GEL COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING GELLANTS IN THE FORM OF ALKYL AMIDES OF TRI-CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

Abstract: The present invention relates to gel compositions comprising alkyl amides of tri-basic carboxylic acids and methods of making gel compositions.

Description: GEL COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING GELLANTS IN THE FORM OF ALKYL AMIDES OF TRI-CARBOXYLIC ACIDS FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to gel compositions comprising alkyl amides of tri-basic carboxylic acids and methods of making gel compositions. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Gelling agents and thickeners are generally regarded as substances added during the manufacturing process to achieve a desired consistency or viscosity. Gelling agents are, typically, added as fluidity modifiers or solidifiers for paints and inks, gelling agents for recovering spilt oils, solidifiers for pesticide formulations, antidumping agents for paintings or adhesive materials, processing aids for macromolecules as well as gelling agents or solidifiers for perfumes or other cosmetic compositions. Traditional gelling agents include metal salts of stearic acid, clays, pectins, carrageenan, alginates, nylon, fumed silicas, organic derivatives of castor oil and ethoxylated saturated fatty acids. More recent gelling agents include dibenzylsorbitol and derivatives thereof having a substituent or substituents on the aromatic ring, 12-hydroxystearic acid, acylated amino acid amides and cholesterol derivatives. While the prior art discloses a wide variety of useful gelling agents, there is still a need for additional gelling agents which provide improved gel stability and/or hardness at reduced manufacturing costs. The present inventors have found that gelling agents in the form of alkyl amides of tri-basic carboxylic acids provide such reduced costs while also providing improved gel stability and/or hardness. Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide improved gelling agents. Another object of the present invention is to provide improved gelling agents for formulating stable gel or stick compositions. These and other objects will become readily apparent from the disclosure which follows. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to gel compositions, comprising: A.) a gelling agent of the formula: ) O R 5 II 1 5 R - c c — N — 2 a -X - Y — Z R R 3~ o II R ιT c -c — N — R 1 1 4 R 10 R 6 a) R j is nil, hydroxy, hydrogen, aryl, siloxane or saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, straight, branched or cyclic chain C j-C22 alkyl, C \- C22 alkenyl, C 1 -C22 alkoxy, C 1 -C22 alkyl esters, C 1 -C22 alkyl ethers, or C [ - C22 alkyl substituted aryl; b) R2, R4, R5 and Rβ are independently or together, hydrogen, hydroxy, aryl, siloxane or saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, straight, branched or cyclic chain C 1-C22 alkyl, C j-C22 alkenyl, C j -C^ alkoxy, C j - C22 alkyl esters, C 1-C22 alkyl ethers, or C 1-C22 alkyl substituted aryl; c) R is nil, hydroxy, hydrogen, saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, straight, branched or cyclic chain C 1 -C4 alkyl, C ] -C4 alkenyl, CJ-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkyl esters or C 1 -C4 alkyl ethers; d) R 7 and Rg are independently or together, nil, hydrogen, hydroxy, aryl, siloxane or saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, straight, branched or cyclic chain C J-C22 alkyl, \-C22 alkenyl, C 1 -C22 alkoxy, C j-C22 alkyl esters, C 1-C22 alkyl ethers, or C 1 -C22 alkyl substituted aryl; e) R9 is nil or hydrogen; f) RJ O and R\ j are independently or together, nil, hydrogen, hydroxy, aryl, siloxane or saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, straight, branched or cyclic chain C j -Cg alkyl, C j -Cg alkenyl, C j -Cg alkoxy, C j -Cg alkyl esters, C j -Cg alkyl ethers, or C j -Cg alkyl substituted aryl; g) X is nitrogen, aryl or ~ ^^ where n is an integer from 1 to 6; h) Y is nil, acyl or carbonyl; i) Z is nil, hydrogen, hydroxy, aryl, siloxane, nitrogen or saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, straight, branched or cyclic chain C ] -C22 alkyl, C j - C22 alkenyl, CJ-C22 alkoxy, C 1-C22 alkyl esters, C1 -C22 alkyl ethers, or C ] - C22 alkyl substituted aryl; and j) "a" is a double or single bond provided: (i) when X and Z are not nil and Y is nil, X is directly bonded to Z; (ii) when Z is nil, a hydrogen or a hydroxy, R7 and Rg are nil; and (iii). when "a" is a double bond, R and RQ are nil; and B.) an anhydrous solvent. The present invention further relates to methods of manufacturing gels. By "acyl" or "carbonyl" as used herein, means a radical formed by removal of the hydroxy and o II alkyl portions of a carboxylic acid (i.e. ~ " c _ ). By "alkyl" as used herein, means an unsubstituted or substituted saturated hydrocarbon chain radical having from 1 to 22 carbon atoms, preferably from 1 to 8 carbon atoms. Preferred alkyl groups include, but are not limited to. methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, ocryl and hexyl. By "alkenyl" as used herein, means an unsubstituted or substituted hydrocarbon chain radical having from 2 to 22 carbon atoms, preferably from 2 to 8 carbon atoms, and having at least one olefinic double bond. By "aryl" as used herein, means an aromatic carbocyclic ring radical. Preferred aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, tolyl, xylyl, cumenyl and naphthyl. By "alkoxy" as used herein, means an oxygen radical having a hydrocarbon chain substituent, where the hydrocarbon chain is an alkyl or alkenyl (i.e., ~0~alkyl or -O-alkenyl). Preferred alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy and allyloxy. By "siloxane" as used herein, means a linear compound consisting of silicon atoms single- bonded to oxygen and so arranged that each silicon atom is linked with two or four oxygen atoms (i.e., — Si(0)2RR' where R and R', independently, are, but not