ELECTRO- OR OPTO-OPTICAL DEVICE STABLE IN THE 600-1600 NANOMETER WAVELENGTH RANGE

Abstract: The present invention provides an electro- or opto-optical device comprising NLO polymer in the active layer with improved stability for light in the wavelength range of 600-1600 nm which is guided through the device. The present invention is directed to an electro- or opto-optical device comprising an active layer wherein the active layer comprises a polymer mixed with an NLO chromophore or a polymer having side-chains with NLO chromophores, the NLO chromophore having an N-donor- pi -system-acceptor structure, the pi -system thereof being selected from R' and one of the structures (a), (b) or (c); wherein Y is hydrogen, CN, or halogen, and R' is independently selected from (d), (e), (f), (g), (h), (i) and (j).

Description: ELECTRO- OR OPTO-OPTICAL DEVICE STABLE IN THE 600-1600 NANOMETER WAVELENGTH RANGE The present invention concerns electro- and opto-optical devices, and a method for the manufacture of electro- or opto-optical devices. More particularly, the invention pertains to electro- or opto-optical devices with a layered structure in which an polymer active layer is sandwiched between two cladding layers having a lower index of refraction than the active layer. The active layer comprises a non-linear optically active (NLO) side-chain polymer with non-linear optically active (NLO) chromophores. In optical devices usually light in the wavelength range of 1250 - 1600 nm is employed. Electro- or opto-optical devices should also be suitable for use of light in that wavelength range. However, the known NLO polymers appear to be unstable when light in specific windows within the wavelength range of 600-1600 nm is guided through an electro- or opto-optical device comprising said NLO polymer in the active layer. This results in increased insertion loss and, for instance, splitters become asymmetrical. The present invention provides an electro- or opto-optical device comprising NLO polymer in the active layer with improved stability for light in the wavelength range of 600-1600 nm which is guided through the device. The present invention is directed to an electro- or opto-optical device comprising an active layer wherein the active layer comprises a polymer mixed with an NLO chromophore or a polymer having side-chains with NLO chromophores, the NLO chromophore having an N-donor-π-system- acceptor structure, the π-system thereof being selected from R' and one of the following structures: wherein Y is hydrogen, CN, or halogen, and R' is independently selected from: It is thought that the NLO polymers are photo-chemically damaged by singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) formed from triplet oxygen ( 3 0 2 ), which is inevitably present in the polymer material of the active layer, through the direct absorption by 3 O 2 of light with wavelength maxima of approximately 570 nm, 630 nm, 770 nm, 1060 nm, and 1270 nm. These absoφtion bands happen to correspond to the wavelengths of lasers frequently used in the optical field so that the forming of singlet oxygen is virtually unavoidable. We found that NLO-chromophores with an N-donor are attacked by singlet oxygen. By using above-mentioned π-systems the NLO-chromophores have increased stability. When N-donors are used which do not have hydrogen atoms in the α-position to the nitrogen atom, an electro- or opto- optical device can be obtained which appears to have further improved stability to light in the wavelength range of 600-1600 nm. There are two ways to create NLO-chromophores with N-donors which do not have adjacent hydrogen atoms: The first way is to bond one or two aromatic groups. The N-atom is further bonded to the π system. The second way of avoiding adjacent alkyl groups is to employ an N-donor moiety wherein no adjacent hydrogen atoms are present, such as: formula 1 formula 2 formula 3 formula 4 c . c formula 5 wherein R is independently O or dialkyl (C-rCe), at least one of the lines 1 and 2 are positions to be bonded to the polymer backbone, line 3 is the position to be bonded to the π-system-acceptor, and Ar is independently selected from: The expression "dialkyl (C-,-C 6 )" means means a dialkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, such as dimethyl, diethyl, ethylmethyl, and the like. The dimethyl group is preferred. The N-donor can be suitably bonded to aromatic groups, which are independently chosen from the formulae: In J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115 (1993), 12599-12600 and in SPIE Proc. Vol. 2143 (1994), 2-13 various N-donor chromophores are described, including those having phenyl groups bonded directly to the N-donor. It is mentioned that the substitution of aromatic moieties for aliphatic ones increases the thermal stability. The non-linear susceptibilities of the chromophores were determined in chloroform solution at 1907 nm and the μβ was calculated at 1300 nm. This publication only mentions chromophores which are not incorporated into a polymeric matrix. Further, no waveguides were made and no μβ measurements were taken at 1300 nm. No singlet oxygen degradation effects were mentioned. This indicates that the problem of photo-instability at 1250-1600 nm was not recognized here, nor was it encountered in practice as no waveguides were tested at 1300 nm Older literature on singlet oxygen reactions with amines, for instance Gordon and Gregory, Organic Chemistry in Color, p. 289, refers to photo- oxidation of chromophores induced by UV or visible light. In many publications this process is also referred to as photo-fading, while the stability established through illumination experiments using UV and visible light is referred to as light fastness. All these reactions involve in particular the interaction of excited chromophores with 1 O 2 or 3 0 2 or, in general, both at the same time. In photo-oxidative processes an excited chromophore is the reactant; most chromophores, and in particular NLO chromophores, are characterized by a completely changed distribution of the electron density in the excited state as compared with the ground state. In strong NLO chromophores almost complete charge separation occurs in the excited state. Reactions of NLO chromophores in the excited state therefore strongly differ from ground state reactions. We have found that the degradation of NLO polymers in electro- or opto-optical devices is due to a reaction of ground state NLO chromophores with the singlet oxygen formed by direct excitation of the 3 O 2 present in the polymer. Therefore, from the literature on photo-fading no conclusions can be drawn as to the photochemical stability of electro- or opto-optical devices to light in the wavelength range 600-1600 nm. As was mentioned above, NLO side-chain polymers have NLO chromophores with an N-donor-π-system-acceptor structure. Suitable π- systems are R' or one of the following structures listed below: R' R' R' N • Y N Y- N R' ' R' or R' ; wherein Y is hydrogen, CN, or halogen, and R' is independently selected from: Examples of such N-donor-π-system-acceptor structures are, for instance, acceptor Of these, the short