph showing the correlation of BODq of the present invention with BOD5; Fig. 6 is a graph showing the correlation of Total Organic Carbon (hereinafter refer to as "TOC") of the present invention with BOD5; Fig. 7 is a graph showing the correlation of Chemical Oxygen Demand (hereinafter refer to as "COD") of the present invention with BOD5; DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The reason why it takes five days for the conventional methods to measure BOD is that the amount of the aerobic microorganisms working at the initial stage of measurement are too small to rapidly decompose all the organic materials contained in a sample. To avoid such time consuming experiments, '763 patent and '829 patent take advantage of the proportional relation between the oxygen consumption rate of microorganisms and the organic material concentration in a sample, to estimate the BOD. On the other hand, the principle of the invention is not based on the increase of the oxygen consumption rate with sample concentration but on the increase of the oxygen amount consumed, like that of BOD5. Merely, instead of seeding microorganisms in the sample, a sample is added to a microorganism solution, to reduce the time which it takes to measure. At this time, the measurement is possible only when the microorganism solution to be applied is in an endogenous respiration state. This is attributed to the fact that the oxygen amount consumed is changed depending on the concentration of the organic material in the added sample only under the condition that the available organic materials in the microorganism solution are exhausted completely. The invention is similar to the above-cited patent application to the inventors in principle but different and improved in the following points: First, the continuous apparatus of the invention can automatically run the whole procedure including sampling, quick measurement of BOD and drain after measurement as well as continuous repeat of the procedure. Second, the invention can continuously culture the measuring microorganisms by use of additional nutrients and the sample taken from the spot, so that it can be applied for plants without biological treatment facilities and for rivers. Third, in the case that the discharge water passing through active sludge has a BOD5 of 10 ppm or less by virtue of good biological waste water treatment, the quick BOD of the discharge water cannot occasionally be detected with the active sludge of the treatment site (the organic materials contained in the discharge water which has been treated with active sludge are believed not to be decomposed by the active sludge any more); the invention has a principle of continuously culturing microorganisms in the reactor by use of the sample (discharge water) and therefore, because the microorganisms grow to decompose the organic materials contained in the discharge water, the quick BOD measurement of discharge water is possible. Referring to Figs. 1 and 2, there is shown a BOD measuring apparatus manufactured according to the principle of the present invention. As seen, the apparatus comprises: a reactor 1 on a magnetic stirrer 5, which is equipped with a temperature/DO sensor 16 and a heater 13 at its upper part, provided with two holes at its bottom and contains microorganisms capable of decomposing organic materials, one of said holes serving as an inlet through which air is influxed into said reactor 1 by the action of an air pump 6 and the other as an inlet through a sample water fed into the reactor 1; a sample tank 2, which has a short tube, through which diluted sample water is flowed into the sample tank 2, at an upper part, an overflow hole for maintaining the water level of the sample, at its side, and an air conduit for introducing air from the air pump 6, at its