Broadband antenna using semicircular radiator

Abstract: An antenna comprises a first radiator shaped as a semicircular arc and formed by a virtually semicircular conductor disc having a virtually semicircular notch concentrically therewith; a plane conductor ground plate disposed opposed to the semicircular arc of said first radiator at right angles thereto; and a feeder connected to the vertex of the semicircular arc of said first radiator and said plane conductor ground plate, for feeding power to them.

Description: The present invention relates to an antenna which has a bandwidth as broad as 0.5 to 13 GHz, for instance, but is small in size and, more particularly, to an antenna using a semicircular radiator or semicircular, ribbon-shaped radiator. In R.M. Taylor, "A Broadband Omnidirectional Antenna," IEEE AP-S International Symposium, 1994, p1294, there is disclosed a conventional broadband antenna using semicircular conductor discs as depicted in Fig. 1. This conventional antenna has two elements. One of the elements is composed of two semicircular conductor discs 12 1a and 12 2a , which have a common center line Ox passing through the vertexes of their semicircular arcs and cross at right angles. The other element is also composed of two elements 12 1b and 12 2b , which similarly have a common center line Ox passing through the vertexes of their semicircular arcs and cross at right angles. The two elements are assembled with the vertexes of their circular arcs opposed to each other. A feeding section is provided between the vertexes of the arcs of the two elements; a coaxial cable 31 for feeding is disposed along the center of one of the two elements, with the outer conductor of the cable held in contact with the element. Fig. 2 illustrates a simplified version of the antenna depicted in Fig. 1, which has semicircular conductor discs 12a and 12b disposed with the vertexes of their semicircular arcs opposed to each other. The feeding section is provided between the vertexes of the two conductor discs 12a and 12b to feed them with the coaxial cable 31 installed in the conductor disc 12b. Fig. 3 shows the VSWR characteristic of the antenna depicted in Fig. 2. It will be seen from Fig. 3 that the simplified antenna also has a broadband characteristic, which was obtained when the radius r of each of the semicircular conductor discs 12a and 12b was chosen to be 6 cm. The lower limit band with VSWR<2.0 is 600 MHz. Since the wavelength λ of the lower limit frequency in this instance is approximately 50 cm, it is seen that the radius r needs to be about (1/8)λ. The radiation characteristic of the antenna shown in Fig. 1 is non-directional in a plane perpendicular to the center line Ox, whereas the radiation characteristic of the antenna of Fig. 2 is non-directional in a frequency region from the lower limit frequency to a frequency substantially twice higher than it and is highly directive in the same direction as the radiator 12a in the plane perpendicular to the center line Ox. Thus, the conventional antenna of Fig. 1 comprises upper and lower pairs of antenna elements each formed by two sectorial radiators crossing each other, and hence it occupies much space. Also in the simplified antenna of Fig. 2, the sectorial semicircular radiators are space-consuming. In terms of size, too, the conventional antennas require semicircular conductor discs whose radii are at least around 1/8 of the lowest resonance wavelength; even the simplified antenna requires a 2r by 2r or (1/4)λ by (1/4)λ antenna area. Accordingly, the conventional antennas have defects that they are bulky and space-consuming and that when the lower limit frequency is lowered, they become bulky in inverse proportion to it. US-A-4,843,403 discloses a broadband notch antenna comprising a substrate having an outer surface, a first conducting radiator disposed on one side of the outer surface of said substrate and having a first curved edge, a second conducting radiator disposed on the other side of the outer surface of said substrate and having a second curved edge, said first and second curved edges being closely related to one another and spaced apart in close proximity at one point to define a feed-point gap therebetween with adjacent curved edges gradually tapering outwardly therefrom to define first and second continuous flared notches interfacing one another and emanating from said feed-point gap. The document mentions that the substrate may be bent or folded transversely across the narrow slot portion to produce various degrees of a side by side dual flared notch antenna. Shown is a folded antenna structure that is more or less symmetrical in the manner of bending but the document indicates there are an infinite number of ways of folding, bending, rolling, etc., the structure. US-A-4,443,805 discloses a plate-type antenna constituted by two tangent circular rings lying interconnected by a slit which is energized in the immediate