A low pressure method for injection molding a plastic article

Abstract: A method for injecting a plastic material into a mold cavity to precisely fill the mold cavity under low pressure and to avoid packing the mold cavity with plastic material. The plastic material is injected into the mold cavity at a rate sufficient to maintain an unbroken melt front and to avoid any spraying or splashing of the plastic material within the mold cavity. After an initial unbroken melt front is established, the rate at which the material is injected is increased in proportion to the size of the melt front. After a predetermined amount of the material has entered the mold cavity, the material is injected based upon a rate-dominated control algorithm which maintains the unbroken melt front. Once the mold cavity has reached a pre-determined level of fill, the rate-dominated control algorithm is changed to a pressure-dominated control algorithm to prevent overrunning the end point of the mold process and to eliminate splashing and associated backflow problems. The injection pressure is monitored and controlled until the mold cavity has been precisely filled, at which time the injection pressure is maintained until the plastic article has hardened within the mold cavity. By filling the mold cavity exactly, the prior art problems associated with packing, such as warping and flash, are eliminated in the present invention and a more uniform product is produced from less material.

Description: Background of the Invention This invention relates to a method for directing and controlling the flow of plastic material into a mould cavity of a mould unit according to the pre-characterising part of claim 1. Injection molding machines generally include a two-section mold unit wherein one of the mold sections is stationary and includes an end gate opening. The opening allows the injection of thermoplastic material into a cavity formed by the mold unit. The other mold section is generally movable between an open position away from the stationary mold section, and a closed position wherein the two mold sections are in sealed contact engagement to form the mold cavity. Once the mold cavity has been formed, a reciprocating screw or similar injection device is used to inject a plastic material into the mold cavity where the material hardens with time. During injection of the plastic material, the mold unit is typically cooled. The cooling causes the plastic material to harden faster, so that the mold unit can be used to mold a greater number of plastic articles than if the mold unit were not cooled. As the plastic material is injected into the mold cavity, the leading edge of the plastic material forms a melt front which spreads across the mold cavity as the mold cavity fills. The plastic material, however, is typically injected into the mold cavity very quickly under high pressure to prevent the melt front from hardening too quickly and blocking the mold cavity. This high pressure injection breaks the smooth melt front and causes an erratic spray of plastic material into the mold cavity. Accordingly, instead of an unbroken symmetrical melt front evenly filling the mold cavity, the plastic material is sprayed throughout the mold cavity, thereby causing an asymmetrical filling of the cavity. This asymmetrical filling has the undesirable effect of preventing the plastic from filling every portion of the mold cavity. Additionally, as the plastic material is sprayed into the mold cavity, portions of the mold cavity are filled before others, leading to irregular hardening of the plastic material. A further problem with typical high pressure injection mold filling techniques is pressure needed to overcome such erratic filling of the mold cavity. Just as it is difficult to fill a glass of water completely with a high pressure hose, so too is it difficult to completely fill a mold cavity with high pressure injection techniques. As the cavity is filled, the plastic material begins to backflow, causing turbulence and requiring greater clamp pressures and injection pressures. To overcome the asymmetrical filling and backflow associated with prior art processes, and to assure that the mold cavity becomes completely filled with plastic material, a volume of plastic material greater than the volume of the mold cavity is injected into the mold cavity and maintained under high pressure until the plastic begins to harden. The injection of an excess amount of material into the mold cavity requires a sharp pressure increase or "spike" to pack the material into the mold cavity. While "packing" the mold cavity with an excess of plastic material completely fills the mold cavity during the molding process, the pressure spike causes enormous outward pressure on the mold sections, leading to an increased amount of wear on the mold sections and clamping apparatus. Despite constructing mold units of steel to handle the pressure spikes associated with prior art molding processes, these mold units often wear prematurely, requiring the mold units to be returned to the manufacturers for repair. Depending on the severity of the wear and the repair schedule of the manufacturers, worn mold units can be out of service for several weeks. The loss of production associated with the repair of cracked mold units is generally very costly. The increased outward pressure on the mold sections may even lead to movement of the mold sections away from one another. When the mold sections move apart, plastic material seeps into the parting line between the mold sections. This "flash" is not only aesthetically undesirable on a finished plastic part, but also leads to