DISPLACEMENT ASSAY ON A POROUS MEMBRANE

Abstract: Displacement assays, under non-equilibrium conditions, are performed by flowing a liquid sample through a membrane (12) having binding elements with binding sites saturated with a labelled form of the analyte. Analyte in the sample displaces, under non-equilibrium conditions, the labelled form of the analyte from the membrane. The displaced labelled form of the analyte may then be detected.

Description: DISPLACEMENT ASSAY ON A POROUS MEMBRANE Background of the Invention 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to assays and more specifically to displacement-type assays. 2. Description of the Background Art United States Patent No 5,183,740, incorporated m its entirety herein for all purposes, describes a flow immunoassay system and method for performing displacement immunoassays In a displacement assay, unlike a competitive assay, the anticoαy is exposed to labelled analyte prior to exposure to analyte The analyte is in contact with the antibody and labelled, bound analyte an insufficient amount of time to establish equilibrium. Because no time needs to be dedicated to establishing equilibrium, displacement assays are faster than competitive assays. A displacement assay, however, generally provides a smaller signal than a competitive assay In a displacement assay, the available binding sites of the antibody are saturated or nearly saturated with labelled analyte before the unlabelled analyte is added Since equilibrium (with labelled analyte and unlabelled analyte continually binding, releasing and competing with each other for rebinding to the available binding sites on the antibody m a steady state) has not been achieved, most of the labelled analyte in a displacement assay remains bound to the antibody and unable to provide a signal. The relatively small signal provided by the displacement assay places an additional value on assuring the consistency of assay conditions. The bead-containing columns described m USP 5,183,740 for displacement assays must be carefully stored, prepared, and loaded to assure chemical and physical consistency (i.e., porosity, avoidance of channeling) from test to test . The need for this careful preparation and testing increases the labor, skill, and costs needed to perform accurate displacement assays. Additionally, the problems associated with the use of bead-containing columns limit the lower detection limit for displacement assays In studies performed at US Drug Testing, Inc (Rancho Cucamonga, California) , better results for a displacement assay were achieved using tall, thin columns of beads coated with an antibody and labelled antigen than with short, wide columns. Furthermore, the efficiency with which the labelled antigen dissociated from antibody in the presence of unlabelled antigen was greater when flow rates were reduced and the antigen had more time to interact with the immobilized complex (Wemhoff et al. J. Immunol . Methods, 223-230, 1992) Both of these sets of experiments suggested that immobilization of the antibody and labelled antigen on a porous membrane would not provide a suitable matrix for the displacement assay since this geometry woulα not allow sufficient time, under flow conditions, for the antigen to interact efficiently with the complex to displace detectaole amounts of the labelled antigen United States Patent No 5,369,007, to David A Kidwell discloses a displacement assay m which samples pass through a membrane having an antibody immobilized thereon. The binding sites of the immobilized antibody are bound to an enzymatically labelled analyte Analyte from the sample displaces the labelled analyte, causing the labelled analyte and the remainder of the sample to pass into a superaosorbent layer The superabsorbent layer contains a substrate for tne enzymatic labe_ and any neeαed indicator The Kiαwell patent, nowever, teacnes the need for a flow rate of about 0.02 ml/mm and interaction times of about 1 to 5 mm to assure a detectable interaction between the analyte and the antibody In many situations, even faster results are desirable Additionally, the Kidwell microassay card is not reusable. Summary of the Invention Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to perform bioassays capable of detecting minute quantities of an analyte in under one minute It is another object of the present invention to quickly perform bioassays in a format that allows reuse of the matrix tnat selectively binds the analyte. These and additional objects of the invention are accomplished by quickly flowing a sample past a non-absorbent membrane having a binding element covalently bound thereto to form attacnment sites for the analyte. The available attachment sites are essentially saturated with a labelled form of the analyte. Nonspecific binding sites are blocked to prevent nonspecific binding. Additionally, the sample flows past the membrane at a rate greater than that needed to achieve equilibrium between the dissociation of labelled analyte from the binding sites and the attachment of analyte (labelled or unlabelled) thereto. The processed sample is then analyzed for the presence of any labelled antigen that the unlabelled analyte has displaced from its binding site This analysis can be qualitative