Plug

Abstract: A plug provided with a holding device for releasably attaching said plug to a support having a shoulder, characterised in that said holding device comprises a tubular sleeve to which said plug is secured, said tubular sleeve having an external ring which, in use, rests on said shoulder and supports said plug, the arrangement being such that when said sleeve is subject to sufficient force said external ring will shear and thus release said plug from said support.

Description: This invention relates to a plug and a plug set for use in the construction of oil and gas wells. The present invention also relates to a closure dispenser. During the construction of oil and gas wells a bore is drilled into the earth. Casing is then lowered down the bore and the annular space between the outside of the casing and the bore is filled with cement. The casing is centered in the bore by centralizers. Typically, a non-return valve, a "float valve," is mounted on or adjacent the bottom of the casing. During a typical cementing operation the annular space is first cleared by pumping circulating fluid down the inside of the casing and allowing it to flow upwardly through the annular space. A bottom plug is then placed in the casing and pumped ahead of cement to separate the cement from drilling mud and other wellbore fluids. When the plug contacts the float valve at the bottom of the casing string the fluid pressure ruptures a rupturable member of the plug and cement flows through the bottom plug and float valve, and up into the annular space. When the required value of cement has been introduced into the casing a top cementing plug is released which follows the cement and reduces contamination or channelling of the cement by drilling mud that is used to displace the cement column down the casing and into the annular space. The top cementing plug sealingly contacts the bottom cementing plug at the float equipment to effect a shut off of fluids being pumped into the casing. The return flow of cement back into the casing in inhibited by the float valve. When the cement has set the top plug, bottom plug, float valve and residual cement are drilled out. On land it is a comparatively simple matter to insert bottom plugs and top plugs manually at the correct times. However, this simple operation cannot be carried out offshore and this has led to the development of sub-sea cementing apparatus which generally comprises a plug set comprising an open top plug and an open bottom plug which are releasably connected to one another. In use, the sub-sea cementing apparatus is positioned in the casing at or adjacent the sub-sea wellhead by a tool string. Circulating fluid is then pumped downwardly from the drilling platform through the tool string, the open top plug, the open bottom plug and the casing and flows upwardly through the annular space between the outside of the casing and the bore. This operation is typically carried out for several hours after which a first closure member, typically a ball or a dart, is dropped down the casing, passes through the top plug but closes the bottom plug. A required volume of cement is then pumped down from the drilling platform. This detaches the bottom plug from the top plug and forces the bottom plug to slide down the casing. Once the required volume of cement has been pumped into the casing a second closure member, typically a ball or a dart of larger diameter than the first dart is placed on the top of the cement and pumped down with drilling fluid. When the second closure member engages the top plug it closes the opening therein and further pressure from the drilling fluid releases the top plug down the casing. When the bottom plug engages the float valve at the bottom of the casing the pressure on the top plug is increased until a rupturable member in the bottom plug ruptures allowing the cement to pass through the float valve into the annular space between the outside of the casing and the bore. When the top plug engages the bottom plug the hydraulic pressure on the drilling fluid is released and the cement allowed to set after which the top plug, bottom plug, float valve and residual cement are drilled out. The disadvantage with existing sub-sea equipment is that it has been extremely difficult to control the pressure at which the bottom plug is released and even more difficult to control the pressure at which the top plug is released. One extremely serious problem is when the pressure which has to be applied to release the botttom plug is so high that the top plug is simultaneously released thus severely delaying the cementing operation. US5,323,858 discloses a system for cementing well casing in a bore hole utilising top and bottom cementing plugs. The bottom cementing plug has a through passage covered on the top by a diaphragm and on the bottom by another diaphragm. The basic aim of the present invention is to try and provide a plug which will reliably detach at or close to the intended pressure. The aim of one of the preferred embodiments is to provide a plug set which will allow cementing to proceed even if both the top plug and bottom plug are inadvertently both released at the start of a cementing operation. According to the present invention there is provided a plug set which comprises a top plug, a bottom plug, and a tubular member which extends between said top plug and said bottom plug and has a wall which is provided with a primary and a secondary means which will rupture at different pressures, the arrangement being such that, in use, if said secondary means is ruptured after said bottom plug has been closed, fluid under pressure will pass through said secondary means and act between said top plug and said bottom plug to separate them. Further features are disclosed in Claim 2 et seq . For a better understanding of the present invention reference will now be made, by way of example, to the accompanying drawings. Not all of the accompanying drawings show embodiments of the invention. Those drawings which do not show embodiments of the invention are included as background information, so as to facilitate the understanding of the present invention. Fig. 1 is a side view, partly in cross-section, of a cementing system for use with the present invention; Fig. 2 is a side view, in cross-section, of a closure dispenser for use with the present invention; Fig. 3 is a view on line III-III of Fig. 2; Fig. 4 a is a top view of a top spool forming part of the closure dispenser of Fig.2; Fig. 4 b is a side view of the top spool of Fig. 4a; Fig. 5 a is a top view of a diverter forming part of the closure dispenser of Fig. 2; Fig. 5 b is a section taken on line Vb-Vb of Fig. 5 a ; Fig. 6 is side view, in cross-section, of a swivel equalizer for use with the present invention; Fig. 7 is a side cross-section