Apparatus for removing contaminants from a contaminated area

Abstract: An apparatus for removing contaminants from a contaminated area (12) of the subsurface (18,20) which comprises a riser pipe (44) extending downwardly from the surface, and having an upper impermeable portion (46) and a lower perforated portion (48), a vacuum extraction pipe (30) situated inside of the riser pipe (44) and having an opening situated within the perforated portion, an actuable packing (61) situated in a portion of the annular space between the vacuum extraction pipe (30) and the riser pipe (44), said portion having a vertical extension being significantly smaller than a vertical extension of a portion of the riser pipe (44) which is not covered by said packing (61), a vacuum-forming apparatus (78) adapted to create a high vacuum, in fluid communication with the vacuum extraction pipe (30) and adapted to form a zone of reduced pressure in the subsurface (18,20) around the riser pipe (44), whereby gases and liquid can be drawn from the subsurface (18,20) into the riser pipe (44) and from the riser pipe (44) into the vacuum extraction pipe (30) and conveyed to the surface as a common stream, a vapor-liquid separator (84) in fluid communication with the vacuum-forming apparatus (78) and the vacuum extraction pipe (30), wherein the vapor-liquid separator (84) is capable of separating the common stream into separate gas and liquid streams, and a contaminant removal system (32), said contaminant removal system being situated to remove contaminants from at least one of the liquid stream and the gas stream, an upper seal arranged around the impermeable portion and at least one seal around the perforated portion in the borehole (42), so that a vacuum applied within the riser pipe (44) will extract gases and liquids from the subsurface forming the borehole below the seal but not from the subsurface forming the borehole above the seal when the packing (61) is situated at a depth at the seal, and will extract gases and liquids from above and below the at least one seal when the packing (61) is deactivated so as to subsequently redevelop the subsurface from bottom to top.

Description: The present invention is directed to processes and apparatus for extracting contaminants from soil liquids and gases. More specifically, the present invention is directed to processes for extracting contaminants by high-vacuum techniques from vertically isolated areas of the subsurface with a single well. US-A-5,172,764 discloses an apparatus and process for removing contaminants from a contaminated area of the ground having a vadose zone and a water table which comprises providing a borehole in the contaminated area; placing in the borehole a perforated riser pipe inside of which is situated a vacuum extraction pipe with an opening situated near, at, or at any point below the water table within the perforated riser pipe; while introducing a gas into the riser pipe, applying a vacuum to the vacuum extraction pipe to draw gases and liquid from the soil into the perforated riser pipe and from the riser pipe into the vacuum extraction pipe and transport both the gases and the liquid to the surface as a common stream; forming from the common stream a stream which is primarily liquid and a stream which is primarily gaseous; and separately treating the separated liquid and gas streams. Although known apparatus and processes are suitable for their intended purposes, a need remains for processes and apparatus for removing contaminants from bedrock, groundwater, and soil which enables contaminant removal from soils of varying air permeability and varying porosity. Further there is a need for processes and apparatus for removing contaminants from bedrock, groundwater, and soil which enables Increased flexibility in the location of extraction wells. There is also a need for processes and apparatus for removing contaminants from bedrock, groundwater, and soil that can be implemented by modifying existing vacuum extraction systems. Further, in some instances it may be desirable to remove contaminants from groundwater and soil gases from ground comprising relatively impermeable soils, such as silt, clay, mixtures of sand, silt, and clay, massive clay, or the like, or from ground comprising relatively impermeable rock, such as laminated sandstone, shale, mudstone, massive igneous and metamorphic rock, or the like. Additionally, it may be desirable to remove contaminants selectively from one or more paths of preferential flow within an area of the subsurface, where areas of relatively low permeability are surrounded by areas of relatively high permeability. It may also be desirable, in this instance, to be able to extract contaminants selectively from one or more paths of preferential flow through a single borehole or well. Extracting contaminants through a single borehole from multiple paths of preferential flow enables reduced installation costs, reduced and simpler apparatus, and less disruption to business in the contaminated area. Further, it may be desirable to apply vacuum extraction to one or more preferential flow paths while at the same time introducing a fluid (including gases and/or liquids) into one or more adjacent flow paths. In addition, it may be desirable to apply vacuum extraction to a plurality of preferential flow paths either simultaneously or in a desired sequence. Further, it may be desirable to reduce or eliminate preferential flow through higher permeability zones and allow for depth manipulation of vacuum delivery to the strata surrounding an extraction well. Preferential flow paths of soil gas to the extraction well volatilize and remove contaminants from those preferential flow zones only, while the adjacent lower permeability areas may realize little or no soil gas and/or groundwater movement. Higher permeability materials such as those used to bed subgrade utility conveyance lines and construction fill materials may also "short-circuit" the flow of soil gas through the contaminated zone where vacuum delivery and soil gas and/or groundwater extraction is desired. It may be desired to allow for the delivery of vacuum to lower permeability zones and not to surrounding higher permeability zones. It may also be desired to prevent the establishment of preferential flow paths in the soil surrounding an extraction well. It may further be desired to allow for the removal of soil gases and liquids through selected areas throughout the vertical extent of an extraction well and its radius of influence, resulting in the removal of contamination from areas that would otherwise be compromised by preferential flow. In addition, it may be desired to reduce or eliminate "venting" in an extraction borehole, wherein atmospheric air is drawn through high permeability topsoil directly into the borehole near the surface and from the borehole down into a perforated riser pipe therein, rather than being drawn through the soil to the level of the perforations within the riser pipe and then into the borehole at that level. Further, it may be desired to increase the number of extraction wells which can be in fluid communication with a single vacuum system; since vacuum systems are frequently limited by the number of cubic feet per minute of gas which can be passed therethrough, by reducing the number of cubic feet per minute drawn from each well, more wells can be used with a single vacuum system. Additionally, it may be desired to increase the vacuum delivered to the extraction wells, thereby increasing mass removal and increasing the pressure gradient, resulting in a wider zone of vacuum influence. There may also be a need or desire to exert positive pressure on a first well and extract contaminants from a second well, with the ability to control precisely the area and depth where gas enters and exits the zone between the first and second wells. In addition, it may be desired to extract liquids and gases through one or more selected layers of soil or rock which have a relatively greater bonding potential with the contaminants therein to maximize the flow of liquids and gases through those layers. DE 4240969 describes a method and an apparatus for redeveloping contaminated soil areas. In a first borehole a rise pipe including a vacuum suction pipe is introduced and longitudinally extending inflatable packing is configured to seal a significant portion of the perforated lower portion of the riser pipe. A single seal is provided on top of the borehole to reduce penetration of ambient air into the borehole. A second borehole including a gas inlet is provided at a distance from the first borehole so as to provide gases to the subsurface. US 5 293 941 discloses a method for selectively treating sections of soil which are more remote from a soil venting well than previously treated soil sections. Air is drawn through a first group of passageways in a well casing during treatment of a particular section of soil. Air is then prevented from passing through the first group of passageways in that these passageways are sealed, and subsequently the air is drawn through a second lower group of passageways. It is an object of the present invention to provide an apparatus for removing contaminants from bedrock, groundwater, and soil with the above noted advantages. The object is solved by an apparatus according to claim 1. The present invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 1 is a side elevation view in cross section illustrating a general arrangement for vacuum extraction of contaminants from a contaminated area of the subsurface in accordance with the present invention when no preferential flow paths in the surrounding soil as yet exist Figure 2 is a side elevation view in cross section illustrating a general arrangement for vacuum extraction of contaminants from a contaminated area of the subsurface in accordance with the present invention when preferential flow paths in the surrounding soil have been established. Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view in side elevation of an extraction well suitable for the present invention when no preferential flow paths in the surrounding soil as yet exist. Figure 4 is a cross-sectional view in side elevation of an extraction well suitable for the present invention when preferential flow paths in the surrounding soil have been established. Figure 5 is a schematic view of an example of an apparatus for handling and treating materials removed from the ground by the vacuum extraction apparatus and process of the present invention. Figure 6 is a schematic view of another example of an apparatus for handling and treating materials removed from the ground by the vacuum extraction apparatus and process of the present invention. Figure 7 is a schematic view of yet another example of an apparatus for handling and treating materials removed from the ground by the vacuum extraction apparatus and process of the present invention. Figure 8 is a schematic view of still another example of an apparatus for handling and treating materials removed from the ground by the vacuum extraction apparatus and process of the present invention. Figure 9 is a further example of an apparatus for handling and treating materials removed from the ground by the vacuum extraction apparatus and process of the present invention. Figures 10 and 11 are cross-sectional views in side elevation of air inlet wells suitable for use with the present invention. Figures 12 and 13 are examples of packings suitable for use with the apparatus and process of the present invention. Figures 14 and 15 are examples of another packing suitable for use with the apparatus and process of the present invention. Figure 16 is yet another example of a packing suitable for use with the apparatus and process of the present invention. The present invention is directed to a process and apparatus for the removal of contaminants from bedrock, groundwater, and soil. The term "subsurface" is used herein to refer to topsoil, bedrock, and any soil or ground contained therebetween. Contaminants can be present in the vadose zone and/or below the water table. The process includes the steps of providing a borehole in the contaminated area, placing in the borehole a perforated riser pipe in which is situated a vacuum extraction pipe with an opening situated within the perforated riser pipe, applying a vacuum to the riser pipe through the vacuum extraction pipe so as to draw soil gases and entrained liquid into the riser pipe and to transport both the gases and the liquid to the surface through the vacuum extraction pipe, separating the liquid and the gases, and separately subjecting the separated liquid and gases to appropriate treatment Treated water can be returned to the soil or disposed of in conventional ways. The vacuum extraction pipe is surrounded with a riser pipe. The riser pipe is constructed with perforations (screening) which may be situated below the water table, in the unsaturated (vadose) zone, or both in the saturated and unsaturated zones, as well as within bedrock In one embodiment, the riser pipe has perforations both above and below the water table. In another embodiment of the invention, the riser pipe is constructed with perforations (screening) extending only below the water table. In yet another embodiment of the invention, the riser pipe is constructed with perforations (screening) extending only above the water table. The unsaturated zone can be the natural vadose zone lying above the natural water table, or an expanded "artificial" vadose zone created when removal of the groundwater through the extraction well causes local lowering of the water table. Placing of the screening so that it extends both below the water table and into the vadose zone allows soil gases, including contaminants in the vapor phase, to be drawn into the riser pipe under the influence of a vacuum generator connected to the vacuum extraction pipe. The gases entrain the liquid phase, so that both phases can be transported to the surface together in a common stream through the vacuum extraction pipe. At the surface, the two phases are separated in a vapor-liquid disengaging vessel, such as a cyclone separator, knock-out pot or other suitable component, and after separation the two phases can individually be routed to systems for contaminant removal by further treatment steps. Suitable processes for contaminant removal include filtration, adsorption, air stripping, settling, flocculation, precipitation, scrubbing and the like. As an alternative, the riser pipe can be situated so that the screening is at all times below the water table, even in the situation in which removal of water causes local depression of the water table. In such an arrangement, the fluid transported to the surface from the riser pipe is predominantly in the liquid phase, although it may still be necessary to provide vapor-liquid separation and individual phase treatment at the surface to deal with phase transformation which may occur as a result of turbulence and pressure reduction at the suction side of the vacuum device. Figures 1 and 2 illustrate schematically systems 10 for vacuum extraction and treatment in accordance with the invention. Seen in Figure 1 is a source 11 of volatile contaminants, creating a plume 13 of adsorbed, dissolved, or suspended free phase and gaseous phase contaminants in the soil 15 of the vadose (unsaturated) zone. The contaminants making up the plume 13 tend to leach or percolate downwardly toward the natural water table 17. Groundwater is moving in the direction of the arrows 19. Components lighter than water and not dissolved are depicted by the reference numeral 21, and tend to float at the top of the water table. Dissolved contaminants tend to percolate downwardly in a plume 23 below the water table 17, and free-phase components 25 heavier than water tend to migrate downwardly to the aquitard 27. Seen in Figure 2 is a contaminated zone 12, wherein the contaminants in central zone 14 are more highly concentrated in the soil than in surrounding zone 12. The contaminants are adsorbed, dissolved, or suspended free phase and gaseous phase contaminants in the soil. As illustrated in Figure 2, dashed line 16 represents the interface between upper soil 18, which typically is more permeable than lower soil 20. For example, upper soil 18 may be weathered clay, with a typical permeability of about 1×10 -7 centimeters per second, and lower soil 20 may be unweathered clay, with a typical permeability of about 1×10 -8 centimeters per second. It is not required, however, for the purposes of the present invention, that contaminated zone 12 extend into two or more areas of differing soil permeability; contaminated zones 12 and 14, preferential flow paths 22, 24, and 26, and extraction well 28 may all be situated within soil of a single permeability. Within the soil containing contaminated zone 12 are paths of preferential flow 22, 24, and 26, wherein the soil is significantly more permeable than either upper soil 18 or lower soil 20. In many instances, the permeabilities of soil within the preferential flow paths can be at least one order of magnitude greater than the permeability of the soil surrounding the preferential flow paths. For example, the surrounding soil might have a permeability of about 1×10 -4 centimeters per second or less while the paths of preferential flow might have permeabilities of 1×10 -3 centimeters per second or greater. Paths of preferential flow, however, can also be established between areas with only slightly differing permeabilities, since flow will favor the path of least resistance. These paths of preferential flow may be either naturally occumng or may be artificially created in the contaminated area. Artificial preferential flow paths can be created by, for example, fracturing processes, wherein relatively permeable flow areas are created within relatively impermeable soil. For example, hydraulic fracturing entails driving a casing and a lance tip, said casing and lance tip being of any suitable material, such as steel or the like, into the soil to the desired depth of the fracture closest to the surface. Thereafter, an extension rod is driven into the casing to drive the lance tip further into the soil, to a depth below the terminal end of the casing. The extension rod and lance tip are thereafter removed from the casing, leaving the empty casing in the ground with a well of exposed soil below the terminal end of the casing. A notch is then cut in the soil below the terminal end of the casing by a cutting jet of water, said notch extending horizontally and perpendicular to the vertical casing. Thereafter, a sand-filled slurry is injected under pressure into the casing; the casing prevents diffusion of the slurry in all areas except the exposed soil within the notch below the terminal end of the casing, and the pressure causes a horizontal hydraulic fracture to be extended from the notch edges. The fracture thus created contains sand, which assists in prevention of future collapse of the fracture, and enables gases and liquids to flow through the fracture at rates significantly higher than are possible in the relatively impermeable surrounding