limited to, alkyls, alkyl esters or alkyl ethers). By "cyclic chain" as used herein,, means an unsubstituted or substituted, saturated, unsaturated or aromatic, hydrocarbon chain ring radical. The cyclic chains are monocyclic or are fused, bridged or spiro polycyclic ring systems. As defined above and as used herein, substituent groups may themselves be substituted. Such substitution may be with one or more substituents. Such substituents include (for example) those listed in C. Hansch and A. Leo, Substituent Constants for Correlation Analysis in Chemistry and Biology (1979), incorporated by reference herein. Preferred substituents include (for example) alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, oxo, nirro, amino, aminoalkyl (e.g., aminomethyl, etc.), cyano, halo, carboxy, alkoxyaceyl (e.g., carboethoxy, etc.), thiol, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl (e.g., piperidinyl, morpholinyl, pyrrolidinyl, etc.), imino, thioxo, hydroxyalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkyl, and combinations thereof. All levels and ratios are by weight of the total composition, unless otherwise indicated. By the phrase "ambient temperature" as used herein, refers to surrounding conditions under about one atmosphere of pressure, at about 50% relative humidity, and at about 25°C, unless otherwise specified. The gel compositions of the present invention can comprise, consist of, or consist essentially of the essential elements and limitations of the invention described herein, as well as any of the additional or optional ingredients, components, or limitations described herein. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The essential as well as optional components of the compositions of the present invention are described in the following paragraphs. ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS Alkyl Amides of Pi- and/or Tri-basic Carboxylic Acids An essential component of the present invention are gelling agents in the form of alkyl amides of tri-basic carboxylic acids or anhydrides Alkyl amides suitable for use in the present invention generally hav e the formula R- o o R , I 9 II I 5 K { C — C — N — R 2 a R R X — Y — Z — R g O 1 II R — C — C — N — R 1 1 I I 4 R 10 6 wherein a backbone is formed from the linkage of C, C" and X and wherein a) Rι is nil, hydroxy, hydrogen, aryl, siloxane or saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, straight, branched or cyclic chain C1 -C22 alkyl, C j - C22 alkenyl, C1 -C22 alkoxy, CJ-C22 alkyl esters, C J-C22 alkyl ethers, or C j - C22 alkyl substituted aryl, preferably C4-C j alkyl, C4-C j g alkenyl, C4-C j alkoxy, C4-Cι alkyl esters, C4>C j g alkyl ethers, or C4-C j alkyl substituted aryl, more preferably C^-C j g alkyl, C^-C j g alkenyl, C j 2-C j g alkoxy, C j 2- C j g alkyl esters, C j 2-C j g alkyl ethers, or C j 2"C j g alkyl substituted aryl, b) R2, R4, R5 and R are independently or together, hydrogen, hydroxy, aryl, siloxane or saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, straight, branched or cyclic chain C 1-C22 alkyl, C 1-C22 alkenyl, C 1-C22 alkoxy, C j - C22 alkyl esters, C C22 alkyl ethers, or Cj-C22 alkyl substituted aryl, preferably C4-C 10 alkyl, C4-C J0 alkenyl, C4-C10 alkoxy, C4-C 10 alkyl esters, C4-C10 alkyl ethers, or C4-CJ alkyl substituted aryl, more preferably C4-Cg alkyl, C4-C alkenyl, C4-C8 alkoxy, C4-C alkyl esters, C4~Cg alkyl ethers, or C4-C alkyl substituted aryl, c) R 3 is nil, hydroxy, hydrogen, saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, straight, branched or cyclic chain C 1 -C4 alkyl, C j -C4 alkenyl, C j -C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkyl esters or C1-C4 alkyl ethers, preferably a C j -C4 alkoxy, hydroxy or hydrogen, more preferably a hydroxy or hydrogen, d) R7 and Rg are independently or together, nil, hydrogen, hydroxy, aryl, siloxane or saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, straight, branched or cyclic chain CJ-C22 alkyl, CJ-C22 alkenyl, C1-C22 alkoxy, Cj-C22 alkyl esters, CJ-C22 alkyl ethers, or C1 -C22 alkyl substituted aryl, preferably C4-C10 alkyl, C4-C10 alkenyl, C4-C10 alkoxy, C4-C10 alkyl esters, C4-C10 alkyl ethers, or C4-C ] Q alkyl substituted aryl, more preferably C 4 -Cg alkyl, C4-Cg alkenyl, C4-C alkoxy, C4-C alkyl esters, C4-C alkyl ethers, or C4-Cg alkyl substituted aryl; e) R 9 is nil or hydrogen; f) RJ O and R J J are independently or together, nil, hydrogen, hydroxy, aryl, siloxane or saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, straight, branched or cyclic chain C Cg alkyl, C j-Cg alkenyl, C Cg alkoxy, C j -Cg alkyl esters, C j -Cg alkyl ethers, or C i -Cg alkyl substituted aryl, preferably C | - C4 alkyl, C 1-C4 alkenyl, C 1-C4 alkoxy, C J-C4 alkyl esters, C 1-C4 alkyl ethers, C J-C4 alkyl substituted aryl or hydrogen, more preferably a hydrogen; g) X is nitrogen, aryl or "" ^"^ n where n is an integer from 1 to 6, preferably " ^" jftn where n is an integer from 1 to 3; h) Y is nil, acyl or carbonyl; i) Z is nil, hydrogen, hydroxy, aryl, siloxane, nitrogen or saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, straight, branched or cyclic chain C 1-C22 alkyl, C j - C22 alkenyl, C j -C22 alkoxy, C1 -C22 alkyl esters, C 1-C22 alkyl ethers, or C - C22 alkyl substituted aryl, preferably C4-C ] alkyl, C4-C10 alkenyl, C4-C 10 alkoxy, C4-C 10 alkyl esters, C4-C10 alkyl ethers, or C4-C 10 alkyl substituted aryl, more preferably C4-C alkyl, C4-Cg alkenyl, C4~Cg alkoxy, C4-C alkyl esters, Q^-Cg alkyl ethers, or C4-Cg alkyl substituted aryl; and j) "a" is a double or single bond provided: (i) when X and Z are not nil and Y is nil, X is directly bonded to Z; (ii) when Z is nil, a hydrogen or a hydroxy, R 7 and Rg are nil; and (iii) when "a" is a double bond, R 3 and R9 are nil. Alkyl amides of tri-basic carboxylic acids suitable for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, alkyl amides of citric acid, tricarballylic acid, aconitic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid and itaconic acid