view of a valve member forming part of the swivel equalizer of Fig. 6; Fig. 8 is a top plan view of the valve member of Fig. 7; Fig. 9 is a side cross-section view of a first plug set disclosed herein; Fig. 10 is a view along line X-X of Fig. 9; Fig. 11 is a side cross-section view of a second plug set disclosed herein; Fig. 12 is a view taken on line XII-XII of Fig. 11; Fig. 13 is a side cross-section view of a third plug set disclosed herein; Fig. 14 is a view along line XIV-XIV of Fig. 13; Fig. 15 is a side cross-section view of a collet member forming part of the plug set shown in Fig. 13. Fig. 16 is a bottom view of the collet member of Fig. 15; Fig. 17 is a side cross-section view of a finger of an alternative collet member; Fig. 18 is a top view of a plurality of collet members as in Fig. 17 as they would be arranged in use; Fig. 19 is a side cross-section view of a bottom dart receiver forming part of the plug set shown in Fig. 13; Fig. 20 is a side cross-section view of a top releasing sleeve forming part of the plug set shown in Fig. 13; Fig. 21 is a side view of a flow piece forming part of the plug set shown in Fig. 13; Fig. 22 is a view on line XXII-XXII of Fig. 21; Fig. 23 is a view on line XXIII-XXIII of Fig. 21; Fig. 24 is a side cross-section view of the plug set shown in Fig. 13 showing the relative position of the parts at the end of a cementing operation; Fig. 25 is a side cross-section view of a fourth plug set disclosed herein; Fig. 26 is a view taken on line XXVI-XXVI of Fig. 25; Fig. 27 is a side cross-section view of a fifth plug set, which is an embodiment of a plug set according to the present invention; Fig. 28 is a side cross-section view of a sixth plug set disclosed herein; Fig. 29 is a side cross-section view of a seventh plug set, which is an embodiment of a plug set according to the present invention; Fig. 30A is a side cross-section view of a seventh plug set disclosed herein; Fig. 30B is a top view of a shear ring forming part of the plug set shown in Fig. 30A; Fig. 30C is a side view of the shear ring shown in Fig. 30B; Fig. 31A is a side cross-section views of an eighth plug set disclosed herein; Fig. 31B shows the relative parts of the plug set of Fig. 31A immediately after separation. Referring to Fig. 1 there is shown a cementing system which is generally identified by the reference letter S. The cementing system comprises a closure dispenser A for selectively dispensing two closure darts; a swivel equalizer Z; and a plug set B. The plug set B is disposed within an innermost casing E within an internal casing F in an outer casing G. A float shoe C is mounted at the bottom of the innermost casing E. Drill Pipe D extends from the closure dispenser A, to and through a casing hanger 50 in a sub-sea template T at the mud line M. As shown in Fig. 2, the closure dispenser A has a main body 12 with a bore 14 therethrough. A cap 16 with a bore 18 therethrough is screwed to the main body 12 . Fluid, e.g. displacement fluid, is flowable through the bore 18 of the cap 16 to enter into a bore 22 of a fluid diverter 20. The fluid contacts a diverter 24 which directs the fluid away from the center of a top spool 30 and into spaces 26 between ribs 28 of the top spool 30 (see Fig. 3) and the interior surface of the main body 12. The top spool 30 holds a top dart ( not shown in Fig. 2) for selective release and movement downhole to activate a top plug as described hereinafter. The bottom 32 of the diverter 24 extends across and above a substantial amount of an upper opening 34 of the top spool 30, most preferably above 80% of the total opening area. A darts in the spool 30 can be released by manually or automatically turning a handwheel 42 attached to a threaded shaft 44 which results in the extraction from within the main body 12 of a plunger 46. A bottom spool 40 is mounted in the main body 12 beneath the top spool 30. The bottom spool 40 is similar in construction to the top spool 30 and holds a bottom dart (not shown in Fig. 2) which can be released by withdrawing the plunger 46'. In certain embodiments the plug container A is provided with a sensor 47 which senses a dart or plug as it passes the sensor, generating a signal which is transmitted to associated apparatus to positively indicate dart or plug launch. In one aspect such a sensor is a magnetic sensor and an appropriate piece, insert, or band of magnetic material is applied on, around, or in the dart or darts, plug or plugs to be released from the container. In one aspect the sensor is disposed in or through the crossover sub 48 with appropriate wiring 45 extending therefrom to signal processing/display apparatus. In operation, the bottom spool 40 is released by turning a handwheel 42' to withdraw the plunger 46' holding the bottom spool 40 in place. The bottom spool 40 travels downwardly until the inclined surface 52 of the ribs 28 impacts an inclined surface 54. Upon impact a bottom dart (not shown) in the bottom spool 40 is released to move downhole to contact and co-act with a bottom plug of a plug set as described below. As and when desired, the handwheel 42 is turned to extract the plunger 46 which supports the top spool 30, permitting the top spool 30 to move down to impact the bottom spool 40, thereby releasing a top dart (not shown) in the top spool 30. The top dart travels through the bottom spool 40 to move downhole to contact and co-operate with a top plug of a plug set as described below. Flow diversion by the diverter 24 through windows 62 of the diverter 20 inhibits the creation of a fluid pressure overload on the plungers 46, 46' which could distort them and/or inhibit their movement, thereby inhibiting or preventing dart release. The swivel equalizer Z is connected between the lower end of the drill pipe D and the plug set B. As shown in Fig. 6, the swivel equalizer Z, which is also identified by reference numeral 60 comprises a middle body 62 with a stepped bore 64 therethrough. An upper body 66 with a bore 126 therethrough is threadedly connected to the upper end 68 of the middle body 62 and an O-ring seal 76 seals the interface between the upper body 66 and the middle body 62. A lower body 72 is threadedly connected to a lower end 74 of the middle body 62 and a seal 78 seals the interface between the middle body 62 and the lower body 72. The upper end 82 of a pin sub 80 is rotatably mounted within the lower body 72 via a ring 84 which rides on ball bearings 86 mounted in bearing races 88. A seal 92 seals the interface between the pin sub 80 and the lower body 72. The seal 92 includes an O-ring and a metal or Teflon (TM) backup member above and below the seal. A seal 94 seals the interface between the top 96 of the pin sub 80 and the middle body 62. The pin sub 80 has a bore 81 that interconnects with the plug set system