ADDITIVES USABLE IN PREPARATION OF ALKENYL SUCCINIC ANHYDRIDE

Abstract: In the preparation of alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA) from an olefinically unsaturated hydrocarbon and a maleic anhydride, additives are used in the preparation reaction in order to improve the yield of the product and to reduce side reactions. According to the present invention, quinone and hydroquinone derivatives as well as dialkyl sulfoxides and transition-metal acetylacetonate have such properties. The amounts to be added are approx. 0.01-2 mol % of the amount of maleic anhydride. The olefin is preferably a straight-chain alpha -olefin or a straight-chain or branched internal olefin having a chain length of 6-20 carbon atoms. The olefin may also be a polyolefin, in which case the preferred molecular weight is 900-1500. The preparation process may be of the batch type or the semi-batch type, and the maleic anhydride and the additive may be added in several batches or as a continuous feed which may be even or variable. The ASA obtained by the process may be used in particular as an additive in foods, for hydroxy sizing of paper, or as a dispersing agent in lubricants.

Description: Additives usable in preparation of alkenyl succinic anhydride The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of an alkenyl succinic anhydride from an olefinically un¬ saturated hydrocarbon and a πialeic anhydride by using additives which improve the yield and reduce side reactions. Alkenyl succinic anhydrides, or ASAs, are reaction products of olefins and maleic anhydride (MHA) . They are produced by the ene reaction, which is an indirect substituting addition from a compound with an electron-poor double bond (enophil) to a com¬ pound which contains an allylic hydrogen (ene). In the prepar¬ ation of ASA, the enophil component is MHA and the ene com¬ ponent is olefin. In the reaction, the double bond of the ole¬ fin shifts to the subsequent carbon, a new bond is formed be¬ tween the olefin and MHA, and the allylic hydrogen present in the olefin shifts to MHA. The ene reaction requires a relatively high temperature, since its activation energy is high, i.e. approx. 20 kcal/mol. The reaction speed of the reaction also increases strongly as a function of the temperature, and thus it is preferable to use a relatively high reaction temperature in order for the product to form at a reaction speed which is at least satisfactory. For the above reasons, ASA is produced at relatively high tempera¬ tures, and thereby also the probability of the occurrence of various side reactions increases. Side reactions observed in the preparation of ASA include the polymerization of MHA, the copolymerization of olefin and MHA, and the oligomerization of olefin. It has also been observed in the preparation of ASA that further reactions of ASA occur, which include further reaction of ASA with MHA and the retroene reaction, in which ASA breaks down to its initial substances. Thermal decomposi¬ tion of MHA and ASA can also be observed in the preparation of ASA. The side and decomposition reactions lead to a poor yield and a poor quality of the actual product, i.e. the forming product often has a strong color and contains large amounts of various polymeric and tarry compounds. Attempts are made, by using various additives, to reduce the side reactions occurring in the preparation. The purpose of the additives is to lead to a purer and more monomeric product having less color. This is done for the reason that ASAs often have a high molecular weight, and in practice they are impos¬ sible to purify, for example, by distillation. The additives may work through various mechanisms, for example through the catalysis of the principal reaction or the inhibition of the side reactions but, with respect to many of the additives used in the preparation of ASA, the way in which the additive works is not known with full certainty. Alkenyl succinic anhydrides may be prepared from olefins of highly different lengths, ranging from propylene to polymers having hundreds of carbon atoms. ASAs prepared from polymers, mainly polyisobutene, are used as dispersants and corrosion inhibitors in additives of diesel and gasoline motors. The molecular weight of the polymer used usually ranges from 900 tc 1500 g/mol, and the polymer is prepared from isobutene. ASA may also be prepared from shorter-chain