METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR POWDER COATING

Abstract: A method and a plant for powder coating in which objects (2), which are to be powder-coated, are prepared for temporary retention of the powder, whereafter the powder is applied to the object in a layer which is retained on the object until the powder by melting and transformation to a solid state by means of curing is brought to form a coating layer on the surface of the object. The powder is prepared in order to have a low melting and softening temperature, principally below 100 DEG C and preferably 60-100 DEG C, and comprises an initiator system arranged to bring the powder material to curing under the influence of electromagnetic radiation. The powder prepared in this way is heated on the object to such a temperature that it melts and forms an adherent layer on the coated surfaces of the object. Thereafter, this layer is subjected to the radiation, thus curing it to a coating layer covering the powder-coated surfaces.

Description: TITLE: Method and apparatus for powder coating TECHNICAL FIELD: The present invention relates to a method for powder coating and a plant for carrying out the method. STATE OF THE ART: Powder coating is a well known method for coating of objects in which one starts from a powdered coating material which is electrically charged and sprayed against the surfaces of the object, and which material is finally adhered and converted to a solid state by heating to its melting temperature. Since the powder consists of a plastic which is cured by heating, it must be heated to a comparatively high temperature, in the region of 200 °C. This coating method may well be performed on objects having good heat resistance and a conductive surface. If the surface is non-conductive, implying that the object cannot be earthed or supplied with a charge of an opposite polarity to the charge of the powder, difficulties arise with getting the powder to adhere during the time between the spraying and the heating to the melting temperature. The difficulty of obtaining a polarity difference between the powder and the object, when non-conductive surfaces are concerned, has in certain processes been solved by either varnishing the object with a conductive varnish, or subjecting it to water in such a state that a conductive moisture layer is formed on the surface. These methods have, however, achieved a limited use because of disadvantages such as the fact that the varnishing involves an additional operation and an additional material addition, and may also result in inferior adhesion compared to powder coating on the clean surface and furthermore, when clear varnishes are concerned, a discoloration. The addition of water may, on its part, impair the adhesion of the powder coating and damage the object by confining the added water beneath the coating. A further method of getting the powder to adhere to the surface of the non-conductive object is disclosed in DE, Al, 3 211 282 (August Albers). In this document the object having good heat resistance and mentioned to be a glass object, is heated to a temperature of 400-900 °C. This causes the powder granules which impact the object to melt and stick to the surface, making it possible to bring the conversion to a homogenous, solid state to an end. Objects which already at a lower temperature run a risk of deformation or change in any other way, cannot be treated at the high temperature required by this method. Thus, the method in question cannot be applied to e.g. objects made of wood or plastic. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION: The object of the invention is to achieve a method, which may be applied to powder coating of objects which are not suitable for heating to higher temperatures, which should be possible to limit to approx. 100 °C and even below. When objects having a non-conductive surface are concerned, the method may be carried out without the need for any varnishing with a conductive varnish or any addition of moisture. The method is therefore suitable for coating wooden objects, such as furniture, and objects made of a plastic, which for example for reasons of tenacity or cost is chosen from a type providing the finished object with a surface having a different look than the one possible with the construction plastic itself. When wooden objects are concerned the coating may be a clear varnish, which allows the structure of the wood to stand out. According to the invention the method comprises the following main steps: I. Preparing a powder for the coating, said powder having a low melting point, approximately 60-100 °C and consisting of a polymer possessing the property of being initiated to curing by electromagnetic radiation and especially radiation by ultraviolet light. II. Preparing the object in such a way that the powder may be retained on its surface until a permanent adherence has been achieved thanks to the melting and the curing of the powder. This may be achieved in different ways, individual or in interaction, and depending of the material and the design of the object, for instance: a) Heating the object to the melting temperature of the powder, making the powder granules stick to the surface during melting. This may be carried out irrespective whether the object has a conductive surface or not, and with the herein disclosed powder composition at a low temperature. b) Spraying the powder in an atmosphere heated to such an extent that it reaches its melting temperature and, in a state melted to at least a sticky state, adheres to the surface of the object. c) Retention of the powder by means of electrostatic forces, thus by giving the powder an electric potential and the object a potential of the opposite polarity. This may be achieved when objects having a conductive surface are concerned. When objects having a non-conductive surface are concerned, the