π-systems (R') and the structures with an azo moiety (R'-N=N-R') are preferred, because they are not liable to attack by singlet oxygen. Further, short NLO chromophores are desirable because they are readily polable. Especially suitable are π-systems having the structure R' or R'-N=N-R\ wherein R' is The longer π-systems can be made more resistant to singlet oxygen attack by introducing a small electron acceptor at the double bond (Y is CN or halogen). The NLO chromophores further comprise an acceptor group which is bonded to the π-system. These acceptor groups are known in the art and need no further elucidation here. Preferred strong acceptor groups are -NO 2 , -CN, tricyanovinylidene, -CF 3 , S0 2 R" (R" being an alkyl having 1- 4 carbon atoms or aryl), dicyanovinylidene, barbiturate groups, thiobarbiturate groups and groups according to the formula: R'" being hydrogen or alkyl (C r C 4 ). The term halogen means fluor, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. Fluor and chlorine are preferred halogens. The term alkyl having 1-4 carbon atoms (alkyl (C r C 4 ).) means methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec- butyl, or ferf-butyl. The term aryl means an aromatic group, preferably a benzene group which may be substituted with the usual substituents such as alkyl (C-,-C 4 ), halogen, CN, and the like. The NLO chromophore is bonded as a side group to the polymer main chain. Suitable main chains are polycarbonates, polyesters, polyurethanes, polyacrylates, polyimides, polyarylates, polyureas, polyethers. It is further possible to incorporate stabilizers to deactivate the singlet oxygen in the polymeric material. Suitable stabilizers are: olefinic material such as β- carotene and carotenoids, amines such as diazabicyclo[2.2.2.]octane (DABCO) and organometaUic compounds in particular Ni(ll)-, Fe(ll,lll)-, Bi(ll)-, Co(ll)-, Zn(ll)-, and Pd(ll)-complexes. Polycarbonates are preferred because of their low light loss in the wavelength range of 600-1600 nm. When the NLO chromophores are to be incoφorated into a polycarbonate main chain, they have to be hydroxy-functionalized. This can be done by using either dihydroxy-functionalized aromatic groups or moieties according to formulae 1 , 2, 3, 4, and 5, or by using OH-groups which are bonded to the aromatic groups or moieties according to formulae 1 , 2, 3, 4, and 5 via spacers. For the preparation of NLO polycarbonates reference is made to EP-A1 -0645413, PCT/EP96/01101 , PCT/EP96/00847, and US 5,208,299. For cladding material it is not necessary to use NLO polymers. Any type of material which has a suitable index of refraction (lower than that of the active layer material) and physical properties comparable to those of the active layer material can be used. Usually the known optical polymers are suitable. In order to set the indices of refraction very accurately and obtain a device with low light loss, more than two cladding layers can be used in the device. For the general preparation procedure for electro-optical devices reference may be made to PCT/EP96/02500. This reference also gives examples of suitable cladding material, such as polycarbonates, polyarylates, polyimides, polyureas, polyesters, polyethers, polyurethanes and polyacrylates. The present invention is further directed to a method for the preparation of an electro-optical device which is stable in the wavelength range of 600- 1600 nm. The preparation comprises the steps of: • applying a cladding layer onto a substrate, • applying an active layer onto the cladding layer, • defining a channel pattern in the active layer, • poling the NLO-polymer of the active layer, • applying a cladding layer onto the active layer, • applying pads and electrodes onto the cladding layer. The present invention is also directed to a method for the manufacture of an opto-optical device which is stable in the wavelength range of 600-1600 nm comprising the steps of: • applying a cladding layer onto a substrate, • applying an active layer onto the cladding layer, • defining a channel pattern in the active layer, • optionally poling the NLO-polymer of the active layer, • applying a cladding layer onto the active layer. The sequence of some of the steps listed here for the electro- and opto- optical devices may be changed when desired. The substrate usually employed is silicon. The various layers can be applied by spin-coating. In order to be able to spin-coat layer-on-layer, it is often necessary to cross-link one layer before applying the next layer. Therefore, the cladding material and the NLO polymer are preferably rendered cross-linkable either by the incorporation of cross-linkable monomers or by mixing cross-linkers such as polyisocyanates, polyepoxides, polymaleimides, etc. into the polymer. The poling is usually effected by exposing the polymeric material of the active layer to electric (DC) voltage, the so-called poling field, with such heating as will render the polymeric chains sufficiently mobile for orientation. The channel pattern in the active layer may be defined by shaping the active layer or the cladding layers by etching techniques. These techniques are known to the artisan and need no further elucidation here. The electrodes are usually made of gold and/or other material such as chromium, copper, platinum, or combinations or alloys thereof. The invention will be further elucidated with reference to the following examples. EXAMPLES For the formulae of the compounds and the reaction mechanisms reference is made to the formula scheme. Reference Example I 4-(Dimethylamino)-4'-nitrostilbene (DANS) is commercially available (ex Kodak). λ max = 437 nm, μβ (0) = 416. 10 "48 e.s.u. (in chloroform). Reference Example 11 Synthesis of 4-(3,4-dihydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)-4'-nitrostilbene (PYNS) For synthesis see patent application PCT/EP93/01587. λ max = 428 nm, μβ (0) = 236. 10 -48 e.s.u. (in chloroform). The polymerization was carried out by the dropwise addition at 0°C of 1.03 ml of pyridine in 5 ml of tetrahydrofuran (THF) to a solution of 2.95 g of hexafluorobisphenol A bischloroformate and 2.08 g of PYNS in 40 ml of THF, After the addition the mixture was allowed to heat to room temperature. After stirring overnight, the mixture was precipitated in 450 ml of methanol. After filtration and washing with methanol 3.05 g (67%) of polymer were obtained. Mw 3700. Reference Example 111 4-[Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-4'-nitrostilbene was synthesized according to European patent application No. 0,350,112. The compound was polymerized according to the method described in EP 0,645,413. Reference Example IV Synthesis of N-methyl-N-(4'-nitrostilbene-4-yl)-4,4'-dimethoxybenzo- phenone hydrazone. Step 1: 4-(2,2-Diacetyl-1-methyl-hydrazino)benzaldehyde. N-Methyl-N-phenylhydrazine (12.2 g, 0.1 mole) was refluxed in acetic anhydride (50 ml) for 2 h. The excess of acetic anhydride and acetic acid was removed under reduced pressure and the crude product was obtained as an oil (22.4 g). Phosphorusoxychloride (11.5 ml) was added dropwise to 40 ml of DMF at 0°C, after which the Vilsmeier reagens