soil. Thereafter, additional fractures can be created at progressively lower levels by inserting a longer casing and the lance tip into the original hole in the ground and driving them to the desired depth, followed by cutting of a new notch at a lower level and injection of the slurry to create a new fracture. Fractures can be created at any desired spacings, typically at least 6 inches (15 centimeters) apart, although the distance between fractures may be lower if desired. In a preferred embodiment, the slurry injected into the fractures comprises a mixture of sand, water, and crosslinked guar gum, the mixture being highly viscous. The mixture also includes a chemical agent such as an enzyme that attacks the crosslinking in the guar gum, so that over a period of time, typically about 1 or 2 days, the crosslinking in the guar gum breaks down, thereby lowering the viscosity of the slurry. Thereafter, the water drains from the slurry, leaving the sand remaining in the fracture. One example of a suitable commercially available additive to a sand/water slurry for this purpose is the REVERT® drilling fluid additive, available from Johnson Filtration Systems, Inc., St Paul, MN. This material contains guar gum and initially enhances the viscosity of the slurry, followed by a breakdown of the guar gum and resulting decreased viscosity within a few days. Optionally, air inlet probes 29 may be provided within one or more of preferential flow paths 22, 24, and 26. The air inlet probes allow air or other fluids (liquids and/or gases) to be introduced into the preferential flow paths at a location spaced from the well, said fluids then being extracted through the well bore. This arrangement may be beneficial in situations where insufficient communication otherwise exists between the atmosphere and the extraction well or if the soil is incapable of yielding sufficient air flow. An extraction well 28, which will be described in greater detail shortly, is sunk in the area of the contaminated zone. Figure 1, extraction well 28 is sunk in the area of the plume 13 and extends through the vadose zone 15 and below the natural water table 17. Figure 2, extraction well 28 is sunk in contaminated zone 12 and extends through the upper soil 18 and into the lower soil 20. Associated with the extraction well 28 is a vacuum extraction system 32, preferably designed to generate high vacuum conditions, typically from about 17.8 cm to about 73.7 cm (7 to about 29 inches) of mercury. Gases removed by the vacuum extraction system 32 can be vented to atmosphere at 34 if within acceptable environmental limits, or further processed, such as by being incinerated or passed to a condenser, granular activated carbon filter, or other such component 36. The component 36 serves to remove contaminants from the extracted gases. Water extracted by the process can be treated by passing it through conventional systems for metals removal, volatile organic compound removal, or other steps of purification. The treated and purified water, if it is of sufficient purity at this stage, can be returned to any appropriate discharge point as indicated at 38. Contaminants can be stored in drums 40 for eventual destruction or further processing. Figures 3 and 4 illustrate embodiments of extraction well 28 in greater detail. In Figures 3 and 4, the extraction well 28 includes an elongated borehole 42, into which is placed a perforated riser pipe 44 capped at the bottom. The riser pipe 44 is perforated either above the water table, below the water table, or both below and above the water table. In the embodiments illustrated, the riser pipe includes an imperforate upper portion 46 and a perforate (screened) lower portion 48. The riser pipe 44 can be of any suitable material, such as polyvinyl chloride, metals, such as stainless steel, galvanized steel, or the like, plastics, including Teflon®, or the like. The screened or perforate portions can have perforations of any desired or suitable shape and size; for example, in one embodiment, the perforated portion can be equipped with 0.010 inch (0.25 mm) slots. Situated inside riser pipe 44 is vacuum extraction pipe 30. The vacuum extraction pipe 30 can be of any suitable material, such as polyvinyl chloride, metals, such as stainless steel, galvanized steel, or the like, plastics, including Teflon®, or the like. The upper end of the riser pipe 44 is associated with a concrete floor or deck, and is provided with a suitable pipe fitting 52, enabling the riser pipe 44 and the vacuum extraction pipe 30 to be coupled to the remainder of the vacuum extraction system 32 (not seen in Figures 3 and 4), with vacuum extraction pipe 30 being in fluid communication with the vacuum extraction system. Vacuum extraction pipe 30 can have a bottom opening within the riser pipe 44 either below the water table, at the water table level, or above the water table. While not necessary, it is preferred that the bottom of vacuum extraction pipe 30 terminate at an angle other than exact parallel with the horizontal; by terminating the pipe at an angle, the surface area of the opening is increased, which enhances the ease of starting the well. Preferred angles for the bottom opening of vacuum extraction pipe 30 are from about 10° to about 80° with respect to the horizontal, and more preferably about 45° with respect to the horizontal, although the angulation can be outside this range. In Figure 4, the preferential flow paths 22, 24, and 26 are isolated from each other by layers of relatively impermeable soil (or rock) and, within the borehole, by essentially impermeable seals surrounding the impermeable portion 46 of riser pipe 44. For example, preferential flow path 22 is isolated within borehole 42 and riser pipe 44 by grout layers 54a and 54b and by bentonite cement layers 56a and 56b. Preferential flow path 24 is isolated from preferential flow paths 22 and 26 within borehole 42 and riser pipe 44 by grout layers 54b and 54c and by bentonite cement layers 56b and 56c. Sand 49 situated within the borehole 42 supports the bentonite cement and grout layers within the borehole 42 and riser pipe 44. Any other suitable or desired materials can also be employed for isolating the preferential flow paths from each other, such as other grouts, bentonite clays, nonshrink epoxy materials, hydraulic cements, plastics, rubber materials, or the like. In one embodiment of the present invention, situated at the end of extraction well 28 at or near the ground surface, are one or more optional air inlets 31 associated with riser pipe 44, said optional inlet 31 preferably being equipped with an air flow gauge (not shown), which permits the introduction of air at any desired pressure, including reduced pressures, atmospheric pressure, or increased or forced pressures, into riser pipe 44. When it is desired to add air at pressures greater than atmospheric pressure, air pressure can be provided by an additional pump (not shown), by connecting the outlet or exhaust of the vacuum pump connected to vacuum extraction pipe 30 to air inlet 31, or the like. The air flow rate through air inlet 31 can range from nearly zero to any value less than the CFM (or cubic meters per minute) rated capacity of the vacuum pump connected to vacuum extraction pipe 30. While some air flow may be desired at system start-up, after the process has been in operation for a period of time, the air flow may in some instances be reduced to zero, with no air being introduced into the well through air inlet 31 and maximum vacuum being applied to the subsurface soil and water. In addition, the air introduced through air inlet 31 can, if desired, be heated to improve the extraction of some contaminants. Further, air inlet 31 can be used as an inlet for introducing other materials or chemicals into the riser pipe and extraction stream, since chemicals or materials so introduced will pass down with the inlet air through the riser pipe to the bottom thereof, and then back up with the water and air mixture through vacuum extraction pipe 30, thus chemically or otherwise interacting with the water and air mixture. For example, oxidizers or surfactants or other chemicals can be introduced for the treatment of water-borne or vapor-borne contaminants removed by the vacuum extraction pipe. Additionally, in situations wherein the apparatus and process of the present invention are employed in conjunction with a biotransformation process, wherein soil contaminants are biologically transformed into innocuous materials by interaction with bacteria or other biological methods, gas inlet or inlets can be employed to introduce into the vacuum extraction pipe nutrients for biotransformation, such as cellulose or the like, or for introducing nitrogen to enhance anaerobic processes or oxygen to enhance aerobic processes. Liquid drawn up through vacuum extraction pipe 30 preferably, although not necessarily, is in two-phase form, namely droplets, mist, and/or vapor entrained in liquid, as opposed to slug flow. Air flow through the system is provided by one or more of the following: air from the unsaturated (vadose) zone; air from the dewatered saturated zone; air from one or more of the optional air inlet mechanisms 31, at reduced pressures, atmospheric pressure, or forced pressures; air from optional gas inlet or inlets 41 at atmospheric pressure or forced pressures; and air introduced through one preferential flow path and extracted from another preferential flow path. Thus, it is not required that air be extracted from the ground in the vicinity of the extraction well. Generally, a high vapor/air velocity is maintained through the