or quantitative. Brief Description of the Drawings A more complete appreciation of the invention will be readily obtained by reference to the following Description of the Preferred Embodiments and the accompanying drawings in whicn like numerals in different figures represent the same structures or elements, wherein Fig 1 schematically illustrates a device according to the present invention. Fig. 2 schematically illustrates an alternative emoodiment of a device according to the present invention Fig. 3 schematically illustrates another alternative embodiment of a device according to the present invention. Fig. 4 is a graph of data from a membrane assay, m accordance with the present invention, m which the membrane was prepared by the test tube incubation method. Fig. 5 is a graph of data from a membrane assay, in accordance with the present invention, in which the membrane was prepared by saturating the immobilized antibody with labelled analyte m the column as opposed to m a test tube. Fig. 6 is a graph of data from a single membrane assay, according to the present invention, prepared by saturating the antibody directly in the column. Fig. 7 is a flowchart schematically illustrating an embodiment of an assay according to the method of the present invention. Figs. 8a, 8b, and 8c show the results obtained from assay performed in accordance with the method flowcharted m Fig. 7. Description of the Preferred Embodiments Memoranes useful m the present invention are typically non-absorbent (with respect to aqueous materials) materials. The non-absorbent membrane assists m providing a fast flow- through rate. Additionally, the use of a non-absorbent membrane allows the membrane, once used, to be readily rinsed of sample and reused. If displacement has occurred, reloading with labelled analyte is an option. Typically, membranes useful m the present invention have thicknesses, exposed surface areas, and porosities that allow detection of the analyte with an interaction time of about 0.1 sec to ar>out 30 seconds, and typically about 1 sec to aoout 15 seconds, between a sample suspected of containing of the analyte and the membrane having a labelled analyte of the analyte thereon. Generally, the pore sizes m the membrane are about 0.2-1.0 microns, and are typically about 0.45 microns. Of course, other pore sizes may be used to achieve the desired interaction time. Likewise, the thickness and surface area of the membrane can be adjusted to provide the desired interaction time. Any non-absorbent membrane, of appropriate pore size and density of sites for immobilizing binding elements for the analyte, may be used. For example, the membrane may be a polyamide (e.g., Nylon™ membranes such as Immunodyne ABC™ (a Nylon™ 6,6 membrane made by Pall Biosupport, Port Washington, New York) ) or a polyvmylidme fluoride, such as Immobilon™ or Durapore 7'1 membranes made by Millipore, Bedford, Massachusetts. Other suitable membranes include, but are not limited to, cellulose, nitrocellulose, silica fiber, aluminum oxide, and polyvinyl chloride . Binding elements may be immobilized on the selected membrane any manner that assures the availability on the immobilized oindmg element of at least one binding site for selectively binding the labelled analyte and target analyte in an aqueous medium Several methods for attaching binding elements to the membranes are well-known and therefore will not be specifically described herein. The binding element may be immobilized either throughout the thickness of the membrane, or on only one or both surfaces thereof The binding element may be any substance that can be immobilized on the membrane and that specifically binds the target analyte and its labelled analog Binding elements include, but are not limited to, lectms, antibodies, antibiotics, and binding proteins other than antibodies and antibiotics Once the binding elements have been immobilized on the membrane, their available binding sites for selectively binding with the analyte will usually be essentially saturated with a labelled analog of the analyte (denoted herein as a "labelled analyte") Saturation of the available binding sites with the labelled analvte enhances sensitivity t>y assuring that the maximum numoer cf analyte molecules will disp.ace labelled analytes, rather than binding directly to unoccupied binding sites . The membrane may be oriented any manner with respect to sample flow that allows the sample to flow past the complex of binding element and labelled analyte on the membrane over the desired interaction time. For example, the sample may flow through and essentially normal to the plane of the membrane. Alternatively, the membrane may be configured as a dipstick and the sample allowed to flow laterally through the membrane, for example by capillary action. In another alternative, the membrane support may be a hollow fiber configured so the sample flows along the hollow center before passing through the membrane. In any embodiment of the present invention, the flow of the sample through the membrane may be passive (i.e., gravitational or capillary flow) or active (flow resulting entirely or partly from the action of a flow pump, manual pressure, or vacuum) . Any label useful in assays for the analyte may be used to label