neighborhood of the center of symmetry of the antenna. US-A-3,364,491 discloses an antenna comprising a pair of ellipsoidal radiators mounted side by side with their longitudinal exes in parallel and fed by a matched balanced feeder. DE-B-13 01 376 discloses an antenna comprising an ellipsoidal radiator mounted perpendicular to a ground plate. It is an object of the present invention to provide an antenna which has the same electrical characteristics as in the prior art but is less bulky, or an antenna which is smaller in size and lower in the lowest resonance frequency than in the past. This object is achieved with an antenna as claimed in claims 1 and 3. Preferred embodiments are subject-matter of the dependent claims. The antenna according to a first aspect of the present invention is characterized by a semicircular arcwise radiator with a virtually semicircular space or area defined inside thereof (hereinafter referred to as a notch). A plane conductor ground plate is placed in a plane perpendicular to the radiator in opposing relation to the vertex of its circular arc and a feeding point is located at the vertex of the circular arc. Alternatively, another radiator of about the same configuration as the above-mentioned is disposed with the vertexes of their circular arcs opposed to each other and the vertexes of their circular arcs are used as feeding points. At least one radiating element, different in shape from the semicircular arcwise radiator, may be disposed in its semicircular notch and connected to the vicinity of the feeding point. With the antenna according to the invention, it is possible to reduce the space for the antenna element while retaining the same broadband characteristic as in the past, by defining the semicircular notch in the semicircular radiator to form the arcwise radiator and/or bending the semicircular or arcwise radiator into a cylindrical form. Furthermore, by incorporating another radiating element in the notch of the semicircular radiator, it is possible to achieve a multi-resonance antenna without upsizing the antenna element, and the VSWR characteristic can be improved as compared with that in the prior art by bending the semicircular radiator into a cylindrical form. Embodiments of the invention will be described below with reference to the drawings, in which: Fig. 1 is a perspective view of a conventional antenna; Fig. 2 is a perspective view showing a simplified version of the antenna of Fig. 1; Fig. 3 is a graph showing the VSWR characteristic of the antenna depicted in Fig. 2; Fig. 4 is a perspective view of a conventional antenna structure; Fig. 5A is diagram showing the current density distribution on a radiator of the antenna structure of Fig. 4; Fig. 5B is a graph showing the VSWR characteristics obtained with radiators of different shapes in the Fig. 4 structure; Fig. 6 is a perspective view illustrating a first embodiment of the present invention; Fig. 7 is a diagram showing one mode of feeding in Fig. 6; Fig. 8 is a diagram showing another mode of feeding in Fig. 6; Fig. 9 is a diagram showing still another mode of feeding in Fig. 6; Fig. 10A is a front view of the Fig. 6 antenna structure on which experiments were conducted; Fig. 10B is its plan view; Fig. 10C is its side view; Fig. 11 is a graph showing the measured VSWR characteristic; Fig. 12 is a perspective view illustrating a second embodiment of the present invention; Fig. 13 is a perspective view illustrating a third embodiment of the present invention; Fig. 14 is a graph showing the VSWR characteristic of the antenna depicted in Fig. 13; Fig. 15 is a perspective view illustrating a fourth embodiment of the present invention; Fig. 16 is a perspective view illustrating a fifth embodiment of the present invention; Fig. 17 is a perspective view illustrating a sixth embodiment of the present invention; Fig. 18 is a graph showing the VSWR characteristic of the antenna depicted in Fig. 17; Fig. 19 is a graph showing the low-frequency region on an enlarged scale in Fig. 18; Fig. 20 is a diagram illustrating a modified form of the Fig. 16 embodiment; Fig. 21 is a diagram illustrating another modification of the Fig. 16 embodiment; Fig. 22 is a diagram illustrating still another modification of the Fig. 16 embodiment; To facilitate a better understanding of the present invention, a description will be given first of a prior art monopole antenna which comprises a semicircular radiator disc, which is one of the radiating elements of the prior art dipole antenna shown in Fig. 1, and a plane conductor ground plate serving as a mirror image plane and is equivalent in operation to the antenna of Fig. 1. As shown in Fig. 4, the monopole antenna was formed by placing a semicircular radiator 12 on a plane conductor ground plate 50 vertically thereto with the vertex of the circular arc of the former held in adjacent but spaced relation to the latter and connecting center and outer conductors of a coaxial