olefins, as pointed out above. Of shorter-chain olefins, mainly 16-20 carbon atom -olefins are used, which may have been isomerized before the preparation of ASA. In addition, Cg-C 14 α-olefins and C^g-C^g internal olefins are used on a larger scale. ASAs prepared from these olefins are used mostly as reactive paper-sizing chemi¬ cals. The ASAs used for paper sizing are prepared from C 16 -C 2 o α-olefins, which are isomerized, and thus an ASA which is liquid at room temperature is obtained. In paper making, the anhydride group present in ASA reacts with the hydroxyl group of cellulose, and the alkenyl chain forms on the surface of paper or cardboard a hydrophobic surface which prevents water and ink from penetrating into the paper. The amount of ASA used in paper sizing will increase, since in paper making a shift is being made to paper making in alkaline conditions, in which conventional hydrophobic sizes cannot be used. Starch derivatives of ASA, prepared from even shorter-chain olefins, such as octenes, are used as coagulants in foods, juices and puddings. Sodium and potassium salts of octenyl succinic anhydride for their part are used as surfactants in industrial metal-cleaning and floor-cleaning agents. ASAs made from α-c i2" c i8 are use< ^ as leather-finishing substances to soften leather and to protect it from water. ASAs made from these olefins may also be used as auxiliaries in epoxy resin setting agents, whereby better electrical and flexibility pro¬ perties are obtained for the resin, and as additives of oil and as corrosion inhibitors. ASA can also be used for preparing various ester, amide, i ide, and other derivatives, which are used partly in applications similar to those in which actual ASA is used, for example as additives in oil and as corrosion inhibitors. ASAs are prepared by the ene reaction from olefins and maleic anhydride. The reaction requires a high temperature, ISO- BOO °C. Side reactions occurring at this temperature include polymerization of MHA, thermal decomposition of MHA, copolymer¬ ization of MHA and olefin, and oligomerization of olefin. The side reactions cause the efficiency of the reaction to deter¬ iorate, which in turn leads to a poor yield of ASA and an im¬ pure product. Below, there are presented various additives used in the preparation of ASA in order to inhibit side reactions. According to patent publications US 3 412 111 and EP 359 316, attempts have been made to reduce polymerization in the prepar¬ ation reactions by using hydroxy or aminoaromatic compounds as additives in the preparation of ASA. The initial olefin used in the examples of the said patent publications is dodecene or a mixture of dodecene and tetradecene. In patent publication US 3 476 774, sterically hindered phenols, such as 2,6-di-t-butyl- 4-methylphenol (BHT), are used for reducing the breaking down of MHA. In the examples of the patent publication, ASAs were prepared from polyisobutene, and in some of the experiments an organic solvent, such as xylene, was also used. However, a good ASA yield is not obtained by using the additives used in these patent publications, and the product obtained contains varying amounts of polymeric compounds. Furthermore, a product of un¬ suitable color is obtained with some of the additives mentioned in the patent publications. In patent publication US 4 599 433, the additives used in the preparation of ASA are alkoxides of Ti, Zr, V or Al, of which C 2 -C 4 alkoxides would be recommendable. It has been observed that the additives mentioned in the patent publication increase the yield of ASA and reduce the polymerization of MHA. In the examples of the patent publication, ASA is prepared by using polyisobutene and 2,4,4-trimethylpentene, and as the additive titanium butoxide. ASAs prepared in accordance with the patent publication can, according to the publication, be used as anti- corrosive agents and as additives in oil. In patent publication US 4 761 488, aluminum acetylacetonate iε used as an additive in the preparation of ASA to reduce the formation of a black solid, and it has been found to improve considerably the color of the ASA formed. The olefin used in the examples of the patent publication is tetradecene or -^^- C 20 internal olefins. ASAs prepared in accordance with the patent publication are used, according to the publication, as anticorrosive agents. However, as later examples