was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. The obtained oil (20.2 g) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred at 70-90°C for 4 h. (complete conversion TLC). The solution was poured into a solution of sodium acetate (25 g) in 200 ml of water and stirred for 15 min. The aqueous iayer was extracted with diethyl ether and the combined organic layers were washed with water. The ether solution was dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure (yield of product 18.9 g). Step 2: 1-Methyl-2-[(4'-nitrostilben-4-yl)]hydrazide acetic acid To a solution of 4-(2,2-diacetyl-1-methyl-hydrazino)benzaldehyde (9.4 g, 40 mmole), and 4-nitrophenylacetic acid (45 g) in DMF (125 ml) were added 25 g of piperidine. After stirring of 4 days at room temperature, the reaction mixture was poured into 500 ml of water and extracted with dichloromethane. The combined organic layers were washed with water and dried over magnesium sulfate. After evaporation of the solvent, the 4- nitrotoluene is removed by several washings with hexane. Step 3: 1-Methyl-2-(4'-nitrostilben-4-yl)hydrazine. The product of step 2 (500 mg) was refluxed for 7 h in a mixture of water (2 ml), concentrated hydrochloric acid (2 ml), and THF (6 ml). After cooling, the formed crystals were filtered off and treated with cone, ammonia (1 ml) in water 5 ml. The crystals were filtered off and dried. Yield 299 mg. Step 4: N-Methyl-N-(4'-nitrostilbene-4-yl)-4,4'-dimethoxybenzophenone hydrazone 4,4'-Dimethyoxybenzophenone (856 mg, 3.54 mmole) and the product from step 3 (950 mg, 3.53 mmole) in 5 ml of anhydrous ethanol (5 ml) were refluxed for 6 h. After cooling, water was added (15 ml) and the solution extracted with dichloromethane. The combined organic layers were washed with water and dried (magnesium sulfate). Evaporation of the solvent and purification by column chromatography over silica (eluent dichloro- methane:methanol 99:1) yielded 238 mg (0.48 mmole, 14%) of pure product. The λ max = 461 nm (in chloroform) and the μβ (0) = 585 . 10 "48 esu. Example 1 Synthesis of 4-(diphenylamino)-4'-nitrostilbene (DPANS) Step 1 : Triphenylamine was converted to 4-(diphenylamino)benzaldehyde (17) by a Vilsmeier reaction, according to Pizey, Synthetic Reagents. Vol. 1 (1974), pp. 1-99. To stirred N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 20 ml) was added in 10 min POCI 3 (5 ml) at 0°C, and the mixture was stirred for 1 hour at room temperature. After the mixture was added to a stirred suspension of triphenylamine (9.80 g, 40.0 mmoles) in dimethylformamide (20 ml), the temperature was raised to 70°C for 90 min. After cooling, the reaction mixture was poured into an aqueous sodium acetate solution (0.18 M, 250 ml) and extracted with dichloromethane. The separated organic layer was washed with water, dried (magnesium sulfate), and discoloured (silica gel 60). The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure to yield solid product (9.69 g, 89%), which was used without further purification. Step 2: According to CR. Moylan, R.J. Twieg, V.Y. Lee, S.A. Swanson, K.M. Betterton, and R.D. Miller, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115, (1993), 12599-12600, a solution of 4-(diphenylamino)benzaldehyde (12 g, 44 mmoles) and diethyl 4-nitrobenzyl phosphonate (12 g, 44 mmoles) in 150 ml of DMF was slowly added to sodium hydride (2.13 g, 60 mmoles, 60% suspension in oil) in 10 ml of DMF. The mixture was stirred ovemight at room temperature and then poured into 1 I of water. The solids were filtered off and washed with water. The solids were dissolved in dichloromethane, washed with brine, and dried (magnesium sulfate). After evaporation of the solvent, the product was purified by column chromatography (silica, dichloromethane as eluent). 11.8 g of (N,N-diphenylamino)-4'-nitrostilbene were obtained (68%). λ^ x = 405 nm, μβ(0) = 313. 10 "48 e.s.u. (in chloroform). Polymers containing the DPANS chromophore can be synthesized in accordance with the preparation of the TCVDPA polycarbonates and the NTPA polycarbonate (see examples 5 and 6, respectively). Example 2 4-(Phenylamino)-4'-nitroazobenzene 4-(Phenylamino)-4'-nitroazobenzene was obtained from ACROSS Chimica, Aldrich, or Sigma. λ max = 453 nm, μβ(0) = 274. 10 "48 e.s.u. (in chloroform). Polymers containing the above-mentioned chromophore can be synthesized in accordance with the preparation of the TCVDPA polycarbonates. Example 3 Synthesis of N,N-di-(2-hydroxyethyl)-tricyanovinylbenzenamine (TCVDEA) The synthesis of N,N-di-(2-hydroxyethyl)-tricyanovinylbenzenamine is described in European patent application No. 95200598.1. λ max = 515 nm, μβ(0) = 306. 10 "48 e.s.u. (in chloroform). The polymerization of N,N-di-(2- hydroxyethyl)-tricyanovinylbenzenamine with the bischloroformate of 4,4'- (hexafluoroisopropyiidene)diphenol is described in European patent application No. 95200598.1 Example 4 Synthesis of 4-tricyanovinyl-4'-[2-(hydroxymethyl)-3-hydroxypropyl]- triphenylamine (TCVDPA-1 ) (23) Step 1 : 4-[2,2-Bis(methoxycarbonyl)-ethenyi]triphenylamine (18) 4-[2,2-Bis(methoxycarbonyl)-ethenyl]triphenylamine was prepared by a Knoevenagel reaction of 4-dipheny aminobenzaldehyde and dimethyl malonate (C.F.H. Allen and F.W. Spangler, Org. Synth.. Vol. 25 (1945), 42- 44; Jones, Pro. React. 15 (1967), 204-599). A solution of 4-diphenylamino- benzaldehyde (8.00 g, 29.3 mmoles), dimethyl malonate (3.90 g, 29.5 mmoles), and piperidine (1.6 ml) in benzene (150 ml) was refluxed at 80°C under an atmosphere of nitrogen. The released water was collected by a Dean-Stark separator filled with molecular sieves. After 24 h TLC showed that the starting material had not undergone complete reaction, a situation which was not changed by an extra addition of piperidine or dimethyl malonate. After cooling, the mixture was washed with water, 1 N hydrochloric acid, and saturated solution of sodium hydrogencarbonate (100 ml). The organic layer was dried and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure to give an oil (11.6 g) which could be chromatographed (silica gel 60, dichloromethane) to yield pure 4-[2- (methylmethanoate)methylpropenoate]triphenylamine (14%, oil). However, because purification is easier after the next reaction step, the crude oil was used without purification. Step 2: 4-[2,2-Bis(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl]triphenylamine (19) 4-[2,2-Bis(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl]triphenylamine was prepared by catalytic hydrogenation of 4-[2,2-bis(methoxycarbonyl)ethenyl]triphenylamine (18). Crude 4-[2,2-bis(methoxycarbonyl)ethenyl]triphenylamine (11.6 g) with palladium on activated carbon (1.55 g, 5% Pd) in ethyl acetate was hydrogenated until hydrogen absorption stopped. After the mixture was filtered through a double fluted filter paper and the ethyl acetate was removed by evaporation under reduced pressure, the solid was chromatographed (silica gel 60, dichloromethane) to yield 0.2 g (26%) of solid 4-methyltriphenylamine and 7.29 g (64%) of 4-[2,2-bis(methoxy- carbonyl)ethyl]triphenylamine. Step 3: 4-[3-Hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)propyl]triphenylamine (20) 