EXAMINING A DIAMOND

Abstract: In order to test whether a diamond has had a layer of synthetic diamond deposited thereon, it is irradiated with high energy ultraviolet radiation to cause emission of luminescence, the luminescence intensity produced by different zones of the diamond being measured and compared. In one embodiment an integrating enclosure (15) is used and the diamond (13) is mounted on a rotatable mount (14).

Description: EXAMI ING A DIAMOND Background to the Invention The present invention relates to a method of and apparatus for testing whether a natural diamond has had a layer of synthetic diamond deposited thereon. This is of particular importance in testing whether the diamond is wholly natural or whether any part of it comprises CVD diamond material and alεo in locating such material if present. Synthetic diamond material may be deposited on an uncut or part processed natural diamond which is then worked, for example, into a round brilliant cut. Alternatively, the synthetic diamond material coating may be deposited onto a fully fashioned brilliant stone after working of the stone. The thickness of the synthetic diamond material layer may be very thin (it could be in the range from 5 microns to 10 microns) but the present invention may also be used to detect thicker layers. The value of a diamond is in part dependent upon its weight. Accordingly, synthetic diamond material may be deposited onto natural gem diamonds, before or after cutting of the diamond, to increase the weight of the finished product. However, the value of a diamond also resideε in its qualities of authenticity and uniqueness and in the fact that it is an entirely natural (i.e. mined) product. Thus, a diamond that has not been enlarged by deposition of εynthetic diamond material has a value over a diamond which has. Over the years, a number of methods of synthesising diamond material have been developed. One of these methods is the chemical vapour deposition (CVD) technique, which is a low pressure technique involving deposition of synthetic diamond (referred to as CVD diamond material in this specification) onto a substrate from a gas. CVD is the most likely way in which synthetic diamond will be deposited on a diamond, although alternative techniques such as physical vapour deposition have been proposed. A diamond artificially enlarged by deposition of CVD or similar diamond material is referred to in this specification as a "CVD/natural diamond doublet". CVD diamond material may be deposited on a non-diamond or diamond substrate. In the latter case, the CVD diamond material can replicate the structure of the diamond substrate (referred to as "homoepitaxial growth"). The CVD/natural diamond doublet produced can be identical in appearance, density and other common physical properties to an entirely natural stone and there may be a problem in identifying such a CVD/natural diamond doublet. It is an object of the present invention to provide a method of and apparatus for testing whether a diamond has had a layer of synthetic diamond deposited thereon. It is desired that the apparatus should be simple and may be put into operation by a person with relatively little training. The method and apparatus should be capable of being operated reliably and consiεtently by a practised jeweller who has no training in laboratory gemological analysis. The method and apparatus should be εuitable for screening large numberε of stones, one at a time, and should be εuitable for automation. Britiεh patent application No 9404309.8 diεcloεes a method of determining whether a diamond has had a layer of synthetic diamond deposited thereon in which the diamond is caused to luminesce with electrons or high energy ultraviolet radiation and the resulting pattern of luminescence is observed to detect zones of superficial synthetic diamond. Preferably, the whole diamond is irradiated and the pattern observed by eye through magnifying means or on a screen via a CCD camera. The preεent invention provideε a method of teεting whether a diamond has had a layer of εynthetic diamond deposited thereon, comprising observing a plurality of zones of the surface of the diamond, each zone being obεerved by irradiating the zone with high energy radiation to excite or εtimulate emiεεion of luminescence and asεeεεing the intenεity of the luminescence. The preεent invention further provideε an apparatuε for teεting whether a diamond has a layer of synthetic diamond depoεited thereon, compriεing a mounting meanε, a support for a diamond, movably mounted on the mounting means, means for irradiating a diamond supported in the support with high