the analyte. Fiuorophores are particularly useful labels. Suitable fiuorophores include, but are not limited to Fluorescein, Cadaveπne, Texas Red™ (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR) and Cyanine 5 ^" (BDS, Pennsylvania) . If used, the fluorophore label s typically one that is detectable in the visible to near infrared range. Once the sample has completed its interaction with the membrane having the immobilized binding element-labelled analyte thereon, the processed sample (e.g., the effluent from a sample column or the portion of the sample that has passed through and beyond the labelled portion of a test strip) is then analyzed to determine the concentration cf displaced labelled analyte. The detection means for tr.is analysis includes a readout for informing the user that a thresnold amount of the label has been detected the sample . When the label is fluorescent, the detection means also includes a light source for exciting the fluorophore-labelled analytes. The detection system can use various methods of optical measurement, including but not limited to a spectrophotometer, infrared spectrometer, fluoπmeter, optical biosensor, or the eye . The present mvention is useful in the αetection, aqueous media, of any analyte that specifically omds to the binding element. The invention may be used, for example, to detect the presence of analytes m body fluids (blood, semen, saliva, urine, etc.) , water, pharmaceutical preparations, environmental samples, aerosols, foods, and beverages. If the sample suspected of containing the analyte is originally in a viscous liquid, solid, gaseous state, the sample is preferably further dissolved in water before being exposed to the membrane . Multiple binding elements for multiple analytes can be immobilized on a single membrane. Membranes containing the same or a different binding element can be arranged in stacks. Where multiple binding elements for multiple analytes are used, different labels on the labelled analytes can be used to distinguish which analyte is present. Fig. 1 schematically shows a device 10 according co tn present invention where the membrane is normal to sample flow. Membrane 12, with binding elements covalently bound or otherwise immobilized thereto and available binding sites saturated with a labelled analyte of the analyte, is positioned across column 14. An aqueous sample entering the top of column 14 flows through membrane 12. Analyte in the sample interacts with membrane 12 and displaces the labelled analyte from membrane 12. The labelled analyte, if it does not displace another labelled analyte or unlabelled analyte from the membrane, joins the effluent from column 14. The aqueous sample effluent from column 14 then enters line 16, which carries the effluent to detector 18 for detecting the presence of the labelled analyte in the effluent from column 14. Fig. 2 shows an alternative embodiment of the present invention, where the membrane is also normal to sample flow. Porous membrane 102, with binding elements covalently bound or otherwise immobilized thereto and available binding sites saturated with a labelled analyte of the analyte, is positioned across column 104 having an open tip. To prevent the flow of sample between the outer edge of membrane 102 and the inner wall of column 104, the membrane typically extends fully across the width of column 104. The open tip of column 104 is inserted into the top of container 106 (typically through a septum mot shown) ) , which holds a sample suspected of containing the analyte. Suction means 105 can apply a vacuum to pull sample from container 106 through membrane 102 into column 104. Any label in the column may be detected by a detection means external to the column. To facilitate this external detection, column 104 is preferably transparent to, or includes a suitably placed window transparent to, the energy used for detection. Although Fig. 2 shows the suction means as a plunger and column 104 as the syringe housing the plunger, other vacuum arrangements are possible. For example, Fig. 3 shows a design similar to that used by Vacuutainers™. Evacuated tube 204 has porous membrane 205, with binding elements covalently bound or otherwise immobilized thereto and available binding sites saturated with a labelled analyte of the analyte, thereacross. To prevent the flow of sample between the outer edge of porous membrane 205 and the inner wall of evacuated tube 204, the membrane typically extends fully across the width of evacuated tube 204. The open end of evacuated tube 204 is sealed by cap 206 having flange 208 extending about the rim of open end of tube 204. Tip 210 extends from cap 206 opposite to hollow needle 212, which also extends from cap 206. Needle 212 extends to near septum 214 when tube 204 is placed, with only slight pressure, with flange 208. Septum 214 maintains the vacuum in the portion 216 of tube 204 Although septum 214 is essentially impermeable to gas or liquid, it is punctured by needle 212 once tube 204 is fully inserted into flange 208. Upon the puncture of septum 214, the vacuum with portion 216 draws liquid from sample container 218 through tip 210, into hollow needle 212, through membrane 205 and into portion 216 Any label withm portion 216 can be detected