A DIGITAL PHASE-LOCKED LOOP AND A METHOD OF CONTROLLING IT, AS WELL AS A METHOD AND RECEIVER CIRCUIT FOR DESYNCHRONIZATION IN A DIGITAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

Abstract: A digital phase-locked loop comprises a numerically controlled oscillator (5) which is capable of generating a clock signal by dividing a system clock frequency by a factor determined by a control word, and a phase detector (2; 3) which is capable of generating the control word in response to a phase difference between the clock signal and an external reference signal so that the control word assumes a nominal value when the phase difference is numerically smaller than a given value, and may assume one or more other values when the phase difference is numerically greater than the given value. The loop moreover comprises means (7) which, when the phase difference is numerically greater than the given value, may modulate the control word. A corresponding method is also disclosed. The digital phase-locked loop may be used in a receiver circuit for a digital transmission system in connection with desynchronization of data signals.

Description: A digital phase-locked loop and a method of controlling it, as well as a method and a receiver circuit for desyn- chronization in a digital transmission system The invention relates to a digital phase-locked loop comprising a numerically controlled oscillator which is adapted to generate a clock signal by dividing a system clock frequency by a factor determined by a control word, and a phase detector which is adapted to generate the control word in response to a phase difference between the clock signal and an external reference signal, so that the control word assumes a nominal value when the phase difference is numerically smaller than a value given in advance, and may assume one or more other values when the phase difference is numerically greater than the given value. The invention also relates to a method of controlling such a digital phase-locked loop. Finally, the invention relates to a method of desynchro- nization in a receiver in a digital transmission system, wherein justification is performed by adding or removing one or more bits, as needed, in the transmitted bit flow on the transmission side when placing e.g. telephone calls in the transmission system and wherein the effect of the added and removed bits is smoothed in the receiver in the desynchronization, and wherein a digital phase- locked loop is used, as well as to a receiver circuit for use in this connection. Today, digital phase-locked loops are used in large numbers in digital circuits. An example of the use is in connection with pointer adjustments in digitally built telecommunications networks, such as e.g. SDH networks (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) . This type of network is based on one or more extremely stable clock signals. Not- withstanding that the network includes extremely stable references, differences between phase and frequency of the references may arise, e.g. as a consequence of temperature effects on the communications channels between the nodes of the network. The network elements in such a communications network must be capable of tolerating these variations in phase and frequency without data in the form of communications signals being lost. This may be ensured by making pointer adjustments comprising add- ing or removing a number of bits or bytes in the data flow. A frame structure is used when transmitting data, so that data in the form of e.g. telephone calls have a special position in the frame, while signals for controlling and monitoring the communication have another position in the frame. These signals are called overhead signals. The structure of these overhead signals reserves a plurality of bytes, e.g. three bytes, which may be used in connec- tion with pointer adjustments and therefore do not con ¬ tain any other information. It is possible to fill some of these bytes with data proper in a transmitter in the network when additional data have to be added (negative pointer adjustment) , or to insert one or more empty bytes among the data proper when data are to be removed (positive pointer adjustment) , in order to compensate for the mentioned deviations in phase and frequency with respect to the other elements in the network. When this form of compensation is used, the transferred signal will receive jitter. Jitter means that a digital signal briefly differs from its correct position in time, or in other words a phase jump is imparted to it. Pointer adjustments may also occur in SDH network elements when a PDH system (Plesiochronous Digital Hierar- chy) is to be inserted into the SDH frame structure. A frame structure frequently used for transport between the network elements in an SDH system is an STM-1 frame which has a bit frequency of 155 Mbits/sec and can transport 63 TU-12 signals, each having a bit frequency of 2 Mbits/sec. The STM-1 frames are transmitted with 8 kHz. In the network elements where these compensated (pointer adjusted) communications signals are received, e.g. in demultiplexers, it will be attempted to neutralize the effect of these adjustments by low-pass filtering the phase jumps which they have caused. This may be done e.g. by inputting the incoming data in a buffer with a (jitter) clock signal derived from the data signal and then outputting them again with a stabilized clock signal, which has been formed by feeding the jitter clock signal through a phase-locked loop. This corresponds to low-pass filtering of