CYCLIN DEPENPENT KINASE BINDING COMPOUNDS

Abstract: The present invention identifies substances having the property of binding to cyclin dependent kinase (cdk) comprising: (i) a peptide including amino acid residues 84 to 103 of full length p16 protein, or an active portion or derivative thereof; or (ii) a functional mimetic of the fragment, active portion or derivative; the substance excludes full length p16, p15, p18 and p19 proteins. These substances are useful in tumour suppression by inhibiting the phosphorylation of Rb protein. Also described herein is the resolution of the amino acid motifs responsible for binding cdks, an FLD motif, corresponding to amino acid residues 90 to 92 of full length p16 protein, and an LVVL motif, corresponding to amino acid residues 94 to 97 of full length p16 protein. The substances disclosed herein can be used in the treatment of hyperproliferative disorders and to screen and design molecules having the similar properties.

Description: Cyclin dependent kinase binding compounds Field of the Invention The present invention relates to substances having the property of binding to cyclin dependent kinase (cdk) , and in particular to substances having this property derived from analysis of fragments of pl6 protein. The present invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising these substances and their use in methods of medical treatment, especially in the treatment of hyperproliferative disorders. The invention also relates to methods and uses of these substances in identifying compounds having related activities. Background to the Invention Phosphorylation of the Rb gene product (pRb) by members of the cyclin dependent kinase (cdk) family is an important step in the cells commitment to undergo mitosis. This step is regulated in the later part of the Gl phase of the cell cycle at what is known as the restriction (R) point (6) . The cdks are key regulatory factors through which both positively and negatively acting cell signal transduction factors merge. Mitogenic stimulation induces an active complex between the D-cyclins and odk4 „-r c J.--6 that is capable of phosphorylating pRb in late Gl . These kinases are also the targets for cell growth inhibitory signals arising from contact inhibition, growth factor starvation or TGF- / 3. The inhibitory signals can block kinase activity by inducing the production or activity of different members of the two rapidly enlarging families of INK4 and p2l/KIP cdk-inhibitors that either interfere directly with the kinases or with the cyclin-kinase complexes (7) . The family of INK proteins that have been identified consists of pl5, pl6, pl8 and pl9 (20, 22, 23) . However, unlike p21 Cιpl 'WAF1 , which is indirectly linked to tumour suppression activity through p53 transcriptional stimulation (8) , the INK4pl6 gene is itself deleted or mutated in a large number of human tumours (9-15) . Germ line mutations in INK4pl6 have been associated with an increased risk of developing melanoma (9,10) . The 156 amino acid product of the INK4pl6 gene is known as CDKN2 or pl6INK4a (referred to in this application as "pl6") . Summary of the Invention We set out to identify and study the region of plβ that interacts with cyclin dependent kinases such as cdk4 and cdkβ, and to investigate applications of these properties, in particular the possibility that the binding of cdks by substances comprising a peptide based on this region of pl6 could be used in tumour suppression by inhibiting the phosphorylation of Rb protein. Small peptides can sometimes be powerful tools to identify regions of proteins involved in protein-protein interactions and biological activity (16-19) . In this work, we synthesised a series of overlapping 20 amino acid (aa) peptides that spanned the pl6 amino acid sequence, and tested the capacity of each biotinylated peptide to interact with 3 S-labelled cdk4 and cdkβ expressed in rabbit reticulocyte lysates. These experiments identified a 20 amino acid synthetic peptide corresponding to residues 84 to 103 of pl6 that interacts with cdk4 and cdkδ, and inhibits cdk4-cyclin DI mediated phosphorylation of Rb protein in vi tro . An alanine substitution series defined amino acid residues important for the cdk4 and cdk6 interaction and for the inhibition of Rb phosphorylation. In this application, residues 84 to 103 of pl6 correspond to the sequence set out in figure IC, i.e. DAAREGFLDTLWLHRAGAR. Further, when coupled to a small peptide carrier molecule and applied directly to tissue culture medium, the pl6-derived peptide blocked cell cycle entrance into S-phase in both serum starved human HaCaT cells and other types of cells that are cycling normally. This was associated with an inhibition of pRb phosphorylation in vivo . These results demonstrate that a pl6-derived synthetic peptide coupled to a small carrier molecule can mimic the Gl-phase arrest associated with overexpression of full length pl6 protein. This provides a route to the restoration of the pl6 suppressor gene function in human tumours . Accordingly, in a first aspect, the present invention provides a substance having the property of binding to cyclin dependent kinase (cdk) comprising: (i) a peptide including amino acid residues 84 to 103 of full length pl6 protein, or an active portion or derivative thereof; or, (ii) a functional mimetic of the fragment, active portion or derivative; wherein the substance excludes full length pl6, pl5, pl8 and pl9 proteins; Preferably, the cyclin dependent kinase (cdk) is cd .4 or cdk6. The substance preferably also has the property of inhibiting the phosphorylation of Rb protein which is mediated by a complex formed between cdks and cyclin D. This in turn can be used to block cellular differentiation by preventing the entry of cells into the S-phase. As the substances bind cyclin dependent kinases, they can also be used to prevent the formation of the complex between cdks and cyclin D, having the additional biological effect of increasing cyclin D levels in cells. As well as blocking cdk4 and cdkβ dependent phosphorylation of pRb, the substances described herein could be used to target other cellular substrates, including the pRb family members pl07 and pl30, or other substances that are targets for cdk4 and cdkβ mediated regulation. In the present invention, "an active portion" means a portion of the peptide which is less than the full amino acid sequence of the fragment above, but which retains the property of binding to a cyclin dependent kinase (cdk) . Preferably, the peptide also has the property of inhibiting pRb phosphorylation. In the present invention, a "derivative" is a protein modified by varying the amino acid sequence of the protein, e.g. by manipulation of the nucleic acid encoding the protein or by altering the protein