Image Modification

Abstract: Developed image noise is reduced by momentarily breaking the short range forces holding toner non-uniformly to a charge retentive surface (10) in an electrostatic image. The source of the image noise can be of a mechanical nature, such as, raking by carrier beads in conventional two component development. The short range forces are broken by applying ultrasonic vibration to the charge retentive surface (10). The ultrasonic vibration is applied after each development stage (32, 34) by means of transducers (39, 46).

Description: The present invention relates to image modification and is more particularly concerned with a method and apparatus for ultrasonically reducing developed toner image noise due to mechanical displacement and scavaging of toner by carrier beads, or bead chains, in conventional two component magnetic brush development. US-A-4 833 503 discloses a multi-color printer employing sonic toner release development. Development is accomplished by vibrating the surface of a toner carrying member and thereby reducing the net force of adhesion of the toner to the surface of the toner carrying member. US-A-5 081 500 discloses an electrophotographic device wherein a vibratory element is employed to uniformly apply vibratory energy to the back side of a charge retentive member having developed image on the front side thereof. The vibratory energy applied enables the transfer of toner across a gap in those regions characterized by non-intimate contact between the charge retentive member and a copy sheet. US-A-4 701 042 discloses the use of a corrective electrode positioned between the developing device and transferring device in a drum photoreceptor xerographic system with an AC bias applied to the corrective electrode to generate a vibrating electric field to improve the image quality of duplicated copies passing through the electric field. US-A-5539506 discloses an apparatus for removing edge raggedness and background from tri-level images with a dipole post development member positioned downstream of a second development system. A vibrating member is disclosed as being used simultaneously with the dipole post development member to reestablish imaging fields of a first image area. Xerox Discl. J. No. 3 May/June 1994 pages 225,226 discloses the application of ultrasonic vibration to the back side of a charge retentive member between a development station and a transfer nip to heat the toner carried by the charge retentive member. The present invention has for one object to provide a useful printing apparatus which can overcome the drawbacks mentioned above and can provide excellent copies of fine lines and gradation without solid area image noise. In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of reducing the solid area image noise of an image, the method comprising the steps of: forming an electrostatic image on a charge retentive surface; providing a development apparatus for rendering said image visible; positioning a vibrator member downstream of said development apparatus and upstream of an image transfer apparatus, and vibrating said vibrator member to vibrate the charge retentive surface thereby reducing solid area image noise from said image. In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of enhancing image quality and removing edge raggedness from tri-level images, said method including the steps of: providing a charge retentive surface; forming a tri-level latent electrostatic image on said charge retentive surface, said image comprising a first image area at a relatively high voltage level, a second image area at a relatively low voltage level and a background area half way between the voltage levels of said relatively high and low voltage levels; electrically biasing a first developer member to a voltage level that is offset from said background area, in the direction of said first image area; electrically biasing a second developer member to a voltage level that is offset from said background area, in the direction of said second image area; using said first developer member to develop a first image area; vibrating said charge retentive surface with a first transducer; using said second developer member to develop said second image area in a color different from said first image area; and then vibrating said charge retentive surface with a second transducer to thereby fill in solid area toner void lines and improve image edge sharpness. In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided apparatus for removing diminishing edge raggedness and increasing solid area coverage of tri-level images, said apparatus comprising: a charge retentive surface; a device for forming a tri-level latent electrostatic image on said charge retentive surface, said image comprising a first image area at a relatively high voltage level, second image area at a relatively low voltage level and a background area half way between the voltage levels of said relatively high and low voltage levels; a first development system including means for applying a first conductive magnetic brush developer to said charge retentive surface for developing a first image area and means for electrically biasing a first developer member to a voltage level that is offset from said background area, in the direction of said first image; a second development system including means for applying a second conductive magnetic brush developer to said charge retentive surface for developing said second image area in a color different from said first image area and means for electrically biasing a second developer member to a voltage level that is offset from said background area, In the direction of said second image area; and pre-transfer image modification members