bottom; a medium reservoir 3, which stores the nutrients necessary for the growth of the microorganisms the reactor 1 contains; a mixing bottle 4 for mixing the sample water and the medium, which has a conduit for introducing the medium from the medium reservoir 3 by the action of a medium pump 7, upon culture period, at its side, a conduit for introducing the sample from the sample tank 2 by the action of a sample pump 9 upon measurement period, at its side, a conduit for introducing the sample from the sample tank 2 by the action of a feeding pump 8 upon culture period, at its upper part, and a discharge tube for discharging the influxes of the mixing bottle 4 into the reactor 1, at its bottom part; an upper reaction bottle 1-1, which has a neck for connecting with the reactor 1 at its bottom, a hole with a cap at its upper part, and a hole for draining the sample introduced from the bottom, at its side, said cap being provided with a level sensor 14, an air hole, and an inlet through which a concentrated sample is flowed into with the action of a syringe pump; and a microprocessor 12 which controls all the operations necessary for automatic measurement. The reactor 1 is one liter in volume and has a lot of porous carriers therein which provides a suitable habitat for microorganisms. To the reactor 1 may nutrients be separately added. At its upper part, the reactor has a neck 30 mm in diameter through which the upper reaction bottle 1-1 350 mL in volume is connected with the reactor 1. Within the lower neck of the upper reaction bottle 1-1, a helical baffle is provided in order for liquid to easily move between the reactor 1 and the upper reaction bottle 1-1. A glass tube with a diameter of 12 mm in which many pores 3.5 mm in diameter are present is horizontally inserted through the draining hole into the upper reaction bottle 1-1, in order to prevent the carriers from losing and clogging the draining hole. As for the sample tank 2, it has a volume of about 500 ml and is provided with a temperature sensor and a heater to control the temperature of the sample. In the sample tank 2 is placed a porous stone which spouts the air introduced from the bottom of the bath 2. As mentioned above, a sample water of low concentration (discharge water from the working spot) is introduced at a flow rate of 3 liter/h into the sample tank through said short tube. Because the overflow hole serves to maintain the residence time of the sample within 10 min, the sample in the sample tank 2 is always kept fresh. The mixing bottle 4 is about 100 mL in volume. The examples of the operations which the microprocessor 12 controls for automatic measurement, include: the power ON/OFF of the magnetic stirrer 5 and its stirring rate; the opening and shutting of the draining valve of the upper reaction bottle 1-1; the temperatures in the reactor 1 and the sample tank 2; the speed of the sample pump under the level sensor 14; the power ON/OFF of various pumps (medium pump, feeding pump, sample pump, syringe pump) and their speeds; printer 11; and the power ON/OFF of the air pump 6 and the opening and shutting of its valve. The sequence of the whole measuring procedure is as follows: 1. continuous culture stage : continuously culturing the microorganisms in a mixture of the sample and the medium in the reactor. 2. endogenous respiration stage : continuously aerating the reactor to deplete the available organic materials therein without further introducing the sample and medium. 3. endogenous respiration rate-measuring stage : measuring the oxygen consumption rate (endogenous respiration rate) when the microorganisms are in the state of endogenous respiration, which results from the depletion of the available organic materials in the reactor and from ceasing the aeration. 