Carbon black and the process for producing the same

Abstract: A carbon black having SN 2 of from 180m 2 /g to 250m 2 /g, DBP oil absorption of from 55ml/100g to 80ml/100g, CrDBP of from 45ml/100g to 65ml/100g, and AsH(ash content) of no more than 1.2 %; a method for producing carbon black conducted in an oil furnace consisting of first reaction zone where the fuel and the combustion air or the oxygen containing gas is burned to obtain a high temperature gas, second reaction zone situated adjacent to the first reaction zone, where a feedstock hydrocarbon is introduced to induce carbon black producing reaction, and third reaction zone, where the gas is quenched to stop the carbon black producing reaction, wherein the combustion reaction by the feedstock hydrocarbon introduced to the second reaction zone and the oxygen from the first reaction zone is conducted 0%∼30% as C+0 2 → CO 2 and 70%∼100% as C+1/20 2 → CO.

Description: DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION: [Industrial Field of Utilization] The present invention relates to a carbon black and a process for producing the same. More particularly, the present invention relates to a coloring carbon black having both high blackness and excellent dispersibility, and to a process for producing the same. [Prior Art] When a carbon black is used as pigment for resin, paint, or other use, dispersibility to the vehicle when kneaded to the resin, paint, or other vehicle as well as blackness and hue are required. That is, in general, carbon black used as black pigment blended to the paint or as other pigment is required to be both having high blackness and easily dispersed when kneaded with the resin or vehicle and exhibit inherent blackness. For this reason, for the purpose of getting carbon black used as resin coloring or paint that has both blackness and dispersibility, is was conventional to control properties such as relative surface area, DBP oil absorption, etc.. For example, in Japanese Examined Publication (KOKOKU) No. Showa52-27632(1977) says, that a carbon black having about 120m 2 /g ∼ 430 m 2 /g is suitable as pigment for rubber, plastic paint, reinforcing agent, or other uses. But controling only relative suface area is not enough for getting carbon black easily dispersible to resin, paint or other vehicles and exhibit blackness. Also, Japanese Examined Publication(KOKOKU) No. Showa 52-41234(1977) discloses carbon black with Iodine adsorption of 200mg/g and oil absorption of about 180∼328% as a carbon black with high blackness and good dispersibility, but it does't show any other factor than relative surface area and oil absorption, that affects to the dispersibility. [Problems that the Invention is to solve] The references discribed above pay attention only to the blackness in the use as pigment, filler, etc., but no quality designing considering to the dispersibility to the resin or other vehicles is achieved. An object of the present invention is to obtain a carbon black having dispersibility showing high blackness, and to obtain a method for obtaining the same. [Means of Solving the Problems] The present inventors have studied on the effect of the basic structure of carbon black to the dispersibility in the vehicle, and they have found that, in addition to the conventionally used factor such as relative surface area, and DBP(dibuthyl phthalate) oil absorption, by controling the agglomerating degree and surface roughness in a certain range , one can get a carbon black having both high blackness and excellent dispersibility. Thus, the essential features ot the present invention resides in: (1) a carbon black having SN 2 of from 180m 2 /g to 250m 2 /g, DBP oil absorption of from 55ml/100g to 80ml/100g, CrDBP of from 45ml/100g to 65ml/100g, and AsH(ash content)of no more than 1.2%, (2) a method for producing carbon black conducted in an oil furnace furnace consisting of first reaction zone where the fuel and the combustion air or the oxygen containing gas is burned to obtain a high temperature gas, second reaction zone situated adjacent to the first reaction zone, where a feedstock hydrocarbon is introduced to induce carbon black producing reaction, and third reaction zone where the gas is quenched to stop the carbon black producing reaction, wherein the combustion reaction by the feedstock hydrocarbon introduced to the second reaction zone and the oxygen from the first reaction zone is conducted 0%∼30% as C+O 2 →CO 2 , and 70%∼100% as C+1/2O 2 →CO. Now, the present invention will be described in further details. The carbon black of the present invention has SN 2 of from 180m 2 /g to 250m 2 /g, DBP oil absorption of from 55ml /100g to 80ml/100g, CrDBP of from 45ml/100g to 