a waste of material and creates an uneven parting line between the mold sections. As the clamping apparatus presses the mold sections together against the plastic hardening between the parting line, the parting line becomes deformed and uneven, thereby making flash even more likely upon subsequent moldings. Additional problems associated with prior art high pressure molding techniques are the increased amount of material needed to be placed into the mold cavity, as well as the pressure gradients created throughout the molded part due to the increased amount of material being packed into a finite volume mold cavity. In some cases, the pressure gradient is so large that it leads to warpage of the finished plastic article. If the warpage is great enough, the plastic article may not fit within design tolerances. While it would be desirable to fill the mold cavity slowly throughout the molding process, to avoid asymmetrical filling and backflow, it is difficult to inject the plastic material slowly without uneven curing and blockage within the cavity. If the mold cavity is filled too slowly, the first portion of the plastic material to be injected into the mold cavity begins to harden as the rest of the plastic material is still being injected. This premature hardening leads to clogging of the mold cavity during the filling process. Such clogging is particularly undesirable since it requires stopping a molding run and discarding the partially hardened material. US-A-3,941,534, which forms the basis for the characterizing portion of claim 1, describes an injection molding control system having a closed-loop servo system at which feed-back of the actual mold cavity pressure overrides the velocity program in an analog fashion to stop a ram when a preset cavity pressure has been attained associated with a desired charge size. The control system works in conventional manner with a back pressure at the end of the filling process and said "packing" mentioned above. Therefore, the described problems associated with high pressure in the mold cavity will also occur at the injection molding process described in US-A-3,941,534. From DE 38 39 907 A a method for evaluating the analysis of flow of a melted injection material is known. For the evaluation the whole period which is necessary to fill a mold cavity with melted material is divided into an arbitrary number of intervals. The method helps to evaluate and to analyse the flow of molded material but does not give any hint how plastic material has to be directed and controlled during an injection process. GB-A-2 138 174 describes a method of controlling the speed of a cylinder in an injection molding machine which utilizes a flow rate change characteristic inherent in a hydraulic pressure circuit. The method is described for injection processes at which the flow rate is increased. From JP 05042567 A a method and an apparatus for controlling the injection of a disc is known. The disc is molded by filling a molten resin from the inner peripheral side of a disc-shaped cavity of a mold toward the outer peripheral side. Thereby, the quantity of a flow is controlled in such a way that the mean flow speed in the radial direction of the melt front is constant. Said method is useful for molding a disc but not for any other application. JP-01103420 A describes an injection molding method at which the molding material is filled into a mold in three successive phases. During a first phase the mold is filled at a high injection rate and an increasing injection pressure. Thereafter, the injection pressure is reduced to zero during the second phase. After that phase the remaining filling is performed at a low injection speed in a third phase in which the injection pressure is increased again. The method includes severe shifts in the injection rate and the injection pressure which will probably lead to an asymmetrical filling of the mold cavity. It is the object of the invention to eliminate the difficulties encountered in the prior art discussed hereinabove. According to the invention there is provided a method of directing and controlling the flow of plastic material into a mold cavity, as defined in claim 1 appended hereto. Particular embodiments of the invention are the subject of the dependent claims. It is an advantage of the present invention to provide a method for molding an injected plastic article which requires less clamping force than traditional plastic injection mold units. Another advantage of the present invention is to provide a method for producing an injected plastic article without pressure gradients or warpage in the plastic article. Yet another advantage of the present invention is to provide a method for molding an injected plastic article which reduces material costs in the molding process. Still another advantage of the present invention is to provide a method for molding an injected plastic article which produces more uniform reproducible plastic articles. Another advantage of the present invention is to provide a method for precisely filling a mold cavity of mold unit. These and other advantages of the invention will become apparent upon reference to the following specification, drawing, and claims. By the present invention, it is proposed to overcome the difficulties encountered heretofore. To this end, a particularly preferred method for directing and controlling the operation of an injection molding machine in a manner which maintains an unbroken melt front is provided. A first mold section and a second mold section are provided, wherein the first mold section and the second mold section form a mold cavity for molding a plastic