positioned downstream of each of said first and second development systems, said pre-transfer image modification members being adapted to reduce adhesion of toner to said charge retentive surface to allow mutual repulsion of like charged toner particles to uniformly distribute toners within boundaries defined by said tri-level latent electrostatic image, and thereby reduce image noise on said tri-level electrostatic image. The present invention achieves its object of reducing image noise (non-uniformities) by ultrasonically lifting developed toner on the photoreceptor prior to transfer to copy sheets so as to allow the toner to move laterally within boundaries defined by the latent electrostatic image pattern to its lowest energy state (uniformly spaced). For a better understanding of the present invention, reference will now be made, by way of example only, to the accompanying drawings in which: FIG. 1 is a schematic of a printing apparatus employing the image noise removal apparatus and method in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 2 is a top view of a photoreceptor that includes a noisy toner image thereon; FIG. 3 is a side view of the photoreceptor of FIG. 2 showing the noisy image; FIG. 4 is a top view of the photoreceptor of FIG. 2 that includes a low noise image; and FIG. 5 is a side view of the photoreceptor of FIG. 2 with the low noise image of FIG. 4 with an ultrasonic horn added. The invention will now be described by reference to a preferred embodiment of the low cost, image noise reducing apparatus and method in a copier/printer. However, it should be understood that the method and apparatus of the present invention could be used with any machine in which removal of image noise is desired regardless as to whether single component, two component or three component development systems are employed and the tri-level embodiment discussed hereinbelow is exemplary only and is not to be viewed as limiting the invention in any way. As shown in FIG. 1, a printing machine incorporating the present invention may utilize a charge retentive member in the form of a photoconductive belt 10 consisting of a photoconductive, photoreceptor or charge retentive surface and an electrically conductive substrate and mounted for movement past a charging station A, an exposure station B, developer stations C, transfer station D and cleaning station F. Belt 10 moves in the direction of arrow 16 to advance successive portions thereof sequentially through the various processing stations disposed about the path of movement thereof. Belt 10 is entrained about a plurality of rollers 18, 20 and 22, the former of which can be used as a drive roller and the latter of which can be used to provide suitable tensioning of the belt 10. Motor 23 rotates roller 18 to advance belt 10 in the direction of arrow 16. Roller 18 is coupled to motor 23 by suitable means such as the belt drive (not shown). As can be seen by further reference to FIG. 1, initially successive portions of the belt 10 pass through charging station A. At charging station A, a corona discharge device such as a scorotron, corotron or dicorotron indicated generally by the reference numeral 24, charges the belt 10 to a selectively high uniform positive or negative potential, V o . Preferably charging is negative. Any suitable control, well known in the art, may be employed for controlling the corona discharge device 24. Next, the charged portions of the photoreceptor surface are advanced through exposure station B. At exposure station B, the uniformly charged photoreceptor or charge retentive surface of belt 10 is exposed to a laser based input and/or output scanning device 25 which causes the charged charge retentive surface to be discharged in accordance with the output from the scanning device. Preferably the scanning device is a three level laser Raster Output Scanner (ROS). The ROS output is set via a programmable power supply 26 which is driven by means of a controller 27 via a digital to analog converter 28. Alternatively, the ROS could be replaced by a conventional xerographic exposure device. At development station C, a magnetic brush development system, indicated generally by the reference numeral 30 advances developer materials into contact with the electrostatic latent images. The development system 30 comprises first and second developer housings 32 and 34. Preferably, each magnetic brush development housing includes a pair of magnetic brush developer rollers. Thus, the housing 32 contains a pair of rollers 35, 36 while the housing 34 contains a pair of magnetic brush rollers 37, 38. Each pair of rollers advances its respective developer material into contact with the latent image on the surface of the belt 10. Appropriate developer biasing is accomplished via power supplies 41 and 43 electrically connected to respective developer housings 32 and 34. Color discrimination in the .development of the electrostatic latent image is achieved by passing the photoreceptor belt 10 past the two developer housings 32 and 34 in a single pass with the magnetic brush rolls 35, 36, 37 and 38 electrically biased to voltages which are offset from the background voltage, the direction of offset depending on the polarity of toner in the housing. One housing for example, housing 32 (for the sake of illustration, the first) contains developer with black toner 40 having triboelectric properties such that the toner is driven to the most highly charged areas of the latent image by the electrostatic field (development field) between the photoreceptor belt 10 and the specifically biased development rollers 35, 36 of the housing 32. Conversely, the triboelectric charge on colored toner 42 in the second housing 34 is chosen so that the toner is urged