65ml/100g and AsH(ash content) of no more than 1.2%. Preferably, SN 2 of from 200m 2 /g to 250m 2 /g, DBP of from 60ml/100g to 75ml/100g, CrDBP of from 50ml/100g to 62ml/100g, and AsH is no more than 0.8%. More preferably, ΔDBP is no more than 11ml/100g and SN 2 /SEM is from 1.3 to 1.5, further preferably ΔDBP is no more than 9ml/100g and SN 2 /SEM is from 1.3 to 1.5, and further preferably, blackness index is from 15 to 25. Generally, basic properties of carbon black are determined relating to each of the properties such as diameter, structure, surface property. For example, as index of diameter, there are the amount of iodine adsorption, nitrogen surface area, etc. As index of structure, there are DBP oil absorption, CrDBP absorption, etc. However, dispersion behavior of carbon black in a matrix seems not to be influenced by the first diameter or the first structure observed by the electron microscope , but actually, the size of these complexly gathered agglomerate structure and the amount of binder that makes the agglomerate difficult to unbind seem to be dominating factors. And the present inventors have deeply studied on the indices of this agglomerate, and found that ΔDBP, the difference of DBP oil absoption between a sample once compressed with 165.48 Mpa (24000psi)load and passed through 16mesh sieve and a sample without compressing, is an adequate index, and by controling this ΔDBP. and CrDBP in a certain range, and in the same time by holding down AsH of a carbon black, that has binder effect, the dispersibility of the carbon black is improved. On the other hand, as factor affecting the blackness in a matrix, there are DBF oil absorption, specific surface area, diameter, etc; but by only increasing the specific surface area, the blackness in fact tends to increase but the surface roughness of the carbon black also increases, so the agglomeration tendency increases and this is not favorable in view of dispersibility. To solve these problems, the present inventors used SN 2 /SEM, that is the rate of SN 2 (nitrogen surface area) to SEM(specific surface area observed by an electron microscope) as index of surface roughness, and by evaluating the blackness and dispersibility of the samples made by changing the SN 2 /SEM and the specific surface area, they found that the carbon black having SN 2 /SEM of from 1.2 to 1.5, and SN 2 of from 200m 2 /g to 250m 2 /g is the most favorable. As a favorable method for producing the carbon black of the present invention, there is the oil furnace method. Oil furnace method consists of the first reaction zone, where inside the furnace a high temperature atmosphere of 1000∼2000°C is generated by combusting the fuel(gas or liquid), the second reaction zone, where a feedstock hydrocarbon is introduced to induce carbon black producing reaction, and the third reaction zone where the atmosphere inside the furnace is quenched to stop the carbon black producing reaction. What is important is, to obtain a carbon black having small diameter and narrow size distribution, it is required to mix the feedstock uniformly in the high temperature furnace, so that the temperature and carbon concentration in the atmosphere where the the carbon precipitate in oversaturated domain are uniform. For this purpose, it is required that the feedstock hydrocarbon is sprayed as finely as possible and dispersed in the furnace, so that the vaporization of the oil drop is completed quickly, and also, it is important to hold down the amount of combustion of the feedstock hydrocarbon and the oxygen in the combustion gas flowed in from the first reaction zone. Preferably, the ratio [amount of carbon in combusted feedstock hydrocarbon /amount of carbon in the total feedstock hydrocarbon introduced] is kept from 0.05 to 0.3, more preferably from 0.1 to 0.2. When the reaction is conducted in a condition that the amount of feedstock hydrocarbon is controled to the above condition, and that the distribution of feedstock hydrocarbon in the furnace is controled to a favorable condition, the present invention can make the ratio of the oxygen used in each of the following combustion reaction of the feedstock to the total oxygen used in combustion reaction: 0%∼30% as C+O 2 →CO 2 , and 70%∼100% as C+1/2O 2 → CO. So, the methods for producing a carbon black of the present invention are, a method for producing carbon black conducted in an oil furnace consisting of first reaction zone where the fuel and the combustion air or the oxygen containing gas are burned to obtain a high temperature gas, second reaction zone situated adjacent to the first reaction zone, where a feedstock hydrocarbon is introduced to induce carbon black producing reaction, and third reaction