Organosiloxane compositions exhibiting increased penetration into porous substrates

Abstract: This invention relates to crosslinkable organosiloxane compositions. More particularly, this invention relates to additives for liquid organosiloxane compositions containing polyalkylsiloxanes as the crosslinkable polymer. These additives increase the ability of such compositions to deeply penetrate into small diameter pores of porous substrates such as wood.

Description: This invention relates to crosslinkable organosiloxane compositions. More particularly, this invention relates to additives for liquid organosiloxane compositions containing polyalkylsiloxanes as the crosslinkable polymer. These additives increase the ability of such compositions to deeply penetrate into small diameter pores of porous substrates such as wood. The prior art describes liquid organosiloxane compositions that are crosslinked to yield elastomers and other useful products. Methods for curing these compositions are 1) hydrolysis of potentially reactive groups on the crosslinking agent and reaction of these groups with silanol groups on a crosslinkable polyorganosiloxane, 2) a hydrosilation reaction involving ethylenically unsaturated groups and silicon-bonded hydrogen atoms in the presence of a platinum group metal or compound thereof as a catalyst, 3) the reaction of silanol groups on a crosslinkable polyorganosiloxane with an organohydrogensiloxane, and 4)free radical reactions initiated by decomposition of a photolytically unstable free radical source. For mold making applications using masters formed from porous materials such as wood, it is desirable to reproduce with great accuracy the porous structure of the master. Even the lowest viscosity organosiloxane compositions which will yield the minimum levels of tear strength and toughness required for this application do not penetrate more than 1 or 2 millimeters into pores measuring 1 mm in diameter or less. The present invention is based on our unexpected finding that a small amount of certain organosiloxane oligomers, wherein phenylalkylsiloxane units comprise at least a portion of the repeating units, will increase the ability of a curable organosiloxane composition to penetrate porous substrates when the oligomer is immiscible with the crosslinkable polyorganosiloxane(s) present in the curable organosiloxane composition. This invention provides an organosiloxane composition comprising A) a liquid crosslinkable polyorganosiloxane containing at least two reactive groups per molecule; B) a crosslinking agent selected from the group consisting of an organohydrogensiloxane containing at least two silicon-bonded hydrogen atoms per molecule and an organosilicon compound containing an average of at least three silicon-bonded hydrolyzable groups per molecule, wherein said organohydrogensiloxane contains an average of at least three silicon-bonded hydrogen atoms per molecule when said polyorganosiloxane contains two reactive groups per molecule and wherein the concentration of said crosslinking agent is sufficient to obtain a crosslinked product when reacted with said polyorganosiloxane; C) an amount of a catalyst sufficient to promote crosslinking of said composition; and D) a liquid organosiloxane oligomer containing an average of at least one phenylalkyl-containing siloxane unit per molecule selected from phenylakylsiloxanes or (phenyl-alkyl)alkylsiloxanes, wherein the alkyl radical and the alkyl portion of the phenylalkyl radical contain from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, the oligomer exhibiting only limited compatability with said polyorganosiloxane, and the concentration of said oligomer being sufficient to increase the penetration of said composition when applied on a porous substrate. The purpose of the oligomer additive (D) is to increase the extent to which the present compositions will permeate or penetrate into pores on the surface of a porous substrate. The liquid organosiloxane oligomer (D) is generally used in a concentration of 0.1 to 1.0 weight % based on the total weight of the curable organosiloxane composition. Porous substrates include naturally occurring materials such as wood and stone and organic polymers that are either porous in their naturally occurring state or are fabricated with porous surfaces that contain pores measuring from 0.1 to 1 mm in diameter. Ingredient D is an organosiloxane oligomer that is a liquid at the use temperature of the present compositions. It contains at least one phenylalkylsiloxane or (phenylalkyl)alkylsiloxane unit per molecule and has limited compatibility with the liquid polyorganosiloxane of ingredient A. That is, while ingredients A and D appear to be miscible, analysis of the mixture would reveal a higher concentration of ingredient D at the surface(s) relative to the interior portion. The phenyl-containing siloxane units are