BIOCONVERSION OF A FERMENTABLE CARBON SOURCE TO 1,3-PROPANEDIOL BY A SINGLE MICROORGANISM

Abstract: A process is provided for the bioconversion of a carbon substrate to 1,3-propanediol by a single organism utilizing microorganisms containing the genes encoding for an active glycerol or diol dehydratase enzyme by contacting these organisms with a carbon substrate under the appropriate fermentation conditions.

Description: TITLE BIOCONVERSION OF A FERMENTABLE CARBON SOURCE TO 1,3-PROPANEDIOL BY A SINGLE MICROORGANISM FIELD OF INVENTION This invention comprises a process for the bioconversion of a fermentable carbon source to 1,3-propanediol by a single microorganism. BACKGROUND 1,3-Propanediol j s _ monomer having potential utility in the production of polyester fibers and the manufacture of polyurethanes and cyclic compounds. A variety of chemical routes to 1,3-propanediol are known. For example ethylene oxide may be converted to 1,3-propanediol over a catalyst in the presence of phosphine, water, carbon monoxide, hydrogen and an acid, by the catalytic solution phase hydration of acrolein followed by reduction, or from hydrocarbons such as glycerol, reacted in the presence of carbon monoxide and hydrogen over catalysts having atoms from group VTH of the periodic table. Although it is possible to generate 1,3-propanediol by these methods, they are expensive and generate waste streams containing environmental pollutants. It has been known for over a century that 1,3-propanediol can be produced from the fermentation of glycerol. Bacterial strains able to produce 1,3-propane- diol have been found, for example, in the groups Citrobacter, Clostridium, Enterobacter, Ilyobacter, Klebsiella, Lactobacillus, and Pelobacter. In each case studied, glycerol is converted to 1,3-propanediol in a two step, enzyme catalyzed reaction sequence. In the first step, a dehydratase catalyzes the conversion of glycerol to 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde (3-HP) and water, Equation 1. In the second step, 3-HP is reduced to 1,3-propanediol by a NAD + -linked oxidoreductase, Equation 2. The 1,3-propanediol is not metabolized further and, as a result, Glycerol → 3-HP + H 2 O (Equation 1) 3-HP + NADH + H+ → 1 ,3-Propanediol + NAD+ (Equation 2) accumulates in high concentration in the media. The overall reaction consumes a reducing equivalent in the form of a cofactor, reduced β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), which is oxidized to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD*). The production of 1,3-propanediol from glycerol is generally perfbirned under anaerobic conditions using glycerol as the sole carbon source and in the absence of other exogenous reducing equivalent acceptors. Under these conditions, in e.g., strains of Citrobacter, Clostridium, and Klebsiella, a parallel pathway for glycerol operates which first involves oxidation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone (DHA) by a NAD + - (or NADP + -) linked glycerol dehydrogenase, Equation 3. The DHA, following phosphorylation to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) by a DHA kinase (Equation 4), Glycerol + NAD+ → DHA + NADH + H+ (Equation 3) DHA + ATP → DHAP + ADP (Equation 4) becomes available for biosynthesis and for supporting ATP generation via e.g., glycolysis. In contrast to the 1,3-propanediol pathway, this pathway may provide carbon and energy to the cell and produces rather than consumes NADH. In Klebsiella pneumoniae and Citrobacter freundii, the genes encoding the functionally linked activities of glycerol dehydratase (dhaB), 1,3-propanediol oxidoreductase (dhaT), glycerol dehydrogenase (dhaD), and dihydroxyacetone kinase (dhaK) are encompassed by the dha regulon. The dha regulons from Citrobacter and Klebsiella have been expressed in Escherichia coli and have been shown to convert glycerol to 1,3-propanediol. Biological processes for the preparation of glycerol are known. The overwhelming majority of glycerol producers are yeasts but some bacteria, other fungi and algae are also known. Both bacteria and yeasts produce glycerol by converting glucose or other carbohydrates through the fructose- 1,6-bisphosphate pathway in glycolysis or the Embden Meyerhof Parnas pathway, whereas, certain algae convert dissolved carbon dioxide or bicarbonate in the chloroplasts into the 3-carbon intermediates of the Calvin cycle. In a series of steps, the 3-carbon intermediate, phosphoglyceric acid, is converted to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate which can be readily interconverted to its keto isomer dihydroxyacetone phosphate and ultimately to glycerol. Although biological methods of both glycerol and 1,3-propanediol production are known, it has never been demonstrated that the entire process can be accomplished by a single organism. Neither the chemical nor biological methods described above for the production of 1,3-propanediol is well suited for industrial scale production since the chemical processes are energy intensive and the biological processes require the expensive starting material, glycerol. A method requiring low energy input and an inexpensive starting material is needed. A more desirable process would incorporate a microorganism that would have the ability to convert basic carbon sources such as carbohydrates or sugars to the desired 1,3-propanediol end- product. Although a single organism conversion of fermentable carbon source other than glycerol or dihydroxyacetone to 1,3-propanediol would be desirable, it has been documented that there are significant difficulties to overcome in such an endeavor. For example, Gottschalk et al. (EP 373 230) teach that the growth of most strains useful for the production of 1,3-propanediol, including Citrobacter freundii, Clostridium autobutylicum, Clostridium butylicum, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, is disturbed by the presence of a hydrogen donor such as fructose or glucose. Strains of Lactobacillus brevis and Lactobacillus buchner, which produce 1,3-propanediol in co-fermentations of glycerol and fructose or glucose, do not grow when glycerol is provided as the sole carbon source, and, although it has been shown that resting cells can metabolize glucose or fructose, they do not produce 1,3-propanediol. (Veiga DA Cunha et al., . Bacteriol. 174, 1013 (1992)). Similarly, it has been shown that a strain of Ilyobacter polytr opus, which produces 1,3-propanediol when glycerol and acetate are provided, will not produce 1,3-propanediol from carbon substrates other than glycerol, including fructose and glucose. (Steib et al., Arch. Microbiol. 140, 139 (1984)). Finally Tong et al. {Appl. Biochem. Biotech. 34, 149 (1992)) has taught that recombinant Escherichia coli transformed with the dha regulon encoding glycerol dehydratase does not produce 1,3-propanediol from either glucose or xylose in the absence of exogenous glycerol. Attempts to improve the yield of 1,3-propanediol from glycerol have been reported where co-substrates capable of providing reducing equivalents, typically fermentable sugars, are included in the process. Improvements in yield have been claimed for resting cells of Citrobacter freundii and Klebsiella pneumoniae DSM 4270 cofermenting glycerol and glucose (Gottschalk et al., supra.; and Tran-Dinh et al., DE 3734764); but not for growing cells of Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 25955 cofermenting glycerol and glucose, which produced no 1,3-propanediol (I-T. Tong, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison (1992)). Increased yields have been reported for the cofermentation of glycerol and glucose or fructose by a recombinant Escherichia coli; however, no 1,3-propanediol is produced in the absence of glycerol (Tong et al., supra.). In these systems, single organisms use the carbohydrate as a source of generating NADH while providing energy and carbon for cell maintenance or growth. These disclosures suggest that sugars do not enter the carbon stream that produces 1,3-propanediol. In no case is 1,3-propanediol produced in the absence of an exogenous source of glycerol. Thus the weight of literature clearly suggests that the production of 1,3-propanediol from a carbohydrate source by a single organism is not possible. The problem to be solved by the present invention is the biological production of 1,3-propanediol by a single organism from an inexpensive carbon substrate such as glucose or other sugars. The biological production of 1,3-propanediol requires glycerol as a substrate for a two step sequential reaction in which a dehydratase enzyme (typically a coenzyme B -^-dependent dehydratase) converts glycerol to an intermediate, 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde, which is then reduced to 1,3-propanediol by a NADH- (or NADPH) dependent oxidoreductase. The complexity of the cof actor requirements necessitates the use of a whole cell catalyst for an industrial process which utilizes this reaction sequence for the production of 1,3-propanediol. Furthermore, in order to make the process economically viable, a less expensive feedstock than glycerol or dihydroxyacetone is needed. Glucose and other carbohydrates are suitable substrates, but, as discussed above, are known to interfere with 1,3-propanediol production. As a result no single organism has been shown to convert glucose to 1 ,3-propanediol. Applicants have solved the stated problem and the present invention provides for bioconverting a fermentable carbon source directly to 1,3-propanediol using a single organism. Glucose is used as a model substrate and the bioconversion is applicable to any existing microorganism. Microorganisms harboring the gene for a dehydratase are able to convert glucose and other sugars through the glycerol degradation pathway to 1,3-propanediol with good yields and selectivities. Furthermore, the present invention may be generally applied to include any carbon substrate that is readily converted to 1) glycerol, 2) dihydroxyacetone, or 3) C 3 compounds at the oxidation state of glycerol (e.g., glycerol 3-phosphate) or 4) C3 compounds at the oxidation state of dihydroxyacetone (e.g., dihydroxyacetone phosphate or glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate). SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention comprises a process for the bioconversion of a carbon substrate to 1,3-propanediol by a single microorganism having at least one gene capable of expressing a dehydratase enzyme by contacting said micro- organism with said substrate. The microorganism can be a wild-type, or genetically altered, such as a recombinant microorganism or a mutant of a microorganism. Preferably, the dehydratase enzyme is a glycerol dehydratase enzyme or a diol dehydratase enzyme. The present invention further comprises the product of the above process. The present invention further comprises a cosmid comprising a DNA fragment of about 35 kb isolated from Klebsiella pneumoniae wherein said fragment encodes an active glycerol dehydratase enzyme having the restriction digest in Figure 1, columns 1 and 2. This cosmid, when transferred into a microorganism permits metabolism of a carbon substrate, in particular glucose, to 1,3-propanediol. The present invention further comprises a transformed microorganism comprising a host microorganism and the above cosmid or any DNA fragment of said cosmid encoding an active functional protein other than a glycerol dehydratase enzyme. The invention also encompasses a bioconversion process to produce 1,3-propanediol comprising contacting, under suitable conditions, glycerol with a single microorganism having at least one gene capable of expressing a dehydratase enzyme, the microorganism selected from the group consisting of members of the genera Aspergillus, Sαcchαromyces, Zygosαcchαromyces, Pichiα, Kluyveromyces, Candida, Hansenula, Debaryomyces, Mucor, Torulopsis, Methylobacter, Salmonella, Bacillus, Streptomyces, and Pseudomonas. The invention also encompasses a bioconversion process to produce 1,3-propanediol comprising contacting, under suitable conditions, a carbon substrate with a single microorganism having at least one gene capable of expressing a dehydratase enzyme wherein the gene encodes glycerol dehydratase and is isolated from the group consisting of members of the genera Klebsiella, Lactobacillus, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Pelobacter, Ilyobacter, and Clostridium. The invention also encompasses a bioconversion process to produce 1,3-propanediol comprising contacting, under suitable conditions, a carbon substrate with a single microorganism having at least one gene capable of expressing a dehydratase enzyme wherein the gene encodes glycerol dehydratase and is isolated from the group consisting of members of the genera Klebsiella, and Salmonella. Preferred host microorganisms are selected from the group consisting of members of the genera Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Clostridium, Klebsiella, Aerobacter, Lactobacillus, Aspergillus, Saccharomyces, Zygosaccharomyces, Pichia, Kluyveromyces, Candida, Hansenula, Debaryomyces, Mucor, Torulopsis, Methylobacter, Escherichia, Salmonella, Bacillus, Streptomyces and Pseudomonas. Recombinant microorganisms embodying die invention are set forth in the BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE BIOLOGICAL DEPOSITS. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES Figure 1 shows restriction digests (EcoR 1, BamH 1, EcoR V and Notl) of cosmids pkPl, pKP2 and pKP4 labeled as columns 1, 2 and 4, respectively, and separation on a 0.8% agarose gel electrophoresis. Molecular size markers were loaded on the lanes in the end. Columns labeled as numbers 1.and 2 represent cosmids containing a glycerol dehydratase enzyme. Figure 2 shows a partial physical map of pKPl and the position of the genes based on DNA sequence. The genes were identified based on comparison of deduced open reading frames with the Genbank data base using the Tfasta program provided by a sequence analysis software of the University of Wisconsin [Genetics Computer Group, Verison 7, April, 1991, 575 Science Drive, Madison, WI 53711]. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF BIOLOGICAL DEPOSITS AND SEQUENCE LISTING The transformed E. coli DH5α containing cosmid pKPl containing a portion of the Klebsiella genome encoding the glycerol dehydratase enzyme was deposited on 18 April 1995 with the ATCC under the terms of the Budapest Treaty and was designated ATCC 69789. The transformed E. coli DH5α containing cosmid pKP4 containing a portion of the Klebsiella genome encoding a diol dehydratase enzyme was deposited on 18 April 1995 with the ATCC under the terms of the Budapest Treaty and was designated ATCC 69790. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO 2845:pDT9, transformed with a plasmid containing the dhaB operon was deposited on 11 April 1996 with the ATCC under the terms of the Budapest Treaty and was designated ATCC 55760. The Pichia pastoris strain MSP42.81, transformed with non-replicative plasmids containing expression cassettes for the dhaBl, dhaB 2, dhaB3 and dhaT genes, was deposited on 11 April 1996 with the ATCC under the terms of the Budapest Treaty and was designated ATCC 74363. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae, strain pMCKl/10/17(HM)#A, transformed with aplasmid containing the dhaBl, dhaB2, dhaB 3, and dhaT operon, was deposited before the filing of the instant international application, on May 9, 1996, with the ATCC under the terms of the Budapest Treaty and was designated ATCC 74370. The Streptomyces lividans strain SL 14.2, transformed with a plasmid containing the dhaBl, dhaB2, dhaB3, and dhaT operon, was deposited before the filing of the instant international application, on May 9, 1996, with the ATCC under the terms of the Budapest Treaty and was designated ATCC 98052. The Bacillus licheniformis strain BG188/pM26 (Clone #8), transformed with a plasmid containing the dhaBl, dhaB 2 and dhaB3 operon, was deposited before the filing of the instant international application, on May 9, 1996, with the ATCC under the terms of the Budapest Treaty and was designated ATCC 98051. The Bacillus subtilis strain BG2864/pM27 (Clone #1), transformed with a plasmid containing the dhaBl, dhaB2, dhaB3 and dhaT operon, was deposited before the filing of the instant RECTfFIED SHEET (RULE 91) international application, on May 9, 1996, with the ATCC ttad- th«s teims of die Budapest Treaty and was designated ATCC 98050. The Aspergiilus niger strain TGR40-13, transformed with a plasmid containing the dhaBl, dhaB 2, dhaB3 and dhaT operon, was deposited before the filing of the instant international application, on May 9, 1996, with the ATCC under the terms of the Budapest Treaty and was designated ATCC 74369. "ATCC" refers to the American Type Culture Collection international depository located at 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852 U.S.A. The designations refer to the accession number of the deposited material. Applicants have provided forty-six sequences in conformity with "Rules for the Standard Representation of Nucleotide and Amino Acid Sequences in Patent Applications" (Annexes I and II to the Decision of the President of the EPO, published in Supplement No. 2 to OJ EPO, 12/1992) and with 37 C.F.R. 1.821-1.825 and Appendices A and B ("Requirements for Application Disclosures Containing Nucleotides and/or Amino Acid Sequences"). DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a method for a biological production of 1,3-propanediol from a fermentable carbon source in a single organism. The method incorporates a microorganism containing a dehydratase enzyme which is contacted with a carbon substrate and 1,3-propanediol is isolated from the growth media. The single organism may be a wild type organism or may be a genetically altered organism harboring a gene encoding a dehydratase enzyme. The present method provides a rapid, inexpensive and environmentally responsible source of 1,3-propanediol monomer useful in the production of polyesters and other polymers. As used herein the following terms may be used for interpretation of the claims and specification. As used herein, the term "nucleic acid" refers to a large molecule which can be single-stranded or double-stranded, composed of monomers (nucleotides) containing a sugar, phosphate and either a purine or pyrimidine. A "nucleic acid fragment" is a fraction of a given nucleic acid molecule. In higher plants, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the genetic material while ribonucleic acid (RNA) is involved in the transfer of the information in DNA into proteins. A "genome" is the entire body of genetic material contained in each cell of an organism. The term "nucleotide sequence" refers to a plymer of DNA or RNA which can be single- or double-stranded, optionally containing synthetic, non- natural or altered nucleotide bases capable of incorporation into DNA or RNA polymers. RECTIFIED SHEET (RULE 91 ) ISA/ As used herein, "essentially similar" refers to DNA sequences that may involve base changes that do not cause a change in the encoded amino acid, or which involve base changes which may alter one or more amino acids, but do not affect the functional properties of the protein encoded by the DNA sequence. It is therefore understood that the invention encompasses more than the specific exemplary sequences. Modifications to the sequence, such as deletions, insertions, or substitutions in the sequence which produce silent changes that do not substantially affect the functional properties of the resulting protein molecule are also contemplated. For example, alteration in the gene sequence which reflect the degeneracy of the genetic code, or which result in the production of a chemically equivalent amino acid at a given site, are contemplated; thus, a codon for the amino acid alanine, a hydrophobic amino acid, may be substituted by a codon encoding another less hydrophobic residue, such as glycine, or a more hydrophobic residue, such as valine, leucine, or isoleucine. Similarly, changes which result in substitution of one negatively charged residue for another, such as aspartic acid for glutamic acid, or one positively charged residue for another, such as lysine for arginine, can also be expected to produce a biologically equivalent product. Nucleotide changes which result in alteration of the N-terminal and C-teiminal portions of the protein molecule would also not be expected to alter the activity of the protein. In some caes, it may in fact be desirable to make mutants of the sequence in order to study the effect of alteration on the biological activity of the protein. Each of the proposed modifications is well within the routine skill in the art, as is determination of retention of biological activity in the encoded products. Moreover, the skilled artisan recognizes that "essentially similar" sequences encompassed by this invention are also defined by their ability to hybridize, under stringent conditions (0.1X SSC, 0.1% SDS, 65°C), with the sequences exemplified herein. "Gene" refers to a nucleic acid fragment that expresses a specific protein, including regulatory sequences preceding (5' non-coding) and following (3' non- coding) the coding region. "Native" or "wild-type" gene refers to the gene as found in nature with its own regulatory sequences. The term "genetically altered or genetically altered microorganism" refers to any microorganism, suitable for use in the present invention, which has undergone an alteration of the native genetic machinery of the microorganism. Microorganisms may be genetically altered by undergoing transformation by vectors comprising heterologous nucleic acid fragments, mutagenesis with mutagenizing agents (e.g., UV light, ethanesulfonic acid) or any other method whereby stable alterations of the cell genome occur. The term "construct" refers to a plasmid, virus, autonomously replicating sequence, genome integrating sequence, phage or nucleotide sequence, linear or circular, of a single- or double-stranded DNA or RNA, derived from any source, in which a number of nucleotide sequences have been joined or recombined into a unique construction which is capable of introducing a promoter fragment and DNA sequence for a selected gene product along with appropriate 3' untranslated sequence into a cell. The term "transformation" or "transfection" refers to the acquisition of new genes in a cell after the incorporation of nucleic acid. The acquired genes may be integrated into chromosomal DNA or introduced as extrachromosomal replicating sequences. The term "transformant" refers to the product of a transformation. The term "genetically altered" refers to the process of changing hereditary material by transformation or mutation. The term "expression" refers to the transcription and translation to gene product from a gene coding for the sequence of the gene product. The term "plasmid" or "vector" or "cosmid" as used herein refers to an extra chromosomal element often carrying genes which are not part of the central metabolism of the cell, and usually in the form of circular double-stranded DNA molecules. The term "dehydratase enzyme" will refer to any enzyme that is capable of isomerizing or converting a glycerol molecule to the product 3-hydroxypropion- aldehyde. For the purposes of the present invention the dehydratase enzymes include a glycerol dehydratase and a diol dehydratase having preferred substrates of glycerol and 1,2-propanediol, respectively. The term "carbon substrate" or "carbon source" means any carbon source capable of being metabolized by a microorganism wherein the substrate contains at least one carbon atom, provided that the carbon substrate is other than glycerol or dihydroxyacetone. Construction of Recombinant Organisms: Recombinant organisms containing the necessary genes that will encode the enzymatic pathway for the conversion of a carbon substrate to 1,3-propanediol may be constructed using techniques well known in the art. In the present invention genes encoding dehydratase enzyme were isolated from a native host such as Klebsiella and used to transform the E. coli host strains DH5α, ECL707 and AA200. Methods of obtaining desired genes from a bacterial genome are common and well known in the art of molecular biology. For example, if the sequence of the gene is known, suitable genomic libraries may be created by restriction endonuclease digestion and may be screened with probes complementary to the desired gene sequence. Once the sequence is isolated, the DNA may be amplified using standard primer directed amplification methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (U.S. 4,683,202) to obtain amounts of DNA suitable for transformation using appropriate vectors. Alternatively, cosmid libraries may be created where large segments of genomic DNA (35-45kb) may be packaged into vectors and used to transform appropriate hosts. Cosmid vectors are unique in being able to accommodate large quantities of DNA. Generally cosmid vectors have at least one copy of the cos DNA sequence which is needed for packaging and subsequent circularization of the foreign DNA. In addition to the cos sequence these vectors will also contain an origin of replication such as ColEl and drug resistance markers such as a gene resistant to ampicillin or neomycin. Methods of using cosmid vectors for the transformation of suitable bacterial hosts are well described in Sambrook, J. et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. Second Edition (1989) Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, herein incorporated by reference. Typically to clone cosmids, foreign DNA is isolated and ligated, using the appropriate restriction endonucleases, adjacent to the cos region of the cosmid vector. Cosmid vectors containing the linearized foreign DNA is then reacted with a DNA packaging vehicle such as bacteriophage λ. During the packaging process the cos sites are cleaved and the foreign DNA is packaged into the head portion of the bacterial viral particle. These particles are then used to transfect suitable host cells such as E. coli. Once injected into the cell, the foreign DNA circularizes under the influence of the cos sticky ends. In this manner large segments of foreign DNA can be introduced and expressed in recombinant host cells. Cosmid vectors and cosmid transformation methods were used within the context of the present invention to clone large segments of genomic DNA from bacterial genera known to possess genes capable of processing glycerol to 1,3-propanediol. Specifically, genomic DNA from K. pneumoniae was isolated by methods well known in the art and digested with the restriction enzyme Sau3A for insertion into a cosmid vector Supercos 1™ and packaged using Gigapackϋ packaging extracts. Following construction of the vector E. coli XLl-Blue MR cells were transformed with the cosmid DNA. Transformants were screened for die ability to convert glycerol to 1,3-propanediol by growing the cells in the presence of glycerol and analyzing the media for 1,3-propanediol formation. Two of the 1,3-propanediol positive transformants were analyzed and the cosmids were named pKPl and pKP2. DNA sequencing revealed extensive homology to the glycerol dehydratase gene from C. freundii, demonstrating that these transformants contained DNA encoding the glycerol dehydratase gene. Other 1,3-propanediol positive transformant were analyzed and the cosmids were named pKP4 and pKP5. DNA sequencing revealed that these cosmids carried DNA encoding a diol dehydratase gene. Although the instant invention utilizes the isolated genes from within a Klebsiella cosmid, alternate sources of dehydratase genes include, but are not limited to, Citrobacter, Clostridia, and Salmonella. Other genes that will positively affect the production of 1,3-propanediol may be expressed in suitable hosts. For example it may be highly desirable to over-express certain enzymes in the glycerol degradation pathway and/or other pathways at levels far higher than currently found in wild type cells. This may be accomplished by the selective cloning of the genes encoding those enzymes into multicopy plasmids or placing those genes under a strong inducible or constitutive promoter. Methods for over-expressing desired proteins are common and well known in the art of molecular biology and examples may be found in Sambrook, supra. Furthermore, specific deletion of certain genes by methods known to those skilled in the art will positively affect the production of 1,3-propanediol. Examples of such methods can be found in Methods in Enzymology, Volume 217, R. Wu editor, Academic Press:San Diego (1993). Mutants: In addition to the cells exemplified it is contemplated that the present method will be able to make use of cells having single or multiple mutations specifically designed to enhance the production of 1,3-propanediol. Cells that normally divert a carbon feed stock into non-productive pathways, or that exhibit significant catabolite repression could be mutated to avoid these phenotypic deficiencies. For example, many wild type cells are subject to catabolite repression from glucose and by-products in the media and it is contemplated that mutant strains of these wild type organisms, capable of 1,3-propanediol production that are resistant to glucose repression, would be particularly useful in the present invention. Methods of creating mutants are common and well known in the art. For example, wild type cells may be exposed to a variety of agents such as radiation or chemical mutagens and then screened for the desired phenotype. When creating mutations through radiation either ultraviolet (UV) or ionizing radiation may be used. Suitable short wave UV wavelengths for genetic mutations will fall within the range of 200 nm to 300 nm where 254 nm is preferred. UV radiation in this wavelength principally causes changes within nucleic acid sequence from guanidine and cytosine