zone where the gas is quenched to stop the carbon black producing reaction, wherein the combustion reaction by the feedstock hydrocarbon introduced to the second reaction zone and the oxygen flowed in from the first reaction zone is conducted 0%∼30% as C+O 2 →CO 2 , and 70%∼100% as C+1/2O 2 → CO, a method that staying time of feedstock hydrocarbon to the reaction stopping spray is 5 ∼30milisecond, and also a method for producing carbon black, that in addition to the above condition, the amount of the carbon in the feedstock hydrocarbon combusted by the oxygen in a gas flowed in from the first reaction zone is from 0% to 30% of the amount of carbon in total feedstock hydrocarbon introduced. To obtain a carbon black having ΔDBP that is an important index of dispersibility, the staying time at the second reaction zone is controled to from 5milisecond to 30 milisecond, more preferably from 15 milisecond to 20 milisecond. Namely, this is the time feedstock hydrocarbon takes from the introducing point that is usually the end of introducing nozzle, to the reaction stopping point that is the point where a cooling medium is sprayed. Then, enough heat history is given to the carbon black decomposed mixture and the unecessary sticking between carbon black particles is prevented and carbon black with small ΔDBP can be obtained. Furthermore, AsH that is the amount of binder matter which inhibits dispersion to the vehicle, is hold down to no more than 1%, preferably no more than 0.5%. In the present invention, to obtain a carbon black having the above described properties, first reaction zone where an oxygen containing gas and a combustion gas is mixed and generate high temperature gas stream, second reaction zone which is downstream of the first reaction zone where a feedstock hydrocarbon is introduced from a burner situated parallel or vertical to the high temperature gas stream and incompletely combusted and/or pyrolyzed to produce carbon black, and third reaction zone where this carbon black producing reaction is stopped. In the first reaction zone, high temperature energy is generated in the form of high temperature gas stream, and it is preferable to generate this gas stream in a way that as less oxygen as possible is remained. In the second reaction zone, the introduced feedstock hydrocarbon and the oxygen in the gas from the first reaction zone generate combustion reaction, and it is preferable that the ratio of the amount of carbon in the combusted feedstock hydrocarbon to the amount of carbon in the total feedstock hydrocarbon introduced is from 0% to 30%. Also, in the second reaction zone, a turbulent flow is required to quickly vaporize the feedstock hydrocarbon, and for this purpose the gas flow rate at the choking point is from 300m/sec to 500m/sec, and the ratio of the diameter at the choking point to the diameter before the choking point(in Figure 1, corresponding to a/b) is preferably 1/4∼1/8, more preferably 1/5∼1/6.5, then the above purpose is easily achieved. Further, the staying time from feedstock introducing point to reaction stopping spray is from 5milisecond to 30 milisecond, more preferably from 15 milisecond to 20 milisecond. At the third reaction zone the atmosphere inside the furnace is quenched to stop the carbon black producing reaction, usually by spraying a reaction stopping medium such as cold water so that the above mentioned high temperature gas stream is cooled efficiently to no more than 1000∼800°C. The cooled gas stream containing carbon black is introduced to a cyclon or a bagfilter through a fume pass, and the gas and carbon black is separated and retrieved, as conventionally done. The retrieved carbon black can be after-treated according to individual purposes. In the method of the present invention, the high temperature combustion gas stream at the first reaction zone is controled by mixing a fuel hydrocarbon (gas or liquid) and oxygen containing gas such as air, oxygen or their mixture. As fuel, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane, natural gas, coal gas, as well as petroleum type liquid fuel such as kerosene, gasoline, naphtha, heavy oil, etc., coal type liquid fuel such as creosote oil, naphthalene oil, carbonic acid oil are suitably used. As feedstock hydrocarbon, aromatic hydrocarbon such as benezene, toluene, xylene, naphthalene, anthrathene, coal type liquid fuel such as creosote oil, naphthalene oil, carbonic acid oil, petroleum type oil such as etylene heavy end oil, FCC oil, etc., acetylene type hydrocarbon, etylene type hydrocarbon such as etylene, propylene, aliphatic hydrocarbon such as pentane, hexane,etc., are suitably used. [Examples] Now, the present invention will be described in