4. Sample-feeding stage : feeding a desired amount of the sample from the sample tank to the reactor. 5. BODq-measuring stage : measuring the oxygen consumption amount increased by the feeding of the sample while the microorganisms completely decompose the organic materials within the sample fed. Therefore, the present invention provides a continuous, quick measuring method of BOD comprising the steps of: i) continuously culturing microorganisms in the reactor 1 by introducing a mixture of a medium containing nutrients necessary for the growth of the microorganisms and a sample water from a mixing bottle 4 to the reactor at a flow rate which microprocessor controls; ii) depleting all the organic materials available in the reactor 1 by aerating the reactor without further introducing the medium and the sample in time; iii) measuring the endogenous respiration speed of the microorganisms which are in an endogenous respirationing state owing to the depletion of the organic materials available; iv) feeding the sample from the sample tank 2 to the reactor 1; and v) measuring the oxygen amount consumed by the microorganisms while they completely decompose the organic materials contained in the sample fed. The following table briefly shows the operations occurring in accordance with the working order in the apparatus of the invention. Order Operation Pf Pm Ps A Vd St Vol. 1 Continuous Culture O O X O O X 1,000 2 Endogenous Res. X X X O O O 1,000 3 Endo. Res. Rate-Measuring X X X X O O 1,000 4 Sample Feeding X X O X X O +Vs 5 BODq Measuring X X X X X O +Vs 1 Continuous Culture O O X O O X 1,000 * Pf: Feeding Pump, Pm: Medium Pump, Ps: Sample Pump A: Aeration of Reactor tank, Vd: Drain Valve of Reactor tank, St: Stirring, Vs: Volume of sample The above procedure will be described below in conjunction with Fig. 2. A sample from the treatment site, as shown in Fig. 2, flows into the sample tank 2 and out of it through its the over flow hole, so that the sample tank 2 always contains fresh sample. For the residence time in the sample tank 2, the sample is sufficiently heated to the same temperature of the reactor 1 and aerated so as to keep a saturated oxygen concentration. Then, the sample, which is under the control of temperature and oxygen concentration, is fed at a constant flow rate into the mixing bottle 4 by the feeding pump 8, in which the sample is mixed with the medium introduced from the medium reservoir 3. Thereafter, the mix flows into the reactor 1 and continuously comes out of it via the drain hole. When the microorganisms start to enter an endogenous respiration stage, the feeding pump and the medium pump cease functioning while continuously aerating the reactor 1, so that the microorganisms deplete all the organic materials available in the reactor. Detection of almost little increase of DO value following a smooth increase, means that the organic materials are depleted in the reactor and thus, the microorganisms are in the midst of endogenous respirationing stage. At this time, the oxygen consumption rate of the microorganisms is measured without further aeration but with continuous stirring. If the oxygen consumption rate is constant, the drain valve of the upper reaction bottle is closed and then, the sample pump 9 starts to work to introduce the sample from the sample tank 2 into the reactor 1. In the BODq-measuring stage, the sample pump 9 ceases functioning and the point in time at which the oxygen consumption rate increased by the sample feeding comes to be the same with that prior to the sample feeding, is detected. Subsequent to the completion of the BODq measurement, it returns to the continuous culture stage, in which the drain valve is opened, the aeration starts, the stirring ceases, and the feeding pump 8 and the medium pump 7 are operated to provide fresh nutrients for the