surface may, as disclosed by way of introduction, be made conductive by a conductive varnish or by moistening. Also other methods of giving the object an opposite polarity may be applied. III. Application of the powder, preferably by spraying while the powder particles are electrostatically charged in such a way that they achieve a good distribution in the room. This does not, however, prevent application through other methods, for instance immersion in a fluidised powder bed may occur. IV. Heating, in order to make the powder particles melt to a levelled layer and adhere to the surfaces of the object. As is evident from (Ila and b) above, the attachment of the powder on the surface of the object may be achieved by heating the object or the surrounding atmosphere, thus making the application of the powder and the heating take place in the same operation, whereby any special heating after the powder application is unnecessary. V. Exposing the object to, preferably, ultraviolet radiation, thus initiating the curing process. From this it is evident that the method may be carried out without creating any opposite polarity between the electrostatically charged powder and the object. Such a polarity may, however, occur and is valuable in order to get the powder distributed over all surfaces of the object, especially if it has a complicated configuration. Thus, the method does not require, but does not exclude, any form of charging or neutralisation of the object, for instance when objects made of non-conductive material, for example by adding any of the methods which were disclosed by way of introduction, coating with a conductive varnish or moistening. Moreover, an electrostatic charge is attained in certain materials when heated, a condition which may be utilised in certain circumstances. The invention also comprises a plant for carrying out the method. DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS: In the attached drawings there is shown a schematic illustration of a plant for carrying out the method according to the invention. PREFERRED EMBODIMENT: A brief description of the method according to the invention has been disclosed in the introduction of the description. According to this the method comprises a number of main steps. These will now be described in greater detail for a certain embodiment. In said embodiment the main steps have been complemented by a number of sub¬ steps in order to adapt the method to the special requirements of the embodiment. Step I : Preparation of powder The powder is composed of a polymer, and may be pigmented or non-pigmented for a clear coating, rendering the underlying surface visible, something which is often aimed for when wooden objects are concerned. A principal property is that the powder should possess a melting point which is lower than the temperature to which the objects, which are to be coated with the powder, should be heated. This temperature limit is partly decided by the properties of the material of the object, since the structure of certain materials changes at a relatively low temperature, already below 100 °C when certain thermoplastics are concerned. Said temperature limit is in part decided by the sensitivity to deformation when heated of the object in question. This sensitivity depends on the construction of the object, an object having a compact form is not as easily deformed as disc-shaped or as long slender objects - and also depends on how homogenous the material in the object is; certain wood species are very sensitive to deformation when heated. The principal region for the melting point or the softening point of the powder may be specified to be 60-100 °C. As can be understood by the following description, it is not necessary for the object to be through-heated to the melting temperature of the powder, but only its surface, though to such a depth that the temperature is fairly uniformly distributed in the object, and in such a way that the temperature is retained until the powder is applied on its surface. With the expression "the melting temperature of the powder" it is not intended that the powder material has to have become fluid, but in many cases it is sufficient that it has reached such a degree of softening that it adheres to the intended surface to be coated. The fact that only the surface has to be heated and that the temperature may be kept low is advantageous when powder coating objects, which certainly can endure a higher temperature, but for which it is disadvantageous to heat to a higher temperature. This is the case for instance when objects of conductive material are concerned, in which the heat rapidly spreads inwards. As an example, solid cast iron objects may be mentioned, which require a considerable heating time with large energy consumption if other methods than the present method are utilized. Another principal property which the powder material should possess is that its curing should be possible to initiate by means of electromagnetic radiation. According to the present state of the art, it has turned out to be most advantageous to use ultraviolet (UV) radiation and to adapt the polymeric powder to this. In the continued description of the embodiment UV radiation is therefore presumed. This, however, does not exclude that other electromagnetic radiation may be used in the invention. Also combinations of different types of radiation may be useful. Good levelling at a low melting temperature may be obtained since the powder is at least partly composed of polymers such as polyester and in addition levelling agents. Curing by ultraviolet radiation within the wavelength range 350-400 nm may be attained if polymers in a known way are admixed with initiators. These are only examples of how said properties may be attained and there are also other powder compositions which may exhibit the desired properties. A clear layer which does not conceal