show (Comparative Examples 3, 4, 14 and 21), a high yield of ASA and a polymer-free product have not been achieved by using the additives according to the said patent publications US 4 599 433 and US 4 761 488. When ASA is prepared in accordance with patent publication US 4 431 825 from olefins (mainly polyisobutenes having M n = 300- 3000), the preparation reaction can be catalyzed with iron or tin chlorides, iron bromide or phosphoric acid. However, the catalyzing effect of iron chloride was not observed in Examples 5 and 19. It is disclosed in patent publication US 3 935 249 that by using as additives inorganic compounds, preferably compounds containing chlorine or bromine, it is possible to reduce the formation of tarry byproducts which are formed be¬ cause of polymerization, and to reduce the thermal decomposi¬ tion of MHA. The problem involved with the additives according to these patent publications consists of various halogenic compounds, which may be environmentally hazardous, and, for example, chlorine is a highly corrosive chemical. According to patent publication EP 317 004, various alkyl zincs and zinc alkoxides can be used as additives in the preparation of ASA in order to reduce side reactions appearing in the pre¬ paration. In the experiments in the examples of the patent publication, these additives did not improve the yield of ASA as compared with ASA prepared without the additive, only the color of the product improved somewhat. The olefins used in the examples of the patent publication were C14-C2 Q olefins, which may be either α-olefins or internal linear or branched olefins. According to the publication, ASAs prepared in accordance with the patent publication are used as anticorrosive agents. In patent publications US 4 958 034 and US 5 021 169, aryl fluorophosphates and tri-orthoalkylphenyl phosphates are used as additives. In these patent publications, attention has been paid to the color of the product formed and to tar formation, but not to the yield with which ASA can be prepared. In the examples of both patent publications, ASA is prepared from C-^g- C-^g α-olefins which have been rendered internal by isomeriza- tion. However, an ASA prepared with the additives according to the patent publication has contained polymeric compounds almost in an amount of 10 %, depending on the additive used. In patent publication US 4 581 464, a Cg-C 18 alkyl succinic anhydride is used as an additive in the preparation of ASA. By means of this additive, the initial substances used in the reaction, i.e. MHA and α-olefin, have together been rendered a homogenous mixture, which reduces the formation of undesirable side reactions. The reaction mixture must contain alkyl suc¬ cinic anhydride in an amount of at least 20 %. The use of this additive is uneconomical, since it is impossible to separate from the end product. In patent publication US 4 388 471, furan-type compounds are used as an additive in the preparation of ASA. These compounds are believed to react with MHA through a reversible cyclo- addition, the addition product then breaking down under heat. Thus the amount of free MHA in the reaction mixture is as small as possible, and this reduces the polymerization of MHA. But the amount of the necessary furan-type compound in the reaction mixture must be large in order to lead to the desired end result. The compound used roust be removed before the end use of ASA, and thus it is uneconomical to use such additives. In all of the above-mentioned patents and processes there are various problems in the preparation of ASA. They often lead to a poor yield of the product, and the end products still contain large amounts of polymers, or the processes are in other respects unsuitable and uneconomical. We have now found addi¬ tives by means of which ASA can be prepared considerably more efficiently than by using prior additives, in such a manner that the yield of ASA can be maximized and the formation of various polymers can be minimized. These additives provide a high ASA yield, and the losses of initial materials when they are used are considerably lower than when prior known additives are used. Alkenyl succinic anhydride, i.e. ASA, is prepared by the ene reaction at a temperature of 150-250 °C from olefin and maleic anhydride. Any of the new additives cited below can be used in the preparation in order to increase the yield of ASA, to