itself. Such derivatives of the natural amino acid sequence may involve insertion, addition, deletion or substitution of one or more amino acids, without fundamentally altering the essential activity of the proteins. As an example, a derivative of peptide 6 in which aspartic acid 92 was substituted for alanine was found to be more potent than the peptide 6 (residues 84 to 103) in binding to cdk4 and cdkβ, and having a greater inhibition of pRb phosphorylation. Other derivatives include inserting one or more amino acid residues between amino acid motifs FLD and LWL. In the present invention, "functional mimetic" means a substance which may not contain a fragment or active portion of the plβ amino acid sequence, and probably is not a peptide at all, but which has some or all of the properties of the plβ fragment, in particular the property of binding to a cyclin dependent kinase and/or inhibiting pRb phosphorylation. In a preferred embodiment, the peptide includes residues 89 to 97 of full length plβ protein. More preferably, the peptide includes the peptide motif FLD, corresponding to amino acids 90 to 92 of full length plβ protein, and/or the peptide motif LWL, corresponding to amino acids 94 to 97 of full length plβ protein. We have also found that both the D and L isoforms of the peptides share the property of binding to cdk and/or inhibiting pRb phosphorylation. In a further aspect, the present invention provides compounds comprising any of the above substances coupled to carrier molecules, enabling the compounds to be delivered to cells in vivo . In one embodiment, the carrier molecule is a 16 aa peptide sequence derived from the homeodomain of Antenna.ped.ia (e.g. as sold under the name "Penetratin" ) , which can be coupled to one of the above substances via a terminal Cys residue. The "Penetratin" molecule and its properties are described in WO 91/18981. In a further aspect, a substance comprising one of the above peptides can be stabilised by coupling to another peptide sequence. Preferably, this allows the peptide to adopt a conformation more closely resembling that of full length plβ, typically having the advantage of increasing the activity of the peptide relative to the uncoupled fragment, e.g. so that the peptide fragment has an activity more closely approaching or surpassing that of full length plβ . In further aspects, the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more of the above substances and the use of these compositions in methods of medical treatment. In a preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to the use of these substances in the preparation of medicaments for the treatment of hyperproliferative disorders, such as cancer, psoriasis or arteriogenesis . In particular, cancers which are plβ negative or associated with the overexpression of cdks are especially likely to respond well to compositions comprising one or more of the above substances. Pharmaceutical compositions according to the present invention, and for use in accordance with the present invention, may comprise, in addition to one of the above substances, a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier, buffer, stabiliser or other materials well known to those skilled in the art. Such materials should be non- toxic and should not interfere with the efficacy of the active ingredient. The precise nature of the carrier or other material may depend on the route of administration, e.g. oral, intravenous, cutaneous or subcutaneous, nasal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal routes. For such administration, a parenterally acceptable aqueous solution may be employed which is pyrogen-free and has suitable pH, isotonicity and stability. Those skilled in the art are well able to prepare suitable solutions. Preservatives, stabilisers, buffers, antioxidants and/or other additives may be included, as required. Dosage levels can be determined by the those skilled in the art, taking into account the disorder 'to be treated, the condition of the individual patient, the site of delivery, the method of administration and other factors known to practitioners. Examples of the techniques and protocols mentioned above can be found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 16th edition, Osol, A. (ed) . 1980. In embodiments in which the substances are proteins, the present invention also provides nucleic acid encoding these proteins. Those skilled in the art can readily construct such nucleic acid sequences from the amino acid sequences disclosed herein, taking account of factors such as codon preference in the host used to express the nucleic acid sequences. In embodiments of the invention in which the protein is coupled to a carrier protein, nucleic acid encoding the carrier protein can be linked to the sequence encoding the peptides and the sequences expressed as a fusion. In further aspects, the present invention provides vectors incorporating the above nucleic acid and host cells transformed with the vectors. In a further aspect, the present invention provides the use of any one of the above substances in screening for (i) compounds having one or more of the biological activities of the substances described above or (ii) compounds which are binding partners of one of the substances, e.g. antibodies or complementary peptides specific for pl6 or a plβ mimetic. Preferably, the substances are peptide fragments of plβ protein. Examples of screening procedures for mimetics or binding partners include: (a) immobilising the plβ fragments on a solid support and exposing the support to a library of labelled peptides or other candidate compounds, and detecting the binding of the peptides or candidate compound to the plβ fragments; (b) using labelled cdks and a library of unlabelled candidate compound or peptides; (c) other combinations of solid phases substrates and binding measurements; (d) Western blots using the fragments of plβ protein and antibodies raised to the plβ fragments and determining the displacement of the antibodies by candidate compounds; (e) using yeast two hybrid screens to detect candidate peptides which bind to the plβ peptide or to oligonucleotides derived from the plβ fragments (for a description of yeast two hybrid screens see our earlier application W096/14334) ; (f) using the fragments of plβ protein and/or candidate compounds in cell systems to determine whether the fragments or candidate compounds inhibit phosphorylation of Rb and/or prevent the cells from cycling; (g) using the fragments of plβ protein and/or candidate compounds in animal models of tumour growth to determine whether the fragments or candidate compounds prevent the occurrence of tumours, reduce tumour size, inhibit tumour growth and/or inhibit tumour cell migration. In a further aspect, the present invention