to adenine and thymidine. Since all cells have DNA repair mechanisms that would repair most UV induced mutations, agents such as caffeine and other inhibitors may be added to interrupt the repair process and maximize the number of effective mutations. Long wave UV mutations using light in the 300 nm to 400 nm range are also possible but are generally not as effective as the short wave UV light unless used in conjunction with various activators such as psoralen dyes that interact with the DNA. Mutagenesis with chemical agents is also effective for generating mutants and commonly used substances include chemicals that affect nonreplicating DNA such as HNO2 and NH2OH, as well as agents that affect replicating DNA such as acridine dyes, notable for causing frameshift mutations. Specific methods for creating mutants using radiation or chemical agents are well documented in the art. See for example Thomas D. Brock in Biotechnology: A Textbook of Industrial Microbiology. Second Edition (1989) Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, MA., or Deshpande, Mukund V., Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 36, 227, (1992), herein incorporated by reference. After mutagenesis has occurred, mutants having the desired phenotype may be selected by a variety of methods. Random screening is most common where the mutagenized cells are selected for the ability to produce the desired product or intermediate. Alternatively, selective isolation of mutants can be performed by growing a mutagenized population on selective media where only resistant colonies can develop. Methods of mutant selection are highly developed and well known in the art of industrial microbiology. See Brock, Supra., DeMancilha et al., Food Chem., 14, 313, (1984). Mutations and transformations in the 1.3-propanediol production pathway: Representative enzvme pathway. The production of 1,3-propanediol from glucose can be accomplished by the following series of steps. This series is representative of a number of pathways known to those skilled in the art. Glucose is converted in a series of steps by enzymes of the glycolytic pathway to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde (3-PG). Glycerol is then formed by either hydrolysis of DHAP to dihydroxyacetone (DHA) followed by reduction, or reduction of DHAP to glycerol 3 -phosphate (G3P) followed by hydrolysis. The hydrolysis step can be catalyzed by any number of cellular phosphatases which are known to be non-specific with respect to their substrates or the activity can be introduced into the host by recombination. The reduction step can be catalyzed by a NAD+ (or NADP+) linked host enzyme or the activity can be introduced into the host by recombination. It is notable that the dha regulon contains a glycerol dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.6) which catalyzes the reversible reaction of Equation 3. Glycerol → 3-HP + H 2 O (Equation 1 ) 3-HP + NADH + H+ → 1 ,3-Propanediol + NAD+ (Equation 2) Glycerol + NAD+ → DHA + NADH + H+ (Equation 3) Glycerol is converted to 1,3-propanediol via the intermediate 3-hydroxy- propionaldehye (3-HP) as has been described in detail above. The intermediate 3-HP is produced from glycerol, Equation 1, by a dehydratase enzyme which can be encoded by the host or can introduced into the host by recombination. This dehydratase can be glycerol dehydratase (E.C. 4.2.1.30), diol dehydratase (E.C. 4.2.1.28) or any other enzyme able to catalyze this transformation. Glycerol dehydratase, but not diol dehydratase, is encoded by the dha regulon. 1,3-Propanediol is produced from 3-HP, Equation 2, by a NAD + - (or NADP+) linked host enzyme or the activity can introduced into the host by recombination. This final reaction in the production of 1,3-propanediol can be catalyzed by 1,3-propanediol dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.202) or other alcohol dehydrogenases. Mutations and transformations that affect carbon channeling. A variety of mutant organisms comprising variations in the 1,3-propanediol production pathway will be useful in the present invention. For example the introduction of a triosephosphate isomerase mutation itpi-) into the microorganism of the present invention is an example of the use of a mutation to improve the performance by carbon channeling. The mutation can be directed toward a structural gene so as to impair or improve the activity of an enzymatic activity or can be directed toward a regulatory gene so as to modulate the expression level of an enzymatic activity. Alternatively, transformations and mutations can be combined so as to control particular enzyme activities for the enhancement of 1,3-propanediol production. Thus it is within the scope of the present invention to anticipate modifications of a whole cell catalyst which lead to an increased production of 1,3-propanediol. Media and Carbon Substrates: Fermentation media in the present invention must contain suitable carbon substrates. Suitable substrates m< ■ include but are not limited to monosaccharides such as glucose α id fructoε. uiigosaccharides such as lactose or sucrose, polysaccharides such as starch or cellulose or mixtures thereof and unpurified mixtures from renewable feedstocks such as cheese whey permeate, cornsteep liquor, sugar beet molasses, and barley malt. Additionally the carbon substrate may also be one-carbon substrates such as carbon dioxide, or methanol for which metabolic conversion into key biochemical intermediates has been demonstrated. Glycerol production from single carbon sources (e.g., methanol, formaldehyde or formate) has been reported in methylotrophic yeasts (K. Yamada et al., Agric. Biol. Chem., 53(2) 541-543, (1989)) and in bacteria (Hunter et.al., Biochemistry, 24, 4148-4155, (1985)). These organisms can assimilate single carbon compounds, ranging in oxidation state from methane to formate, and produce glycerol. The pathway of carbon assimilation can be through ribulose monophosphate, through serine, or through xylulose-momophosphate (Gottschalk, Bacterial Metabolism. Second Edition, Springer- Verlag: New York (1986)). The ribulose monophosphate pathway involves the condensation of formate with ribulose-5-phosphate to form a 6 carbon sugar that becomes fructose and eventually the three carbon product glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. Likewise, the serine pathway assimilates the one-carbon compound into the glycolytic pathway via methylenetetrahydrofolate. In addition to one and two carbon substrates methylotrophic organisms are also known to utilize a number of other carbon containing compounds such as methylamine, glucosamine and a variety of amino acids for metabolic activity. For example, methylotrophic yeast are known to utilize the carbon from methylamine to form trehalose or glycerol (Bellion et al., Microb. Growth Cl Compd., [Int. Symp.], 7th (1993), 415-32. Editor(s): Murrell, J. Collin; Kelly, Don P. Publisher: Intercept, Andover, UK). Similarly, various species of Candida will metabolize alanine or oleic acid (Suiter et al., Arch. Microbiol. (1990), 153(5), 485-9). Hence it is contemplated that the source of carbon utilized in the present invention may encompass a wide variety of carbon containing substrates and will only be limited by the choice of organism. Although it is contemplated that all of the above mentioned carbon substrates and mixtures thereof are suitable in the present invention, preferred carbon substrates are glucose, fructose, sucrose or methanol. In addition to an appropriate carbon source, fermentation media must contain suitable minerals, salts, cofactors, buffers and other components, known to those skilled in the art, suitable for the growth of the cultures and promotion of the enzymatic pathway necessary for 1,3-propanediol production. Particular attention is given to Co(II) salts and/or vitamin B γι or precursors thereof. Culture Conditions: Typically cells are grown at 30°C in appropriate media. Preferred growth media in the present invention are common commercially prepared media such as Luria Bertani (LB) broth, Sabouraud Dextrose (SD) broth or Yeast medium (YM) broth. Other defined or synthetic growth media may also be used and the appropriate medium for growth of the particular microorganism will be known by someone skilled in the art of microbiology or fermentation science. The use of agents known to modulate catabolite repression directly or indirectly, e.g., cyclic adenosine 2':3'-monophosphate, may also be incorporated into the reaction media. Similarly, the use of agents known to modulate enzymatic activities (e.g., methyl viologen) that lead to enhancement of 1,3-propanediol production may be used in conjunction with or as an alternative to genetic manipulations. Suitable pH ranges for the fermentation are between pH 5.0 to pH 9.0 where pH 6.0 to pH 8.0 is preferred as the initial condition. Reactions may be performed under aerobic or anaerobic conditions where anaerobic or microaerobic conditions are preferred. Batch and Continuous Fermentations: The present process employs a batch method of fermentation. A classical batch fermentation is a closed system where the composition of the media is set at the beginning of the fermentation and not subject to artificial alterations during the fermentation. Thus, at the beginning of the fermentation the media is inoculated with the desired organism or organisms and fermentation is permitted to occur adding nothing to the system. Typically, however, a "batch" fermentation is batch with respect to the addition of carbon source and attempts are often made at controlling factors such as pH and oxygen concentration. In batch systems the metabolite and biomass compositions of the system change constantly up to the time the fermentation is stopped. Within batch cultures cells moderate through a static lag phase to a high growth log phase and finally to a stationary phase where growth rate is diminished or halted. If untreated, cells in the stationary phase will eventually die. Cells in log phase generally are responsible for the bulk of production of end product or intermediate. A variation on the standard batch system is the Fed-Batch system. Fed-Batch fermentation processes are also suitable in the present invention and comprise a typical batch system with the exception that the substrate is added in increments as the fermentation progresses. Fed-Batch systems are useful when catabolite repression is apt to ir-τibit the metabolism of the cells and where it is desirable to have limited amounts of substrate in the media. Measurement of the actual substrate concentration in Fed-Batch systems is difficult and is therefore estimated on the basis of the changes of measurable factors such as pH, dissolved oxygen and the partial pressure of waste gases such as CO 2 . Batch and Fed-Batch fermentations are common and well known in the art and examples may be found in Brock, supra. Although the present invention is performed in batch mode it is contemplated that the method would be adaptable to continuous fermentation methods. Continuous fermentation is an open system where a defined fermentation media is added continuously to a bioreactor and an equal amount of conditioned mediais removed simultaneously for processing. Continuous fermentation generally maintains the cultures at a constant high density where cells are primarily in log phase growth. Continuous fermentation allows for the modulation of one factor or any number of factors that affect cell growth or end product concentration. For example, one method will maintain a limiting nutrient such as the carbon source or nitrogen level at a fixed rate and allow all other parameters to moderate. In other systems a number of factors affecting growth can be altered continuously while the cell concentration, measured by media turbidity, is kept constant. Continuous systems strive to maintain steady state growth conditions and thus the cell loss due to media being drawn off must be balanced against the cell growth rate in the fermentation. Methods of modulating nutrients and growth factors for continuous fermentation processes as well as techniques for maximizing the rate of product formation are well known in the art of industrial microbiology and a variety of methods are detailed by Brock, supra. It is contemplated that the present invention may be practiced using either batch, fed-batch or continuous processes and that any known mode of fermentation would be suitable. Additionally, it is contemplated that cells may be immobilized on a substrate as whole cell catalysts and subjected to fermentation conditions for 1,3-propanediol production. Identification and purification of 1.3-propanediol: Methods for the purification of 1,3-propanediol from fermentation media are known in the art. For example propanediols can be obtained from cell media by subjecting the reaction mixture to extraction with an organic solvent, distillation and column chromatography (U.S. 5,356,812). A particularly good organic solvent for this process is cyclohexane (U.S. 5,008,473). 