the underlying surface is obtained after curing, from a polymer powder containing no pigmentation or dyes. If a non-transparent layer is wanted, such as opaque, white, black or coloured, pigments or other dyestuffs are added. There is also a possibility to control the gloss of the coated surface by means of additives. If the additives produce changes in the mentioned, necessary properties, low melting point and possibility for UV curing, this must be taken into account when composing the powder and possibly also when implementing the method. Step II: Preparation of the object in order to retain the powder on its surface In the embodiment, Ila is applied: Heating the object which is to be coated. The object which is to be coated is assumed to have a limited heat resistance; typical of such are wooden objects, pressed objects such as woodfibre-board or plastic objects, and thereby also made of reinforced plastics and/or with a high addition of filler. The fact that a material has a low heat resistance, as when wood and a majority of plastics are concerned, generally also implies that it is non-conductive. Materials having high heat resistance are typically construction metals, which are conductive. Conventional powder coating generally presumes objects with a conductive surface, however the present invention is not limited to such objects but may advantageously also be applied when non-conductive surfaces are concerned, and no pretreatment for achieving conductive properties has to take place. This makes the method particularly valuable. However as earlier mentioned, the method may also be applied to solid objects, e.g. cast iron bodies, in order to reduce the energy consumption for heating. The heating may take place in different ways: by convection by means of heat air flow, by infrared radiation, or in exceptional cases, when for instance plates which are to be coated only on one side are concerned, by heating by conduction from heated surfaces. Particularly useful is a method in which simultaneous heating take place by means of convection by the air stream and by means of IR radiation. The IR radiation gives a rapid and comparatively deep heating of the surfaces it strikes, and the air flow gives as a result that the temperature is very uniformly distributed over the surfaces of the object, also when objects having a very complicated outer shape are concerned and also when the IR radiation does not reach all surface sectors. The heating is presumed to take place in a chamber, established for the purpose, in a plant where the objects which are to be coated may be transported between different work stations intended for carrying out the method steps. Further, see the description of the plant. Step III: Powder spraying In immediate connection to when the heating has been performed, the respective objects are transported to a space where the powder may be sprayed on. This is conveniently accomplished by means of spray guns, arranged in such a way that the surfaces which are to be coated may be struck by the powder. In connection to this it is convenient that the guns are arranged to charge the powder with an electrostatic charge. It is previously known to use a high voltage driven charging device, or that the powder, during its journey through the spraying equipment, is charged by friction against walls made of material adapted to the purpose. The charge will make the powder granules repel each other, whereby particle clouds can be attained to encompass the object. Because of the aforementioned adaptation between the heating temperature of the objects and the melting temperature of the powder, the particles will arrive in a tacky state and be deposited on the surface of the object when they impact the object. In this manner, the respective objects receive a covering, but uncured, layer of the polymer-based coating material. Step IV: Heating to the melting temperature of the powder As is evident from the earlier description, such a heating takes place in connection with the application of the powder. Complementary step: Intermediate tempering Curing through UV radiation now remains in order to obtain a finished coating. At least in certain case it may, however, be convenient to adjust the condition of the applied, sticky coating layer. Such an adjustment of the layer may be done by means of a change of temperature, either cooling or heating. In certain cases there might be a risk that the layer, in its partly dissolved, sticky state and particularly because of the continued heating by means of conduction from the heated object, reaches such a fluent state that there is a risk of running and drop-forming at protruding edges. In order to prevent this, cooling may be undertaken, thus lowering the temperature which was necessary for melting the powder particles, to a temperature where the formed layer obtains a more solid state. Optionally, if it is not convenient to heat the object to the temperature which the powder which is used requires for the desired melting, heating after the spraying in order to lower the viscosity may be valuable instead. In this way the incompletely melted powder granules can be caused to run together in order to form an uniform layer. If the temperature on the object has been kept low, because it must not be exposed to a higher temperature, this post- heating must be performed in such a way that, in the main, only the applied layer is heated but not the underlying object. Accordingly, the heating may be undertaken by means of a rapid process involving IR radiation, conveniently in combination with a heated air flow in a short process. In many cases there is, on the whole, no need for such an intermediate tempering and in that case this step is omitted. Step V: Curing When conventional powder coating is concerned, as earlier mentioned, the polymerization of the powder material is done by means of heating, as