feeding cable to the vertex of the circular arc of the semicircular radiator 12 and the ground plate 50, respectively. And, as described just below, analyses were made of the monopole antenna shown in Fig. 4. Since the conductor ground plate 50 forms a mirror image of the radiator 12, the operation of this monopole antenna is equivalent to the operation of the antenna depicted in Fig. 2. (a) The distribution of a 5 GHz high-frequency current on the radiator 12 was analyzed by a finite element method, from which it was found that high current density regions developed discontinuously along the circumference of the semicircular radiator 12 as shown by hatched areas in Fig. 5A, whereas the current flow in the central region was negligibly small--this indicates that the arcwise marginal area of the semicircular disc contributes largely to radiation. (b) The shape of the semicircular radiator 12 in Fig. 4 was defined generally as an ellipse inclusive of a circle and the influence of the dimensional relationship between perpendicularly intersecting first and second radii L1 and L2 of the radiator 12 on the VSWR characteristic was measured under the three conditions listed below. (1) L 1 = L 2 = 75 mm (i.e. in the case of a semicircle) (2) L 1 = 75 mm, L 2 = 50 mm (i.e. When L 1 > L 2 ) (3) L 1 = 40 mm, L 2 = 75 mm (i.e. When L 1 < L 2 ) In Fig. 5B there are shown the VSWR characteristics measured under the above-said three conditions, which are indicated by the solid, broken and thick lines 5a, 5b and 5c, respectively. From Fig. 4 it is seen that a change in the radius L 2 causes a change in the lower limit frequency of the band (a decrease in the radius L 2 increases the lower limit frequency) but that even if the semicircular form of the radiator is changed to an ellipse, no significant change is caused in the VSWR characteristic--this indicates that the radiator 12 need not always be perfectly semicircular in shape. Based on the results of the analysis (a), a semicircular area of the semicircular radiator disc inside the arcwise marginal area thereof is cut out to define a semicircular notch, which is used to accommodate another antenna element or an electronic part or circuitry. According to the results of the analysis (b), the VSWR characteristic remains substantially unchanged regardless of whether the radiator is semicircular or semi-elliptic. This applies to an arcwise ribbon-shaped radiating conductor for use in the embodiments of the present invention described hereinbelow. FIRST EMBODIMENT Fig. 6 is a perspective view illustrating the antenna structure according to a first embodiment of the present invention, which comprises a pair of substantially semicircular arcwise radiators 11a and 11b (made of copper or aluminum, for instance). The outer and inner marginal edges of each arcwise radiator 11 may be semicircular or semi-elliptic. The two radiators 11a and 11b are disposed with vertexes 21a and 21b of their circular arcs opposed to each other and a feeding section 30 is provided between the vertexes 21a and 21b. The two semicircular arcwise radiators 11a and 11b have centrally thereof substantially semicircular notches 41a and 41b concentric therewith. In the case where the radiators 11a and 11b are semicircular and the notches 41a and 41b are semi-ellipses each having the major axis, for example, in the horizontal direction, the widths W of radiators 11a and 11b gradually decrease or increase toward their both ends. When the notches each have the major axis in the vertical direction, the widths W of the radiators 11a and 11b gradually increase toward their both ends. This antenna structure permits placement of other elements in the notches 41a and 41b, and hence it provides increased space factor as compared with the conventional antenna using completely semicircular conductor discs. Figs. 7 through 9 show, by way of example, different feeding schemes for the antenna of the Fig. 4 embodiment. In Fig. 7 the coaxial cable 31 is disposed along the center line Ox of the radiator 11b, whereas in Fig. 8 the coaxial cable 31 is disposed along the semicircular outer periphery of the radiator 11b. In Fig. 9 a twin-lead type feeder 33 is used. In any case, feeding is carried out between the vertexes 21 a and 21b of the two radiators 11a and11b. An experiment was conducted to verify or determine the performance of the antenna of this embodiment. Fig. 10 shows its front, right-hand side and plan views, and Fig. 11 shows the VSWR characteristic measured in the experiment. In the experiment the outside shape of each of the radiators 11a and 11b was a semicircle with a radius a=75 mm and the shape of each of the notches 41a and 41b was a semicircle concentric with the outside shape of each radiator and having a radius b=55 mm. Accordingly, the widths W of the radiators 11a and 11b were 20 mm. The coaxial cable 31 disposed along the center axis of the radiator 11b was used for feeding, the coaxial cable 