represented by the formula R 1 (PhC p H 2p )SiO, wherein Ph represents phenyl and R 1 represents an alkyl radical containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms and p is 0 or an integer from 1 to 4. R 1 preferably contains from 1 to 3 carbon atoms and is most preferably methyl. Examples of suitable phenyl-containing diorganosiloxane units wherein R 1 is methyl are methylphenylsiloxane units, methylbetaphenylethylsiloxane units and methyl-2-methyl-2-phenylethylsiloxane units. The phenyl-containing siloxane units together with any additional siloxane units present in ingredient D can be arranged in a cyclic or linear configuration. When in a linear configuration, the two terminal triorganosiloxane units present in each molecule contain three monovalent hydrocarbon radicals bonded to the silicon atom. These hydrocarbon radicals are all alkyl, such as methyl or a combination of two alkyl and one phenyl radical. Examples of suitable organosiloxane oligomers for ingredient D include cyclic and linear oligomers; mixtures of these oligomers with other liquid oligomeric diorganosiloxanes; and cyclic and linear oligomers containing at least one phenyl-containing siloxane unit and at least one additional type of diorganosiloxane unit. To increase the extent to which a composition containing ingredient D will penetrate into the pores of porous substrate, the organosiloxane oligomer should preferably contain no more than an average of 30 repeating units, most preferably no more than 10 repeating units per molecule, at least 20 percent of which are phenyl-containing siloxane units. The oligomer(s) used as ingredient D should have the lowest possible molecular weight and the highest phenyl content commensurate with the cost and availability of this ingredient. If cost and availability are not considerations, cyclic methylphenylsiloxanes are the preferred diluents, followed by trimethylsiloxy-terminated polymethylphenylsiloxanes and mixtures of cyclic methylphenylsiloxanes and dimethylsiloxanes. Organosiloxane compositions suitable for use with the present penetration-enhancing additives cure to form crosslinked materials by the reaction of a liquid polyorganosiloxane containing at least two reactive groups, ingredient A, with a crosslinking agent which is typically an organosilicon compound containing at least three silicon-bonded groups that in the presence of a suitable catalyst will react with the two reactive groups present on ingredient A to form a crosslinked material. The reactive groups that are present in ingredient A are typically silanol, a hydrolyzable group that forms a silanol group in the presence of moisture or an ethylenically unsaturated group such as alkenyl or (meth)acryloxy. (Meth)acryloxy groups are typically bonded to a silicon atom of ingredient A through an alkylene radical. Preferred polyorganosiloxanes are liquids at 25°C. When the reaction used to crosslink ingredient A involves free radicals, the reactive groups in ingredient A can be saturated or ethylenically unsaturated hydrocarbon radicals. The repeating units of preferred embodiments of ingredient A are represented by the general formula X q R 2 r SiO 4-q-r/2 , where X represents hydroxyl or an ethylenically unsaturated group, R 2 represents an unsubstituted or substituted monovalent non-aromatic hydrocarbon radical, q is 0 or 1 and r is 1 or 2. The presence of phenyl and other aromatic radicals should be avoided to ensure that ingredients A and D have only limited compatability with one another. When r is 2, the hydrocarbon radicals represented by R 2 can be identical or different. Ingredient A can contain one or more different types of repeating units and the units containing X substituents are preferably located on at least the terminal positions of the molecule. The substituent represented by X will depend upon the reaction used to crosslink the composition. For example, when the crosslinking agent contains silicon-bonded hydrogen atoms, X is an ethylenically unsaturated group such as alkenyl or a silanol group. X is also a silanol group when ingredient A is to be crosslinked using an organo silicon compound containing at least three silicon-bonded hydrolyzable groups per molecule. The hydrocarbon radicals represented by R 2 include alkyl containing from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, alkenyl such as vinyl or allyl and cycloalkyl such as cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl. At least one of the hydrocarbon radicals bonded to each silicon atom of ingredient A is preferably alkyl containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, most preferably methyl. To achieve a useful level of tensile strength and other physical properties in the cured material, the number average molecular weight of ingredient A is at least 20,000, preferably from 25,000 to 100,000. The viscosity of polyorganosiloxanes with