provides method of identifying compounds which compete with one of the above substances, the method comprising: (a) binding a predetermined quantity of the substance which is detectably labelled to a cyclin dependent kinase (cdk) ; (b) adding a candidate compound; and, (c) determining the amount of the labelled compound that remains bound to the cdk or which becomes displaced by the candidate compound In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method of identifying mimetics of one of the above substances, the method comprising: (a) immobilising one or more candidate compounds on a solid substrate; (b) exposing the substrate to a labelled cyclin dependent kinase (cdk) ; (c) selecting the candidate compounds that bind to cdk. In the above aspects, preferably the cyclin dependent kinase is cdk4 or cdkβ. Preferably, the substance is a fragment of plβ protein, and more preferably the FLD and LWL motifs disclosed above. Conveniently, the candidate compounds can be selected from a synthetic combinatorial library. The present invention may further comprise testing the candidate compound for the property of inhibiting pRb phosphorylation and/or testing the compound for the property of inhibiting the entry of cells into the S-phase. In a further aspect, the present invention provides the use of a fragment of plβ protein including the amino acid motifs FLD, corresponding to amino acid residues 90 to 92 of full length plβ protein, and/or LWL, corresponding to amino acid residues 94 to 97 of full length plβ protein in the design of an organic compound which is modelled to resemble the three dimensional structure of said amino acid motifs, the organic compound having the properties of binding to cyclin dependent kinase and/or inhibiting pRb phosphorylation. The designing of mimetics to a known pharmaceutically active compound is a known approach to the development of pharmaceuticals based on a "lead" compound. This might be desirable where the active compound is difficult or expensive to synthesise or where it is unsuitable for a particular method of administration, eg peptides are unsuitable active agents for oral compositions as they tend to be quickly degraded by proteases in the alimentary canal. Mimetic design, synthesis and testing is generally used to avoid randomly screening large number of molecules for a target property. There are several steps commonly taken in the design of a mimetic from a compound having a iven target property Firstly, the particular parts of the compound that are critical and/or important in determining the target property are determined. In the case of a peptide, this can be done by systematically varying the amino acid residues in the peptide, eg by substituting each residue in turn. These parts or residues constituting the active region of the compound are known as its "pharmacophore" . Once the pharmacophore has been found, its structure is modelled to according its physical properties, eg stereochemistry, bonding, size and/or charge, using data from a range of sources, eg spectroscopic techniques, X-ray diffraction data and NMR. Computational analysis, similarity mapping (which models the charge and/or volume of a pharmacophore, rather than the bonding between atoms) and other techniques can be used in this modelling process. In a variant of this approach, the three-dimensional structure of the ligand and its binding partner are modelled. This can be especially useful where the ligand and/or binding partner change conformation on binding, allowing the model to take account of this in the design of the mimetic. A template molecule is then selected onto which chemical groups which mimic the pharmacophore can be grafted. The template molecule and the chemical groups grafted on to it can conveniently be selected so that the mimetic is easy to synthesise, is likely to be pharmacologically acceptable, and does not degrade in vivo, while retaining the biological activity of the lead compound. The mimetic or mimetics found by this approach can then be screened to see whether they have the target property, or to what extent they exhibit it. Further optimisation or modification can then be carried out to arrive at one or more final mimetics for in vivo or clinical testing. By way of example, the present invention will now be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying figures. The following examples are provided to illustrate the present invention, and should not be interpreted as limiting the scope of the claims. Brief Description of the Drawings Figures 1A and B show the relative binding of the plβ derived peptides to in vi tro expressed cdk4 or cdkβ. Figure IC shows peptide 6 corresponds to amino acids 84 to 103 of the plβ protein. Figures ID and E show similar binding to in vi tro translated cdk4 and cdkβ of an alanine substitution series of peptide 6 amino acids. The amino acid residues substituted by alanine are indicated and the relative amount of cdk4 and cdk6 precipitated by each peptide is shown. Substituting the hydrophobic residues corresponding to amino acids 89-90 and 94-97 to alanine decreases the binding of peptide 6 to both kinases, while substitution of Asp92 significantly increases the interaction. Figure IF shows results from an experiment in which Sf9 insect cell lysates containing cdk4 were incubated with the following biotinylated peptides: peptide 6 (lanes 1 and 4) , peptide 1 (lanes 2 and 5) and peptide 10 (lanes 3 and 8) . The complexes were precipitated with streptavidin-coated agarose beads. The lower of the cdk4 bands is related to the extraction method (see Materials and Methods) . These results show that if cyclin DI containing insect cell lysates were added to cdk4 prior to the addition of peptide, the extracts containing the peptide can not bind the cdk4. However, if the peptides are added to the cdk4 prior to cyclin DI, the peptide binds cdk4 , suggesting that the peptides can be sued to interfere in the binding between cyclin D and cdks. Figure 2A shows the inhibition of phosphorylation of E. coli expressed and purified full length Rb protein. plβ derived wild type peptides (peptides 1, 6 and 10) or the peptide 6 alanine substitution series were tested for their capacity to interfere with pRb phosphorylation by lysates from Sf9 insect cells containing cdk4. Peptides 1 and 10 of the plβ series do not precipitate cdk4 or cdkβ and do not affect pRb phosphorylation. Peptide 6 binds to cdk4 and cdkβ and significantly reduces the level of pRb phosphorylation. The amino acid residues of the peptide 6 substituted with alanine are indicated and the levels of pRb phosphorylation in the presence of each peptide are shown. The Ala-Asp substitution at residue 92 (Ala92) inhibits phosphorylation of the full length Rb protein even more efficiently than the wild