article when the second mold section is pressed into sealed engagement with the first mold section. To begin the molding process, the second mold section is pressed into sealed engagement with the first mold section to form the mold cavity. An injection device is provided in operable engagement with the mold cavity and a plastic material is injected into the mold cavity with the injection device. The plastic material is injected at a rate which deposits the plastic material into the mold cavity with an unbroken melt front along a leading edge of the plastic material. The rate at which the plastic material is injected into the mold cavity is increased while the unbroken melt front along the leading edge of the plastic material is maintained. The pressure at which the plastic material is injected into the mold cavity is thereafter decreased before the mold cavity is completely filled with plastic material. This pressure reduction significantly reduces the amount of clamp pressure needed to keep mold halves together, but does not prevent the mold cavity from becoming completely filled. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, a variable volume, pressure compensated hydraulic pump is used to control the injection of the plastic material, while a central processing unit is operably connected to both the variable volume pressure compensated hydraulic pump and a shot size transducer to monitor the plastic material entering the mold cavity. Preferably, the plastic material within is placed within an injection device. The central processing unit triggers the injection device to inject the plastic material into the mold cavity with the injection being dictated by an initial rate-dominated control algorithm. Via the shot size transducer, the central processing unit monitors the amount of plastic material entering the mold cavity in increments of a predetermined size. The central processing unit increases the injection rate from the initial rate-dominated control algorithm to a faster, rate-dominated control algorithm. This increase in injection rate comes after approximately ten percent of the increments of plastic material have entered the mold cavity. The central processing unit continues to monitor the number of increments of plastic material entering the mold cavity until approximately seventy percent of the increments have been injected into the mold cavity. At this time, the central processing unit triggers the injection device to inject the plastic material based upon a pressure-dominated control algorithm. The pressure-dominated control algorithm injects the plastic material into the mold cavity more slowly than the faster, rate-dominated control algorithm. The pressure reduction eliminates turbulence and allows the mold cavity to completely fill with plastic material, thereby eliminating the need for overpacking the mold cavity with plastic material. There now follows a description of preferred embodiments of the invention, by way of example, with reference being made to the accompanying drawings in which: Fig. 1 is a flow chart showing the method of the present invention; Fig. 2 is a side elevation of the molding apparatus of the present invention; Figs. 3a-c are top plan views of a prior art mold cavity in partial cross-section, showing the progress of plastic material through the mold cavity; Figs. 4a-c are top plan views of the mold cavity of the present invention in partial cross-section, showing the progress of plastic material through the mold cavity; Fig. 5 is a graphic representation of the injection rate during the molding process of the present invention; and Fig. 6 is a graphic representation of the injection pressure during the molding process of the present invention. In the figures, a mold apparatus 10 is shown including a mold unit 12, a mold frame 14, and a hydraulic piston 16 (Fig. 2). The mold frame 14 consists of four cylindrical support bars 18 which are secured to a first plate 20 and a second plate 22 by means of nuts 24. A carriage 26 is slidably attached to the support bars 18 through bores which pass through the corners of the carriage 26. Support blocks 28 are provided with bores and mounted to the corners of the carriage 26 to add extra support to the carriage 26 as it slides along the support bars 18. A platen 30 is secured to the carriage 26 to evenly distribute force over the carriage 26. Secured to the platen 30 is a piston ram 32. The piston ram 32 passes through a bore in the center of the second plate 22 and is connected to a hydraulic cylinder 34. The hydraulic cylinder 34 and piston ram 32 make up the hydraulic piston 16. Secured to the side of the carriage 26 opposite the platen 30 is a first mold section 36 which fits into sealed engagement with a second mold section 38 to form a mold cavity 40 (Fig. 2). The dimensions of the mold cavity 40 created by the first mold section 36 and second mold section 38 define the shape of the plastic article to be molded. The second mold section 38 is secured to the first plate 20 which, in turn, is secured to the mold frame support bars 18 of the mold frame 14. The first plate 20 is secured on a first pair of support legs 42 and the second plate 22 is secured on a second pair of support legs 44. The support legs 42 and 44 position the mold unit 12 at the proper height for the molding process. Provided in the first plate 20 is an inlet sprue 46 which connects to a runner 48 provided in the first mold section 36 (Fig. 2). Because the present method uses slower injection than prior art methods, the size of the sprue 46 is preferably larger than sprues of the prior art. The larger sprue 46 allows a greater