microorganisms of the reactor 1. It is apparent from the above illustration that the present invention solves the problem of the two conventional techniques previously mentioned, that is, that a change in the activity of microorganisms has an influence on the measurement result. Since the oxygen consumption amount increased by the addition of sample, rather than the oxygen consumption rate increased by the addition, is measured in the present invention, the change in activity of microorganisms, although it may occur, little affects the BOD. Even though the concentration of sample is low, it does not affect the growth and the maintenance of microorganisms because nutrients are separately fed and thus the present invention can be adapted in case of a low concentration of sample. It is another advantage that the concentration range of sample which can be measured without using additional diluent or buffer is very wide, from 1 to 5,000 mg/L and the maintenance of the apparatus is very easy. Such a wide range of measurable concentrations comes from the principle of the present invention in which BOD can be measured by merely changing the amount of the sample added in the reactor. Following is the mechanism according to which the apparatus of the invention can feed controlled amounts of sample. Prior to feeding the sample (that is, in the continuous culture stage and the endogenous respiration stage), the reactor maintains a constant water level and the upper reaction bottle, as well. Because the sample pump 9 is operated at a constant speed, the time which is taken to fill the upper reaction bottle 1-1 full can be measured with the aid of the level sensor provided on the upper reaction bottle 1-1 and thus, the flow rate which the sample pump 9 provides can be calculated. On the basis of these data, the sample pump 9 is operated for the time only which is taken to feed a desired amount of sample. Further, the apparatus of the invention can automatically determine the change in the amount of sample. For example, after an operator inputs 2mg·BOD/l as an object value of sample concentration in the reactor and 1-3 mg BOD/L as an allowance range, if the BODq of the sample is 50 ppm when the volume of the reactor and the sample amount are 1 L and 100 mL, respectively, the sample concentration in the reactor is calculated as follows: 50 ppm x 100 1000 + 100 = 4.55 mg·BOD/L Because this value is over the allowance range input, the apparatus automatically adjust the sample amount according to the following equation: 50 x Sample Amount 1000 + Sample Amount = 2.0 mg·BOD/L Therefore, the sample amount is automatically converted to 41.7 ml. A better understanding of the present invention may be obtained in light of following examples which are set forth to illustrate, but are not to be construed to limit, the present invention. EXAMPLE I The apparatus of Fig. 1 was set at a discharging outlet of some research center's waste water treatment plant. 24 hours before the installation, about 400 ml of carrierss with a uniform size of 5x5x5 mm 3 was poured in a 2 liter beaker which contained the following components: yeast extract 5g; glucose 5g; sucrose 5g; activated sludge 100 ml; and water 1 liter. Under aeration, microorganisms were cultured and immobilized on the carriers overnight with shaking. After the setting of the apparatus, the carrierss were placed in the reactor which was, then, filled with discharged water from the plant. The apparatus was operated under the following conditions: Influx Speed of Discharge Water 0.5 L/h Medium Concentration 5 g·Glucose/L Flow Rate of Medium 3.6 mL/h Culture Temp. 30.0 °C Temp. of Sample tank 30.0 °C Stirring Speed 600 rpm Aerating Rate 0.7 L/min (React./Sample tank) Vol. of Reactor 1 Liter Vol. of Upper Reaction bottle 350 mL Amount of Sample