such as 1,2,3-propane tributylamide, 2-hydroxy-l,2,3-propane tributylamide, 1-propene- 1,2,3-trioctylamide, and N,N',N"-tri(acetodecylamide)amine. The alkyl amide gelling agents, preferably, have opposing and substantially parallel terminal chains extending outward from the gelling agent backbone. Without being limited by theory, it is believed that this spacial arrangement, or "tuning fork" structural configuration, facilitates the formation of networks essential to the formulation of gel or stick compositions. By the phrase "tuning fork configuration", as used herein means any configuration resembling an article or implement having a handle portion which extends longitudinally at one end to form two prongs. It is also preferred that the terminal chains be linked to the gelling agent backbone by means of acyl-amide linkages wherein the acyl portion of the acyl-amide linkage is directly attached to the gelling agent backbone. The alkyl amides of the present invention are synthesized using either of the following one or two step reaction procedures. The one step procedure involves direct amidation of the tri-basic organic acid or anhydride with the appropriate alkyl amine under reaction temperatures typically at or near the boiling point of the alkyl amine, preferably from about 30°C to about 200°C, followed by removal of excess amine. Certain reactions, do to their exothermic nature, may not require external heating. The two step procedure involves esterification of the tri-basic organic acid or anhydride with methanol using a boron trifluoride or other Lewis Acid catalyst at a temperature of from about 30°C to about 100°C followed by removal of the excess methanol and catalyst. The resulting trimethyl ester is then amidated as described in the one step process above using the appropriate alkylamine followed by removal of excess amine. Preferably, the alkyl amides of the present invention are nonpolymeric. When the alkylamide of the present invention is included at lower levels in the composition, a gel is formed. At higher levels, or when other gelling agents are included in the composition, the hardness of the composition is increased, so as to form a hard stick. The alkyl amides of tri-basic carboxylic acids are preferably present at a concentration of from about 0.1% to about 50%, preferably about 0.1% to about 25% from more preferably from about 1% to about 16%. Anhydrous Solvent The gels of the present invention further comprise an anhydrous solvent for solubilizing the tri- basic carboxylic acid alkylamide gelling agent, wherein the solvent comprises one or more anhydrous liquids which each or collectively have a solubility parameter of from about 3 to about 20 (cal/cm^)' ", preferably from about 5 to about 16 (cal/cm-')''^, more preferably from about 5 to about 1 1 (cal/cm^)' ". The solvent is a liquid under ambient conditions. Solubility parameters for the liquid solvents or other materials, and means for determining such parameters, are well known in the chemical arts. A description of solubility parameters and means for determining them are described by CD. Vaughan, "Solubility Effects in Product, Package, Penetration and Preservation" 103 Cosmetics and Toiletries 47-69, October 1988; and C. D. Vaughan, "Using Solubility Parameters in Cosmetics Formulation", 36 J. Soc. Cosmetic Chemists 319-333, September/October, 1988, which descriptions are incorporated herein by reference. Concentrations of the solvent in the gel will vary with the type of solvent selected, the type of gelling agent used in combination with the solvent, and the solubility of the selected gelling agent in the selected solvent, and so forth. Preferred concentrations of the solvent ranges from about 10% to about 99.9%, preferably from about 30% to about 70%, more preferably from about 45% to about 70%, by weight of the composition. The solvent preferably comprises one or more anhydrous liquid solvents suitable for topical application to human skin, which solvent or combination of liquid solvents are liquid under ambient conditions. The term "anhydrous" as used herein means that the gel composition of the present invention, and the essential or optional components thereof are substantially free of added or free water. From a formulation standpoint, this means that the gel compositions of the present invention preferably contain less than about 5%, preferably less than about 3%, more preferably less than about 1%, most preferably zero percent, by weight of free or added water. These liquid anhydrous, solvents may be organic or silicone-containing, volatile or non-volatile, polar or nonpolar, provided that the solvent can form a solution or other homogenous liquid or homogenous liquid dispersion with the selected gellant at the selected gellant concentration at a temperature of from about 28°C to about 250°C, preferably from about 28°C to about 100°C, more preferably from about 28°C to about 78°C. The anhydrous liquid solvent preferably has a low viscosity to provide for improved spreading performance on the skin. The anhydrous liquid solvent preferably comprises a modified or organofunctional silicone solvent selected from the group consisting of polyalkylsiloxanes, polyalkyarylsiloxanes, polyestersiloxanes, polyethersiloxane copolymers, polyfluorosiloxanes, polyaminosiloxanes, and combinations thereof. These modified silicone solvents must be liquid under ambient conditions, and have a viscosity of less than about 100,000 centistokes, preferably less than about 500 centistokes, more preferably from about 1 centistoke to about 50 centistokes, and even more preferably from about 1 centistoke to about 20 centistokes. These modified silicone solvents are generally known in the chemical arts, some examples of which are described in 1 Cosmetics, Science and Technology 27- 104 (M. Balsam and E. Sagarin ed. 1972); U.S. Patent 4,202,879, issued to Shelton on May 13, 1980; U.S. Patent 5,069,897, issued to Orr on December 3, 1991 ; which descriptions are incorporated