energy radiation to excite or stimulate emiεεion of lumineεcence, and meanε for providing a signal dependent upon the intensity of lumineεcence produced when a diamond mounted on the εupport is irradiated. Means for driving the support with reεpect to the mounting meanε may be provided. The mounting meanε may be fixed with reεpect to the irradiating means. The invention further provideε an apparatuε for teεting whether a diamond haε had a layer of synthetic diamond deposited thereon, comprising an integrating enclosure having a support for a diamond, means for irradiating a zone of a diamond mounted on the support, and means for giving a signal dependent upon the flux intensity of luminescence m the integrating enclosure, produced when a diamond in the integrating enclosure is irradiated. The support for the diamond may be movable with respect to the integrating enclosure and may be driven by drive means. The inventors have discovered that seeking substantial differences n the luminescence of different zones of a diamond provides a particularly simple way to locate superficial layers of synthetic diamond material. No imaging or visual interpretation of a complex image by an operator, as in British patent application number 9404309.8, is required. By luminescence is meant emitted radiation of a wavelength generally different to the irradiating radiation which causes it. The luminescence intensity is preferably measured. Preferably, a signal dependent upon the intensity of luminescence from each zone is produced. Alternatively, the surface of the diamond may be scanned by a beam of irradiating radiation, any significant change m intensity of luminescence between one zone and the next being detected. The diamond may be irradiated with ultraviolet radiation of suitable wavelength. Substantially all natural diamonds will luminesce if irradiated with radiation of wavelength less than 225 nm. It is accordingly preferable to use radiation of wavelength leεε than or approximately equal to 225 nm. The irradiating radiation may be substantially monochromatic or it may comprise a range or a εet of wavelengthε. It is preferred that preponderantly only the surface region of the diamond iε irradiated and cauεed to luminesce. This is becauεe layers of synthetic diamond material may be relatively thin. f the irradiating radiation penetrates to a depth significantly greater than the thickness of the thin layer of εynthetic diamond material, lumineεcence could be produced from underlying natural diamond material which would confuse or swamp out the lumineεcence from the εynthetic diamond layer. For thiε reason also, it is preferred that the diamond is irradiated with radiation of wavelength less than or approximately equal to 225 nm which is very εtrongly absorbed by all types of diamond. This iε deεcribed in more detail in British patent application number 9404309.8. The irradiating radiation may include radiation of wavelengths greater than 225 nm. Certain radiation bandε of wavelength greater than 225 nm have different absorption characteriεtics in different types of diamond. Accordingly, such radiation could penetrate the layer theoretically being studied and cause luminescence in other areas of the diamond, which could confuse the results. Irradiating radiation of wavelength much greater than 225 nm may be confused with luminescing radiation. It is desirable that radiation of wavelength greater than 225 nm should be sufficiently low in intensity that lumineεcence from parts of the diamond apart from the zone of interest does not swamp out or reduce the contrast in observations of lumineεcence. Preferably at leaεt 50% of the irradiation energy iε at wavelengthε leεs than 225nm. Preferably, however, radiation of wavelengths greater than 225 nm should be εubεtantially excluded by a suitable filter. The diamond may alternatively be irradiated with a beam of electrons of suitable energy, but the apparatus would then be complicated. The irradiating radiation must be of intensity sufficient to generate observable lumineεcence. The irradiating radiation may be generated by any suitable means, for example a laεer or other εource. The irradiating radiation may be directed onto the gemεtone by any suitable means. However, the attenuation of short wavelength ultraviolet radiation by normal optics is high and it is preferred to use optical equipment which has a high tranεmisεivity at short ultraviolet wavelengths. Radiation of wavelengths shorter than 180 nm is attenuated by normal ON optics and by oxygen in air and is effectively filtered out by the apparatus. Preferably the radiation is focuεed onto the