B below the pin sub 80 so that the plug set B is isolated from torque imposed on the swivel equalizer 60 since the pin sub 80 is free to rotate within the lower body 72 on the ball bearings 86. Darts are movable down through the swivel equalizer 60 via the bore 126 and the bore 81. To relieve any excess pressure a bore the plug set B, the middle body 62 is provided with relief parts 102 which communicate with a chamber 106 defined between the exterior surface 118 of the lower portion 108 of the upper body 66 and the interior surface 122 of the middle body 62. A valve member 104 is slidably mounted in the chamber 106 and is provided with a seal 112 which sealingly abuts the part 114 of the middle body 62 and is larger than a seal 116 which sealingly abuts the exterior surface 118 of the lower portion 108 of the upper body 66. When the pressure of fluid flowing into the port 102 is at a sufficient level, e.g. about 0.7 bar (10 p.s.i.) or greater, the valve member 104 is displaced upwardly permitting the fluid to flow through the relief parts 102, past the valve member 104, and through port 124, into the bore 126 of the upper body 66. Springs 128 are provided to bias the valve member 104 to a closed position. As shown in Figs. 7 and 8 the springs 128 are disposed in blind bores 132 in the valve member 104. The tops of the springs 128 abut a shoulder 134 of the upper body 66. Fluid flowing in the opposite direction will push on the valving member and flow through the port 102 will be shut off. Use of such a swivel equalizer allows the casing hanger 50 to be made up without rotating the plugs inside the casing. Figs. 9 and 10 show a plug set 150 which comprise a top plug 160 and a bottom plug 170. The bottom plug 170 has a finned exterior 156 circumjacent a core 158 having a stepped bore 162 extending therethrough. Disposed in the stepped bore 162 is a flow piece 164 with four fluid flow windows 166 therethrough. The flow piece 164 has a pressure equalization passageway 168 extending from the interior of the flow piece 164 to allow fluid trapped by or between the two plugs to escape. A burstable diaphragm 172 is disposed on a shoulder 174 of the bottom plug 170. Initially the burstable diaphragm 172 prevents fluid from flowing through the top bore 176 of the bottom plug 170 to the fluid flow windows 166 and thence out through an opening 178 in the bottom of the plug bottom 170. The flow piece 164 is connected to a connector 184 by shear pins 182. The connector 184 is secured by a shearable lock ring 186 to an insert 188 (made, in one aspect, of aluminum). The insert 188 is threadedly secured in the lower portion 192 of a bore 194 of the top plug 160. The top plug 160 has a finned exterior 196 and an inner core 198 through which extends the bore 194. A core piece 202, made of plastic, is secured in the inner core 198 (e.g. by adhesive, a friction fit, ultrasonic welding or a threaded mating of the two pieces) and has a bore 204 therethrough and a threaded interior surface 206 for threadedly mating with the lower end 208 of a collet member 210. The collet member 210 (made, for example, of aluminum or plastic) has eight fingers 212 with tips 214 held in a recess 216 in a top sub 220. A releasing sleeve 222 within a bore 224 of the top sub 220 prevents the fingers 212 from moving inwardly which prevents the collet member from being released from the top sub 220, thereby preventing the top plug 160 from being released from the top sub 220. The releasing sleeve 222 is connected to the collet member 210 by shear pins 224 which shear at about 165 to about 179 bar (2400 to about 2600 p.s.i.) pressure. A seal 226 seals the interface between the releasing sleeve 222 and the top sub 220. A seal 228 seals the interface between the releasing sleeve 222 and the collet member 210. In operation a bottom dart (not shown in Fig. 9) is released from the closure dispenser A and travels down through the drill pipe D, through the swivel equalizer 60, through the top sub 220, through the releasing sleeve 222, and through the top plug 160, so that a tail portion of the bottom dart sealingly seals against a seal surface 232 of the connector 184. As subsequent fluid pressure builds up on the bottom dart, the pressure reaches a sufficient level (e.g. about 103 to about 117 bar (1500 to about 1700 p.s.i.)) to effect shearing of the shearable locking ring 186, thereby effecting release of the bottom plug 170 from the top plug 160. The bottom plug 170 once freed, moves down hole typically ahead of cement to contact and co-act with the float shoe C. In order to flow fluid, e.g. cement, through the bottom plug 170 and through the float shoe C into the annular space between an interior wellbore surface and an exterior of the tubular in which the float shoe is mounted, the fluid is pumped with sufficient pressure to burst the burstable diaphragm 172 (e.g. about 400 p.s.i. pressure), permitting fluid to flow down through the top bore 176, to and through the fluid flow windows 166, out through the bottom opening 178, and through the float shoe C. To release the top plug 160, a top dart is released from the top spool 30 of the closure dispenser A. The top dart moves down until its nose contacts and sealingly abuts a seal surface 234 on the releasing sleeve 222. When fluid pressure on the top dart reaches a desired level (e.g. about 165 to 179 bar) (about 2400 to about 2600 p.s.i.) the shear pins 224 holding the releasing sleeve 222 to the collet member 210 are sheared and the releasing sleeve 222 is pushed down by the top dart thereby freeing the fingers 212 for inward movement which results in the release of the top plug 160 from the top sub 220. The top plug 160 then moves down to contact the bottom plug 170. The nose 236 of the top plug 170 contacts and sealingly abuts a corresponding recess 238 in the top of the bottom plug 160. Preferably all or substantially all of the bottom dart is received within the bottom plug 170. If desired, the nose 236 of the top plug 160 may be corrugated and the recess 238 on the top of the bottom plug 170 correspondingly corrugated to inhibit relative rotation between the top plug 160 and the bottom plug 170 and thereby facilitate drilling them out at the completion of a cementing operation. Figs. 11 and 12 disclose a plug set 200 similar to that of Fig. 9; but with various differences. A bottom plug 260 has a finned exterior 262; a core 264; a stepped bore 266; and a flow piece 268. Initially fluid is prevented from flowing through the top bore 272 of the plug 260, to the outlet 276 of the stepped bore 266, by a burstable tube 278 which blocks windows 274 in the flow piece 268. The tube 278 may be glued to the flow piece 268 or it may be held in place by a friction fit. A lower shoulder 277 on the burstable tube 278 facilitates proper