herein by reference. The modified silicone solvents suitable for use in the pharmaceutical compositions include, but are not limited to, compounds or materials as defined hereinabove and which are generally characterized as follows: silicone polyethers or silicone glycols (such as dimethicone copolyol); silicone alkyl-linked polyethers (such as Goldschmidt EM-90 or EM-97); siloxane surfactants of a pendant/rake/comb configuration, silicone surfactants of a trisiloxane configuration, and silicone surfactants of an ABA/alpha-omega block copolymers (such as polyoxyalkylenes, polyoxyethylene or ethoxylated, polyoxyethylene/polyoxypropylene or ethoxylated/propoxylated); aromatic substituted silicone emollients (such as phenyl, alpha-methyl styryl, styryl, methylphenyl, alkylphenyl); silicone copolymers with other functional groups include: hydrogen, alkyl, methyl, amino, trifluoropropyl, vinyl, alkoxy, arylalkyl, aryl, phenyl, styryl, polyethers, esters, carboxylics; alkylmethyl siloxanes or silicone waxes (such as hexyl, octyl, lauryl, cetyl, stearyl); nonionic functional siloxane copolymers with terminal groups being silanol or trimethylsiloxy; nonionic functional siloxanes with backbone groups being trisiloxane or methicone linked; nonionic silicone surfactants; tetraethoxysilane; tetramethoxysilane; hexamethoxysilicone; oxmethoxytrisiloxane; silicone emulsifiers; silicone or siloxane resins, alkyl silicone resins, polyoxyalkylene silicone resins; MQ Resins such as Shiseido/Shin-etsu ,e.g. Japanese Patent Publication JP86143760 or from Walker Chem. 6MBH (described in EP722970); alkoxysiloxanes; alkoxysilanes; methicones (polymethylalkylsiloxanes); and combinations thereof. Nonlimiting examples of suitable modified silicone solvents for use in the pharmaceutical compositions herein include the following modified silicones available from Dow Corning: DC-556 Cosmetic Grade Fluid (phenyl trimethicone); DC-704 Diffusion Pump Fluid (Tetramethyl-Tetraphenyl- Trisiloxane); DC-705 Diffusion Pump Fluid; DC- 1784 Emulsion; DC-AF Emulsion; DC-1520-US Emulsion; DC-593 Fluid (Dimethicone [and] Trimethylsiloxysilicate); DC-3225C Fluid (Cyclomethicone [and] Dimethicone Copolyol); DC- 190 Fluid (Dimethicone Copolyol); DC- 193 Fluid (Dimethicone Copolyol); DC- 1401 (Cyclomethicone [and] Dimethiconol); DC-5200 Fluid (Laurylmethicone Copolyol); DC-6603 Polymer Powder; DC-5640 Powder; DC-Q2-5220 (Dimethicone Copolyol); DC Q2-5324 (Dimethicone Copolyol); DC-2501 Cosmetic Wax (Dimethicone Copolyol); DC-2502 Fluid (Cetyl Dimethicone); DC-2503 Wax (Stearyl Dimethicone); DC- 1731 Volatile Fluid (Caproyl Trimethicone); DC-580 Wax (Stearoxytrimethylsilane [and] Stearyl Alcohol); DC-1-3563 (Dimethiconal); DC-X2-1286 (Dimethiconol); DC-X2-1 146A (Cylcomethicone [and] Dimethiconol); DC-8820 Fluid (Amino functionalized); DC Q5-0158A wax (stearoxytrimethylsilane); DC-Q2-8220 (Trimethylsilylamodimethicone); DC-7224 (Trimethylsilylamodimethicone); DC-X2-1318 Fluid (Cyclomethicone [and] Vinyldimethicone); DC-QF1-3593A fluid (Trimethylsiloxysilicate) and combinations thereof. Other nonlimiting examples of suitable modified silicone solvents for use in the pharmaceutical compositions herein include the following modified silicones available from General Electric: GE SF- 1023 (Dimethyl-Diphenyl-Siloxane); GE CF-1 142 (Methylphenyl Siloxane Fluid); GE SF-1 153 (Dimethyl-Diphenyl-Siloxane); GE SF-1265 (Diphenyl-Dimethyl-Siloxane); GE SF-1328; GE SF-1 188 (Dimethicone copolyol); GE SF-1 188A (Silicone polyether copolymer); GE SF-1288 (silicone polyether copolymer, dimethyl-methyl 3-hydroxypropyl ethoxylated); GE SF-1318 (Methylester Siloxane); GE SF- 1328 (silicone surfactant, dimethyl-methyl 3-hydroxypropyl ethoxylated-propoxylated); GE SF-1550 (methylphenyl siloxane, hexamethyl-3-phenyl-3-[[trimethylsilyl]oxy]trisiloxane); GE SF-1632 (silicone wax); GE SS-4267 (Dimethicone [and] Trimethylsiloxysilicate). Other nonlimiting examples of suitable modified silicone solvents for use in the pharmaceutical compositions herein include the following modified silicones available from Goldschmidt: Abil EM-90 (silicone emulsifier); Abil EM-97 (polyether siloxane); Abil Wax 9810 (silicone wax or C24-28 methicone); Abil Wax 2434 (Stearoxy Dimethicone); Abil Wax 9800D (Stearyl Dimethicone); and Tego er H-Si 211 1, H-Si 231 1, A-Si 2120, A-Si 2320, C-Si 2141, C-Si 2341, E-Si 2130, E-Si 2330, V-Si 2150, V-Si 2550, H-Si 6420, H-Si 6440, H-Si 6460 (Alpha-Omega Dimethicone Copolymers). Other nonlimiting examples of suitable modified silicone solvents for use in the pharmaceutical compositions herein include the following: Masil 756 from PPG Industries (Tetrabutoxypropyl Trisiloxane); bis-phenylhexamethicone (available as Silbione Oils 70633 V30 from Rhone-Poulenc); Silbione Oils 70646 (dimethicone copolyols from Rhone-Poulenc); Silicone L-71 1, L-720, L-721 and L722 (dimethicone copolyols from Union Carbide); Silicone L-7000, L-7001, L-7002, L-7004, L-7500, L-7600, L-7602, L-7604, L-7605, and L-7610 (dimethicone copolyols from Union Carbide); Unisil SF-R (dimethiconol from UPI); Silicate Cluster from Olin (Tris[tributoxysiloxy]methylsilane); silicone copolymer F-754 (dimethicone copoly from SWS Silicones); and combinations thereof. The anhydrous liquid solvent preferably comprises one or more volatile solvents optionally in combination with one or more non-volatile solvent In this context, the term 'volatile" refers to solvents hav ing a measurable vapor pressure under ambient conditions, and the term ' non-volatile ' refers to solvents which do not have a measurable vapor pressure under ambient conditions These volatile silicone solvents may be cyclic, linear or branched chain silicones having the requisite volatility defined herein Non-limiting examples of suitable volatile silicones are described in Todd et al "Volatile Silicone Fluids for Cosmetics", Cosmetics and Toiletries, 91 27-32 (1976), which descriptions are incorporated herein by reference Preferred among these volatile silicones are