amount of plastic material 82 to enter the mold cavity 40 through the sprue 46. Unlike heated sprues of the prior art, the sprue 46 of the present invention is not required to be heated due to its increased size. The runner 48 allows plastic material to pass from the sprue 46 into the mold cavity 40. Provided for operable engagement with the inlet sprue 46 is an injection assembly 50 which prepares and injects the plastic material 82 into the mold cavity 40 (Fig. 2). The injection assembly 50 is provided with an injection barrel 52 supported by a main frame 54. A nozzle unit 56 is mounted at one end of the injection barrel 52 and a hopper 58 is mounted to the top of the injection barrel 52. Positioned coaxially within the injection barrel 52 is a reciprocating screw 60 with attached flights (not shown) for plasticizing and moving the plastic material 82 toward the injection barrel 52 and nozzle unit 56. A variable volume, pressure compensated hydraulic pump 62 is secured to the injection barrel 62 and operates to move the injection screw 60 relative to the injection barrel 52 during the injection molding process. The injection assembly 50 is provided with a large rotational motor 72 which turns the injection screw 60 to plasticize the plastic injection material 82 before injection. The nozzle unit 56 is movable into and out of operative association with the sprue 46 upon a reciprocal movement of a carriage 64 relative to the main frame 54. This reciprocal movement is responsive to the operation of a double acting cylinder 66 pivotally interconnected between the carriage 64 and the main frame 54. The operation of the double acting cylinder 66 is controlled by a linear actuator 68 mounted on the mainframe 54 for coacting engagement with a limit member 70 on the carriage 64. The injection assembly 50 is operably coupled to a central processing unit 74 which monitors the progress of the injection process and feeds back responsive information regarding this progress to the injection assembly 50 (Fig. 2). In the preferred embodiment the central processing unit 74 is a personal computer, but the central processing unit 74 may, of course, be any system capable of monitoring the progress of a plastic injection run and controlling the injection in response thereto. To monitor the rate of plastic material injection, a shot size transducer 76 is coupled to the injection screw 60 to monitor the distance that the injection screw 60 travels. The shot size transducer 76 is a linear actuator which correlates movement of the injection screw 60 to a predetermined amount of the plastic material injected into the mold cavity 40. As each incremental amount of plastic material within the injection assembly 50 is injected into the mold cavity 40, the shot size transducer 76 monitors the associated incremental movement of the injection screw 60. Preferably the shot size transducer 76 measures increments of plastic material of one gram or less, which translates into approximately four thousand increments for a typical molding operation. To monitor the pressure at which plastic material is injected into the mold cavity 40, a pressure monitor 78 is operably coupled to the hydraulic pump 62 (Fig. 2). The pressure monitor 78 is also coupled to the central processing unit 74. The central processing unit 74 is operably coupled to an injection control 80 which is, in turn, coupled to the hydraulic pump 62 to manipulate the injection of the plastic material 82. To begin the molding process, the first mold section 36 is pressed into sealed engagement with the second mold section 38 by the hydraulic piston 16 (Fig. 2). Once the mold sections 36 and 38 have been pressed into sealed engagement to form the mold cavity 40, the double acting cylinder 66 moves the nozzle unit 56 of the injection assembly 50 into engagement with the injection sprue 46. The plastic material 82 is deposited into the hopper 68 and the reciprocating screw 60 is revolved with the motor 72 to plasticize the plastic material 82 and to transfer the plastic material 82 from the hopper 58 into the injection barrel 52. The reciprocating screw 60 is operably coupled to a variable back pressure relief valve which is well known in the art (not shown). Commands sent to the relief valve by the central processing unit 74 during the plasticization stage determine the condition of the plastic material 82, increment by increment before it is injected into the molding cavity 40. When the injection barrel 52 is filled with properly plasticized plastic material 82, the hydraulic pump 62 pushes the reciprocating screw 60 toward the nozzle unit 56. The plasticized plastic material 82 is thereby transferred from the injection barrel 52 into the sprue 46 and runner 48. From the runner 48, the plastic material 82 enters the mold cavity 40 (Figs. 2 and 4a). The first mold section 36 and second mold section 38 are preferably maintained at a constant temperature to prevent the plastic material 82 from prematurely hardening on the walls of the mold cavity 40. This is in direct contravention of prior art methods which teach significantly cooling the mold section to speed hardening and thereby increase production rates. Initial injection of the plastic material 82 into the mold cavity 40 is at a pre-determined rate which is greatly reduced from prior art methods. Prior art methods splatter the plastic material 82 throughout the mold cavity 40 which leads to undesirable unfilled voids. In the present method the predetermined rate is sufficiently slow to allow the plastic material 82 to enter the mold cavity 40 with an unbroken melt front 84 as shown in Fig. 4a. This