as with other embodiments of the invention To assure that needle 212 does not puncture membrane 205, the distance between the bottom of septum 214 and the bottom of membrane 205 should be greater than the height of needle 212. This embodiment of the invention assures that the flow across membrane 205 is consistent from sample to sample . Havmg described the invention, the following examples are given to illustrate specific applications of the invention including tne best mode now known tc perform the invention These specific examples are not intended to limit the scope of the invention described in this application. EXAMPLES Example 1. TNT Detection To prepare the membranes, the monoclonal 11B3 antibody (mouse lgGi) with specificity for TNT (trinitrotoluene) was immobilized onto the Immunodyne ® ABC membrane with a pore size of 0.45μm. The 11B3 antibody, lOOμl of a 2 nmol/ml solution in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) , was attached to the membrane by either placing the solution in a test tube, with subsequent addition of the membrane, or pipetting the antibody into a column that already contained the membrane. Whether in a column or a test tube, membranes were incubated with the 9 antibody for four hours at room temperature. Following incubation, the antibody solution was removed. Membranes exposed to antibody in a test tube were placed in a column. Any unreacted binding sites on the membrane were blocked with the addition of lOOμl of IM Tris for approximately 30 minutes. To reduce nonspecific binding, the membranes were drained and washed three times with PBS containing 0.01% Tricon X-100 ® detergen . The labelled analyte was prepared by attaching the fluorophore CY5 ® (BDS, Pennsylvania) to trimtrobenzyl cadaverme (CY5-TNB) . To saturate the antibody binding site with the labelled antigen, a solution of the CY5-TN3 (4 n oles 50μl PBS) was added to each column, and the columns were placed on a rocking bed overnight . The columns were connected to the fluorimeter and, washed briefly Samples were introduced at a flow rate of 1 mL/m . Analyte injections were made m triplicate with concentrations ranging between 18.75 ng/mL and 1200 ng/mL. Fig. 2 illustrates data obtained for a membrane assay prepared with the test tube incubation method. A fluorescence signal peak was obtained at ail analyte concentrations which was proportional to the amount of analyte added to the column. Fig. 3 represents data from a membrane assay prepared by saturating the immobilized antibody with labelled analyte m the column as opposed to in a test tube Again, an increase in signal intensity with increasing analyte concentration was observed. However, a plateau was seen between an analyte concentration of 700 ng/mL and 1200 ng/mL where a negligible increase m signal intensity was observed despite a two-fold increase analyte concentration suggesting that tnere is less labelled analyte on the membrane available for displacement, compared to the membrane prepared the test tube. Both Figs. 3 and 4 demonstrate reproducible results, with minimal standard error as indicated by the error bars. Assay times were fast with the exact time being simply a function of the flow rate (1 mL/m in this case) and the length of tubing between the analyte introduction site and the fluorimeter flow cell. For these experiments, signals were generated less than 1 minute from the time of sample introduction. Example 2. Detection of RDX Similar experiments were conducted whereby a monoclonal antibody with specificity for the explosive, cyclonite (RDX) , was immobilized onto the membrane. The procedure for immobilization was identical to the one used for the anti-TNT antibody However, 100 μl of 0 5% casein was used instead of Tris in order to block the remaining binding sites on the membrane. Fig. 4 represents data from a single membrane assay prepared by saturating the antibody directly the column A linear relationship between signal intensity and analyte concentration is observed. The lower limit of detection for this assay is at 5 ng/ml which corresponds to part per billion (ppb) levels. II. Displacement Dipstick Studies. The ma objective of these experiments was to design a qualitative membrane-based immunoassay for the detection of a target analyte in solution The tests rely the displacement immunoassay to work on the Immunodyne membranes with the fluid flowing through them membranes laterally as opposed to perpendicular to the membrane as described above Transported by capillary action, the fluid conducts the analyte m the sample to the immobilized antibody-labelled analyte complex and transports the displaced labelled analyte furtner along the membrane strip The dipstick displacement assay is not only dependent upon the ability of the target analyte to displace the labelled analyte from the immobilized antibody but also on several other factors such as the rate of the capillary action of the mobile phase and the rates of transport of analyte and labelled analyte through the membrane. Fig. 5 provides a schematic of the experimental protocol. First, step (a) , strips 100 were cut from an ABC Immunodyne ® membrane 110 that were either 30x5 mm or 50x10 mm. A monoclonal antibody specific for TNT (11B3) in concentrations ranging from 2 to 