system. Air velocity in the vacuum extraction pipe should be sufficient to carry or lift water in the vapor phase, either droplets of various sizes, or the like, entrained in the air. Air velocity values in the range of from about 1 foot (0.3 m) per second to about 200 feet (61 m) per second or greater generally suffice. Vacuum extraction pipe 30 can optionally be equipped with at least one gas inlet 41. As illustrated in Figures 3 and 4, vacuum extraction pipe 30 is equipped with a single optional gas inlet 41. More specifically, as shown in Figures 3 and 4, optional gas inlet 41 enters vacuum extraction pipe 30 from the bottom opening of vacuum extraction pipe 30. Alternatively (not shown), gas inlet 41 can enter vacuum extraction pipe 30 through an opening in the side of vacuum extraction pipe 30. Gas inlet 41 is in fluid communication with a gas supply, which can be either atmospheric air or some other desired gas, and with optional air compressor 43. A tank containing compressed air can also serve as the gas supply. The gas supply to gas inlet 41 is controlled through valve 45 and the pressure in gas inlet 41, if desired, can be monitored with optional pressure gauge 47. In addition, if desired, an automatic controller for turning valve 45 on and off and/or for controlling the duration and/or pressure of the gas applied to vacuum extraction pipe 30 from gas inlet 41 can be added to the configuration of gas inlet 41. In operation, gas is introduced into vacuum extraction pipe 30 either before, while, or after a vacuum is applied to vacuum extraction pipe 30 to initiate two-phase flow within vacuum extraction pipe 30. In the embodiment wherein vacuum extraction pipe 30 is equipped with a single gas inlet 41 as illustrated in Figures 3 and 4, gas is applied through gas inlet 41 continuously as vacuum is applied to vacuum extraction pipe 30 until two-phase flow is established within vacuum extraction pipe 30, at which point the flow of gas through gas inlet 41 is halted. The actual duration for application of gas through gas inlet 41 will vary depending on factors such as the depth of the well, the depth within the well of the gas inlet 41, the depth of groundwater contained within vacuum extraction pipe 30, the dimensions of the well, vacuum extraction pipe 30, and gas inlet 41, the pressure of gas applied through gas inlet 41, and the like. Typical duration times for wells 4 inches in diameter and wherein gas is introduced at a pressure of from about 20 to about 60 pounds per square inch (13.8 N/cm 2 to about 41.4 N/cm 2 ) are from about 15 to about 20 seconds when the groundwater level is less than 15 feet (4.6 m) deep and about 45 seconds when the groundwater level is from about 18 (5.5 m) to about 25 feet (7.6 m) deep. In some instances, durations for applying gas through gas inlet 41 may be 5 minutes or greater. In embodiments of the present invention wherein vacuum extraction pipe 30 is equipped with a multiplicity of gas inlets, gas is typically applied first through the uppermost gas inlet continuously as vacuum is applied to vacuum extraction pipe 30 until two-phase flow is established within vacuum extraction pipe 30 from the depth of the uppermost gas inlet. At this point, the flow of gas through the inlet next in depth is initiated and maintained until two-phase flow is established within vacuum extraction pipe 30 from the depth of this gas inlet. Subsequently, the flow of gas through the inlet next again in depth is initiated and maintained until two-phase flow is established within vacuum extraction pipe 30 from the depth of this next gas inlet. The flow of gas through each inlet can be terminated once two-phase flow is established from that depth, although it is preferred to maintain at least some overlap between the flow of gas through one inlet and the flow of gas through the inlet next in depth to ensure that two-phase flow does not cease in the vacuum extraction pipe at any time. For example, in a particular well, gas might be introduced first through the uppermost gas inlet for a period of about 10 seconds, after which two-phase flow is established within the vacuum extraction tube from the depth of the uppermost gas inlet, followed by maintaining gas flow through the uppermost gas inlet while also permitting gas to flow through the gas inlet next in depth for a period of about 5 seconds, followed by terminating the flow through the uppermost gas inlet while allowing gas to continue to flow through the gas inlet next in depth for a penod of 15 seconds, after which two-phase flow is established within the vacuum extraction tube from the depth of this next gas inlet, and the like for any additional inlets. The duration of flow through each inlet and the duration of overlap for flow from two or more inlets will vary with each well. It is also possible, however, to initiate flow through each inlet sequentially, with no overlap between the flow through one inlet and the flow through another inlet, or to initiate flow in multiple inlets in some order other than sequentially by increasing depth. Further, flow through multiple gas inlets can be initiated simultaneously. If desired, the flow duration through each gas inlet can be controlled automatically by running each gas inlet through a timer control system. Generally, flow through the gas inlet or inlets is ceased once the two-phase vacuum extraction process has been successfully initiated. At various times in the extraction process, however, the flow through the vacuum extraction pipe 30 may vary from the desired two-phase flow to some other form of flow, such as slug flow. At these times, gas may also be introduced through gas inlet or inlets 41 to convert the flow in the vacuum extraction pipe 30 back to the desired two-phase form. The gas inlet or inlets can be of any suitable configuration. As illustrated schematically in Figures 3 and 4, gas inlet 41 enters vacuum extraction pipe 30 through an opening in the side of vacuum extraction pipe 30 the bottom opening of vacuum extraction pipe 30. While not required, it is preferred that the opening of gas inlet 41 be situated in relative close proximity to the inner wall of vacuum extraction pipe 30 to minimize frictional forces as air is introduced into vacuum extraction pipe 30 through gas inlet 41 to initiate two-phase flow of gas and liquid in vacuum extraction pipe 30. Additional suitable configurations for gas inlet 41 are disclosed in, for example, US-A-5,358,357. The optional gas inlet or inlets 41 can be either flexible or rigid, and can be of any suitable material, such as polymers and plastics, including polyvinyl chloride, Teflon®, polyethylene, polypropylene, or the like, metals, such as stainless steel, galvanized steel, copper, brass, or the like, or any other suitable material. The gas inlet or inlets 41 can be of any desired or suitable dimensions to enable the desired rate of flow through the vacuum extraction pipe, and typically will vary depending on the dimensions of the vacuum extraction pipe, the depth of the well, the nature of the packing around the well, and the like. Any desired pressure can be employed for the gas introduced into vacuum extraction pipe 30 through gas inlet or inlets 41. Typical pressures range from atmospheric pressure outside the well (in which case no air compressor is required) to about 100 pounds per square inch (69 N/cm 2 ), with preferred pressures being from about 20 to about 60 pounds per square inch (13.8 N/cm 2 to about 41.4 N.cm 2 ), more preferably from about 30 to about 50 pounds per square inch (20.7 N/cm 2 to about 34.5 N/cm 2 ), although the pressure can be outside these ranges. Greater pressures initiate two-phase flow within the vacuum extraction pipe more rapidly, and may also be more desirable at greater relative depths of water (with relative depth in this instance referring to the difference in depth between the gas inlet and the groundwater level within the vacuum extraction pipe). Any desired gas can be introduced into the vacuum extraction pipe through the optional gas inlet or inlets. Ambient air may be selected as the most inexpensive gas. In addition, the air introduced through gas inlet or inlets 41 can, if desired, be heated to improve the extraction of some contaminants. Further, gas inlet or inlets 41 can be used as an inlet for introducing other materials or chemicals into the riser pipe and extraction stream for chemically or otherwise interacting with the water and air mixture. For example, oxidizers or surfactants or other chemicals can be introduced for the treatment of water-borne or vapor-borne contaminants removed by the vacuum extraction pipe. Additionally, in situations wherein the apparatus and process of the present invention are employed in conjunction with a biotransformation process, wherein soil contaminants are biologically transformed into innocuous materials by interaction with bacteria or other biological methods, the gas inlet or inlets can be employed to introduce into the vacuum extraction pipe nutrients for biotransformation, such as cellulose or the like, or for introducing nitrogen to enhance anaerobic processes or oxygen to enhance aerobic processes. Returning to Figures 3 and 4, the upper portion 46 of the riser pipe 44 is surrounded by a seal, which comprises a low permeability grout, such as bentonite cement (54 in Figure 3, 54a in Figure 4), and below the grout a bentonite seal (56 in Figure 3, 56a in Figure 4). As shown in Figure 4, optional additional seals (optional additional layer of grout 54b and optional additional layer of bentonite cement 56b) isolate preferential flow