1,3-Propanediol may be identified directly by submitting the media to high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Preferred in the present invention is a method where fermentation media is analyzed on an analytical ion exchange column using a mobile phase of 0.0 IN sulfuric acid in an isocratic fashion. Cells: Cells suitable in the present invention comprise those that harbor a dehydratase enzyme. It is contemplated that suitable cells may be either prokaryotic or eukarytoic and will be limited only by their ability to express an active dehydratase enzyme. Particularly useful in the present invention will be cells that are readily adaptable to large-scale fermentation methods. Such organisms are well known in the art of industrial bioprocessing, examples of which may be found in "Recombinant Microbes for Industrial and Agricultural Applications", Murooka et al., eds., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, New York (1994), and include fermentative bacteria as well as yeast and filamentous fungi. Typically the enzyme will be either a glycerol dehydratase or a diol dehydratase having a substrate specificity for either glycerol or 1,2-propanediol, respectively. Dehydratase enzymes are capable of converting glycerol to hydroxy- propionaldehyde (3-HPA) which is then converted to 1,3-propanediol. Cells containing this pathway may include mutated or recombinant organisms belonging to the genera Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Clostridium, Klebsiella, Samonella, and Lactobacillus. Microorganisms known by persons skilled in the art to produce glycerol by fermentation, e.g., Aspergillus, Saccharomyces, Zygosaccharomyces, Pichia, Kluyveromyces, Candida, Hansenula, Dunaliella, Debaryomyces, Mucor, Torylopsis, and Methylobacteria, may be the hosts for a recombinant dehydratase enzyme. Other cells suitable as hosts in the present invention include Bacillus, Escherichia, Pseudomonas and Streptomyces . While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that organisms, belonging to the above mentioned groups, exist in nature that are suitable for the present invention. On the basis of applicants' experimental work it is contemplated that a wide variety of cells may be used in the present invention. Applicants have demonstrated for example that cells varying widely in genetic and phenotypic composition are able to bioconvert a suitable carbon substrate to 1,3-propanediol. Cells exemplified include: a K. pneumoniae mutant strain constitutive for the dha genes, recombinant E. coli strains comprising elements of the Klebsiella genome containing genes encoding either glycerol or diol dehydratase, and recombinant E. coli (tpi ~ ) strains also transfected with elements of the Klebsiella genomes and harboring a mutation in the gene encoding the triosephosphate isomerase enzyme. Although E. coli transformants containing the dha regulon from Klebsiella pneumonia were able to convert glycerol to 1,3-propanediol even in the presence of glucose or xylose (Tong et al., Appl. Biochem. Biotech., 34, 149 (1992)) no 1,3-propanediol was detected by these organisms in the presence of glucose alone. In direct contrast to this disclosure, applicants have discovered that three strains of E. coli, containing either of two independently isolated cosmids comprising the dha regulon from Klebsiella pneumonia, produced 1,3-propanediol from a feed of glucose with no exogenously added glycerol present. E. coli strain ECL707, containing cosmid vectors pKP-1 or pKP-2 comprising the K. pneumoniae dha regulon, showed detectable though modest production of 1,3-propanediol from glucose in the absense of exogenously added glycerol, (Example 4). Recombinant E. coli strains constructed from an alternate host organism, DH5α, also containing cosmid vectors pKP-1 or pKP-2, were found to be more effective than the ECL707 recombinants in producing 1,3-propanediol from glucose under the appropriate conditions, (Example 3). Most effective in producing 1,3-propanediol from glucose under the conditions of Example 4 were the recombinant E. coli strains AA200 containing cosmid vectors pKP-1 or pKP-2, Example 2. E. coli strain AA200 contains a defective triosephosphate isomerase enzyme (tpi~). A strain of AA200-pKPl, selected for further study from a pool of independent isolates from the transformation reaction, converted glucose to 1,3-propanediol in a two stage reaction. In the first stage, the strain AA200-pKPl-5 was grown to high cell density in the absence of glucose and glycerol. In the second stage, the grown cells, suspended in a medium containing glucose but no glycerol, converted glucose to 1,3-propanediol with high conversion and selectivity, Example 5. Although differing immumochemically, chromatographically, and genetically, the coenzyme B-^-dependent enzymes glycerol dehydratase (E.C. 4.2.1.30) and diol dehydratase (E.C. 4.2.1.28) catalyze the conversion of glycerol to 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde. Glycerol dehydratase, but not diol dehydratase, is encompassed by the dha regulon. K. pneumoniae ATCC 8724, containing a diol dehydratase but not a glycerol dehydratase converts glycerol to 1,3-propanediol (Forage et al., /. Bacteriol., 149, 413, (1982)). Recombinant E. coli strains ECL707 and AA200, containing cosmid vector pKP4 encoding genes for a diol dehydratase, converted glucose to 1,3-propanediol, Example 2 and Example 4. K. pneumoniae ECL2106, prepared by mutagenesis from a naturally occurring strain (Ruch et al., /. Bacteriol. 124, 348 (1975)), exibits constitutive expression of the dha regulon (Ruch et al., supra; Johnson et al., /. Bacteriol. 164, 479 (1985)). A strain derived from K. pneumoniae ATCC 25955, displaying the same phenotype, has been similarly prepared (Forage et al., /. Bacteriol. 149, 413 (1982)). Expression of the Klebsiella dha structural genes is, in part, controlled by a repressor (product of dha R) (Sprenger et al., /. Gen Microbiol. 135, 1255 (1989)). Applicants have shown that ECL2106, which is constitutive for the dha structural genes, produced 1,3-propanediol from a feed of glucose in the absence of exogenously added glycerol, Example 6. This is in contrast to wild type K. pneumoniae ATCC 25955 which did not produce detectable levels of 1,3-propanediol under the same conditions, Example 6. The expression of the dha structural genes in ECL2106 is further controlled by catabolite expression (Sprenger et al., 7. Gen Microbiol. 135, 1255 (1989)). Elimination of catabolite repression can be achieved by placing the necessary structural genes under the control of alternate promotors as has been demonstrated for 1 ,3-propanediol oxidoreductase (dhaT) from C. freundii and diol dehydratase from K. oxytoca ATCC 8724 (Daniel et al., /. Bacteriol. 177, 2151 (1995) and Tobimatsu et al., J. Biol. Chem. 270, 7142 (1995)). By eliminating catabolite repression from ECL2106 in this manner, an improvement in the production of 1,3-propanediol from glucose in the absence of an exogenous source of glycerol is achieved. An even further improvement is obtained by appropriate carbon channelling as is described, by example, with the tpϊ mutation. As the dha regulons of Citrobacter and Klebsiella sp. are strikingly similar, one of skill in the art will appreciate that teachings that involve the production of 1,3-propanediol from glucose in the absence of an exogenous source of glycerol for Klebsiella sp. applies to Citrobacter sp. as well. Furthermore, as the metabolism of glycerol by C. butyricum is comparable to that of K. pneumoniae [Zeng et al., Biotechnol. and Bioeng. 44, 902 (1994)], teachings will extend to Clostridia sp. as well. EXAMPLES GENERAL METHODS Procedures for phosphorylations, ligations and transformations are well known in the art. Techniques suitable for use in the following examples may be found in Sambrook, J. et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press ( 1989). Materials and methods suitable for the maintenance and growth of bacterial cultures are well known in the art. Techniques suitable for use in the following examples may be found in Manual of Methods for General Bacteriology (Phillipp Gerhardt, R. G. E. Murray, Ralph N. Costilow, Eugene W. Nester, Willis A. Wood, Noel R. Krieg and G. Briggs Phillips, eds), American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC. (1994) or Thomas D. Brock in Biotechnology: A Textbook of Industrial Microbiology. Second Edition (1989) Sinauer Associates. Inc., Sunderland, MA. All reagents and materials used for the growth and maintenance of bacterial cells were obtained from Aldrich Chemicals (Milwaukee, WI), DJJFCO Laboratories (Detroit, MI), GJJ3CO BRL (Gaithersburg, MD), or Sigma Chemical Company (St. Louis, MO) unless otherwise specified. The meaning of abbreviations is as follows: "h" means hour(s), "min" means minute(s), "sec" means second(s), "d" means day(s), "mL" means milliliters, "L" means liters, 50amp is 50 μg/mL ampicillin, and LB-50amp is Luria-Bertani broth containing 50 μg/mL ampicillin. Within the tables the following abreviations are used. "Con." is conversion, "Sel." is selectivity based on carbon, and "nd" is not detected. Enzyme Assays rol dehydratase activity in cell free extracts was determined using 1,2-propanediol as substrate. The assay, based on die reaction of aldehydes with methylbenzo-2-thiazolone hydrazone, has been described by Forage and Foster (Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 569, 249 (1979)). The activity of 1,3-propanediol oxidoreductase, sometimes referred to as 1,3-propanediol dehydrogenase, was determined in solution or in slab gels using 1,3-propanediol and NAD + as substrates as has also been described. Johnson and Lin, /. Bacteriol, 169, 2050 (1987). Isolation and Identification 1.3-propanediol The conversion of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol was monitored by HPLC. Analyses were performed using standard techniques and materials available to one of skill in the art of chromatography. One suitable method utilized a Waters Maxima 820 HPLC system using UV (210 nm) and RI detection. Samples were injected onto a Shodex SH-1011 column (8 mm x 300 mm, purchased from Waters, Milford, MA) equipped with a Shodex SH-1011P precolumn (6 mm x 50 mm), temperature controlled at 50°C, using 0.01 N H 2 SO 4 as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. When quantitative analysis was desired, samples were prepared with a known amount of trimethylacetic acid as external standard. Typically, the retention times of glycerol (RI detection), 1,3-propanediol (RI detection), and trimethylacetic acid (UV and RI detection) were 20.67 min, 26.08 min, and 35.03 min, respectively. Production of 1,3-propanediol was confirmed by GC/MS. Analyses were performed using standard techniques and materials available to one of skill in the art of GC/MS. One suitable method utilized a Hewlett Packard 5890 Series II gas chromatograph coupled to a Hewlett Packard 5971 Series mass selective detector (El) and a HP-INNOWax column (30 m length, 0.25 mm i.d., 0.25 micron film thickness). The retention time and mass spectrum of 1,3-propanediol generated were compared to that of authentic 1,3-propanediol {m/e: 57, 58). An alternative method for GC/MS involved derivatization of the sample. To 1.0 mL of sample (e.g., culture supernatant) was added 30 uL of concentrated (70% v/v) perchloric acid. After mixing, the sample was frozen and lyophilized. A 1:1 mixture of bis(trimemylsUyl)trifluoroacetamide:pyridine (300 uL) was added to the lyophilized material, mixed vigorously and placed at 65°C for one h. The sample was clarified of insoluble material by centrifugation. The resulting liquid partitioned into two phases, the upper of which was used for analysis. The sample was chromatographed on a DB-5 column (48 m, 0.25 mm I.D., 0.25 um film thickness; from J&W Scientific) and the retention time and mass spectrum of the 1,3-propanediol derivative obtained from culture supernatants were compared to that obtained from authentic standards. The mass spectra of TMS-derivatized 1,3-propanediol contains the characteristic ions of 205, 177, 130 and 115 AMU. Construction of K. pneumoniae cosmid libraries K. pneumoniae (ATCC 25955) was grown in 100 mL LB medium for 8 h at 37°C with aeration. Bacteria (25 mL per tube) were centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 15 min in a DuPont Sorvall GLC 2.B centrifuge at room temperature. The bacteria were pelleted and supernatant was decanted. The bacterial cell pellet was frozen at -20°C. The chromosomal DNA was isolated as outlined below with special care taken to avoid shearing of DNA (i.e., vortexing was avoided). One tube of bacteria was resuspended in 2.5 mL of 50 mM Tris-lOmM EDTA and 500 μL of lysozyme (1 mg/mL) was added. The pellet was gently resuspended and the suspension was incubated at 37°C for 15 min. Sodium dodecyl sulfate was added to bring the final concentration to 0.5%. This resulted in the solution becoming clear. Proteinase K (50 ug/mL) was added and the suspension was incubated at 55°C for 2 h. The tube was removed and transferred to an ice bath and sodium chloride was added to yield a 0.4 M final concentration. Two volumes of ethanol were added to the liquid. A glass tube was inserted to the interface and the DNA was gently spooled. DNA was dipped into a tube containing 70% ethanol. After drying in vacuo, the DNA was resuspended in 500 ul of water and die concentration of DNA was determined spectrophoto- metrically. A diluted aliquot of DNA was run on a 0.5% agarose gel to determine the intact nature of DNA. The chromosomal DNA was partially digested with Sau3A as oudined by Sambrook et al., supra. DNA (2 ug) was digested with 2 units of Sau3A (Promega, Madison, WI) at room temperature in 200 μL of total volume. At 0, 5, 10 and 20 min, samples (50 μL) were removed and transferred to tubes containing 5 umol of EDTA. These tubes were incubated at 70°C for 10 min. An aliquot (2 μL) was withdrawn and analyzed on a 0.5% agarose gel electrophoresis to determine the level of digestion and the rest of d e sample (48 μL) was stored at -20°C. The gel was stained with ethidium bromide and visualized under UV to determine the partial digestion of the chromosomal DNA. A decrease in the size of the chromosomal DNA with increase in time was observed showing that the decrease in the size of the chromosomal DNA is due to the action of Sau3A. DNA was extracted from rest of the sample by standard protocol methods (Sambrook et al., supra). A cosmid library of partially digested DNA from K. pneumoniae was prepared using Supercos cosmid vector kit and GigapackJJ packaging extracts using reagents purchased from Stratagene (La Jolla, CA). The instructions provided by the manufacturer were followed. The packaged K. pneumoniae contained 4 x 10 4 to 1.0 x 10 5 phage titer as determined by transfecting E. coli XLl-Blue MR. Cosmid DNA was isolated from 6 of the E. coli transformants and found to contain large insert of DNA (25 to 30 kb). EXAMPLE 1 Cloning and transformation of E. coli host cells with cosmid DNA for the expression of 1.3-propanediol Media Synthetic S 12 medium was used in the screening of bacterial transformants for the ability to make 1,3-propanediol. S12 medium contains: 10 mM ammonium sulfate, 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, 2 mM MgCl 2 , 0.7 mM CaCl 2 , 50 μM MnCl 2 , 1 μM FeCl 3 , 1 μM ZnCl, 1.7 μM CuSO 4 , 2.5 μM CoCl 2 , 2.4 μM Na 2 MoO 4 , and 2 μM thiamine hydrochloride. Medium A used for growth and fermentation consisted of: 10 mM ammonium sulfate; 50 mM MOPS/KOH buffer, pH 7.5; 5 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.5; 2 mM MgCl 2 ; 0.7 mM CaCl 2 ; 50 μM MnCI 2 ; 1 μM FeCl 3 ; 1 μM ZnCl; 1.72 μM CuSO 4 ; 2.53 μM CoCl 2 ; 2.42 μM Na 2 MoO 4 ; 2 μM thiamine hydrochloride; 0.01% yeast extract; 0.01% casarnino acids; 0.8 μg/mL vitamin B 12 ; and 50 amp. Medium A was supplemented with either 0.2% glycerol or 0.2% glycerol plus 0.2% D-glucose as required. Cells: Klebsiella pneumoniae ECL2106 (Ruch et al. , J. Bacteriol. , 124, 348 (1975)), also known in the literature as K. aerogenes or Aerobacter aerogenes, was obtained from E. C. C. Lin (Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA) and was maintained as a laboratory culture. Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 25955 was purchased from American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, MD). E. coli DH5α was purchased from Gibco/BRL and was transformed with the cosmid DNA isolated from Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 25955 containing a gene coding for either a glycerol or diol dehydratase enzyme. Cosmids containing the glycerol dehydratase were identified as pKPl and pKP2 and cosmid containing the diol dehydratase enzyme were identified as pKP4. Transformed DH5α cells were identified as DH5α-pKPl, DH5α-pKP2, and DH5α-pKP4. E. coli ECL707 (Sprenger et al., /. Gen. Microbiol., 135, 1255 (1989)) was obtained from E. C. C. Lin (Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA) and was similarly transformed with cosmid DNA from Klebsiella pneumoniae. These transformants were identified as ECL707-pKPl and ECL707-pKP2, containing the glycerol dehydratase gene and ECL707-pKP4 containing the diol dehydratase gene. E. coli AA200 containing a mutation in the tpi gene (Anderson et al., /. Gen Microbiol., 62, 329 (1970)) was purchased from the E. coli Genetic Stock Center, Yale University (New Haven, CT) and was transformed with Klebsiella cosmid DNA to give the recombinant organisms AA200-pKPl and AA200-pKP2, containing the glycerol dehydratase gene, and AA200-pKP4, containing the diol dehydratase gene. DH5 : Six transformation plates containing approximately 1,000 colonies of E. coli XLl-Blue MR transfected widi K. pneumoniae DNA were washed with 5 mL LB medium and centrifuged. The bacteria were pelleted and resuspended in 5 mL LB medium + glycerol. An aliquot (50 μL) was inoculated into a 15 mL tube containing S12 synthetic medium with 0.2% glycerol + 400 ng per mL of vitamin B i2 + 0.001% yeast extract + 50amp. The tube was filled with the medium to the top and wrapped with parafilm and incubated at 30°C. A slight turbidity was observed after 48 h. Aliquots, analyzed for product distribution as described above at 78 h and 132 h, were positive for 1,3-propanediol, the later time points containing increased amounts of 1,3-propanediol. The bacteria, testing positive for 1,3-propanediol production, were serially diluted and plated onto LB-50amp plates in order to isolate single colonies. Forty eight single colonies were isolated and checked again for the production of 1,3-propanediol. Cosmid DNA was isolated from 6 independent clones and transformed into E. coli strain DH5α. The transformants were again checked for the production of 1,3-propanediol. Two transformants were characterized further and designated as DH5α-pKPl and DH5α-pKP2. A 12.1 kb EcoRI-Sall fragment from pKPl , subcloned into pIBI31 (IBI Biosystem, New Haven, CN), was sequenced and termed pHK28-26 (SEQ ID NO: 1). Sequencing revealed the loci of the relevant open reading frames of the dha operon encoding glycerol dehydratase and genes necessary for regulation. Referring to SEQ ID NO: 1 , a fragment of the open reading frame for dhaK encoding dihydroxyacetone kinase is found at bases 1-399; d e open reading frame dhaD encoding glycerol dehydrogenase is found at bases 983-2107; the open reading frame dhaR encoding die repressor is found at bases 2209-4134; the open reading frame dhaT encoding 1,3-propanediol oxidoreductase is found at bases 5017-6180; die open reading frame dhaBl encoding die alpha subunit glycerol dehydratase is found at bases 7044-8711; the open reading frame dhaBl encoding die beta subunit glycerol dehydratase is found at bases 8724-9308; the open reading frame dhaB 3 encoding d e gamma subunit glycerol dehydratase is found at bases 9311-9736; and d e open reading frame dhaBX, encoding a protein of unknown function is found at bases 9749-11572. Single colonies of E. coli XLl-Blue MR transfected widi packaged cosmid DNA from K. pneumoniae were inoculated into microtiter wells containing 200 uL of S15 medium (ammonium sulfate, 10 mM; potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, 1 mM; MOPS/KOH buffer, pH 7.0, 50 mM; MgCl 2 , 2 mM; CaCl 2 , 0.7 mM; MnCl 2 , 50 uM; FeCl 3 , 1 uM; ZnCl, 1 uM; CuSO 4 , 1.72 uM; CoCl 2 , 2.53 uM; Na 2 MoO , 2.42 uM; and thiamine hydrochloride, 2 uM) + 0.2% glycerol + 400 ng/mL of vitamin B 12 + 0.001% yeast extract + 50 ug/mL ampicillin. In addition to die microtiter wells, a master plate containing LB-50 amp was also inoculated. After 96 h, 100 uL was withdrawn and centrifuged in a Rainin microfuge tube containing a 0.2 micron nylon membrane filter. Bacteria were retained and die filtrate was processed for HPLC analysis. Positive clones demonstrating 1,3-propanediol production were identified after screening approximately 240 colonies. Three positive clones were identified, two of which had grown on LB -50 amp and one of which had not. A single colony, isolated from one of the two positive clones grown on LB -50 amp and verified for die production of 1,3-propanediol, was designated as pKP4. Cosmid DNA was isolated from E. coli strains containing pKP4 and E. coli strain DH5α was transformed. An independent transformant, designated as DH5α-pKP4, was verified for the production of 1 ,3-propanediol. ECL707: E. coli strain ECL707 was transformed with cosmid K. pneumoniae DNA corresponding to pKPl, pKP2, pKP4 and die Supercos vector alone and named ECL707-pKPl, ECL707-pKP2, ECL707-pKP4, and ECL707-sc, respectively. ECL707 is defective in glpK, gld, and ptsD which encode the ATP-dependent glycerol kinase, NAD + -linked glycerol dehydrogenase, and enzyme JJ for dihydroxyacetone of die phosphoenolpyruvate dependent phosphotransferase system, respectively. Twenty single colonies of each cosmid transformation and five of die Supercos vector alone (negative control) transformation, isolated from LB-50amp plates, were transferred to a master LB-50amp plate. These isolates were also tested for their ability to convert glycerol to 1,3-propanediol in order to determine if they contained dehydratase activity. The transformants were transferred with a sterile toothpick to microtiter plates containing 200 μL of Medium A supplemented witii either 0.2% glycerol or 0.2% glycerol plus 0.2% D-glucose. After incubation for 48 hr at 30°C, the contents of the microtiter plate wells were filtered dirough an 0.45 μ nylon filter and chromatographed by HPLC. The results of these tests are given in Table 1. Table 1 Conversion of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol by transformed ECL707: number of positive isolates/number of isolates tested Transformant Glvcerol Glvcerol plus Glucose ECL707-pKPl 19/20 19/20 ECL707-pKP2 18/20 20/20 ECL707-pKP4 0/20 20/20 ECL707-sc 0/5 0/5 AA200: E. coli strain AA200 was transformed wi cosmid K. pneumoniae DNA corresponding to pKPl, pKP2, pKP4 and the Supercos vector alone and named AA200-pKPl, AA200-pKP2, AA200-pKP4, and AA200-sc, respectively. Strain AA200 is defective in triosephosphate isomerase, (tpi~). Twenty single colonies of each cosmid transformation and five of the empty vector transformation were isolated and tested for dieir ability to convert glycerol to 1,3-propanediol as described for E. coli strain ECL707. The results of these tests are given in Table 2. Table 2 Conversion of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol by transformed AA200: Number of positive isolates/number of isolates tested Transformant Glvcerol Glvcerol plus Glucose AA200-pKPl 17/20 17/20 AA200-pKP2 17/20 17/20 AA200-pKP4 2/20 16/20 AA200-SC 0/5 0/5 EXAMPLE 2 Conversion of D-glucose to 1.3-propanediol by E. coli strain AA200. transformed with Klebsiellia pneumoniae DNA containing dehydratase activity Glass serum botdes, filled to capacity with media (ca. 14 mL of Medium A as defined in Example 1 supplemented with 10 μg/mL kanamycin and 0.2% D-glucose, plus or minus 0.5-1.0 mM cyclic adenosine 2':3'-monophosphate (cAMP)), were innoculated with selected single colony isolates of E. coli strain AA200 containing the K. pneumoniae dha regulon cosmids pKPl or pKP2, the K. pneumoniae pdu operon pKP4, or the Supercos vector alone. In order to avoid contact widi glycerol, the innoculation was performed from either an agar plate of LB-50amp or from a liquid culture of the same medium. The reactions were incubated for ca. 72 hr at 30°C while shaking at 250 rpm. Growth was determined by the change in absorbance at 600 nm where the initial ODgoo was 0.020 AU. The extent of glucose depletion and product distribution were determined by HPLC. Single colony isolates are identified by a numbered suffix "-x", e.g., AA200-pKPl-x. Cumulative results are presented in Table 3 and Table 4. Table 3 Conversion of 0.2% D-glucose to 1,3-propanediol bv transformed E. coli strain AA200: without cAMP [1,3-propane- Transformant OD ή nn dioll (mM) Con. (%) Sel. (%) AA200-pKPl-3 0.056 0.05 17 1 AA200-pKPl-5 0.115 nd 0 0.007 nd 0 0.076 0.2 14 5 AA200-pKPl-20 0.116 nd 27 0 0.205 0.3 17 8 AA200-pKP2-10 0.098 0.2 13 7 AA200-pKP2-14 0.117 0.5 17 14 0.129 0.2 19 5 AA200-pKP2-20 0.094 nd 11 0 AA200-pKP4-4 0.198 0.1 28 2 AA200-pKP4-19 0.197 0.2 34 3 AA200-pKP4-20 0.206 0.1 38 1 AA200-sc-l 0.097 nd 22 0 0.176 nd 46 0 Table 4 Conversion of 0.2% D-glucose to 1,3-propanediol by transformed E. coli strain AA200: with cAMP [1,3-propane- Transformant ODfinn diol] (mM) % Con. % Sel. AA200-pKPl-3 0.102 0.5 19 12 AA200-pKPl-5 0.088 1.5 21 37 0.236 1.4 24 28 0.071 0.8 15 23 AA200-pKPl-20 0.153 nd 40 0 0.185 0.9 27 16 AA200-ρKP2-10 0.098 0.2 13 7 AA200-pKP2-14 0.213 2.0 26 27 0.155 0.6 25 12 AA200-pKP2-20 0.198 1.2 40 14 AA200-pKP4-4 0.218 0.1 31 2 AA200-pKP4-19 0.223 0.2 37 3 AA200-pKP4-20 0.221 0.2 35 3 AA200-SC-1 0.111 nd 23 0 0.199 nd 49 0 0.122 nd 25 0 a The identity of 1,3-propanediol was verified by GC/MS as described in the GENERAL METHODS. EXAMPLE 3 Conversion of D-glucose to 1.3-propanediol by E. coli strain DH5 . transformed widi Klebsiellia pneumoniae DNA containing dehydratase activity E. coli strain DH5α, containing the K. pneumoniae dha regulon cosmids pKPl or pKP2, were tested for their ability to convert D-glucose to 1,3-propanediol as described in Example 2. The results are presented in Table 5. Table 5 Conversion of 0.2% D-glucose to 1,3-propanediol by transformed E. coli strain DH5α: plus (+) and minus (-) cAMP [1,3-propane- Transformant OD-snn diol] (mM) % Con. % Sel. ^H5α-pKPl (-) 0.630 0.5 100 2 DA ~ τr Pl (+) 0.774 0.6 100 3 DH:. 2 (-) 0.584 0.6 100 3 DH5α- t ._ ~ (+) 0.699 0.7 100 3 EXAMPLE 4 Conversion of D-glucose to 1.3-propanediol bv E. coli strain ECL707. transformed with Klebsiellia pneumoniae DNA containing dehydratase activity E. coli strain ECL707, containing the K. pneumoniae dha regulon cosmids pKPl or pKP2, the K. pneumoniae pdu operon pKP4, or the Supercos vector alone, were tested for their ability to convert D-glucose to 1,3-propanediol as described in Example 2. In each case, conversion was quantitative. The results are presented in Table 6. Table 6 Conversion of D-glucose to 1,3-propanediol by transformed E. coli strain ECL707: with and without cAMP [1,3-propane- [1,3-propane- Transformant OD Λn n dioll (mM) ODfinn dioll (mM) (without cAMP) (witii cAMP) ECL707-pKPl-l 0.607 0.1 0.475 0.1 ECL707-pKPl-3 0.619 0.1 0.422 0.1 ECL707-pKPl-7 0.582 0.2 0.522 0.2 ECL707-pKPl-10 0.593 0.1 0.408 0.1 ECL707-pKPl-18 0.584 0.1 0.433 0.1 ECL707-pKP2-4 0.588 0.1 0.408 0.1 ECL707-pKP2-5 0.630 0.1 0.516 0.2 ECL707-pKP2-8 0.542 0.1 0.486 0.1 ECL707-pKP2-15 0.589 0.1 0.485 0.1 ECL707-pKP2-19 0.577 0.1 0.504 0.1 ECL707-pKP4-8 0.499 nd 0.361 <0.1 ECL707-pKP4-9 0.544 nd 0.354 nd ECL707-pKP4-10 0.515 nd 0.265 <0.1 ECL707-pKP4-14 0.512 nd 0.318 <0.1 ECL707-pKP4-17 0.345 nd 0.388 <0.1 ECL707-SC-1 0.592 nd 0.385 nd EXAMPLE 5 Two stage conversion of D-glucose to 1.3-ρropanediol by Escherichia coli AA200-pKPl-5 Baffled flasks (250 mL) containing 50 mL LB-amp medium were inoculated witi single colonies of AA200-pKPl-5. The cells were grown, in duplicate, overnight at 30 or 37°C with shaking (250 rpm). Grown cultures were spun (10 minutes, 10,000 rpm, 4°C) and resuspended in production medium without glucose (10 mM (NH4)2SO 4 ; 5 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.5; 50 mM MOPS, pH 7.5; 0.01% yeast extract; 0.01% casamino acids; 0.8 μg/mL vitamin B 12 ; and 50 μg/mL ampicillin) containing either trace metals A: (0.08 μM CoCl 2 , 0.06 μM CuCl 2 , 7 μM FeSO 4 , 2 μM H 3 BO 4 , 0.2 μM MnCl 2 , 0.1 μM Na 2 MoO 4 , 0.08 μM NiCl 2 , 0.3 μM ZnSO 4 , and 0.03 mM thiamine) or trace metals B: (0.7 mM CaCl 2 , 2.53 μM CoCl 2 , 1.72 μM CuSO 4 , 1.0 μM FeCl 3 , 2 M MgCl 2 , 0.05 mM MnCl 2 , 2.42 μM Na 2 MoO 4 , 1.0 μM ZnCl2, and 0.03 mM thiamine). The cells were spun a second time, resuspended in 50 mL fresh production medium containing D-glucose and dispensed into 60 mL serum bottles which were capped and sealed with butyl rubber septa. The bottles were shaken (250 rpm) and samples withdrawn with a syringe through the septum and filtered through a 0.2 μ filter before analysis. Results are shown in Table 7 and Table 8; residual glucose was measured by enzymatic analysis (Biochemistry Analyzer, Yellow Springs Instruments Co., Inc.) and 1,3-propanediol was analyzed by HPLC. Table 7 Conversion of 0.2% D-glucose to 1,3-propanediol by Escherichia coli AA200-pKPl-5. Duplicate reactions were performed a Time [Glucose] [1,3-propane- Con. Sel. Experiment (days) ( M) diol] (mM) (%) (%) #1 1 0.1 2.3 99 10 #1 4 0.1 2.3 99 10 #2 1 2.8 2.3 75 14 #2 4 0.1 2.4 99 11 a The reactions mixtures, containing trace metals A, were incubated at 37°C. Table 8 Conversion of 1% D-glucose to 1.3-propanediol bv Escherichia coli AA200-kPl-5 a time [glucose ] [1,3-propane- Con. Sel. (days) (mM) diol] (mM) (%) (%) 0 ' 53 0 0 0 1 39 5.6 26 20 2 35 8.3 34 23 3 33 8.4 38 21° a The reactions mixtures, containing trace metals B, were incubated at 30°C D At die end of die reaction, the presence of 1,3-propanediol was confirmed by GC/MS and 13 C-NMR (300 MHz). EXAMPLE 6 Conversion of D-glucose to 1.3-propanediol bv Klebsiella pneumoniae ECL2106 but not bv Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 25955 Glass serum bottles, filled to capacity (ca 14 mL) with media, were lighdy innoculated from a LB agar plate containing K. pneumoniae ECL2106 or K. pneumoniae ATCC 25955. The media contained 50 mM glucose, 3 mM (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , 0.9 mM CaCl 2 , 4 μM CoCl 2 , 0.06 μM CuCl 2 , 7 μM FeSO 4 , 2 μM H 3 BO 4 , 0.8 mM MgSO 4 , 0.2 μM MnCl 2 , 0.1 μM Na 2 MoO 4 , 0.08 μM NiCl 2 , 0.3 μM 2J1SO4, 0.1 mg/mL DL-cysteine, 10 μM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 0.8 μg/mL vitamin B^, potassium phosphate as indicated in Table 9, and eiti er 50 mM HEPES or 50 mM MOPS buffer, pH 7.5. The reactions were incubated for 47 hr at 30°C while shaking at 250 rpm. Otherwise, the reaction was performed as described in Example 2. The results are given in Table 9. Table 9 Conversion of D-glucose to 1,3-propanediol by Klebsiella pneumoniae ECL2106 but not by Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 25955 Strain Buffer Pi [Glucose] [1,3-Propane- (mM) (mM) diol] (mM) 2106 MOPS 5.0 11.4 0.2 2106 MOPS 2.5 13.9 0.2 2106 MOPS 1.3 14.8 0.1 2106 MOPS 0.6 15.8 0.1 2106 HEPES 5.0 21.1 0.1 2106 HEPES 2.5 23.4 0.1 2106 HEPES 1.3 26.4 0.1 2106 HEPES 0.6 27.5 0.1 25955 MOPS 5.0 4.4 nd 25955 MOPS 2.5 5.4 nd 25955 , MOPS 1.3 2.8 nd 25955 MOPS 0.6 7.8 nd 25955 HEPES 5.0 7.0 nd 25955 HEPES 2.5 13.5 nd 25955 HEPES 1.3 10.2 nd 25955 HEPES 0.6 17.8 nd EXAMPLE 7 Production of 1.3- propanediol bv recombinant Pichia pastoris Construction of general purpose expression plasmid The 0.9 kb EcoRl/Xbal fragment in pHIL-D4 (Phillips Petroleum, Bartlesville, OK) was replaced by the 0.9 kb EcoRl/Xbal fragment from