re¬ duce initial-material losses and side reactions, to minimize the amount of polymers formed, and to inhibit the thermal de¬ composition of MHA and ASA. It has been found that various benzoquinonic compounds, such as p-naphthobenzoquinone and 2,5-hydroxy-p-benzoquinone, are addi¬ tives which function especially well in the preparation reac¬ tion. Such compounds are added in an amount of 0.05-2.0 mol % of the amount of MHA used. It has been observed that various hydroquinone derivatives, such as p-naphthohydroquinone and tert-butylhydroquinone- acetate, reduce side reactions, increase the yield of ASA, and lead to a light-colored product. These substances are added to the reaction mixture in an amount of 0.05-2.0 mol % of the amount of MHA used. When acetyl acetonates of transition metals or their oxides, such as molybdenyl acetylacetonate, are used as additives in the preparation of ASA, it is observed that the yield of ASA increases and the losses of initial materials decrease. Acetyl- acetonates of these metals/metal oxides are added to the reac¬ tion mixture in an amount of 0.01-1.0 mol % of the amount of MHA used in the reaction. It was observed that, in addition to the above, also hydroxy- anthraquinone derivatives, in particular 1,2,5,8-tetrahydroxy- anthraquinone and dialkylsulfoxides, in particular dimethyl¬ sulfoxide, considerably improve the yield of ASA and reduce side reactions. These compounds are added in the preparation of ASA to the reaction mixture between olefin and MHA in an amount of 0.05-1.5 mol % of the amount of olefin used. The molar mass of the olefin used in the preparation of ASA may vary within 36-500 g/mol, depending on the intended use of the ASA obtained as the end product. The structure of the olefin used in the preparation is also dependent on the end use. The olefin used in the preparation may be by structure a straight-chain α-olefin, a branched α-olefin, a vinylic olefin, an internal straight-chain olefin, an internal branched olefin, or any mixture of these. The straight-chain and branched α-olefins or internal olefins used in the preparation are prepared either by oligomerization or dimerization of olefin monomers, by dehydrogenation of alco¬ hols to olefins, by isomerization of α-olefins, by a metathesis reaction, or the olefin may have been prepared by pyrolysis, at a temperature of 300-600 degrees, from a recycled high- molecular-weight polyethylene waste or other plastic. The mixture of internal olefins and α-olefins used for the preparation may be prepared, for example by oligomerizing a mixture of 1- and 2-butene, i.e. the so-called raffinate II stream, from which isobutene has been removed by reacting it with methanol. The oligomerization may be carried our by using a batch, semi-batch or continuous-working process. The oligo¬ merization catalyst used may be a homogenous Lewis acid cata¬ lyst, such as a BF3 alcohol or BF3 acid complex or an AI3CI 3 - HCl, AI3CI2CH2CH or AI3CI3 aromatic catalyst. The heterogenous oligomerization catalyst used, for its part, may be a synthetic aluminum silica or zeolite. The mixture of internal and α-olefins may also be prepared by dehydrogenating one or more branched alcohols having 6-10 car¬ bon atoms and by dimerizing the obtained olefin by using above- mentioned catalysts. Some suitable alcohols are, for example, 2-propylheptanol and 2-ethylhexanol. The olefin may also be a polymer prepared from an olefinic hydrocarbon, i.e. a polyolefin, and in this case, for example, an ASA suitable as a dispersing agent for lubricants is pre¬ pared from a polyolefin having a molecular weight of approx. 900-1500. Below, examples are described of the end uses of ASAs prepared from olefins of various structures and molecular weights, but these examples are in no way tied with the end use of ASAs prepared in accordance with the invention, and they do not restrict the end use of ASAs prepared in accordance with the invention. The structure and molar mass of the olefin used in the preparation depends, for its part, on the intended end use of the ASA, for example so that ASAs prepared from olefins having a molar mass of 140-308 g/mol are used in hydrophobic sizing of paper and in epoxy resin setting agents. ASAs pre¬ pared from olefins having a molar mass of 224-490 g/mol are used as corrosion inhibitors and as additives in fuels and lubricants. ASA prepared from lighter-weight