type peptide 6, reflecting its more potent binding to cdk4 and cdkβ . Alanine substitution of the hydrophobic residues at positions 90 and 95-97 or closely adjacent residues reduced the inhibitory capacity to background levels. Figure 2B shows the effect of increasing amounts of peptides β, Ala92 and Ala94 on pRb phosphorylation. At 50 μM the block of cdk4-cyclin D dependent pRb phosphorylation by peptide Ala-92 is nearly complete. Figure 3 shows the inhibition of S-phase entry of human keratinocyte derived HaCaT cells with peptide 6 coupled to a small peptide carrier. Cells were synchronised in GO by serum starvation for 72 hours before serum and lOμM BrdU were added. Figure 3A shows the indicated time points after serum stimulation when 100 nM peptide 6 coupled to the Penetratin carrier molecule was added to the tissue culture medium. The data presented show % inhibition of cells entering S-phase after incubation with peptide 6 coupled to Penetratin in relation to cells incubated with serum only Figure 3B sets out panels A, C, E and G which show cells synthesising DNA by BrdU labelling, and panels B, D, F and H show the same fields of cells stained with Hoescht . The percentage of cells that incorporated BrdU after serum stimulation was 71 % at 24 hours (E and F) and 14 % (G and H) at 3 hours. The number of cells incorporating BrdU at 24 hours was significantly reduced when peptide 6 coupled to the Penetratin carrier molecule was added at 12 hours (panel A and B) compared to at 14 hours (panel C and D) . No effect on DNA synthesis could be observed with Penetratin only (not shown) . Figure 4A shows the phosphorylation of pRb in vivo . Hyperphosphorylated pRb has a lower affinity for the nuclear compartment compared to the hypophosphorylated subtypes and can be extracted from the nucleus by using a hypotonic buffer containing Triton X-100(26) . Panels A, C and E show staining with anti-pRb monoclonal antibody and B, D and F show the same field of cells stained with Hoescht . HaCaT cells were serum starved for 72 hours before serum addition. Peptide β coupled to Penetratin (panel C) or Penetratin by itself (panel A) was added at 8 hours after serum addition at 100 nM and the amount of phosphorylated pRb was estimated at 23 hours by determining pRb extractability (panels A and C) compared with a non-extracted staining (panel E) . Figure 4B shows the status of pRb phosphorylation in HaCaT whole cell extracts as determined by Western blot analysis . Cells were starved for 72 hours before serum was added and harvested at the indicated time points. Peptide 6 coupled to Penetratin or Penetratin by itself was added at 10 hours as indicated. Figure 5A shows the relative inhibition of pRb phosphorylation by plβ, related peptides from corresponding regions of other INK family members and fragments of plβ. In particular, it shows the effect of reducing the size of the plβ fragment on pRb phosphorylation. Figures 5B and 5C show the corresponding determination of the binding of the INK family members and fragments to cdk4 and cdkβ . Figures 6A and 6B show the graphs indicating the effect of increasing concentrations of peptides 20 and 21 (figure 6A) and wt plβ and V95,96A plβ (figure 6B) on the inhibition of cdk-cyclin D kinase activity. Peptide 20 is a 36 aa long synthetic peptide that carries the D92A mutation and peptide 21 carries the W95,96AA mutation. Figure 7 shows the results from FACS analysis of HaCaT cells treated with three different peptides 36 aa peptide consisting of a lβaa Penetratin sequence coupled to a 20aa peptide (peptide 6, the V95,96A and the D92A mutant plβ peptide) so that the Penetratin sequence is at the N- terminus of the 20 aa peptides (i.e. N-Penetratin-plβ-C) . In these experiments, the cells were starved for 72 hours before 10 % FCS and the peptides were added and analysed 2 hours later. Detailed Description Materials and Methods Peptide precipitation A 20 aa peptide library with a 5 aa overlap of plβ (apart from the first 8 N-terminal residues) was synthesised adding a SGSG linker to the N-terminus to which a biotin group was coupled. The alanine substitution series of peptide β was synthesised in the same way. The peptides were coupled to streptavidin immobilised on agarose beads and washed 4 times in PBS before incubating for 1 hour on ice with rabbit reticulocyte lysate (Promega) containing 35 S-methionine labelled cdk4 or cdkβ. The beads were washed 4 times in 1.2 x PBS with 0.2% Triton X-100 before addition of SDS loading buffer and applied to 12% SDS polyacrylamide gels. The gels were exposed to an autoradiography film and the bands corresponding to cdk4 and cdkβ were analysed by densitometry. pRb phosphorylation in vitro Peptides were incubated at a concentration of 25 mM in a buffer containing 50 mM Hepes pH 7.4, 10 mM MgCl 2 , 2.5 mM EGTA, 1 mM DTT, 10 mM /3-glycerophosphate, 1 mM NaF and 1 mM Na 3 V0 4 and 3 ml of extract from Sf9 insect cells infected with human cdk4-expressing baculovirus lysed in 10 mM Hepes pH 7.4, 10 mM NaCI, 1 mM EDTA and 0.5 mM PMSF. The mixture was incubated for 60 minutes on ice. Human cyclin D containing Sf9 lysate (3ml) prepared as above was added together with 0.6 mg of purified recombinant full length Rb protein and 2.5 mM 32 P ATP in a final concentration of 50 mM ATP and incubated for 10 minutes at +30°C, the reaction was terminated by addition of SDS loading buffer and loaded onto 8% SDS polyacrylamide gels. The gels were either exposed to autoradiographic film (figure 2A) or the levels of pRb phosphorylation were estimated by a Phosphoimager (figure 2B) . Cell cycle inhibition A cysteine residue was added to the C-terminus of peptide 6 and used for coupling to the 16 amino acids long Penetratin peptide (amino acid sequence RQIKIWFQNRRMKWKK) of the Antennapedia homeodomain (24) (Appligen) by means of a disulphide bond. Cells were seeded on cover slips prior to starvation for 72 hours in DMEM medium without FCS. The medium was substituted by DMEM containing 10% FCS and BrdU. The coupled peptides were added at different time points after serum stimulation. The number o r cells entering S-phase was determined by estimating the numbers of cells incorporating BrdU at 24 hours by fixing the cells on cover slips in acetone/methanol (1:1) , incubating in IM HCl for 30 minutes, washing 6 times in PBS and then incubating with anti-BrdU monoclonal antibody and Texas Red conjugated secondary antibody and mounted in Mowiol containing Hoescht . At least six different areas on three different cover slips were counted for each single experiment which was repeated at least two times. The values presented in figure 3A show one representative experiment. FACS analysis Twenty minutes before harvest, cells were incubated with lOμM BrdU. Tryptinised cells were then washed