4-[3-Hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)propyl]triphenylamine was synthesized by selective reduction (K. Soai, H. Oyamada, and A. Ookawa, Synth. Communications, 12(6) (1982), 463-467) of the ester groups of 4-[2,2- bis(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl]triphenylamine (19) with sodium borohydride. To a refluxing mixture of diester 19 (1.00 g, 2.57 mmoles) and sodium borohydride (0.25 g, 6.58 mmoles) in tert-butanol (40 ml), methanol (12.0 ml) was added in 1 h. After an additional 3 h of refluxing the reaction was completed according to TLC. To remove most tert-butanol, the mixture was cooled, methanol was added, and the solvents were removed under reduced pressure. The solid was dissolved in ethyl acetate (50 ml) and washed with 1 N hydrochloric acid, water, and brine. The organic layer was dried (magnesium sulfate) and evaporated under reduced pressure to yield crude 4-[3-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)propyl]triphenylamine (20, 0.81 g, 95%), which was used without purification. Step 4: 4-[3-Acetyloxy-2-(acetyloxymethyl)-ρropyl]triρhenylamine (21) Because the reaction of 4-[3-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)propyl]triphenyl- amine with tetracyanoethene led to a mixture of products, 4: 4-[3-acetyloxy- 2-(acetyloxymethyl)-propyl]triphenylamine was prepared to protect the hydroxy groups. In acetic anhydride (250 ml) 4-[3-hydroxy-2-(hydroxy- methyl)propy.]triphenylamine (36.0 g, 108 mmoles) was refluxed for 4 h. After the mixture was cooled, the acetic acid and excess of acetic anhydride were removed by evaporation under reduced pressure and the resulting tar was chromatographed (silica gel 60, dichloromethane) to yield an oil (37.2 g, 87%) which crystallized very slowly. Step 5: 4-Tricyanovinyl-4'-[3-acetyloxy-2-(acetyloxymethyl)propyl]triphenyl- amine (22) 4-Tricyanovinyl-4'-[3-acetyloxy-2-(acetyloxymethyl)-propyl]triphenylamine was prepared by reaction of 4-[3-acetyloxy-2-(acetyloxymethyl)propyl]- triphenylamine (21) with tetracyanoethene.( B.C. McKusick, R.E. Heckert, T.L. Cairns, D.D. Coffman, and H.F. Mower, J. Am. Chem. Soc. Vol. 80 (1958), 2806-2815) The reaction of tetracyanoethene (11.6 g, 90.6 mmoles) with 4-[3-acetyloxy-2-(acetyloxymethyl)propyl]triphenylamine (20.1 g, 48.2 mmoles) in N, N-dimethylformamide (25 ml) was not completed after 2.5 days of reaction at room temperature. Neither extending the reaction time (4 days), nor raising the temperature (80°C), nor changing the solvent (pyridine) improved the degree of conversion. After the addition of dichloromethane (250 ml), the mixture was washed with water and brine, and after drying (magnesium sulfate) the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. Because the starting material and product (22) could not be separated easily by chromatography or recrystallization, the crude product was hydrolyzed first- Step 6 : 4-Tricyanovinyl-4'-[3-hyd roxy-2-(hyd roxymethyl)-propyl]triphenyl- amine (23) 4-Tricyanovinyl-4'-[3-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)propyl]triphenylamine was synthesized from 4-tricyanovinyl-4'-[3-acetyloxy-2-(acetyloxymethyl)propyl]- triphenylamine by de-acetyloxylation of the hydroxy groups. The crude material (22) in methanol (500 ml) with concentrated hydrochloric acid (60 ml) was refluxed for 6 h, whereupon the mixture was cooled. After the methanol/ hydrochloric acid was evaporated under reduced pressure, the product was dissolved in dichloromethane and was washed with water, saturated sodium hydrogencarbonate solution, and water. The organic layer was dried (magnesium sulfate), and the dichloromethane was removed by evaporation under reduced pressure. The crude solid was chromatographed (silica gel 60, ethyl acetate/n-hexane 80:20 v/v) and recrystallized from methanol to yield the product (23, 2.94 g, 14.1 %). λ max = 534 nm, μβ(0) = 511.10 "48 e.s.u. (in chloroform). Polymerization To a mixture of 2.50 g of 4-tricyanovinyl-4'-[3-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)- propyljtriphenylamine (23) and 2.66 g of hexafluorobisphenol A bischloro- formate in 25 ml of dichloromethane at 0°C were added dropwise 0.94 ml of pyridine in 10 ml of dichloromethane. After the addition the mixture was heated to room temperature and stirred overnight. The polymer was precipitated in 550 ml of methanol, washed several times with methanol, and dried at 40°C under vacuum. Example 5 Synthesis of 4-tricyanovinyl-4'-(2,3-dihydroxypropoxy)-triphenylamine (TCVDPA-2) (28) Step 1 : 4-Hydroxvtriphenylamine (24) 4-Methoxvtriphenylamine (5) was converted into 4-hydroxytriphenylamine (24) with boron tribromide in chloroform (K.C. Rice, J. Med. Chem.. 20 (1977), 164). A solution of boron tribromide (15 ml, 165 mmoles) in chloroform (50 ml) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of compound 5 (30.0 g, 109 mmoles) at room temperature (exothermic reaction, ice- cooling). After 1 h the reaction was carefully quenched (ice cooling) with methanol (50 ml), and the solvents were removed under reduced pressure. Six portions of 25 ml of methanol were added and removed under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in dichloromethane and washed with a saturated sodium hydrogencarbonate solution. The organic layer was dried (magnesium sulfate) and evaporated under reduced pressure, whereupon the residue was chromatographed (silica gel 60, dichloromethane), passing through a short column to give crystalline 24 (27.85 g, 98%). Step 2: 4-[(2,2-Dimethyl-1 ,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methoxy]triphenylamine (26) 4-[(2,2-Dimethyl-1 ,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methoxy]triphenylamine (26) was prepared by reaction of amine 24 with the solketal mesylate (25). A suspension of amine 24 (27.6 g, 106 mmoles), solketal mesylate 25 (27.6 g, 131 mmoles), sodium hydroxide (5.1 g, 128 mmoles), and potassium carbonate (7.3 g, 5.3 mmoles) in N,N-dimethylacetamide (250 ml) was heated to 140°C for 3 h under nitrogen. After the mixture was allowed to cool, water was added, and the organic material was extracted with ether. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, and dried (magnesium sulfate). The ether was evaporated in vacuo and the residue was chromatographed (silica gel 60, ethyl acetate/n-hexane 5/95 v/v) to give amine 26 as an oil (29.8 g, 76%) which was crystallized after trituration with methanol. Step 3: 4'-[Tricyanovinyl-4-(2,2-dimethyl-1 ,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methoxy]- triphenylamine (27) 4'-rTricyanovinyl-4-(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methoxy]triphenyiamine (27) was synthesized by reaction of amine 26 with tetracyanoethane (B.C. McKusick, R.E. Heckert, T.L. Cairns, D.D. Coffman, and H.F. Mower, JL Am. Chem. Soc. Vol. 80 (1958), 2806-2815). Tetracyanoethene (3.5 g, 27 mmoles) and 26 (9.00 g, 24.0 mmoles) in N, N-dimethylformamide (20 ml) and pyridine (5 ml) were reacted for 8 days at room temperature. The mixture was precipitated in methanol/water (300 ml, 50/50 v/v), which gave an oil. The decanted mother liquor was extracted with ether, and after combination of the oil and the ether layers, the organic layer was dried and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was chromatographed (silica gel 60, ethyl acetate/n-hexane 5/95 v/v) to yield amine 27 as an oil (9.6 g, 84%). Step 4: 4-Tricyanovinyl-4'-(2,3-dihydroxypropoxy)triphenylamine (28) 4-Tricyanovinyl-4'-(2,3-dihydrQxypropoxy)triphenylamine (28) was prepared by hydrolyzing the ketal group of 27. Starting material 27 (9.6 g, 20 mmoles), water (50 ml), and concentrated hydrochloric acid (50 ml) in methanol (1000) were refluxed for 3 h. After cooling the solution was evaporated irj vacuo, whereupon the product was precipitated and filtered off. The residue was washed with water and recrystallized from methanol to give brilliant green needles of amine 28 (6.95 g, 79%): M.p.: 110.8- 112.8°C. λ max = 538 nm, μβ(0) = 584.10 "48 e.s.u. (in chloroform, methoxy compound). Polymerization To a mixture of 1.50 g of monomer (28) and 2.67 g of hexafluorotetrabromobisphenol A bischloroformate in 30 ml of THF at 0°C were added dropwise 0.55 ml of pyridine in 2 ml of THF. After the addition the mixture was allowed to warm up to room temperature and was stirred overnight. The mixture was precipitated in 350 ml of methanol, filtered, and washed several times with methanol. Filtration and drying yielded 2.51 g (64%) of product, Mw 3000. Example 6 Synthesis of 4,4'-dihydroxy-4"-nitrotriphenylamine (NTPA) Step 1 : Benzyl 4-iodophenyl ether 4-lodoanisole (10.12 g, 0.046 mole), benzyl bromide (8.00 g, 0.046 mole), and potassium carbonate (6.31 g, 0.046 mole) in acetone (20 ml) were refluxed for 24 h. Water was added and the aqueous layer was extracted with ether. The combined organic layers were washed with 2 M sodium hydroxide and dried over anhydrous potassium carbonate. Evaporation of the solvent followed by crystallization from methanol yielded 12.57 g (88%) of benzyl 4-iodophenyl ether. Step 2: 4,4'-Di(phenylmethoxy)-4"-nitrotriphenylamine Benzyl 4-iodophenyl ether (10.54 g, 0.034 mole), 4-nitrobenzenamine (1.54 g, 0.011 mole), potassium carbonate (11.87 g), copper powder (2.71 g), and 18-crown-6 (0.75 g) were refluxed in 30 ml of o-dichlorobenzene for 24 h. The mixture was filtered, the salts were washed with ether, and the solvents of the combined organic filtrates were evaporated. The residue was purified over silica with dichloromethane as eluent. After evaporation of the solvent, the product was recrystallized from ethanol. The yield was 4.08 g (73%). Step 3: 4,4'-Dihydroxy-4"-nitrotriphenylamine 4,4'-Di(phenylmethoxy)-4"-nitrotriphenylamine (14.15 g, 0.028 mole) was dissolved in 150 ml of trifluoroacetic acid and stirred for 72 h under nitrogen. The trifluoroacetic acid was evaporated and the residue was purified by column chromatography over silica (eluents dichloro- methane/methanol 95:5 v/v). The solvents were evaporated and the product was crystallized from chloroform. The yield waε 1.58 g (17%), λ max = 410 nm, μβ(0) = 98. 10 "48 e.s.u. (in chloroform, diacetoxy compound). Polymerization of 4,4'-dihydroxy-4"-nitrotriphenylamine (1.53 g) with the bischloroformate of 2,2',6,6'-tetrabromo-4,4'-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)- diphenol (3.75 g) in THF (30 ml) was carried out by the dropwise addition of pyridine (0.74 g) in THF (5 ml) at 0°C. After the addition, the mixture was heated to room temperature and stirred overnight. The poiymer was precipitated in methanol and washed several times with methanol. The yield was 3.51 g (72%). Mw = 6000, Tg = 168-185°C, Tdec. > 220°C. Example 7 Synthesis of N,N-diphenyl-4-(dicyanovinyl)benzenamine (DPDCVA) 4-(N,N-Diphenylamino)benzaldehyde (2.46 g, 9.0 mmoles), malonitrile (0.62 g, 9.4 mmoles), and two drops of piperidine were dissolved in 40 ml of absolute ethanol. The mixture was refluxed for 2 h and cooled, and the solids were filtered off. Recrystallization of the residue from absolute ethanol gave pure N,N-dipheny!-4-(dicyanovinyl)benzenamine (1.34 g, 4.2, 46%). λmax = 442 nm, μβ(0) = 228. 10 "48 e.s.u. (in chloroform). Polymers containing the above-mentioned chromophore may be synthesized in accordance with the preparation of the TCVDPA polycarbonates and the NTPA carbonate. Example 8 Synthesis of 1-(3,4-dihydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)-4-(tricyanovinyl)benzene (PYTCVB) The synthesis of 1-(3,4-dihydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)-4-(tricyanovinyl)benzene is described in European patent application No. 95200598.1. λmax = 525 nm, μβ (0) = 377. 10 "48 e.s.u. (in chloroform). The polymerization of 1 -(3,4- dihydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)-4-(tricyanovinyl)benzene with the bischloroformate of 4,4'-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphenol is described in the above¬ mentioned patent application. Example 9 Synthesis of 1-[4-[5-(tricyanovinyl)thien-2-yl]phenyl]pyrrolidine (TCVTPP) (15) Step 1 : 1-(4'-lodophenyl)pyrrolidine (12) 1-(4'-lodophenyl)pyrrolidine (12) was prepared by iodination of 1- phenylpyrrolidine with benzyltrimethyl ammonium dichloroiodate (11) (S. Kajigaeshi, T. Kakinami, H. Yamasaki, S. Fujisaki, and T. Okamoto, The Chem. Soc. of Japan Vol. 61 (2) (1988), 600-602). Benzyltrimethyl ammonium dichloroiodate was synthesized by the dropwise addition of a solution of benzyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (18.6 g, 100 mmoles) in 100 ml of water to a stirred solution of iodine monochloride (16.2 g, 100 mmoles) in dichloromethane (200 ml) at room temperature. After the mixture was stirred for 30 min, the dichloromethane layer was separated and dried (magnesium sulfate) and then evaporated in vacuo to give a residue which was recrystallized in dichloromethane/ether (4:1 ; v/v), giving 11 as brilliant yellow needles (18.23 g, 60%); mp.: 126-127°C. 1-(4-lodophenyl)pyrrolidine (12) was prepared by adding 11 (1.19 g, 3.42 mmoles) and calcium carbonate (0 44 g) to a solution of 1-phenylpyrrolidine in dichloromethane (50 ml)/methanol (20 ml). The mixture was stirred for a weekend, during which C0 2 was gradually released. Excess of calcium carbonate was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated. To the obtained residue was added an aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonate solution (5%, 20 ml), and the mixture was extracted with ether. The ether layer was dried (magnesium sulfate) and evaporated under reduced pressure, whereupon the solid was recrystallized from methanol to give 12 as colorless plates (0.56, 61%). M.p. 99.7-99.8°C. Step 2: 1-[4-(Thien-2-yl)phenyl]pyrrolidine(13) 1-[4-(thien-2-yl)phenyl]pyrrolidine (13) was synthesized by the Pd[0] catalyzed coupling reaction between 2-thienyl zinc chloride and 1-(4'-iodo- phenyl)pyrrolidine (12). Thiophene (2.30 g, 36.6 mmoles) was dissolved in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (10 ml) and cooled in an ice bath. The thiophene was lithiated by the dropwise addition of a 1.6 M n-butyllithium solution (10.0 ml, 16 mmoles) under argon at 0°C. The mixture was stirred for 30 min and was then added, via an double-ended needle, to a stirred solution of dry zinc chloride (1.84 g, 18.2 mmoles) in