EAR MICROPHONE WITH ENHANCED SENSITIVITY

Abstract: An ear-mounted microphone device (10) configured for being supported in the ear. The microphone device (10) includes a microphone element (17) contained within a housing (25) which is configured at one end to be mounted at a user's ear canal. When the housing (25) is so mounted, the microphone element (17) is positioned closely adjacent to the user's head such that the housing (25) and the user's head cooperatively alter the sensitivity of the microphone so as to provide an enhanced directional orientation and sensitivity of the microphone element (17) toward the user's mouth toa greater degree that is provided when the housing and microphoneelement are not mounted at the ear canal, so as to enhance pickup of the user's voice. A speaker element (13) may be included within the ear device (10) and can be decoupled mechanically by a gasket (50) bridge between the housing and microphone so as to avoid feedback. This system can operate with full duplex and enable hands free communication and direct voice command by user through computer modems, telephone networks and other communication systems.

Description: EAR MICROPHONE WITH ENHANCED SENSITIVITY BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. The Field of the Invention. This invention pertains to an ear-mounted microphone and housing combination which picks up speech vibrations with an enhanced directional orientation and sensitivity toward the user's voice and develops an isolated signal for audio processing. More particularly, the present invention relates to an ear mounted microphone/speaker combination responsive to speech from the user which is substantially isolated from surrounding background noise and which can be used in duplex without occurrence of feedback. 2. The Background Art. Most prior art which teach the use of microphones and their casings to specifically accept the user's voice while reducing in level other noises involve devices which are placed close to the user's mouth. In handsets, the microphone is placed directly in front of the user's mouth. In traditional headsets, the microphone is either placed near the corner of the user's mouth, or a tube is placed near the corner of the user's mouth which is used to direct the sound to a microphone placed elsewhere. Hearing aids which place a microphone in the ear are designed to accept all noises and not to pick up only the user's voice and reduce all others. The emergence of computer based control systems for virtually every aspect of daily living has re-emphasized the need for an inexpensive system for providing direct voice command capability. At present, most computer systems rely on keyboard input to provide data and processing instructions. This is not only time consuming and limiting in view of physical requirements of being seated with both hands on a key pad, but it limits the efficiency of data input to the typing speed of the user. Indeed, compared with the advanced degree of sophistication of current computer systems, this dominant data entry method of imputing instructions one letter or number at a time seems almost archaic. This is not to say that the development of voice activated input systems has been ignored. There has clearly been a long recognized need for implementation of a method of voice command which would obviate the keyboard as a computer input device. Numerous problems have remained unsolved, however, and continue to place voice activated systems beyond the financial reach of the general marketplace. For example, the typical level of confidence in voice recognition for commercial software is between 45 to 60%. At this rate, the system is averaging only one out of two words with correct identification. This is hardly adequate for general application. This confidence level is even less when environmental factors are introduced such as background noise, mobility of the user and other unpredictable variables that modify the audio signal being received at the computer. In typical applications for voice activated systems, one might expect a telephone to ring during dictation, an interruption to occur by another voice having a different voice pattern, the sounding of a horn, clock alarm, or any of thousands of extraneous background noises. Even the shifting of position of the speaking individual can modify the audio signal enough to confuse the computer recognition of sounds. The speaker may simply turn her head to a different direction and create enough variation to thwart voice recognition. Resolution of these anomalies must be accomplished before voice command systems can be of general use. Current efforts have focused on generation of complex algorithms which sift through the maze of audio signal and attempt to classify and discard background noise. Obviously, it is impossible to completely predict and program every potential superfluous signal that may eventually be detected. Voice variations by the user are even more challenging, because the occurrence of a cold, sinus problems, and variations in voice orientation to the microphone are extremely difficult to classify or quantify. As a consequence, voice command systems are marginal in overall performance and are extremely expensive. Undoubtedly, part of the problem of voice recognition arises because of the use of conventional microphones as the media for processing voice signals. Voice recognition obviously requires conversion of the audio input to digital or analog signal. Generally, a digital conversion is necessary before comparison with database information is possible. A normal microphone will pick up sounds indiscriminately, thereby adding in background noise which is a primary source of confusion. Although some discrimination of sound can be accomplished by frequency filters, proximity attenuators, and related devices that group sound characteristics as to common features of frequency or volume, total isolation of desired sounds has not generally been accomplished when the speaker is in a nonisolated environment. Although some applications of unidirectional microphones have provided improved isolation, development of such a totally selective microphone system has long been needed and would provide great advantage in countless applications. This is so with any form of telephone system that is hands free so that the microphone is picking up background signal along with the primary speaker's voice. Visor microphones for cellular car phones are just one of a myriad of examples. TV and stage cameramen, as well as other sound technicians who must communicate quietly while recording or producing video and sound works, require constant communication which functions best in an isolated mode. Switchboard operators, pilots, motorcyclists, workers having on-line communication systems in high-noise environments--all need a communication system which isolates the voice signal from all extraneous sounds. U.S. Patent 4,588,867 by Konomi addressed some of these problems and disclosed the possible utility of an ear-mounted microphone for discarding air-borne sound waves in favor of bone conduction of the speaker's voice. Aside from technical problems which may have affected the inability of this device to perform adequately, practical considerations also limit the general acceptance of such ear-mounted microphone systems. For example, the Konomi device places a microphone element deep in the ear canal in order for vibrations to be accessed from the bone. This requirement immediately imposes the high cost of having the canal insert portion sized to the unique configuration of the user's ear canal as with a hearing aid. It also adds the discomfort of having an insert in the ear, creating an unnatural and unacceptable sensation which would undoubtedly preclude universal usage of the device. As a further problem, the Konomi reference may be subject to audio feedback arising from the close proximity of the microphone element and speaker, where a duplex mode is selected. Konomi attempts to reduce such feedback by insertion of sound absorbing barriers between the microphone and speaker portions of the device. Because a total barrier is virtually impossible to develop, there is always