in PBS and resuspended in 1ml of PBS and carefully mixed with 3ml of 96% EtOH and incubated for 1 hour at 4°C. The cells were then incubated in 2ml of 30mM HCl containing lmg/ml of Pepstatin for 30 mins at 37°C before incubation in 2M HCl for 15 minutes. After careful washing 6 times in PBS, the cells were incubated in 200μl (1:50) of anti-BrdU antibodies (Becton Dickinson) for 1 hour at room temperature. After washing in PBS, the cells were incubated in FITC conjugated anti-mouse IgG (1:80) (Sigma) for 30 mins. After washing, the cells were resuspended in PBS containing 25μg/ml of Propidium Iodine and analysed on FACS. pRb phosphorylation in vivo Hyperphosphorylated pRb was extracted from cells cultured on cover slips by treating the cells with hypotonic buffer containing 0.1% Triton X-100 prior to fixation in acetone/methanol (1:1) (26) . Fixed cells were incubated for 1 hour wi„h anti-pRb monoclonal an ibody IF8, war-hed 3 times in PBS and incubated for 45 minutes with Texas Red conjugated secondary antibody before the cover slips were mounted in Mowiol containing Hoescht . For Western blot analysis, cells were lysed in RIPA buffer containing 50 mM Tris pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCI, 1.0% NP-40, 0.5% DOC, 0.1% SDS and 0.1 mM PMSF for 30 minutes at +4°C. The protein concentrations were determined before the samples were boiled in SDS loading buffer, run on 8% SDS polyacrylamide gels and transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane. The filters were first incubated with anti-pRb monoclonal antibody IF8 before being incubated with a horse radish peroxidase (HRP) conjugated secondary antibody (DAKO) and developed with ECL (Amersham) . Site directed mutagenesis The W95,96AA mutations were introduced into wild type his -tagged plβ protein using the transformation site-directed mutagenesis kit from Promega, according to manufacturer's instructions. The mutations were introduced by changing the corresponding codons from GTG GTG to GCG GCG and then confirming the sequence by DNA sequencing. Results Identification of a region of plβ that binds to cdks Figures 1A and B show that a peptide corresponding to aa 84 to 103 of plβ (peptide 6) when coupled to streptavidin agarose beads can be used to extract both cdk4 and cdkβ from the reticulocyte lysates. An alanine substitution series of this peptide (figure IC) revealed that substitution of hydrophobic amino acids in the region between residues 89 to 96 decreased the capacity of the peptide to bind both cdk4 and cdk6. Interestingly, substitution of aspartic acid 92 with alanine significantly increased the binding of the peptide to both kinases (figures ID and E) . plβ fragments and the inhibition of pRb phosphorylation In order to study the functional significance of plβ peptide interactions with the cyclin dependent kinases we asked whether the pl6 derived peptides, as well as the alanine-substitution series of peptide 6, affected cdk4-cyclin D ability to phosphorylate pRb in an in vi tro assay (figure 2) . Only peptide 6 of the pl6-derived series significantly decreased pRb phosphorylation (only results from peptides 1, 6 and 10 are shown) . A correlation was observed between the capacity of the various peptides in the alanine-substitution series to bind cdk4 and cdk6 and the level of inhibition of cdk4-cyclin DI kinase activity. The effect of mutations in the plβ binding domain Most significantly, substitution of amino acids in, or adjacent to, the two hydrophobic regions located between residues corresponding to aa 89 to 96 of the full length plβ protein resulted in a decrease of the peptide 6 induced inhibition of pRb phosphorylation. Interestingly, the change of aspartic acid 92 to alanine resulted in a peptide more potent than peptide 6 in inhibition of the cdk4 kinase activity. A dilution series revealed that at 50 μM peptide concentration, pRb phosphorylation was almost completely blocked by the Ala92 peptide and peptide 6. In contrast, the single substitution Ala94 completely inactivates the function of peptide 6 in this assay (figure 2B) . The correlation between the enhanced binding of the Ala92 peptide and its greater efficiency as a kinase inhibitor is provocative and suggests that further variants of the peptide 6 sequence might possess greater activity, perhaps by encouraging the peptide to adopt a conformation more similar to that of the active inhibitory site on the native plβ protein. A comparison of the work described here in identifying the inhibitory region of plβ represented by peptide β and other related proteins shows that an identical motif is present in the corresponding domain of the kinase inhibitor pl5 (20,21) and is conserved in the closely related pl8 (21) and pl9 (22,23) inhibitors, although prior to this work this similarity and its significance was not realised by those skilled in the art. Point mutations in the plβ gene have been found in tumours from familial and primary melanomas as well as in tumours from the oesophagus and the bladder (9,10, 14, 15) . Some of these mutants are clustered in, or near, the region encompassed by peptide 6, and have been shown to have lost their ability to inhibit cell proliferation and pRb phosphorylation(3, 4, 12) . This further supports the importance of this region for plβ protein function. Mutations in the plβ protein that result in its inactivation and are outside of the region suggested above that mediates the binding to cdk have been shown to induce global conformation changes of the plβ protein or are temperature sensitive, suggesting that these mutations might affect the structure of the domain we suggest mediates binding. Furthermore, deletion of the plβ N- or C-terrninus both result in plβ inactivation, supporting the deduction that the structure of plβ is sensitive. Effect of plβ on cell proliferation and the use of carrier peptides Since overexpression of plβ in cultured cells can block S-phase entry (1-4) , we wanted to see if peptide 6 could affect cell proliferation. A- 16 aa region of the Antennapedia homeodomain that has been shown to translocate through biological membranes in a rapid and energy irdependent fashion (24) wer coupled as carrier tf. peptide 6 and added to the tissue culture medium of serum-starved human keratinocyte derived HaCaT cells. Figure 3 shows that when 0.1 μM of the plβ peptide coupled to the carrier molecule was added at the same time or up to 12 hours after the addition of serum, the number of cells entering S-phase were reduced dramatically according to BrdU incorporation measured at 24 hours after serum addition. However, when the coupled peptide was added to the medium 14 hours after addition of serum, the number of cells entering S-phase was the same as that seen in cells not treated with peptide. This suggests that