fed 50-350 mL (discharged water, autocontrol, feeding pump) 0.5-10 mL (influent water, autocontrol, syringe pump). Period of Measurement 1 hour Measurement Mode i.alternate (odd hours for low conc./even hours for high conc.) ii.one sample only (select either high or low concentration of samples; low conc.: discharged water, fed by feeding pump; high conc.: influent water, fed by syringe pump) To know the error rate of each of the feeding means, an experiment was repeated 10 times. And, a linearity experiment was done to know the accuracy of the sample amounts which was automatically controlled by the apparatus. The reliability and the accuracy in sample amount are given as shown in Table 1 below. Error Rate in Feeding Sample Discharge Water (ml) Influent Water (ml) Value Set 280 150 50 10 5 1 No. Feeding Pump Syringe Pump 1 278 145 48 9.6 4.7 0.95 2 281 147 51 10.2 4.7 0.96 3 283 152 49 10.5 5.1 1.01 4 280 150 49 10.3 4.8 1.02 5 277 146 52 9.9 5.3 0.99 6 276 145 51 10.4 4.9 0.93 7 274 153 50 9.8 5.1 1.05 8 279 152 47 9.5 4.9 1.06 9 285 148 52 9.9 4.6 0.95 10 278 146 49 10.4 4.8 0.96 Average 279.1 148.4 49.8 10.1 4.89 0.99 Deviation 3.28 3.10 1.69 0.36 0.22 0.05 Error Rate 1.18 2.09 3.39 3.55 4.46 4.57 Accuracy 99.7 98.9 99.6 100.5 97.8 98.8 * Error Rate : (Deviation/Average) x 100% Accuracy : (Average/Value set) x 100% As exemplified in Table 1, the error rate in feeding sample and the accuracy of sample amount were within 5% and in the range of 97.8-100.5% over all experiments, so that the auto-control of the apparatus in sample amounts was very reliable. The volume of each sample was calculated from the weight read on a balance on the assumption that its density might be 1.0 g/mL. Consistent values started to be obtained after 10 hours had passed from the start of the operation of the apparatus, demonstrating that the apparatus normally worked. Early in the operation, there was a substantial tendency for BOD to be measured as too small values because the microorganisms did not reach an endogenous respiration stage owing to the concentrated nutrients included in initial solution but the measurement values were gradually increased and finally became stable 10 hours after the operation. In order to know the changes in DO concentration and in oxygen consumption rate with time in a one measurement cycle which started at every o'clock sharp, measurement results of a certain hour were suggested in Table 2 below and Fig. 3. (OUR : O xygen U ptake R ate) Change in DO and OUR by Measurement Stages. Time (min) DO (ppm) OUR (ppm/h) Avg. OUR (ppm/h) Stage Time (min) DO (ppm) OUR (ppm/h) Avg. OUR (ppm/h) Stage 0.0 5.841 Prep. 0.5 5.845 -0.48 for 21.0 5.923 13.51 11.56 1.0 5.856 -1.32 Endo. 21.5 5.821 12.24 12.56 1.5 5.864 -0.96 -0.92 Breath 22.0 5.700 14.52 13.42 2.0 5.879 -1.80 -1.36 22.5 5.583 14.04 13.60 2.5 5.898 -2.28 -1.68 23.0 5.486 11.64 13.40 3.0 5.903 -0.60 -1.56 23.5 5.350 16.32 14.00 3.5 5.920 -2.04 -1.64 24.0 5.169 21.72 16.56 4.0 5.947 -3.24 -1.96 24.5 4.974 23.46 20.50 4.5 5.956 -1.08 -2.12 25.0 4.778 23.46 22.88 Measuring 5.0 5.974 -2.16 -2.16 25.5 4.558 26.40 24.44 BODq 5.5 5.980 -0.72 -1.32 26.0 4.338 26.40 25.42 6.0 6.010 -3.60 -2.16 26.5 4.143 23.46 25.42 6.5 6.042 -3.84 -2.72 27.0 3.923 26.39 25.42 7.0 6.068 -3.12 -3.52 27.5 3.690 27.86 25.90 7.5 6.080 -1.44 -2.80 28.0 3.483 24.94 26.40 8.0 6.147 -8.04 -4.20 28.5 3.275 24.92 25.91 8.5 6.201 -6.48 -5.32 29.0 3.067 24.92 24.93 9.0 6.240 -4.68 -6.40 29.5 2.847 26.40 25.42 9.5 6.293 -6.40 -5.85 10.0 6.367 -8.80 -6.62 30.0 2.664 22.00 24.44 10.5 6.428 -7.33 -7.51 30.5 2.481 22.00 23.46 11.0 6.464 -4.39 -6.84 31.0 2.310 20.53 21.51 11.5 6.513 -5.87 -5.86 31.5 2.138 20.53 21.02 12.0 6.574 -7.33 -5.86 32.0 1.980 19.06 20.04 12.5 6.623 -5.87 -6.36 32.5 1.845 16.13 18.57 13.0 6.672 -5.87 -6.36 33.0 1.699 17.60 17.60 