the jitter effect, the phase variations between the incoming and the stabilized clock sig- nal being low-pass filtered in the phase-locked loop. Today, such a circuit is typically implemented on a special customer-designed integrated circuit, e.g. an ASIC circuit. This means that, as far as possible, all subcir- cuits must be realized without the use of analog components, and the phase-locked loop will therefore preferably be implemented as a digital phase-locked loop (DPLL) . A digital phase-locked loop is usually based on a numerically controlled oscillator (NCO) and has the draw- back with respect to an analog phase-locked loop that the frequency of the emitted clock signal cannot vary continuously, but can only switch between a plurality of discrete values, as the clock signal is typically generated by division in discrete stages of an internal clock frequency for the customer-designed circuit. This means that when the phase-locked loop adjusts e.g. in order to be able to compensate for a pointer adjustment, the frequency of the NCO is changed to another discrete value, which is then used until the effect has been compensated, following which the NCO returns to its original frequency. These frequency jumps are unfortunate for the following circuits, and it would therefore be desirable if the size of the frequency jumps could be reduced, while then spending more time on compensating the effect of a pointer adjustment. Such a circuit in which jitter is compensated by means of a digital phase-locked loop is known from US 5 479 457. The frequency of the numerically controlled oscillator can also here only switch between a number of discrete values and also this circuit does, therefore, not avoid the unwanted frequency jumps. It is known from US Patent 5 245 636 to reduce jitter caused by pointer adjustments by dividing each phase jump into a plurality of smaller phase jumps, which are then smoothed separately. Although this solution gives a certain reduction in the effect of the actual phase jump, it does not change the fact that when a digital phase-locked loop is used, a jump will occur between discrete frequencies . In a different context (i.e. generation of a clock signal synchronized to a signal that is modulated by ASK) it is known from US 4 947 407 to let an NCO in a partly digital phase-locked loop switch between two discrete frequencies controlled by a pulse signal whose duty cycle is regulated by means of an analog feedback circuit. This known circuit is able to regulate the output frequency substantially continously. However, this principle cannot be used in a purely digital phase-locked loop in which the numerically controlled oscillator is controlled by a control word as it is the case in the present invention. Accordingly, an object of the invention is to provide a digital phase-locked loop of the type defined in the opening paragraph where the size of said frequency jumps may be reduced considerably, and where the loop may simultaneously be implemented exclusively by using digital components. This is achieved according to the invention in that the loop comprises means which, when the phase difference is numerically greater than the given value, are capable of modulating the control word so that said word assumes one of the one or more other values in subperiods, while it assumes the nominal value in intermediate periods. Thus, by just emitting the control word which means that the numerically controlled oscillator is to run with an- other frequency than the nominal one for a fraction of the time, the oscillator will also just use the higher or lower frequency for a fraction of the time, while it will still use the nominal frequency for the rest of the time. This means in practice that the oscillator will emit a frequency which differs significantly less from the nominal frequency than the difference between two discrete adjacent frequencies. As stated in claim 2, in addition to the nominal value, the control word may expediently assume at least one other value when the phase difference indicates that the clock signal frequency is lower than the reference signal frequency, and at least one other value when the clock signal frequency is higher than the reference signal fre- quency. A particularly expedient embodiment is obtained when, as stated in claim 3, the control word may assume two values (+1, +2) when the phase difference indicates that the clock signal frequency is lower than the reference signal frequency, and two values (-1, -2) when the clock signal frequency is higher than the reference signal frequency, and when the modulation means are adapted to modulate the control word only when it assumes the values (+1, -1) which correspond to the numerically smallest phase dif- ference. This means that minor deviations may be smoothed slowly, while great phase differences, which just occur very rarely, may be smoothed quickly, since, otherwise, e.g. data would tend to be lost. When, like in claim 4, the modulation means are adapted to modulate the control word with a pulse signal which has a fixed cycle time and a variable pulse width, a very flexible control is achieved. Further, as stated in claim 5, the digital phase-locked loop may comprise means for controlling the pulse width in response to said phase difference. This allows the size of the resulting fre ¬ quency jumps to be controlled in response to the phase difference, so that a somewhat greater phase difference may be adjusted relatively more quickly than a smaller one. As mentioned, the invention also relates to a