some sound which penetrates, generating some feedback signal. Needless to say, the challenge of an acceptable ear-mounted microphone was not resolved with Konomi. U.S. Patent 4,930,156 by Norris addressed the problem of audio feedback with its disclosure of an ear microphone/speaker combination; however, the microphone was placed outside the ear and was sensitive to ambient noise. The absence of isolation of the speaker voice gave the device only limited acceptance, despite the fact that it offered some improvement over the prior art. U.S. Patent 4,009,355 by Poradowski, and U.S. Patents 3,995,124 and 3,922,488 by Gabr represent a line of directional microphones which are generally referred to as unidirectional systems. These microphones typically provide for opposing openings in opposite ends of the microphone casing. This permits sound waves to enter the casing from different orientations with respect to an enclosed speaker element. If the origin of the sound waves is at a substantial distance from the microphone, the arrival of each sound wave at each of the opposing openings is substantially concurrent. Because this sets up two opposing acoustic waves within the speaker casing, the waves cancel and the sound is basically undetected or unregistered at the speaker element. This technique has been used to reduce ambient noise and provide some speech isolation for phone operators, camera staff, and other isolation communication systems as designated above. Typically, this unidirectional microphone is positioned within a boom or forward extending support arm that places the microphone immediately in front of the speaker's mouth. It's close proximity to the mouth provides a differential response of sound waves at the opposing openings, based on the time difference in arrival of the wave at each opening. As a consequence, the proximate sound waves do not cancel, giving some selectivity to the near speech, as opposed to sound generated at a sufficient distance that the acoustic waves arrive at the respective openings in the speaker casement at the same time. Nevertheless, there remains a dissatisfaction with the inconvenience of a boom suspended in front of the speaker's face. It imposes an obstacle that interferes with movement of food or drink toward the user's face, as well as providing a limiting factor to movement which might jostle the microphone from its proper position. Cosmetically, it is obviously unpopular. However, because prior art attempts to place the microphone away from the face and toward the ear give rise to feedback problems with the associated speaker positioned at the user's ear, the boom remains the primary means of isolating speech in a microphone system. Unidirectional microphone systems have been limited to isolated microphone applications because the combination of a microphone with a speaker element has typically resulted in feedback. Control of feedback in duplex mode for a mic/speaker combination has been the subject of continued research for many years. Although it has been generally recognized that the ear is an ideal support location for a duplex mic/speaker, overcoming technical problems such as feed back and sound isolation has presented a formidable challenge. What is needed therefore is a microphone that more effectively isolates the voice of the speaker from the environment, yet permits use with a speaker in the same housing without feedback. Such a device should permit use at the ear without insertion of physical structure within the ear canal, with attendant fitting expense and discomfort. OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the present invention to provide an ear-mounted microphone which provides an enhanced directional orientation and sensitivity of the microphone element toward the user's mouth to a greater degree than is provided when the microphone is not mounted at the ear. It is a further object of the present invention to provide an ear-mounted microphone which includes a speaker in direct proximity with the microphone for enabling duplex operation in a speak and listen mode. A still further object of the present invention is to provide a microphone/speaker device which is mounted at the ear and which enables hands free, duplex communication without feedback. Another object of the present invention is to provide an ear mounted microphone capable of providing audio input to a computer or modem to facilitate voice recognition for direct voice command to computer controls. Another object of the present invention is to provide a microphone/speaker combination which can be interconnected with a telephone system to provide hands free speak and listen capabilities in duplex mode. Yet another object of this invention is to enable voice pickup via an ear mounted microphone which can be coupled into a telemetry unit for wireless communication with a modem, computer or other receiver device capable of accepting radio frequency signal. The above objects and others not specifically recited are realized in a specific illustrative embodiment of an ear-mounted microphone device configured for being supported in the ear. The microphone device includes a microphone element contained within a housing which is configured at one end to be mounted at a user's ear canal. When the housing is so mounted, the microphone element is positioned closely adjacent to the user's head such that the housing and the user's head cooperatively alter the sensitivity of the microphone so as to provide an enhanced directional orientation and sensitivity of the microphone element toward the user's mouth to a greater degree than is provided when the housing and microphone element are not mounted at the ear canal, so as to enhance pickup of the user's voice. A speaker element may be included within the ear device and can be decoupled mechanically by a gasket bridge between the housing and microphone so as to avoid feedback. This system can operate with full duplex and enable hands free communication and direct voice command by user through computer modems, telephone networks and other communication systems. A further embodiment in accordance with the principles of the present invention includes an ear piece device for use in a communication system which includes a housing having a speaker end and a microphone end, said speaker end being configured for a snug fit at the ear canal of a user without including structure which enters the ear canal during operation. The speaker end and microphone end are separated by an acoustically insulating wall which encloses the microphone end to form a microphone compartment. Acoustical isolation means is coupled between the speaker element and the housing for selectively isolating undesirable frequencies that might interfere with sensitivity of audio pick up at the microphone end of the housing. A microphone element is mounted at the microphone end of the housing in a position such that the microphone element is substantially enclosed within the compartment and is separated from contact with the skull by the housing. This microphone compartment includes means for canceling acoustical waves at the microphone element which enter the compartment from a substantial distance as compared to the near location of the user's skull. Means are provided for coupling signal output from the microphone element to an audio circuit for processing. A method of practice is also disclosed for providing multiple openings in the housing to provide for cancellation of background noise and distant signals. Additional objects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by the practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention may be realized and obtained by means of the instruments and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 shows a perspective, elevational view of one embodiment of an ear device including a speaker element and microphone element. Figure 2 discloses a cross section of the housing of the device shown in Figure 1, taken along the lines 2-2. Figure 3 depicts a second embodiment in partially exploded form illustrating a horizontal configuration for the microphone element of the device. Figure 4 represents an enlarged view of the internal