dry tetrahydrofuran (10 ml) at room temperature, whereupon the mixture was stirred for a further hour. The 2-thienyl zinc chloride (14) was then added via a syringe to a solution of 12 (2.50 g, 9.16 mmoles) and Pd[0](P(C 6 H 5 ) 3 ) 4 (0.025 g) in dry tetrahydrofuran (25 ml) under argon. The temperature was then slowly raised to 50°C and the mixture was stirred at that temperature for 2 h. After cooling the mixture was precipitated in water and filtered, and the residue was dried in vacuo on potassium hydroxide. The dry solid was dissolved in ether, and after the insoluble material was filtered off and the ether was removed under reduced pressure, the residue was recrystallized from acetone to yield 13 (1.08 g, 52%). Step 3: 1-[4-[5-(Tricyanovinyl)thien-2-yl]phenyl]pyrrolidine (15) 1-[4-[5-(tricyanovinyl)thien-2-yi]phenyl]pyrrolidine (15) was prepared by reaction of 1-[4-(thien-2-yl)phenyl]pyrrolidine (13) with tetracyanoethene (B.C. McKusick, R.E. Heckert, T.L Cairns, D.D. Coffman, and H.F. Mower, J. Am. Chem. Soc. Vol. 80 (1958), 2806-2815). Tetracyanoethene (0.32 g, 2.5 mmoles) and 21 (0.70 g, 5.46 mmoles) in N, N-dimethylformamide (5 ml)/pyridine (1 ml) were reacted for 2 h under argon at 50°C. After cooling the solution was precipitated in methanol and filtered, and the residue was recrystallized from acetone to give 15 (0.10 g, 14%). λ max = 645 nm, μβ(0) = 1439.10 "48 e.s.u. (in chloroform). Polymers containing the above- mentioned chromophore can be synthesized in accordance with the method described in Reference Example II. Example 10 Synthesis of polycarbonate of hexafluorobisphenol-A and 4-(tricyano- vinylidene)-4',4"-dihydroxy-triphenyiamine. Step 1 : 4,4'-Dimethoxy-triphenylamine. 4,4'-Dimethoxy-triphenylamine was prepared according to the literature: W. Lamm, W. Jugelt, F. Pragast, J. fur Prakt. Chem., Band 317, heft 2, 284- 292 (1975). Step 2: 4,4'-Dihydroxy-triphenylamine. 4,4'-Dimethoxy-triphenylamine (33.2 g, 0.109 mole), trimethylsilyl iodide (100.0 g, 0.499 mole) and dry acetonitrile (220 ml) were refluxed for 48 h under nitrogen. After cooling to room temperature, water was added (200 ml) and the resulting solution was extracted with ether. The organic layers were combined, dried over sodium sulfate, and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. Double recrystallization from chloroform yielded a white solid (yield 16.41 g, 54%). M.p. 217-219°C. Step 3: Polymerization of 4,4'-dihydroxy-triphenylamine. To a mixture of 4,4'-dihydroxy-triphenylamine (2 g, 7.16 mmole) and hexafluorobisphenol-A bischloroformate (3.3 g, 7.17 mmole) in anhydrous dichloromethane (20 ml) and anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (THF) (15 ml) at 0°C was added dropwise 1.2 g (14.87 mmole) of pyridine in 5 ml of THF. After the addition, the mixture was allowed to heat to room temperature and stirred overnight. The mixture was precipitated in 350 ml of methanol, filtered and washed several times with methanol. Drying yielded 3.95 g of polycarbonate (83%). Mw=22736, Tg= 154-159°C. Step 4: Reaction of tetracyanoethene with the polycarbonate. The polymer of step 3 (2.3 g) and tetracyanoethene (9.0 g, 0.07 mole) were dissolved in DMF (25 ml) and heated to 90°C for 4 h. After cooling, the polymer was precipitated in methanol, filtered, and washed with methanol. Drying yielded 2.67 g of polycarbonate of hexafluorobisphenol-A and 4- (tricyanovinylidene)-4',4"-dihydroxytriphenylamine. Mw=91886. Example 1 4-(Dimethylamino)-4'-nitroazobenzene is commercially available. The λ, max = 478 nm (in chloroform) and the μβ (0) = 476 . 10 "48 esu. Example 12 Synthesis of 4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-4'-(dicyanovinyi)azobenzene. 4-(Dicyanovinyl)benzenediazonium hexafluorophosphate was prepared according to M.L Schilling, H.E. Katz, and D.I. Cox, J. Org. Chem.. 53, 5538 (1988). AEM 2502 R (Pyrrolidin-l-yl)-benzene (2.9 g, 20 mmole) was dissolved in 50 ml of glacial acetic acid at room temperature. (Dicyanovinyl)benzenediazonium hexafluorophosphate (6.6 g, 20 mmole) was added followed by portionwise addition of sodium acetate (3.3g, 40 mmole). The resulting mixture was stirred overnight and the solids were filtered off and purified by column chromatography (eluent dichloromethane/methanol 95:5). Yield of product 2.95 g (9 mmole, 45%). The λ max = 536 nm (in chloroform) and the μβ (0) = 1083 . lO^ esu. Example 13 Synthesis of 4-(3,4-dihydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)-4'-(dicyanovinyl)azobenzene. 4-(Dicyanovinyl)benzenamine (2.7 g, 16 mmole) was stirred in a mixture of sulfuric acid (2.5 ml) and glacial acetic acid (30 ml) under cooling in an ice bath to 10°C. Sodium nitrite (1.1 g, 16 mmole) in 4 ml of water was added slowly to maintain the temperature below 10°C. The clear solution was warmed to room temperature and (3.4-dihydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)benzene (prepared according to PCT/EP93/01587) (2.9 g, 16 mmole) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred ovemight. The solids were filtered off, dissolved in a mixture of THF and triethylamine (30 ml and 5 ml respectively) and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated and the yield of product was 3.0 g (12 mmole, 73%). Example 14 Polymerization of F6-bisphenol-A bischloroformate with 4-(3,4-dihydroxy- pyrrolidin-1-yl)-4'-(dicyanovinyl)azobenzene. F6-Bisphenol-A bischloroformate (2.7 g, 5.8 mmole) and 4-(3,4-dihydroxy- pyrrolidin-1-yl)-4'-(dicyanovinyl)azobenzene (2.00 g, 5.8 mmole) were dissolved in 50 ml of THF. After cooling to 0°C, pyridine in 5 ml of THF was added dropwise. After the addition, the mixture was allowed to heat to room temperature and stirred overnight. The resulting solution was precipitated in 500 ml of methanol. After filtration and washing with methanol, 3.23 g (78%) of polymer was obtained. Mw = 13.300. D=1.9. Example 15 Synthesis of the condensation product of 3-dicyanomethylene-2,3-dihydro- benzothiophene 1,1-dioxide and 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)cinnamaldehyde. 3-Dicyanomethylene-2,3-dihydrobenzothiophene 1 ,1 -dioxide (prepared according to V.U. Shenoy, V.P. Patel, S. Seshadri, Dyes and Pigments. 11 , 37-46 (1989)) (2.3 g, 10 mmole) and 4-(N,N-dimethyl- amirιo)cinnamaldehyde (1.76 g, 10 mmole) were dissolved in DMF (10 ml) and refluxed for 3 h. After cooling, the solution was filtered and the crystals were purified by column chromatography over silicagel (eluent 5% methanol/95% dichloromethane) The yield of product was 524 mg (1.3 mmole, 13%). The λ max = 675 nm (in chloroform) and the μβ (1907 nm) = 2,338 . 10^ 8 esu. Example 16 Synthesis of the condensation product of 3-dicyanomethylene-2,3-dihydro- thiophene 1,1-dioxide and 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)benzaldehyde. 3-Dicyanomethylene-2,3-dihydrobenzothiophene 1 ,1-dioxide (2.3 g, 10 mmole) and 4-(N,N-dimethylamino) benzaldehyde (1.5 g, 10 mmole) were dissolved in N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF; 10 ml) and refluxed for 3 h. After cooling, the solution was filtered and the crystals were purified by column chromatography over silicagel (eluent 5% methanol/95% dichloromethane) The yield of product was 440 mg (1.2 mmole, 12%). The λ max = 587 nm (in chloroform) and the μβ (0) = 301 . 