method of controlling such a digital phase-locked loop, wherein the control word is modulated as described above. In the method, too, this results in the generation of a frequency in practice which differs considerably less from the nominal frequency than the difference between two discrete adjacent frequencies. This method is defined in claim 6. The invention moreover relates to a method of desynchro- nization in a receiver in a digital transmission system, wherein the control word in a digital phase-locked loop is modulated as described above, and to a corresponding receiver circuit. The method is defined in claim 7, and the receiver circuit in claim 8. When, in this connection, the control word is modulated as described above, it is ensured that pointer adjustments in e.g. an SDH system may be smoothed without the great frequency jumps which a digital phase-locked loop would otherwise involve, and which might cause loss of data. In an expedient embodiment, which is defined in claim 9, the receiver circuit comprises a buffer circuit adapted such that the received data signals may be input in the buffer circuit by means of the reference clock signal and be output again by means of said clock signal. The phase detector of the digital phase locked loop is formed by the buffer circuit, and the number of data signals, which are input in but not yet output from the buffer circuit, are used as an indication of the phase difference between said clock signal and the reference clock signal. This obviates the need for a phase detector proper for comparing the two clock signals. In connection with an SDH system the buffer circuit may be constructed as ring buffer and be adapted to store 12 bytes, as stated in claim 10. Claims 11-14 define expedient embodiments which correspond to those described above for the digital phase- locked loop. As stated in claim 15, the receiver circuit may comprise means to generate the control word in response to a highest value of the number of data signals which are input but not output from the buffer circuit, measured over a period of time. This ensures stable control, since fluc ¬ tuations caused by brief changes in the filling degree of the buffer are obviated. As stated in claim 16, for use in an SDH system the numerically controlled oscillator may expediently be adapted to generate a clock signal whose nominal frequency is 2.112 MHz. The invention will now be described more fully below with reference to the drawing, in which fig. 1 shows a circuit in which the invention may be ap- plied, fig. 2 shows an alternative embodiment of the circuit of fig. 1, fig. 3 shows how a filter may be constructed according to the invention, and fig. 4 shows an example of a structure of a detector circuit for use in connection with the invention. Fig. 1 shows a circuit in which the invention may be applied in connection with unpacking and desynchronization of data signals in an SDH system. The circuit receives data signals, which may e.g. be so-called TU-12 signals. In a demapping circuit 1, the TU-12 signals are unpacked to VC-12 signals, with concurrent separation of overhead signals from the data signals proper. Further, in the circuit 1, a clock signal is generated from the incoming data, a clock pulse being generated in principle for each data byte in the unpacked VC-12 signals. If pointer ad- justments have been made on the transmitter side, this will appear from the overhead signals, and, depending on this, the circuit 1 may therefore add or remove clock pulses in the generated clock signal, which therefore becomes irregular as the clock frequency will vary in step with the addition or removal of clock pulses. This fre- quency variation is called jitter. As will be described below, the circuit 1 may also be adapted to generate a multiframe reference signal of 2 kHz. The unpacked VC-12 signals are input via a data bus in a buffer 2 by means of the clock signal generated in the circuit 1 and possibly vitiated by jitter, so that the input will take place at an uneven rate depending on pointer adjustments, if any. The data buffer 2 may be constructed as a ring buffer and may e.g. be of 12 bytes. To smooth the uneven rate, the jitter clock signal is passed through a phase-locked loop, which, as shown in fig. 1, may consist of a phase detector 3, a filter 4 and a numerically controlled oscillator 5. As a result, a new clock signal appears on the output of the numerically controlled oscillator 5, having an approximately constant frequency which corresponds to the mean frequency of the jitter clock signal, and it is in connection with the generation of this smoothed clock signal that the inven- tion may be applied. Smoothing of the uneven rate of the data signals then takes place in that the data input in the buffer 2 are output from the buffer again by means of the smoothed clock signal. In the case of VC-12 signals, the smoothed clock signal will typically have a frequency of 264 kHz; but since the signals are usually to be processed bitwise subsequently, the output signal from the numerically controlled oscillator 5 will have a frequency eight times as high, viz. 2.112 MHz, which will then merely be divided by a factor of 8 before being used for output of data from the buffer 2. Then, as mentioned, the data signals may be further processed in subsequent circuits; but this is of no importance to the invention and will therefore not be described more fully. The phase detector 3 measures the phase difference between the jitter clock signal and the smoothed clock signal, following which a