olefins, having a molar mass of <140 g/mol, are used as additives in foods. ASA prepared from C2 -C2 Q olefins can also be used in leather treatment agents. The amide, imide and ester derivatives of ASA prepared from olefins can be used as additives in lub¬ ricant oils and also as anticorrosive agents. ASA is prepared at a temperature of 150-250 °C in either a batch reactor or a semi-batch reactor. When ASA is prepared in a semi-batch reactor, MHA is added, to the olefin and any addi¬ tive according to the invention, in several batches or as a continuous feed at either an even or variable rate, as dis¬ closed, for example, in the claims of patent publication US 4 414 397. It is recommendable to use a reaction temperature of 180-230 °C to improve the efficiency of the reaction. The re- action period may be 0.5-24 hours. The ratio of olefin to MHA may vary within 0.1-5.0/1 (mol/mol), depending on the reaction temperature, reaction period, reaction type, and additive used. The amount of additive in the reaction mixture is for its part also dependent on the reaction temperature, reaction period, reaction type, and the additive used, so that the additive according to the invention is added to the reaction mixture in concentrations in accordance with the invention. Finally any unreacted initial substances are removed from the reaction mixture by vacuum distillation, and an end product (ASA) which is so pure that it need not be purified before use is obtained with a good yield. In the following examples, additives according to the invention for use in the preparation of ASA are described and are com¬ pared with prior known additives. In the experiments according to Examples 1-12, one initial substance used was a straight-chain C-^ α-olefin and the other a maleic anhydride. In addition, some known additive or an additive according to the invention was added to the reaction mixture to improve the yield of ASA. The additives used in the examples are stated in Table 1. The reactions were carried out in a 300 ml Parr pressure reactor. First the olefin was weighed into the reactor, next the MHA, and the additive was added to the reaction mixture last. The reactor was heated to 220 °C and was maintained at that temperature for 4 hours. After the reac¬ tion period, the reactor was cooled to 60 °C by means of water circulation, and the reactor was opened. The reaction mixtures formed were analyzed by liquid chromatography by using an RI detector. The values shown in Table 2 were calculated from the results obtained. Table 1. Additives used in the examples. Exam le Additive Reference patent 1 - - 2 2,6-diterbutyl-4-methylphenol US 3,412,111 3 titanium butoxide US 4,599,1.33 4 aluminum acetylacetonate US 4,761,488 5 iron chloride US 4,431,825 6 molybdenyl acetylacetonate 7 2,5-dihydroxy-p- enzoquinone 8 p-naphthobenzoquinone 9 tert-butylhydroquinone diacetate 10 p-naphthohydroquinone 11 dimethylsulfoxide 12 1,2,5,8-tetrahydroxyanthraquinone Table 2. Amounts of materials weighed into the Parr pressure reactor, results calculated by-means of analysis. Example α-C, 2 MH Additive ASA yield Olefin MHA [gj A [g] [g] [%] loss [%] loss [%] 1 85.4 40.1 - 36.7 34.9 63.3 2 86.5 40.8 1.0 61.2 18.0 35.1 3 89.4 41.3 0.74 50.3 21.5 47.1 4 85.3 40.4 0.9 58.6 13.9 38.7 5 87.2 41.0 0.4 54.0 47.0 30.1 6 86.8 41.6 0.8 65.3 14.5 30.0 7 87.0 41.1 0.82 71.8 3.7 23.9 8 87.9 41.6 0.65 70.3 8.5 25.3 9 102.0 48.9 1.03 62.9 15.8 32.3 10 88.6 41.3 0.48 72.1 7.6 22.7 11 84.5 40.9 0.49 65.6 12.2 30.1 12 87.9 41.2 0.79 67.3 11.2 29.4 Example 13 . 101.1 g of a C 13 -C 14 internal straight-chain olefin and 47.5 g of MHA were weighed into a 300 ml Parr pressure reactor. After these, 0.3 g of para-naphthohydroquinone was weighed as an additive into the reaction mixture. The molar ratio of olefin to MHA in the reaction mixture was 1.1, and the reaction mix¬ ture contained additive in an amount of 0.4 mol % of the amount of the MHA fed in. The reactor was heated to 210 °C, at which temperature it was maintained for 4 hours. The reactor was cooled and opened. The reaction mixture was analyzed by liquid chromatography, and the ASA yield obtained in these conditions was 69.2 mol % of the theoretical maximum. Example 14. (comparative) 100.5 g of a 1 -C14 internal straight-chain olefin and 47.2 g of MHA were weighed into a 300 ml Parr pressure reactor. The additive used in this example was aluminum acetylacetonate, which was weighed into the reaction mixture in an amount of 0.3 g. The reaction was performed in conditions in accordance with Example 13, and the ASA yield obtained was 65.2 mol % of the theoretical maximum. Example 15. 