pre-determined initial injection rate may be determined by trial and error. If the initial injection rate is too high, the plastic material 82 entering the mold cavity 40 splatters as shown in Fig. 3a. This splattering is a result of high pressure injection used in the prior art, and results in asymmetrical filling of the mold cavity as shown in Figs 3b and 3c. The asymmetrical filling leads to a mold cavity 40 with various unfilled portions 86 as shown in Figs. 3b-c. Since these unfilled portions 86 are scattered randomly about the mold cavity 40, it is not possible to fill these portions 86 merely by adding more plastic material 82 at the previous rate. To overcome this partial nonfilling problem, prior art processes "pack" an excess amount of plastic material 82 into the mold cavity 40 under extremely high pressure. This high pressure causes excessive strain on the clamping unit and creates finished parts that have hardened with internal pressure gradients. The pressure gradients may lead to warpage of the finished product and may, in extreme circumstances, cause the plastic article to be discarded as unusable. The high pressure also leads to "flashing" whereby material seeps between the mold sections during the molding process. This "flash," apparent on some prior art products, is caused when the extreme pressure developed during the packing phase forces the mold sections slightly apart enough so that the plastic material can seep along the parting line. As the plastic hardens, the finished plastic article is left with a ridge of hardened plastic along the parting line of the mold unit. In addition to being undesirable and wasteful, over time this flash can lead to premature wear of the mold sections as the clamp attempts to push the mold sections together against the hardened plastic. In the preferred embodiment of the present method, movement of the mold sections 36 and 38 relative to one another is monitored by a human operator (not shown) and corrections manually inputed. By observing the mold sections 36 and 38 over a series of molding runs, the operator cap program the central processing unit 74 to decrease the injection pressure enough to just fill the mold cavity 40 without causing flash or undue pressure within the mold cavity 40. Alternatively, software may be written so that the central processing unit 74 automatically "observes" movement of the mold sections 36 and 38 via a linear transducer (not shown) and adjusts the final injection pressure until the desired injection pressure is achieved. As shown in Fig. 4a, as the plastic material 82 enters the mold cavity 40, an initial unbroken melt front 84 is formed within the mold cavity 40 (Figs. 2 and 4a). To determine the initial rate of injection, the movement of the shot size transducer 76 is correlated against time of injection by the central processing unit 74. Since the shot size transducer 76 is correlated to monitor the injection of the plastic material 82 into the mold cavity 40 in increments of one gram or less, the shot size transducer 76 detects incremental movements of the reciprocating screw 60 and transfers this information to the central processing unit 74 for each increment of plastic material that is injected into the mold cavity 40. During the injection process, it is advantageous to maintain the melt front intact to avoid splattering and asymmetrical filling of the mold. As more material is injected into the mold cavity 40, the melt front 84 grows larger as shown in Fig. 4b. As the melt front 84 gains a larger and larger surface area, the plastic material 82 may be injected into the mold cavity 40 at a higher rate without causing the melt front 84 to break. The increased injection rate will not increase the actual pressure along any particular point of the melt front 84 as long as the injection rate is increased no faster than the rate at which the surface area of the melt front 84 grows. As shown in Fig. 1 the plastic material 82 is injected into the mold cavity 40 at an initial pre-determined injection rate until the central processing unit 74 receives information from the shot size transducer 76 that ten percent of the one gram increments of the plastic material 82 have been injected into the mold cavity 40 (Figs 1, 2, and 4a). Once ten percent of the increments have been injected, the central processing unit 74 triggers the injection control 80 to increase the injection rate in proportion to the amount of plastic material 82 which has been injected into the mold cavity 40. Because the surface area of the melt front 84 at any given time is roughly proportionate to the amount of plastic material 82 which has been injected into the mold cavity 40, increasing the injection rate in proportion to the amount of plastic material 82 injected into the mold cavity 40 results in an increase in the rate of injection which is proportionate to the surface area of the melt front 84. It should be noted that the increase may be initiated after between about two percent and fifty percent of the plastic material 82 has been injected into the mold cavity 40. The injection rate is increased in proportion to the surface area of the melt front 84 until twenty percent of the increments of the plastic material 82 have been injected into the mold cavity 40 (Figs 1, 2, and 4). Increasing the injection in proportion to the surface area of the melt front indefinitely, however, would lead to an undesirably high injection rate which would be too difficult to slow. Accordingly, after twenty percent of the increments of the plastic material 82 have been injected into the mold cavity 40, the injection is continued using a rate-dominated