path 22 from preferential flow path 24, and optional additional seals (optional additional layer of grout 54c and optional additional layer of bentonite cement 56c) isolate preferential flow path 24 from preferential flow path 26. Relatively low permeability sand 49 is situated within borehole 42 between the seal layers to support the seal layers within the borehole. When preferential flow paths are created intentionally as fractures, sand 49 preferably is also contained within fractures 22, 24, and 26 to prevent collapse of the fractures. The area within the borehole 42 surrounding the slotted lower portion 48 of the riser pipe 44 and part of the upper portion 46 above the slotted lower portion 48 is packed with fine screened sand 49, to facilitate the flow of gas and liquid from the surrounding soil into the riser pipe 44. Packing 61 is situated between vacuum extraction pipe 30 and riser pipe 44 and is capable of filling a portion of the annular space between the outer diameter of vacuum extraction pipe 30 and the inner diameter of riser pipe 44 and isolating the area below packing 61 from the area above packing 61 in the space between vacuum extraction pipe 30 and riser pipe 44. (By a portion of the annular space it is meant that the packing does not extend for the entire vertical depth of the well, but isolates one vertical portion of the well from another vertical portion of the well.) Packing 61 can be any suitable packing, gasket, or seal which enables vacuum applied from vacuum extraction pipe 30 to be isolated from the area between the riser pipe and the vacuum extraction pipe which is above the packing. One or more packings 61 can be present within riser pipe 44. Examples of suitable configurations include inflatable bladders, solid rubber, plastic, or metal members, one or more O-rings or other cylindrical rings, dynamic packings such as those employed in hydraulic equipment, piston packings, rod or shaft packings, plunger packings, spring-loaded packings, flange packings, nested V rings, conical rings, soft packings, jamb packings, plastic packings, automatic packings, oil seals, pneumatic or inflatable packings, or the like. In one embodiment, packing 61 can be actuatable, enabling the packing to be moved easily within riser pipe 44 and/or around vacuum extraction pipe 30 before actuation of the seal between the vacuum extraction pipe and the riser pipe. Actuation can be by any desired method, such as filling of a bladder with a fluid (which can be a liquid, a gas, a gel, or the like), expansion of a solid expandable material, or the like. Packing 61 can be either permanently or removably attached to either vacuum extraction pipe 30, riser pipe 44, or both, and can be either stationary or positionally variable in depth within the riser pipe. In one preferred embodiment, one or more packings 61 are attached to vacuum extraction pipe 30 and the depth of packing 61 within riser pipe 44 is adjustable by adjusting the depth of the opening of vacuum extraction pipe 30 within riser pipe 44. In another preferred embodiment, one or more packings 61 are not permanently affixed to either vacuum extraction pipe 30 or to riser pipe 44, but are suspended within riser pipe 44 around vacuum extraction pipe 30 and can be independently adjusted in depth within riser pipe 44. Also suitable, however, are other configurations, such as one or more packings 61 attached to riser pipe 44 through which vacuum extraction pipe 30 passes and which permit adjustment of the depth of vacuum extraction pipe 30 within riser pipe 44, or the like. Optional gas inlet 41 can, if desired (and as illustrated schematically in Figures 3 and 4), pass through packing 61 to enable introduction of air through gas inlet 41 into vacuum extraction pipe 30 at a depth below packing 61. Similarly, optional air inlet 31 can, if desired (and as illustrated schematically in Figures 3 and 4), pass through packing 61 to enable introduction of air through air inlet 31 into the area between vacuum extraction pipe 30 and riser pipe 44 at a depth below packing 61. In soils such as those illustrated schematically in Figure 3, wherein no preferential flow paths have as yet been established, the opening of vacuum extraction pipe 30 and the depth of packing or packings 61 can be adjusted periodically to prevent formation of preferential flow paths. As illustrated schematically in Figure 3, if desired, portions of riser pipe 44 can optionally be further isolated from each other with optional additional seals (in the illustrated embodiment, optional additional low permeability grout layers 54d, 54e, and 54f and/or optional additional bentonite seals 56d, 56e, and 56f). Any suitable impermeability material can be employed for the additional seals. The optional additional seals can be of any desired or effective thickness, typically from about 1 inch (2.54 cm) to several feet (meters) in thickness, preferably from about 2 inches (5 cm) to several feet (meters) (but less than the entire depth of the well) to prevent vapor flow from one isolated zone to another. These additional isolation seals create isolated zones within riser pipe 44 and can be placed at desired intervals throughout the vertical extent of the borehole 42. The isolation units partition sand within the borehole and reduce or eliminate delivery of vacuum to any zone within riser pipe 44 situated above packing 61. A pressure gradient is thus created from outside the borehole to the area within riser pipe 44 below packing 61. Additionally, if desired, optional vacuum probes 63 can be situated between each isolated zone to enable measurement of the vacuum below the isolated zone and to confirm or quantify the extent to which the zone above packing 61 has been isolated from vacuum. Figure 5 illustrates schematically in greater detail one example of a vacuum extraction system 32 and steps and apparatus for treating extracted material. A vacuum pump 78, driven by electric motor 80, is in fluid communication through a pipe 82, knock-out pot 84 and pipe 86 with the pipe fitting 52 of extraction well 28. The knock-out pot 84 can be of conventional design, familiar to those skilled in the art. The knock-out pot 84 serves to separate the two phases emerging from the extraction well 28, enabling them to be subjected to appropriate further processing. In this regard, a pipe 88 is provided in association with the knock-out pot 84, to conduct effluent in the liquid phase through filtration and stripping steps. Filtration is provided in the illustrated embodiment by parallel filters 90 and 92 which can alternately or simultaneously be used in a conventional manner. Cut-off valves, omitted in the drawings for clarity, permit either filter 90 or 92 to be isolated and each filter to be removed, cleaned, or replaced. Suitable pressure gauges (not shown) can be placed on the suction and discharge sides of the filters 90 and 92 to indicate filter loading. Other separation techniques and apparatus can also be used. A pump 94, for erosion resistance preferably of the single stage progressive cavity type, serves to draw off the liquid phase effluent of the knock-out pot 84. Here, too, other suitable apparatus can be used. In the illustrated embodiment, the liquid phase is fed from the pump 94 through filters 90 and/or 92 to a pipe 96 leading to an optional air stripper assembly 98, the function of which is to remove from the effluent volatile organic compounds. An optional blower 100 associated with the optional air stripper assembly 98 delivers a flow of warm air through the housing of the air stripper assembly 98, carrying off the volatile organic compounds through the vent 102 to atmosphere or further processing (not shown). An optional transfer pump 104, discharging to a pipe 106, serves to transport liquid from the sump of the air stripper assembly 98 for further processing. The transfer pump 104 can be turned off in response to a low level switch 108 associated with the air stripper assembly 98. A high level switch 110 associated with the air stripper assembly 98 controls the pump 94 in response to high water level in the air stripper assembly 98. The air stripper assembly 98 can be a conventional "off-the-shelf" unit, familiar to those skilled in the art. The optional air stripper assembly 98 can, if desired, be omitted, and the effluent of the pipe 96 joined with the effluent of the pipe 120. It is hypothesized that the intimate mixing of the air and water during extraction (at which time groundwater is extracted in an air stream under vacuum) allows the volatile compounds to come out of solution, thus obviating the need for later air stripping. Avoidance of the need for an air stripper assembly 98 also reduces the total volume of air streams bearing volatile organic compounds. In situations in which air emissions must be controlled, this is a distinct advantage. Another advantage of the two-phase vapor extraction process, as practiced without additional air stripping, is that due to the low pressure at which the vapor/liquid mixing and separation are accomplished, there is no less oxygenation of the water than would result from conventional air stripping. It is to be expected that lower dissolved oxygen levels will result in less corrosion and fouling of downstream components of the apparatus. As indicated above, under the influence of the vacuum pump 78 the vapors separated from the two-phase effluent from the extraction well 28 are drawn to vacuum pump 78. In the illustrated embodiment of the invention, the vacuum pump 78 is of the liquid ring type, and is provided with a make up water line 112, served by