Method for producing folic acid

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for producing folic acid, comprising incubating yeast having the ability to produce folic acid or incubating bacteria having the ability to produce folic acid of 1 mg or more per liter of the culture, thereby accumulating folic acid in the culture.

Description: TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a method for producing folic acid. BACKGROUND ART Folic acid as referred to herein includes all substances having folic acid activities and shall not be limited to only pteroylglutamic acid (hereinafter referred to as PteGlu) which is generally said to be folic acid in the narrow sense of the word. In addition to PteGlu, it includes, for example, pteroyl-poly-g-glutamic acid (hereinafter referred to as PteGlun with n = from 2 to 8), tetrahydrofolic acid, 5-formyl-tetrahydrofolic acid, 10-formyl-tetrahydrofolic acid, 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolic acid, etc. At present, PteGlu of folic acids is industrially produced through chemical synthesis. Briefly, three components of 2,4,5-triamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine, 1,1,3-trichloroacetone and p-aminobenzoylglutamic acid are condensed in the presence of sodium nitrite in a solution of sodium acetate to give a crude product of folic acid, PteGlu, and the product is purified through recrystallization. There are some reports disclosing that bacteria of the genera Pseudomonas, Micrococcus, Gluconobacter, Corynebacterium, Aeromonas and Bacillus produce a minor amount (from several tens to one hundred and several tens µg/liter) of a substance having folic acid activities in their cultures (see J. of Bacteriol., 104, 197-201 (1970); Kor. J. Appl. Microbiol. Bioeng., (16), 5, 352 (1988)). A conventional method for producing folic acid through chemical synthesis is known, in which, however, the raw materials to be used are expensive and the yield of the product is low. Therefore, it is difficult to say that the method is advantageous. As has been mentioned hereinabove, there are some reports disclosing that several species of bacteria produce a substance having folic acid activities in their cultures, but the amount of the substance to be produced is extremely small. Therefore, the proposals disclosed are problematic in that they could not be directly led to the industrial production of the substance. DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION According to the present invention a process for producing folic acid, or a substance having folic acid activity, comprises incubating yeast having the ability to produce said folic acid of 300 µg or more per liter of the culture, or incubating bacteria having the ability to produce said folic acid of 1 mg or more per liter of the culture, thereby accumulating folic acid in the culture, said yeast being Candida famata, Candida guilliermondii, Torulopsis petrophilum, Pichia glucozyma, Torulopsis glabrata or Saccharomyces cerevisiae, said bacteria being any of those belonging to the genus Bacillus. After the folic acid has accumulated it may be isolated and collected from the culture. The incubation may be performed in the presence of a para-aminobenzoic acid. BEST MODES OF CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION The term "folic acid" as used herein denotes, unless the context clearly establishes otherwise, all substances having folic acid activities or, that is, those having biological activities to be quantitatively determined through the growth of folic acid-requiring strains of lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus casei ATCC 7469, Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 8043 and Pediococcus cerevisiae ATCC 8081. For example as substances having folic acid activities, there are mentioned pteroylglutamic acid (hereinafter referred to as PteGlu) which is generally said to be folic acid in the narrow sense of the word, pteroyl-poly-g-glutamic acid (hereinafter referred to as PteGlu with n = from 2 to 8), tetrahydrofolic acid, 5-formyl-tetrahydrofolic acid, 10-formyl-tetrahydrofolic acid, 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolic acid, etc. In the present invention, bacteria belonging to the genus Bacillus are used. The yeasts employed are Candida famata ATCC 10536, Candida guilliermondii ATCC 9058, Torulopsis petrophilum ATCC 20225, Pichia glucozyma ATCC 18938, Torulopsis glabrata ATCC 15126 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 26108; and the bacteria belonging to the genus bacillus, for example Bacillus subtilis ATCC 19219 and Bacillus megaterium ATCC 19218. The bacteria to be used in the present invention shall have the ability to produce folic acid of 1 mg or more, more preferably 1.5 mg or more, per liter of their culture. The producing ability can be quantitatively determined by measuring the biological activity that shall be based on the growth of a folic acid-requiring strain, Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 8043, according to the method described