PROCESS AND DEVICE FOR THE CONTINUOUS ULTRASOUND WASHING OF TEXTILE MATERIALS

Abstract: The process of the invention is based on the use of ultrasonic energy for cleaning or washing flexible solid materials such as textile materials and is particularly appropriate for continuously cleaning large surface materials, i.e. materials in the form of web, band or sheet or discrete parts which have been extended on conveyor belts or similar transportation elements. The ultrasonic energy is applied to the materials to be washed by means of vibrating flexure plates which are placed in direct contact with the materials to be washed, the latter being immersed in a shallow liquid medium. The cleaning process may be completed with an immediate rinsing and, once the liquid has been removed, the ultrasonic energy may again be applied by contact in order to eliminate an important portion the liquid content in the washed material, thereby producing a predrying effect. The invention also relates to a device capable of implementing the process of said invention.

Description: TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention deals with a method and ultrasonic system for continuous cleaning of solid materials that have a large surface, in the form of sheets or plates, especially flexible materials such as fabrics, plastics, etc. Ultrasonic energy has been used commercially in industrial cleaning of pieces of rigid materials, especially those that have complex geometries. The cleaning action of high intensity ultrasounds may be mainly attributed to effects related to the phenomenon of acoustic cavitation (formation and implosion of bubbles), such as erosion, agitation and dispersion of the dirt, causing of chemical reactions on the surfaces to be cleaned, penetration of the cleaning solution in pores and cracks, etc. PRIOR ART The application of ultrasounds for washing flexible materials and particularly textiles has been tried over the last few years. The strategies have been directed towards the production of cavitation in the entire volume of liquid in which the materials to be cleaned are placed. These systems have not achieved commercial development possibly because they have significant inconveniences. Thus, the use of a large volume of liquid tends to imply a high consumption thereof. On the other hand, it is practically impossible to achieve a homogeneous distribution of the acoustic field in the entire washing volume. This causes a waste of energy (in the areas of low acoustic energy the cavitation threshold is not reached and cleaning does not take place) and causes the washing to be irregular. In order to overcome this situation the washing time must be increased, treatment must be done with a low proportion of material to be washed per volume of liquid and this material must be moved so that it passes through the areas of maximum energy of the washing cavity. Besides, there are other difficulties that come from the gas content in the liquid and from the presence of bubbles between the materials to be washed. In fact, in Spanish patent no. 9401960 good results are only achieved by degassing the liquid so that the concentration of gas is less than 50% of the saturation concentration. Likewise, degassing methods of the washing liquid are proposed in patents EP9320-1142.2 and FR-9304627. The previous problems have implied practical limitations which, up until now, have hindered the industrial-commercial development of ultrasonic systems for washing of textiles and flexible materials. Nowadays, conventional washing processes in batches that require a significant consumption of water, detergent and energy are used in industrial laundries. Besides the handling system is very elaborate. The continuous washing processes which at times have been tried to be introduced have not been successful due to the low level of cleaning achieved when traditional washing methods have been used. Patent GB-687970 describes an apparatus for treating textiles and other fibrous materials in liquid filled tanks in which the materials are continuously conducted, said tanks comprising means for generating vibrations. However, the purpose of the produced vibrations is only to cause an intensive movement of the liquid onto and in the fibrous materials. In this patent at least two members are submerged in the liquid in the tank and are spaced a certain distance apart facing one another to leave a gap for the passage of the materials to be treated. The process and ultrasonic system that the present invention refers to has some characteristics that manage to solve to a large degree the problems posed by the previous ultrasonic systems, such as the requirement of large volumes of water, the need to agitate the pieces or degassing. At the same time, this process proves to be suitable for continuous treatment thanks to its action being rapid. DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The process that the present invention refers to is based on the use of ultrasonic energy which, as it is known, may be a useful tool to improve and speed up the washing process. The difference that characterizes this invention is that ultrasonic vibrations are applied to the materials to be washed by means of vibrating plates that are put in direct contact with these materials that have to be submerged in a shallow layer of liquid. This cleaning process may be complemented by immediate rinsing and, once out of the liquid, ultrasonic energy may be applied once again by contact to eliminate an important part of the liquid content in the washed material, producing a predrying effect. Likewise, the invention refers to a device capable of carrying out the described process. This device is especially suitable to treat materials with a large surface, that is to say, in the form of a band, strip or sheet. It is characterized in having the necessary means to apply acoustic energy directly on the materials to be washed, by means of plate-shaped radiators activated by piezoelectric or magnetostrictive exciters. These radiators may be in contact with the materials or very close to them, the contact surface being submerged in the washing liquid. This liquid, which may be any cleaning solution, generally an aqueous based one, does not need to be degassed. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The process object of this patent comprises the following steps: a) wetting the material in a cleaning solution, b) eliminating the dirt or contaminating substances from the material by means of applying vibrations caused by at least one plate that vibrates flexurally in contact with or very close (at least 10 mm) to the material at a frequency corresponding to one of its resonant modes wherein said frequency is a high frequency or an ultrasonic frequency; c) rinsing in a layer of water or clean liquid that includes treating the material with vibrations caused by at least one plate that vibrates flexurally at a frequency corresponding to one of its resonant modes, wherein said frequency is a high frequency sonic or an ultrasonic frequency; and d) predrying the material by applying ultrasonic vibrations by contact with the material outside of the liquid. Elimination of the dirt or of the contaminating substances is produced as a result of exposure of the material to the vibrations (or very close acoustic field) of the large surface plate-shaped ultrasonic radiators. The cleaning effect is so rapid that it permits the material to be cleaned to pass continuously by the vibrating surface (or through its very close acoustic field), at a certain rate, in the range of some cm(s) in such a way that the material occupies the area of the intense acoustic field during a short time. For the convenience of the process, relative movement between the radiant element and the material to be treated may be provided for, as well as simultaneous use of several vibrating plates. The large surface vibrating plates oscillate at the excitation frequency that is made to correspond with one of the flexural resonant modes thereof. The very close acoustic field proves to be almost as efficient as the direct vibration itself of the plate because its displacement is proportional to the vibration amplitude of the same. Although the flexural vibration of the plates implies amplitude maximums and minimums, the homogeneity in the washing effect is achieved by displacing the material in such a way that each part of the material has been exposed during the same total time to areas of intense acoustic field. For example, we can take as an example rectangular plates vibrating flexurally with nodal lines parallel to the longest side and that produce a uniform washing effect on material that slides parallel to or in contact with the surface in the direction marked by the shortest side. The cleaning solutions to be used may be an aqueous based one with surface active agents which may or may not contain other additives such as enzymes, whiteners, etc.; they may also be non-aqueous based. Besides, the liquid means may have any concentration of dissolved gas. After the step of eliminating dirt, the material is then rinsed. This rinsing step is, likewise, done in a liquid layer and may also be enhanced by applying ultrasounds in a similar way to the step of eliminating contaminants; the rinsing step includes treating the material with vibrations caused by at least one plate that vibrates flexurally at a frequency corresponding to one of its resonants modes whereby said frequency is a high frequency sonic or an ultrasonic frequency. There may be one or several cleaning and rinsing steps. Afterwards and before the conventional drying step, a predrying or dewatering step by means of applying the ultrasonic vibration plates in contact with the material working in air, may be applied. Thus, a process of atomization and pumping of a great deal of the liquid contained in the material towards the outside is produced and this process facilitates the subsequent drying. Besides the described washing process, a device to carry out the process is also an object of this patent. The device is comprised of: A washing system or system for eliminating the formed contaminants, by at least one plate that vibrates flexurally at a frequency corresponding to one of its resonant modes, wherein said frequency is a high frequency sonic or an ultrasonic frequency, and wherein the vibrating plate has at least one of its surfaces submerged in the cleaning solution. The shape of the plate may be square, rectangular, circular or any other one. The thickness of the plate may be constant, but it may also have staggered or continuous variations to modify the distribution of amplitudes of displacement of the plate and in general to achieve the desired natural form and frequencies of vibration. Also, in the event that curved surfaces are to be cleaned, the radiant element may have a curvature to adapt to the surfaces to be cleaned. An example is figure no. 5. The cleaning solution forms a very thin layer in which the surface to be cleaned is submerged and the surface of the radiant element. There are means to replace the liquid. The radiant ultrasound plate is excited by a piezoelectric or magnetostrictive type vibrator driven by electronic power equipment. The vibrator consists of a