pAO815 (Invitrogen, San Diego, CA) to generate the plasmid pHJL-D4B2 which contains the following elements: 5'AOXl, P. pastoris methanol inducible alcohol oxidase I (AOX1) promoter; AOX1 term, P. pastoris AOX I transcriptional termination region; HIS4, P. pastoris histidinol dehydrogenase-encoding gene for selection in his4 hosts; kan, sequence derived from transposon Tn°03 encoding aminoglycoside 3'-phosphotransferase, conferring kanamycin, neomycin and G418 resistance in a wide variety of hosts, and useful as an indicator of cassette copy number; 3'AOXl, P. pastoris sequence downstream from AOX1, used in conjunction with 5'AOXl for site-directed vector integration; ori, pBR322 origin of DNA replication allowing plasmid manipulations in E. coli; and amp, β-lactamase gene from pBR322 conferring resistance to ampicillin. An additional feature of pHIL-D4B2 is that multiple expression cassettes (5'AOXl - gene - AOXlterm) can easily be placed onto one plasmid by subcloning cassettes on Bgl2/Xbal fragments into BamHl/Xbal sites. Construction of plasmid for co-expression of dhaBl and dhaBl The open reading frames for dhaBl and dhaBl were amplified from cosmid pKPl by PCR using primers (SEQ ID NO:2 with SEQ ID NO:3 and SEQ ID NO:4 with SEQ ID NO:5 for dltaBl and dhaBl, respectively) incorporating EcoRl sites at the 5' ends (10 mM Tris pH 8.3, 50 mM KCl, 1.5 mM MgCl 2 , 0.0001% gelatin, 200 μM dATP, 200 μM dCTP, 200 μM dGTP, 200 μM dTTP, 1 μM each primer, 1-10 ng target DNA, 25 units/mL Amplitaq® DNA polymerase Perkin Elmer Cetus, Norwalk CT). PCR parameters were 1 min at 94°C, 1 min at 55°C, 1 min at 72°C, 35 cycles. The products were subcloned into the EcoRl site of pHIL-D4B2 to generate the expression plasmids pMP19 and pMP20 containing dhaBl and dhaBl, respectively. The dhaBl expression cassette on a Bgl2/Xbal fragment frompMP19 was subcloned into die BamHl/Xbal site of pMP20 to generate pMP21. Plasmid pMP21 contains expression cassettes for both dhaBl and dhaBl , and die HIS4 selectable marker. Construction of plasmid for co-expression of dhaB 3 and dhaT The open reading frames for dhaT and dhaB3 were amplified by PCR from cosmid pKPl using primers (SEQ ID NO:6 with SEQ ID NO:7 and SEQ ID NO:8 widi SEQ ID NO:9 for dhaT and dhaB3, respectively) incorporating EcoRl sites at the 5' ends. The products were subcloned into the EcoRl site of pHIL-D4B2 to generate the expression plasmids pMP17 and pMP18 containing dhaT and dhaB3, respectively. The dhaT expression cassette on a Bgl2/Xbal fragment from pMP17 was subcloned into the BamHl/Xbal site of pMP18 to generate pMP22 which contains expression cassettes for both dhaT and dhaB3. The 4.1 kb EcoRl fragment containing SUC2 was deleted from pRK20 (Phillips Petroleum, Bartlesville, OK) to generate pMP2. SUC2 encodes for an invertase which may be used a second selectable marker in Pichia. The 4.0 kb Hind3 fragment containing lacZ was deleted form pMP2 to generate pMP3. The 0.4 kb Hind3 fragment containing AOX1 term from pHJL-D4 was subcloned into the Hind3 site of pMP3 to generate pMPlO. The 2.0 kb Bgl2/Xbal fragment in pMPIO was replaced with the 5.0 kb Bgl2/Xbal fragment containing the dhaB3 and dhaT expression cassettes from pMP22 to generate pMP23. The 5.4 kb Pstl/Bgl2 fragment containing SUCl from pRK20 was subcloned into die Pstl/Bgl2 sites of pSP73 (Promega, Madison, WI) to generate pMPl la. Plasmid pMPl la was cut with EcoRl , filled with T4 DNA polymerase and religated to generate pMPllb. The 1.1 kb Pst/Bgl2 fragment in pMPIO was replaced with d e 5.4 kb Bgl2/Pstl fragment containing SUCl from pMPl lb to generate pMP12. The 1.0 kb Scal/Bgl2 fragment in pMP23 was replaced with the 5.2 kb Scal/Bgl2 fragment containing SUCl from pMP12 to generate pMP24. Plasmid pMP24 contains expression cassettes for both dhaT and dhaB3, and the SUCl selectable marker. Transformation of P. pastoris with dhaBl IdhaBl expression plasmid pMP21 P. pastoris strain GTS115(Aw^) (Phillips Petroleum, Bartlesville, OK) was transformed with 1-2 ug of Bgl2-linearized plasmid pMP21 using the spheroplast transformation method described by Cregg et al., (Mol. Cell. Biol. 5, 3376, (1985)). Cells were regenerated on plates wi out histidine for 3-4 days at 30°C. All transformants arise after integration of plasmid DNA into the chromosome. Transformants were patched onto a YPD (1% Bacto yeast extract, 2% peptone, 2% glucose) master plate. Screening of P. pastoris transformants for dhaBl and dhaBl Chromosomal DNA was prepared from his + transformants described above and subjected to PCR analysis with primers specific for dhaBl and dhaBl. High copy number strains were selected from transformants containing both dhaBl and dhaBl by growth in YPD media supplemented wid increasing levels of G418 (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) up to 2000 μg/mL. Resistance to a high level of G418 suggests significant duplication of expression cassettes. Secondary transformation of P. pastoris with dha /dhaT expression plasmid pMP24 Transformants with resistance to a high level of G418 as described above were re-transformed with plasmid pMP24 using the spheroplast transformation method. Cells were first regenerated on non-selective plates for 2 days at 30°C, after which top agar containing the regenerated cells was scraped from the plate and vortexed extensively in 20 mL water. After passing through 4 folds of cheesecloth, the cells were pelleted by centrifugation and resuspended in 10 mL water. Aliquots of 200 uL were plated onto sucrose plates, and incubated for 2 days at 30°C. All transformants arise after integration of plasmid DNA into the chromosome. Transformants appear as large colonies in a background of small colonies, and require isolation. After 24 h growth with shaking at 30°C in Msu media (per L, 13.4 g yeast nitrogen base w/o amino acids, 10 g sucrose, 0.4 g biotin), transformants were streaked onto Msu plates (Msu media plus 15 g/L agar) and grown for 2 days at 30°C. Large isolated colonies were patched onto a YPD master plate. Screening of P. pastoris double transformants for dhaBl. dhaBl. dhaB 3. and dhaT and their corresponding enzvme activities Chromosomal DNA was prepared from suc + double transformants described above and subjected to PCR analysis with primers specific for dhaBl, dhaBl, dhaB 3, and dhaT. Thus, the presence of all four open reading frames was confirmed. The presence of active glycerol dehydratase (dhaB) and 1,3-propanediol oxido-reductase (dhaT) was demonstrated using in vitro enzyme assays. Additionally, western blot analysis confirmed protein expression from all four open reading frames. Cell free extracts for these protein characterizations were prepared as follows. Double transformants containing dhaBl, dhaBl, dhaB 3, and dhaT were grown aerobically with shaking at 30°C in MGY (Per L, 13.4 g yeast nitrogen base w/o amino acids, 0.4 mg biotin, 10 mL glycerol) for 2 days. The cells were pelleted by centrifugation, resuspended in MM (Per L, 13.4 g yeast nitrogen base w/o amino acids, 0.4 mg biotin, 5 mL methanol) and incubated as above. After approximately 24 h, the cells were harvested, resuspended in buffer (0.1 .< ; cene/KOH buffer, pH 8.2, 50 mM KCl, and 2% 1,2-propanediol), mechas . - disrupted (using a glass rod while vortexing in the presence of glass beads), ana One strain that showed positive for the presence of all four open reading frames (dhaBl, dhaBl, dhaB3, and dhaT) and tiieir corresponding activities was designated MSP42.81 and was selected for further study. In vivo production of 1.3-propanediol using recombinant Pichia pastoris P. pastoris MSP42.81 (ATCC 74363) were grown in a BiostatB fermenter (B Braun Biotech, Inc.) in 1.5 L minimal medium containing 8.5 g/L KH2PO4, 2.1 g/L (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , 10 g/L glycerol, 2.3 g/L MgSO 4 7H 2 O, 0.18 g/L CaSO 2H 2 O, and 0.29 mL/L PTMI. PTMI is a stock mineral solution containing 24 mM CuSO 4 , 4.8 mM KI, 18 mM MnSO , 0.8 mM Na 2 MoO 4 , 0.3 mM H 3 BO 3 , 2.1 mM CoCl 2 , 70 mM ZnSO 4 , 26 mM H 2 SO 4 , 234 mM FeSO 4 , and 0.8 mM biotin. The fermenter was controlled at pH 5.0 with addition of 2 M NH4OH, 30°C, and 30% dissolved oxygen tension dirough agitation control. A culture of P. pastoris MSP42.81 grown in YM broth at 30°C was used as an inoculum; 20 mL of the culture was used to inoculate the fermenter. When glycerol was shown to be depleted (24 h after inoculation), induction of die AOX promoters was initiated by the addition of a methanol feed. The feed contained 1 liter of methanol, 5 mL PTMI and 5 mL of a stock biotin solution prepared as 0.2 g/L in water. The methanol solution was added manually to maintain an average concentration of 0.5% as determined by HPLC analysis. Fifty mL of cells ODgoo = 20 AU) were removed from the reactor after 15 h of induction. The 50 mL cell suspension was pelleted and resuspended in 12.5 mL nitrogen sparged base medium (6.7 g/L yeast nitrogen base, 3.0 g/L yeast extract, 1.0 g/L K 2 HPO 4 , 1.0 g/L KH 2 PO 4 , 3.0 g/L (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , titrated to pH 7.2 and filter sterilized). Coenzyme B j 2, prepared as a stock solution at 2 mg/mL in nitrogen sparged water, was added to the cell suspension to give a final concentration of 20 μg/mL. Three media stock solutions were prepared in base medium containing 1% glucose, 0.5% glucose and 0.5% glycerol (w/v), and 1.0% glycerol (w/v). A stock solution of chloroquine (1.06 g/50 mL, pH 7.2) was also prepared. Two mL of the media stock solutions and 1 mL mixtures of chloroquine and water to give the final concentrations listed in Table 10 were placed in 10 mL crimp sealed serum bottles and sparged with nitrogen before adding 1 mL of cells with coenzyme Bj2 mixture. The serum bottles were incubated at 30°C witii shaking. Samples taken immediately after the addition of cells and after 24 h incubation were analyzed by HPLC. The results are shown in Table 10. Table 10 In vivo production of 1,3-propanediol using recombinant Pichia pastoris chloroquine 1,3-propanediol reaction medium 3 (mM) (mM) 1 glu b 0 0.04 2 glu 2.5 0.2 3 glu 5.0 0.1 4 glu 10.0 0.1 5 glu b /gly 0 0.2 6 glu/gly 2.5 0.4 7 glu/gly 5.0 0.4 8 glu/gly 10.0 L2 C 9 giy 0 0.2 10 giy 2.5 0.3 11 giy 5.0 0.3 12 giy 10.0 1.4 C a Less than 10% of each substrate was used in 24 h unless noted. b No glucoss . remained after 24 h. c The presence of 1,3-propanediol was confimed by GC/MS as described in GENERAL METHODS. EXAMPLE 8 Use of a Pichia pastoris double transformant for production of 1.3-propanediol from D-glucose P pastoris MSP42.81 were grown in aBiostatB fermenter (B Braun Biotech, Inc.) in 1.5 L minimal medium containing 8.5 g/L KH 2 PO , 2.1 g/L (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , 10 g/L glucose, 2.3 g/L MgSO 4 7H 2 O, 0.18 g/L CaSO 4 2H 2 O, and 0.29 mL/L PTMI. Otherwise, fermentation and induction conditions were identical to tiiose described in Example 7. Fifty mL of cells were removed from the reactor after 15 h of induction. The cell suspension was handled as described in Example 7, with the exception tiiat a modified base medium (6.7 g L yeast nitrogen base, 1.0 g/L KH 2 PO , 1 g/L K 2 HPO 4 , 3 g/L (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , titrated to pH 7.2 and filter sterilized) was used. The three media stock solutions were prepared in this modified base medium as well. All other solutions were die same. Reaction mixtures were prepared as described, and incubated at 30°C wid shaking. Samples taken immediately after the addition of cells and after 75 hours incubat ^ere analyzed by HPLC. In a reaction containing glucose as the carbon sc» nd 5 mM chloroquine, 0.17 mM 1,3-propanediol was produced. EXAMPLE 9 Plasmid construction for the transformation and expression of dhaB and dhaT in Saccharomvces cerevisiae Construction of general purpose expression plasmids Two types of expression plasmids were created, those that could integrate by recombination into chromosomes, and tiiose that could exist as replicating episomal elements. For each type of general expression plasmid a yeast promoter was present and separated from a yeast transcription terminator by fragments of DNA containing recognition sites for one or more restriction endonucleases. Each type of general expression plasmid also contained die gene for β-lactamase for selection in E. coli on media containing ampicillin, an origin of replication for plasmid maintainence in E. coli, and eitiier a 2 micron origin of replication for episomal elements or sequences homologous to those found in S. cerevisiae chromosomes for recombination and integration of introduced DNA into chromosomes. The selectable nutritional markers used for yeast and present on the expression plasmids were one of the following: HIS3 gene encoding imidazoleglycerolphosphate dehydratase, URA3 gene encoding orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase, TRP1 gene encoding N-(5'-phosphoribosyl)- anthranilate isomerase and LEU2 encoding β-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase. The yeast promoters used were ADHl or GAL1, and d e transcription terminators ADHl, CYCl or AOX1; the latter from Pichia pastoris. Plasmid pGADGH (Clontech, Palo Alto, CA) was digested with HindlJJ and me single-strand ends converted to EcoRl ends by ligation widi HindJJI-Xmnl and EcoRI-XmnI adaptors (New England Biolabs, Beverly, MA). Selection for plasmids widi correct EcoRl ends was achieved by ligation to a kanamycin resistance gene on an EcoRl fragment from plasmid pUC4K (Pharmacia Biotech, Uppsala), transformation into E. coli strain DH5α and selection on LB plates containing 25 μg/mL kanamycin. The resulting plasmid (pGAD/KAN2) was digested widi SnaBI and EcoRl and a 1.8 kb fragment with the ADHl promoter was isolated. Plasmid pGBT9 (Clontech, Palo Alto, CA) was digested widi SnaBI and EcoRl, and d e 1.5 kb ADH1/GAL4 fragment replaced by the 1.8 kb ADHl promoter fragment isolated from pGAD/KAN2 by digestion widi SnaBI and EcoRl. The resulting vector (pMCKl 1) is a replicating plasmid in yeast with ADHl promoter and terminator and a TRP1 marker. Plasmid pGADGH was digested wid SnaBI and HindHI and a 1.8 kb fragment containing the ADHl promoter isolated. This fragment was ligated into the vector pRS405 (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA) previously digested widi Smal and HindJJI. Positive clones were identified by insertional-inactivation of e plasmid-encoded lacZ alpha peptide and die presence of the ADHl promoter fragment. The resulting plasmid (pMCK4) contained an ADHl promoter and a LEU2 marker. The -0.2 kb Nael-EcoRI fragment from ρGBT9 containing the ADHl terminator was ligated to EcoRI-HincJJ digested pRS403 (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA) to yield the -4.8 kb plasmid pRVN5. The -2.0 kb SnaBI-EcoRI fragment from pGAD KAN2 containing the ADHl promoter was ligated to Smal-EcoRI digested pRVN5 to yield the -6.8 kb plasmid pRVN6 with the ADHl promoter and terminator and a unique EcoRl cloning