emplacement of the burstable tube 278. In other aspects the flow piece 268 is made as a single integral piece with a thinner and/or weakened area located at the desired location or locations for a window or windows. The flow piece 268 (and hence the bottom plug 260) is releasably secured to a ring 282 by shear pins 284 which shear at about 103 to about 117 bar (about 1500 to about 1700 p.s.i.). The ring 282 has a lower end 286 which abuts an inner shoulder 288 of a core piece 292 (made of aluminum in one embodiment or of plastic in another). A seal 294 seals the interface between the flow piece 268 and the ring 282. A seal 296 seals the interface between the ring 282 and the core piece 292. No glue is used in this plug set 200 and all major parts are screwed together. The ring 282 is free floating in a bore 293 of the core piece 292. This facilitates swallowing by the top plug 270 of a portion of the flow piece 268 projecting from the bottom plug 260 after the bottom plug 260 has landed on the float shoe C. The burstable tube 278 bursts inwardly so that fluid flow downwardly is not impeded by tube parts projecting outwardly. The core piece 292 is secured in a bore 295 of the top plug 270. The top plug 270 has a finned exterior 296 and a core 298. This embodiment employs the same collet member 210, releasing sleeve 222, and top sub 220 as shown in Fig. 9. A plurality of spacers 297 (e.g. soft rubber, polyurethane, or other flexible material) extend upwardly from the bottom plug 260 to initially maintain plug separation and prevent the two plugs from being in such close contact that a vacuum is formed between them which might inhibit or prevent their separation (thereby preventing their launching). Figs. 13 and 14 illustrate a plug set 300. The plug set 300 comprises a bottom plug 360 with a finned exterior 302, a core 304, a top bore 306, a mid bore 308 and a lower bore 310. A flow piece 312, better shown in Figs. 21, 22 and 23, is secured in the bore 308 and the upper portion 314 of the flow piece 312 is secured to a bottom dart receiver 320 which is initially disposed in a top plug 370. A burstable tube 316 initially prevents fluid from flowing through windows 318 in the flow piece 312. The burstable tube 316 may be glued to the flow piece 312 or may be a friction fit therewith. The windows 318 may be of any desired shape (rectangular, oval, square, circular, etc.) and positioned as desired on the flow piece 312. As better shown in Fig. 19, the bottom dart receiver 320 has a body 322, a bore 324, a shear ring 326 and a seal surface 328. The shear ring 326 initially rests on an inner shoulder 332 of a core 334 of the top plug 370. The top plug 370 has a finned exterior 336 and bore 338. The top plug 370 is releasably held to a top sub 340 by a collet member 350. A releasing sleeve 361, better shown in Fig. 20, initially prevents fingers 352 from moving inwardly to release the top plug 370 from the top sub 340. The releasing sleeve 361 has a body 362, a bore 364, a shear ring 366, and a seal surface 368. The shear ring 366 rests on a top surface 372 of the collet member 350. A lock ring 374 in a groove 378 in a top sub 382 holds in place a retaining ring 376 which holds the collet member 350 in place. As shown in Fig. 14, spacers 384 (e.g. made of soft plastic) mounted on the bottom plug 360 maintain a minimum space between the top plug 370 and the bottom plug 360. As shown in Figs. 15 and 16, the collet member 350 is a single piece member with a plurality of fingers 352 which remains in the top sub 340 rather than going down with the top plug 370. As shown in Fig. 13, a clearance space 327 between the lower surface of the fingers 352 and a shoulder 329 of the core 334 provide space in which the fingers 352 can move inwardly from the core 334. Due to an angled surface 331 on the core 334 and a corresponding angled surface on the fingers 352, downward motion of the top plug 370 results in an inward force on the fingers 352 once the releasing sleeve 361 is displaced to free the fingers 352. In one aspect the collet member is made so that the fingers are biased inwardly. The releasing sleeve 361 may have a knife edge at the lower end of the body 362 to cut a portion of a dart, e.g. a rear fin. In one aspect instead of integral shear rings (like the rings 326 and 366), it is within the scope of this invention to either adhere shear rings (of any cross-section, e.g. but not limited to circular, oval, square, rectangular, etc.), to a releasing sleeve's or dart receiver's exterior, or to provide a groove therein for receiving and holding a shear ring. In another embodiment, the collet member 350 is comprised of a plurality of individual fingers 386 (see Figs. 17, 18). In such an embodiment a plurality of radial spaced stepped keyways each accommodate separate and distinct fingers. Each finger 386 is generally C-shaped having a vertical portion 387, a lower radially extending portion 385 which extends into a recessed portion of its respective stepped keyway, and an upper radially extending portion 383 which extends over an inwardly extending flange portion of a connector which is connected to a tool string (not shown). The fingers 386 are maintained in the radially spaced stepped keyways by a sleeve which is generally similar to the releasing sleeve 361 but of slightly greater internal diameter. By way of example:- 1. The bottom dart receiver 320 may be made of polycarbonate [e.g. LEXAN (tm) material] and the shear ring 326 is about 2 millimeters thick. In another aspect the bottom dart receiver 320 is made of Riton (tm) plastic and is about 3.5 millimeters thick. Typically the shear ring 326 of the bottom dart receiver 320 is designed, configured, and disposed to shear between 103 and 117 bar (1500 and 1700 p.s.i.). 2. The releasing sleeve 360 (see Fig. 20) (which acts a top dart receiver) may be made of Riton (tm) plastic and the integral shear ring designed, configured, and disposed to shear between 165 and 180 bar (2400 to 2600 p.s.i.). 