configuration of the microphone compartment. Figure 5 illustrates the internal configuration of the microphone compartment housing. Figure 6 is a top plan view of the assembled device of Figure 3. Figure 7 is a bottom plan view of the same device. Figure 8 graphically illustrates a sound absorbing gasket with microphone component. Figure 9 shows the gasket of Figure 8 as a top view. Figure 10 is a cross-section of the gasket of Figure 8, taken along the lines 10 - 10. Figure 11 is a perspective view of the device of Figure 3. Figure 12 discloses a circuit diagram for use with the subject invention as part of a telephone system that is positioned at the user's ear. Figure 13 shows a schematic layout of the ear piece device in combination with a telephone circuit. Figure 14 illustrates the use of the present ear piece device with a telemetry system, enabling isolated voice communication. Figure 15 graphically illustrates the use of the present ear piece device in combination with a computer and modem, enabling voice recognition and voice command. Figure 16 shows a preferred embodiment of the present invention, comprising a microphone only. Figure 17 illustrates an additional embodiment in which the microphone is at right angles with respect to an axis of the housing. Figure 18A is a polar pattern diagram illustrating the directionality .of an ear microphone device (model 2490-1) made and used in accordance with the principles of the present invention, the ear microphone device having been placed at a mannequin simulator's right ear and subjected to an external speaker sound source 120 cm from the device, with 62 dB SPL at the measurement location, measurements being taken in the sagittal plane, rotating about the center axis of the body. Figure 18B is a polar pattern diagram illustrating the directionality of the ear microphone device used in Figure 18A (model 2490-1) with respect to the same external sound source and distance when the device is not mounted at the ear of a mannequin simulator. Figure 19A is a polar pattern diagram illustrating the directionality of another embodiment of an ear microphone device (model 2490-11) made and used in accordance with the principles of the present invention, the ear microphone device having been placed at a mannequin simulator's right ear and subjected to an external speaker sound source 120 cm from the device, with 62 dB SPL at the measurement location, measurements being taken in the sagittal plane, rotating about the center axis of the body. Figure 19B is a polar pattern diagram illustrating the directionality of the ear microphone device used in Figure 19A (model 2490-11) with respect to the same external sound source and distance when the device is not mounted at the ear of a mannequin simulator. Figure 20A is a polar pattern diagram illustrating the directionality of another embodiment of an ear microphone device (model 2490-19) made and used in accordance with the principles of the present invention, the ear microphone device having been placed at a mannequin simulator's right ear and subjected to an external speaker sound source 120 cm from the device, with 62 dB SPL at the measurement location, measurements being taken in the sagittal plane, rotating about the center axis of the body. Figure 20B is a polar pattern diagram illustrating the directionality of the ear microphone device used in Figure 20A (model 2490-19) with respect to the same external sound source and distance when the device is not mounted at the ear of a mannequin simulator. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PRESENTLY PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles in accordance with the invention, reference will now be made to the embodiments illustrated in the drawings and specific language will be used to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby intended. Any alterations and further modifications of the illustrated device, and any additional applications of the principles of the invention as illustrated herein, which would normally occur to one skilled in the relevant art and possessed of this disclosure and previous disclosures from which priority is derived, are to be considered within the scope of the invention claimed. The figures illustrate two embodiments of a microphone and speaker device that is positioned at the ear and is supported by the cartilage at the ear canal. The microphone element in each instance is designed for localized sensitivity to pickup speech of the wearer, while disregarding more distant sounds associated with background noise. Both embodiments provide a design which substantially neutralizes feedback by acoustically isolating the microphone element from vibrations carried within the casing, as well as cancelling background noise that interferes with detection and transmission of the wearer's voice signal. A significant common feature of both devices is the technique for preventing pickup by the microphone of vibrational signal carried within the casing or housing of the speaker and microphone. Such vibration received at the microphone element typically generates feedback, which has been the primary hurdle in developing an e a r - supported, duplex device. The present invention utilizes a specially designed support gasket which absorbs most of the energy before it reaches the microphone, in combination with a unique mounting configuration for the microphone within the gasket for cancelling out the remaining signal at the active element or diaphragm of the microphone. The features are illustrate in a vertical configuration in Figure 1 and a horizontal configuration in Figure 3. Turning to the embodiment of Figure 1, the ear piece 10 of the present invention includes a surrounding housing 11 which forms a speaker opening or cavity 12 capable of housing a speaker element 13 with its directional orientation 14 positioned toward the ear canal 15 (Figure 14) when positioned at the user's ear 16. A microphone element 17 contained within the housing 11 primarily detects sound vibrations generated by the user. The housing 11 thus includes a speaker end and an opposing microphone end as shown. The housing 11 is configured at one end 19 to fit snugly at the ear canal 15 by frictional contact with surrounding ear tissue 20 and 21. It is significant that the housing and its attached structure does not extend into the ear canal 15 and therefore does not impose any discomfort or unique fitting requirements for use of this device. The housing may be constructed of any suitable material such as ABS plastics, and preferably of materials which minimize vibrational transfer between the speaker 13 and microphone 17. The microphone 17 may be any conventional type such as a carbon, electret, piezo crystal, etc. The embodiment illustrated in Figure 2 is an electret microphone having an aluminized mylar diaphragm and plate 18 positioned with a microphone casement 25. This casement 25 is inserted within the microphone end housing 34 with a unique gasket configuration represented by acoustical mounting rings 28 which mechanically and acoustically isolate vibrations from the housing. Those vibrations which are not absorbed by the gasket and therefore pass through the mounting rings are carried into the microphone casing 25 at approximate equal entry distances from the microphone element 18. Because of this approximate equal distance from each mounting ring 28 to the centrally disposed microphone element 18, vibrations from the housing arrive at the microphone element at approximately the same time, but in opposite phase relationship. Accordingly, the opposing vibrational waves cancel, registering no wave energy or vibration. Accordingly, the microphone element is both mechanically and acoustically isolated by reason of the sound insulation and sound cancellation provided by the interconnecting structure at the microphone casing 25. The exact separation distance can be physically tuned by adjusting the mounting rings along the casing until the maximum cancellation effect is achieved. Background sound vibrations are canceled by use of at least two opposing openings 22a and 22b which communicate through the housing and casing with the surrounding environment . With