the effect of the peptide is limited to a rather narrow window in the cell cycle that corresponds to the later part of Gl . This includes the restriction (R) point at which serum stimulation and protein synthesis are no longer required to ensure entry into S-phase and which has been suggested to be the critical time of pRb phosphorylation (6,25) . When starved cells were incubated with the pl6 peptide coupled to the carrier molecule or the carrier molecule alone at 10 hours post serum addition a difference in pRb extractability could be observed when assayed at 23 hours (26) . Approximately 60% of the cells incubated with peptide 6 stained with an anti-pRb monoclonal antibody compared to only 14% incubated with the carrier only (figure 4A) . This observation was confirmed by Western blot analysis of whole HaCaT cell extracts treated in a similar fashion (figure 4B) . The results suggest that the number of cells carrying hypophosphorylated pRb increased significantly at 23 hours after serum stimulation when peptide 6 coupled to the carrier peptide was added before 12 hours. It also implies that the inhibition of cdk4-cyclin D activity observed in baculovirus infected Sf9 cell extracts (figure 2) is taking place in vivo . The consistent inhibition of S-phase entry after adding the coupled peptides between 0 and 12 hours suggests that the effect of the peptide is persistent and that the carrier linked peptide is not rapidly degraded in the cells. This is consistent with reports suggesting that the Antennapedia homeodomain carrier peptide is protected from proteolytic degradation in the cell (24) . Refinement of the cdk binding motifs of plβ and comparison with other proteins The results above show that a 20 aa peptide derived from the third ankyrin like repeat of plβ has similar features as the full length protein, e.g. binding to the cyclin- dependent kinases cdk4 and cdk6 and to inhibit cdk4-cyclin Dl kinase activity in vi tro as well as to block cell cycle progression. This region included the peptide sequence that corresponds to aa 84 to 103 of the full length plβ protein and is identical to the corresponding region of pl5 and highly conserved in pl8 and pl9 as well as in the mouse Since members of the INK family of kinase inhibitors inhibit CDK-cyclin D kinase activity specifically by direct interaction with cdk4 and cdkβ, we wanted to see whether this activity can be determined to one highly conserved domain shared between these proteins. Since it is mainly plβ, and to a lesser extent pl5, of the INK family that is associated with tumour suppressor activity it will be important to know if these different proteins inhibit the CDK-cyclin D kinase complex in a similar fashion through the same domain suggesting that the regulation of expression of these different proteins determines their role as tumour suppressors rather than their mean of action. Thus, we carried out experiments to see if this peptide domain could be further minimized and substituted with modified amino acid residues that are insensitive to proteara degradation in order to improve its potential as a model for a synthetic tumour suppressor peptide. To study the binding of peptides to cdk4 and cdkβ we expressed the proteins in a coupled in vi tro reticulocyte translation system in the presence of 35 S labelled methionine. A biotin group coupled to a Ser-Gly-Ser-Gly- linker at the N-terminus of the peptides was coupled to streptavidin coated agarose beads and incubated with the cell lysates. Figure 5A shows the results measuring pRb phosphorylation, with figures 5B and 5C showing the determination of the binding of the INK family members and the plβ peptide fragments to cdk4 and cdkβ. Figure 5A-C show that peptides, corresponding to the 84-103 region of pl6, derived from plθ and mouse plβ inhibit pRb phosphorylation, as reflected in their capacity to inhibit pRb phosphorylation by Sf9 insect cell lysates overexpressing cdk4 and cyclin Dl, and binds to both cdk4 and cdkβ in a similar way. We then tested a plβ peptide deletion series which was made by deleting two residues at the same time from either the N- or C-terminus. We found that removing 2 residues at the N-terminus (peptide 6 in figures 5A-C) severely reduced both the cdk binding and the kinase inhibitory effect and that the activity could be restored when another two residues were deleted at either terminus. Peptide 10 only includes the 10 residues that correspond to a motif that is conserved among ankyrin like repeats and is predicted to form a tight secondary helical structure. This peptide has lost some of its binding capacity but is still a good kinase inhibitor demonstrating that the original 20 amino acid plβ peptide can be reduced with at least 10 residues and still inhibit CDK-cyclin Dl kinase activity. This deletion series and the alanine scan shows that in the peptides we examined there was a strong correlation between binding and kinase inhibition. It is interesting to notice that the R87P substitution does not hamper the function of the peptide. Since this mutation, like most plβ mutations so far detected, is located outside the region that is shown to be important for the peptide interaction with the cdk, it suggests that these mutations will induce conformational changes of the protein that will effect the central ankyrin like domain. This hypothesis is strengthened by recent NMR studies showing that P114 and G101W give rise to global conformational changes of the protein and that the R87P mutation has been shown to be temperature sensitive. Similar explanations might also give an answer to the surprising observations that the peptide loses its effect when two residues are taken off the N-terminus, suggesting that these deletions causes conformational changes of the peptide. The minimal binding peptide (peptide 10) basically consists of two hydrophobic regions surrounded by polar residues that could form an amphipatic helical wheel . The pl8 peptide carries 8 substitutions, compared to the plβ peptide, and the QT at positions 95 and 96 would at first seem to disturb the binding domain of the peptide since these disrupts the second hydrophobic pocket. However, this peptide carries two hydrophobic residues at position 97 and 98 instead which are surrounded by polar residues and it also has the GFLD region intact, as well as leucine 98, which might suggest that the second hydrophobic pocket can be moved a few residues toward the C-terminus without effecting cdk binding. Thus, these results show that after initial reductions in the size of the plβ fragments resulted some reduction in cdk inhibition (see peptide 6) , further reduction in the size of the plβ fragments once again increased the inhibition (peptides 7 to 10) . This demonstrates that small peptides comprising 16 aa (peptide 