31 having its center conductor connected to the vertex 21a of the radiator 11a and its outer conductor connected to the other radiator 11b. Comparison of the VSWR characteristic thus obtained with the VSWR characteristic of the prior art example shown in Fig. 3 indicates that the VSWR is limited to about 2 or smaller value in a frequency region above 600 MHz and that the band characteristic is about the same as that of the prior art example regardless of the notches of the radiators. The provision of the notches enhances the space factor because a circuit device, another radiating element or the like can be placed in the notch of each radiator. SECOND EMBODIMENT Fig. 12 illustrates in perspective the antenna structure according to a second embodiment of the present invention. The antenna of this embodiment is provided with two sets of antenna elements, one of which is composed of a pair of substantially semicircular conductor discs 12 1b and 12 2b such as described previously with reference to the prior art example of Fig. 1. The conductor discs 12 1b and 12 2b cross at right angles, with the vertexes of their circular arcs held at the same position and their center lines virtually aligned with each other. The other set of antenna elements is composed of a pair of semicircular arcwise radiators 11 1a and 11 2a , each of which is substantially semicircular and has a notch defined centrally thereof as described above with reference to Fig. 6. The radiators 11 1a and 11 2a also cross at right angles, with the vertexes of their circular arcs held at the same position as indicated by 21a and their center lines Ox aligned with each other. The two sets of antenna elements are combined, with the vertexes 21a and 21b of the radiators 11 1a , 11 2a and 12 1b , 12 2b opposed to each other, the vertexes 21a and 21b being used as feeding points. In this example, the coaxial cable 31 is used for feeding, which has its center conductor connected to the vertex 21a and its outer conductor connected to the vertex 21b. A twin-lead type feeder or the like can be used in place of the coaxial cable 31. The antenna structure of this embodiment also provides the same broadband characteristic as is obtainable with the prior art example of Fig. 1. Accordingly, this embodiment is excellent in space factor as is the case with the first embodiment, and by using a plurality of radiators to form the radiating element, the directivity in the horizontal plane can be made omnidirectional. THIRD EMBODIMENT Fig. 13 illustrates in perspective a third embodiment of the present invention, which is a monopole antenna corresponding to the dipole antennas shown in Figs. 6 and 7. The antenna of this embodiment is composed of a substantially semicircular arcwise radiator 11 having a virtually semicircular notch 41 defined centrally thereof and a plane conductor ground plate 50. The radiator 11 is disposed with the vertex 21 of its circular arc held in adjacent but spaced relation thereto. The vertex 21 of the radiator 11 is used as a feeding point and the coaxial cable 31 for feeding has its center conductor connected to the vertex 21 of the radiator 11 through a through hole made in the plane conductor ground plate 50 and has its outer conductor connected to the ground plate 50. Experiments were conducted on the antenna structure of this embodiment in which the notch 41 defined centrally of the semicircular arcwise radiator 11 was semi-elliptic. In concrete terms, the experiments were carried out for different values of the width W, of either end of the radiator 11 and its width W 2 at the feeding point 21, i.e. In the cases of W 1 =W 2 , W 1 >W 2 and W 1 <W 2 . Fig. 14 shows the parameters used in the experiments and the VSWR characteristics measured therefor. No particular change occurred in the VSWR characteristic as a whole although the VSWR value obtained with the arcwise radiator with the semi-elliptic notch, indicated by the broken line, was lower in the vicinity of 1.5 GHz than in the case of the semicircular notch, from which its was found that the notch 41 need not be limited specifically to the semicircular form. The difference in the VSWR value in the neighborhood of 1.5 GHz was due to a difference in the area of the notch. FOURTH EMBODIMENT Fig. 15 illustrates in perspective a fourth embodiment of the present invention, which employs a pair of semicircular arcwise radiators 11 1 and 11 2 of exactly the same shape as that of the Fig. 13 embodiment. The radiators 11 1 and 11 2 cross at right angles with the vertexes of their arcs at the same point and their center lines aligned with each other. That is, the semicircular arcwise radiator 11 1 and 11 2 , each having a notch 41 defined inside thereof, are combined into one antenna element with the vertexes 21 of their outside shapes held at the same point and their center lines Ox passing there through aligned with each other. This antenna element, thus formed by the radiators