the cyclic silicones having from about 3 to about 7, more preferably from about 4 to about 5, silicon atoms Most preferably are those which conform to the formula wherein n is from about 3 to about 7, preferably from about 4 to about 5, most preferably 5 These volatile cyclic silicones generally have a viscosity value of less than about 10 centistokes All viscosity values described herein are measured or determined under ambient conditions, unless otherwise specified Suitable volatile silicones for use herein include, but are not limited to, Cyclomethicone D-5 (commercially available from G E Silicones), Dow Corning 344, and Dow Corning 345 (commercially available from Dow Corning Corp ), GE 7207, GE 7158 and Silicone Fluids SF-1202 and SF-1 173 (available from General Electric Co ), SWS-03314, SWS-03400, F-222, F-223, F-250, F-251 (available from SWS Silicones Corp ), Volatile Silicones 7158, 7207, 7349 (available from Union Carbide), Masil SF-V ( available from Mazer) and combinations thereof The anhydrous liquid solvent may also comprise a non-volatile silicone solvent other than or in addition to the preferred modified silicone solvents described hereinbefore These non-volatile silicone solvents are preferably lmear silicones which include, but are not limited to, those which conform to either of the formulas CH wherein n is greater than or equal to 1 These linear silicone materials will generally have viscosity values of up to about 100,000 centistoke, preferably less than about 500 centistoke, more preferably from about 1 centistoke to about 200 centistoke, even more preferably from about 1 centistoke to about 50 centistoke, as measured under ambient conditions Examples of non-volatile, linear silicones suitable for use in the antiperspirant compositions include, but are not limited to, Dow Corning 200, hexamethyldisiloxane, Rhodorsil Oils 70047 available from Rhone-Poulenc. Masil SF Fluid available from Mazer, Dow Corning 225, Dow Corning 1732, Dow Corning 5732, Dow Corning 5750 (available from Dow Coining Corp.); SF-96, SF- 1066 and SF 18(350) Silicone Fluids (available from G.E. Silicones); Velvasil and Viscasil (available from General Electric Co.); and Silicone L-45, Silicone L530, Silicone L-531 (available from Union Carbide), and Siloxane F-221 and Silicone Fluid SWS-101 (available from SWS Silicones). The anhydrous liquid solvent may also comprise fluorochemicals such as fluorosurfactants, fluorotelemers, and perfluoropolyefhers, some examples of which are described in Cosmetics & Toiletries, Using Fluorinated Compounds in Topical Preparations, Vol. I l l , pages 47-62, (Oct. 1996) which description is incorporated herein by reference. More specific examples of such liquid solvents include, but are not limited to, perfluoropolymethyl isopropyl ethers, perfluoropolypropylethers, acrylamide fiuorinated telomer, fluorinated amide surfactants, perfluorinated thiol surfactants. Other more specific examples include, but are not limited to, the polyperfluoroisopropyl ethers available from Dupont Performance Chemicals under the trade name Fluortress ® PFPE oils, and the series fluorosurfactants from Dupont Performance Chemicals under the trade name Zonyl ® Fluorosurfactants. Suitable organic liquid solvents for use in the composition include saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or linear or cyclic, organic compounds that are also liquid under ambient conditions. These solvents include hydrocarbon oils, alcohols, organic esters and ethers that are liquid under ambient conditions. Preferred organic solvents include mineral oil and other hydrocarbon oils, some examples of which are described in U.S. Patent 5,019,375, issued to Tanner et al. on May 28, 1991, which description is incorporated herein by reference. Other suitable organic liquid solvents include Permethyl 99A, Permethyl 101 A (Permethyl available from Persperse Corp.), Isopar series of materials (available from Exxon), isohexadecane, diisopropyl adipate, butyl stearate, isododecane, light mineral oil, petrolatum and other similar materials. The anhydrous liquid solvent is preferably, substantially free of polar, water immiscible, organic solvents. In this context, "substantially free" means that the gel solid compositions preferably contain less than 7%, more preferably less than about 3%, even more preferably zero percent, by weight of an anhydrous organic polar solvent. These solvents are liquid under ambient conditions and include mono and polyhydric alcohols, fatty acids, esters of mono and dibasic carboxylic acids with mono and polyhydric alcohols, polyoxyethylenes, polyoxypropylenes, polyalkoxylates ethers of alcohols, and combinations thereof. Examples of some anhydrous liquid, polar organic solvents are described in Cosmetics, Science, and Technology, Vol. 1, 27-104, edited by Balsam and Sagarin (1972); U.S. Patent 4,202,879 issued to Shelton on May 13, 1980; and U.S. Patent 4,816,261 issued to Luebbe et al. on March 28, 1989, which descriptions are incorporated herein by reference. Product Characteristics The gel compositions of the present invention are preferably characterized in terms of product hardness, and/or a rheology profile defined by a ratio of an elastic to viscous moduli. Each of these characteristics is defined in accordance with the methodologies and other limitations described hereinafter. a) Hardness The gel compositions of the present invention preferably have a product hardness of from about 500 gram-force to about 5000 gram-force, more preferably from about 750 gram-force to about 2,000 gram-force, and most preferably from about 800 gram-force to about 1400 gram-force. The term "product hardness" as used herein is a reflection of how much force is required to move a penetration cone a specified distance and at a controlled rate into a gel-solid stick composition under the following test conditions. Higher values represent harder product, and lower values represent softer product. These values are measured at 27°C, 15% relative