7) , 14 aa (peptide 8), 12 aa (peptide 9) and 10 aa (peptide 10) are able to exert a biological effect which is the same or analogous to that of full length plβ . These results also support the idea that two motifs of plβ are important for kinase binding, a FLD motif and a LWL motif. Accordingly, these results indicate that the 20 aa fragment of plβ disclosed above (residues 84 to 103) can be made at least 50% smaller and still be active. Alanine substitution at positions 95 and 96 The results above from an alanine scan substitution series of the plβ peptide suggested that the two valines at position 95 and 96 could be important for the binding of the peptide to cdk and for its kinase inhibitory function, and that substitution of aspartic acid 92 to alanine would potentiation both binding and kinase inhibitory capacity. It is also clear from the peptide deletion series that these residues are within the 10 residues that mediate binding of the peptide. Accordingly, to investigate this further, we introduced the W95;96AA and the D92A mutations into the highly purified peptides that were linked to the third domain of the Antennapedia homeodomain for transporting peptides across biological membranes and the W95,-96AA into the full length protein in order to see if residues that seem important for peptide binding to cdk4 and cdkβ also influenced the binding off the full length protein. The W95;96AA mutations were introduced into a His-tagged wild type plβ and expressed in E. col i and the corresponding peptides were synthesized at 99.9% purity. Figures 6A and 6B show the results of these studies. The results show that peptide 21, which has the two W95,96AA substitutions, is significant1/ less active in vivo . τ* e same peptide is also less active in inhibiting the cdk- cyclin D kinase activity in vi tro . This confirms the results of the first alanine scan described above which suggested that these residues are important for the peptide to bind to cdk4 and cdk6. When the same substitutions are put into the wild type His- tagged plβ protein a similar loss of kinase inhibitory activity is observed (in both cases the 50% kinase inhibitory concentration is increased about 5-fold) . While we do not wish to be bound by any particular theory, these results further support the view that these residues are involved in direct binding of the peptide fragments of plβ, as well as the full length protein, to cdk4 and cdkβ, i.e. the mechanism of kinase inhibition is the same in the full length plβ and the peptide fragments described here. In vivo, at the same concentration, the peptide 20 induces an almost complete block of S-phase entry in HaCaT cells, whereas the pep21 has only marginal effect at a lOμM peptide concentration. Response to plβ in different cell lines Mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) from mice that are plβ(-/- ) (knockouts) and from normal plβ(+/+) were tested for response to the plβ peptides linked to Penetratin described above. After 12 hours of treatment with the same amount of the plβ peptide linked to Penetratin there is an increase of 42% of the (-/-) cells population in Gl compared to 9% of the (+/+) . After 24 hours the figure is 22% compared to 5%. At the same time the decrease in S phase is 33% for the (+/+) 30%. Taken together, these results suggest that pl6(-/-) MEFs are more sensitive to the plβ peptide than the (+/+) . he have also t sted r * me other cell lines and we see effect in cells derived from fibroblast, epithelial and muscle origin, and these show a similar suppression of growth in response to plβ peptide. By way of comparison, no growth suppression was observed in a Saos 2 (pRb negative cell line) , confirming the biological action of plβ is through the inhibition of pRb phosphorylation. These results are summarised in Table 1. We have also carried out experiments to see whether plβ peptide will inhibit the differentiation of mouse myoblast cells (C2C12 cells) into myotube cells. These results show that when C2C12 cells are put in 0.5% FCS medium they will stop growing and from multinucleated myotubes. However, if they are treated with the plβ peptide they will, in addition to stopping growing, also inhibit the formation of multinucleated myotubes in the presence of 0.5% FCS. Table 1 Growth suppressor Tested cell lines effect bv pi 6 peptide Source pl6(-/-) ++ C2C12 ++ HaCaT +++ human keratinocyte line human primary keratinocytes +++ MRC5 + human fibroblast MCF7 +++ human breast cancer derived line MEF+/+ + mouse embryo fibroblast pi 6 positive 3T3 mouse fibroblast line Saos 2 pRb negative tumour cell line We have also observed that epithelial cells treated with the plβ peptide will alter the morphology of the cell- colonies to a more dense and rounded up phenotype. This is associated v-ith an increase in the cells adhesion to e tissue culture dish resulting in 6 x increase in time before the cells will come off after trypsin treatment, demonstrating that the peptides will change cell adhesion properties. The modification of cellular adhesion properties has applications in preventing the spread of a tumour to form secondary tumours, providing a method for modulating the invasive capacity of tumour cells. Finally, preliminary results suggest that the peptide are associated with senescence in human keratinocyte derived cells (HaCaT cells) as determined by a Beta-Gal assays. This is also important since it has been suggested that one of the physiological functions of the plβ protein involves senescence mechanisms which might be linked to its tumour suppressor role in vivo . The assay for identifying senescence in cells is described in Dimri et al, P.N.A.S., 1995, page 9396 seq. FACS analysis Figure 7 shows the results from FACS analysis of HaCaT cells treated with three different peptides 36 aa peptide consisting of a 16aa Penetratin sequence coupled to a 20aa peptide (peptide 6, the V95,96A and the D92A mutant plβ peptide) . These graphs show that the cells that do not get FCS are in the Gl phase and have been arrested properly by the addition of the peptides. Conclusions These results demonstrate that a 20 aa synthetic peptide corresponding to residues 84 to 103 of the plβ protein can mimic essential biochemical and biological properties described for the full length wild type plβ protein. Most important is the discovery that the peptide coupled to a small carrier molecule has the capacity to inhibit cell proliferation in vivo after direct addition to the tissue culture medium. This method generically broadens the application of small peptides in studying biological events in vivo and, in this case, may allow them to be used to replace specific suppressor gene function for therapeutic applications and to serve as models for identifying targets for novel anti-proliferative drugs. As a number of different tumours show defects in the pRb phosphorylation regulatory pathway, including over expression of cdk4 and cyclin Dl, as well as showing loss of plβ function. All these tumours are potential candidates for a drug that would inhibit cdk-cyclin D activity in vivo . References The references mentioned in this application are all herein incorporated by reference. 