Throwaway insert and cutting tool

Abstract: A substantially square throwaway insert (1) which can be used for perpendicular machining if a cutting tool on which the insert is mounted is rotated in either direction. All its four corners (2-5) can be used as cutting edges (6-13). Each cutting edge (6-13) protrudes outwardly toward the center (14-17) thereof, as viewed from top of the insert. Also, each cutting edge (6-13) recedes toward the center (14-17) as viewed from side of the insert. The insert (1) is mounted on a cutting tool with such an axial rake (Ax) and a radial rake (Rd) that each corner of the insert can machine a surface having substantially a right angle.

Description: BACKGROUND OF THE INVENITON This invention relates to a throwaway insert capable of machining surfaces that cross each other at an angle of substantially 90° (such machining is hereinafter referred to as perpendicular machining) on a workpiece, and a rotary cutting tool equipped with such inserts, such as a face milling cutter, end milling cutter or side cutter. But the throwaway insert of the invention may also be mounted on tools for turning. For perpendicular machining, triangular throwaway inserts and parallelogrammic ones as shown in Fig. 8 at 21 are used. These inserts have only three and two usable corners, respectively. Substantially square inserts having four usable corners are also known. E.g. in Unexamined Japanese Patent Publication 7-246505, there is disclosed an insert which has a main and an auxiliary cutting edge at each corner and is capable of finish-machining a bottom surface with the auxiliary cutting edge. As viewed from one side, each auxiliary edge is inclined inwardly at a very small angle relative to the main cutting edge. The flank of each main cutting edge comprises a first and a second face, the first face being inclined at a smaller angle than the flank of auxiliary cutting edge. This substantially square throwaway insert can be used for perpendicular machining. A throwaway insert shown in Fig. 9 is also known. The conventional substantially square throwaway insert having auxiliary edges can machine a side and a bottom that cross each other at substantially 90 ° . But such a throwaway insert of this type can be used only when the cutting tool is rotated in one direction. On the tool which is rotated in the opposite direction, this insert has to be replaced with another insert having its main and auxiliary edges arranged in opposite ways. If as viewed from one side of the insert, the main edge extends obliquely downward toward the center, when the depth of cut is larger than half the length of each main cutting edge, a force that pushes the workpiece upward will be produced. This force causes chattering or lowers machining accuracy. SUMMARY OF THE INVENITON According to the present invention, there is provided a substantially square throwaway insert having flanks with a positive relief angle, four corners and four cutting edges extending between each pair of the adjacent corners, each of said cutting edges protruding outwardly toward the center of each cutting edge as viewed from top of the insert and receding downwardly toward the center of each cutting edge as viewed from side of the insert, and cutting tools equipped with the plurality of inserts of the above type, the inserts being mounted so that the cutting tool can machine a workpiece to form two surfaces that cross each other at substantially 90° . With this arrangement, the same insert can be used when the tool is rotated in either direction. Even though the insert of the present invention has no auxiliary cutting edges, it can form substantially perpendicular surfaces on a workpiece. Since each cutting edge is the lowest at its center as viewed from side, even when the depth of cut is greater than half the length of the cutting edge, it is possible to suppress the force that acts to push the workpiece upward and thus to improve the machining accuracy. Now let us imagine a throwaway insert having a square shape as viewed from top but with its cutting edges receding downwardly toward the center as viewed from the side. If the relief angle γ (Fig. 2) is positive, the insert will look as a square having each side lowest at the center of each side as viewed from top. If this insert is mounted on a cutting tool with a positive axial rake and a negative radial rake, each cutting edge will look extending inwardly at a more acute angle toward its center as viewed from top. Such an insert can form only surfaces that cross each other at an angle smaller than 90° . The insert according to the present invention has cutting edges each protruding outwardly from two adjacent corners of the insert. This insert is mounted on a cutting tool at such an axial rake and a radial rake that rectangular machining with substantially 90° is possible with all four corners. On the throwaway insert according to the present invention, the first and second portions of each cutting edge extend obliquely outwardly toward its center from two adjacent corners of the insert at an angle α of 30'-5 ° with respect to the straight line connecting the two corners. Thus, the four corners of the insert defined by the adjacent cutting edges have an angle of 90 ° + 2 α, i.e. an angle greater than 90 ° . This throwaway insert is mounted on a rotary cutting tool with a positive axial rake and a negative radial rake. Most preferably an axial rake should be +5 ° to +25 ° and a radial rake be -5 ° to -30 ° . If the insert is mounted on a rotary cutting tool, the corner will have an angle slightly larger than 90° as viewed from top. But it is possible to adjust its angle to exactly 90 ° by adjusting the downward inclination  of the first and second portions of each cutting edge with respect to the straight line connecting two adjacent corners of the insert. In other words, the angle  is determined so that the corner formed by perpendicular machining to about 90° . Alternatively, each cutting edge may have an arcuate shape as viewed both from top and side so that it is the lowest at the center. For perpendicular machining, such arcuate cutting edges preferably have a radius of curvature of 30-100 mm. In this