crossing at right angels, is disposed with its vertex 21 held in adjacent but spaced relation to the plane conductor ground plate 50. The vertex 21 of the antenna element is used as a feeding point, to which the coaxial cable 31 is connected through a through hole made in the plane conductor ground plate 50. In each of the third and fourth embodiments depicted in Figs. 13 and 15, an electrical mirror image of the radiator 11 or electrical mirror images of the radiators 11 1 and 11 2 are formed on the back of the plane conductor ground plate 50. On this account, the size of the radiating element (the radiator 11 or radiators 11 1 , 11 2 ) is only one-half the size in the first and second embodiments; hence, it is possible to reduce the antenna height by half while realizing the same broadband characteristic as is obtainable with the antenna structures of the first and second embodiments. Thus, an antenna with a good space factor can be implemented by suppressing the antenna height and using the semicircular arcwise radiator having the notch 41 defined inside thereof. FIFTH EMBODIMENT Fig. 16 illustrates in perspective a fifth embodiment of the present invention, in which another radiating element of a shape different from the arcwise shape is provided in the notch 41 defined by the semicircular arcwise radiator of the Fig. 13 embodiment. That is, the antenna of this embodiment comprises the semicircular arcwise radiator 11 with the virtually semicircular notch 41 defined centrally of its semicircular configuration, the plane conductor ground plate 50 to which the vertex of the semicircular arc of the radiator 11 is held in adjacent but spaced relation, the coaxial cable 31 connected to the feeding point 21 located between the vertex of the radiator 11 and the plane conductor ground plate 50 through a through hole made in the latter, and a meander monopole 61 disposed in the notch 41 of the radiator 11 with its one end connected to the center of the arcwise radiator 11 closest to the feeding point 21. The coaxial cable 31 has its center conductor connected to the vertex of the radiator 11 through the through hole of the plane conductor ground plate 50 and its outer conductor connected to the ground plate 50. The meander monopole 61 is formed as a unitary structure with the arcwise radiator 11 and power is fed to the former through the latter. In this embodiment, there is incorporated in the semicircular arcwise antenna 11 the meander monopole antenna 61 whose resonance frequency is lower than the lowest resonance frequency of the arcwise antenna 11. Since the current path of the meander monopole antenna 61 can be made longer than the semicircumference of the semicircular arcwise antenna 11, the meander monopole antenna 61 can resonate at a frequency lower than the lowest resonance frequency of the antenna of each embodiment described above. Thus, the antenna structure with the meander monopole antenna 61 incorporated therein can resonate outside the band of the antenna of each embodiment described above; hence, a multiresonance can be implemented. In particular, by setting the resonance frequency of the meander monopole antenna 61 to be lower than the resonance frequency of the semicircular arcwise radiator 11, the lowest resonance frequency of the antenna can be lowered without the need of changing the antenna size. SIXTH EMBODIMENT Fig. 17 illustrates in perspective a sixth embodiment of the present invention and Figs. 18 and 19 show its measured VSWR characteristic. The antenna of this embodiment differs from the Fig. 16 embodiment in that a semicircular radiator 11b, such as in the Fig. 2 prior art example, is provided as a dipole antenna in place of the plane conductor ground plate 50. That is, the antenna is provided with the virtually semicircular arcwise radiator 11a and the semicircular radiator 11b, which are disposed with the vertexes 21a and 21b of their arcs opposed to each other as feeding points. The coaxial cable 31 is connected to these feeding points. The meander monopole antenna 61 is placed in the notch 41 of the radiator 11a and its lower end is connected to the center of the inner marginal edge of the latter. The coaxial cable 31 has its center conductor connected to the vertex 21a of the arcwise radiator 11a and its outer conductor connected to the semicircular radiator 11b. The power feed to the meander monopole antenna 61 is effected through the radiator 11a. The VSWR characteristic of this antenna was measured. The outside shape of the semicircular arcwise radiator 11a had a radius r of 75 mm, the semicircular notch 41 was concentric with the outside shape of the radiator 11a and had a radius b of 55 mm, and the width W of the radiator 11a was 20 mm. The resonance frequency of the meander monopole antenna 61 was adjusted to be 280 MHz. Fig. 18 shows the measured VSWR characteristic over the entire band and Fig. 19 shows the characteristic over the band from zero to 2 GHz