10 "48 esu. Example 17 Synthesis of N,N-diphenyl-4-(tricyanovinyl)benzenamine. Triphenylamine (7.35 g, 30 mmole) and tetracyanoethene (4.48 g, 35 mmole) in 15 ml of DMF were stirred overnight at 70°C. After cooling, the reaction mixture is precipitated into water and the solids were filtered off. Purification by column chromatography (eluent dichloromethane) and crystallization from ethanol afforded the pure product (3.67 g, 11 mmole, 35%). The λ max = 531 nm (in chloroform) and the μβ (0) = 584 . 10 "48 esu. Example 18 Synthesis of condensation product of 4-(diphenylamino)benzaldehyde and 1 ,3-diethyl-2-thiobarbituric acid. 4-(Diphenyiamino)benzaldehyde (5.5 g, 20 mmole) and 1,3-diethyl-2-thio- barbituric acid (4.1 g, 20 mmole) were suspended in 15 ml of DMF. One drop of piperidine was added and the reaction mixture was heated for 1.5 h at 70 C C. After cooling, the reaction mixture was added dropwise to methanol (100 ml) and the solids were filtered off. An analytical sample was recrystallized from methanol. The λ max = 508 nm (in chloroform). Example 19 Stability measurements To establish the stability of polymers and monomers towards 1 0 2 , two approaches were used: firstly, the exposure of the materials in solution to in situ generated 1 O 2 and secondly, the irradiation of thin films (planar waveguides) of selected polymers by a continuous wave high optical power laser source in the 1300 nm band region to evaluate the stability of the material under conditions relevant to their actual use. The two types of measurements and their results will be discussed separately below. Solution studies Diluted solutions of selected polymers and monomers in deuterated chloroform were exposed to 1 O 2 generated in situ by one of three approaches. (1) Sensitized formation of 1 0 2 via irradiation of meso- tetraphenylporphin (MTPP) at λ > 610 nm; once excited, the sensitizer has an efficient intersystem crossing to the triplet state and a high yield of 1 0 2 via interaction with 3 O 2 present in the solution. (2) Formation of 1 0 2 by the heating of 1 ,4,5-trimethylnaphthalene endoperoxide (without irradiation). (3) Formation of 1 O 2 in the gas phase by irradiation of a capillary coated with Rose Bengal, the formed 1 0 2 being guided into the chloroform solution. The experiments are conducted in deuterated chloroform because the 1 0 2 has a very long lifetime in this solvent (about 300 ms), so that its effects can be established with greater sensitivity. The efficient generation of 1 0 2 was established either by direct measurement of the 1 0 2 chemiluminescence at 1276 nm or by quantitative determination of the products of the highly specific interaction of 1 0 2 and 2,3-diphenyl-1,4- dioxene. Reaction products formed as a result of the interaction of the DANS chromophore and 1 O 2 were isolated and identified. For a large part they consist of products of the reaction of 1 O 2 with the dialkylamino part of the molecule (inter alia, de-alkylated and formyl-substituted structures). Subsequently, monomers and polymers which do not contain the vulnerable dialkylamino moiety were synthesized. To screen the stability of the monomers and polymers in solution, both the absorption of the long wavelength charge-transfer transition and (for the polymers) the molecular weight distribution were established. The photochemical stability of electro- or opto-optically active side-chain polymers has two aspects. Firstly, one has to realize that degradation of the unstable dialkylamino moiety, which is incorporated into the polymer backbone, will lead to the breakdown of the polymer structure, with detrimental consequences for its physical and mechanical properties. Secondly, the reaction of the chromophore with 1 O 2 results in the disappearance of the charge transfer absorption band, which is directly reflected in the loss of electro- or opto-optical activity of the chromophores and, since it is accompanied by a significant reduction of the refractive index of the degraded area, in the loss of waveguiding properties. As another sensitizer instead of MTPP aluminum phthalocyanine (AP) has been applied. This molecule has strong singlet absorption in the 700-800 nm range, so that irradiation at longer wavelength can be used. As a consequence NLO-phores with red-shifted absorption bands can be examined; for comparison, mesotetraphenylporphin sensitizer absorbs in the 600 nm range. The following conditions were applied for the exposure study with AP: 1. The concentration of the sensitizer was about 10 *6 M, in chloroform-d as solvent (a solvent in which singlet oxygen has a very long lifetime). About 10 "5 M of NLO-phore were added to the solution; 2. The solution was irradiated by means of a 75-Watt quartz-tungsten- halogen lamp (PTl, Inc). By applying of a combination of a 700 nm cut-on and an 800 nm cut-off filter a suitable wavelength range for excitation of the sensitizer was selected. The samples were irradiated at a distance of 10 cm from the light source and were shielded from daylight; 3. The degradation of the NLO-phores was followed by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy (Varian, Cary 1) and by size-exclusion chromatography of the polymers which have been treated, using the results obtained for the degradation of dimethylaminonitrostilbene as a reference. Figures 1 and 2 show the (relative) stability of a number of investigated materials. The rate of degradation of DANS (Reference Example I) was taken as reference. Data were derived from the UV-VIS absorption spectra of the deuterated chloroform solutions of the materials, using AP as sensitizer. The spectra were corrected for the contribution of the AP molecule. The MTPP sensitizer was used to obtain the results showm in Figure 3. MTPP was present in the solutions at 1.3 x 10 "5 M, 2-3 times the concentration which was used for the chromophores. The light emitted from a 75-W quartz-tungsten halogen lamp was used for indication. By optical filtering the 610-800 nm wavelength range was selected. UV-VIS absorption spectra were recorded for 1 cm path length cuvettes in the 300- 800 nm region, using a Cary 3 or Cary 5 spectrophotometer. The data in Figures 1-3 clearly show that the dialkyl-stilbenes (DANS and PYNS; Reference examples I and II) are significantly less stable than the N-donor-π-system-acceptor structures of the present invention. The polymeric materials were analyzed by size-exclusion chromatography as well. The data are given in Table 1. Table 1 : Degradation of polymeric materials exposed to- ) ? Compound Mp (before) Mp (after) Reduction of Mp (%) a Ref. Example III D 8000 5900 26 Example 3 11200 8100 27 Example 4 5600 5600 0 Example 5 2100 2100 0 Example 8 7000 6300 10 a Exposure to 1 O 2 via MTPP sensitization during 3 h with a quartz-tungsten halogen lamp. Mp peak measured relative to polystyrene standards. b Structures as described above; PC stands for hexafluorobisphenol-A- based polycarbonate. Stabilizers Stabilizers which can be applied to remove reactive 1 O 2 