further details with reference to Examples. However, it should be understood that the present invention is by no means restricted to such specific Examples. Using producing apparatus described in Figure 1 and Figure 2, using feedstock hydrocarbon and fuel having properties and component shown in Table 1 and Table 2, various kind of carbon black were produced, under the conditions shown in Table 3. In Figure 1, 1 is first reaction zone, 2 is second reaction zone, 3 is third reaction zone, 4 is feedstock hydrocarbon introducing nozzle, 5 is the distance between the feedstock hydrocarbon introducing point (the end of feedstock hydrocarbon introducing nozzle) and the choking point, 6 is reaction stopping medium introducing nozzle. Figure 2 is A-A cross-sectional view of Figure 1. In Table 3, MO introducing point means Make Oil introducing point, namely the end of feedstock hydrocarbon introducing nozzle 4. Reaction stopping point is the place of reaction stopping medium introducing nozzle, where the medium is sprayed. Properties of feedstock hydrocarbon kind creosote oil specific gravity(15°C) 1.1 carbon content (wt%) 90.8 hydrogen content (wt%) 6.1 viscosity (50°C) (10cp) 0.01 Pa·s Fuel kind coal gas composition (vol%) CO 2 2 O 2 0.5 CnH 2 m 3.2 CO 6.5 H 2 54 CH 4 28.6 N 2 5.2 Example 1, 2 The properties of carbon blacks obtained under the conditions shown in the Table 3 are shown in the Table 4. Carbon black having blackness of about 25 points evaluated by the method described below as (6) are obtained. They show a result of 230∼260 of dispersion area index evaluated by the method described below as (7), that means that these carbon black have both high blackness and very good dispersibility. Example 3, 4 Carbon blacks showing blackness of 15 points are obtained. The dispersion area index are 80∼120, that means they have very good dispersibility. Comparative Example 1,2 Carbon blacks are obtained by increasing specific surface area to obtain blackness equivalent to that of the carbon blacks of Examples 1 and 2, and In this case, blackness of 24 points is in fact obtained, but dispersion area indices are very big. Carbon black of Comparative Example 2 has specific surface area smaller than that of Comparative Example 1, but as the condition of combustion reaction of feedstock hydrocarbon is beyond the scope of the method of the present invention, so SN 2 /SEM is big, and ΔDBP(measured by evaluation method (8) described below) that is an index of agglomeration is big, so the dispersibility is bad. Carbon black of Comparative Example 3 can be compared with those of Example 3 and 4, having blackness of around 15 points. It is shown that the dispersion area index of Comparative Example 3 is bigger than that of Example 3, 4, because of big SN 2 /SEM values. Considering the above results, it is shown that, besides specific surface area and CrDBP, controling ΔDBP and SN 2 /SEM that are indices of agglomeration degree and surface roughness, carbon black having both high blackness and excellent dispersibility can be obtained. Test Methods: (1) SN 2 SN 2 is measured by BET 1 point method using absorbedmeter made by "Yuasa Ionics Co.". 0.04g of roughly measured sample of carbon black is degasified at 300°C for 15 minutes, and put in U shaped tube. Sample gas prepared by adjusting to 117 kPa (17psi) a mixture of 15% N 2 gas and helium gas, and a carrier gas of pure nitrogen, were flowed in the tube so that the hight of float of the attached flow amount meter are 11cm and 17cm, respectively. Then, U-shaped tube is immersed in a liquid nitrogen, and nitrogen in the carrier gas is adsorbed to the carbon black. The amount of nitrogen before the U-shaped tube and after the U-shaped tube were measured, by counting the attach-detach signal when 150mA currency is applied to the Wheatsone bridge and measuring by a micro syringe the amount of nitrogen gas when this signal is ± 3 counts. Then, the sample in the U-shaped tube is precisely measured, and the specific surface area is obtained by the following equation, according to ASTM D3037-89 Method D: S =1/W×(1-P/P 0 )×(A/A c )×V c × 1188 ×(P a /(273+T)) Here, P a is atmospheric pressure, P 0 is saturated vapor pressure, A c is measured signal value, A is surface signal value, V c is the amount of measured gas, W is the amount of the sample, S isspecific surface area. (2) DBP oil absorption Measured in accordance with JIS K6221-1982. (3) CrDBP oil absorption 25g of sample is put in a cylinder, and a piston is inserted, and pressure of 24000psi (1687kg/cm 2 ) is applied for 5 seconds by oil press. The compressed sample is retrieved, and passed through a sieve after unbinding carbon lump. The whole process is repeated for 4 