3. The burstable tube (e.g. tubes 278, 316) may be made of about 2 millimeters thick "PPS" or polyphenylene sulphide, [Riton (tm) plastic is one commercial version of PPS.] The operation of the plug set 350 is generally similar to that hereinbefore described with reference to the plug set 200. In particular, at the commencement of a cementing operation a tail operated bottom dart (or a ball) lands on the bottom dart receiver 320; pressure builds up on the dart; and the shear ring 326 of the bottom dart receiver 320 is sheared allowing the bottom plug 360 to move to the float shoe C. The bottom plug 360 lands on the float shoe C and pressure builds up to a sufficient level to burst the burstable tube 316 allowing cement to move through the float shoe C to the annulus. The bottom dart receiver 320 is glued to the flow tube and moves down with the bottom plug 360. At the required time the top dart is released and lands on the releasing sleeve 361. When pressure is applied to the top dart the shear ring 366 shears and the releasing sleeve moves down into the top plug 370, releasing the fingers 352 of the collet mechanism 350, and thereby allowing the top plug 370 to move down to contact the bottom plug 360. The top plug 370 swallows the flow piece 312 extending upwardly from the bottom plug 360. If desired a top fin of the bottom dart may be sheared at this time. The relative positions of the parts at this time are belts shown in Fig. 24. In particular, the bottom plug 360 is resting on a float shoe C (not shown). A tail fin 402 of a bottom dart 400 has sealed against the seal surface 328 of the bottom dart receiver 320. The burstable tube 316 has burst inwardly at the window 318, opening it to fluid flow. The top plug 370 has moved to sealingly and anti-rotatively contact the bottom plug 360. The nose 412 of a top dart 410 has sealingly contacted the seal surface 368 of the releasing sleeve 361 and the releasing sleeve 361 has moved down into the top plug 370. As shown, a pressure equalization hole 404 through the flow piece 312 is effectively sealed by the bottom fin 406 and the top fin 408 of the bottom dart 400 so that flow out through the pressure equalization hole 404 is prevented. Figs. 25 and 26 show a plug set 420 which comprises a bottom plug 460 and a top plug 470, each originally maintained in a plug holder 422 in casing 440. A bottom plug retainer 424 has a top plate 425 which is secured by shear pins 426 to an interior 427 of the plug holder 422. The bottom plug retainer 424 has a cylindrical body 428 which extends down into a bore 429 of the core 430 of the bottom plug 460. The core 430 is within an outer finned structure 431 of the bottom plug 460. A lower portion 432 of the cylindrical body 428 is secured by shear pins 433 to the core 430. An inner surface 434 of the cylindrical body 428 has an inclined seal surface 435 suitable for sealingly contacting a ball 436 or a dart (not shown). Flow ports 437 are provided through an upper portion 438 of the cylindrical body 428. Flow paths 439 are provided between an outer surface of the cylindrical body 428 and an inner surface of the core 430. A flow tube 441 with one or more flow windows 442 is disposed between the top plug 470 and the bottom plug 460. The flow window(s) 442 are disposed so that flow is possible through the window(s) 442, through the ports 437 and into a space 453 between the top plate 425 and the top 443 of the bottom plug 460. An O-ring 444 seals an interface between the interior of the flow tube 441 and the bottom plug retainer 424. An O-ring 445 seals an interface between a core end 446 of a core 447 of the top plug 470 and an upper portion 448 of the flow tube 441. The top plug 470 has an outer finned structure 449. (It is to be understood that the present invention may be used with a plug or plug sets which have no outer fins or wipers or one or more outer fins or wipers.) A top plug retainer 450 is secured by shear pins 451 to the top end 452 of the plug holder 422. The top plug retainer 450 is secured in the core 447 of the top plug 470. As shown in Fig. 25, a ball 436 has been launched and landed on the inclined seal surface 435 of the bottom plug retainer 424. Fluid under pressure will then be pumped into the space 453. When sufficient pressure is reached, the shear pins 426 shear releasing the bottom plug 460 to more down the casing 440 to contact a float shoe (not shown), leaving behind the flow tube 441. Upon landing and sealing of the bottom plug 460 on the float shoe, the shear pins 433 shear due to fluid pressure build-up, freeing the bottom plug retainer 424 which move downwardly so that the flow ports 437 move within the core 430 thereby opening a fluid flow path from above the bottom plug 460, through the flow ports 437, through the flow paths 439, and to and through the float shoe into the wellbore annulus. When it is desired to release the top plug 470, a dart 480 is pumped down to the top plug 470 so that the nose 482 of the dart 480 seals against a seal surface 455 of the top plug retainer 450, closing off a flow bore 456 through the top plug retainer 450 and flow bore 457 through the top plug 470 and flow bore 458 through the flow tube 441. Fluid pressure build-up on the dart 480 shears the pins 451, releasing the top plug 470 to move down to seat and seal on the bottom plug 460 (with the flow tube 441 moved up into the top plug 470), to stop fluid flow into the annulus. The plug holder 422 may be located and secured at any point in the casing. In one aspect it hangs on a casing hanger. The plugs, plug retainers, and flow tube of the plug set 420 may all be made of plastic, of fiberglass, and/or easily drillable material; as also may be the plug holder, ball(s), and/or dart(s) used therewith. Sealing O-rings 485, 487 are provided for the dart 480. Referring now to Fig. 27, a plug set 500 according to the present invention has a top crossover sub 501 made of metal, e.g. steel. The sub 501 has a body 502 with a central flow bore 503 extending therethrough. A snap ring 504 in a recess 505 holds a seal ring 506 in place against part (an upper shear ring) of a top dart receiver 520. The seal ring 506 has an O-ring 507 in a recess 508 to seal the interface between the seal ring 506 and the body 502; and an O-ring 509 in a recess 510 seals the interface between the seal ring 502 and the top dart receiver 520. A recess 511 accommodates an upper shear ring 525 of the top dart receiver 520. A plurality of collets 512 extend from a main collet ring 515 out from the lower end 516 of the sub 501 each terminating in a bottom collet member 514. (The shear ring 525, and any shear ring herein, may be a complete circular ring or it may include only portions thereof; e.g. three fifty degree portions spaced apart by seventy degree voids. Any shear ring may be grooved or indented to facilitate rupture or shearing.) Initially the bottom collet members 514 are disposed in a collet groove 533 of a top plug cylinder 530 and are held therein by the exterior surface of the top dart receiver 520. The top dart receiver 520 has a body 521 with a fluid flow bore 522 extending therethrough from one end to the other. The upper end of the top dart receiver 520 has the upper shear ring 525 projecting therefrom into the recess 511 of the seal ring 506. The upper shear ring 525 initially rests on the top of the main collet ring 515 thereby holding the top dart receiver 520 within the sub 501 with its lower end 527 thereof projecting into a top plug cylinder 530. The top dart receiver 520 has a lower lip 523 which, after dart receipt within the top dart receiver 520, rests