transduction element and a mechanical vibration amplifier that may be staggered, conical, catenoid or others. This amplifier directly excites the vibrating plate in the center or at another place or at other places. The electronic equipment will generally continuously produce a signal with a fixed frequency and amplitude, but operating cycles may be established in which the frequency varies, in order to achieve more uniform results, or in which the amplitude is reduced a lot for some cycles in order to intensify the cavitation in the remaining ones. The rinsing system may also be based on plates flexurally vibrating at a high frequency sonic or an ultrasonic frequency corresponding to one of its resonant modes. The predrying or dewatering system may also be based on plates flexurally vibrating at a high frequency sonic or an ultrasonic frequency corresponding to one of its resonant modes; the vibrating plates will operate in aerial medium, passing the material in contact with the vibrating surface, oriented in such a way that the expelled drops do not deposit on the material once again. The material conveying system and/or movement system of the ultrasound generator will depend on the material to be treated. In the event of fabrics, it may be based on a system of driving rolls. In the case of loose pieces of textile material, a type of conveyor belt with a system to place the material flat may be used. In the case of essentially unidimensional materials such as threads, cables, etc., a group of them may be treated by making them pass bidimensionally grouped together in the form of bands, strips, sheets and layers. The process object of this patent may require the application of various washing steps with different solutions, or several washing and rinsing cycles. EXAMPLES OF EMBODIMENTS To provide a better understanding, some figures that show different possibilities of carrying out the process object of the invention are shown in an illustrative and non-restrictive manner. Figure 1 shows a first embodiment of the invention object of this patent suitable for continuous and flexible materials that are moved from left to right in the drawing. The device to eliminate dirt and contaminants is formed by a vibrating plate ultrasound emitter excited by an electronic power generator (1) that produces a signal with the desired frequency. The conversion of electric energy into mechanical energy takes place in a piezoelectric or magnetostrictive transducer (2). The mechanical energy is transmitted by means of a mechanical amplifier (3) to the radiant element (4). The radiant (4) element has the shape of a rectangular plate with a profile staggered in its rear part and that is partially submerged in the liquid medium (5), that is located in a shallow container (6), less than half the length of the acoustic wave in the liquid. The container has a system (7) in order to replace the liquid. The material (12) is conveyed by a conveyor system (8) in such a way that it passes in contact with or very close to the radiant element (4). Prior to this step the material (12) has passed through a prewetting area (9). After the cleaning step the material (12) is rinsed in a clean water bath (10). The rinsing may be aided by applying an ultrasonic system similar to the one used for cleaning. Finally, the material (12) is rinsed in (11) by means of applying ultrasounds in an aerial medium. Figure 2 is a drawing of another arrangement in which the two surfaces of a flat plate are used. The material (12) to be treated passes in contact with the plate, that is totally submerged, in the normal direction of the plane of the drawing, and it may be subjected to one, two or four passings over the same radiant element. Four independent pieces of material (12) may also be treated simultaneously. The surface of the liquid may be free, in contact with the air, but preferably it is limited by a reflector element (13). Element (7a) allows the liquid to be replaced. Figure 3 shows a system that is more suitable to treat thicker material (12) and formed by loose pieces that have been spread out and pressed over some conveyor belts or similar conveyor elements (8a). There is a continuous flow of washing solution through (14), which allows a constant level of liquid to be maintained. There are some retaining elements (15) that control the flow of liquid that escapes, in such a way that the vibrating plate (16) is partially submerged. Figure 4 shows a vibrating plate (16a) with a semicylindrical cavity in order to be able to contain a layer of liquid that is formed between the plate and a cylinder that acts as a device to convey the material (12) to be cleaned. The liquid may be injected through (7a) and escape through (7b). Holes (7c and 7d) in the vibrating plate (16a) itself may be used to replace the liquid. Figure 5 is a drawing of another possible arrangement. In this case the surface to be cleaned is cylindrical. The thin liquid layer is formed in a dynamic manner by the constant supply of liquid that comes out through (7e) and escapes-through (7f). In this case the vibrating plate (16b) is concave and does not cover the entire area to be treated, the plate as well as the liquid supply system being provided with movement such as the one expressed by the arrows so that there is access to the entire surface to be cleaned. The cylinder may also have rotating movement about its axis. Figure 6 exemplifies the use of more than one plate (16c) and (16d) acting simultaneously on two sides of the material (12) to be treated. The frequency may be the same or different. Different frequencies may be used to achieve more uniform results.