times, and then the DBP oil absorption is measured according to JIS K-6221-1982, and thus obtained value is mentioned as CrDBP oil absorption. (4) SEM This is measured by electron microscope photograph. First, carbon black is put in chloroform and is irradiated by 200KHz supersonic wave and dispersed. Then, dispersed sample was fixed to the support membrane, observed and taken photograph by an electron microscope, and the mean surface diameter (Σ nd 3 /∑ n d 2 ) was calculated. Using the obtained mean surface diameter, SEM is obtained by the following equation: SEM(m 2 /g)=6000/(1.86 × Da) Here, Da is the mean surface diameter. (5) SN 2 /SEM Obtained by (1)/(4). (6) resin blackness index PVC resin is roughly kneaded by twin roll mill heated to 125°C, with slit size of 0.3mm, for 2 minutes. Then, 0.3g of sample is put therein, and keaded for 7 minutes, and formed into sheet. Blackness observed by naked eyes, compared to that of PVC black sheet made by the same process using "Neo Spectra Mark II"(carbon black made by Columbian Chemicals Companies) and "Mitsubishi Carbon Black® #45" and "Channel #600" of Matsubishi Chemical Co., determined as standard point 30, 10 and 20, respectively. The results obtained are mentioned as resin blackness index. (7) dispersion area index 40% of carbon black sample is added to LDPE resin 250cc bambary type mixer and kneaded for 4 minutes at mixer temperature of 115°C. The blended condition is as follows: low density polyethylene(LDPE) 101.89g calcium stearic acid 1.39g Iruganox 0.87g carbon black 69.43g Then, the compound is diluted by twin roll mill heated at 120°C, so that carbon black concentration becomes 1%. Diluting condition is as follows. LDPE resin 58.3g calcium stearic acid 0.2g resin with 40% carbon black 1.5g Then the diluted compound is taken out of the roll, shaped into sheet by being passed through a slit of 0.5mm and rolled around a reel, and then is passed through a slit of 0.3mm. This whole process is repeated for 10 times so that the diluted compound is mixed thoroughly. After that, roll kneading is conducted for 4 minutes and shaped into sheet by passing through a slit of 0.3mm. The obtained sheet is cut into chips of 3mm square, and put between optical slide glasses and shaped into a film of 65±3 µm between slide glasses on a hotplate heated to 24 0°C. After that, 3.6mm×4.7mm field is observed with an optical microscope of 20 magnifications, and diameter distribution of lumps having diameter of no less than 0.2mm observed in the field is measured, and total surface area of rough particles in the field is calculated. The number of standard particles in the field is determined by dividing the above obtained total surface area by total area of rough particles with 0.35mm diameter. The above whole process is conducted with each compound for no less than 4 fields each, and the average of the obtained results is designated dispersion area index. The higher this value is, the more undispersed lump in the resin is and the worse dispersity is. (8) ΔDBP 25g sample is put in a cylinder, piston is inserted, pressure of 24000psi(1687kg/cm 2 ) is applied for 5 minutes. Then the sample is taken out, put in a sieve of 1000 µ m, carbon lump is unbinded and passed through the sieve. DBP oil absorption of this sample is measured in accordance with JIS K6221-1982, and the difference of thus obtained value and the DBP oil absorption before compression is mentioned as ΔDBP. (9) AsH Measured according with JIS K6221-1982. (10) Calculation for obtaining ratio of O 2 spent in each combustion reaction Composition and amount of high temperature gas produced in the first reaction zone is calculated as follows. Using amount and composition of introduced combustion oxygene containing gas and amount and composition of fuel, calculation is done with a premise that the fuel is completely combusted. Thus, composition and amount of gas at normal state is obtained. Composition and amount of gas at the exit of the second reaction zone is obtained as follows. Composition of gas byproduced by carbon black producing process is analysed by Henpel method of Gas Chromatography, and gas at the exit of second reaction zone at dry state was calculated by using nitrogen as balance gas, and those of this gas at wet state are calculated using hydrogen as balance gas. Ratio of each combustion reaction, that is reaction of oxygene and feedstock hydrocarbon at second reaction zone is obtained as follows. As reaction between feedstock hydrocarbon and oxygen, the following reactions are premised: C+O 2 → CO 2 C+CO 2 → CO H 2 +1/2O 2 → H 2 O C+H 2 O→ CO+H 2 C+1/2O 2 → CO Here, gas amount and gas composition of first reaction zone and second reaction zone are