a rule in a convection oven. The heating thereby at first leads to a fusion of the material while the powder granules are initially retained by means of electrostatic forces. After this the curing, which is initiated by the heating, takes place. The present method is aimed at carrying out the process at such a low temperature that no curing can be attained by the heating or, in any case, would require such a long time after initiation that it would be unfeasible in an industrial process. Accordingly, the curing must be accomplished in another way: by means of initiation of the curing process by ultraviolet radiation. Under Step I it has been described how the powder material is prepared for such a curing. The curing should take place at different UV wavelengths, depending on how the varnish is pigmented and which photoinitiator has been added. An UV spectrum situated in the lower region, 250-350 nm, is convenient, whereby it is assumed that a photoinitiator which absorbs within this range is utilised. There are also lamps having a maximum at 350-400 nm and at 400-450 nm and there are also photoinitiators which absorb at these large wavelengths. One may also pigment a UV-curing powder coating in many different ways. The pigment must in all cases be adapted to the right photoinitiator and lamp. High intensity lamps may imply that it is easier to cure thick layers and to increase the curing rate. The object which is to be cured does not have to be in focus but the intensity at a certain distance might be sufficient. This is especially evident when clear varnishes are concerned, for pigmented systems it is more important that the intensity be as high as possible. The UV curing takes place in an especially adapted chamber into which the objects are brought after the powder spraying and the possible intermediate tempering. In the chamber a number of UV radiators are arranged, from which the radiation should reach all coated surfaces of the object. For certain objects having a complicated shape and a coating on many different sides, special layouts might be necessary. Thus, it may be necessary to arrange a large number of UV radiators directed in different ways and they may also be complemented with mirrors, to re-direct the present radiation at new angles. The UV rays could also be made to move around the respective objects. Optionally the objects may be rotated or moved in another way in front of the radiation sources. When the radiation strikes the coating layer, the initiator system of the material will start the polymerization. It is thereby possible to conduct this very rapidly - times down to 2 seconds are possible. The short processing time in relation to the time for heat curing offers important advantages when industrial production is concerned, on the one hand a faster flow-through of work pieces and, on the other hand a possibility to reduce the length of the plant in relation to what is necessary for a curing oven. The above mentioned intermediate tempering, particularly cooling, may take place simultaneously with the UV radiation. By means of an adapted cooling it may be prevented that the temperature during the curing reaches disadvantageously high numbers because of energy contribution from the flow of heated objects and because of the UV radiation. Such cooling during the UV radiation is assumed in the present embodiment, further see the description of the plant. After Step V the method is terminated and the objects have obtained a cured coating. Accordingly, all advantages which are associated with powder coating, namely the possibility of achieving larger layer thicknesses and higher mechanical resistance, as compared to wet varnishing, have been reached. The method is also very environmentally friendly since no solvents need be used, and because powder, which in the spraying step has not struck the object, may be collected in the spraying chamber in order to be reused. In the attached drawing a plant is schematically depicted in which the different method steps may be carried out in a rational, industrial process. The plant shown in the drawing has the form of a tunnel 1 through which the objects 2 which are to be treated may be brought by means of a suspended conveyor 3, the transporting portion of which travels in a direction from the left to the right in the drawing. In the drawing the tunnel is shown in an opened-up state along a longitudinal section. It is thus evident that it is divided into four chambers, each being adapted for the realization of one of the Steps II-V. Preparation of the powder, Step I is not included in the plant - the powder is assumed to be added in a state of preparation ready for use in the plant. Initially, there is a chamber 5 for Step II, the heating. This chamber exhibits radiators 6 for infrared light as well as inlet openings 7 for heated air from a combined heating and blower set. Thereafter there follows a chamber 9 for the spraying procesε. Inside this there are placed a number of spray guns 10 which via hoses 12, are connected to a powder container 13. The spray guns may, as shown, each be furnished with several spray nozzles 15. By means of a pressurized air-driven system shown in no greater detail, the powder from the container 13 may be sucked up through the hose 12 to the respective gun 10 in order to be sprayed out by means of the nozzles 15. In this context, it is assumed that inside the spray guns there are channels made of a material, for instance polytetrafluoroethylene, which because of friction between the walls and the powder lends the latter an electrostatic charge. Optionally or supplementary, the guns may be provided with charging surfaces which are supplied with high voltage electrical current. The next chamber 16 is arranged for the occasionally occurring post-tempering. It is furnished with inlet openings 17, for either heated or cooled air, and may also be