ENCAPSULATED PRODUCT

Abstract: An encapsulated product comprises a shell of microbial cell wall-derived material, such as the cell walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and a substance encapsulated within the shell. The material is dyed to give a colour which is visible in the bulk product.

Description: ENCAPSULATED PRODUCT This invention relates to an encapsulated product and to a process for its production. It is known that substances may be encapsulat¬ ed within the cell walls of microorganisms. For example, EP-A-0085805 discloses a process for encapsu¬ lating substances which comprises treating a microbe with an organic lipid-extending substance such that the substance is absorbed by the lipid and is retained passively in the microbe. The method described in this document is said to be particularly suitable for producing encapsulated dyes for use in, for example, carbonless copying paper. It will be appreciated that an important requirement for this end use is that the dye must not be visible in the intact product so that a change in colour may be observed on rupturing the capsules to release the dye. Microbial encapsulation is also disclosed in EP-A-0242135 and this document teaches that an encap¬ sulated material may be obtained by contacting the material with a microbe which has a lipid content significantly less than 40% by weight. This document discloses the encapsulation of essential oils used in flavours or fragrances and, as in EP-A-0085805, the encapsulation of dyes. Again, however, it is essential that the colour of the dye should become visible only when the capsules are ruptured. There is no mention in this document that dyes and essential oils may be encapsulated together. The present invention provides an improved encapsulated material which involves the use of micro¬ bial cell walls for encapsulation but which allows a colour to be seen in the intact (i.e., unruptured) bulk product. Accordingly, the present invention provides an encapsulated product comprising a shell of microbial cell wall-derived material and a substance encapsulat¬ ed within the shell, wherein the material is dyed to give a colour which is visible in the bulk product. The substance is one which does not occur naturally in the microbe in any significant amount. The term "microbial cell wall-derived materi¬ al", as used herein, is intended to cover microbial cell wall material as it occurs in the live or dead cell and microbial cell wall material that has been physically or chemically modified. Possible modifica¬ tions of the cell wall material are known and include treatment to soften it in order to facilitate subsequent release of encapsulated material, such as by treatment with a proteolytic enzyme or an alkali, and treatment to harden it in order to prevent premature liberation of the encapsulated material, such as by treatment with a dilute aqueous aldehyde solution. The shell of microbial cell wall-derived material is preferably complete and continuous but it may also be incomplete (i.e., it may contain one or more apertures) and this may be desirable for some applications. The microbe from which the microbial cell wall-derived material is obtained may be a fungus, bacterium or alga. Preferably, the microbe is a fungus. Suitable fungi include the yeasts Kluyvero- yces fragilis (dairy yeast), Candida utilis and filamentous fungi such as Aspergillus niger but, as a result of its availability and effectiveness in the invention, the preferred fungus for use in the present invention is Saccharomyces cerevisiae (brewer's yeast and baker's yeast). The substance which is encapsulated in the product of the invention may be a pure substance, a mixture or it may be a solution of the substance or the mixture in a solvent. The solvent should not be miscible with the microbial lipid and suitable sol¬ vents therefore include the lower alcohols such as methanol, ethanol and isopropanol. The substance is conveniently a liquid at room temperature. Examples of substances which may be encapsu¬ lated in accordance with the invention are benzalde- hyde and essential oils used in flavours or fragrances (such as lemon, garlic, clove, mint, peppermint, lavender, cedar, cheese and eucalyptus oils) , pheromones (such as Dacus oleae, Z-11-hexadecenal and 2,9-DDA) , insecticides (such as organophosphorus compounds, e.g., malathion and Diazinon), leuco dyes (for instance sudan blue, sudan black and crystal violet lactone), vitamins (such as Vitamins A and C), drugs (such as menthol), detergents (such as lauryl ether sulphate) , rodenticides (such as alphachloralose) , nematocides (such as dichlorophen) , insect-repellents (such as onion extract), herbicides, fungicides, molluscicides , insect-and