101.0 g of a C i ^-C-^g internal straight-chain olefin, 33.7 g of MHA and 0.3 g of 1,2,5,8-tetrahydroxyanthraquinone were weighed into a 300 ml Parr pressure reactor. The reactor was heated to 230 °C, at which temperature it was maintained for 2 hours. The reactor was cooled and opened. The product mixture was analyzed, by liquid chromatography, and the ASA yield obtained was 66.9 mol % of the theoretical maximum. Example 16 . 101.7 g of a C-^-C^g internal straight-chain olefin, 52.0 g of MHA and 0.3 g of para-naphthohydroquinone were weighed into a 300 ml Parr pressure reactor. The reactor was heated to 190 °C, at which temperature it was maintained for 6 hours. The reactor was cooled and opened, and the formed product mixture was ana¬ lyzed by liquid chromatography. The ASA yield calculated from the results was 53.1 mol % of the theoretical maximum, and the proportion of MHA polymers in the reaction mixture was 3.6 wt.%. Example 17. (comparative) 100.2 g of a ^-C^g internal straight-chain olefin and 52.0 g of MHA were weighed into a 300 ml Parr pressure reactor. The additive used in this example was 2,6-di-t-butyl- -methyl- phenol, which was weighed into the mixture in an amount of 0.3 g. The reaction was performed in conditions in accordance with Example 16. The yield of ASA was 49.5 mol % of the calcu¬ lated maximum, and the proportion of polymers in the end prod¬ uct was over 10 %. Example 18. 15 g of a C 14 α-olefin, 15 g of a C 16 α-olefin, 15 g of a C 18 α-olefin, 55 g of an internal straight-chain C^-C^g olefin, and 36.2 g of MHA were weighed into a 300 ml Parr pressure reactor. 0.3 g of 2,5-dihydroxγ-para-benzoquinone was added as an additive to the reaction mixture. The reactor was heated to 210 °C, at which temperature it was maintained for 4 hours. After the reaction the reaction mixture contained ASA 61.9 wt.% and unreacted olefin 32.7 wt.%. Example 19. (reference) Example 19 was performed in conditions and with olefins cor¬ responding to those in Example 18, but so that the additive used was FeCl 3 , which was an additive according to the claim of US 4,431,825. After the reaction the reaction mixture contained ASA 58.5 wt.% and olefin 24.7 wt.%. That the amount of olefin was small was evidently due to the additive having oligomerized some of the olefin. Example 20. 100.9 g of an olefin which had been prepared by oligomerizing a mixture of 1- and 2-butene (so-called raffinate II stream) by using a synthetic aluminum silica catalyst was weighed into a 300 ml Parr pressure reactor. The fraction used contained a c 14~ 16 rra t ion separated by distillation. 42.2 g of maleic anhydride was added into the reactor, and 0.2 g of molybdenyl acetylacetonate was weighed as an additive to the mixture. The reactor was heated to 210 °C, at which temperature it was main¬ tained for 4 hours. After the reaction the reaction mixture contained ASA 59.8 wt.% and olefin 28.2 wt.%. Example 21. (comparative) Example 21 was performed in a manner corresponding to Example 20, except that the additive used was titanium butoxide, which is an additive according to patent publication US 4,599,433. After the reaction the reaction mixture contained ASA 58.2 wt.% and olefin 29.2 wt.%. Example 22. 104.3 g of an olefin which had been obtained from the pyrolysis of polyethylene and from which the fraction containing C 12 ~ C 18 had been separated by distillation, 38.1 g of MHA and, as an additive, 0.3 g of p-naphthohydroquinone were weighed into a 300 g Parr pressure reactor. The reactor was heated to 210 °C, at which temperature it was maintained for 4 hours. After the reaction the reaction mixture contained ASA 35.6 wt.% and olefin 39.3 wt.%. That the amount of olefin was large and also that the amount of ASA was small were due to the fact that the olefin obtained from pyrolysis also contained alkanes. Example 23. (comparative) Example 23 was performed in a manner corresponding to Example 22, except that the additive used was 2,6-ditertbutyl-4-methyl- phenol, which is an additive according to patent publication US 3,412,111. After the reaction the reaction mixture contained ASA 33.2 wt.% and olefin 40.5 wt.%.