provided with IR radiators for complementary heating. This chamber may be omitted if no post-tempering is contemplated in the processes concerned. A remaining chamber 18 is adapted for step V, the curing step. In the same, a number of radiators 19 for UV radiation are inserted. As earlier mentioned, mirrors for re-directing of radiation may also be present and the walls of the chamber may conveniently be reflective. In order to enable the temperature to be kept constant or even to allow cooling in this chamber, it is provided with inlet openings 22 for air. This air may be collected partly from a return line 23 from the chamber, and partly from an inlet 24 to a source of air with a temperature corresponding to or lower than the lowest temperature which is assumed to be required from the cooling air through the openings 22. This source may be the ambient atmosphere if the ambient temperatures are sufficiently low, or air from a refrigerating machine. Furthermore, there is an outlet 25 for air from the outlet opening 26 in the chamber, in case the discharged air is not completely going in return and in through the openings 22, but is completely or partially replaced by air from the inlet 24. The proportions, between return air supplied through the openings 22 and fresh air from the inlet 25 are controlled by a thermostat-controlled throttle 27 in order to keep the temperature inside the chamber constant at the temperature most suitable for the process. As a rule, it cannot be avoided that heat is accumulated during a continuous coating process, giving rise to a heat increase which has to be controlled, since the heated objects which are brought in provide a continuous heat contribution, simultaneously as it cannot be avoided that the rays 19 emit a certain waste energy and the UV radiation itself provides an energy contribution. This can consequently take place by means of the described cooling system. When carrying out the method in the described plant the objects are suspended in turn on the transporting portion of the conveyor 3. At first the objects are brought in turn into the chamber 5. Consequently, the conveyor moves with speed adapted to the length of time required for the treatment step in order to thereby achieve a sufficient dwell time in the respective chambers. In the chamber 5 the objects are surrounded by heated air, blown through the openings 6 in a smooth flow, and exposed to IR radiation from the radiators 7. This leads to a heating, which is well distributed over the surface of the objects, and which is driven far enough to retain the heat required for the next step. In the chamber 9 the next step is performed, the powder spraying. It should be evident from the preceding description how this is performed with the aid of the spray guns 10. These generally have to be adapted to the object in question, when it comes to their positions and often also to their design, for instance the number of nozzles. In certain cases, it might be necessary to suspend the spray guns in a movable way, making them execute a movement pattern during the spraying. If required, a complementary heat treatment is performed in the chamber 16, either cooling in order to stabilise the layer on the heated objects, or heating in order to achieve a better levelling of the layer sticking to the objects. In the chamber 18, finally, the curing is initiated by means of radiation from the UV radiators 19. After the irradiation or in connection therewith, a certain curing time may be necessary, and the chamber 18 is conveniently extended in such a way that the layer is stabilised when the objects leave the chamber. In this manner, the radiation equipment may be differentiated along the extension of the chamber, for instance with a more intensive radiation at the inlet end of the chamber than at the outlet end. As is evident from the description of the chamber 18, it may be necessary to control the temperature during a continuous manufacturing process by means of cooling. How this is accomplished is evident from the foregoing. The herein described method and plant are described as a preferred embodiment. However, other embodiments may be included within the scope of the attached claims. By way of introduction it has been mentioned that the retention of the powder applied on the surface of the object may be take place in other, known ways than by a preheating of the objects. In cases concerning objects with a conductive surface, the sticking of the powder onto the objects may very conveniently be done by means of electrostatic forces, while the melting of the powder which is necessary for the process in that case is achieved by means of a post-heating without requiring the objects to be preheated. Such an embodiment of the method thereby completely follows the specified main steps: Step lie, electrostatic charging or neutralisation of the object; Step III, application of the powder; Step IV, heating to the melting temperature of the powder; and Step V, curing. In terms of the application of the powder, several different methods have been indicated, out of which spraying of the powder is the most useful method and which therefore has been chosen in the preferred embodiment. Consequently, the method as well as the plant may be adapted in a multitude of different ways to the prevailing requirements and the types of objects which are to be treated, and to the material of these. Common to all its embodiments is, however, that a fusion of a powder, which is fusible at a low temperature, is applied, thus bringing about the formation of a polymer layer on the surface of the respective objects which are to be coated, whereafter the curing takes place by means of radiation without any substantial temperature increase. Throughout the process a temperature is thus maintained which is considerably lower than that which has earlier been practised within the field.