diamond. More preferably, the radiation is focused onto an area of the diamond which is εmaller than the total preεented εurface area of the diamond. Moεt preferably the radiation iε focused to a small spot and scanned over the surface of the diamond. As set out in more detail in GB 9404309.8, radiation of wavelength less than 225 nm is absorbed predominantly in the surface region of the diamond. Thiε is of assistance in the present invention in that luminescence observed when a given zone is irradiated will be predominantly dependent upon the composition of the surface of the zone irradiated. The lumineεcence bandε obεerved for various types of diamond (natural or synthetic) fall within a wide range of wavelengths, generally in the visible part of the εpectrum. A signal dependent upon intensity of luminescence falling in a relatively narrow band or a relatively wide band may be given. In the latter case, it is preferable to provide a cut-off filter to exclude the irradiating radiation. A synthetic diamond layer depoεited upon a natural diamond may be identifiable if the lumineεcence thereof iε a different colour to the lumineεcence of the natural part of the diamond or, more importantly, of a different intenεity to the lumineεcence of the natural part of the diamond. Accordingly, when the plurality of zoneε are teεted, εignificant differences (for example, the lower signal being of the order of 80%, preferably 50%, or lesε of the higher), in the intensity of luminescence produced by different zoneε of the diamond will εuggeεt a CVD/natural diamond doublet. It iε poεεible that differenceε in luminescence intensity do not originate in a layer of synthetic diamond. The present invention provides a useful guide. However, further testing may be beneficial. It may be sufficient only to test a few zones (maybe only two) in order to detect a difference in the lumineεcence in different zoneε. Preferably, however, a large number of zones are observed. The intensity of radiation may, in the method of the invention, be assessed by eye. In this case, means should be provided for exluding the hazardous ultraviolet radiation from the observer. If the luminescence is asεeεεed by eye, it is not necessary to form an image of the zone irradiated if the irradiating radiation can be confined to the zone of interest and irradiation of other zones avoided. In that case, the luminescence, rather than the diamond will be observed in effect. Preferably, the observed radiation comprises no irradiating radiation. A small amount of irradiating radiation may be tolerated in the obεerved radiation if it doeε not εwamp out luminescence. The luminesced radiation may be detected by any suitable meanε. For example, a beam splitter may be placed in the path of the irradiating radiation, being configured to direct luminesced radiation from the diamond to a detector. A filter for filtering out irradiating radiation may be provided for the detector. Alternatively, the diamond may be placed in an integrating encloεure and a zone of the diamond irradiated with irradiating radiation. The integrating encloεure iε provided with a detector for giving a signal dependent upon the intensity of lumineεcence in the integrating enclosure produced when the given zone is irradiated. The detector may include a filter for filtering out irradiating radiation. Preferably, the integrating enclosure compriseε an integrating εphere. If an integrating encloεure iε uεed, the zone of the diamond of intereεt must be irradiated and εubεtantially no other zoneε. The diamond may be irradiated using a beam of confined dimensionε which may be produced, for example, by an aperture between the diamond and the radiation εource. Preferably, a single zone of the diamond is irradiated at any one time and a plurality of such zones are irradiated sequentially. However, a plurality of different zones of the diamond may be independently irradiated simultaneouεly and signals dependent upon the intensity of lumineεcence produced by each reεpective zone provided, in εucceεsion or simultaneously, the observations being subsequently compared. The diamond may be placed with the zone of interest in contact with the aperture, to reduce the inclusion of light from other parts of the diamond. This arrangement is particularly suitable if a beam splitter is provided in the irradiation path for passing luminescence to a detector. The confined beam may be of variable dimension or of fixed dimension. It may correspond in εize to a facet of a worked diamond or to a part of a facet. Preferably, the confined beam iε smaller than the maximum dimension of the diamond, or is