on an enlarged scale. These graphs differ in the scale of frequency on the abscissa but show measured data of the same antenna. From Fig. 18 it is seen that the antenna of this embodiment has the same characteristics as those of the conventional antenna in terms of band and VSWR. From Fig. 19 it is seen that the meander monopole 61 enables the antenna of this embodiment to resonate at 280 MHz as well. The measured results indicate that the antenna structure of this embodiment implements multiresonance without changing the size of the antenna and permits lowering of the lowest resonance frequency. Figs. 20 through 22 illustrates modified forms of the Fig. 16 embodiment, which have two meander monopoles 61 1 and 61 2 , two helical antennas 61 1 and 61 2 , and one resistance-loaded monopole 63 incorporated in the semicircular notch 41 defined by the semicircular arcwise radiator 11, respectively. The radiating elements to be incorporated in the notch 41 need not be limited specifically to those of the above-mentioned shapes but radiating elements of other forms may also be used so long as they can be accommodated in the semicircular notch 41. While in Figs. 20 and 21 two radiating elements are shown to be provided in the notch 41, a desired number of radiating elements can be used. The power is fed to the incorporated radiating elements via the radiator 11. In the case of incorporating a plurality of radiating elements in the notch 41 defined by the arcwise radiator 11 as shown in Fig. 20 or 21, it is possible to increase the number of resonance frequencies by making the resonance frequencies of the radiating elements different. By using a broadband antenna such as a resistance-loaded monopole 63 shown in Fig. 22 and by setting its resonance frequency to be lower than that of the semicircular arcwise conductor monopole formed by the radiator 11, it is possible to lower the lowest resonance frequency without upsizing the antenna structure and hence further increase the bandwidth.

Claims: An antenna comprising: a first radiator (11; 11 1 ) formed by a virtually semicircular conductor disc, part of the conductor disc being cut out such that the cut-out forms a virtually semicircular notch (41) concentrically with said conductor disc; a plane conductor ground plate (50) disposed opposed to the semicircular arc of said first radiator at right angles thereto; and a feeder (31) connected to the vertex of the semicircular arc of said first radiator and said plane conductor ground plate, for feeding power to them. The antenna of claim 1, further comprising another radiator (11 2 ) of about the same shape as that of said first radiator (11 1 ), said other radiator and said first radiator having their center axis in common thereto and crossing each other. An antenna comprising: a first radiator (11a) formed by a virtually semicircular conductor disc, part of the conductor disc being cut out such that the cut-out forms a semicircular notch concentrically with said conductor disc; a second radiator (11b) formed by a virtually semicircular conductor disc and disposed with the vertex of its semicircular arc opposed to the vertex of the semicircular arc of said first radiator; and a feeder (31) connected to said vertexes of said first and second radiators, for feeding power to them. The antenna of claim 3, further comprising: a third radiator (11 2a ) of about the same shape as that of said first radiator (11 1a ), said third radiator crossing said first radiator with the vertexes of their semicircular arcs held at the same point and having their center axis in common to them; and a fourth radiator (12 2b ) of about the same shape as that of said second radiator (12 1b ), said fourth radiator crossing said second radiator with the vertexes of their semicircular arcs held at the same point and having their center axis in common to them. The antenna of claim 3, wherein said second radiator (11 2a ) is formed by another virtually semicircular conductor disc, part of the other conductor disc being cut out such that the cut-out forms a semicircular notch concentrically with the other conductor disc. The antenna of claim 1 or 3, further comprising at least one radiating element (61; 61 1 , 61 2 ; 62 1 , 62 2 ; 63) different in shape from said first radiator (11) placed in said notch (41) and connected to the vicinity of said feeding point of said first radiator. The antenna of claim 6, wherein said at least one radiating element (61; 61 1 , 61 2 ; 62 1 , 62 2 ; 63) is any one of a meander monopole, a resistance-loaded monopole and a helical antenna.

Inventors: IHARA TAISUKE, KIJIMA MAKOTO, TSUNEKAWA KOICHI, IHARA, TAISUKE, KIJIMA, MAKOTO, TSUNEKAWA, KOICHI, IHARA, TAISUKE C/O INTELLECTUAL PROP. DEPT., TSUNEKAWA, KOICHI C/O INTELLECTUAL PROP. DEPT.
Applicants: NIPPON TELEGRAPH & TELEPHONE, NTT MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK INC.
Application year: 1996
Main classification: H01Q9
IPC codes: H01Q9