Claims: Process for continuous ultrasonic washing of solid materials (12) arranged in the form of sheets, strips, bands or layers having a large surface, such as textiles, fabrics, plastics or substantially unidimensional materials such as threads and cables bidimensionally grouped together to form a band, in a liquid medium (5), comprising the steps of wetting the surfaces to be cleaned, eliminating the dirt or contaminating substances, rinsing and drying, wherein the material (12) to be cleaned is submerged in, or covered by, a fine layer of liquid and wherein the material (12) is in contact with or very close to at least one plate (16) that vibrates, characterized in that said at least one plate (16) vibrates flexurally at a frequency corresponding to one of its resonant modes and in that said frequency is a high frequency sonic or an ultrasonic frequency. Process according to claim 1, characterized in that the materials (12) to be cleaned pass through the cleaning system placed essentially bidimensionally, in the form of bands, strips, sheets or layers. Process according to any of claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the liquid medium (5) is a cleaning solution. Process according to any of claims 1, 2 and 3, characterized in the existence of relative movement between the vibrating plate (16) and the material (12) to be treated. Process according to any of claims 1, 2, 3 and 4, characterized in that the material (12) to be treated is conveyed in a continuous manner along the at least one vibrating plate (16) in such a way that all the areas of the material are exposed to vibrations generated by said at least one vibrating plate (16) for a similar amount of time. Process according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the vibrations are simultaneously applied by several vibrating plates (16c and 16d). Process according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the rinsing process includes treating the material (12) with vibrations caused by at least one plate that vibrates flexurally at a frequency corresponding to one of its resonant modes, wherein said frequency is a high frequency sonic or an ultrasonic frequency. Process according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that a predrying or dewatering step, after the washing, includes applying to the material (12) ultrasonic vibration of one or several plates radiating in air, in such a way that the material (12) to be treated passes in contact with vibrating surfaces of said vibrating plates. Device for continuous ultrasonic washing of solid materials (12) arranged in the form of sheets, strips, bands or layers having a large surface, such as textiles, fabrics, plastics or substantially unidimensional materials such as threads and cables bidimensionally grouped together to form a band, in a liquid medium (5), said device comprising a dirt eliminating system (6), at least one rinsing system (10 and 11) and one drying system and optionally one prewetting system (9) of the material (12) to be cleaned, wherein the device further includes, in the dirt eliminating system, at least one plate (16) that is arranged to vibrate, and means for submerging the material (12) in or for covering the material by a fine layer of liquid, wherein said at least one plate (16) is arranged so that material is in contact with or very close to said at least one plate, characterized in that said at least one plate (16) is arranged to vibrate flexurally at a frequency corresponding to one of its resonant modes and in that said frequency is a high frequency sonic or an ultrasonic frequency. Device according to claim 9, characterized in that the means to produce the vibration of said at least one plate are piezoelectric or magnetostrictive transducers (2) excited by one or more electronic generators (1). Device according to any of claims 9 and 10, characterized in that the device is arranged to permit relative movement between said at least one plate (16) and the material (12). Device according to any of claims 9 to 11, and characterized in the existence of means for permitting the liquid to be replaced (7), whereby said means include holes (7c and 7d) in at least one of the vibrating plates (16a). Device according to any of claims 9 to 12, characterized in that in the rinsing system (11) there is at least one plate vibrating at a frequency corresponding to one of its resonant modes, whereby said frequency is a high frequency sonic or an ultrasonic frequency. Device according to claims 9 to 13 and characterized in that in the drying system there is at least one ultrasound generator to carry out a predrying, said generator comprising at least one plate vibrating at a frequency corresponding to one of its resonant modes, whereby said frequency is a high frequency sonic or ultrasonic frequency, whereby the material (12) to be dried is arranged to pass in contact with said at least one plate.

Inventors: GALLEGO JUAREZ ANTONIO, NAJERA VAZQUEZ DE PARGA GONZAL, RODRIGUEZ CORRAL GERMAN, VAN DER VLIST PIET, VAZQUEZ MARTINEZ FERNANDO, GALLEGO JUAREZ, ANTONIO, NAJERA VAZQUEZ DE PARGA, GONZALO, RODRIGUEZ CORRAL, GERMAN, VAN DER VLIST, PIET, VAZQUEZ MARTINEZ, FERNANDO, RODRIGUEZ CORRAL, Germán
Applicants: CONSEJO SUPERIOR INVESTIGACION, CONSEJO SUPERIOR DE INVESTIGACIONES CIENTIFICAS
Application year: 1997
Main classification: D06B13
IPC codes: D06B13, B08B3