humidity, using a TA-XT2 Texture Analyzer, available from Texture Technology Corp., Scarsdale, New York, U.S.A. The product hardness value as used herein represents the amount of force required to move a standard 45° angle penetration cone through the composition for a distance of 10mm at a rate of 2mm/second. The standard cone is available from Texture Technology Corp., as part number TA-15, and has a total cone length of about 24.7 mm, angled cone length of about 18.3 mm, a maximum diameter of the angled surface of the cone of about 15.5 mm. The cone is a smooth, stainless steel construction and weighs about 17.8 grams. c) Rheology The gel compositions of the present invention are preferably gel-solids having the select rheology profile defined herein. This rheology profile is defined herein in terms of the elastic (G') to viscous (G") moduli ratio ( G' / G" ) of the gel-solid stick composition. To provide the desired rheology, the gel compositions preferably have a G' / G" ratio of from about 1 to about 100, more preferably from about 1 to about 70, most preferably from about 1 to about 20, even more preferably from about 1 to about 10. This ratio represents the extent to which the gel compositions herein are preferred to exhibit solid character and the extent to which the compositions are preferred exhibit liquid or fluid character, and specifically refers to the numerical ratio G' / G" as determined by the following methodology. In particular, the elastic modulus is a measurement which correlates with the solid character of the gel compositions herein, and the viscous modulus is a measurement which correlates with the fluid or liquid character of the gel compositions herein. Measurements for G' and G" for purposes of defining the composition of the present invention are determined under ambient conditions using conventional techniques well known in the formulation arts. For example, a Bohlin Stress-Strain Rheometer, available from Bohlin Reologi, Cranberry, New Jersey, can be used using a cone (about 1 °) and plate configuration. About 1.0 mg of the product is carefully removed for the composition with minimal application of shear force and is then placed between the cone and plate fixtures for measurement of G' and G". OPTIONAL COMPONENTS In addition to the alkylamide gelling agent described above, the compositions of the present invention may also incorporate other gelling agents. Suitable additional gelling agents are disclosed in U.S. Patent 5,429,816 to Hofrichter et al., issued July 4, 1995, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Gelling agents included therein include those having the formula: wherein Rj is OR2 or NR2R3 wherein R2 and R 3 are, independently or together, a hydrogen, an aryl, a siloxane, a saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, straight, branched, or cyclic C ] -C22 alkyl, C j-C22 alkoxy, C J-C22 alkyl substituted aryl, or C ] -C22 alkyl substituted aryl radical and wherein R2 is a saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, straight or branched chain C 1-C36 alkoxy. Preferred gelling agents from among this group include 12-hydroxystearic acid, 12- hydroxystearic acid methyl ester, 12-hydroxystearic acid ethyl ester, 12-hydroxystearic acid stearyl ester, 12-hydroxystearic acid benzyl ester, 12-hydroxystearic acid amide, isopropyl amide of 12-hydroxystearic acid, butyl amide of 12-hydroxystearic acid, benzyl amide of 12-hydroxystearic acid, phenyl amide of 12-hydroxystearic acid, t-butyl amide of 12-hydroxystearic acid, cyclohexyl amide of 12-hydroxystearic acid, 1-adamantyl amide of 12-hydroxystearic acid, 2-adamantyl amide of 12-hydroxystearic acid, diisopropyl amide of 12-hydroxystearic acid, 12-hydroxylauric acid, 16-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid, derivatives thereof and mixtures thereof. Also in U.S. Patent 5,429,816 are gelling agents having the formula: O H H H p ■ II I T I 11 R -— C -C — C — C -C — R 3 H H N H R ] II o wherein R t is an alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl radical, is branched, linear or cyclic and has from about 6 to about 22 carbon atoms; and R and R3 are the same or different alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl ester radical or alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl amide radical, in which the moiety is branched, linear or cyclic and has from about 2 to about 20 carbon atoms. Preferred gelling agents from among this group include N-lauroyl- glutamic acid diethyl amide, N-lauroyl-glutamic acid dibutyl amide, N-lauroyl-glutamic acid dihexyl amide, N-lauroyl-glutamic acid dioctyl amide, N-lauroyl-glutamic acid didecyl amide, N-lauroyl- glutamic acid didodecyl amide, N-lauroyl-glutamic acid ditetradecyl amide, N-lauroyl-glutamic acid dihexadecyl amide, N-lauroyl-glutamic acid distearyl amide, N-stearoyl-glutamic acid dibutyl amide, N-stearoyl-glutamic acid dihexyl amide, N-stearoyl-glutamic acid diheptyl amide, N-stearoyl- glutamic acid dioctyl amide, N-stearoyl-glutamic acid didecyl amide, N-stearoyl-glutamic acid didodecyl amide, N-stearoyl-glutamic acid ditetradecyl amide, N-stearoyl-glutamic acid dihexadecyl amide N-stearo l-glutamic acid distearyl amide and mixtures thereof Mixtures of the above described additional gelling agents may also be incorporated into the present invention The gel compositions of the present invention may also be formulated into cosmetic compositions optionally include cosmetic actives such as moisturizers and/or skin protectants Suitable cosmetic compositions include lipsticks gels, bar soaps, lip balms, soft gels, creams, makeups, lotions, roll-ons, facial moisturizers, or gel sticks and the like Useful moisturizers and/or skin protectants are disclosed in the Federal Register Vol 48, No 32 and include aloe vera, allantoin, aluminum hydroxide gel, bismuth subnitrate, boric acid, calamine, cocoa butter, corn starch, dimethicone, glycerin, lanolin, kaolin, live yeast cell derivative, petrolatum, shark liver oil, sodium