respect to sound waves travelling from substantial distances, 'as compared with the distance of the ear piece from the user's mouth, such waves arrive at the respective openings 22a and 22b at the same time. Acoustical waves are concurrently formed at each opening, and propagate toward the microphone element until they cancel. Accordingly, distant sound transmissions are effectively canceled by super positioning of opposing waves entering through the respective opening 22a and 22b. It will be apparent that multiple openings can be applied in place of a single opening on each side of the microphone element as illustrated in Figure 3, with similar sound cancellation. It will be noted that a second housing portion 42 is provided and operates as a conduit for exiting wire 43, 44 and 45. Wire 43 represents the exterior portion which extends from the microphone element. Wires 44 and 45 are contacts which couple with the speaker element 13. To enable duplex operation of both speaker and microphone in the same housing, it is necessary to acoustically isolate the speaker element 13 from the casing. In the present invention, this is accomplished by tuning the insulation means 50 similar to operation of a band pass filter within radio circuitry. Specifically, the speaker element 13 is mounted to the end housing 36 through a nonvibrational ring 50 which extends around the speaker element and operates to isolate the housing as sound insulation means from the speaker element. This further helps to prevent sound vibration transmission through the housing and into the microphone element, which might otherwise lead to irritating feedback. It has been discovered that Kreton (tm) , a soft polymer which can be injection molded to desired gasket shapes, has surprising capabilities to absorb sound. It is presently the preferred composition for the sound absorbing material used in the present embodiments. This problem becomes significant in duplex operation because of the close proximity of the speaker element 13 and microphone element 17. In such close proximity, vibration associated with the speaker element would normally be transferred into the housing and immediately fed into the microphone element 17. In a duplex telephone system where side tone is present, signal from the microphone element 17 is fed back into the speaker 13 to facilitate the user hearing his own voice as reproduced. Failure to acoustically isolate the speaker results in vibrational energy transferred into the housing which represents the speaker's voice being recirculated in a loop. This results in the common occurrence referred to as feedback. This insulating ring 50 is comprised of materials such as Kreton which are specifically selected or tuned to a particular frequency range that is substantially below the frequencies that will be passed on to the speaker, thereby isolating the speaker acoustically. Other suitable materials may also be applied to tune the insulation ring 50 to a particular frequency range including silicone. Selection of specific material will depend on the frequency range being detected, being tuned to the specific frequency to absorb its vibrational energy and block its passage from entering the housing 11. Such material can also be applied at the rearward portion 24 of the housing 11 where the respective fine speaker wires 44 and 45 pass through the housing and out the conduit 42. With both the speaker and the attached wiring insulated, the speaker vibrations are isolated and duplex operation is facilitated without feedback. Figure 3 illustrates the second embodiment of the present invention wherein the microphone is positioned within a housing 46 which includes the microphone compartment 47a and 47b. The active microphone element 48 is suspended in a rigid case 49 which is positioned within a support gasket 51. This support gasket performs a function similar to the rings 28 discussed in connection with Figure 2. In this instance, however, the gasket is a single, injection molded component that performs the desired noise cancellation similar to the cancellation of the rings 28. This is discussed in greater detail hereafter. The microphone compartment includes at least two openings 52 and 53 in the housing forming sound transmission ports operable to pass ambient sound waves to the microphone element. This "unidirectional" technology has been discussed above. The present embodiment includes at least three openings 52a, 52b and 53 forming sound transmission ports operable to pass ambient sound waves to the microphone element 48. At least two of these openings 52a and 52b are positioned within the top side of the housing above an intermediate plane 54 which is defined by the active element 48. The remaining opening 53 is positioned within the housing at an opposite side of the intermediate plane for enabling cancellation of acoustical waves representing distant background sound as has been previously discussed. The illustrated embodiment positions the three openings 52a, 52b and 53 within a common plane 55. This favors propagation of a common wave front from both sides of the active element to enhance cancellation of the undesirable background noise. Ideally this common plane includes a central axis of the microphone element so that the strongest aspect of the propagated wavefront from both sides of the intermediate plane arrives at a center portion of the active microphone element 48. Similarly, it is preferred that the two of the openings 52a and 52b at the top of the housing are positioned at opposing sides and at a common vertical height with respect to the microphone element. This configuration of divided openings appears to further enhance formation of a wavefront which enable more complete cancellation of background sound waves. This split configuration of openings also enables reduces overhead space above the microphone case, as well as providing improved aesthetic appearance to the housing by providing a smooth, continuous top surface 56 (Fig 6) . In order to maintain common amplitude for background noise propagated through the respective openings 52a, 52b and 53, it is preferred to have the total opening size of all openings on one side of the intermediate plane equal to the total opening size of all openings on the opposite side of the intermediate plane. Accordingly, the surface area of the circular opening 53 is approximately equal to the surface area of the two rectangular openings 52a and 52b. It is possible that changes in geometric shape of the housing will affect the choice of opening configurations as well as quantity. With respect to the present housing and microphone compartment which is configured substantially as a rectangular box, the illustrated arrangement of openings offer surprising improvement over use of opposing single openings as disclosed in Figure 2. In the embodiment of Figure 3, the top side of the box has opposing long edges which are formed as curved or angled side walls connecting the top wall 56 to opposing vertical side walls 57 and 58. It has been discovered that positioning the two openings 52a and 52b in each of the opposing angled side walls enhances the clarity of the desired signal, presumably by cancelling the background signal more effectively. In addition to filtering out the background signal by utilizing unidirectional microphone techniques implemented by the multiple openings 52a, 52b and 53, effective avoidance of feedback in the present invention requires isolation of the microphone element from mechanical vibrations developed in the housing. This was accomplished in the Figure 1 embodiment with the support rings 28. The embodiment of Figure 3 is an improved configuration which utilizes a support gasket positioned around and forming a bridge between the housing and the microphone case and contained active element 48. The support gasket 51 provides a unique configuration and composition which function to absorb or dissipate sound vibrations received from the housing, and then cancel remaining vibrations that are transmitted to the microphone element 48. This configuration includes an outer perimeter 80 configured for intimate contact with the housing inner surface 81. This contact needs