number average molecular weights above 100,000 are typically too high to achieve the desired permeation of porous substrates. The reactive groups present on the crosslinking agents used for the polyorganosiloxanes of ingredient A will depend upon the type of reactive group present on this ingredient A. When the reactive groups in ingredient A are ethylenically unsaturated groups such as alkenyl radicals that are to be crosslinked by a hydrosilation reaction, the crosslinking agent of ingredient B is an organohydrogensiloxane. The organohydrogensiloxane must contain at least 2 silicon-bonded hydrogen atoms in each molecule. If ingredient A contains only two alkenyl radicals per molecule, ingredient B must contain an average of more than two silicon-bonded hydrogen atoms to achieve a crosslinked structure in the final cured product. The silicon-bonded organic groups present in the organohydrogensiloxane are selected from the same group of monovalent hydrocarbon radicals as the organic groups of ingredient A. The organic groups in the organohydrogensiloxane are preferably free of ethylenic or acetylenic unsaturation. The molecular structure of this ingredient can be straight chain, branch-containing straight chain, cyclic or network. While the molecular weight of the organohydrogensiloxane is not specifically restricted, viscosities in the range of 3 to 10,000 centipoise (0.003 to 10 Pa·s) at 25°C. are preferred. The concentration of the organohydrogensiloxane is sufficient to provide a molar ratio of silicon-bonded hydrogen atoms to alkenyl radicals and any other ethylenically unsaturated groups in the curable composition, of from 0.5 to 20. A range of from 0.5 to 2 is preferred. When the curable composition contains less than 0.5 moles of silicon-bonded hydrogen atoms per mole of alkenyl radicals, it may be impossible to achieve the desired physical properties after curing. The physical properties of the cured article may vary with time when this ratio exceeds 20 moles of silicon-bonded hydrogen per mole of alkenyl radicals. The preferred molar ratio of silicon-bonded hydrogen atoms to alkenyl and any other ethylenically unsaturated groups in our crosslinkable compositions of this invention that cure by a hydrosilation reaction will be determined at least in part by the desired physical properties of the crosslinked material, particularly the hardness and tensile strength. When the reactive groups in ingredient A are silanol groups, the crosslinking agent is an organohydrogensiloxane or an organosilicon compound containing an average of at least three silicon-bonded hydrolyzable groups per molecule. Examples of suitable hydrolyzable groups are alkoxy containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, alkenyloxy such as isopropenyloxy, carboxy such as acetoxy, ketoximo such as methylethyl ketoximo and amido such as acetamido. Preferred hydrolyzable groups are methoxy, ethoxy, acetoxy and methylethylketoximo. When ingredient B contains silicon-bonded hydrolyzable groups, this ingredient is a silane, disiloxane or a polyorganosiloxane. Silanes are generally preferred, based on their cost and availability. Preferred silanes are methyltrimethoxysilane, phenyltrimethoxysilane, methyltriethoxysilane, methyltriacetoxysilane, methyltri(methylethylketoximo)silane, alkylorthosilicates such as tetraethyl orthosilicate and condensation products of these orthosilicates, which are typically referred to as alkyl polysilicates. The concentration of crosslinking agent is sufficient to convert our composition to an elastomeric or resinous material exhibiting the desired physical properties. Typical moisture curable compositions contain from 0.5 to 6 weight percent of alkoxy or other hydrolyzable group based on the total weight of the curable composition. Crosslinking reactions involving the reaction of silicon-bonded hydrolyzable groups typically require the presence of water, which can be present as water vapor in the atmosphere. If this amount of water is insufficient, water can be an ingredient of a composition that is packaged in at least two containers with the water and ingredient B being located in separate containers. If the reaction used to cure the organosiloxane composition involves free radicals, the crosslinking agent is a compound that generates free radicals in the presence of heat and/or visible or ultraviolet light. In addition to crosslinkable polyorganosiloxane and crosslinking agent, compositions that crosslink using a hydrosilation reaction, the reaction between silanol groups and silicon-bonded hydrogen atoms or the reaction between silanol groups and silicon-bonded hydrolyzable groups in the presence of water typically include a catalyst to promote initiation of the crosslinking reaction. When the reaction used to crosslink ingredient A is a hydrosilation reaction or a reaction between silanol groups and silicon-bonded