control word, which controls the numerically controlled oscillator 5, is generated via the filter 4. The oscillator 5 may be implemented as a programmable divider which, in response to the control word, is capable of dividing a system clock signal, which has a higher frequency, by a factor determined by the control word. The control word may e.g. assume the three values {-1, 0, +1}. If a system clock signal of 19.44 MHz is used, the oscillator may be adapted to divide by a factor of 9.204545 corresponding to the desired frequency of 2.112 MHz when the control word is 0. When the control word is -1, because the phase detector 3 has detected that the smoothed clock frequency is greater than the mean frequency of the jitter clock signal, the oscillator may divide by a factor of 9.204611 corresponding to a frequency of 2.111985 MHz. When the control word is +1, the oscillator may correspondingly divide by a factor of 9.204482 corresponding to a frequency of 2.112015 MHz. Alternatively, the control word may assume the values {- 2, -1, 0, +1, +2}, said values -2 and +2 giving frequencies which differ more from the nominal frequency, and being used when the phase detector detects greater deviations from the mean frequency of the jitter clock signal. This may occur e.g. if frequent and great pointer adjustments are made because of errors in the system. As mentioned above, the buffer 2 may e.g. consist of 12 storage locations or bytes, each of the size of 8 bits and indexed by an address. The difference between the ad ¬ dress to which input is performed and the address from which output is performed, indicates the filling degree of the buffer. This value of the filling degree is an in- dication of the phase difference between the two clock signals, and instead of comparing these in the phase de ¬ tector 3, it will therefore suffice to feed a signal which indicates the filling degree of the buffer 2 from the buffer to the filter 4. It may thus be said that the phase detector of the phase-locked loop is formed by the buffer 2. This is shown in fig. 2, which corresponds to fig. 1 in other respects. As mentioned before, it may be desirable to be able to adjust the frequency of the numerically controlled oscillator 5 in considerably smaller jumps than is possible with the above-mentioned frequencies. This is possible if the filter 4 is formed as shown in fig. 3. The value indicating the filling degree of the buffer 2 is fed to a detector circuit 6. As the buffer contains 12 bytes, the filling degree may assume the values 0-12. The value 12 indicates that the buffer is completely filled, while the value 0 correspondingly indicates that the buffer is empty. It is intended that the filling degree is in the middle of the range, and the values 5-7 are therefore regarded as being the normal ones. At these values, the detector circuit 6 will emit the control word 0 to indicate that the oscillator 5 may continue with a frequency of 2.112 MHz. The filling degree of the buffer will typically be changed when pointer adjustments occur, and the value will be changed by 1 for each adjustment of one byte. If the buffer is close to being filled, corresponding to the values 10-12, or close to being empty, corresponding to the values 0-2, fast adjustment must be performed, and the detector circuit 6 will emit the control words -2 or +2 indicating that the numerically controlled oscillator 5 is to have either a smallest or a greatest frequency in order to bring the filling degree of the buffer back to a level about a mean filling degree as quickly as possible. In this case, a great frequency jump must be accepted, since, otherwise, data will be lost owing to overflow in the buffer. So strong pointer adjustments, however, will just occur very rarely. Normally occurring pointer adjustments, however, will maximally cause the filling degree to assume the values 3, 4 or 8, 9, and there is thus no immediate risk of overflow in the buffer 2, for which reason very fast adjustment of the filling degree is not needed. The control word emitted by the detector circuit 6 will be -1 or +1 in this case; but instead of feeding it directly forwards to the oscillator 5, as described before, it is passed to a modulator 7 in which it may be modulated with a square wave signal from a pulse generator 8. The pulse generator 8 is controlled from a processor 9. The square wave signal has a fixed cycle time of e.g. 256 msec, whereas the pulse width is variable in steps of e.g. 1 msec. The square wave signal from the pulse generator 8 is applied to the modulation input of the modulator and thus determines the control word emitted. When the square wave signal is high, the control word -1 or +1 is emitted, while the control word 0 is emitted instead in the pauses be- tween the pulses. This means that the control word -1 or +1 will just be emitted for a fraction of the time, and the oscillator 5 will therefore use the higher or lower frequency also just for a fraction of the time, while it will continue to use the nominal frequency for the rest of the time. This means in practice that the oscillator will emit a frequency which differs considerably less from the nominal frequency than the previously mentioned difference between two adjacent frequencies. For example, the fre- quency at the control word +1 may be selected here in jumps of 1/256 of the difference between 2.111985 MHz and 2.112000 MHz. When the resulting frequency differs less from the nominal one than before, the smoothing of a pointer adjustment will take a longer time than before, of course; but