13.5 6.709 -4.39 -5.38 33.5 1.589 13.19 15.64 14.0 6.733 -2.94 -4.40 34.0 1.491 11.74 14.18 14.5 6.758 -2.93 -3.42 34.5 1.393 11.74 12.22 15.0 6.782 -2.93 -2.93 35.0 1.332 7.33 10.27 15.5 6.758 2.93 -0.98 35.5 1.259 8.80 9.29 16.0 6.684 8.80 2.93 36.0 1.198 7.33 7.82 16.5 6.610 8.92 6.88 36.5 1.149 5.87 7.33 17.0 6.538 8.68 8.80 Holding 37.0 1.088 7.33 6.84 17.5 6.489 5.87 7.82 Endo. 37.5 1.039 5.87 6.36 18.0 6.440 5.87 6.80 Breath 38.0 0.990 5.86 6.35 18.5 6.367 8.80 6.84 38.5 0.941 5.87 5.86 19.0 6.293 8.80 7.82 39.0 0.892 5.87 5.86 19.5 6.212 9.76 9.12 Feeding 39.5 0.831 7.33 6.36 Stop 20.0 6.135 9.24 9.26 20.5 6.036 11.93 10.31 40.0 Re-culture BOD : 13.6 ppm Vol. sample 340 mL Time react : 19.5 min. Following is the calculation for the increased oxygen consumption amount by the addition of sample (BOD). The total oxygen consumption amount in the BODq-measuring stage (the fifth stage) was the difference from the DO before the feeding of sample (19 min) to the DO at the time (38.5 min) at which the oxygen consumption rate increased by the feeding of sample returned to microorganisms' intrinsic endogenous respiration rate. That is, 6.29 - 0.94 = 5.35 ppm. The intrinsic oxygen amount which the microorganisms consumed owing to their endogenous respiration during the reaction time (19 to 38.5 min), was the product of the endogenous respiration rate according to the time: (5.83 + 5.86) 2 x 19.5 min 60 min/h = 1.90 ppm Herein, the value 5.83 ppm/h, which is now referred to "endogenous respiration rate 1", is calculated in consideration of the average oxygen consumption rate for 16 - 19 min (7.82 ppm/h) and the dilution effect from the sample feeding, as follows: 7.82 x (1000/(1000 + 340)) = 5.83 ppm/h Meanwhile, the value 5.86 ppm, now referred to "endogenous respiration rate 2", is one which is in the closest vicinity to the endogenous respiration rate 1, and is selected at the time, 38.0 min. Then, the increment in oxygen consumption amount, to which the feeding of sample contributes, is calculated by subtracting the oxygen amount consumed by the intrinsic endogenous respiration of the microorganisms from the total oxygen consumption amount: (Total ▵DO) - (▵DO by endogenous respiration) = O.D.(Oxygen Demand) that is, 5.35-1.90= 3.45 ppm. Therefore, the BODq of sample is obtained by multiplying the O.D. value by the dilution folds of the microorganism solution: 3.45 x (1000 + 340)/340 = 13.6 ppm. To know the error rate of the apparatus, a test operation was continuously done for 24 hours and this process was repeated 8 times. The results are given as shown in Table 3 below. Test for Error Rate unit:ppm No. of Test Time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 20.60 21.60 17.30 17.70 8.94 14.25 5.16 6.14 2 19.30 22.90 17.70 19.10 9.61 13.87 5.14 5.70 3 19.90 22.70 15.20 18.50 9.58 13.99 6.09 5.84 4 20.20 22.40 12.50 19.30 8.35 14.14 6.13 6.06 5 19.10 19.50 14.60 19.30 8.16 13.90 5.34 5.68 6 19.90 19.40 16.80 17.50 8.80 13.83 5.90 4.95 7 21.40 25.60 18.80 16.90 7.54 12.34 5.21 5.04 8 20.80 20.60 17.90 17.80 7.76 12.26 5.62 5.10 9 19.70 22.70 16.30 16.90 7.84 12.37 4.78 5.00 10 19.70 23.10 15.60 16.80 7.63 12.48 4.76 5.26 11 19.40 21.60 15.00 16.40 7.79 13.00 5.33 4.92 12 20.30 25.50 17.20 16.80 7.90 12.94 5.99 5.05 13 18.60 21.70 18.30 15.90 7.10 12.53 6.57 4.96 14 19.80 22.70 16.20 16.90 7.59 13.78 5.46 4.98 15 18.60 21.30 15.20 18.40 7.73 13.44 5.70 5.13 16 21.40 21.50 17.40 21.60 7.62 12.26 6.21 4.72 17 17.30 22.60 14.90 19.80 7.67 13.32 5.65 4.61 18 17.70 21.80 17.90 20.70 7.38 13.33 6.81 4.53 19 18.80 22.80 13.30 17.60 6.97 13.52 5.17 4.89 20 18.80 19.80 11.60 16.40 6.97 13.14 4.37 4.33 21 19.40 16.80 18.60 17.40 6.43 12.61 5.42 4.26 22 18.90 19.10 15.50 17.30 7.55 13.49 4.75 4.17 23 20.70 18.40 17.70 16.00 6.98 13.12 4.12 4.69 Avg. 19.58 21.57 16.11 17.87 