bicarbonate, sulfur, tannic acid, white petrolatum, zinc acetate, zinc carbonate and zinc oxide and mixtures thereof The skin protectant and/or moisturizer preferably comprises from about 0 001% to about 2%, more preferably from about 0 01% to about 1% of the gel composition Mixtures of these gelling agents may also be incorporated into the present invention METHODS OF MANUFACTURE The present invention may be made by using any of the typical methods known to those skilled in the art Methods found particularly useful follow below Combine the gelling agent and the solvent into a vessel equipped with a heat source Heat the mixture to between about 80°C and about 130°C with stirring, until the mixture forms a homogeneous, molten solution Preferably, the homogeneous, molten solution is allowed to cool to a mixing temperature, typically between about 65°C and 120°C Alternatively, the mixture may simply be heated to the mixing temperature until the mixture forms a homogeneous, molten solution This alternative method, however, typically takes longer than simply overheating and then cooling Allow the mixture to cool until it begins thickening and then pour the mixture into containers allowing them to cool to ambient temperature EXAMPLES The following examples further describe and demonstrate embodiments within the scope of the present invention These examples are solely for the purpose of illustration and are not to be construed as limitations of the present invention as many variations are possible without departing from the spirit or scope thereof The levels of the components in the examples below are expressed by total weight of the composition Table 1 includes Examples of gel solid stick compositions incorporating the alkylamide gelling agents of the present invention The compositions are formed by combining and mixing the ingredients of each column using conventional technology Table 1 1 - Dow Corning 245 Fluid; General Electric SF-1202 2 - Jarchem Jarcol 1-20 3 - Witco White Perfecta 4 - Acme Hardesty 5 - Finsolv TN; Finetex Table 2 includes Examples of soft gel compositions incorporating the alkylamide gelling agents of the present invention. The compositions are formed by combining and mixing the ingredients of each column using conventional technology. Table 2 1 - Dow Coming 245 Fluid; General Electric SF-1202 2 - Jarchem Jarcol 1-20 3 - Witco White Perfecta 4 - Acme Hardesty 5 - Finsolv TN; Finetex

Claims: WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. A gel comprising: A) a gelling agent having the formula: o R II R ι- ■ c — ■ c - r . -N — " R 2 a I -X — - Y - — Z - - R R 3~ o II -C - R — C - - N — I I " R 4 R 10 R 6 a) R-| is nil, hydroxy, hydrogen, aryl, siloxane or saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, straight, branched or cyclic chain C-1-C22 alkyl, C1-C22 alkenyl, C-1-C22 alkoxy, C-1-C22 alkyl esters, C1-C22 alkyl ethers, or C1-C22 alkyl substituted aryl; b) R2, R4, R5 and R5 are independently or together, hydrogen, hydroxy, aryl, siloxane or saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, straight, branched or cyclic chain C-1-C22 alkyl, C1-C22 alkenyl, C1-C22 alkoxy, C1-C22 alkyl esters, C1-C22 alkyl ethers, or C1-C22 alkyl substituted aryl; c) R3 is nil, hydroxy, hydrogen, saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, straight, branched or cyclic chain C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkyl esters or C-1-C4 alkyl ethers; d) R7 and Rg are independently or together, nil, hydrogen, hydroxy, aryl, siloxane or saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, straight, branched or cyclic chain C1-C22 alkyl, C1-C22 alkenyl, C1-C22 alkoxy, C1-C22 alkyl esters, C-1-C22 alkyl ethers, or C1-C22 alkyl substituted aryl; e) Rg is nil or hydrogen; f) R10 and R-11 are independently or together, nil, hydrogen, hydroxy, aryl, siloxane or saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, straight, branched or cyclic chain C<\ -CQ alkyl, C-1-C5 alkenyl, C1-C5 alkoxy, C<\ -CQ alkyl esters, C-1-C5 alkyl ethers, or C- j -Cs alkyl substituted aryl; g) X is nitrogen, aryl or " ^^^ri where n is an integer from 1 to 6; h) Y is nil, acyl or carbonyl, i) Z is nil, hydrogen, hydroxy, aryl, siloxane nitrogen or saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, straight, branched or cyclic chain C-1-C22 alkyl, C-1-C22 alkenyl, C-1-C22 alkoxy, C-1-C22 alkyl esters c 1" c 22 a,k y' ethers, or C-1-C22 alkyl substituted aryl, and j) "a" is a double or single bond provided (i) when X and Z are not nil and Y is nil, X is directly bonded to Z, (II) when Z is nil, a hydrogen or a hydroxy, R7 and Rø are nil, and (in) when "a" is a double bond, R3 and Rg are nil, and B ) an anhydrous solvent, preferably an anhydrous liquid, more preferably an anhydrous liquid having a solubility parameter of from 3 to 20 (cal/cm 3 ) 1/2 A gel according to Claim 1 further comprising from 1% to 15% by weight of a secondary gelling agent having the formula R j — C - R 2 wherein R-| is OR2 or NR2 3 wherein R2 and R3 are, independently or together, a hydrogen, an aryl, a siloxane, a saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, straight, branched, or cyclic C-1-C22 alkyl, C1-C22 alkoxy, C-1-C22 alkyl substituted aryl, or C-1-C22 alkyl substituted aryl radical and wherein R2 is a saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, straight or branched chain C-1-C35 alkoxy, preferably a secondary gelling agent selected from the group consisting of 12-hydroxystearιc acid, 12-hydroxysteaπc acid methyl ester, 12-hydroxystearιc acid ethyl ester, 12- hydroxysteaπc acid stearyl ester, 12-hydroxystearιc acid benzyl ester, 12-hydroxystearιc acid amide, isopropyl amide of 12-hydroxystearιc acid, butyl amide of 12-hydroxystearιc acid, benzyl amide of 12-hydroxystearιc acid, phenyl amide of 12-hydroxysteaπc acid, t- butyl amide of 12-hydroxystearιc acid, cyclohexyl amide of 12-hydroxystearιc acid, 1- adamantyl amide of 12-hydroxysteaπc acid, 2-adamantyl amide of 12-hydroxystearιc acid, dnsopropyl amide