case, each corner is defined by two convex curves, having an angle of 90 ° + 2 α. When this throwaway insert is mounted on a rotary cutting tool, its axial rake and radial rake are determined so that each corner has will have a substantially right angle. Other features and objects of the present invention will become apparent from the following description made with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Fig. 1 is a top plan view of a throwaway insert embodying the present invention; Fig. 2 is its side view; Fig. 3 is its perspective view; Fig. 4 is a side view of a rotary cutting tool having a plurality of throwaway inserts according to the present invention mounted thereon; Fig. 5 is a bottom view of the same; Fig. 6 is a view of a throwaway insert of the present invention mounted on a rotary cutting tool and used for cutting; Fig. 7 is a side view of a throwaway insert of the present invention mounted on a rotary cutting tool; Fig. 8 is a view of a conventional throwaway insert mounted on a rotary cutting tool and used for cutting; and Fig. 9 is a similar view of another conventional throwaway insert. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFEREED EMBODIMENT The embodiment of the present invention is now described with reference to the drawings. Figs. 1-3 show the throwaway insert of one embodiment, which is a substantially square, flat, positive insert. As shown in Fig. 1, which is a top plan view of the insert, each of the cutting edges extending between two adjacent ones of the four corners 2, 3, 4 and 5 comprises two substantially straight portions 6 and 7, 8 and 9, 10 and 11, and 12 and 13, respectively. Each pair of straight portions extend obliquely outwardly from the respective corners toward the center 14, 15, 16 and 17 of each cutting edge at an angle α with respect to the straight line connecting the adjacent corners at both ends of the cutting edge, as viewed from top of the insert. In other words, each cutting edge protrudes outwardly toward its center. Thus, in a strict sense, this insert has an octagonal shape as viewed from top. As shown in Fig. 2, which is a side elevation of the insert, the straight portions 10 and 11 extend obliquely downward from the respective corners 4 and 5 toward the center 16 of the cutting edge at an angle . In other words, each cutting edge recedes downwardly toward its center. The angle  is the value determined by the angle α and the axial rake angle Ax (Fig. 4) and radial rake angle Rd (Fig. 5). Fig. 3 shows a perspective view of the throwaway insert. Fig. 4 shows a rotary cutting tool 18 having throwaway inserts 1, 1' of the above embodiment mounted thereon. Ax indicates an axial rake of each insert, which is the inclination angle of the plane including the four corners of the insert with respect to the axis of the cutting tool. Fig. 5 is a bottom plan view of the tool 18, as viewed from the direction of the arrow A in Fig. 4. Rd indicates a radial rake. In order to maintain edge sharpness and strength, Ax should preferably be set to +5° to +25° and Rd should be set to -5° to -30° . Fig. 6 shows how the rotary cutting tool 18 equipped with the throwaway insert 1 is used to cut a workpiece 19. In this figure, the cutting edges 10 and 9 are shown to cross at a nose 4 at substantially 90 ° . The bottom face is finished by a cutting edge 9 whereas a side face that crosses the bottom face at a right angle is formed on the workpiece by the straight portions 10 and 11 of the cutting edge. Since the straight portions 10 and 11, which meet at the center 16, are arranged so that they look as if a single straight line, it is possible to machine the workpiece even if the depth of cut is greater than half the length of the cutting edge. A relief angle of 5'to 30' may be provided between the cutting edge 9 and the workpiece near the nose 4 to reduce the cutting load to the cutting edge 9 during perpendicular machining. Fig. 7 shows a side view of the throwaway insert 1 mounted on the rotary cutting tool 18. If only the straight portion 10 is used, i.e. the depth of cut is less than half the length of the cutting edge, the actual axial rake will be Ax'. Sharpness in cutting is high in this state. When both straight portions 10 and 11 are used, i.e. when the depth of cut is greater than half the length of the cutting edge, the actual axial rake will be Ax. Since Ax is smaller than Ax', it is possible to suppress the force that pulls up the workpiece. The same throwaway insert according to the present invention can be used when the cutting tool is rotated in either direction. No auxiliary cutting edges are needed for perpendicular machining. While the depth of cut is less than half the length of the cutting edge, sharpness in cutting is high. In cuttings in which the depth of cut is greater than half the length of the cutting edge, it is possible to suppress the force that pulls up the workpiece and thus to improve the machining accuracy.

Claims: A substantially square throwaway insert having flanks with a positive relief angle, four corners (2,3,4,5) and four cutting edges (6,7;8,9;10,11;12,13) extending between each pair of the adjacent corners, each of said cutting edges protruding outwardly toward the center (14,15,16,17) of each cutting edge as viewed from top of the insert and receding downwardly toward the center of each cutting edge as viewed from side of the insert. A throwaway insert as claimed in claim 1 wherein each cutting edge forms, as viewed from top of the insert, an angle α of 30' to 5° with respect to a straight line connecting said two adjacent corners. A rotary cutting tool comprising a body and at least one throwaway insert (1,1') of the type claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein said insert is mounted on said body with an axial rake angle Ax of +5 ° to +25° and a radial rake angle Rd of -5° to -30° so that each corner of said insert forms a substantially right angle as viewed from top of the insert.

Inventors: EMOTO SHIGENORI, MAETA ATSUHIKO, EMOTO, SHIGENORI, MAETA, ATSUHIKO
Applicants: SUMITOMO ELECTRIC INDUSTRIES, SUMITOMO ELECTRIC INDUSTRIES, LTD.
Application year: 1997
Main classification: B23C5
IPC codes: B23C5, B23B27