7.82 13.21 5.46 5.04 Dev. 1.05 2.07 1.92 1.50 0.80 0.65 0.67 0.54 ER % 5.4 9.6 11.9 8.4 10.2 4.9 12.3 10.7 Because the treatment site was a place where the process was not necessary to be operated every day, the above data for error rate were obtained on the days for which the discharge water stayed in a pond. The operation results obtained for half a year showed that BODq ranged from 5 to 22 ppm and the error rate, which is obtained by dividing the standard deviation by the average value, was around 10 %, as shown in Table 3. To examine the correlation of the BODq, which can be detected every hour, with conventional BOD5 as well as with chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC), discharge water was taken for a certain period and subjected to BOD5, COD, and TOC analyses. The results are given as shown in Table 4 and Figs. 4 to 7, demonstrating that the BODq of the invention is in the highest correlation with BOD5. Operation at Treatment Side No. of Round Data (ppm) Comparison BOD5 BODq TOC CODcr B5/Bq B5/C B5/T 1 44.7 17.0 25.8 100.0 2.63 0.45 1.73 2 31.9 14.2 20.5 80.0 2.25 0.40 1.56 3 46.2 20.0 23.1 83.0 2.31 0.56 2.00 4 44.1 19.0 23.6 78.0 2.32 0.57 1.87 5 29.0 12.5 19.8 61.0 2.32 0.48 1.46 6 28.6 12.5 16.8 59.0 2.29 0.48 1.70 7 34.2 14.5 23.5 64.0 2.36 0.53 1.46 8 54.0 21.1 26.2 77.0 2.56 0.70 2.06 9 54.0 22.9 45.7 110.0 2.36 0.49 1.18 10 40.8 21.5 32.1 72.0 1.90 0.57 1.27 11 44.5 19.2 36.2 93.0 2.32 0.48 1.23 12 64.0 30.6 35.0 120.0 2.09 0.53 1.83 13 38.9 20.3 23.2 70.0 1.92 0.56 1.68 14 33.5 14.2 20.7 60.0 2.36 0.56 1.62 15 39.6 16.4 27.7 75.0 2.41 0.53 1.43 16 44.8 17.1 26.3 68.0 2.62 0.66 1.70 17 43.9 16.2 26.0 63.0 2.71 0.70 1.69 18 47.9 16.6 30.3 67.0 2.89 0.71 1.58 19 44.6 18.0 31.0 89.0 2.48 0.50 1.44 20 30.8 13.6 22.3 66.0 2.26 0.47 1.38 21 43.8 16.2 26.9 81.0 2.70 0.54 1.63 22 28.4 12.1 22.1 44.0 2.35 0.65 1.29 23 45.3 18.4 25.5 78.0 2.46 0.58 1.78 24 36.7 14.6 28.0 81.0 2.51 0.45 1.31 25 48.5 21.1 29.0 91.0 2.30 0.53 1.67 26 45.5 22.0 30.0 90.0 2.07 0.51 1.52 27 61.5 23.7 36.5 99.0 2.59 0.62 1.68 28 71.3 25.3 38.2 101.0 2.82 0.71 1.87 29 48.9 20.7 33.0 99.0 2.36 0.49 1.48 30 52.2 23.2 38.0 101.0 2.25 0.52 1.37 31 46.5 18.5 26.9 82.0 2.51 0.57 1.73 B5/Bq B5/C B5/T Average (ppm) 2.40 0.55 1.59 Deviation (ppm) 0.23 0.08 0.22 Error Rate (%) 9.7 14.9 14.1 From the above data, it is apparent that BODq has an error rate of 9.7 % and can pre-estimate with higher accuracy than the other measurements, COD and TOC, which have an error rate of 14.9% and 14.1%, respectively. In order to understand the correlation with ease, the results are plotted for the same sample. As shown in Figs. 5 to 7, the correlation coefficient with BOD5 is 0.79 for BODq, 0.59 for TOC, and 0.61 for COD. Thus, BODq is in the highest correlation with BOD5. For influent water, measurement was made for one month in alternate mode. The results are given as shown in Fig. 5 below. The error rate, the deviation value divided by average value, is within 6%, which is better than that of discharge water. Error Rate of Influent Water Day Hour 1st 5th 13th 23th 31st 1 2 52.3 65.3 78.9 72.1 81.5 3 4 54.3 69.5 75.6 71.6 84.9 5 6 54.5 67.8 78.9 69.5 89.4 7 8 50.8 61.8 73.5 65.6 82.3 9 10 54.6 66.9 69.9 79.2 81.2 11 12 50.2 72.5 74.1 70.9 93.6 13 14 56.0 67.8 76.8 68.8 87.5 15 16 59.2 65.6 80.6 74.4 95.0 17 18 51.3 62.7 84.5 72.9 85.6 19 20 52.9 68.0 74.6 70.5 84.9 21 22 50.1 61.3 71.5 64.2 88.2 23 Average 53.3 66.3 76.3 70.9 86.7 Deviation 2.8 3.4 4.2 4.1 4.6 Error Rate 5.2 5.1 5.6 5.8 5.3