a domestic supply. The make up water line 112 is provided with a solenoid actuated valve 114 responsive to the high water level switch 110 of air stripper assembly 98. The pump 78 exhausts to a vapor/liquid separator 116, the vapor effluent of which is conducted to atmosphere, or if appropriate to further processing through a pipe 118. The bulk of the liquid effluent from the vapor liquid separator 116 passes through a pipe 120 to a sump 122, where it joins the effluent of the pipe 106, the liquid output of the air stripper assembly 98. A fraction or all of the liquid effluent of the vapor liquid separator 116 can be drawn off through a line 124 to join the flow in the make up water line 112 servicing the liquid ring pump 78. An optional pump 126, controlled by a low level cut-off switch 128, draws liquid from optional sump 122 and propels it through a pipe 130 for further processing. In the illustrated embodiment the liquid is passed in two stages through canisters 132 and 134 containing granular activated carbon. Other contaminant removal steps or techniques can be used. The treated water emerges through a pipe 136 and is of sufficient purity to allow its return to any suitable discharge point without further treatment Figures 6, 7, 8, and 9 illustrate schematically the steps and apparatus for another method for treating soil liquids and gases containing contaminants. A vacuum inducing device 201, driven by electric motor 203 (Figure 7), is in fluid communication through a pipe 205, vapor-liquid phase separator such as a knock-out pot 207, and pipe 209 with the pipe fitting 211 to one or more extraction wells 213. The knock-out pot 207 can be of conventional design, familiar to those skilled in the art, such as those fabricated or supplied by Burgess Manning, Anderson Separator, or the like. The vacuum inducing device 201 can be of any conventional design, such as a centrifugal blower, a vane type blower, a rotary blower, a liquid ring vacuum pump, or the like. The knock-out pot 207 serves to separate mechanically the two phases emerging from the extraction well 213, enabling them to be subjected to appropriate further processing. In this regard, a pipe 215 is provided in association with the knock-out pot 207, to conduct effluent in the liquid phase to a pump 221 and then through optional filtration and, if desired, stripping steps. Optional filtration is provided in the embodiment illustrated in Figures 7, 8, and 9 by parallel filters 217 and 219 which can alternately or simultaneously be used in a conventional manner. Cut-off valves, omitted in the drawings for clarity, permit either filter 217 or 219 to be isolated and each filter to be removed, cleaned, or replaced. Suitable pressure gauges (not shown) can be placed on the inlet and discharge sides of the filters 217 and 219 to indicate filter loading. Examples of suitable filters 217 and 219 include cartridge or bag type filters as supplied by Cuno, Incorporated, Rosedale Products, Incorporated, 3M Filtration Products, Ronningen-Petter Filters, or the like. Other separation techniques and apparatus can also be used. A transfer pump 221 serves to deliver the liquid phase effluent of the knock-out pot 207 to treatment. Examples of suitable transfer pumps include progressive cavity pumps or centrifugal pumps, as supplied by Robbins Meyers, Incorporated, Price Pump Company, Crane-Deming Pumps, Goulds Pumps Company, Bomemann, Inc., Moyno, Inc., or the like. Other similar apparatus can also be used. From optional filters 217 and 219, the liquid stream is routed for further processing, generally designated 248 in Figures 6, 7, and 8. Examples of suitable processing to remove contaminants, if present in the liquid phase, include carbon adsorption, advanced oxidation, biological treatment, resin adsorption, or the like. In the embodiment illustrated in Figure 9, the liquid is passed in two stages through canisters 247 and 249 containing granular activated carbon, such as that available from Carbtrol Corporation, Envirotrol, or the like. Other contaminant removal steps or techniques can also be used. Final liquid phase effluent is delivered through pipe 251 to an appropriate discharge point As indicated above, under the influence of the vacuum inducing device 201, vapors separated from the two-phase effluent from the extraction well 213 are drawn to vacuum inducing device 201. In the embodiment of the invention illustrated in Figures 7 and 9, the vacuum inducing device 201 is a liquid ring vacuum pump. Examples of suitable commercially available liquid ring vacuum pumps include those available from Sihi Pumps, Nash Engineering, Trivini Pumps USA (Michigan City, Indiana), or the like. The liquid ring pump employs a seal liquid which acts as a sealant of the vacuum and which also acts as a recirculating coolant for the pump. For the present invention, while water is a suitable seal liquid, a relatively low vapor pressure liquid is the preferred seal liquid. Examples of preferred seal liquids include mineral oils, turbine oils, and the like. One preferred seal liquid is SAE 10 oil, such as those products available from Mobil Oil, Quaker State, or the like. Another example of a preferred seal liquid is a hydrotreated, highly refined, dewaxed paraffinic oil. The seal liquid preferably exhibits little or no volatility at the maximum operating temperature of the pump. Preferably, the seal liquid has a vapor pressure of less than about 25 mm Hg at the maximum operating temperature of the pump. The specific seal liquid selected may depend on considerations such as compatibility of the seal liquid with the specific organic contaminants expected to be recovered from the ground (preferably, the specific contaminants present are not highly soluble in the seal liquid), the temperature range at which the pump will be operated (preferably, the seal liquid does not volatilize or decompose at the pump operating temperatures, which typically are from about 50 to about 400°F (10 to about 204°C), more typically from about 140 to about 250°F (60 to about 121°C), and preferably from about 160 to about 185°F (71 to about 85°C)), the viscosity of the seal liquid at both the projected operating temperature and the start-up temperature, and the like. When a liquid ring vacuum pump is employed, as illustrated in Figures 7 and 9, the pump exhausts to an air-seal liquid separator 257 , the vapor effluent of which is conducted to further processing through a pipe 259. The bulk of the seal liquid effluent from the air-seal liquid separator 257 is drawn off through a line 261 to join the flow in the seal liquid line servicing the liquid ring pump. The air-seal liquid separator 257 can be of any suitable or conventional design for coalescing of seal liquid mist and the gas stream. Examples of suitable coalescing mist elements include those available from Technolab, Osmonics, MechanEquip, or the like. The seal liquid exits the air-seal liquid separator 257 through pipe 261 to the seal liquid circulation pump 283. The circulation pump 283 can be of any suitable or conventional design, such as centrifugal pumps available from Price Pump Company, Goulds Pumps Company, Burks Pumps, or the like. Heat is transferred from the seal liquid stream to the vapor stream by jacket 277. The seal liquid stream is then returned to the liquid ring vacuum pump. Subsequent to passing through the pump (and the air-seal liquid separator in Figures 7 and 9), the vapor stream is conducted through pipe 259 to a cooling system, generally designated 262 in Figure 6. Any desired method may be employed for cooling the gaseous stream. For example, as illustrated in Figure 7, the vapor stream first passes through after-cooler 264, which in the illustrated embodiment is an air-to-air heat exchanger. As shown in Figure 7, the vapor stream passes from after-cooler 264 through condenser 263, an air-to-liquid heat exchanger which, in the illustrated embodiment is cooled by a jacket 265 of water from the liquid phase treatment process which enters jacket 265 through line 267 and exits jacket 265 through line 269. Examples of suitable air-to-air and air-to-liquid heat exchangers include those supplied by Airtek, Thermal Transfer Products, Ltd., Liebert Corporation, Bell and Gossett, or the like. While not required, in the embodiment illustrated in Figure 7, it is preferred that the water enter jacket 265 subsequent to passing through filters 217 and 219 to minimize deposits of contaminants in jacket 265. If desired, however, the coolant in condenser jacket 265 can also be supplied from another source, such as an outside water supply, a recirculating coolant system, or the like. In another embodiment, as shown in Figure 8, the vapor stream passes from pipe 259 to air-to-air heat exchanger 264, where the vapor stream is cooled and then conveyed to condensate separator 271. In yet another embodiment, as shown in Figure 9, the vapor stream passes directly from pipe 259 exiting air-seal liquid separator 257 into condenser 263, which, in the illustrated embodiment, is cooled by a jacket 265 of water from a water supply which enters jacket 265 through line 267 and exits jacket 265 through line 269. Cooling system 262 may include any other suitable cooling methods, and is not limited to air-to-air heat exchangers or air-to-liquid heat exchangers. The vapor and condensed liquid from cooling system 262 then enter condensate separator 271, where condensed liquid exits condensate separator 271 through pipe 273 and is conducted to the water treatment system at knock-out pot 207. Examples of suitable condensate separators include those