towards parts of the latent image at residual potential by the electrostatic field (development field) existing between the photoreceptor belt 10 and the development rollers 37, 38 in the second housing 34 at a predetermined bias. Non-uniformity of developed images brought about due to the mechanical displacement and scavenging of toners by carrier beads, or bead chains, has been tested and is shown in FIGS. 2, 3, 4, and 5. As an experiment, a stencil charged 1 mil aluminized Mylar represented by grounded member 70 was nominally cascade developed with toners 75. The developed toner image represented by 71 was then artificially made "noisy" by raking through it with a polyester fiber "rake" simulating the mechanical scrubbing action of carrier beads on developed toners as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. Correction of the "noisy" toner image of FIGS. 2 and 3 in one aspect of the present invention is shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 where a uniform, low noise is obtained in FIG. 4 through air coupling acoustic energy member 78 as shown in FIG. 5 to the developed toner and Mylar to enhance the image. With the addition of air coupled acoustic energy to the toner image not only are solid area toner void lines filled in but toner image edge sharpness is clearly restored. It is clear from this demonstration that there exists an operating domain for pre-transfer image modification in which imagewise toner adhesion to the defined charge pattern on a charge retentive surface exceeds the inertial stripping forces (acoustic) necessary for the developed toners to easily redistribute by moving laterally. With continued reference to FIG. 1, a degradation of an image on charge retentive surface of belt 10 due to image noise is reversed in accordance with the present invention by introducing acoustic transducers 39 and 46 that mechanically vibrate charge retentive surface of belt 10 after a developed image has left developer housing 32 for transducer 39 and after the image has left developer housing 34 with respect t transducer 46. During the time charge retentive surface of belt 10 is vibrated by transducers 39 and 46, developed toner particles are levitated on the charge retentive surface in the absence of external electric fields. The absence, or reduction, of toner adhesion to charge retentive surface of belt 10 through levitation during this pre-transfer image modification allows mutual repulsion of like-charged toner particles to uniformly distribute toners within the boundaries defined by the latent electrostatic image pattern on the charge retentive surface of belt 10. In operation, a sheet of support material 58 is moved into contact with the toner image at transfer station D. The sheet of support material is advanced to transfer station D by a conventional sheet feeding apparatus, not shown. Preferably, the sheet feeding apparatus includes feed roll contacting the uppermost sheet of a stack of copy sheets. Feed rolls rotate so as to advance the uppermost sheet from the stack into a chute which directs the advancing sheet of support material into contact with photoconductive surface of belt 10 in a timed sequence so that the toner powder image developed thereon contacts the advancing sheet of support material at transfer station D. Pre-transfer image modification devices 39 and 46 are actuated following development at 32 and 34 in order to improve image edge sharpness and solid area coverage prior to the composite developed image reaching the transfer station D. Because the composite image developed on the photoreceptor consists of both positive and negative toner, a pre-transfer corona discharge member 56 is provided to condition the toner for effective transfer to a substrate using corona discharge. Transfer station D includes a corona generating device 60 which sprays ions of a suitable polarity onto the backside of sheet 58. This attracts the charged toner powder images from the belt 10 to sheet 58. After transfer, the sheet continues to move, in the direction of arrow 62, onto a conveyor (not shown) which advances the sheet to fusing station E. Fusing station E includes a fuser assembly, indicated generally by the reference numeral 64, which permanently affixes the transferred powder image to sheet 58. Preferably, fuser assembly 64 comprises a heated fuser roller 66 and a backup roller 68. Sheet 58 passes between fuser roller 66 and backup roller 68 with the toner powder image contacting fuser roller 66. In this manner, the toner powder image is permanently affixed to sheet 58. After fusing, a chute guides the advancing sheet 58 to a catch tray (not shown) for subsequent removal from the printing machine by the operator. After the sheet of support material is separated from photoconductive surface with light to dissipate any residual electrostatic charge remaining prior to the charging thereof for the successive imaging cycle. While the present image enhancing invention has been described in a preferred tri-level imaging embodiment employing two component development, it should be understood that the invention is equally effective in image development systems in general, especially those that use a single development station (monochrome), multi-development stations (e.g., process color), three component developer or an image on image electrostatic system. Alternatively, the pre-transfer image modification system of the present invention could be implemented into a variety of xerographic systems, such as, for example, in US-A-5 276 484 where a photoreceptor belt contains an integral piezoelectric polymer layer to enable acoustic excitation by controlled application of an electric field to its back surface with a shoe electrode, roll or corona contact.