on an inner shoulder of the top plug cylinder 530. The top dart receiver 520 has an upper seat surface 524 against which rests and seals part of a top dart. The top plug cylinder 530 has a body 531 with a flow bore 532 extending therethrough. A retainer ring 534 rests in a recess 535. The retainer ring 534 is released when the top dart receiver 520 moves downwardly in the top plug cylinder 530 past the retainer ring 534. Then the retainer ring 534 contracts to prevent the top dart receiver 520 from moving back up within the top plug cylinder 530. An O-ring 536 in a recess 537 seals the interface between the top dart receiver 520 and the top plug cylinder 530. The top plug cylinder 530 is held within a central bore 583 of a top plug 580, e.g. by any suitable fastener or adhesive, e.g. epoxy adhesive. The top plug cylinder 530 may be made of any suitable metal, ceramic, cement, composite, plastic or fiberglass material, as may each component of the plug set 500. In the embodiment shown the top plug cylinder 530 is made of composite plastic or of aluminum, the core 584 of the top plug 580 is made of filled urethane or phenolic plastic material, and epoxy adhesive holds the two together. In one aspect, a top plug cylinder (e.g., made of plastic, fiberglass, or metal; made of, e.g., PDC-drillable material) is molded into a plug core (e.g., a core of filled urethane, urethane or phenolic material) during the plug molding manufacturing process. An O-ring 549 in a recess 548 seals the interface between the top plug cylinder 530 and the top part of a bottom dart receiver 550. A recess 539 is formed in the lower end 542 of the body 531. The bottom dart receiver 550 has a body 551 with a fluid flow bore 552 extending therethrough. An upper shear ring 553 secured to or formed integrally of the body 551 projects out from the body 551 and initially rests on the shoulder 538 of the top plug cylinder 530. This can be a segmented shear ring of less than three hundred sixty degrees in extent and/or it can be grooved, cut, or indented to facilitate breaking. Initially a secondary burst sleeve 555 blocks fluid flow through a port 554. As a fail safe measure, more than one port can be provided, with the weakest being the one to open. The secondary burst sleeve 555 is held in place by a friction fit, by an adhesive, by thermal locking, or fusion, or some combination thereof. In one aspect, the secondary burst sleeve 555 is made of aluminum, e.g. 0.44mm (0.0175 inches) thick to burst at a fluid pressure of 70.75 bar (1026 p.s.i.). In one aspect such a sleeve is made by using two hollow cylindrical aluminum members, heating one, cooling the other, then inserting the cooled member into the heated member. As the two members reach ambient temperature they are firmly joined as the heated member cools to shrink onto the cooled member and the cooled member expands against the cooled heated member. In one aspect the port is covered by a portion of the sleeve at which the two pieces of aluminum overlap. In another aspect a single molded piece is used. The bottom dart receiver 550 has an inner seating surface 556 against which rests and seats a sealing face of a bottom dart. The lower shoulder 558 of the body 551 rests on a bottom plug cylinder 560. Fluid pressure equalization ports 557 extend through the body 551 and permit fluid flow from within the bottom dart receiver to an interior space 588 within the nose 582 and from there to space between the top plug 580 and bottom plug 590 so that the two plugs in place in a wellbore (in place beneath the surface from which a wellbore extends down) do not lock together due to the hydrostatic pressure of fluids on the two plugs pushing them together. The bottom dart receiver 550 has a lower end 559 that projects down into the bottom plug cylinder 560 that extends from a top of the bottom plug 590 to a point near the plug's bottom above a nose 592. The bottom plug 590 has a body 591 with a core 594 and a central fluid flow bore 593. The bottom plug cylinder 560 has a body 561 with a hole 565 therethrough (more than one hole may be used) and a lower end 564. A primary burst tube 570 with a body 571 encircles part of the bottom plug cylinder 560 and, initially, blocks fluid flow through the hole 565. An enlarged lower end 572 rests on an inner shoulder 599 of the bottom plug 590. This enlarged end facilitates correct emplacement of the primary bursting tube 570 on the bottom plug cylinder 560 and hinders the extrusion of the burst out from within the bottom plug 590 between the exterior of the bottom plug cylinder 560 and the inner surface of the central fluid flow bore 593. In one typical operation of the plug set 500 a ball or a bottom dart free falls or is pumped down and is received within the bottom dart receiver 550, seating against the inner seating surface 556. As pressure builds up, the upper shear ring 553 shears (e.g. at about 110 bar (1600 p.s.i.)), releasing the bottom dart receiver 550 and bottom plug 590. This combination moves down in the cased well bore, e.g. to contact a float shoe already positioned in the wellbore at a desired location. The dart seated on the inner seating surface 556 and the intact primary burst tube 570 prevent fluid from flowing through the central fluid flow bore 593 of the bottom plug 590. Once the bottom plug 590 is positioned and seated as desired, fluid pressure (e.g. cement) is increased and fluid flows down in an interior space 595 and, when a desired pressure is reached, e.g. about 48 bar to 55 bar (700 to about 800 p.s.i.), the primary burst tube 570 bursts at the hole 565 permitting fluid to flow through the bottom plug 590 to the float shoe. When it is desired to launch the top plug 580, a top dart is introduced into the string above the top cross-over sub 501 and is pumped down so that the dart seats on the upper seat surface 524 of the top dart receiver 520. When fluid pressure then reaches a sufficient level, e.g. about 83 bar (1200 p.s.i.), the upper shear ring 525 shears releasing the top dart receiver 520 from the sub 501 and pushing the top dart receiver 520 down in the top plug cylinder 530. This frees the bottom collet members 514, releasing the top plug cylinder 530 and the top plug 580. The top dart prevents fluid flow through the central bore 583 of the top plug 580 and fluid pressure moves the top plug 580 down to contact the bottom plug 590. The central bore 583 of the top plug 580 is sized and configured to receive the bottom dart receiver 550. The nose 582 of the top plug 580 contacts and seals against the bottom plug 590. If for some reason the top plug 580 launches with the bottom plug 590, bursting of the secondary burst sleeve 555 provides a fluid flow path through the top plug 580 which would not normally be possible with the top plug 580 seated on