hydrogen atoms, the catalyst is a metal from the platinum group of the periodic table or a compound of one of these metals. Platinum and its compounds are preferred catalysts based on their efficacy. Examples of preferred crosslinking catalysts are platinum black, platinum metal on various solid supports, chloroplatinic acid, alcohol solutions of chloroplatinic acid and complexes of chloroplatinic acid with liquid ethylenically unsaturated compounds such as olefins and organosiloxanes containing ethylenically unsaturated hydrocarbon radicals bonded to silicon. Complexes of chloroplatinic acid with the aforementioned organosiloxanes containing ethylenically unsaturated hydrocarbon radicals are described in U.S. Patent 3,419,593, which teaches preferred catalysts. The concentration of platinum group metal containing catalysts is equivalent to a concentration of from 0.1 to 500 parts by weight of metal, preferably from 1 to 50 parts by weight of metal, per million parts (ppm), based on the combined weight of ingredients A and B. Curing does not proceed satisfactorily at below 0.1 ppm of metal, while using more than 500 ppm results in no appreciable increase in cure rate and is therefore uneconomical. Mixtures of a polyorganosiloxane containing ethylenically unsaturated groups, an organohydrogensiloxane and a platinum group metal or compound thereof may begin to cure at ambient temperature. To obtain a longer working time or "pot life", the activity of the catalyst under ambient conditions is retarded or suppressed by addition of a suitable inhibitor. Known inhibitors include the acetylenic compounds disclosed in U.S. Patent 3,445,420. Acetylenic alcohols such as 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol constitute a preferred class of these inhibitors that will suppress the activity of a platinum group metal at 25°C. Compositions containing these catalyst inhibitors typically require heating at temperatures of 70°C. or above to cure at a practical rate. When it is desired to increase the pot life of a composition that cures by a hydrosilation reaction under ambient conditions, an alkenyl substituted siloxane of the type described in U.S. Patent 3,989,667 can be used. Cyclic methylvinylsiloxanes are preferred. Inhibitor concentrations as low as one mole of inhibitor per mole of platinum group metal will in some instances impart satisfactory storage stability and cure rate. In other instances, inhibitor concentrations of up to 500 moles of inhibitor per mole of metal are required. The optimum concentration for a given inhibitor in a given composition is readily determined by routine experimentation and does not constitute part of this invention. When the reaction used to crosslink ingredient A involves silanol groups on ingredient A and hydrolyzable groups present on ingredient B, the catalyst is typically a compound of tin or titanium. Useful tin compounds include divalent tin salts of carboxylic acids, such as stannous acetate and stannous octoate and organotin compounds such as dimethyltin dineodecanoate, dibutyltin diacetate, dibutyltin dilaurate and dioctyltin diacetate. The carboxylic acid portion of these tin compounds contain from 1 to 20 carbon atoms. Preferred titanium compounds are esters of the general formula Ti(OR) 4 , where R represents an alkyl radical containing from 1 to 8 carbon atoms and chelated compounds obtained by the reaction of these esters with chelating agents such as beta-diketones or beta-ketoesters such as esters of acetoacetic acid. The concentration of curing catalyst appears critical to achieving a practical cure rate following the inhibition period resulting from the presence of the working time extender. In preferred curable compositions of this invention, the concentration of catalyst is from 0.5 to 5 weight percent, based on the weight of the curable polyorganosiloxane (ingredient A). Crosslinking reactions involving photolytically or thermally generated free radicals typically do not require a catalyst. In addition to ingredients A, B, C and D, the present compositions can contain additional ingredients to modify the properties of the curable composition or cured materials prepared using this composition. These additional ingredients include liquid diluents, reinforcing fillers such as finely divided silica of the fume or precipitated type, non-reinforcing fillers such as quartz and calcium carbonate, water to accelerate crosslinking of moisture curable compositions, surfactants, stabilizers to inhibit degradation in the presence of heat and/or ultraviolet light, antioxidants, dyes, pigments and flame retardants. Non-reactive polyorganosiloxanes are a preferred class of diluents. In place of inorganic reinforcing agents such as finely divided silica, one can use organosiloxane copolymers comprising repeating units of the formulae R 3 3 SiO 1/2 and SiO 4/2 . These copolymers can optionally