control algorithm to maintain the melt front 84 at a desirable injection rate. As shown in Fig. 5, in the preferred embodiment of the present process, the injection rate is increased until approximately twenty percent of the mold cavity is filled, at which time the injection rate is steadily reduced until the mold cavity 40 is approximately seventy percent filled. The rate-dominated control algorithm may be initiated any time after the increase in injection rate has begun and is preferably discontinued before ninety-five percent of the mold cavity 40 is filled. The exact rate-dominated algorithm controlling the rate at which the plastic material 82 is injected into the mold cavity 40 is not of critical importance, and may be customized to provide desirable filling characteristics based upon a mold flow analysis of the particular mold cavity 40. It is desirable, however, as shown in Fig. 5, to begin reducing the rate of injection well before the mold cavity 40 has become ninety-five percent filled, to avoid undesirable backflow and splashing as the mold cavity 40 is filled to capacity. At any time during the injection of the increments of the plastic material 82 into the mold cavity 40, where the pressure required exceeds the requested pressure, the central processing unit 74 can trigger the injection control 80 to inject the plastic material 82 based upon a pressure-dominated control algorithm, rather than the rate-dominated control algorithm used to inject the majority of the plastic material 82. The pressure-dominated control algorithm reduces the pressure at which the plastic material 82 is injected into the mold cavity 40 to prevent the backflow and turbulence associated with the prior art methods. Because the prior art makes no correlations between injection pressure and the speed at which the plastic material 82 fills the mold cavity 40, there is no way to anticipate the endpoint for the filling of the mold cavity 40. Therefore, in prior art techniques, there is no way to accurately reduce the pressure to prevent turbulence and backflow. Indeed, the prior art methods actually increase the ending pressure to force an overflow amount of plastic material into the mold cavity. Like the rate-dominated control algorithm, the pressure-dominated control algorithm of the present method can be determined based upon mold flow characteristics of the particular mold cavity 40 and initiated any time after the rate-dominated control algorithm has been initiated, but is preferably initiated after fifty percent of the increments of the plastic material 82 have been injected into the mold cavity 40. The central processing unit 74 receives input from the pressure monitor 78 to maintain a pressure on the plastic material 82. Preferably this pressure is sufficient to completely fill the mold cavity 40, without causing the plastic material 82 to splash, or the melt front 84 to break before the mold cavity 40 is filled (Figs. 2 and 4c). As shown in Fig. 6, the pressure is manipulated to prevent any aberrations in the melt front 84 during the last portion of the injection process. As shown in Fig. 4c, the present method evenly fills the entire mold 40, thereby eliminating the need for prior art "packing" techniques required to fill unfilled portions 86 produced by excessive injection rates and broken melt fronts (Fig. 3c). The central processing unit 74 triggers the injection control 80 to cease injection of plastic material 82 into the mold cavity 40 at the proper point to fill the mold cavity 40 exactly. By providing the mold cavity 40 with precisely the amount of plastic material 82 that is needed to fill the mold cavity 40, there is a material savings over prior art packing processes. The central processing unit 74 preferably coordinates the size of the shot with the rate-dominated injection and the pressure-dominated injection to achieve the proper balance between rapid and accurate fillings of the mold cavity 40. Near the end of the molding cycle in prior art processes, there is a pressure spike when the plastic material reaches the end of the mold cavity and begins to backflow. This pressure is returned back to the injection gate and requires large amounts of clamping force to maintain the mold sections together against this end pressure. As this pressure is spread throughout the plastic material during the hardening process, the finished part often has molded-in stress which may weaken or discolor the part. Because packing is eliminated in the present invention, less clamping force is required to maintain the mold cavity 40 during the mold process and molded in stress is reduced. Whereas two and one-half to three tons of clamp pressure per square inch may be required to hold the mold sections together in a prior art molding operation, one-half to one ton of clamp pressure per square inch may be used in molding a similar part by the present method. Since the present method eliminates the pressure spike at the end of the molding process, less strength is required of the mold sections 36 and 38. Accordingly, lighter weight aluminum may be used to make the mold sections. Additionally, prior art molding machines with pressure related fractures of their steel mold sections may be retrofitted with the aluminum mold sections 36 and 38 of the present invention. This allows the molding machine to be quickly returned to operation using the present inventive method. The reduction in clamping force also allows the use of cheaper, lighter, and smaller clamps. Furthermore, because the stress on the mold sections 36 and 38 is reduced, there is less chance of failure of the mold sections of the present