Claims: A method of reducing the solid area image noise of an image, the method comprising the steps of: forming an electrostatic image on a charge retentive surface (10); providing a development apparatus (C, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38) for rendering said image visible; positioning a vibrator member (39, 46) downstream of said development apparatus (C, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38) and upstream of an image transfer apparatus (D, 60), and vibrating said vibrator member (39, 46) to vibrate the charge retentive surface (10) thereby reducing solid area image noise from said image. A method according to claim 1, wherein said vibrator member (39, 46) comprises an acoustic transducer. A method according to claim 1, wherein said vibrator member (39, 46) comprises an acoustic horn. A method of enhancing image quality and removing edge raggedness from tri-level images, said method including the steps of: providing a charge retentive surface (10); forming a tri-level latent electrostatic image on said charge retentive surface (10), said image comprising a first image area at a relatively high voltage level, a second image area at a relatively low voltage level and a background area half way between the voltage levels of said relatively high and low voltage levels; electrically biasing a first developer member (32, 35, 36) to a voltage level that is offset from said background area, in the direction of said first image area; electrically biasing a second developer member (34, 37, 38) to a voltage level that is offset from said background area, in the direction of said second image area; using said first developer member (32, 35, 36) to develop a first image area; vibrating said charge retentive surface (10) with a first transducer (39); using said second developer member (34, 37, 38) to develop said second image area in a color different from said first image area; and then vibrating said charge retentive surface (10) with a second transducer (46) to thereby fill in solid area toner void lines and improve image edge sharpness. A method of claim 1, further including the step of vibrating said charge retentive surface (10) with ultrasonic probes. Apparatus for removing diminishing edge raggedness and increasing solid area coverage of tri-level images, said apparatus comprising: a charge retentive surface (10); a device (A, 24, B, 25, 26, 27, 28) for forming a tri-level latent electrostatic image on said charge retentive surface (10), said image comprising a first image area at a relatively high voltage level, second image area at a relatively low voltage level and a background area half way between the voltage levels of said relatively high and low voltage levels; a first development system (32) including means (35, 36) for applying a first conductive magnetic brush developer to said charge retentive surface (10) for developing a first image area and means (41) for electrically biasing a first developer member to a voltage level that is offset from said background area, in the direction of said first image; a second development system (34) including means (37, 38) for applying a second conductive magnetic brush developer to said charge retentive surface (10) for developing said second image area in a color different from said first image area and means (43) for electrically biasing a second developer member to a voltage level that is offset from said background area, in the direction of said second image area; and pre-transfer image modification members (39, 46) positioned downstream of each of said first and second development systems (32, 34), said pre-transfer image modification members (39, 46) being adapted to reduce adhesion of toner to said charge retentive surface (10) to allow mutual repulsion of like charged toner particles to uniformly distribute toners within boundaries defined by said tri-level latent electrostatic image, and thereby reduce image noise on said tri-level electrostatic image. Apparatus according to claim 6, wherein said pre-transfer modification members (39,46) are vibrator members for vibrating said charge retentive surface (10). Apparatus according to claim 7, wherein said vibrator members are ultrasonic probes.

Inventors: MASHTARE DALE, SNELLING CHRISTOPHER, MASHTARE, DALE, SNELLING, CHRISTOPHER
Applicants: XEROX CORP, XEROX CORPORATION
Application year: 1997
Main classification: G03G15
IPC codes: G03G15