the bottom plug 590. For example, if the bottom dart is inadvertently pumped down too fast with too much momentum when it hits the bottom plug 590 the impact may be sufficient to break the collet members 514, launching the two plugs 580, 590 together. In such a situation the secondary bursting tube acts as a pressure spike or pulse relief system and, although the two plugs launch together, it may still be possible to complete a cementing operation. More particularly, when pumping a bottom dart down at a high rate, e.g. rates exceeding 3181/min (2 barrels per minute) (84 US gallons per minute) or dart velocity exceeding 2m/s (7 feet per second), a pressure pulse or spike is created, e.g. as high as 159 bar (2,300 p.s.i.). Such a pulse may last one second, a half second, a fifth of a second, or three hundredths of a second or less. In one situation such a high pressure was recorded over a lapse time of 2/100 of a second on large plugs for pipe 31cm (12.25") in diameter. The reason for these pressure pulses or spikes is because the bottom dart is moving at a high velocity and the bottom plug is stationary. The bottom dart receiver 550 in the bottom plug 590 catches the dart, stopping its movement, and the pump pressure and fluid momentum behind the dart cause the pressure spike or pulse which bursts the secondary bursting sleeve 555. Once the pulse is relieved through the blown secondary bursting sleeve 555 the pump pressure is then applied to the entire top of the bottom plug 590. This pressure causes the bottom plug 590 to start moving and separate from the top plug 580 by shearing the bottom dart receiver 550 away from the top plug 580. However, the required shear pressure, typically less than 13.8 bar (200 p.s.i.), applied to the entire top of the bottom plug 590 is much less than the pressure required to burst the primary burst tube 570, typically 48 to 55 bar (700 to 800 p.s.i.). Each plug 580, 590 has two wipers 587 and two fins 597 respectively. In one aspect the bottom plug cylinder 560 is fiberglass and the bottom dart receiver 550 is plastic, fiberglass, or aluminum; and the two are secured together with a suitable adhesive, e.g. epoxy. In one aspect, the secondary burst sleeve 555 has a body made of plastic, fiberglass or composite with a portion made of aluminum. This portion is sized to overlap the port(s) 554 in the bottom dart receiver 550. In one aspect the top dart receiver 520 is made from aluminum and, in one aspect, the bottom dart receiver 550 is made from aluminum. Referring now to Fig. 28 a plug set 700 (like the plug set 500 with like numerals indicating like structure) has a bottom dart receiver 550 which does not have a secondary burst sleeve 555, but does have a body 751 with a weakened area 752 which bursts in response to fluid at a desired pressure. Weakening is provided by a circular notch 753 in the wall of the body 751, but any known weakening structure grooves, indentations, cuts, etc. may be used. Two circular weakened areas are shown. Once the weakened area is burst, a flow port is provided for downward fluid flow which was previously blocked by a lower dart 755 sealing off flow through the bottom plug 590. A seated shoulder 760 of a top dart 765 seals off flow through the top plug 580. In the event that a top plug launches with a bottom plug fluid at relatively high pressure, e.g. 159 bar (2300 p.s.i.), is then applied into the top plug and then to the bottom dart receiver, the weakened area bursts and, therefore, fluid flow through the newly-created opening is possible, e.g. so cementing can continue and cement can continue to flow into an annulus between the inside wall of the wellbore and the exterior wall of the tubular or casing in which the plugs are located. Referring now to Fig. 29, there is shown a plug set 600 which comprises three plugs 610, 630 and 650 interconnected by a central flow tube 690 and associated apparatus. The flow tube 690 has an upper shoulder which rests on a corresponding shoulder 622 of a top sub 697. The top sub 697 has a fluid flow bore 623' extending from one end thereof to the other and which is in fluid communication with a fluid flow bore 693 of the central flow tube 690. The plug 610 has a body 611 comprising a core 612, and an outer structure 613 provided with a plurality of fins and wipers 615. The core 612 has a central chamber 614, and a fluid flow bore 617 which extends therethrough. A nose 616 is disposed at the bottom end of the plug (like the noses previously described herein). A shear ring 697 in a recess 698 of the plug 650 and a recess 699 of the central flow tube 690 initially holds the plug 650 to the central flow tube 690. Adjacent a hole 694 of the central flow tube 690 is a releasable sleeve 660 which is initially held in place blocking fluid flow through the hole 694 by one or more shear pins 664. The releasable sleeve 660 has a body 661 with a fluid flow bore 663 extending therethrough. A ring 620 in the central chamber 614 has an O-ring 621 in a recess 623 sealing the interface between the ring 620 and the central flow tube 690. A flapper valve 618 is initially held open by the central flow tube 690. Once the plug 610 is separated from the central flow tube 690, the flapper valve 618 is free to close, i.e., a valve member 626 seats against a seating surface 627 of the ring 620 preventing fluid flow through the plug 610. The plug 630 has a body 631 which comprises a core 632 provided with an outer structure 633 including a plurality of fins and wipers 635. The core 632 has a central chamber 634 and a fluid flow bore 637 which extends therethrough. A nose 636 is disposed at the end of the plug (like the noses previously described herein). Adjacent a hole 695 in the central flow tube 690 is a releasable sleeve 670 which is initially held in place blocking fluid flow through the hole 695 by one or more shear pins 674. The releasable sleeve 670 has a body 671 with a fluid flow bore 673 extending therethrough. A ring 620' in the central chamber 634 has an 0-ring 621' in a recess 623' sealing the interface between the ring 620' and the central flow tube 690. A flapper valve 678 is initially held open by the central flow tube 690. Once the plug 630 is separated from the central flow tube 690, the flapper valve 678 is free to close, i.e., a valve member 679 seats against a seating surface 627' of the ring 620 preventing fluid flow through the plug 630. The plug 650 has a body 651 comprising a core 652 provided with an outer structure 653 having a plurality of fins and wipers 655. The core 652 has a central chamber 654, and a fluid flow bore 657 which extends therethrough. A nose 656 is disposed at the end of the plug (like the noses previously described herein). Adjacent a hole 696 in the central flow tube 690 is a releasable sleeve 680 which is