site in between. The 0.4 kb HindlJJ fragment from pGADGH containing an additional XmnI site was deleted and the vector was religated to yield the 7.0 kb vector pGAD-D3. Vector pGAD-D3 was digested widi XmnI and the -2.4 kb fragment containing the ADHl promoter and terminator and an intervening HindJJI cloning site was purified. The pRS404 vector (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA) was digested widi PvuJJ and die larger 3.8 kb fragment with TRP1 was purified and ligated to die XmnI promoter and terminator fragment from pGAD-D3 to give plasmid pRVNll. The open reading frames for dhaT, dhaB3, and dhaBl were amplified from pHK28-26 (SEQ ID NO:l) by PCR using primers (SEQ ID NO:6 with SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8 with SEQ ID NO:9, and SEQ ID NO:2 with SEQ ID NO:3 for dhaT, dhaB3, and dhaBl, respectively) incorporating EcoRl sites at the 5' ends (10 mM Tris pH 8.3, 50 mM KCl, 1.5 mM M-; l 2 , 0.0001% gelatin, 200 μM dATP, 200 μM dCTP, 200 μM dGTP, 200 μM dTTP, 1 μM each primer, 1-10 ng target DNA, 25 units/mL Amplitaq® DNA polymerase (Per in Elmer Cetus, Norwalk CT)). PCR parameters were 1 min at 94°C, 1 min at 55°C, 1 min at 72°C, 35 cycles. The products were subcloned into the EcoRl site of pHIL-D4 (Phillips Petroleum, Bartlesville, OK) to generate the plasmids pMP13, pMP14, and pMP15 containing dhaT, dhaB3, and dhaBl , respectively. Construction of plasmids for expression of dhaT The replicating plasmid pGAD/KAN2 was digested wid EcoRl to remove the kanamycin resistance fragment, dephosphorylated, and ligated to die dhaT EcoRI fragment from pMP13. The resulting plasmid (pMCK13) had dhaT correctly oriented for transcription from the ADHl promoter and contained a LEU2 marker. Plasmid pRNV6 was digested wid EcoRI and ligated to die dhaT EcoRI fragment from pMP13. The resulting plasmid (pRVN6T) had dhaT correcdy orientated for transcription from the ADHl promoter and contained a HJS3 marker. Construction of plasmids for expression of dhaBl The replicating plasmid pGADGH was digested with HindJJI, dephosphorylated, and ligated to die dhaBl HindJJ fragment from pMP15. The resulting plasmid (pMCKlO) had dhaBl correctly oriented for transcription from the ADHl promoter and contained a LEU2 marker. Construction of plasmids for expression of dhaBl The replicating plasmid pMCKl 1 was digested widi EcoRI, dephosphorylated, and ligated to the dhaBl EcoRI fragment from pMP20. The resulting plasmid (pMCK17) had dliaB correcdy oriented for transcription from the ADHl promoter and contained a TRP1 marker. Plasmid pRS403 was digested widi Smal and ligated to a SnaBI/Nael dhaBl fragment from pMCK17. The resulting plasmid (pMCK21) had dhaBl correctiy orientated for transcription from the ADHl promoter and contained a HJS3 marker. Construction of plasmids for expression of dhaB 3 The replicating plasmid pYES2 (Invitrogen, San Diego, CA) was digested widi EcoRI, dephosphorylated, and ligated to die dhaB3 EcoRI fragment from pMP14. The resulting plasmid (pMCKl) had dhaB 3 correctly oriented for transcription from the GAL1 promoter and contained a URA3 marker. The replicating plasmid pGAD KAN2 was digested widi EcoRI, dephosphorylated, and ligated to the dhaB3 EcoRI fragment from pMP14. The resulting plasmid (pMCK15) had dhaB 3 correctly oriented for transcription from the ADHl promoter and contained a LEU2 marker. Plasmid pRS404 was digested with Pst and HincJJ and ligated to die Pstl/EcoRV dhaB 3 fragment from pMCK15. The resulting plasmid (pMCK20) had dhaB 3 correctly orientated for transcription from the ADHl promoter and contained aTRPl marker. Transformation of S. cerevisiae with dha expression plasmids . S. cerevisiae strain YPH499 (ura3-51 lysl-801 adel-101 trpl-del63 his3-del!00 leul-dell) (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA) was transformed wid 1-2 μg of plasmid DNA using a LiCl/polyethylene glycol protocol published by Stratagene (Catalog #217406). Alternatively, transformation was achieved using a Frozen-EZ Yeast Transformation Kit (Catalog #T2001) from Zymo Research (Orange, CA). Colonies were grown on Supplemented Minimal Medium (SMM - 0.67% yeast nitrogen base without amino acids, 2% glucose) for 3-4 days at 29°C widi one or more of the following additions: adenine sulfate (20 mg/L), uracil (20 mg/L), L-tryptophan (20 mg L), L-histidine (20 mg/L), L-leucine (30 mg/L), L-lysine (30 mg/L). Colonies were streaked on selective plates and used to inoculate liquid media. Depending on die vector used, colonies arose either after integration of plasmid DNA or from replication of an episome. In addition to transformations with single plasmid types, co-transformations with two or more plasmids were carried out. Expression of dhaB activity in transformed S. cerevisiae Strain YPH499 transformed with plasmids pMCKl, pMCKlO and pMCK17 was grown on Supplemented Minimal Medium containing 0.67% yeast nitrogen base without amino acids, 2% galactose, 2% raffinose, 20 mg/L adenine sulfate, 30 mg/L L-lysine and 20 mg/L histidine. Cells were homogenized and extracts assayed for dhaB activity. A specific activity of 0.021 units per mg was obtained. EXAMPLE 10 Construction of alternate replicating and integration plasmids for the transformation of S. cerevisiae A general purpose expression plasmid is constructed by isolating a SnaBI/EcoRI ADHl promoter fragment from pGAD/KAN2 and ligating tiiis fragment into the vector pRS406 (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA) previously digested widi HincII and EcoRI. Positive clones are identified by insertional-inactivation of the plasmid-encoded lacZ alpha peptide and die presence of die ADHl promoter fragment. The resulting plasmid (pMCK3) is digested widi EcoRI and Smal and ligated to die 0.2 kb ADHl terminator fragment released from plasmid pGBT9 by digestion with EcoRI and Nael. The resulting plasmid (pMCK5) contains botii ADHl promoter and terminator sequences and a URA3 marker. Construction of plasmids for expression of dhaT The vector pMCK5 is digested widi EcoRI and dephosphorylated. The dhaT gene is excised as an EcoRI fragment from plasmid pMP13 and ligated to pMCK5. The resulting plasmid (pMCK7) has dhaT correcdy orientated for transcription from the ADHl promoter and contains a URA3 marker. The integration vector pRS404 is digested with Kpnl and Sad. The dhaT gene with flanking promoter and terminator is excised as a KpnI/SacI fragment from plasmid pMCK7 and ligated to pRS404. The resulting plasmid has dhaT correctly orientated for transcription from the ADHl promoter and contains a TRP1 marker. Construction of plasmids for expression of dhaBl The vector pMCK5 is digested widi EcoRI, and dephosphorylated. The dhaBl gene is excised as an EcoRI fragment from plasmid pMP15 and ligated to pMCK5. The resulting plasmid (pMCK8) has dhaBl correcdy orientated for transcription from the ADHl promoter and contains a URA3 marker. The integration vector pRS403 is digested wid Clal and AatJJ. The dhaBl gene with flanking promoter and terminator is excised as a Clal/AatJJ fragment from plasmid pMCKS and ligated to pRS403. The resulting plasmid has dhaBl correctly orientated for transcription from the ADHl promoter and contains a HIS3 marker. The replicating plasmid pYES2 is digested with HindHI and SnaBI, and die GAL1 promoter element is replaced by ligation with a SnaBI and HindJJI digested ADHl promoter fragment from pGADGH. A dhaBl HindJJI and Xbal fragment from pMP19 is ligated to diose sites in the modified, ADHJ promoter version of pYES2. The resulting plasmid has dhaBl correcdy oriented for transcription from die ADHl promoter and contains a URA3 marker. The vector pMCK4 is digested widi HindJJI and dephosphorylated. The dhaBl gene is excised as an HindJJI fragment from plasmid pMP15 and ligated to pMCK4. The resulting plasmid has dhaBl correctly orientated for transcription from the ADHl promoter and contains a LEU2 marker. Construction of plasmids for expression of dhaBl The vectors pRS404, pRS405 and pRS406 are digested with Smal. The dhaBl gene with flanking promoter and terminator is excised as a SnaBI/Nael fragment from plasmid pMCK17 and ligated to each of die integration vectors. The resulting plasmids have dhaBl correcdy orientated for transcription from the ADHl promoter and contain either the LEU2, TRP1 , or URA3 markers. EXAMPLE 11 Screening of S. cerevisiae for dha transformants and conversion of D-glucose to 1.3-propanediol Screening of S. cerevisiae for dha genes Chromosomal DNA from Ura + , His + , Trp + or Leu + transformants, constructed as described in Examples 9 and 10, is analyzed by PCR using primers specific for each gene, as described for Pichia pastoris (SEQ ID NO:2-9). Λ Production of 1.3-propanediol from D-glucose by S. cerevisiae transformed with dha genes Transformants containing dhaT, dhaBl, dhaBl and dhaB 3, constructed as described in Examples 9 and 10, are grown aerobically or anaerobically with shaking at 29°C in,SMM supplemented wid 20 mg/L adenine sulfate, 30 mg L L-lysine, 1 mg/L vitamin Bj2- Growth continues until stationary phase is reached and the presence of 1,3-propanediol is determined by HPLC. Transformant S. cerevisiae pMCKl/10/17(HM)#A was deposited and designated ATCC . EXAMPLE 12 Production of 1.3-propanediol from D-glucose by Clostridium pasteurianum ATCC 6013 under a hydrogen atmosphere General growth conditions for Clostridium pasteurianum Clostridium pasteurianum ATCC 6013 was grown in 60 mL crimp sealed serum bottles containing 10 mL of medium, unless noted. The crimped bottles containing the medium were aseptically sparged with nitrogen prior to innoculation. Basal medium (Medium A), adjusted to pH 7.2, contained die following components in g/L: KH 2 PO 4 , 1.4; NaH 2 PO 4 , 0.69; NH 4 C1, 1.8-2.5; KCl, 0.50; MgSO 4 -7H 2 0, 0.50; CaCl 2 , 0.025; NaCl, 1.0; yeast extract, 2.0; cysteineΗCl, 0.50; sodium bicarbonate, 2.5; p-amino benzoic acid, 0.0080; biotin, 0.000040; sodium citrate-2H 2 0, 0.10; FeSO 4 -7H 2 0, 0.050; CoCl 2 -6H 2 O, 0.010; MnCl 2 -4H 2 0, 0.0010; ZnCl 2 , 0.00050; Na 2 MoO 4 -2H 2 0, 0.0025; NiCl 2 -6H 2 O, 0.010; and CuSO 4 -5H 2 0, 0.0050; to which carbon components were added as indicated below. All incubations were performed at 30°C widi shaking at 250 rpm. A 10 mL batch of Medium A supplemented widi 5% glucose was inoculated widi 1 mL of a frozen stock of Clostridium pasteurianum ATCC 6013 which contained approximately 15% (v/v) glycerol, in duplicate. After 96 h, 0.5 mL of the growing cell suspensions was passed into 10 mL of fresh medium and growth was continued. After 24 h, die atmosphere in die newly innoculated vials was pressurized to 30 psi with hydrogen gas and incubation was continued for a further 96 h. The aqueous phase was sampled at the beginning and end of the final 96 h for analysis by HPLC as described in the GENERAL METHODS. The results are shown in Table 11. Table 11 Conversion of D-glucose to 1,3-propanediol by Clostridium pasteurianum ATCC 6013 under a hydrogen atmosphere Time Glucose Glycerol 1,3-Propane- (h) Replicate (mM) (mM) diol (mM) a 0 A 114 nd 2.7 A 47 nd 3.4 B 119 0.1 2.0 96 B 59 0.1 2.5 a The presence of 1,3-propanediol was confirmed by GC/MS as described in the GENERAL METHODS. EXAMPLE 13 Production of 1.3-propanediol from D-glucose bv Clostridium pasteurianum ATCC 6013 in the presence of methyl viologen Experiment 1. All cells were grown according to die protocol in Example 12. A 10 mL batch of Medium A (described in Example 12) supplemented wid 5% glucose was inoculated widi 1 mL of a frozen stock of Clostridium pasteurianum ATCC 6013 which contained approximately 15% (v/v) glycerol, in duplicate. After 96 h, 0.5 mL of the growing cell suspensions was passed into 10 mL of fresh medium and growth was continued. After 24 h, methyl viologen (l,r-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride) was added to die newly innoculated vials to a final concentration of 1 mM and incubation was continued for a further 96 h. The aqueous phase was sampled at d e beginning and end of die final 96 h for analysis by HPLC as described in the GENERAL METHODS. The results are shown in Table 12. Table 12 Conversion of D-glucose to 1,3-propanediol by Clostridium pasteurianum ATCC 6013 in the presence of methvl viologen Time Glucose Glycerol 1,3-Propane- (h) Replicate (mM) (mM) diol (mM) a 0 A 113 0.3 2.4 96 A 28 1.8 3.4 0 B 87 0.3 2.1 96 B 40 3.2 4.4 a The presence of 1,3-propanediol was confirmed by GC/MS as described in the GENERAL METHODS. Experiment 2. Medium A supplemented with 1% (v/v) glycerol + 1% (w/v) glucose was inoculated from a frozen stock of Clostridium pasteurianum ATCC 6013, which contained approximately 15% (v/v) glycerol, at a ratio of 0.2 mL frozen stock per 20 mL medium. After 48 h, 10 mL of the cell suspension xwas added to 90 mL of fresh medium and growth was continued for 24 h. The 100 mL cell suspension was chilled on ice and die cells collected by centrifugation under anaerobic conditions. The cells were washed 3x in anaerobic buffer (50 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.2 + 0.5 g/L cysteine-HCl, previously gassed with N2 and autoclaved under N 2 ) and resuspended in anaerobic buffer to a volume of 8 mL. In duplicate experiments, one mL of this cell suspension was inoculated into 10 mL of Medium A supplemented widi 1% glucose and 0 mM, 1 mM, 5 mM, or 10 mM metiryl viologen and incubated for 240 h. The aqueous phase was sampled at die beginning and end of die final 240 h for analysis by HPLC as described in the GENERAL METHODS. The results are shown in Table 13. Table 13 1 Conversi< MI of D-glucose to 1,3-propanediol by Clostridium pasteurianum ATCC 6013 in die presence of methvl viologen CMV) MV Time Glucose Glycerol 1,3-Propane- (mM) (h) Replicate (mM) (mM) diol (mM) a 0 0 A 38 nd nd 240 A* 40 nd nd 0 B nd nd nd 240 B b nd nd nd 1 0 A 40 nd nd 240 Ab nd 4 1 0 B 45 nd nd 240 Bb nd 5 2 5 0 A 37 nd nd 240 A nd 4 2 0 B 38 nd nd 240 B nd 3 1 10 0 A 40 nd nd 240 A nd 2 5 0 B 43 nd nd 240 B nd 3 1 a The presence of 1,3-propanediol was confirmed by GC/MS as described in die GENERAL METHODS. b By 120 h, glucose was depleted and additional glucose, 1% final concentration, was added. Experiment 3. Clostridium pasturanium ATCC 6013 was initially maintained in diioglycollate medium (Difco®) and transferred to Medium A supplemented widi 0.4% glucose for all subsequent studies. After several transfers through the latter medium, an inoculum was prepared by growing a 1 mL aliquo*. cf stock culture in 10 mL the described medium overnight. A series of semm bottles containing metiiyl viologen at die concentrations indicated in Table 14 in fresh medium bottles were inoculated widi 1 mL of me overnight culture and again incubated for the times indicated in Table 14. Bottles were periodically sampled for glucose utilization and analyzed for the presence of 1,3-propanediol and glucose by HPLC as describerd in die GENERAL METHODS. Table 14 summarizes the analytical results. Table 14 Production of 1.3-propanediol from glucose bv Clostridium pasturanium ATCC 6013 metiiyl viologen time glucose 1,3-propanediol bottle (mM) (days) (mM) (mM) a 1 0 0 22.5 0 1 0 5 0 0 2 0.1 0 26.5 0 2 0.1 5 0 0 3 1.0 0 25.3 0 3 1.0 5 10.0 2.4 3 1.0 9 0 2.4 a The identity of 1,3-propanediol was verified by GC/MS as described in die GENERAL METHODS. EXAMPLE 14 Construction of General Purpose Expression Plasmids for Use in Transformation of Bacillus. Streptomyces. and Pseudomonas species The expression vector pTacIO The E. coli expression vector, pTacIQ contains die laclq gene (Farabaugh, Nature 174, 5673 (1978)) and tac promoter (Amann et al., Gene 15, 167 (1983)) inserted into die EcoRI of pBR322 (Sutcliffe et al., Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 43, 11 (1979)). A multiple cloning site and terminator sequence (SEQ ID NO: 10) replaces the pBR322 sequence from EcoRI to Sphl. Subcloning the glvcerol dehydratase genes (dhaBl. 