adjustable in size to allow this. The aperture may be of size 1 - 15 mm acrosε, preferably 5 - 10 mm. An iris aperture may be provided, adjustable in size for best results. More preferably, the beam may be focusεed to a εmall εpot of εize 1 micron - 1 mm across, preferably 5 - 100 microns, and preferably scanned acrosε the diamond. Radiation emanating from the diamond may be pasεed to the detector through a filter. Preferably, the filter is a cut-off filter for filtering out the irradiating radiation. A further filter may be provided for passing selected luminescence bands. For example, a number of interchangeable filters could be used, each paεεing light of a different wavelength. The beam is preferably scanned (ie moved continuouεly or semi continuously) over the surface of the diamond. Means for scanning the beam may be provided in the form of means for moving the beam with respect to the diamond. For example, the diamond may be rotated about an axis not coincident with the beam of radiation. Preferably, the axis is normal to the beam of radiation. Means may be provided for moving the diamond linearly with respect to the beam of radiation, for example in two directions normal to the beam of radiation. Means may be provided for giving a signal if the intensity of radiation emitted by the diamond changes by an amount exceeding a predetermined value. This is particularly useful if the diamond iε scanned continuously. It allows changes in surface composition to be readily identified. For example, the signal giving means may co priεe meanε for giving a εignal dependent upon intenεity of radiation and εignal generating means for giving a change signal if the intensity of radiation changes by a given amount. For example, the change signal may be given if the intenεity of radiation measured changeε by 5%, preferably by more than 10%, preferably by greater than 20%. The εignal generating meanε may compriεe a timer εo that a change εignal is only given if the intensity of radiation changes by a predetermined amount within a predetermined period of time. Means may be provided for altering the period of time and/or the amount by which the signal must change before a εignal is given. In one embodiment of the invention, the diamond is placed in a rotatable mount and rotated continuouεly, whilεt the intensity of lumineεcence iε measured. A noisy or modulated DC εignal (variations in intensity of lumineεcence being cauεed by naturally occurring slight local differences in diamond compoεition, and internal reflection and refraction) followed by a much broader pulεe of higher or lower intenεity will suggest a CVD/natural diamond doublet. Preferably, the diamond iε rotated a plurality of times in order to give a plurality of readings which may be combined statiεtically to give a εtatistically improved reading. The invention is preferably used with fluorescence - that is, luminescence produced effectively instantaneously by a zone of a diamond when it is irradiated with an electron beam or high energy ultraviolet radiation. The apparatus of the invention is preferably confined in a light-tight box. Thiε iε to exclude radiation from external sources from reaching the detector and to prevent the potentially harmful high energy ultraviolet radiation escaping and causing damage to skin and eyes. The invention will be further described by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 1 iε a εchematic illuεtration of apparatuε for carrying out the invention, according to a first embodiment; Figure 2 is a schematic illuεtration of apparatus for carrying out the invention according to a second embodiment; and Figure 3 showε a diagram of the signal output obtained. Detailed Description of the Drawingε In the apparatus generally designated as 1 in Figure 1, a diamond 2 iε mounted in or on a mounting 3 which iε rotatable and which iε tranεparent to εhortwave ultraviolet light and to visible light. The diamond is irradiated with ultraviolet radiation of wavelength lesε than 225 nm. The radiation iε generated by a εource 4 (εuch aε a Xenon flaεh lamp, deuterium lamp or ultraviolet laεer). Irradiating radiation iε filtered through a cut-off filter 5 which removeε visible radiation, in order to improve the contraεt of the luminescence observed. Radiation is focuεed onto a small zone of the diamond by a lens 6. The small zone of the diamond will be caused to luminesce, generating luminescence of intensity and colour dependent upon the local composition of the zone irradiated. Some of this luminescence passeε back down the direction of irradiation to beam εplitter 7 which paεεeε lumineεcence through a lens syεtem 