10 nmol/ml was placed in 5 μL droplets onto the membrane strips and allowed to immobilize for thirty minutes. In step (b) , strips 100 were then soaked, using test tube 112, in a Tris solution for about an hour to block any other covalent binding sites. A washing of membrane strips 100 followed that consisted of three consecutive exposures to PBS containing 0 01% Triton X- 100 to wash away any excess TNT antibody (step (c) ) . After a final wash with PBS, CY5-TNB labelled analyte, in excess of five-to-thirty times the molar amount of antibody, was applied in 6.5 μL droplets onto the antibody and incubated overnight (step (d) ) . In step (e) , strips 100 were then washed in PBS containing 2.5 % ethanol, and 1% Tween 20™ for ten minutes in order to remove nonspecifically bound labelled analyte. In step (f) , before drying, strips 100 were put into a solution of lOOmM trehalose dihydrate in phosphate buffer for ten minutes. Finally, in step (g) the strips were dried at room temperature. The displacement assay (step (h) ) was conducted by dipping the end of membrane strip 100 in TNT solution 114, 116, 118, or 120 (of the concentration specified in Fig. 5, step (h) ) , and allowing capillary action to bring the target analyte up to the antibody/labelled analyte complex for displacement. A 650 nm laser (not shown) connected to a fluorescence detector was used to look for any displaced labelled analyte (Cy5-TNB) on membrane strip 100. In the first experiment, TNT antibody at a concentration of 2 nmol/ml was placed at the center of a 3 x 0.5 cm, rectangular membrane strip and was saturated by five times excess CY5-TNB. The strip was then dipped into a sample solution containing 300 ng/ml TNT. Fig. 6a represents this strip when the dipped end is held under the laser first (left side) . The higher plateau indicates the luorescence from the CY5-TNB bound to the immobilized antibody. A shoulder is evident to the right of the higher plateau, indicating displacement of the labelled analyte from the antibody. Fig. 6b shows this same strip optically interrogated in the reverse direction where the dipped end is on the right. Another membrane strip, also having 2 nmol/ml of immobilized anti-TNT antibody was treated identically and exposed to the same 300 ng/ml TNT solution. After placing it under the laser with the dipped end on the right, the data shown in Fig. 6c was obtained. These experiments were conducted by manually moving the membrane strip along the laser path. "Time" on the x-axis refers to scanning time and has no relation to assay time. Obviously, many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that, within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.

Claims: Claims What is claimed is: 1. An assay method for detecting a target analyte, comprising the steps of . providing a porous membrane having binding elements immobilized thereon, each of said binding elements having at least one binding s te capable of specifically binding to said target analyte, exposing said binding sites to a labelled analog of the target analyte to form complexes of membrane-immobilized binding elements and labelled analytes, flowing an aqueous sample, suspected of containing the target analyte, past said membrane havmg said complexes thereon, at a flow rate allowing the target analyte to displace the labelled analyte from the complexes under non-equilibrium conditions, said flow rate also providing an interaction time between said analyte and said membrane of about 0.1 sec through about 30 sec; detecting the displaced labelled analyte, the amount of said displaced labelled analyte being proportional to the concentration of saiα target analyte in sa d sample 2 The method of claim 1, wherein the binding element is an antibody. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said labelled analog is fluorescently labelled. 4. The method of claim 1, wherem said interaction time is no more than about 15 seconds. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said membrane is oriented normal to the direction of sample flow, so that said sample flows through said membrane 6. The method of the claim 1, wherem said membrane is a dipstick and wherem said sample flows laterally through said dιpstιcκ . 7. The method of claim 1, where said membrane is nonabsoroent . 8 The method of claim 7, wherem said membrane is selected from the group consisting of cellulose, nitrocellulose, silica fiber, aluminum oxide, and polyvinyl chloride 9. A device for the assay of an aqueous sample suspected of containing a target analyte, comprising: a porous membrane having binding elements immobilized thereon, each of said binding elements having at least one binding site capable of specifically binding to said target analyte, essentially all of said binding sites on said membrane being occupied by a labelled analog of the target analyte to form complexes of membrane-immobilized binding elements and labelled analytes, flow means for flowing an aqueous sample, suspected of containing the target analyte, past said membrane navmg said complexes thereon, at a flow rate allowing the target analyte to dιsp_ace the labelled analyte from the complexes under non- equilibrium conditions tc form a processed sample, said flow rate also providing an interaction time between said analyte and said membrane of about 0.1 sec through about 30 sec, and detecting means for detecting the presence of said labelled analog said processed sample 10. The device of claim 9, where said labelled analog is fluorescently labelled. 