to be sufficient to obtain a uniform transmission of housing vibration into the gasket such that wave cancellation occurs at the active element 48. In the illustrated embodiment, the outer perimeter 80 of the gasket and inner surface 81 of the housing are noncylindrical configurations which seat against each other to secure a fixed position for the gasket within the microphone compartment without need for adhesive material. Avoidance of adhesive between the gasket and housing is important because the adhesive may become rigid or brittle and may not be effective in reducing or absorbing vibrational energy. The use of a noncylindrical configuration for securing the gasket within the housing operates in a tongue-in-groove manner, enabling firm compression of the gasket between opposing sides 46a and 46b of the housing. The illustrated configuration of contacting surfaces between the housing can be viewed as generally concave and the outer perimeter of the gasket has a generally convex, enabling the gasket to nest in the concave configuration of the housing. The specific noncylindrical contact configuration comprises a central portion 82 which is cylindrical but which is joined to upper 83 and lower 84 portions. These portions of the perimeter form inverted conical configurations which respectively have larger diameters at one edge which form a juncture with top 85 and bottom 86 edges of the cylindrical central portion and smaller diameters at a remaining edge 87 and 88 which extend away from the plane of the cylindrical central portion. Similarly, the inner surface of the housing has the same configuration in mirror image with cylindrical surface 105 and conical surfaces 106 and 107 to form the respective concave and convex contacting surfaces 81 and 80. These contacting surfaces are illustrated in Figures 3 and 4 in seated position. It will be noted that a small annular cavity or gap 89 is centrally disposed around the outer perimeter of the gasket and between the gasket and the housing to form an insulative cavity ring which divides contact of the gasket with the housing to upper 83 and lower 84 sections. It appears that there may be some advantage to propagate the sound waves through the upper 83 and lower 84 surfaces of the gasket, rather than through the central portion 82. This is not to say that other configurations for the contacting surfaces of the housing and the gasket may not work satisfactorily in accordance with the inventive teachings provided herein. A key aspect of these inventive teachings includes the provision of an inner perimeter 100 of the gasket which defines two separate circumferential points of contact 101 and 102 at the microphone case. As with the rings 28, these contact surfaces 101 and 102 are respectively equidistant from and on opposing sides of a plane which includes the active element 48. These surfaces provide transmissive contact of surviving vibrations into the microphone case, where they are then conducted to the active element 48. As a result of the equidistant spacing of these surfaces from the active element, wavefronts arrive concurrently and cancel because they are in opposite phase. This occurs because the inner perimeter of the gasket includes an annular cavity 103 centrally disposed around the inner perimeter of the gasket and between the gasket and the microphone case. This forms an insulative cavity ring which divides contact of the gasket with the case to upper and lower sections which are respectively equidistant from the plane which includes the active microphone element. Although the upper and lower sections of the inner perimeter of the gasket are shown respectively in circumferentially, continuous contact around the microphone case, it is possible to have discontinuous contact points around the periphery and accomplish some cancellation at the active element. Accordingly other configurations of microphone/gasket interface are envisioned, including a configuration wherein the respective contacting surfaces 80 and 81 are in full contact. Because the device shown in Figures 1 and 3 is capable of dissipating and cancelling unwanted sound vibrations arriving from the housing, it is capable of operating with an inserted speaker as part of the device. Accordingly, a speaker cavity 110 is provided with the speaker end 111 of the device. The speaker end is configured to mount at the housing end 112 opposite the microphone compartment 47. Speaker leads 113 are provided to connect the speaker to circuitry which processes the signals to and from the device. These leads exit the housing through a collar 115 and cable shield 116. Similarly, the microphone is connected with the processing circuitry by leads 117. A barrier wall 120 separates the respective microphone 47 and speaker compartments. As shown in Figures 3 and 4, the microphone element 48 is electronically coupled to processing circuitry with at least one microphone lead 117 for conveying signal output from the microphone element 48 to an audio circuit for processing. The speaker is electronically coupled to processing circuitry with at least one speaker lead 113, without electronically coupling the microphone and speaker elements together with the leads. In duplex operation, signal output is not fed directly (if at all) from the microphone element 48 to the speaker, as opposed to prior art hearing aids and telephones wherein the microphone element is directly electronically coupled to the contained speaker element. The housing is capable of being injection molded in two parts as shown in Figure 3. The gasket 51, microphone and connecting wires are laid in place with the gasket seated in the receiving channel 81 and the two halves are then glued together with the speaker end 111. The microphone element is automatically positioned in proper relationship within the microphone compartment by reason of the configuration of the receiving channel 81. The microphone compartment is divided into two portions of approximately equal volume 47a and 47b. This factor helps to balance the cancellation effect that occurs at the microphone element 48. Figure 12 discloses a sample circuit that is effective for processing the microphone and speaker signals as part of a telephone ear piece which is capable of duplex operation. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that other circuits could be applied with respect to the microphone along, or the combined speaker and microphone combination. Figure 13 illustrates a basic telephone unit and casement 60 which are coupled into a telephone standard jack for connection to a communication network. The present ear piece device as shown at item 80 provides a microphone and speaker signal which will be processed and transmitted through conventional wirings 61 coupled to the telephone unit 60. Universal coupling configurations to adapt the present system to a standard, four lead telephone wire are disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,930,156 and represented in Figure 13. Additional explanation of this system may be obtained by reference to this U.S. patent. The present invention can be coupled into this standard phone system by use of a mode switching device 63. This is accomplished by a toggle switch wherein one position transfers the signal directly to the handset 64 as if the control circuitry and ear piece of the present invention were not attached. When switched to a secondary position, the signal is transferred into an interconnect jack 62 which operates as described in the referenced U.S. patent. One output line 67 carries speaker signal and feeds to the primary control circuitry 68 which includes speaker amplifier, mike preamplifier and phasing control. The second output line 69 carries microphone signals through a diode bridge 70 and into the primary control circuitry 68. Both microphone and speaker signals are transmitted along a four wire connection 78 to the ear mounted speaker/microphone combination 80 as disclosed in this invention and represented in Figures 1 and 3. It will also be apparent that the interconnect lead 78 could be serviced by a radio frequency transmitter/receiver which could provide a wireless mode to this duplex telephone system. Similarly, the