compared, respectively, and the following criteria are used to determine whether each reaction occurred or not. Namely, reaction(1): if the amount of CO 2 in first reaction zone is smaller than amount of CO 2 at the exit of second reaction zone, it is infered that the reaction (1) occurred, and the amount of generated CO 2 is obtained as follows: generated CO 2 = CO 2 in second reaction zone ―CO 2 in first reaction zone reaction (2): if the amount of CO 2 in first reaction zone is greater than the amount of CO 2 at the exit of second reaction zone, it is infered that the reaction (2) occurred, and the amount of generated CO is obtained as follows: generated CO = (CO 2 in first reaction zone ― CO 2 in second reaction zone ) × 2 reaction(3): if the amount of H 2 O in first reaction zone is smaller than the amount of H 2 O at the exit of second reaction zone, this reaction is infered to have occurred, and the amount of generated H 2 O is obtained as follows: generated H 2 O = H 2 O in second reaction zone ― H 2 O in first reaction zone reaction(4): if the amount of H 2 O in first reaction zone is greater than the amount of H 2 O in second reaction zone, this reaction is infered to have occurred , and the amount of generated CO is obtained as follows: generated CO = generated H 2 = H 2 O in first reaction zone ― H 2 O in second reaction zone reaction(5): generated CO = CO at the exit of second reaction zone ― generated CO by reaction (2) ― generated CO by reaction (4). Product of each reaction is obtained by the above reaction, so, from the result of reactions relating to O 2 , that are reaction (1), (3) and (5), the ratio of each reaction at first reaction zone is obtained, and described as follows with percentage: percentage of O 2 spent to the reaction C+O 2 →CO 2 (%) percentage of O 2 spent to the reaction C+1/2O 2 →CO(%) According to the present invention, novel carbon black with excellent blackness and dispersibility to the vehicle can be obtained. Further, according to the method of the present invention, such novel carbon black can be easily obtained.

Claims: A carbon black having (i) SN 2 of from 180m 2 /g to 250m 2 /g as measured by a BET 1 point method according to ASTM D-3037-89, Method D, (ii) DBP oil absorption of from 55ml/100g to 80 ml/100g as measured in accordance with JIS K6221-1982, (iii) CrDBP of from 45 ml/100g to 65 ml/100g as measured in accordance with JIS K6221-1982, and (iv) AsH (ash content) of no more than 1.2 % as measured according to JIS K6221-1982. A carbon black according to claim 1, which has (i) SN 2 of from 200 m 2 /g to 250 m 2 /g, (ii) DBP oil absoprtion of from 60 ml/100g to 75 ml/100g, (iii) CrDBP of from 50 ml/100g to 62 ml/100g, and (iv) AsH (ash content) of no more than 0.8 %. A carbon black according to claim 1 or 2, which has ΔDBP of no more than 11 ml/100g, as measured according to JIS K6221-1982, and SN 2 /SEM of from 1.2 to 1.5 as obtained by Test Method (5) of the description. A carbon black according to claim 1, 2 or 3, which has ΔDBP of no more than 9 ml/100g as measured by using JIS K6221-1982 and SN 2 /SEM of from 1.3 to 1.5 as obtained by Test Method (5) of the description. A method for producing carbon black conducted in an oil furnace consisting of first reaction zone where the fuel and the combustion air or the oxygen containing gas is burned to obtain a high temperature gas, second reaction zone situated adjacent to the first reaction zone, where a feedstock hydrocarbon is introduced to induce carbon black producing reaction, and third reaction zone where the gas is quenched to stop the carbon black producing reaction, wherein the combustion of the feedstock hydrocarbon introduced to the second reaction zone by the oxygen from the first reaction zone is conducted to be 0% to 30% as C+O 2 → CO 2 and 70% to 100% as C+1/2O 2 → CO as obtained by Test Method (10) of the description and measured by using the amount and composition of fuel and introduced combustion oxygene containing gas and the amount and composition of gas at the exit of the second reaction zone, and wherein the amount of the carbon in the feedstock hydrocarbon combusted is 0 to 30% of the carbon in total introduced feedstock hydrocarbon. A method according to claim 6, wherein staying time to the reaction stopping spray is 5 to 30 miliseconds.

Inventors: FUKUYAMA YUTAKA, HISASHI HIDEYUKI, KANAMARU SHININCHI, FUKUYAMA, YUTAKA, HISASHI, HIDEYUKI, KANAMARU, SHININCHI, Fukuyama, Yutaka, Kurosaki Plant, Mitsubishi Chem., Hisashi, Hideyuki, Chigasaki Plant, Kanamaru, Shininchi, Kurosaki Pl., Mitsubishi Chem
Applicants: MITSUBISHI CHEM CORP, MITSUBISHI CHEMICAL CORPORATION
Application year: 1996
Main classification: C09C1
IPC codes: C09C1