invention and therefore less chance of the accompanying costly downtime. Once the mold cavity 40 is filled, the plastic material 82 is allowed to harden within the mold cavity 40 (Figs. 2 and 4c). After the plastic material 82 has hardened, the hydraulic piston 16 is actuated to move the movable mold section 36 away from the stationary mold section 38 so that the hardened plastic material 82 may be removed from the mold apparatus 10. Because the present invention eliminates the excessive prior art pressures during the hardening phase, the resulting plastic article is free of pressure gradients and warpage. This allows the present invention to produce a more uniform, reproducible plastic article. In the preferred embodiment, the rate dominated control and the pressure-dominated control algorithms work together throughout the entire shot where the rate-dominated control algorithm is the leading factor and the pressure-dominated control algorithm is used as an upper limit. At the point during the injection cycle where the pressure required by the rate-dominated control algorithm reaches the upper limit of the pressure-dominated control algorithm, the pressure dominated control algorithm takes over to finish the injection stroke. Accordingly, the algorithm of the preferred embodiment would be as follows: The foregoing description and drawings merely explain and illustrate the invention. The invention is not limited thereto, except insofar as the claims are so limited, as those skilled in the art who have a disclosure before them will be able to make modifications and variations therein without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, it is anticipated to be within the scope of the invention that fabric may be maintained against one or both of the mold sections 36 and 38 during the molding process to provide a finished plastic article with a molded-in fabric covering. The large sprue 46 and slow injection of the present invention decrease the incidences of wrinkling or tearing the fabric over prior art methods. It is also anticipated that the aforesaid points for beginning the rate-dominated control algorithm and switching to the pressure-dominated control algorithm may be manipulated to exploit specific characteristics of a particular mold cavity mold flow analysis.

Claims: A method for directing and controlling the flow of plastic material (82) into a mold cavity (40) of a mold unit in a manner which maintains an unbroken melt front on the injected plastic material (82) throughout the molding process, the steps of the method comprising: (a) providing a first mold section (36); (b) providing a second mold section (38) which, when pressed into sealed engagement with said first mold section (36), forms a mold cavity (40) for molding a plastic article; (c) pressing said second mold section (38) into sealed engagement with said first mold section (36) to form said mold cavity (40); (d) providing an injection device (50) in operable communication with said mold cavity (40); (e) injecting a plastic material (82) into said mold cavity (40) with said injection device (50); characterized by the steps: (f) injecting said plastic material (82) at an injection rate sufficient to produce an unbroken melt front along (84) a leading edge of said plastic material (82); (g) increasing the injection rate into said mold cavity (40), while maintaining said unbroken melt front (84) along said leading edge of said plastic material (82); and (h) decreasing the pressure at which said plastic material (82) is injected into said mold cavity (40) after increasing the injection rate, but before said mold cavity (40) is completely filled with said plastic material (82). The method of claim 1, characterized in that said step of increasing the injection rate includes increasing the injection rate in proportion to the size of the melt front (84). The method of claim 1 or claim 2, characterized in that said step of increasing the injection rate is instigated only after a predetermined portion of said plastic material (82) has entered said mold cavity (40). The method of any of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that said step of decreasing the pressure at which said plastic material is injected into said mold cavity (40) is instigated only after a predetermined portion of said plastic material (82) has been injected into said mold cavity (40). The method of any preceding claim, characterized by the step: monitoring the amount of said plastic material (82) which is injected into said mold cavity (40) with a linear transducer (76) which is provided on said injection device (50). The method of claim 5, characterized by the step: controlling said step of injecting said plastic material (82), said step of increasing the injection rate, said step of decreasing the pressure at which said plastic material (82) is injected, with a central processing unit which is operably coupled to said linear transducer (76). The method of any preceding claim, characterized in that said step of increasing the injection rate comprises injecting said plastic material (82) into said mold cavity using a rate-dominated control algorithm. The method of any of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that said step of decreasing the pressure of plastic material injection comprises injecting said plastic material (82) into said mold cavity (40) using a pressure-dominated control algorithm. A method of any of claims 1 to 8, characterized by the steps: (d1) providing said injection device (50) with a shot of plastic material (82) sufficient to fill said mold cavity (40); (d2) dividing said injection shot into