contain units of the formula R 3 2 SiO. In these formulae, the substituents represented by R 3 are alkyl radicals containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms and the molar ratio of R 3 3 SiO 1/2 to SiO 4/2 is from 0.5 to 1.5, preferably less than 1, and most preferably from 0.6 to 0.9. When the composition cures by a hydrosilation reaction the copolymer contains up to 5 weight percent of vinyl or other ethylenically unsaturated hydrocarbon radical as a portion of the hydrocarbon radicals represented by R 3 in the preceding formula. The concentration of the organosiloxane copolymer will depend upon the degree of reinforcement desired in the final crosslinked product and ranges from 1 up to 20 parts by weight per 100 parts of ingredient A. The compositions of this invention are prepared by blending all of the ingredients together. For those compositions requiring moisture to initiate the curing reaction, curing begins when these compositions are exposed to moisture and will require from several minutes to several hours, depending upon the relative humidity in the curing environment, the temperature and the type and concentration of curing catalyst and working time extender. When it is desired to prepare embodiments of the present compositions that crosslink in the presence of moisture for more than one or two days prior to curing them, the compositions are preferably stored in two containers, one of which contains ingredients A and any water. The curing agent and curing catalyst are packaged in a separate container B. The permeability additive together with any fillers and other optional ingredients can be packaged in either or both containers, so long as they are substantially free of water. The elastomers prepared using the present compositions are suitable for use in a variety of end use applications, including sealants, coating materials and as pottants or encapsulants for electrical and electronic devices where penetration into pores or small crevices present on the substrate is desirable. The compositions are particularly useful for preparing molds by applying the composition to a porous master when it is desirable to accurately replicate the porous structure of the master. The following examples describe preferred curable compositions of the present invention. Unless otherwise indicated, all parts and percentages in the examples are by weight and viscosities are the values measured at 25°C. Example 1 This example demonstrates the increase in pore penetration imparted by the present additives to an organosiloxane composition that cures by a platinum-catalyzed hydrosilation reaction. A curable composition was prepared by blending the following ingredients to homogeneity: 102 parts of a liquid dimethylvinylsiloxy terminated polydimethylsiloxane exhibiting a viscosity of 55 Pa·s at 25°C.; 22 parts of a benzene soluble resinous copolymer containing triorganosiloxy units and SiO 2 units in the molar ratio of 0.7 mol of triorganosiloxy units per mol of SiO 2 units, where the triorganosiloxy units were trimethylsiloxy and dimethylvinylsiloxy and the copolymer contained 1.8 weight percent of vinyl radicals; 37 parts of quartz with an average particle size of 5 micrometers; 0.3 part of a reaction product of hexachloroplatinic acid and sym-tetramethyldivinyldisiloxane that had been diluted with a liquid dimethylvinylsiloxy terminated polydimethylsiloxane in an amount sufficient to achieve a platinum content of 0.7 weight percent; 32 parts of a trimethylsiloxy-terminated polydiorganosiloxane containing an average of five methylhydrogensiloxane units and three dimethylsiloxane units per molecule with a silicon-bonded hydrogen atom content of 0.7; 7 parts of a blue-green pigment, and 2 parts of cyclic methylvinylsiloxanes. The resultant curable composition was blended with 0.5 weight percent, based on the weight of the curable composition, of three different phenyl-containing organosiloxane oligomers that are within the scope of the present invention. D1 - a trimethylsiloxy-terminated diorganosiloxane copolymer wherein 40 percent of the non-terminal units were methyl-alpha-methylstyrylsiloxy, 60 percent were methylethylsiloxy and the viscosity of the copolymer was 1200 centistokes (1.2 x 10 -3 m 2 /sec). D2 - a mixture of cyclic diorganosiloxane oligomers consisting of a 1:1 mole ratio mixture of dimethylsiloxane and phenylmethylsiloxane units. D3 - a trimethylsiloxy-terminated dimethylsiloxane/methylphenylsiloxane copolymer wherein the molar ratio of dimethylsiloxane to phenylmethylsiloxane units was 1:2 and the viscosity was 125 centistokes (1.25 x 10 -4 m 2 /sec.). For comparative purposes, one portion of the curable composition was also blended with 0.5 weight percent, based on the weight of the curable composition, of phenyltrimethoxysilane (D4) and a second portion was blended with the same quantity of a