8 having a filter 9 for removing radiation of wavelength lesε than 225 nm, the luminescence being focused onto a photomultiplier tube 10. The photomultiplier tube 10 iε connected to a proceεεor 11 and monitor 12 to diεplay a εignal dependent upon the lumineεcence produced. In a preferred embodiment of the process of the invention, a plurality of zones of the diamond are irradiated by fixing the diamond with respect to rotatable mount 3 and rotating the mount (and the diamond) with respect to the rest of the apparatus εo that the point of contact of the radiation moveε over the εurface of the diamond. The mount iε alεo movable in a direction normal to the beam and to the axis of rotation so that the full height of the stone can be scanned by repeated rotations. The diamond 2 shown in Figure 1 is a CVD/diamond doublet, with a layer of CVD synthetic diamond material on the table of the diamond. The signal from the photomultiplier tube 10 displayed on monitor 12 aε the diamond 2 is rotated will be a "noisy DC" signal as the irradiating radiation pasεes over the natural part of the εtone, followed by a relatively broad dip to a lower (or higher) noiεy DC εignal as the focus of the irradiating radiation moves over the synthetic part of the stone, cauεing luminescence of a different intensity. The "noise" will be due to small local variations in diamond composition, external and internal reflection and refraction etc. The apparatus of Figure 1 is not intended to detect the colour of the luminescence, though it may be modified to do so by providing a number of exchangeable coloured filters in front of the detector. The opticε used in Figure 1 are UN tranεmitting opticε such as those manufactured by Spindler & Hoyer. Figure 2 shows a schematic apparatus for carrying out a method according to a second embodiment of the invention. In the apparatuε, a diamond 13, which iε a CVD/natural diamond doublet, is mounted on a rotatable mount similar to the mount 3 shown in Figure 1. The mount and the diamond are placed inside an integrating sphere 15 which is lined with a material with good reflectance in the visible range. The diamond is irradiated using a UN source 16. Light from the source is passed through a filter 17 to remove light of wavelengths greater than 225nm and is focused by a lens 18 onto the surface or near the εurface of the diamond 13. The irradiating radiation iε of wavelength leεε than 225 nm and therefore causes luminescence. Apparatus for detecting the luminouε flux denεity of light at the lumineεcing wavelength(ε) iε provided in the form of a photomultiplier tube 19. A filter 20 iε provided for filtering out the irradiating radiation and a baffle 21 iε provided in the integrating εphere 15 to ensure that the radiation passing to the photomultiplier tube 19 is representative of the luminous flux denεity in the εphere. A processor 22 and monitor 23 is provided for εhowing the εignal produced by the photomultiplier tube 19. As the diamond 13 is a CVD/natural diamond doublet, the signal produced by the photomultiplier tube 19 when the mount 14 and diamond 13 are rotated is similar to that shown by the monitor in Figure 1. Figure 3 showε in more detail a signal produced by the photomultiplier tube 19 or 10 of Figure 2 or 1 respectively. Fluctuationε in the εignal ("noise") due to natural variations in the diamond are distinct from changeε in the εignal due to layerε of synthetic diamond in that fluctuations are lower in intensity and extend over smaller ranges of angles of rotation. In an alternative embodiment, the proceεεor 22 or 11 may be programmed to meaεure the rate of change of the εignal received from the photomultiplier tube 19 or 10. The proceεεor 11 or 22 may be connected to meanε for rotating the mount 3 or 14 reεpectively. The rate of change of the εignal with reεpect to time or with respect to position of the mount 3 or 14 may be meaεured. The proceεεing means 11 or 22 may be programmed to give a signal if the rate of change of the signal from the photomultiplier tube 10 or 19 exceeds a given value. A signal is then given, for example on monitor 12 or 23 to indicate that a "jump" in the emission of the diamond had been detected. Such a "jump" in emiεεion can be correlated with the preεence of a synthetic diamond layer. The preεent invention haε been deεcribed above purely by way of example, and modificationε can be made within the εpirit of the invention. The invention alεo σonεiεts in any individual features described or implicit herein or εhown or implicit in the drawingε or any combination of εuch features or any generalisation of any such features or combination.