species from polymeric materials have been described in the literature. Several types of stabilizers are known: (1) olefinic materials, such as β-carotene and carotenoids, (2) amines, such as DABCO (diazabicyclo[2.2.2joctane) and (3) organometaUic compounds, in particular Ni(ll)-, Fe(ll,lll)-, Bi(ll)-, Co(ll)-, Zn(ll)-, and Pd(ll)-complexes. The efficiency of several of these stabilizers has been investigated via measurement of the decrease of the O 2 concentration generated by the sensitizer 9-fluorenone in deuterated chloroform solution. DABCO, β-carotene, 2,3-diphenyl-1 ,3-dioxene, and the Ni-complex Perkacit NDBC® all showed a significant reduction of the 1 O 2 luminescence intensity, indicating their effectiveness in protecting materials against 1 O 2 induced degradation (see Figure 4). Waveguide studies The photochemical stability at 1319 nm of three different polymers was measured using the standard prism coupling technique. The optical throughput (intensity) of a thin polymer film (planar waveguide configuration) deposited on a silicon oxide on silicon substrate was monitored up to a period of 24 h. Figure 5 depicts the results for Reference Example III, a DANS side-chain polycarbonate, for Example 5, a side-chain polycarbonate of 4-tricyanovinyl-4'-(2,3-dihydroxypropoxy)triphenylamine, and for a polycarbonate (PC) without an electro- or opto-optically active side-chain. The significant improvement in the stability of the polymer containing the diphenylamino donor group is obvious. Photochemical degradation of thin polymer films can be observed in the prism coupling set-up as a broadening of the optical mode in the direction perpendicular to the propagation direction and parallel to the plane of the polymeric slab waveguide. The intensity profile of a high optical power laser beam coupled out of the slab waveguide substantially broadens in time when light is propagated through the slab waveguide. This broadening of the intensity profile indicates a reduction of the refractive index due to a photo-chemical induced change of the polymer. The change of the mode profile in percentage terms is a sensitive indicator of the photochemical stability of the polymer. The addition of stabilizers to the polymer can increase the resistance of the polymer to 1 0 2 induced oxidative processes, as has been discussed above. To prove the improvement which may be realized by incorporation of a 1 0 2 scavenger, the Ni(ll) based stabilizer Perkacit NDBC® was added as a solid solution to the Ref. Example III side-chain polymer in different percentages. The addition of the Perkacit scavenger resulted in a direct and significant improvement in the stability of the -very unstable- Reference Example III. The effect of the addition of the scavenger is depicted in Figure 6. Captions to the figures: Figure 1 : Solution 1 O 2 degradation studies for a number of model compounds, showing the significantly higher stability of azobenzene derivatives. Figure 2: Solution 1 0 2 degradation studies for a number of model compounds, showing the higher stability of N-donors bonded to an aromatic group. Figure 3: Solution 1 O 2 degradation studies for a number of model compounds, showing the higher stability of N-donors not having α- hydrogen atoms. Figure 4: Efficiency of Perkacit NDBC®, ex Akzo Nobel Chemicals, scavenger shown for O 2 generated by fluorenone in deuterated chloroform solution. Curves show blank 1 O 2 signal (a), signal with 0.02% by weight Perkacit added to the solution (b), and signal with 0.11% by weight Perkacit added to the solution (c). Figure 5: Measured output intensity of an optical beam (λ = 1319 nm) for three different polycarbonate polymer systems containing DANS (Reference Example III), the compound of Example 5, and no chromophores. Figure 6: Broadening of the optical profile of an optical beam (λ = 1319 nm, 50 mW out of the film) coupled out of a slab waveguide for DANS polycarbonate polymer waveguides containing different percentages of Perkacit NDBC® O 2 scavenger. SCHEDULE 1/3 12 11 12 13 12 13 14 15 SCHEDULE 2/3 18 17 16 21 20 19 SCHEDULE 3/3 24 25 27 26 28

Claims: Claims: 1. An electro- or opto-optical device comprising an active layer wherein the active layer comprises a polymer mixed with an NLO chromophore or a polymer having side-chains with NLO chromophores, the NLO chromophore having an N-donor-π-system-acceptor structure, the π- system thereof being selected from R' and one of the following structures: wherein Y is hydrogen, CN, or halogen, and R' is independently selected from: 2. The electro- or opto-optical device of claim 1 wherein the π-system is R' or R'-N=N-R', wherein R' is 3. The electro- or opto-optical device of claim 1 or 2 wherein the N-donor does not have hydrogen atoms in the α-position with respect to the nitrogen atom. 4. The electro- or opto-optical device of claim 3 wherein the N-donor is a nitrogen atom bonded directly to one or two aromatic groups and to the π-system, wherein the aromatic groups are independently chosen from the formulae: 5. The electro- or opto-optical device of claim 3 wherein the N-donor is present in the NLO chromophore as one of the following moieties: formula 1 formula 2 formula formula 4 formula 5 wherein R is independently O or dialkyl (C r C 6 ), at least one of the lines 1 and 2 are positions to be bonded to the polymer backbone, line 3 is the position to be bonded to the π-system-acceptor, and Ar is independently selected from: 6. The electro- or opto-optical device of any one of claims 1-5 wherein the acceptor is NO 2 -CN, tricyanovinylidene, -CF 3 S0 2 R"( R" being an alkyl group having 1-4 carbon atoms or an aryl group), dicyanovinylidene, a barbiturate group, a thiobarbiturate group, or a group according to the formula: R'" being hydrogen or alkyl (C C 4 ). 7. The electro- or opto-optical device of any one of claims 1-6 which further comprises a singlet oxygen stabilizer. 8. A method for the manufacture of the electro-optical device of any one of the preceding claims comprising the steps of: -applying a cladding layer onto a substrate; -applying an active layer onto the cladding layer; -defining a channel pattern in the active layer; -poling the NLO-polymer of the active layer; -applying a cladding layer onto the active layer; and -applying pads and electrodes onto the cladding layer. 9. A method for the manufacture of the opto-optical device of any one of the preceding claims comprising the steps of: -applying a cladding layer onto a substrate; -applying an active layer onto the cladding layer; -defining a channel pattern in the active layer; -optionally poling the NLO-polymer of the active layer; -applying a cladding layer onto the active layer;

Inventors: FLIPSE MARINUS CORNELIS, HOFSTRAAT JOHANNES WILLEM, WOUDENBERG RICHARD HERMAN, FLIPSE, MARINUS, CORNELIS, HOFSTRAAT, JOHANNES, WILLEM, WOUDENBERG, RICHARD, HERMAN
Applicants: AKZO NOBEL NV, FLIPSE MARINUS CORNELIS, HOFSTRAAT JOHANNES WILLEM, WOUDENBERG RICHARD HERMAN, AKZO NOBEL N.V., FLIPSE, MARINUS, CORNELIS, HOFSTRAAT, JOHANNES, WILLEM, WOUDENBERG, RICHARD, HERMAN
Application year: 1996
Main classification: G02F1
IPC codes: C07D207, G02F1