a plurality of substantially equal increments; (f1) injecting said injection shot into said mold cavity (40) at an initial injection rate sufficient to create an unbroken melt (84) front having a face, said melt front (84) being created along a leading edge of said plastic material (82) within said mold cavity (40); (g1) increasing said initial injection rate after a first predetermined number of increments of plastic material (82) have been injected into said mold cavity (40), wherein said initial injection rate is increased proportionately to the size of said face of said melt front (84); (h1) decreasing a pressure at which said plastic material is injected into said mold cavity (40) after a second predetermined number of increments of plastic material (82) have been injected into said mold cavity (40), wherein said second number of increments is larger than said first number of increments; (i) filling said mold cavity (40) with said plastic material (82); (j) allowing said plastic material (82) to at least partially harden within said mold cavity (40); and (l) removing said plastic material (82) from said mold cavity (40). The method of claim 8 or claim 9, characterized in that said step of increasing said initial injection rate is performed only after at least two percent of said increments of plastic material (82) have been injected into said mold cavity (40). The method of any of claims 8 to 10, characterized in that said step of decreasing the pressure at which the plastic material (82) is injected into said mold cavity (40) is performed only after at least fifty percent of said increments of plastic material (82) have been injected into said mold cavity (40). The method of claims 8 to 11, characterized by the step: providing said injection device (50) with a linear actuator (76) capable of monitoring the number of increments of plastic material (82) which have been injected into said mold cavity (40). The method of claim 12, characterized by the step: coupling said linear actuator (76) and said injection device (50) to a central processing unit (74) capable of increasing said initial injection rate and decreasing the pressure at which said plastic material (82) is injected into said mold cavity (40) after a predetermined number of said increments of plastic material (82) have been injected into said mold cavity (40). A method of any of claims 1 to 8, characterized by the steps: (d1) providing a hydraulic pump (62) in operable communication with said injection device (50); (d2) coupling a shot size transducer (76) to said hydraulic pump (62); (d3) coupling a central processing unit (74) to said hydraulic pump (62), and to said shot size transducer (76), wherein said central processing unit (74) is capable of measuring incremental movements of said hydraulic pump (62); (d4) providing said hydraulic pump (62) with a plastic material (82); (d5) dividing said injection shot into a plurality of substantially equal increments of plastic material (82); (f1) injecting a first predetermined number of increments of said plastic material (82) into said mold cavity (40) with said hydraulic pump (62) at an initial injection rate sufficient to create an unbroken melt front (84) along a leading edge of said plastic material (82), said unbroken melt front (84) having a face; (g1) increasing said initial injection rate after said first predetermined number of increments of plastic material (82) have been injected into said mold cavity (40), wherein said initial injection rate is increased in proportion to the size of said face of said melt front (84) until a second predetermined number of increments of plastic material have been injected into said mold cavity )40); (g2) injecting said plastic material (82) into said mold cavity (40) using a rate-dominated control algorithm after said second predetermined number of increments of plastic material (82) have been injected into said mold cavity (40) and until a third predetermined number of increments of plastic material have been injected into said mold cavity (40); (h1) decreasing the pressure at which said plastic material is injected into said mold cavity (40) after said third predetermined number of increments of plastic material (82) have been injected into said mold cavity (40); (h2) injecting said plastic material into said mold cavity (40) using a pressure-dominated control algorithm after said third predetermined number of increments of plastic material (82) have been injected into said mold cavity (40) and until said mold cavity (40) is filled with said plastic material (82); (h3) allowing said plastic material (82) to at least partially harden within said mold cavity (40); and (h4) removing said plastic material (82) from said mold cavity (40). The method of claim 9 or 14, characterized in that said increments of plastic material (82) are less than about two grams. The method of claim 14 or claim 15, characterized in that said first predetermined number of increments of plastic material (82) equals about ten percent of said increments of plastic material (82). The method of any of claims 14 to 16, characterized in that said second predetermined number of increments of plastic material (82) equals about fifteen percent of said increments of plastic material (82). The method of any of claims 14 to 16, characterized in that said second predetermined number of increments of plastic material (82) equals about seventy percent of said increments of plastic material (82).

Inventors: HETTINGA SIEBOLT, HETTINGA, SIEBOLT
Applicants: HETTINGA SIEBOLT, HETTINGA, SIEBOLT
Application year: 1996
Main classification: B29C45
IPC codes: B29K101, B29C45