in Vitamins and Coenzymes, the last volume, pp. 385-388 (published by Tokyo Kagaku Dojin Co.). Briefly, a test liquid is added to a medium having the composition mentioned below, the amount of the test liquid added being the same as that of the medium, and then cells of the folic acid-requiring strain mentioned above are inoculated onto the medium and incubated therein at 37°C. After 24 hours, the amount of the cells thus grown in the medium is measured. This is compared with the amount of the cells of Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 8043 as grown in a medium containing pteroylglutamic acid, which is the standard control. Casein hydrolysate 50 mg FeSO 4 ·7H 2 O 0.1 mg L-tryptophan 1 mg MnSO 4 ·4H 2 O 0.1 mg L-cysteine hydrochloride 8 mg NaCl 0.1 mg L-asparagine 1 mg Thiamine hydrochloride 5 µg Adenine sulfate 0.1 mg Riboflavin 5 µg Guanine hydrochloride 0.1 mg Nicotinic acid 10 µg Xanthine 0.1 mg Biotin 0.04 µg Uracil 0.1 mg Calcium pantothenate 5 µg Sodium acetate 200 mg P-aminobenzoic acid 1 µg Glucose 200 mg Pyridoxine hydrochloride 2 µg Polysolbate 80 10 mg Pyridoxal hydrochloride 5 µg KHPO 4 30 mg Pyridoxamine dihydrochloride 2 µg MgSO 4 ·7H 2 O 2 mg Ascorbic acid 10 mg weight/10 ml (medium) The yeasts' folic acid producing ability is also measured in accordance with the method mentioned above. To incubate such yeasts in accordance with the method of the present invention, suitably used are media that contain carbon sources to be assimilated by the yeasts, nitrogen sources to be assimilated by them, other inorganic salts and minor elements. The carbon sources include saccharides such as glucose, sucrose, maltose, etc.; organic acids such as acetic acid, lactic acid, fumaric acid, etc.; alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, etc.; and oils and fats such as glycerin, soybean oil, etc. The nitrogen sources include inorganic and organic nitrogen compounds such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium chloride, urea, peptone, meat extract, corn steep liquor, aqueous ammonia, etc. The inorganic salts include potassium phosphate, sodium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, and also iron, manganese and other metal components. If desired, the media may contain minor elements such as vitamins, amino acids, nucleic acids, etc. Also if desired, they may contain surfactant. Glutamic acid or its derivatives (from 0.01 to 5 %) is preferably further added. More specifically, glutamic acid, sodium glutamate and potasium glutamate are more preferably used. In the method of the present invention, in general, yeasts are incubated advantageously under aerobic conditions. The incubation may be conducted generally at from 15 to 40°C, preferably at from 20 to 35°C, and at a pH of from 2 to 10, preferably from 3 to 8, for from 1 to 10 days, preferably from 3 to 6 days. To incubate bacteria according to the method of the present invention, suitably used are media that contain carbon sources to be assimilated by the bacteria, nitrogen sources to be assimilated by them, other inorganic salts and minor elements. The carbon sources include saccharides such as sucrose, maltose, glucose, etc.; organic acids such as acetic acid, lactic acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid, malic acid, etc.; and oils and fats such as glycerin, soybean oil, etc. The nitrogen sources include inorganic and organic nitrogen compounds such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium chloride, urea, aqueous ammonia, peptone, corn steep liquor, ajieki, yeast extract, etc. The inorganic salts include potassium phosphate, sodium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, and also iron, manganese and other metal components. If desired, the media may contain minor elements such as vitamins, amino acids, nucleic acids, etc. Glutamic acid or its derivatives (from 0.01 to 5 %) is preferably further added. More specifically, glutamic acid, sodium glutamate and potasium glutamate are more preferably used. In the method of the present invention, in general, bacteria are incubated advantageously under aerobic conditions. The incubation may be conducted generally at from 15 to 40°C, preferably at from 25 to 37°C, and at a pH of from 5 to 10, preferably from 6 to 9, for from 1 to 12 days, preferably from 3 to 7 days. The p-aminobenzoic acids added to the media where the microorganisms are incubated may be any ones capable of substantially exhibiting the activity of p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) as one of vitamins, and concretely include p-aminobenzoic acid as well as alkali metal salts thereof such as potassium p-aminobenzoate and sodium p-aminobenzoate, and esters of p-aminobenzoic acid such as methyl p-aminobenzoate, ethyl p-aminobenzoate and butyl p-aminobenzoate. The amount of the p-aminobenzoic acids to be added shall be from 0.01 % to 5 % (by weight/amount of liquid), preferably from 0.1 % to 2 % (by weight/amount of liquid), in terms of the free acid. These can be added all at a time or intermittently in