11. The device of claim 10, wherem said detecting means further includes a light source for exciting any fluorescently labelled analog in said processed sample. 12. The device of claim 9, wherem said binding element is an antibody. 13. The device of claim 11, wherem said detecting means further is adapted to quantitatively determine the amount of said labelled analog in said processed sample. 14. The device of claim 11, wherem said detecting means further comprises a spectrophotometer, infrared spectrometer, fluorimeter or an optical biosensor. 15. The device of claim 9, wherem said membrane nas pores and defines a plane that is normal to the direction of sample flow, so that said flow means flows said sample through said pores of said membrane 16 The device of claim 9, wherem said membrane has pores and defines a dipsticK and said flow means causes said samp e to flow laterally through said membrane. 17. The device of claim 15, wherem said flow means comprises a conduit through wnich said sample flows by tne action of gravity or by manual force 18. The device of claim 16, wherem said membrane has pores and said flow means comprises pores in said membrane through which said sample flows by capillary action 19 The device of claim 9, wherein said membrane is nonabsorbent 20. The device of claim 9, wherem said flow means is adapted to provide an interaction time between said analyte and said membrane of no more than about 15 sec. 21. A device for the assay of an aqueous sample suspected of containing a target analyte, comprising: a container, said container including an open end for receiving a liquid sample suspected of containing an analyte, a closed end, a porous membrane extending fully extending across the width of said container, and a reservoir between said membrane and said closed end, said membrane having binding elements lmmooilized thereon, each of said binding elements lb having at least one binding site capable of specifically binding to said target analyte, essentially all of said binding sites on said membrane being occupied by a labelled analog of the target analyte to form complexes of membrane-immobilized binding elements and labelled analytes; flow means for flowing a liquid sample through said open end, through said membrane, and into said reservoir at a flow rate allowing the target analyte to displace the labelled analyte from the complexes under non-equilibrium conditions, said flow rate providing an interaction time between said analyte and said membrane of about 0.1 sec through about 30 sec; detecting means for detecting the presence of said labelled analog in said reservoir. 22. A device for the immunoassay of an aqueous sample suspected of containing a target analyte, comprising: a container, said container including an open end and a closed end; a cap within which said open end of said container may be fitted in a first position in which the closed end of said container is a first distance from said cap and a second position and in a second position .in which the closed end of said container is a second distance from said cap, said second distance being less than said first distance; a tip for receiving said aqueous sample extending outwardly from said cap; a hollow needle extending from said cap in a direction opposite to said tip; a septum extending across the width of said container, said septum being positioned between said closed end of said container and an end of said needle distal to said cap when said container is seated in said first position, said septum being essentially impermeable to fluid; a porous membrane positioned between said septum and said closed end of said container, said membrane extending across the width of said container, and a reservoir between said membrane and said closed end, said membrane having binding elements immobilized thereon, each of said binding elements having at least one binding site capable of specifically binding to said target analyte, essentially all of said binding sites on said membrane being either occupied by a labelled analog of the target analyte to form complexes of membrane- immobilized binding elements and labelled analytes; an evacuated reservoir between said membrane and said closed end of said container; a detecting means for detecting the presence of said labelled analog in said reservoir; said hollow needle being positioned so as to puncture said septum, but not said membrane, when said container is said second position. 23. The device of claim 22, further comprising a sample holding means having liquid sample therein, wherein said puncture of said membrane releases causes liquid sample from sample holding means to flow through said open end, through said membrane, and into said reservoir.

Inventors: KUSTERBECK ANNE W, LIGLER FRANCES S, RABBANY SINA Y, KUSTERBECK, ANNE, W., LIGLER, FRANCES, S., RABBANY, SINA, Y.
Applicants: US NAVY, THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, AS
Application year: 1996
Main classification: G01N33
IPC codes: G01N33