available from Burgess Manning, Incorporated, Anderson Separator, or the like. Optionally, if desired, (not shown) condensate separator 271 can be equipped with multiple outlets to facilitate separation of water and liquid contaminants which have either a higher or lower specific gravity than water. An outlet situated at the bottom of condensate separator 271 enables draining of liquid contaminants with a specific gravity higher than that of water, and an outlet situated at or near the liquid level within condensate separator 271 enables draining of liquid contaminants with a specific gravity lower than that of water, in each instance permitting removal of the liquid contaminant from the condensate separator 271 prior to draining of the water. Typically, as illustrated in Figures 6 through 9, the vapor stream passing through the cooling system (262 in Figure 9, 263 and 264 in Figure 7, 263 in Figure 9, 264 in Figure 8) is cooled from initial temperatures in the range of from about 100 to about 400°F (38 to about 204°C) to final temperatures in the range of from about 40 to about 100°F (4.4 to about 28°C), more typically from about 60 to about 80°F (16 to about 27°C) when water from the liquid stream is employed as the coolant as illustrated in Figure 7, and to temperatures of from about 40 to about 60°F (4.4 to about 16°C) when other cooling methods are employed, although the temperature can be varied as desired. The vapor stream exiting condensate separator 271 is then heated in heater 275. Heater 275 employs the mechanical and compression heat generated by the vacuum inducing device 201, either as direct heating using discharge gases (for non-liquid sealed pumps) or heat recovery from circulating seal liquid (for liquid ring pumps), conveyed from vacuum inducing device 201 to heater 275 through a conduit 279 and either returned to vacuum inducing device 201 or otherwise disposed of through a conduit 281. For example, as illustrated in Figures 7 and 9, heater 275 provides heat via a jacket 277 of seal liquid from the liquid ring pump recirculating seal liquid system. Seal liquid enters jacket 277 through line 279, which conveys the seal liquid from the main seal liquid circulation system of the pump, and exits jacket 277 through line 281, which conveys the seal liquid back to the main seal liquid circulation system of the pump. Seal liquid in the recirculation stream is circulated by seal liquid circulation pump 283 and, if necessary, prior to re-entering pump 201, passes through air-seal liquid heat exchanger 285, where the seal liquid is cooled. Air-seal liquid heat exchanger 285 can be any suitable or desired arrangement for cooling the seal liquid, such as an air-to-air heat exchanger, an air-to-liquid heat exchanger, or any other suitable cooling apparatus. As illustrated in Figure 8, when a non-liquid-seal pump, such as a rotary blower, is employed, heat is supplied to heater 275 by directing at least some of the exhaust vapors from the pump through conduit 279. The heated gases exit jacket 277 through line 281, and can either be directed back to pump 201 or vented to the atmosphere. Examples of suitable apparatus for heater 277 include heat transfer devices available from, for example, Thermal Transfer Products, Liebert Corporation, Bell and Gossett, or the like. Other heat transfer techniques and apparatus can also be used. The vapor stream is heated to the desired temperature for further processing at heater 275; typically, this temperature is within the optimum range of temperatures for obtaining maximum efficiency with final vapor treatment processes. For example, when the vapor stream is subsequently treated with carbon filters, heater 275 typically heats the vapor stream to a temperature of from about 40 to about 140°F (4.4 to about 60°C), more typically from about 50 to about 110°F (10 to about 43°C), and preferably from about 60 to about 70°F (16 to about 21°C), although the temperature can be outside these ranges. The vapor stream then enters the subsequent treatment system 287, where additional vapor phase contaminants are removed, and is vented to the atmosphere at exit 289. The treatment system 287 can be any desired method for removing contaminants from the gaseous stream, such as, for example, a carbon filtration system or other carbon adsorption device, a thermal oxidation system, a catalytic oxidation system, a biological treatment system, a resin adsorption system, or any other final treatment system appropriate for the contaminants of concern. As illustrated in Figure 9, the treatment method Is by carbon adsorption using granular activated carbon, such as that available from Carbtrol Corporation, Envirotrol, or the like. Figures 10 and 11 illustrate schematically examples of optional air inlets. Figure 10 illustrates schematically an air inlet 57 suitable for use in the system generally depicted in Figure 1, and Figure 11 illustrates schematically an air probe 29 suitable for the system generally depicted in Figure 2. The air inlet comprises a borehole 58, which receives a pipe 60. The pipe 60 in one operative embodiment comprises a four inch (10.2 cm) diameter PVC pipe, capped at the bottom, and having a screen of 0.010 inch (0.25 mm) slots. The pipe 60 is surrounded at its upper end by a cement collar or bentonite seal 62, extending to the ground surface 64. Any suitable valve 68 can be provided in association with the air inlet to open or dose the air inlet as desired. Surrounding a medial portion 70 of the pipe 60 within the borehole 58 is a bentonite slurry 72, which provides a gas-tight seal between the pipe 60 and the borehole 58. The slotted lower portion 74 of the pipe 60 is surrounded by gas-permeable packed sand 76. As will now be apparent, the pipe 60 facilitates the injection of air into either the zone surrounding the plumes 13 and 23 (shown in Figure 1) or into a preferential flow path (shown in Figure 2) (preferential flow path 22 shown in Figure 11). Illustrated schematically in Figures 12 and 13 is one specific embodiment of the present invention in which a packing 61 having an inflatable bladder is employed. More specifically, packing 61 is permanently attached to vacuum extraction pipe 30 by, for example, a threaded fitting. Optional gas inlet 41 and optional air inlet 31 pass through packing 61 to enable delivery of gas to the bottom opening of vacuum extraction pipe 30 and the bottom isolated section of riser pipe 44, respectively. Optional vacuum probes 63 enable measurement of the vacuum within the isolated zones defined by seals 54d and 56d, 54e and 56e, and 54f and 56f as well as measurement of the formation vacuum inside the well below packing 61. Inflation line 65 (Figure 13) is connected to a gas source (not shown), such as an air compressor or the like, and enables introduction of a gas into the bladder area between membrane 67 (Figure 13) and vacuum extraction pipe 30 to inflate the bladder and form a seal between vacuum extraction pipe 30 and riser pipe 44. If desired, inflation line 65 can be merely opened to atmospheric air so that atmospheric air is drawn into the bladder area upon activation of a vacuum within the riser pipe below packing 61. Illustrated schematically in Figures 15 and 16 is another embodiment of the present invention wherein another specific packing is employed. In Figure 15, the packing 61 has a framework 370 which supports first flexible member 381 to provide a seal between packing 61 and perforate lower portion 48 of riser pipe 44 and a second flexible member 383 to provide a seal between packing 61 and extraction tube 30. Framework 370 is lowered into the well with first and second flexible members 381,383 in the deflated state, shown in phantom line. Frame 370 has end collars 372 and 374, which are spaced apart by spacers 376. These spacers 376 prevent the end collars 372 and 374 from moving toward each other when flexible members 381 and 383 are inflated with, for example, inflation line 386. The packing embodiments in Figures 15 and 16 may be lowered by a cable arrangement 390 or any other known mechanical moving device. When packing 61 is at the desired level, the flexible members 381 and 383 are then actuated. The flexible sealing members 381 and 383 are actuated when the packing is lowered in the desired location within the well to provide a vertical segregation, as shown in Figure 14, wherein the packing 61 is shown in phantom line as it is being placed or replaced in the desired location. Turning now to Figure 16, another embodiment is illustrated in which the flexible members 380 and 382 are generally inflatable, separate bladders having a generally circular tube type shape, similar to that of a doughnut The flexible members 380 and 382 are concentric with the smaller, inner member 380 adapted to provide a seal between extraction tube 30 and the frame or the outer member 382. The larger, outer member 382 provides a seal between riser pipe 44 and the frame or the inner flexible member 380. It is possible to have tubes 31, 63 and other conduit pass between the flexible members 380 and 382 to allow working fluids to pass through the seal provided by the packing. Flexible members 380,382 are inflated by inflation lines 384,386. EXAMPLE I A vacuum extraction system was established comprising four wells and a vacuum pump. The wells comprised boreholes containing perforated riser pipes each four inches (10.2 cm) in diameter and 19.5 feet (5.9 meters) in depth, inside of which were situated vacuum extraction pipes 1 inch (2.54 cm) in diameter connected to the vacuum pump (obtained from Trivini Pumps USA, Michigan