initially held in place blocking fluid flow through the hole 696 by one or more shear pins 684. The releasable sleeve 680 has a body 681 with a fluid flow bore 683 extending therethrough. A ring 620 is in the central chamber 654 and has an O-ring 621" in a recess 623" sealing the interface between the ring 620" and the central flow tube 690. A flapper valve 688 is initially held open by the central flow tube 690. Once the plug 650 is separated from the central flow tube 690, the flapper valve 688 is free to close, i.e., a valve member 689 seats against a seating surface 627" of the ring 620 preventing fluid flow through the plug 650. The lowest plug 650 and the middle plug 630 each have a rupture disk diaphragm 639, 659 respectively, in their respective valve members which is designed to rupture in response to a set fluid pressure so that selective fluid flow through the valve member and hence through the plugs 639, 650 is possible. The present invention in certain embodiments, discloses apparatus as described above but which does not use an integral cylindrical sleeve to control flow through a hole or port, but which uses a portion of a sleeve (e.g. a half-sleeve or a third of a sleeve) or uses a patch or piece of material covering the hole or port. Such a patch or piece is secured over the hole or port, adhered over it with an adhesive, bonded or welded over it, or thermally fused over it (as may be any of the sleeves described above). It is within the scope of this invention for any plug set according to this invention to be made (in its entirety or substantially all of it) of plastic, fiberglass, polytetrafluoroethylene, or any easily drillable metal (brass, beryllium, copper, copper-based alloy, zinc, zinc alloy) or non-metal material. It is within the scope of this invention to make the top sub of any plug set disclosed herein (and any lock ring, such as the lock ring 374; any holding ring, such as the holding ring 376; and any collet member) of appropriate material (e.g. plastic, metal, fiberglass) so that these items are re-usable once they have been retrieved from a wellbore. Fig. 30a shows a plug set 800 with a plug 802 and a top sub 804 connected thereto. The top sub 804 has a body 806 with a fluid flow bore 808 therethrough. A snap ring 810 in a groove 812 holds a seal ring 814 in place in a groove 816. An O-ring 818 in a recess 820 seals the interface between the seal ring 814 as the top sub. An O-ring 822 in a recess 824 seals the interface between the seal ring 814 as the dart receiver 830. The dart receiver 830 has a top end 832 held in the top sub 804 by a shear snap ring 834 which has one portion extending into a recess 836 in the top dart receiver 830 and one portion in a recess 838 of the seal ring 814. The seal ring 814 has a lower lip 840 resting on a member 842 and the shear snap ring 834 rests on the member 842. The dart receiver 830 is glued or otherwise secured with fasteners to the core 844 of the plug 802. The plug 802 has a body 846 and a flow bore 848 therethrough. A plurality of wipers and/or fins 850 are on the body 846. To separate the dart receiver (and thereby the plug 802) from the top sub 804, a ball or dart is dropped and-or pumped and seated on a seating sealing surface 852 of the dart receiver. Build up of hydrostatic pressure on the shear snap ring 834 breaks ears extending from the ring, thereby freeing the dart receiver to separate from the top sub 804. In one aspect the system 800 is useful as a "top plug only" system and the plug 802, in one aspect, may be a typical top plug bored out to receive the dart receiver. In one aspect the system 800 is made from PDC drillable material, e.g., but not limited to, plastic. Such plugs may be used with high hydrostatic pressures, e.g. above 4000 p.s.i., up to 12000 p.s.i. and more. Although the plug 802 has a flow bore through it, it may be used as a top plug. As shown in Figs. 30B and 30C, the shear snap ring 834 has a body 860 with a ring portion 862 and a plurality of shearable ears 864. An opening 866 permits emplacement of the ring around a tubular or cylindrical member (such as a dart receiver) when the ring is made of material which permits spreading of the ring for such emplacement (e.g. plastic, fiberglass, composite plastic, etc.). One or more shearable ears 864of any desired size and extent may be employed. Figs. 31A and 31B show a plug set 900 which comprises a top sub 902 and a plug 904. The plug 904 has a bottom dart receiver 906 made integral with a core 908 of the plug 904. The bottom dart receiver 906 has a seating surface 910 against which a shoulder 912 of a plug 914 (see Fig. 31B) may seat and seal to effect a hydrostatic pressure build up to separate a top dart receiver 920 from the top sub 902. The mechanism to permit selective separation of the top dart receiver 920 from the top sub 902 is like that of the dart receiver 830 of Fig. 30A. The top dart receiver 920 has a lower portion 924 glued or secured to the bottom dart receiver 906. A lower portion 926 of a flow bore 928 extending through the plug 904 may be tapered to facilitate removal from a mold.

Claims: A plug set which comprises a top plug (580) and a bottom plug (590), characterised in that the plug set further comprises a tubular member which extends between said top plug (580) and said bottom plug (590) and has a wall which is provided with a primary and a secondary means which will rupture at different pressures, the arrangement being such that, in use, if said secondary means is ruptured after said botttom plug has been closed, fluid under pressure will pass through said secondary means and act between said top plug (580) and said bottom plug (590) to separate them. A plug set according to claim 1 in combination with a closure dispenser for dispensing a closure member, said closure dispenser comprising a main body (12), a spool (30) disposed in said main body (12), a diverter (24) for diverting fluid entering said main body (12) towards the wall(s) of said main body (12), and means (46) moveable, in use, to release a closure member from said spool (30). The combination of claim 2, wherein said diverter (24) is a conical member with a bottom (32) which extends across at least a major portion of said spool (30). The combination of claim 2 or 3, wherein said spool (30) is spaced from said main body (12) and said diverter (24) is arranged to divert said fluid into the space (26) between said main body (12) and said spool (30). The combination of any one of claims 2 to 4, including a sensor (45) for detecting release of a closure from said closure dispenser.

Inventors: BUDDE PETER, GIROUX RICHARD LEE, BUDDE, PETER, GIROUX, RICHARD LEE
Applicants: WEATHERFORD LAMB, WEATHERFORD/LAMB, INC.
Application year: 1996
Main classification: E21B33
IPC codes: E21B33, E21B21, E21B34