1. Serrano, M.et al . Nature, 366, 704-707 (1993) 2. Serrano, M. et al . Science, 267, 249-252 (1995) 3. Lukas, J. et al . Nature, 375, 503-506 (1995) 4. Koh, J. et al. Nature, 375, 506-510 (1995) 5. Parry, D. et al . EMBO J. , 14, 503-511 (1995) 6. Weinberg, R. , Cell 81, 323-330 (1995) 7. Sherr, C. & Roberts, J. , Genes & Development 9, 1149-1163 (1995) 8. Hunter, T. & Pines, J., Cell 79, 573-582 (1994) 9. Kamb, A. et al . , Nature Genetics 8, 22-26 (1994) 10. Caldas, C. et al . , Nature Genetics 8, 27-31 (1994) 11. Schmidt, E. et al, . Cancer Research 54, 6321-6324 (1994) 12. Ranade, K. et al . , Nature genetics 10, 114-116 (1995) 13. Okamoto, A. et al. , P.N.A.S. 91, 11045-11049 (1994) 14. Mori, T. et al . , Cane. Res. 54, 3396-3397 (1994) 15. Spruck, C. et al. , Nature 370, 183-184 (1994) 16. Warbrick, E. et al . , Current Biology 5, 275-282 (1995) 17. Picksley, S. M.et al . , Oncogene 9, 2523-2529 18. Moodie, S.A r - Wolfman, A., Trends ene . 10, 44-18 (1994) 19. Pawson, T. & Schlessinger, J., Current Biology 3, 434-442 (1993) 20. Hannon, G. J. & Beach, D., Nature 371, 257-261 (1994) 21. Guan, K-L, et al . , Gene & Dev. 8, 2939-2952 (1994) 22. Hirai, H. et al . , Mol. & Cell. Biol. 15, 2672-2681 (1995) 23. Chan, F.et al . , Mol. & Cel. Biol. 15, 2682-2688 (1995) 24. Derossi, D. et al . , J. Biol. Chem. 269, 10444-10450 (1994) 25. Geng, Y. & Weinberg, R. , P.N.A.S. 90, 10315-10319 (1993) 26. Mittnacht, S. & Weinberg, R., Cell 65, 381-393 (1991)

Claims: CLAIMS : 1. A substance having the property of binding to cyclin dependent kinase (cdk) comprising: (i) a peptide including amino acid residues 84 to 103 of full length plβ protein, or an active portion or derivative thereof; or, (ii) a functional mimetic of the fragment, active portion or derivative; wherein the substance excludes full length plβ, pl5, pl8 and pl9 proteins. 2. The substance of claim 1 wherein the cyclin dependent kinase is cdk4 or cdkβ . 3. The substance of claim 1 or claim 2 wherein binding of the substance to the cyclin dependent kinase causes inhibition of pRb phosphorylation. 4. The substance of any one of claims 1 to 3 wherein the peptide includes amino acid residues 89 to 97 of full length plβ protein. 5. The substance of ar.v one il th-_ preceding claims wherein the peptide fragment includes the amino acid motifs FLD, corresponding to amino acid residues 90 to 92 of full length plβ protein, and/or LWL, corresponding to amino acid residues 94 to 97 of full length plβ protein. 6. The substance of claim 5 wherein the peptide fragment includes the amino acid motif FLDxLWL, wherein x one or more amino acids. 7. The substance of any one of the preceding claims wherein the aspartic acid residue in the peptide fragment at the position corresponding to position 92 of full length plβ protein is substituted for a hydrophobic amino acid residue . 8. The substance of claim 8 wherein the hydrophobic amino acid residue is alanine. 9. The substance of any one of the preceding claims derived from plβ, pl5, pl8 or pl9 protein. 10. The substance of any one of the preceding claims coupled to a carrier molecule so that the substance can be delivered to cells. 11. The substance of claim 10 wherein the carrier molecule comprises a peptide derived from an An tennapedia homeodomain. 12. The substance of any one of the preceding claims wherein the peptide fragment is coupled to a stabilising molecule. 13. A pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more of the substances of any one of the preceding claims, in combination with a physiologically acceptable carrier. 14. A substance of any one of claims 1 to 12 for use in a method of medical treatment. 15. The use of a substance of any one of claims 1 to 12 in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of a hyperproliferative disorder. 16. The use of claim 15 wherein the hyperproliferative disorder is cancer, psoriasis or arteriogenesis . 17. Nucleic acid encoding the substances of any one of claims 1 to 12. 18. A vector incorporating the nucleic acid of claim 17 operably linked to expression control sequences. 19. The use of a substance of any one of claims 1 to 12 in a method of in screening for (i) compounds having the one or more of the biological activities of the substances described above or (ii) compounds which are binding partners of one of the substances . 20. A method of identifying compounds which compete with a substance of any one of claims 1 to 12, the method comprising: (a) binding a predetermined quantity of the substance which is detectably labelled to a cyclin dependent kinase (cdk) ; (b) adding a candidate compound; and, (c) determining the amount of the labelled compound that remains bound to the cdk or which becomes displaced by the candidate compound. 21. A method of identifying mimetics of a substance of any one of claims 1 to 12, the method comprising: (a) immobilising one or more candidate compounds on a solid subttrate,- (b) exposing the substrate to a labelled cyclin dependent kinase (cdk) ; (c) selecting the candidate compounds that bind to cdk. 22. The method of claim 20 or claim 21 wherein the cdks are produced in reticulocyte lysates. 23. The method of any one of claims 20 to 22 wherein the cell dependent kinase is cdk4 or cdk6. 24. The method of any one of claims 20 to 23, further comprising testing the candidate compound for the property of inhibiting pRb phosphorylation and/or testing the compound for the property of inhibiting the entry of cells into the S-phase. 25. The method of any one of claims 20 to 24 wherein the candidate compounds are selected from a synthetic combinatorial library. 26. The use of a fragment of plβ protein including the amino acid motifs FLD, corresponding to amino acid residues 90 to 92 of full length plβ protein, and/or LWL, corresponding to amino acid residues 94 to 97 of full length plβ protein in the design of an organic compound which is modelled to resemble the three dimensional structure of said amino acid motifs, the organic compound having the properties of binding to cyclin dependent kinase and/or inhibiting pRb phosphorylation.

Inventors: FAHRAEUS ROBIN, LANE DAVID PHILIP, FAHRAEUS, ROBIN, LANE, DAVID, PHILIP
Applicants: FAHRAEUS ROBIN, LANE DAVID PHILIP, UNIV DUNDEE, FAHRAEUS, ROBIN, LANE, DAVID, PHILIP, UNIVERSITY OF DUNDEE
Application year: 1996
Main classification: C12N15
IPC codes: A61K38, A61P17, A61P35, C07K14, C12N15, C12Q1, G01N33