plant-growth regulators, water-soluble materials such as food colourants (e.g., cochineal), and oil of wintergreen. Preferably, the substance comprises an essential oil used in flavours or fragrances. It is also preferred that the material is dyed to give it a colour which is associated with the naturally occurring source from which the essential oil may be obtained e.g., the substance is lemon oil and the material is dyed yellow or the substance is lavendar oil and the material is dyed lilac. The dyes which may be used in the present invention are any naturally occurring or synthetic colouring agents that can be taken up by the microbial cell-wall derived material so that a colour is visible in the bulk intact product i.e., before the product is ruptured. Provided that this requirement is met, the dye may be taken up by and/or absorbed on the surface of and/or encapsulated within the cell wall-derived material. Preferably, however, the dye is taken up by the cell wall-derived material. The dyes may also be visible when the product is ruptured although if a second dye is encapsulated in the product, a colour change may be observed on rupturing. Suitable naturally occurring dyes and methods for dyeing cell ghosts are described in EP-A-0566347. The methods disclosed in this document have been found to be applicable in the present invention for dyeing the microbial cell wall-derived material. Examples of the naturally occurring dyes which may be used are turmeric and annatto. Many synthetic dyes may also be used in the present invention such as, for example, azo-dyes. Of course, for some applications of the product it will be important that the dyes are suitable for food use. The present invention also provides a process for producing the product of the invention. In one embodiment, the process comprises treating a grown intact microbe by contact with an encapsulatable substance in liquid form which is capa¬ ble of diffusing into the microbial cell without causing total lysation thereof and dyeing the treated microbe by contact with a dye. Dyes which are non-toxic to the microbes may be used to colour the microbes before the diffusion of the encapsulatable substance into the cell. Therefore, in another embodiment, the process of the invention comprises dyeing a grown intact microbe and treating the dyed microbe by contact with an encapsulatable substance in liquid form which is capable of diffusing into the cell without causing total lysation thereof. Surprisingly, this process gives better results in terms of oil encapsulation and dyeing than the process above i.e., that involving encapsulation followed by dyeing. In either embodiment of the process of the invention, the microbe is preferably live at least at the commencement of the process. Also, treatment of the microbe advantageously comprises mixing the mi¬ crobe with an encapsulatable substance in an aqueous medium by, for example, adding the encapsulatable substance in liquid form to a slurry of the microbes in water. The treatment is preferably carried out at a temperature of from 20°C to 60°C at least during the initial stage of the treatment and, desirably, is performed for a time until the desired optimum amount of one or more globules of the substance can be ob¬ served microscopically within the microbial cell. Following treatment to encapsulate the substance and/or to dye the material, the treated and/or dyed microbes may be separated from the liquid (e.g., by centrifugation) and dried (e.g., by freeze- drying or spray-drying). The dyeing step of the process of the inven¬ tion preferably comprises the addition of the dye, as a liquid or a solution, to a stirred mixture of the treated or untreated microbes in an aqueous liquid, and separating the dyed microbes from the resulting mixture. The aqueous liquid is preferably water but it may contain organic solvents such as lower alcohols (e.g., ethanol) and its pH may be adjusted, depending on the nature of the dye, to optimise the dyeing of the microbes. For use in the invention, the microbe should be in grown form and must be intact i.e., not lysed. As mentioned above, the microbe may be alive, at least at the commencement of the treatment; however, the microbe may have been subjected to conditions (such as by irradiation of the microbe) to destroy its ability to propagate. It is not necessary for the microbe to have a significant lipid content. Typically, the lipid content may be not more than about 5%, for example up to 3%, of the dry weight of the microbe. The microbes may, however, be treated with lipid-extending sub¬ stances to increase the lipid content of the microbe, as taught in, for example, EP-A-0085805. After encapsulation and/or dyeing, the micro¬ bial capsule may be