since pointer adjustments normally do not occur very frequently, this will actually be quite expedient. If, nevertheless, several adjustments should take place immediately after one another, the detector circuit 6 will emit the control word -2 or +2, as described be- fore, and thereby provide for fast adjustment, thereby obviating overflow of the buffer. The pulse width of the square wave signal emitted by the pulse generator 8 is controlled from a processor 9, as mentioned. The processor may merely be adapted to select a specific pulse width for each filling degree. For example, the pulse width may be selected at 1 msec at the filling degree 4 or 8 to ensure that the compensation is extended over the greatest possible length of time, while a somewhat greater pulse width may be selected at the filling degree 3 or 9, thereby providing a somewhat faster adjustment toward the middle values. However, the processor 9 may also receive the overhead signals which are unpacked in the demapping circuit 1, and thereby se- lect an expedient pulse width in each individual situation on the basis of these signals as well as the filling degree . Fig. 4 shows an example of how the detector circuit 6 may be constructed. It consists of a peak value detector 10 and a sample-and-hold circuit 11. The peak value detector 10 receives the signal which indicates the filling degree of the buffer 2, and it moreover receives a multiframe reference signal from the demapping circuit 1. The detector 10 detects the highest value of the filling degree over a period of the multiframe reference signal, and this value is sampled by the multiframe reference signal in the sample-and-hold circuit 11. The peak value detector 10 is reset while the sample-and-hold circuit 11 reads the peak value. The control word emitted by the circuit 6 is thus determined by the highest filling degree in each period for the multiframe reference signal. This provides for a more stable adjustment. Although a preferred embodiment of the present invention has been described and shown, the invention is not restricted to it, but may also be embodied in other ways within the scope of the subject-matter defined in the appended claims.

Claims: P a t e n t C l a i m s 1. A digital phase-locked loop comprising a numerically controlled oscillator (5) which is adapted to generate a clock signal by dividing a system clock frequency by a factor determined by a control word, and a phase detector (2; 3) which is adapted to generate said control word in response to a phase difference between said clock signal and an external reference signal, so that the control word assumes a nominal value when said phase difference is numerically smaller than a value given in advance, and may assume one or more other values when the phase difference is numerically greater than the given value, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the loop moreover comprises means (7) which, when the phase difference is numerically greater than the given value, are capable of modulating the control word, so that said word assumes one of the one or more other values in subperiods, while it assumes the nominal value in intermediate periods. 2. A digital phase-locked loop according to claim 1, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that, in addition to the nominal value (0), the control word may assume at least one other value (+1) when the phase difference indicates that the clock signal frequency is lower than the reference signal frequency, and at least one other value (-1) when the clock signal frequency is higher than the refer- ence signal frequency. 3. A digital phase-locked loop according to claim 2, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the control word may assume two values (+1, +2) when the phase difference in- dicates that the clock signal frequency is lower than the reference signal frequency, and two values (-1, -2) when the clock signal frequency is higher than the reference signal frequency, and that said modulation means (7) are adapted to modulate the control word only when it assumes the values (+1, -1) which correspond to the numerically smallest phase difference. 4. A digital phase-locked loop according to claims 1-3, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that said modulation means (7) are adapted to modulate the control word with a pulse signal which has a fixed cycle time and a variable pulse width. 5. A digital phase-locked loop according to claim 4, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that it moreover comprises means (9) for controlling the pulse width in response to said phase difference. 6. A method of controlling a digital phase-locked loop, wherein a clock signal is generated by dividing a system clock frequency by a factor determined by a control word, and wherein said control word is generated in response to phase difference between said clock signal and an external reference signal, so that the control word assumes a nominal value when said phase difference is numerically smaller than a value given in advance, and may assume one or more other values when the phase difference is numerically greater than the given value, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that when the phase differ- ence is numerically greater than the given value, the control word is modulated so that it assumes one of the one or more other values in subperiods, while it assumes the nominal value in intermediate periods. 