Claims: A continuous, quick BOD measurement method, comprising the steps of: continuously culturing microorganisms in a reactor by introducing a mixture of a medium containing nutrients necessary for the growth of microorganisms and a sample water from a mixing bottle to the reactor at a controlled flow rate; depleting all the organic materials available in the reactor by aerating the reactor without further introducing the medium and the sample in time; measuring the endogenous respiration speed of the microorganisms which are in an endogenous respiration state owing to the depletion of the organic materials available; feeding the sample from a sample tank to the reactor; and measuring the oxygen amount consumed by the microorganisms while they completely decompose the organic materials contained in the sample fed. The continuous, quick BOD measurement method in accordance with claim 1, having a measurable range of 1-5,000 mg•BOD/L without using any diluent or buffer solution. An apparatus for measuring BOD quickly at a working spot, comprising: a reactor on a magnetic stirrer, which is equipped with a temperature/DO sensor and a heater at its upper part, provided with two holes at its bottom and contains microorganisms capable of decomposing organic materials, one of said holes serving as an inlet through which air is influxed into said reactor by the action of an air pump and the other as an inlet through a sample water fed into the reactor; a sample tank, which has a short tube, through which diluted sample water is flowed into the sample tank, at an upper part, an overflow hole for maintaining the water level of the sample, at its side, and an air conduit for introducing air from the air pump, at its bottom; a medium reservoir, which stores the nutrients necessary for the growth of the microorganisms the reactor contains; a mixing bottle for mixing the sample water and the medium, which has a conduit for introducing the medium from the medium reservoir by the action of a medium pump, at its side, a conduit for introducing the sample from the sample tank by the action of a sample pump upon measurement period, at its side, a conduit for introducing the sample from the sample tank by the action of a feeding pump upon culture period, at its upper part, and a discharge tube for discharging the influxes of the mixing bottle into the reactor, at its bottom part; an upper reaction bottle, which has a neck for connecting with the reactor at its bottom, a hole with a cap at its upper part, and a hole for draining the sample introduced from the bottom, at its side, said cap being provided with a level sensor, an air vent, and an inlet through which a concentrated sample is flowed into with the action of a syringe pump; and a microprocessor which controls all the operations necessary for automatic measurement. The apparatus in accordance with claim 3, wherein said reactor contains porous carriers to which the microorganisms adhere to grow. The apparatus in accordance with claim 3, wherein a glass tube with a diameter of 12 mm in which many pores 3.5 mm in diameter are present is inserted through said draining hole into said upper reaction bottle. The apparatus in accordance with claim 3, wherein means for additional nutrients are provided to grow said microorganisms. The apparatus in accordance with claim 3, wherein a helical baffle is provided within the neck of said upper reaction bottle, in order for liquid to easily move between said reactor and said upper reaction bottle. The apparatus in accordance with claim 3, wherein said sample pump and said syringe pump are automatically controlled to feed said sample at a suitable amount depending on the concentration of said sample.

Inventors: CHUNG KI-NAM, HWANG YEAL-SOON, KANG SUNG-YOON, KIM HYUNG-CHARN, KIM JIN-CHEOL, PARK YONG-SEOK, YI YONG-TEAK, YOON KYUNG-SHICK, CHUNG, KI-NAM, HWANG, YEAL-SOON, KANG, SUNG-YOON, KIM, HYUNG-CHARN, KIM, JIN-CHEOL, PARK, YONG-SEOK, YI, YONG-TEAK, YOON, KYUNG-SHICK
Applicants: YUKONG LTD, YUKONG LIMITED
Application year: 1997
Main classification: G01N33
IPC codes: C12Q1, G01N33, C12M1