present system can be wired to a belt transmitter 82 as shown in Figure 14. In this system, the ear device with either a microphone or microphone/speaker combination can be wired from the ear to the belt transmitter 82 to facilitate convenient operation without the extra weight of a transmitter unit positioned within the housing 11. The embodiment represented in Figure 14 is particularly useful with respect to transmission of voice commands to computer systems which are capable of voice recognition. This arises because of the isolated content of the voice reproduction. In a microphone mode, the present device receives sound waves from the user's voice. On the other hand, distant sound waves such are received into the microphone but cancel out as previously explained. Similarly, the rotation of the user's head has no impact upon the quality of voice transmission because relative distance remains the same between the ear and mouth. In view of this method of isolating the voice of the speaker from the environment, the present ear mounted microphone enables greatly simplified algorithms for implementing voice recognition. In essence, the voice of the speaker is generally the same and can be used to train the algorithm and computer to reproduce corresponding commands associated with the acoustic vibration sent into the housing 11. When the present invention was substituted within a conventional voice recognition system which previously yielded confidence levels of 45 to 60 percent, voice recognition was improved to the average of 80 to 90 percent. This remarkable improvement based on use of the present microphone element as disclosed and claimed in this application opens the door to a new era of voice command for computer systems generally. For example, Figure 15 illustrates the use of voice command with a computer 90 which includes software capable of voice recognition. Voice commands are supplied through the ear microphone 91 of the present invention, which is wired 92 into a control circuit 93 which amplifies and supplies appropriate signal into a computer modem (not shown) at the back of the computer. Voice command is now enabled and the user may directly state the desired action verbally, to which the computer can immediately respond. Additional voice communication is enabled by the user through a coupled phone line 94 which enables concurrent voice communication with third parties. Based on this system, the user may discuss in conference call various issues arising with respect to preparation of documents or other matters facilitated by computation of a computer system and may immediately give voice command to the computer to implement and perform desired operations. This is all accomplished in "hands-free mode" without concern for environmental noises associated with the operator's station. The system can even be made mobile for intercommunications while the operator moves about an office building where the office building has been configured with a microcell communication system. In this instance, the telemetry system as shown in Figure 14 would be used by the operator, who would move from section to section, communicating directly with common frequencies which tie the various microcells into a single network of communication. In this case, the operator can give verbal commands to computer to take care of certain operations, may communicate directly with other individuals within the microcell and can generally perform multiple duties by mere voice command. In addition, the user can direct a computer to place a phone call to a third party outside the microcell and can establish direct phone line communication with this party via the duplex mode within the ear piece 10. Such a system gives total flexibility to the operator who may be mobile and operating with hands free to accomplish multiple tasks and communicate with multiple parties. Figure 16 discloses an additional embodiment wherein the housing 185 supports a speaker element 186 at its forward end and merges with a microphone casing 187 at its rearward, microphone end. The speaker is a piezo electric crystal of conventional type. In this embodiment, the microphone element 188 is oriented in a vertical direction, with openings 189a and 189b providing sound cancellation for distant sound waves, in accordance with the description previously given. This embodiment offers some advantage in that the distance of travel sound waves is more closely equal to the microphone element, and therefore provides noise cancellation. Figure 17 discloses an embodiment wherein a microphone 195 is provided within the housing 196, but without a speaker element. This housing includes a microphone compartment 197 with a tubular bore 198 which communicates with the surrounding environment. the microphone element 195 is positioned at a proximal end of the bore, near an opening 199 which provides entry of opposing sound waves for interference with similar sound waves coming through the bore opening 198. This configuration provides directional sensitivity by orienting the tubular bore toward the source of sound to be detected. For enhancing directional sensitivity for voice pickup, the tubular bore is oriented downward toward the user's mouth. Electrical contacts 130 and 132 provide a signal path for further processing. The tubular bore 198 preferably comprises a tubular member extending outward from the microphone element 195 and terminates in the open distal end 194. The tubular member 198 is configured to be oriented toward the user's mouth when the housing 196 and microphone element 195 are mounted at the user's ear canal to thereby provide directional sensitivity of the microphone device for enhanced pickup of the user's voice. It is noted that although other prior art devices have placed a microphone element at the ear, the present invention involves an improvement in that the housing is preferably a one-piece unibody member which is placed with the microphone element directionally oriented toward the user's mouth. Prior art devices embody microphone elements which are either (i) positioned near the ear but not oriented toward the mouth, or (ii) affixed upon a cantilevered arm positioned directly in front of the user's mouth. It is understood by those skilled in the relevant art that microphone elements have a sensitivity profile which can be expressed graphically as a polar pattern of sensitivity. The principles of the present invention include mounting a one-piece unitary housing with contained microphone element at the ear canal so as to alter the sensitivity profile or polar pattern to provide an enhanced directional orientation and sensitivity of the microphone element toward the user's mouth to a greater degree than is provided when the housing and microphone element are not mounted at the ear canal, so as to enhance pickup of the user's voice. These various benefits and improvements are provided in a method for isolating desired air born vibrations to be detected by a small microphone from background vibrations within a housing which contains the small microphone. In accordance with the principles of the present invention, a preferred method for enhancing directional sensitivity of a microphone for enhanced pickup of a user's voice comprises the steps of: (a) selecting a housing having support structure for mounting the housing at a user's ear canal; (b) mounting a microphone element within the housing; (c) mounting the housing and microphone element at the ear canal of the user such that the microphone element is positioned closely adjacent to the user's head such that the housing and the user's head cooperatively alter the sensitivity profile of the microphone element so as to provide an enhanced directional orientation and sensitivity of said microphone element toward the user's mouth to a greater degree than is provided when the housing and microphone element are not mounted at the ear canal so as to enhance pickup of the user's voice; and (d) coupling signal output from the microphone element to an audio circuit for processing. The microphone element 17 preferably includes unidirectional orientation and sensitivity. The housing 11 includes a major axis along arrow 