of 12-hydroxystearιc acid, 12-hydroxylaurιc acid, 16- hydroxyhexadecanoic acid, derivatives thereof and mixtures thereof A gel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the gel comprises from 5% to 50% of the gelling agent wherein the gelling agent is, preferably selected from the group consisting of alkyl amides of citric acid, tricarballylic acid, aconitic acid, nitπlotπacetic acid A gel according to any one of the preceding claims, further comprising an additional gelling agent having the formula O H H H Q II I I I II R — c -c -c — c-c— R 3 2 I I I H H N H R , \ / C II o wherein R. is an alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl radical is branched, linear or cyclic and has from 6 to 22 carbon atoms, and R„ and R3 are the same or different alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl ester radical or alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl amide radical, in which the moiety is branched, linear or cyclic and has from 2 to 20 carbon atoms, preferably an additional gelling agent selected from the group consisting of N-lauroyl-glutamic acid diethyl amide, N-lauroyl-glutamic acid dibutyl amide, N-lauroyl-glutamic acid dihexyl amide, N-lauroyl-glutamic acid dioctyl amide, N-lauroyl-glutamic acid didecyl amide, N-lauroyl-glutamic acid didodecyl amide, N-lauroyl-glutamic acid ditetradecyl amide, N-lauroyl-glutamic acid dihexadecyl amide, N-lauroyl-glutamic acid distearyl amide, N-stearoyl-glutamic acid dibutyl amide, N- stearoyl-glutamic acid dihexyl amide, N-stearoyl-glutamic acid diheptyl amide, N- stearoyl-glutamic acid dioctyl amide, N-stearoyl-glutamic acid didecyl amide, N-stearoyl- glutamic acid didodecyl amide, N-stearoyl-glutamic acid ditetradecyl amide, N-stearoyl- glutamic acid dihexadecyl amide, N-stearoyl-glutamic acid distearyl amide and mixtures thereof A gel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of nonpolar, volatile oils, preferably nonpolar, volatile oils selected from the group consisting of non-volatile polysiloxanes, paraffinic hydrocarbon oils, and mixtures thereof, relatively polar, non-volatile oils, nonpolar, non-volatile oils, and mixtures thereof A gel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the non-volatile polysiloxanes are selected from the group consisting of polyalkylsiloxanes, polyarylsiloxanes, polyalkylarylsiloxanes, poly-ethersiloxane copolymers and mixtures thereof A gel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the paraffinic hydrocarbon oil is selected from the group consisting of mineral oils, petrolatums, isodecanes, permethyls, isohexadecanes, isododecane, isoparaffins A gel according to any one of the preceding claims, in the form of a cosmetic composition, preferably a lipstick, gel, bar soap lip balm, soft gel, cream, lotion, roll-on, makeup, facial moisturizer, or gel stick A gel according to any one of the preceding claims, further comprising a moisturizer or protectant, preferably a moisturizer or protectant selected from the group consisting of aloe vera, allantoin, aluminum hydroxide gel, bismuth subnitrate, boric acid, calamine, cocoa butter, corn starch, dimethicone, glycerin, lanolin, kaolin, live yeast cell derivative, petrolatum, shark liver oil, sodium bicarbonate, sulfur, tannic acid, white petrolatum, zinc acetate, zinc carbonate and zinc oxide and mixtures thereof A method of forming a gel comprising the steps of a) providing a gel forming solvent, and b) dissolving in the gel forming solvent a gelling agent of the formula R Q O R , I 9 II I 5 R j C — C — N — R 2 a β I R 7 x — Y — - z — R 8 O 1 II R ,- - C — C — N — R 1 1 I I 4 R 10 6 a) R- | is nil, hydroxy, hydrogen, aryl, siloxane or saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, straight, branched or cyclic chain C-1-C22 alkyl, C-1-C22 alkenyl, C1-C22 alkoxy, C-1-C22 alkyl esters, C1-C22 alkyl ethers, or C-1-C22 alkyl substituted aryl, b) R2. R4, R5 and RQ are independently or together, hydrogen, hydroxy, aryl, siloxane or saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, straight, branched or cyclic chain C-1-C22 alkyl, C1-C22 alkenyl, C1-C22 alkoxy, C1-C22 alkyl esters, C1-C22 alkyl ethers, or C-1-C22 a ' k yl substituted aryl,, c) R3 is nil, hydroxy, hydrogen, saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, straight, branched or cyclic chain C1-C4 alkyl, C-1-C4 alkenyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C-1-C4 alkyl esters or C-1-C4 alkyl ethers, d) R 7 and Re are independently or together, nil, hydrogen, hydroxy, aryl, siloxane or saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, straight, branched or cyclic chain C-1-C22 alkyl, C-1-C22 alkenyl, C-1-C22 alkoxy, C-1-C22 alkyl esters, C-1-C22 alkyl ethers, or C-1-C22 alkyl substituted aryl; e) Rg is nil or hydrogen; f) R-jo and R-| -j are independently or together, nil, hydrogen, hydroxy, aryl, siloxane or saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, straight, branched or cyclic chain C-j-Cg alkyl, C- | -Cg alkenyl, C- | -Cg alkoxy, C-|-Cg alkyl esters, C-j-Cg alkyl ethers, or C^-Cg alkyl substituted aryl; g) X is nitrogen, aryl or ~ ^ ^i n where n is an integer from 1 to 6; h) Y is nil, acyl or carbonyl; i) Z is nil, hydrogen, hydroxy, aryl, siloxane, nitrogen or saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, straight, branched or cyclic chain Q>22 a ' k y'. C-1-C22 alkenyl, C-1-C22 alkoxy, C-1-C22 alkyl esters, C-1-C22 alkyl ethers, or C1-C22 alkyl substituted aryl; and j) "a" is a double or single bond provided: (i) when X and Z are not nil and Y is nil, X is directly bonded to Z; (ii) when Z is nil, a hydrogen or a hydroxy, R7 and RQ are nil; and (iii) when "a" is a double bond, R3 and Rg are nil.

Inventors: GUSKEY GERALD JOHN, SWAILE DAVID FREDERICK, GUSKEY, GERALD, JOHN, SWAILE, DAVID, FREDERICK
Applicants: PROCTER & GAMBLE, THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY
Application year: 1997
Main classification: A61K7
IPC codes: A61K8, A61K9, A61Q1, A61Q15, A61Q19, C08L83, C09K3, C11D1, C11D3, C11D17