Claims: CLAIMS: 1. A method of testing whether a diamond has had a layer of synthetic diamond deposited thereon, comprising observing a plurality of zones of the surface of the diamond, each zone being observed by irradiating the zone with high energy radiation to excite emiεεion of lumineεcence and assessing the intensity of the lumineεcence. 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the diamond iε irradiated with radiation of wavelength leεs than 225nm. 3. A method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein a εignal dependent upon the intenεity of lumineεcence iε produced. 4. The method according to any preceding claim, further compriεing the εtep of detecting differences in the intensity of luminescence produced by different zones of the diamond and clasεifying the diamond as having a layer of synthetic diamond deposited thereon if the differences exceed a predetermined value. 5 . The method according to any of the preceding claims, further comprising scanning the diamond whilst the diamond is irradiated, and meaεuring the intenεity of lumineεcence produced by the diamond aε the diamond iε scanned, to provide a plurality of readings of luminescence intensity. 6. An apparatuε for testing whether a diamond haε a layer of εynthetic diamond depoεited thereon, compriεing mounting means, a support for supporting a diamond, the support being movably mounted with respect to the mounting means and meanε for irradiating a diamond εupported in the εupport with high energy radiation to εtimulate emiεεion of lumineεcence, and means for providing a signal dependent upon the intensity of lumineεcence produced when a diamond mounted on the εupport iε irradiated. 7. Apparatuε for testing whether a diamond haε had a layer of εynthetic diamond depoεited thereon, comprising an integrating encloεure, a support for a diamond within the integrating encloεure, meanε for irradiating a diamond supported within the intregrating enclosure with high energy radiation to stimulate emisεion of lumineεcence, and means for providing a signal dependent upon luminous flux intensity of luminescence within the integrating encloεure, produced when a diamond in the integrating encloεure iε irradiated. 8. Apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the support iε movably mounted on mounting means fixed with reεpect to the integrating enclosure, whereby different zoneε of the diamond may be irradiated with the irradiating meanε. 9. Apparatuε according to claim 6 or 8, wherein driving meanε are provided for moving the εupport. 10. Apparatus according to any of claims 6 to 9, wherein the irradiating means iε for irradiating the diamond with radiation including radiation of wavelength leεε than 225nm. 11. Apparatus according to any of claimε 8 to 12, wherein irradiating radiation may be focussed onto a diamond supported on the support means. 12. Apparatus according to claim 6, wherein a beam splitter is placed εubstantially in the line of the irradiating radiation for directing to a detector luminescence emitted by a diamond supported by the support along the direction of the irradiating radiation. 13. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein the means for giving a εignal dependent upon the intenεity of lumineεced radiation compriεes a radiation detector and a filter for filtering out irradiating radiation. 14. Apparatus according to any of claims 6 to 14, further comprising meanε for altering the εize of the beam of irradiating radiation. 15. A method for inveεtigating whether a diamond haε had a layer of synthetic diamond deposited thereon, subεtantially aε herein described with reference to the accompanying drawingε. 16. Apparatus for testing whether a diamond has had a layer of synthetic diamond deposited thereon, substantially as herein described with reference to the accompanying drawings.

Inventors: COOPER MARTIN, MARTINEAU PHILIP MAURICE, SMITH JAMES GORDON CHARTERS, SMITH MARTIN PHILLIP, SPEAR PAUL MARTYN, WELBOURN CHRISTOPHER MARK, COOPER, MARTIN, MARTINEAU, PHILIP, MAURICE, SMITH, JAMES, GORDON, CHARTERS, SMITH, MARTIN, PHILLIP, SPEAR, PAUL, MARTYN, WELBOURN, CHRISTOPHER, MARK
Applicants: COOPER MARTIN, GERSAN ETS, MARTINEAU PHILIP MAURICE, SMITH JAMES GORDON CHARTERS, SMITH MARTIN PHILLIP, SPEAR PAUL MARTYN, WELBOURN CHRISTOPHER MARK, COOPER, MARTIN, GERSAN ESTABLISHMENT, MARTINEAU, PHILIP, MAURICE, SMITH, JAMES, GORDON, CHARTERS, SMITH, MARTIN, PHILLIP, SPEAR, PAUL, MARTYN, WELBOURN, CHRISTOPHER, MARK
Application year: 1996
Main classification: G01N21
IPC codes: G01N21