Claims: CLAIMS : 1. Method for powder coating, in which the surface of objects (2) which are to be powder coated is prepared in order to temporarily retain the powder, whereafter the powder is applied onto the object, for instance by spraying in a layer which by means of said preparation is retained on the object, so that the powder by means of melting of the powder and transformation to a solid state by means of curing is caused to form a coating layer on the powder- coated surfaces of the object, c h a r a c t e r i z e d i n that the powder is prepared in order to have a low melting and softening temperature, principally below 100 °C and preferably 60-100°C, and in that a polymer material in the powder comprises an initiator system, arranged to bring the polymer to curing under the influence of electromagnetic radiation, and in that the powder prepared in this manner, in connection to the application on the object prepared in said fashion, is heated to such a temperature that it melts and in that this layer thereafter is exposed to the radiation, thus curing it to a coating layer covering the powder-coated surfaces. 2. Method according to claim 1, c h a r a c t e r i z e d i n that said preparation of the surface of the objects (2) comprises heating of at least the surface layer of the object to such a temperature that a powder applied onto the object thereby reaches such a state of melting or softening that it sticks to the surface of the object until said curing by means of the radiation is carried out. 3. Method according to claim 2, c h a r a c t e r i z e d i n that the object (2) is brought to such a temperature before the powder coating that the powder melts, forming said homogenous layer across the surface of the object in such a way that the curing to a solid state may be carried out. 4. Method according to claim 2, c h a r a c t e r i z e d i n that the object (2) is heated to such a temperature before the powder coating, that the powder without complete melting sticks to the surface of the object and in that, in a subsequent step, the heating of the powder occurs such that it melts and forms said homogenous layer, whereafter the curing is performed. 5. Method according to claim 1, c h a r a c t e r i z e d i n that the object (2) and the powder are prepared in such a way that they obtain an electrostatically divergent polarity from each other, in that the powder is applied, preferably by means of spraying, so it is electrostatically retained on the object, in that the powder is thereafter heated, bringing it to melting at said low temperature, and that thereafter curing by means of the radiation is performed. 6. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, c h a r a c t e r i z e d i n that the object, after the powder has reached its melting temperature, is maintained by means of tempering at such a temperature that the melting temperature of the powder is not substantially exceeded or preferably is therebelow, while the curing by means of the radiation is performed. 7. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, c h a r a c t e r i z e d i n that irradiation is performed with ultraviolet light. 8. Plant for carrying out the method for powder coating according to any one of the claims 1-7, c h a r a c t e r i z e d i n that it comprises devices (9) for the application of powder onto objects (2) which are to be coated, devices for heating of the objects to such a temperature that the applied powder layer melts, and devices for irradiation of the objects coated with the melted powder layer, by means of electromagnetic radiation, preferably ultraviolet light. 9. Plant according to claim 8, c h a r a c t e r i z e d i n that it is designed with a number of stations in which the objects (2) are successively subjected to the different treatment steps of the method, whereby the objects in a station (5), arranged with equipment (6, 7) for achieving such a heating that the surface of the objects adopts a temperature capable of melting an applied powder, meant to be used by the method, a subsequent station (9) with devices (10, 12, 13, 15) for application of the powder, preferably by means of spraying equipment, and a station (18) provided with radiators (19) such as for ultraviolet light. 10. Plant according to claim 9, c h a r a c t e r i z e d i n that it is provided with a device such as a cooling device (22) for restricting the heating of the objects coated with the powder layer to a temperature which does not substantially exceed the melting temperature of the powder, or preferably falls short thereof, during the period from when the powder has been applied and melted and until curing has taken place.

Inventors: ARVERUS HAAKAN, KAEREM JAAN, KARLSSON LARS, STRID MARIA, ARVERUS, HAAKAN, KAEREM, JAAN, KARLSSON, LARS, STRID, MARIA
Applicants: ARVERUS HAAKAN, KAEREM JAAN, KARLSSON LARS, STRID MARIA, TRILINE AB, ARVERUS, HAAKAN, KAEREM, JAAN, KARLSSON, LARS, STRID, MARIA
Application year: 1996
Main classification: B05D3
IPC codes: B05B5, B05D1, B05D3