trimethylsiloxy-terminated dimethylsiloxane/phenylmethylsiloxane copolymer (D5) wherein the molar ratio of dimethylsiloxane to phenylmethylsiloxane units was 9:1 and the copolymer exhibited a viscosity of 30,000 centistokes (3 x 10 -3 m 2 /sec). The viscosity of the composition containing the copolymer was too high to achieve any improvement in penetration compared to the curable composition without any additive. Each of the compositions to be evaluated was applied as a 2-3 mm thick layer to one face of a 0.5 inch (1.25 cm) thick slab cut from the end of an oak log. The diameters of the pores in the slab were 1 mm or less. The compositions were then exposed to ambient conditions (22°C. and 40% relative humidity) for 16 to 24 hours, during which time the composition cured to an elastomer. The elastomer was then removed from the substrate without tearing away the portions that had penetrated into the pores of the substrate and the length of these portions were measured to determine the depth to which the composition had penetrated into the pores of the substrate. The results of these measurements are recorded in the table. Additive Depth of Penetration (mm.) D1 2-5 D2 4-6 D3 5-7 D4 1-2 D5 1 None 1

Claims: An organosiloxane composition comprising A) a liquid crosslinkable polyorganosiloxane containing at least two reactive groups per molecule; B) a crosslinking agent selected from the group consisting of an organohydrogensiloxane containing at least two silicon-bonded hydrogen atoms per molecule and an organosilicon compound containing an average of at least three silicon-bonded hydrolyzable groups per molecule, wherein said organohydrogensiloxane contains an average of at least three silicon-bonded hydrogen atoms per molecule when said polyorganosiloxane contains two reactive groups per molecule and wherein the concentration of said crosslinking agent is sufficient to obtain a crosslinked product when reacted with said polyorganosiloxane; C) an amount of a catalyst sufficient to promote crosslinking of said composition; and D) a liquid organosiloxane oligomer containing an average of at least one phenylalkyl-containing siloxane unit per molecule selected from phenylakylsiloxanes or (phenylalkyl)alkylsiloxanes, wherein the alkyl radical and the alkyl portion of the phenylalkyl radical contain from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, the oligomer exhibiting only limited compatability with said polyorganosiloxane, and the concentration of said oligomer being sufficient to increase the penetration of said composition when applied on a porous substrate. A composition according to claim 1 wherein at least a portion of the repeating units in said oligomer are represented by the formula R 1 (PhC p H 2p )SiO, wherein Ph represents phenyl and R 1 represents an alkyl radical containing from 1 to 10 carbon atoms and p is selected from the group consisting of 0 and integers from 1 to 4, inclusive and said oligomer contains up to 30 repeating units per molecule. A composition according to claim 2 wherein R 1 contains from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, p is 0, 2 or 3 and said oligomer contains no more than 10 repeating units, at least 20 percent of which are represented by said formula. A composition according to claim 3 wherein R 1 is methyl and said oligomer is a cyclic organosiloxane. A composition according to claim 1 wherein the repeating units of said polyorganosiloxane (A) exhibit the formula X q R 2 r SiO 4-q-r/2' wherein X represents hydroxyl or an ethylenically unsaturated group, R 2 represents an unsubstituted or substituted monovalent hydrocarbon radical, q is 0 or 1 and r is 1 or 2. A composition according to claim 5 wherein at least one R 2 substituent in each of said units is an alkyl radical containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms. A composition according to claim 5 wherein X represents an alkenyl radical, said crosslinking agent is an organohydrogensiloxane and said catalyst is selected from the group consisting of metals from the platinum group of the periodic table and compounds of said metals. A composition according to claim 5 wherein X represents a hydroxyl group, said crosslinking agent is an organohydrogensiloxane and said catalyst is selected from the group consisting of metals from the platinum group of the periodic table and compounds of said metals. A composition according to claim 5 wherein X represents a hydroxyl group, said crosslinking agent is an organosilicon compound containing at least three silicon-bonded hydrolyzable groups per molecule and said catalyst is selected from the group consisting of tin compounds and titanium compounds.

Inventors: LARSON KENT ROBERT, WITUCKI GERALD LAWRENCE, LARSON, KENT ROBERT, WITUCKI, GERALD LAWRENCE
Applicants: DOW CORNING, DOW CORNING CORPORATION
Application year: 1996
Main classification: C08L83
IPC codes: C08L83, C09D183