treated to soften it in order to facilitate subsequent release of the encapsulated substance, such as by treatment with a proteolytic enzyme or an alkali, or it may be treated to harden it in order to prevent premature liberation of the encapsulated substance, such as by treatment with a dilute aqueous aldehyde solution. Usually the microbe will be killed as a result of the encapsulation. The encapsulated substance may be released from the microbial capsules when desired by, for instance, chemical biodegradation or mechanical rupture of the microbial cell wall, or by subjecting the capsules to an environment in which the substance diffuses gradually out through the pores in the microbial cell wall. Thus, the product of the invention allows the substance to be retained within the microbial capsules, identifiable by their colour, until its release by biodegradation, rupture, or diffusion. The product of the invention may be employed in any application for which known microcapsules are conventionally used either as a free-standing product or adhered to a substrate. Suitable applications include, for example, use in foodstuffs to give a delayed release of flavour when the foodstuff is eaten, in striped toothpaste to immobilise a given flavour in a coloured stripe, in confectionery , in personal hygiene products, in the advertising of perfumes by providing small samples of microcapsules adhered to paper, in copying paper and in tamper- evident applications where a colour or odour produced on rupturing the product indicates tampering. The invention is illustrated by the following Examples. EXAMPLE 1 (a) Dyeing Live Yeast Live baker's yeast from Gist-Brocades-British Fermentation Products Limited (2 kg) was made up into a slurry with 10% aqueous ethanol (1 1) and the pH adjusted to 3.0 with concentrated hydrochloric acid. Turmeric oil (5 ml) was gradually added to the mixture with continuous stirring. The yeast became bright yellow in colour but was left stirring for 2 hours before possible further additions. Further turmeric oil (12 ml) could be added before the oil started to show in excess. The mixture was then left to stir overnight. The resulting coloured yeast was centrifuged (2,500 rpm for 15 minutes) and washed four times with warm water. A sample of the coloured yeast was taken for microbiological examination and for growth on malt extract agar and liquid malt extract at 30°C. Live yeast was observed under the microscope with only a few vacuoles while the slopes and the liquid medium grew well. (b) Encapsulation in Coloured Yeast A sample of the coloured yeast obtained in (a) (20 to 30 g based on dry weight of the yeast) was made up to a 15 to 20 w/v slurry with water. Lemon oil (6 g; 20% based on the dry weight of the yeast) was added with stirring gradually over a period of 4 hours at 30°C. The product was then centrifuged (2,500 rpm for 15 minutes), frozen and vacuum dried to give 29 g of a yellow powder with a lemon odour. Microbiological examination of the product showed that many of the yeast cells contained large oil droplets similar to vacuoles. SUDAN III stain also indicated the presence of oil. The degree of leaching of the colour from the product was determined by placing a small sample of the product on a filter paper. In this case, some leaching of the colour from the product to the filter paper was observed. EXAMPLE 2 This example illustrates that yeasts other than baker's yeast may be used in the present invention. (a) Dyeing Yeast 200ml of an aqueous slurry of Pekin yeast (a strain of yeast used in gasohol production, obtained from the Pekin Fermentation Company, USA) having a dry weight of 36g was used at its natural pH value of 4.45. Turmeric oil was added to the slurry with continuous stirring at 15 to 20 β C a few ml at a time until a bright yellow colour was obtained and a small amount of excess turmeric oil remained on the surface of the mixture. The mixture was centrifuged and the separated dyed yeast washed with cold water until no colour appeared in the washings. (b) Encapsulation in Coloured Yeast 100ml of the dyed yeast slurry obtained in step (a) above was stirred at 40°C in a water bath and 5ml lemon oil was added gradually. The mixture was maintained at this temperature, with stirring, overnight and was then centrifuged, washed with cold water Lri s_i. , tu and freeze dried. Microscopic examination of the yeast showed that the oil had entered the yeast cells and occupied most of the cell. Using the method described in Example 1, the degree of leaching of colour from the product was assessed. The product was found to hold its colour much more strongly than the product of Example 1. EXAMPLE 3 This example was carried out to show that it is possible to