City, Indiana). The riser pipes were of stainless steel and were equipped with 0.010 inch (0.25 mm) slots in the perforated portions. The water table was at a depth of about 15 feet (4.6 meters) from the surface and the perforations in the riser pipes extended from a depth of 12 feet (3.7 meters) beneath the surface to 21 feet (6.4 meters) beneath the surface. One of the four wells exhibited significant venting or "short circuiting" believed to be caused by sub grade utilities. The well head (measured at the top of the vacuum extraction pipe, measure the vacuum delivered to the top of the well) for the venting well was measured at 21 inches (53.3 cm) of mercury and the formation vacuum pressurization (measured inside the well itself) was measured at 0 inches of mercury. A packing as illustrated in Figures 12 and 13 was situated in the venting well at a depth of six feet (1.8 meters) below the surface and inflated to seal the space between the riser pipe and the vacuum extraction pipe from vacuum applied from the vacuum extraction pipe. The packing was of stainless steel with rubber membranes and measured 26 inches (66 cm) in length and 3 inches (7.6 cm) in diameter (before inflation). Subsequent to actuation of the packing, the well head for the venting well was measured at 23 inches (58.4 cm) of mercury and the formation vacuum was measured at 2 inches (5 cm) of mercury. EXAMPLE II A vacuum extraction system was established comprising six wells and a vacuum pump. The wells comprised boreholes containing perforated riser pipes each four inches (10.2 cm) in diameter, inside of which were situated vacuum extraction pipes 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) in diameter connected to the vacuum pump (obtained from Trivini Pumps USA, Michigan City, Indiana). The riser pipes were of stainless steel and were equipped with 0.010 inch (0.25 mm) slots in the perforated portions. The water table was at a depth of about 8 feet (2.4 meters) from the surface. Well 1 was situated within bedrock and the riser pipe extended to a depth of 29.7 feet (9 meters), with perforations extending from a depth of 4.1 feet (1.25 meters) beneath the surface to 29.1 feet (8.9 meters) beneath the surface. Well 2 was situated within low permeability soil above the bedrock and the riser pipe extended to a depth of 12.1 feet (3.7 meters), with perforations extending from a depth of 4.3 feet (1.25 meters) beneath the surface to 12.1 feet (3.7 meters) beneath the surface. Well 3 was situated in low permeability soil and the riser pipe extended to a depth of 12 feet (3.7 meters), with perforations extending from a depth of 3.9 feet (1.2 meters) beneath the surface to 11.7 feet (3.6 meters) beneath the surface. Wells 1 and 2 were initially operated simultaneously with no packings. Well 3 exhibited significant venting and could not be operated without a packing in place. The system vapor flow from wells 1 and 2 operated simultaneously initially was 139 standard cubic feet per minute (SCFM) (or 3.9 cubic meters per minute) and mass removal was 0.59 pounds (0.27 Kg) per hour. Thereafter, packings as described in Example I were placed in well 1 at a depth of 12.0 feet (3.7 meters) below the surface and in well 2 at a depth of 10.0 feet (3 meters) below the surface and actuated simultaneously. The system vapor flow from wells 1 and 2 subsequently dropped to 121 SCFM (3.4 cubic meters per minute) and mass removal increased to 1.1 pounds per hour (0.5 Kg per hour). Thereafter, a packing as described in Example I was placed in well 3 at a depth of 8.5 feet (2.6 meters) below the surface and actuated, and the system vapor flow from wells 1, 2, and 3 operating simultaneously was 148 SCFM (4.2 cubic meters per minute) and the mass removal was 2.24 pounds per hour (1.0 Kg per hour). EXAMPLE III A vacuum extraction system was established comprising three wells and a vacuum pump. The wells comprised boreholes containing perforated riser pipes each four inches (10.2 cm) in diameter, inside of which were situated vacuum extraction pipes 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) in diameter connected to the vacuum pump (Nash Pump Model SC6, obtained from Nash Equipment Co., Middlesex, NJ). The riser pipes were of polyvinyl chloride and were equipped with 0.010 inch (0.25 mm) slots in the perforated portions. The water table was at a depth of about 4 feet (1.2 meters) from the surface. Well 1 was situated in soil above bedrock and the riser pipe extended to a depth of 12 feet (3.7 meters), with perforations extending from a depth of 8 feet (2.4 meters) beneath the surface to 12 feet (3.7 meters) beneath the surface. Well 1 was initially operated with no packing. The system vapor flow from well 1 initially was 172 SCFM (4.9 cubic meters per minute) and mass removal was 0.29 pounds (0.13 Kg) per hour. The system operating vacuum was measured at 20.5 inches (52.1 cm) of mercury. Thereafter, a packing as described in Example I was placed in well 1 at a depth of 6.5 feet (2 meters) below the surface and actuated. The system vapor flow from well 1 subsequently dropped to 113 SCFM (3.2 cubic meters per minute) and mass removal increased to 0.31 pounds (0.14 Kg) per hour. Subsequent to actuation of the packing, the system operating vacuum (measuring the vacuum that the system is producing at any given time, and measured at the vacuum pump) was measured at 23.1 inches (58.7 cm) of mercury.

Claims: An apparatus for removing contaminants from a contaminated area (12) of the subsurface (18,20) which comprises a riser pipe (44) extending downwardly from the surface, and having an upper impermeable portion (46) and a lower perforated portion (48), a vacuum extraction pipe (30) situated inside of the riser pipe and having an opening situated within the perforated portion, an actuable packing (61) situated in a portion of the annular space between the vacuum extraction pipe and the riser pipe, said portion having a vertical extension being significantly smaller than a vertical extension of a portion of the riser pipe which is not covered by said packing, a vacuum-forming apparatus (78) adapted to create a high vacuum, in fluid communication with the vacuum extraction pipe and adapted to form a zone of reduced pressure in the subsurface around the riser pipe, whereby gases and liquid can be drawn from the subsurface into the riser pipe and from the riser pipe into the vacuum extraction pipe and conveyed to the surface as a common stream, a vapor-liquid separator (84) in fluid communication with the vacuum-forming apparatus and the vacuum extraction pipe, wherein the vapor-liquid separator is capable of separating the common stream into separate gas and liquid streams, and a contaminant removal system (32), said contaminant removal system being situated to remove contaminants from at least one of the liquid stream and the gas stream, an upper seal arranged around the impermeable portion and at least one seal around the perforated portion in the borehole, so that a vacuum applied within the riser pipe will extract gases and liquids from the subsurface forming the borehole below the seal but not from the subsurface forming the borehole above the seal when the packing is situated at a depth at the seal, and will extract gases and liquids from above and below the at least one seal when the packing is deactivated; a first gas inlet (41) having an opening protruding into said opening of the vacuum extraction pipe, and a second gas inlet (31) having an opening arranged within the riser pipe so as to provide gases and chemicals directly to the bottom of the riser pipe. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the subsurface has a vadose zone and a water table, the borehole extends to a depth below the water table and the perforations of the riser pipe are either situated only below the water table, both in the vadose zone and below the water table, or only in the vadose zone above the water table. An apparatus according to claims 1 or 2, wherein the contaminated area of the subsurface comprises soil having a first permeability (18), said subsurface having a plurality of paths (22,24,26) of preferential flow, each path having a permeability greater than the first permeability, wherein the borehole intersects at least a first path (22) of preferential flow and a second path (24) of preferential flow, said second path of preferential flow being situated at a depth greater than said first path of preferential flow, wherein the first path of preferential flow is isolated from the second path of preferential flow so that a vacuum applied within the second path of preferential flow will extract gases and liquids from the second path of preferential flow but not from the first path of preferential flow when the packing is situated at a depth between the first path of preferential flow and the second path of preferential flow. An apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the packing is positionally variable in depth within the riser pipe; wherein the packing is actuatable to form and break a seal between the vacuum extraction pipe and the riser pipe; and wherein the packing is actuated by inflation of a bladder (381,383) with a fluid, and preferably the fluid is a gas.

Inventors: DUFFNEY ELIOTT N, HESS RONALD E, HUBER SCOTT M, MANCINI ALFONSO R, SALOTTI MICHAEL T, THOMASSER JOHN F, WILLIAMS RICHARD A, DUFFNEY, ELIOTT N., HESS, RONALD E., HUBER, SCOTT M., MANCINI, ALFONSO R., SALOTTI, MICHAEL T., THOMASSER, JOHN F., WILLIAMS, RICHARD A.
Applicants: XEROX CORP, XEROX CORPORATION
Application year: 1996
Main classification: B09C1
IPC codes: B09C1