7. A method of desynchronization in a receiver in a digital transmission system, wherein justification is performed by adding or removing, as needed, one or more bits in the transmitted bit flow on the transmission side when placing e.g. telephone calls in the transmission system, and wherein the effect of the added or removed bits is smoothed in the receiver in the desynchronization, and wherein a clock signal is generated in a digital phase-locked loop in the receiver by dividing a system clock frequency by a factor determined by a control word, which is generated in response to a phase difference between said clock signal and an external reference signal, so that the control word assumes a nominal value when said phase difference is numerically smaller than a value given in advance, and may assume one or more other values when the phase difference is numerically greater than the given value, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that when the phase differ- ence is numerically greater than the given value, the control word is modulated so that it assumes one of the one or more other values in subperiods, while it assumes the nominal value in intermediate periods . 8. A receiver circuit for use in a digital transmission system and adapted to receive and desynchronize data signals in the form of a bit flow, wherein justification is performed by adding or removing, as needed, one or more bits in the transmitted bit flow on the transmission side when placing e.g. telephone calls in the transmission system, and wherein the receiver circuit is moreover adapted to smooth the effect of the added and removed bits in the desynchronization, and wherein the receiver circuit comprises a digital phase-locked loop having a numerically controlled oscil- lator (5) which is adapted to generate a clock signal by dividing a system clock frequency by a factor determined by a control word, and a phase detector (2; 3) which is adapted to generate said control word in response to a phase difference between said clock signal and a reference clock signal derived from the data signals received, so that the control word assumes a nominal value when said phase difference is numerically smaller than a value given in advance, and may assume one or more other values when the phase difference is numerically greater than the given value, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the digital phase- locked loop moreover comprises means (7) which, when the phase difference is numerically greater than the given value, may modulate the control word so that it assumes one of the one or more other values in subperiods, while it assumes the nominal value in intermediate periods. 9. A receiver circuit according to claim 8, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that it comprises a buffer circuit (2) adapted such that the received data signals may be input in the buffer circuit by means of the reference clock signal and be output again by means of said clock signal, and that the phase detector of the digital phase- locked loop is formed by the buffer circuit (2), the number of data signals input in but not yet output from the buffer circuit (2) being used as an indication of the phase difference between said clock signal and the refer- ence clock signal. 10. A receiver circuit according to claim 9, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the buffer circuit (2) is constructed as a ring buffer and is capable of storing 12 bytes. 11. A receiver circuit according to claim 9 or 10, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that, in addition to the nominal value (0), the control word may assume at least one other value (+1) when the phase difference indicates that the clock signal frequency is lower than the reference clock signal frequency, and at least one other value (-1) when the clock signal frequency is higher than the reference clock signal frequency. 12. A receiver circuit according to claim 11, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the control word may assume two values ' (+1, +2) when the phase difference indicates that the clock signal frequency is lower than the reference clock signal frequency, and two values (-1, -2) when the clock signal frequency is higher than the reference clock signal frequency, and that said modulation means (7) are adapted to modulate the control word only when it assumes the values (+1, -1) which correspond to the nu ¬ merically smallest phase difference. 13. A receiver circuit according to claims 8-12, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that said modulation means (7) are adapted to modulate the control word with a pulse signal which has a fixed cycle time and a variable pulse width. 14. A receiver circuit according to claim 13, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that it moreover comprises means (9) to control the pulse width in response to said phase difference. 15. A receiver circuit according to claim 9, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that it comprises means (10, 11) to generate the control word in response to a highest value of the number of data signals which are input but not yet output from the buffer circuit (2), measured over a period of time. 16. A receiver circuit according to claims 8-15, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the numerically controlled oscillator (5) is adapted to generate a clock signal whose nominal frequency is 2.112 MHz.

Inventors: THOMSEN PER H, THOMSEN, PER, H.
Applicants: DSC COMMUNICATIONS AS, THOMSEN PER H, DSC COMMUNICATIONS A/S, THOMSEN, PER, H.
Application year: 1997
Main classification: H03L7
IPC codes: H03L7, H04J3