encapsulate the oil in the yeast first and then dye the resulting product. (a) Encapsulation in Yeast 300ml of a slurry of Pekin yeast in water having a dry weight of 19.2% w/v was stirred at 40°C and 10ml lemon oil was gradually added. The mixture was left to stir overnight at 40°C and the volume made up to 300ml with water to compensate for losses due to evaporation. (b) Dyeing Encapsulated Yeast 5ml turmeric oil was added gradually to the mixture obtained in step (a). Examination by high power microscopy (xlOOO magnification) showed that little oil had been taken up and, therefore, an additional 5ml each of lemon oil and turmeric oil was added. After 4 hours further stirring, the mixture was centrifuged at 300 rpm for 10 minutes. This gave rise to a yellow yeast layer, a thickish supernatant (brown/yellow in colour) and a small amount of oil floating on top of the mixture. The yeast was washed with water and freeze dried. The encapsulated product produced by this method was found to be acceptable but the method was considered to be slightly inferior to the method involving dyeing the yeast followed by encapsulation. EXAMPLES 4 TO 10 Example 1 was repeated using the following dyes (all of which are synthetic) and oils: Dyes Oils FD & C Red No. 40 Peppermint + FD & C Red No. 1 Peppermint RIT Black (CPC International Inc) Cheese Oil + Product was pasteurised at 80°C after encapsulation In all cases an acceptable encapsulated product was obtained. EXAMPLES 11 TO 14 Example 2 was repeated using the following dyes and oils: Dyes Oils FD & C Red No. 40 Peppermint FD & C Blue No. 1 RIT Black (CPC International Inc) Again, in all cases a satisfactory product was produced. EXAMPLE 15 The product of Example 1 was incorporated into a standard commercially available mayonnaise- ype dressing at a level of about 1% by weight. A yellow colour was imparted to the dressing and a lemon flavour developed in the mouth when the product was tasted.

Claims: CLAIMS 1. Encapsulated product comprising a shell of microbial cell wall-derived material and a substance which does not occur naturally in the microbe encapsu¬ lated within the shell, wherein the material is dyed to give a colour which is visible in the bulk product. 2. Product as claimed in claim 1, wherein the microbial cell wall-derived material is from a fungus. 3. Product as claimed in claim 2, wherein the fungus is Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 4. Product as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the substance comprises an essential oil used in flavours or fragrances. 5. Product as claimed in claim 4 , wherein the dyed material has a colour which is associated with the naturally occurring source from which the essen¬ tial oil may be obtained. 6. Product as claimed in claim 5, wherein the substance is lemon oil and the material is dyed yel¬ low. 7. Process for preparing the product of claims 1 to 6 comprising treating a grown intact microbe by contact with an encapsulatable substance in liquid form which is capable of diffusing into the microbial cell without causing total lysation thereof and dyeing the treated microbe by contact with a dye. 8. Process for preparing the product of claims 1 to 6 comprising dyeing a grown intact microbe and treating the dyed microbe by contact with an encapsu¬ latable substance in liquid form which is capable of diffusing into the microbial cell without causing total lysation thereof. 9. Process as claimed in claim 7 or claim 8, wherein the microbe is alive during the encapsulation treatment. 10. Process as claimed in any one of claims 7 to 9, wherein the treatment comprises mixing the microbe with the encapsulatable substance in an aqueous medium. 11. Process as claimed in any one of claims 7 to 10, wherein the treatment is performed at a temperature in the range of from 20°C to 60°C, at least during the initial stage of the treatment. 12. Process as claimed in any one of claims 7 to 11, wherein the treatment is performed for a time until the desired optimum amount of one or more glob¬ ules of the substance can be observed microscopically within the microbial cell. 13. Process as claimed in any one of claims 7 to 12, wherein the dyeing step comprises the addition of the dye to a stirred mixture of the treated or untreated microbes in an aqueous liquid. 14. Foodstuff comprising the product of claims 1 to 6.

Inventors: GREENSHIELDS RODERICK NORMAN, HOBSON JOHN CHARLES, GREENSHIELDS, RODERICK, NORMAN, HOBSON, JOHN, CHARLES
Applicants: CPC INTERNATIONAL INC, GREENSHIELDS RODERICK NORMAN, HOBSON JOHN CHARLES, CPC INTERNATIONAL INC., GREENSHIELDS, RODERICK, NORMAN, HOBSON, JOHN, CHARLES
Application year: 1996
Main classification: B01J13
IPC codes: A23L1, A61K9, B01J13, C09B61, C11B9