Claims: CLAIMS 1. A process for the preparation of alkenyl succinic anhydride from an olefinically unsaturated hydrocarbon and a maleic an¬ hydride, characterized in that in the reaction there is used as an additive a benzoquinone or hydroquinone derivative, a di- alkylsulfoxide, or an acetylacetonate of a transition metal or of a transition metal oxide. 2. A process according to Claim 1, characterized in that the additive is 1,4-naphthobenzoquinone. 3. A process according to Claim 1, characterized in that the additive is 2,5-dihydroxy-l,4-naphthobenzoquinone. 4. A process according to Claim 1, characterized in that the additive is 1,4-naphthohydroquinone. 5. A process according to Claim 1, characterized in that the additive is t-butylhydroquinonediacetate. 6. A process according to Claim 1, characterized in that the additive is molybdenyl acetylacetonate. 7. A process according to Claim 1, characterized in that the additive is dimethylsulfoxide. 8. A process according to Claim 1, characterized in that the additive is 1,2,5,8-tetrahydroxyanthraquinone. 9. A process according to Claim 1, characterized in that in the reaction mixture the molar ratio of the initial substances is 0.1-5.0 mol of olefinic hydrocarbon to 1.0 mol of maleic an¬ hydride. 10. A process according to Claim 1, characterized in that the reaction temperature is 150-250 °C. 11. A process according to Claim 1, characterized in that the additive is used in an amount of 0.01-2.0 mol % of the amount of maleic anhydride. 12. A process according to Claim 1, characterized in that the olefinically unsaturated hydrocarbon is a straight-chain α- olefin or a straight-chain or branched internal olefin, or a mixture of these. 13. A process according to Claim 12, characterized in that the length of the carbon chain in the olefin is 6-20 carbon atoms, or the olefin is a polyolefin having a molecular weight of 900- 1500. 14. A process according to Claim 1, characterized in that the reaction is performed in a batch reactor or a semi-batch reactor. 15. A process according to Claim 14, characterized in that in a semi-batch reaction the maleic anhydride and the additive are added in several batches or as a continuous feed in which the feeding rate is even or variable. 16. The use of an alkenyl succinic anhydride prepared by the process according to any of the above claims as an additive in foods, as hydroxy sizing of paper, or as a dispersing agent in lubricants.

Inventors: KAPANEN MIKA, KOSKIMIES SALME, MAEKIPEURA PETRI, TULISALO JUKKA, KAPANEN, MIKA, KOSKIMIES, SALME, MAEKIPEURA, PETRI, TULISALO, JUKKA
Applicants: KAPANEN MIKA, KOSKIMIES SALME, MAEKIPEURA PETRI, NESTE OY, TULISALO JUKKA, KAPANEN, MIKA, KOSKIMIES, SALME, MAEKIPEURA, PETRI, TULISALO, JUKKA
Application year: 1996
Main classification: C07D307
IPC codes: C07C51