2 of Figure 1, extending such that the unidirectional orientation of the microphone element 17 extends transversely with respect to the axis 2. The speaker element 13 includes a directional orientation 14, and the microphone element 17 is preferably mounted within the housing 11 such that the unidirectional orientation of the microphone element extends transversely with respect to the directional orientation of the speaker element 13 to provide directional orientation of the microphone element 17 toward the user's mouth. Referring now to Figures 18-20, a principal aspect of the present invention is a method for enhancing directional sensitivity of a microphone for enhanced pickup of sound produced in front of a user of the microphone, such as the user's voice or some other source of sound produced in front of the user. In particular, one aspect of the present invention is to provide an ear microphone and a method of use which effectively picks up the user's voice which comes from a single, specific direction, while rejecting other noises which come from a different direction. The user's voice is thereby cleanly transmitted by the microphone, while other noises are reduced in level by comparison. A principal purpose of the present invention is to provide a method of using a microphone which alters the circular sensitivity profile of the microphone device as measured in the form of a polar pattern as that phrase is known by those having ordinary skill in the relevant art. Figures 18A, 19A and 20A graphically represent the polar pattern illustration of an ear microphone device made and used in accordance with the principles of the present invention, whereby in each case the ear microphone device is mounted at the right ear of a mannequin simulator and exposed to an external speaker sound source 120 cm from the device, with 62 dB SPL at the measurement location, measurements being taken in the sagittal plane, rotating about the center axis of the body. The same devices were also tested by exposure to the same sound source and distances but without being mounted at an ear of the mannequin simulator, as shown by comparison in Figures 18B, 19B and 20B, respectively. The invention accomplishes a new purpose recently defined and pursued by the inventor, which is to alter the sensitivity profile of an ear-mounted microphone so as to provide an enhanced directional orientation and sensitivity of the microphone, and the method of accomplishing this has only recently been tested sufficiently to demonstrate to the satisfaction of the inventors that the method as ultimately claimed herein works for its intended purpose of modifying the sensitivity polar pattern profile. As can be seen by comparison of Figures 18A, 19A, 20A with Figures 18B, 19B, 20B, respectively, when an ear microphone device as described herein is mounted at the ear of a user, so as to position the microphone element closely adjacent to the user's head, the housing and the user's head cooperatively alter the sensitivity profile of the microphone element such that the polar pattern of sensitivity is enhanced with respect to sound produced in front of the user. The comparative testing accomplished by the inventors and as shown herein in the Figures 18-20 illustrate that any sound produced in front of the user, such as the user's own voice or some other sound source, can be cleanly picked up and transmitted by the microphone while other noises are reduced in level, if the microphone is used consistent with the following preferred method: (a) selecting a housing having support structure for mounting the housing at a user's ear; (b) mounting a microphone element within the housing; (c) mounting the housing and microphone element at the ear of the user such that the microphone element is positioned closely adjacent to the user's head such that the housing and the user's head cooperatively alter the sensitivity profile of the microphone element so as to provide an enhanced directional orientation and sensitivity of said microphone element with respect to sound produced in front of the user to a greater degree than is provided when the housing is not mounted at the ear; and (d) coupling signal output from the microphone element to an audio circuit for processing. The aspect of mounting the housing and microphone element "at the ear of the user" as expressed herein, shall be interpreted broadly in meaning to refer to the housing and microphone element both being located closer to the ear than to the mouth of the user, as shown for example in Figures 14-15. Therefore, even in the case of the ear microphone device shown in Figure 17, with the tubular bore structure 197, 198 being pointed toward the mouth of the user, the microphone element 195 would be said to be mounted "at the ear of the user" even if the element 195 were located anywhere within the tubular bore 197, 198, since it would still be closer to the ear of the user than to the mouth. It is thus discovered that the user's head has a very large effect on the polar pattern profile of microphone sensitivity when an ear-microphone device is mounted at the ear, preferably at the ear canal. There are many advantages to the method of enhancing the directional sensitivity of an ear-microphone so as to produce the polar patterns of sensitivity shown in Figures 18A, 19A and 20A. For example, if the ear microphone is electronically coupled to a speaker device for communication with a far end user (someone not wearing the ear phone) , the voice communicating transmitted to the far end user will appear more as the form of a private conversation with the near end user (the person wearing the microphone) . There will be fewer distractive elements in the conversation between the near and far end users. In addition, rejection of background noises will improve the voice quality of the near end user as it is transmitted by the ear-mounted microphone. It is to be understood that the polar pattern illustrations in Figures 18-20 illustrate that the method of use described above is very effective in rejecting off-axis sounds, namely those in the range of 60 degrees to 330 degrees. The microphone element used in the testing was a uni-directional microphone element as known in the art, but it can be seen by Figures 18B, 19B and 20B that the directionality of the microphone device had a substantial omnidirectional aspect when it was not mounted at the ear of the mannequin simulator. The method of use therefore accomplishes the purpose of the invention to alter the sensitivity profile so as to enhance the directional orientation as shown by the polar patterns of Figures 18A, 19A and 20A, which were much less omnidirectional and more closely resembled a cardioid representation of directionality as understood by those of ordinary skill in the relevant art. It is also shown in the Figures 18-20 that the purposes of the invention are achieved for a broad frequency range of sound from 500 Hz to 3,000 Hz. In accordance with the above, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that the present invention can be accomplished regardless of whether the specific microphone element is of unidirectional or omnidirectional design, since the method of use itself accomplishes the enhanced polar pattern of directionality as shown and described herein, regardless of sound frequency and regardless of the distance between the sound source and the microphone device. Although preferred embodiments and specific examples have been disclosed, it is to be understood that numerous variations from the illustrated examples may be developed. For example, an embodiment such as shown in Figure 11 could be prepared using three or four holes 120 in the top 121 to increase the directional sensitivity of the microphone. Obviously, the two openings of Figure 3 have primary directional sensitivity along a line connecting the respective openings. By increasing the openings around the top or bottom of the housing and microphone compartment, greater directional sensitivity will develop. Accordingly, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the scope of the invention is to be determined only by the following claims and not by specific examples recited herein.