portions. The cultures thus obtained and the cell extracts from them can be directly added to feed and others as folic acid sources. If desired, folic acid can be isolated from them. To extract folic acid from them, any conventional method can be employed advantageously. For example, employable are the methods described in Methods of Vitamin Experiments III (page 304 and the following pages) (published by Tokyo Kagaku Dojin Co., in 1985). The folic acid as produced in the cultures partly exists in the form of its g-polyglutamic acid derivatives. Therefore, when the folic acid existing in the cells incubated is measured, it is desirable to pre-treat the cells with a conjugase so as to hydrolyze the polyglutamic acid moiety, thereby converting PteGlun into PteGlu, prior to the measurement. To isolate folic acid compounds from the culture supernatants and to isolate folic acid from the cell extracts, any ordinary method for isolating folic acid can be employed (see Method of Vitamin Experiments III, pp. 304-309). For example, employable are a method of fractionation using DEAE-cellulose, QAE-Sephadex A-25, Sephadex G-15 or G-25, and a partitioning method through high-performance liquid chromatography. To detect and quantitatively determine folic acid compounds, employable are bioassay using lactic acid bacteria, and high-performance liquid chromatography using a thin-layer chromatography, ion-exchanging chromatography or reversed-phase exchanging chromatography column as combined with an UV detector or fluorescence detector. The folic acid as obtained according to the present invention can be used as a tonic agent in medicines, raw materials for medicines and processed, powdery milk compounds, as an additive to feed for domestic animals, and as an additive to be used in incubation of microorganisms. EXAMPLES Next, the present invention is described in more detail with reference to the following examples, which, however, are not intended to restrict the scope of the invention. The cells used in the following examples were obtained from ATCC (American Type Culture Collection). Example 1: Test tubes (diameter: 18 mm) each were filled with 3 ml of a medium (pH 6.0) composed of 5 % glucose, 0.3 % monopotassium phosphate, 0.5 % ammonium sulfate, 0.3 % sodium glutamate, 0.05 % magnesium sulfate and 0.3 % calcium carbonate and then sterilized. One platinum loop of the cells as shown in Table 1 below, which had been grown on a slant, glucose-peptone-agar medium, were inoculated in the medium in each test tube. These were incubated therein at 30°C for 75 hours by shaking culture. The cultures each were centrifuged, and the total folic acid content of each supernatant was measured through microbiological determination. The results obtained are shown in Table 1. Strain Total Folic Acid Content ( ) (mg/liter) Candida famata ATCC 10536 4.0 Candida guilliermondii ATCC 9058 2.0 Torulopsis petrophilum ATCC 20225 3.5 Pichia glucozyma ATCC 18938 1.5 Torulopsis glabrata ATCC 15126 3.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 26108 5.0 Casein hydrolysate 50 mg FeSO 4 ·7H 2 O 0.1 mg L-tryptophan 1 mg MnSO 4 ·4H 2 O 0.1 mg L-cysteine hydrochloride 8 mg NaCl 0.1 mg L-asparagine 1 mg Thiamine hydrochloride 5 µg Adenine sulfate 0.1 mg Riboflavin 5 µg Guanine hydrochloride 0.1 mg Nicotinic acid 10 µg Xanthine 0.1 mg Biotin 0.04 µg Uracil 0.1 mg Calcium pantothenate 5 µg Sodium acetate 200 mg P-aminobenzoic acid 1 µg Glucose 200 mg Pyridoxine hydrochloride 2 µg Polysolbate 80 10 mg Pyridoxal hydrochloride 5 µg KHPO 4 30 mg Pyridoxamine dihydrochloride 2 µg MgSO 4 ·7H 2 O 2 mg Ascorbic acid 10 mg weight/10 ml (medium) Example 2 : Two test tubes (diameter: 18 mm) were prepared for each strain mentioned in Table 2 below, each filled with 3 ml of a medium (pH 6.0) composed of 6 % glucose, 0.3 % monopotassium phosphate, 1.0 % ammonium sulfate, 0.05 % magnesium sulfate and 0.3 % calcium carbonate, and then sterilized. One platinum loop of the cells as shown in Table 2, which had been grown on a slant, glucose-peptone-agar medium, were inoculated onto the medium in each test tube. These were incubated therein at 30°C for 24 hours by shaking culture. After the incubation for 24 hours, sodium para-aminobenzoate (PABA·Na), that had been separately sterilized, was added to one test tube of each strain to have a concentration of 0.5 %, and the cells in these test tubes were further incubated for additional 75 hours. To the other test tube, the salt was not added, and the cells were further incubated for additional 75 hours. The culture in each test tube was centrifuged, and the total folic acid content of the supernatant was measured through microbiological determination. The results obtained are shown in Table 2. Strain Total Folic Acid Content( ) (mg/liter) Total Folic Acid Content(*) (mg/liter) PABA·Na added. PABA·Na not added. Candida famata ATCC 10536 22.1 2.6 Candida guilliermondii ATCC 9058 12.3 2.9 Torulopsis petrophilum ATCC 20225 13.5 2.1 Pichia glucozyma ATCC 18938 5.7 0.5 Torulopsis glabrata ATCC 15126 13.9 0.3 Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 26108 11.1 2.1 Example 3: Test tubes (diameter: 18 mm) each were filled with 3 ml of a medium (pH 7.5) composed of 5 % sucrose, 0.3 % monopotassium phosphate, 0.5 % ammonium sulfate, 0.3 % sodium glutamate, 0.05 % magnesium sulfate and 0.3 % calcium carbonate, and then sterilized. One platinum loop of the cells as shown in Table 3 below, which had been grown on a slant, peptone-agar medium, were inoculated onto the medium in each test tube. These were incubated therein at 30°C for 68 hours by shaking culture. The cultures each were centrifuged, and the total folic acid content of each supernatant was measured through microbiological determination. The results obtained are shown in Table 3. Strain Total Folic Acid Content (mg/liter) Bacillus subtilis ATCC 19219 3.9 Bacillus megaterium ATCC 19218 1.8 Example 4: The same experiments as in Example 2 were carried out, except that test tubes (diameter: 18 mm) each were filled with 3 ml of a medium (pH 7.5) composed of 6 % sucrose, 0.5 % sodium glutamate, 0.3 % monopotassium phosphate, 1.0 % ammonium sulfate, 0.05 % magnesium sulfate and 0.3 % calcium carbonate, and then sterilized, and that one platinum loop of the cells as shown in Table 4 below, which had been grown on a slant, peptone-agar medium, were inoculated onto the medium in each test tube. The results obtained are shown in Table 4. Strain Total Folic Acid Content (mg/liter) Total Folic Acid Content (mg/liter) PABA·Na added. PABA·Na not added. Bacillus subtilis ATCC 19219 21.0 2.3 Bacillus megaterium ATCC 19218 12.3 1.9 Example 5: 500 ml of a medium having the same composition as in Example 2 was put into each of ten 5-liter Erlenmeyer flasks and sterilized. Next, one platinum loop of cells of Candida guilliermondii ATCC 9058 were inoculated onto the medium in each flask and incubated therein at 30°C for 35 hours by shaking culture. After the incubation for 35 hours, para-aminobenzoic acid that had been separately sterilized was added to each medium to have a concentration of 0.5 %. Then, the incubation was further conducted for additional 85 hours. Each culture was centrifuged. The resulting supernatants were combined to be 2.3 liters. 250 g of active charcoal (Hakutaka, produced by Takeda Chemicals Co.) was added thereto and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. Then, this was filtered under suction. The resulting active charcoal residue was suspended in one liter of an aqueous solution of 50-% ethanol/5-% aqueous ammonia (9/1), then stirred at room temperature for 1 hour, and filtered under suction. The resulting filtrate was evaporated to obtain 500 ml of a concentrate. Next, this concentrate was fractionated through a HPLC column C18SG120 (30 x 250 mm) (produced by Shiseido Co.) to collect a fraction containing a larger amount of pteroylglutamic acid. This fraction was adjusted at a pH of 2.0 by adding 2-N sulfuric acid thereto, then crystallized through evaporation, and filtered to obtain 3 mg of a crystal. The infrared absorption spectrum of the crystal was measured, and the purity thereof was measured through high-performance liquid chromatography as using fluorescence detector (excitation wavelength: 360 nm, fluorescence wavelength: 455 nm) to be 88.5 %. INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY According to the present invention, it is possible to efficiently produce compounds with folic acid activities which can be utilized as a tonic agent in medicines, raw materials for medicines and processed, powdery milk compounds, as an additive to feed for domestic animals, and as an additive to be used in incubation of microorganisms.

Claims: A method for producing folic acid or a substance having folic acid activity, comprising incubating yeast having the ability to produce said folic acid of 300µg or more per litre of the culture, or incubating bacteria having the ability to produce said folic acid of 1 mg or more per litre of the culture, thereby accumulating folic acid in the culture, said yeast being Candida famata, Candida guilliermondii, Torulopsis petrophilum, Pichia glucozyma, Torulopsis glabrata or Saccharomyces cerevisiae, said bacteria being any of those belonging to the genus Bacillus. A method according to claim 1, further comprising the steps of isolating and collecting the folic acid from the culture. A method according to claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the bacteria are those of Bacillus subtilis or Bacillus megaterium. A method according to any preceding claim wherein the incubation is performed in the presence of para-aminobenzoic acids. A method according to claim 4 wherein the para-aminobenzoic acid is at least one selected from potassium para-aminobenzoate, sodium para-aminobenzoate, methyl para-aminobenzoate, ethyl para-aminobenzoate and butyl para-aminobenzoate.

Inventors: MIYATA REIKO, YONEHARA TETSU, MIYATA, REIKO, YONEHARA, TETSU
Applicants: TORAY INDUSTRIES, TORAY INDUSTRIES, INC.
Application year: 1996
Main classification: C12P17
IPC codes: C12P17