Claims: C L A I M S What is claimed is: 1. A method for enhancing directional sensitivity of a microphone for enhanced pickup of sound produced in front of a user of the microphone, said method comprising the steps of : (a) selecting a housing having support structure for mounting the housing at a user's ear; (b) mounting a microphone element within the housing; (c) mounting the housing and microphone element at the ear of the user such that the microphone element is positioned closely adjacent to the user's head such that the housing and the user's head cooperatively alter the sensitivity profile of the microphone element so as to provide an enhanced directional orientation and sensitivity of said microphone element with respect to sound produced in front of the user to a greater degree than is provided when the housing is not mounted at the ear; and (d) coupling signal output from the microphone element to an audio circuit for processing. 2. The method as defined in claim 1, wherein step (b) further comprises mounting a unidirectional microphone element within the housing, said microphone element having unidirectional orientation and sensitivity, and wherein step (c) further comprises mounting the housing and microphone element such that the unidirectional orientation of said microphone element is directed substantially toward the user's mouth so as to provide an enhanced directional orientation and sensitivity of said microphone element with respect to sound produced by the user' s mouth to a greater degree than is provided when the housing is not mounted at the ear. 3. The method as defined in claim 2, wherein steps (a) and (b) further comprise selecting a housing having a major axis and mounting the microphone element within the housing such that the unidirectional orientation of the microphone element extends transversely with respect to the housing axis to provide directional orientation of the microphone element toward the user's mouth. 4. The method as defined in claim 3, wherein step (b) further comprises mounting the microphone element within the housing such that the unidirectional orientation of the microphone element extends substantially perpendicular with respect to the housing axis . 5. The method as defined in claim 1, wherein steps (a) , (b) and (c) further comprise selecting a housing which includes an open tubular member extending outward from the microphone element and terminating in an open distal end. 6. The method as defined in claim 5, wherein steps (a) , (b) and (c) further comprise selecting the housing and tubular member such that said tubular member is configured to be oriented toward the user's mouth when the housing and microphone element are mounted at the user's ear canal to thereby provide directional sensitivity of the microphone for enhanced pickup of the user's voice. 7. The method as defined in claim 1, wherein step (a) further comprises selecting a housing including a speaker end and an opposing microphone end, wherein the speaker end includes a speaker opening formed therein, and wherein step (b) further comprises mounting the microphone element within the microphone end of the housing, said method further comprising the steps of: (e) mounting a speaker element within the speaker end of the housing at the speaker opening in direct proximity with the microphone element; wherein step (c) further comprises mounting the housing at the ear canal such that the speaker and microphone element reside at the user's ear canal with the directional orientation of the speaker element positioned toward said ear canal. 8. The method as defined in claim 7, further comprising the steps of : (f) electronically coupling the microphone element to processing circuitry with at least one microphone lead for conveying signal output from the microphone element to an audio circuit for processing, and electronically coupling the speaker element to processing circuitry with at least one speaker lead, without electronically coupling the microphone and speaker elements with the leads. 9. The method as defined in claim 1, wherein step (a) further comprises selecting a housing having a microphone compartment such that said housing and microphone compartment include opposing top and bottom walls positioned on opposite sides of an intermediate plane which spans the microphone compartment, and at least two opposing side walls, wherein the top wall is joined at opposing edges thereof to upper edges of the opposing side walls to form opposing corner structure of the housing, said housing and microphone compartment further including at least three openings forming sound transmission ports operable to pass ambient sound waves to the microphone element, at least two of said openings being positioned at the corner structure of the housing so as to face one side of the intermediate plane and at least another of said openings being formed within the bottom wall of the housing so as to face an opposing side of the intermediate plane for enabling cancellation of acoustical waves representing distant background sound which enters the microphone compartment through air transmission from a substantial distance as compared to the near location of the user's mouth, and wherein step (b) further comprises mounting the microphone element within the microphone compartment such that said microphone element lies within the intermediate plane. 10. The method as defined in claim 9, wherein step (a) further comprises selecting a housing wherein the housing and microphone compartment are configured substantially as a rectangular box and wherein the upper edges of the opposing side walls include first and second opposing long edges which are formed as opposing angled side walls with respect to the top wall, said angled side walls being intercoupled by the top wall of the housing such that said angled side walls constitute the opposing corner structure and respectively form n o n orthogonal angles relative to the bottom wall, said at least two openings being positioned in each of the opposing angled side walls. 11. An ear-mounted microphone device comprising: a housing having support structure for mounting the housing at a user's ear canal; a microphone element mounted within the housing such that the housing and microphone element reside at the user's ear canal when the housing is mounted; means for coupling signal output from the microphone element to an audio circuit for processing; wherein the housing includes an open tubular member extending outward from the microphone element and terminating in an open distal end, said tubular member being configured to be oriented toward the user's mouth when the housing and microphone element are mounted at the user's ear canal to thereby provide directional sensitivity of the microphone for enhanced pickup of the user's voice. 12. The microphone device as defined in claim 11, wherein the microphone element comprises a unidirectional microphone element having unidirectional orientation and sensitivity, and wherein the housing is configured to be mounted such that the unidirectional orientation of said microphone element is directed substantially toward the user's mouth. 13. The microphone device as defined in claim 12, wherein the housing includes a major axis and wherein the microphone element is mounted within the housing such that the unidirectional orientation of the microphone element extends transversely with respect to the housing axis to provide directional orientation of the microphone element toward the user's mouth. 14. The microphone device as defined in claim 13, wherein the microphone element is mounted within the housing such that the unidirectional orientation of the microphone element extends substantially perpendicular with respect to the housing axis. 15. The microphone device as defined in claim 11, wherein the housing includes a speaker end and an opposing microphone end, and wherein the speaker end includes a speaker opening formed therein, and wherein the microphone element is mounted within the microphone end of the housing, the microphone further comprising: a speaker element mounted within the speaker end of the housing at the speaker opening in direct proximity with the microphone element; wherein the housing is configured to be mounted such that the speaker and microphone element reside at the user's ear canal with the directional orientation of the speaker element positioned toward said ear canal. 16. An ear-mounted microphone and speaker device comprising: a housing having support structure for mounting the housing at a user's ear canal, said housing including a speaker end and an opposing microphone end, wherein the speaker end includes a speaker opening formed therein; a speaker element mounted within the speaker end of the housing at the speaker opening; a microphone element mounted within the microphone end of the housing in direct proximity with the speaker element such that when the housing is mounted the speaker and microphone element reside at the user's ear canal with the directional orientation of the speaker element positioned toward said ear canal; at least one microphone lead intercoupling the microphone element with processing circuitry for conveying signal output from the microphone element to an audio circuit for processing, and at least one speaker lead intercoupling the speaker element with processing circuitry, wherein the microphone and speaker elements are not intercoupled by the leads. 17. The microphone and speaker device as defined in claim 16, wherein the microphone element comprises a unidirectional microphone element having unidirectional orientation and sensitivity, and wherein the housing is configured to be mounted such that the unidirectional orientation of said microphone element is directed substantially toward the user's mouth. 18. The microphone device as defined in claim 17, wherein the speaker element includes a directional 46 orientation and wherein the microphone element is mounted within the housing such that the unidirectional orientation of the microphone element extends transversely with respect to the directional orientation of the speaker element to provide directional orientation of the microphone element toward the user's mouth. 19. The microphone device as defined in claim 18, wherein the microphone element is mounted within the housing such that the unidirectional orientation of the microphone element extends substantially perpendicular with respect to the housing axis.

Inventors: MAUNEY DANIEL W, MCCLENDON CHARLES L, NORRIS ELWOOD G, MAUNEY, DANIEL, W., MCCLENDON, CHARLES, L., NORRIS, ELWOOD, G.
Applicants: JABRA CORP, JABRA CORPORATION
Application year: 1996
Main classification: H04M1
IPC codes: H04M1, H04R1, H04R25