1, 3) The open reading frame for dhaB 3 gene was amplified from pHK28-26 by PCR using primers (SEQ ID NO:41 and 42), incorporating an EcoRI site at the 5' end and a Xbal site at d e 3' end. The product was subcloned into pLitmus29 (New England Biolab, Inc., Beverly, MA) to generate the plasmid pDHAB3 containing dhaB 3. The region containing the entire coding region for the four genes of the dhaB operon from pHK28-26 was cloned into pBluescriptπ KS+ (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA) using die restriction enzymes Kpnl and EcoRI to create the plasmid pM7. The dhaBX gene was removed by digesting the plasmid pM7, which contains dhaB(l,l,3,4), with Apal and Xbal (deleting part of dhaB 3 and all of dhaBX). The resulting 5.9 kb fragment was purified and ligated widi die 325-bp Apal-Xbal fragment from plasmid pDHAB3 (restoring the dhaB 3 gene) to create pMll, which contains dhaB(l,l,3). The open reading frame for the dhaBl gene was amplified from pHK28-26 by PCR using primers (SEQ ID NO:l 1 and SEQ ID NO: 12) incorporating a HindJJI site and a consensus RBS ribosome binding site at die 5' end and a Xbal site at the 3' end. The product was subcloned into pLitmus28 (New England Biolab, Inc.) to generate the plasmid pDTl containing dhaBl. A Notl-Xbal fragment from pMl 1 containing part of the dhaBl gene, die dhaBl gene and the dhaB 3 gene was inserted into pDTl to create the dhaB expression plasmid, pDT2. The HindUJ-Xbal fragment containing die dhaB(l 2,3) genes from pDT2 was inserted into pTacIQ to create pDT3. Subcloning the 1.3-propanediol dehydrogenase gene (dhaT) The KpnI-SacI fragement of pHK28-26, containing the complete 1,3-propanediol dehydrogenase (dhaT) gene, was subcloned into pBluescriptJJ KS+ creating plasmid pAHl. The dhaT gene was amplified by PCR from pAHl as template DNA using syndietic primers (SEQ ID NO: 13 with SEQ ID NO: 14) incorporating an Xbal site at die 5' end and a BamHI site at die 3' end. The product was subcloned into pCR-Script (Stratagene) at the Srfl site to generate die plasmids pAH4 and pAH5 containing dhaT. The plasmid pAH4 contains the dhaT gene in die correct orientation for expression from the lac promoter in pCR-Script and pAH5 contains die dhaT gene in die opposite orientation. The Xbal-BamHI fragment from pAH4 containing the dhaT gene was inserted into pTacIQ to generate plasmid pAH8. The HindTTT-BamHI fragment from pAH8 containing die RBS and dhaT gene was inserted into pBluescriptπ KS+ to create pAHl 1. The HindlU-Sall fragment from pAH8 containing die RBS, dhaT gene and terminator was inserted into pBluescriptπ SK+ to create pAH12. Construction of an expression cassette for dhάB(12.3) and dhaT An expression cassette for die dhaB(l,l,3) and dhaT was assembled from die individual dhαB(l,2,3) and dhαT subclones described above using standard molecular biology methods. The Spel-Kpnl fragment from pAH8 containing the RBS, dhaT gene and terminator was inserted into the Xbal-Kpnl sites of pDT3 to create pAH23. The Smal-EcoRI fragment between the dhaB 3 and dhaT gene of pAH23 was removed to create pAH26. The Spel-NotI fragment containing an EcoRI site from pDT2 was used to replace the Spel-NotI fragment of pAH26 to generate pAH27. Construction of expression cassette for dhaT and dhaBd .1.3) An expression cassette for dhaT and dhaB(l,2,3) was assembled from die individual dhaB(l,2,3) and dhaT subclones described previously using standard molecular biology methods. A Spel-SacI fragment containing die dhaB(12,3) genes from pDT3 was inserted into pAHl 1 at the Spel-SacI sites to create pAH24. EXAMPLE 15 Production of 1.3-propanediol bv Recombinant Streptomyces lividans Subcloning the glucose isomerase promoter Two versions of the glucose isomerase promoter from the vector pCOsl21 (SEQ ID NO:15) or pCO1211ow (SEQ ID NO:16) were amplified by PCR using primers (SEQ ID NO: 17 and 18) incorporating Spel and EcoRI sites at the 5' end and a HindJJJ site at the 3' end. The products were subcloned into pLitmus29 (New England Biolabs, Inc., Beverly, MA) to generate die plasmids pDT7 and pDT8. Construction of an expression cassette for dhaBd.1.3) and dhaT The 4.1 kb expression cassette for dhaB(l,l,3) and dhaT from pAH27 (Example 14) was inserted into pDT7 or pDT8 using die restriction enzymes HindTJI and SaU to create pDTl 1 and pDT12, respectively. Construction of a plasmid for co-expression of dhaBd .1.3 ) and dhaT in Streptomyces The 4.3 kb expression cassette for dhaB( 1,2,3) and dliaT was removed from pDTl 1 or pDT12 by digestion widi EcoRI and SaU. The vector pIJ488-101 was digested widi the restriction enzymes EcoRI and Xbal. The expression cassette and vector were ligated along with a Sal-Xba Linker (SEQ ID NO: 19 and 20) to create pDT13 and pDT14, respectively. pϋ488-101 consists of replication origin frompIJlOl from Streptomyces lividans (Kendall and Cohen, J. Bacteriol. 170, 4634 ((1988)) and ρUC18 from E. coli (Norrander et al., Gene, 26, 101 ((1983)). The sequences are derived as follows: bases 1-2086 are frompπiOl (1-2086), and bases 7688-8437 are from pJJlOl (8080-8830). Bases 2087-3368 are from the thiostrepton resistance gene from S. azureus (Thompson et al., Gene, 20, 51 (1982)). Bases 3369-7687 are from pUClδ containing the eiythromycin resistance gene from S. erythreus (Thompson et al., supra) inserted at die Kpnl site. Transformation of Streptomyces lividans wid dhaBd .1.3) and dhaT The plasmids pDT13 or pDT14 were transformed into Streptomyces lividans TK23 using standard protoplast transformation techniques (Hopwood et al., Genetic Manipulation of Streptomyces. The John Innes Foundation (1985)). The transformants were selected on plates containing 50 μg/mL thiostrepton incubated at 30°C. Spores from the transformants were replated to obtain pure cultures. Detection of glvcerol dehydratase activity The Streptomyces transformants were grown in 25 mL of TSB (tryptone soy broth, Difco, Detroit, MI) plus 1% glucose, 2% glycerol, 1 mg/L vitamin B^, 50 μg/mL thiostrepton at 30°C for 3 days. The cells were harvested by centrifugation and resuspended in 1 mL of 100 mM Tris buffer, pH 7.4. The cells were broken using a French Press (20,000 psi) and die cell extract was assayed for glycerol dehydratase as described in GENERAL METHODS. Cell extract from S. lividans TK23 transformed widi either pDT13 (Clone #8) or pDT14 (Clone #2) contained glycerol dehydratase with a specific activity of 0.1 U/mg. Production of 1.3-propanediol in recombinant Streptomyces lividans S. lividans TK23/ρDT14 (Clone #2) (ATCC , also identified as S. lividans strain SL 14.2), inoculated from a TSA plate, was grown in 25 mL of TSB (Tryptone-Soy Broth, Difco, Detroit, MI) plus 1% glucose, 2% glycerol, 1 mg/L vitamin Bi 2, 50 μg/mL thiostrepton in a 250 mL flask. The shake-flask was incubated at 30°C widi vigorous shaking for three days, after which 3 mg/L 1,3-propanediol was detected by GC-MS analysis (TMS derivative) in the supernatant as described in GENERAL METHODS. EXAMPLE 16 Production of 1.3-propanediol from D-glucose using recombinant Streptomyces lividans Growth for demonstration of 1 ,3-propanediol production by Streptomyces lividans TK23 containing pDT13 or pDT14 proceeds aerobically at 30°C in shake-flask cultures (erlenmeyer flasks, liquid volume 1/10th of total volume). Cultures in rich media shake-flasks are started by inoculation from two- days old TSA-plates (trypticase soy agar, BBL #11043). Rich media are either TSB (trypticase soy broth; BBL #11768), Liquid Brotii (which contains per liter: 16 g tryptone, 10 g yeast extract, and 5 g NaCl), medium B (TSB supplemented widi per L: 10.0 g glucose, 2 mL Modified Balch's Trace-Element Solution in which NTA is replaced by citric acid, 2.0 g Na 2 CO 3 , 4.0 g K 2 HPO , 1 mg vitamin B-^, final pH = 7.2), or medium C (medium B, at pH 6.4). The composition of Modified Balch's Trace-Element Solution can be found in Methods for General and Molecular Bacteriology (P. Gerhardt et al., eds, p. 158, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC (1994)). Cultures in minimal media shake-flasks are started by inoculation from two-days old liquid TSB cultures, using a 1/30 (v/v) inoculum. Minimal media are either: MM322 (which contains per liter: 12.0 g glucose, 11.3 g K 2 HPO 4 , 1.0 g (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , 0.2 g Difco yeast extract, 0.1 g NaCl, 2 mg vitamin B 12 and 10 mL Modified Balch's Trace-Element Solution modified as above, final pH 6.7 (HCl)); medium D (medium MM322 supplemented widi 2 g Na2CO 3 /L, final pH 7.2); or medium E (medium D, final pH 6.4). Media B and C and die minimal media are filter-sterilized, die otiier media are autoclaved. The shake-flasks are incubated at 30°C widi vigorous shaking for two days, after which they are sampled for HPLC analysis of the supernatant. Glucose is added, die culture is incubated for 1 h under aerobic conditions, after which the culture is transferred to 25 mL volume glass tubes (which are nearly filled to die top). These tubes are subsequentiy incubated under anaerobic conditions at 30°C. After incubating for 2-5 days, 1,3-propanediol in die supernatant is detected by HPLC as described in GENERAL METHODS. EXAMPLE 17 Construction of General Purpose Plasmids. Plasmids for me Overexpression of dhaBd -3) and dliaT in Bacillus and Production of 1.3-propanediol bv Recombinant .fi. licheniformis and.fi. subtilis Construction of general purpose expression plasmids The replicative high copy number shuttle vector pVS02 is used to co- express dhaB(l-3) and dhaT in Bacillus. pVS02 was contracted by cloning an EcoRI/BamHl fragment carrying an alkaline serine protease from Bacillus lentus fused to d e B. subtilis apr promoter into pBS19. pBS19 is a derivative of pBS42 (Band and Henner, DNA 3, 17 (1984)) in which die EcoRI BamHI fragment has been replaced by the EcoRJ/Hindiπ polylinker from pUC19 (Boehringer Mannheim). To facilitate sequencing and PCR reactions, a 45 bp synthetic linker (SEQ ID NO:21) was introduced by PCR between the end of die protease gene and the transcriptional terminator. The replicative low copy number shutle vector pSS15-B is used to co- express dhaBd -3) and dhaT in Bacillus. Plasmid pSS15-B was constructed by digesting plasmid pHP13 (Haima et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 209, 335 (1987)) widi HindJJI/Saπ (sites present in polylinker), filling die ends widi T4 DNA Polymerase and religating to generate pSS13. A 2 kb EcoRI/BamHI fragment from pVS02 was inserted into the EcoRI/BamHI site of plasmid pSS13 to create pSS15-B. Plasmids for the over-expression of dhaBd -3) and dhaT cassettes In order to create a Bacillus consensus ribosome binding site at die 5' end of dhaT, an EcoRI/Xba linker obtained by annealing syndietic primers (SEQ ID NO:22 with SEQ ID NO:23) was inserted into the EcoRl/Xbal site of pAH23 to create pM17. A HindHI/Bgiπ linker, using syndietic primers (SEQ ID NO:24 with SEQ JJD NO:25) was added at die HindJJ/bgiπ site of plasmid pM17 to introduce a SaU site at the 5' end of dhaBl to create pM20. The 0.3 kb Mlul/Kpnl fragment from plasmid pM20 was replaced widi the 0.3 kb Mlul/Kpnl from plasmid pAH4 to introduce a HindJJI site to create pM21. A SaU-Xbal linker (SEQ ID NO:26 and 27) was inserted into pAH5 which was digested widi the restriction enzymes, Sall-Xbal to create pDT15. The linker destroys the Xbal site and changes the reading frame so that d e dhaT gene is fused to d e open reading frame of protease coding sequence of plasmids pSS15-B and pVS2. The 1 kb SaU-MluI fragment from pDT15 was then inserted into pAH24, replacing the existing SaH-MluI fragment to create pDT17. A SaU-Xbal linker (SEQ ID NO:28 and 29) was inserted into pAH5 which was digested widi the restriction enzymes SaU-Xbal, to create pDT16. The linker destroys the Xbal site and changes the reading frame so that the dhaT gene is fused to die open reading frame of poly-His coding sequence of pUSHl (Schon and Schuman, Gene 147, 91 (1994)). The 1 kb SaU-MluI fragment from pDT16 was then inserted into pAH24 replacing the existing SaU-MluI fragment to create pDT18. Plasmid pDT4 (containing dhaB(l-3)) was constructed by introducing die 2.7 kb EcoRl/Xbal fragment from pDT2 into pUC18 (Boehringer Mannheim) digested widi EcoRl/Xbal. Plasmids for the over-expression of dhaT and dhaBd -3 ) cassettes in Bacillus pDT17 was digested widi Sad, ends were filled widi T4 DNA polymerase, and die DNA was digested widi SaH to release the fragment containing dhaT and dfiaB. The fragment was then ligated to pSS15-B digested widi HindJJJ (ends blunted widi T4 DNA polymerase) and SaU which created pM27. Plasmids for the over-expression of dha Bd-3) in Bacillus using a lac-based inducible system A 2.7 kb Bgiπ/Hindiπ fragment containing dhaB(l-3) from plasmid pDT4 was cloned into the Hindπi/BamHI site in the polylinker of pUSHl to create pM26. The dhaBl gene was fused to die open reading frame of poly-His coding sequence of pUSHl. Transformation of plasmids into Bacillus The plasmids pM26 and pM27 were transformed into B. licheniformis BG307 by natural, transformation (McCuen and Thome, /. Bacteriol. 107, 636-645 (1971)) and selected on 10 ug/mL kanamycin and 30 ug/mL chloramphenicol, respectively. The same plasmids were transformed into B. licheniformis strain BG188 using standard protoplast transformation techniques (Pragai et al., Microbiology, 140, 305 (1994)) and selected as above. B. subtilis strains BG2864 was transformed widi die plasmid pM27 by natural transformation. Transformants containing plasmids were selected on LA plates containing 10 ug/mL chloramphenicol. Plasmid pM26 was also transformed into B. subtilis strain 1E62 (Saito et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 170, 117 (1979)) and transformants containing plasmids were selected on LA plates containing 10 ug/mL erythromycin and 20 ug/mL kanamycin. All transformants were grown at 30°C. Detection of glvcerol dehydratase activity B. licheniformis strain BG188 transformed widi pM26 (Clone #8) was grown in 25 mL of LB (Difco) plus 1% glucose and 10 ug/mL kanamycin at 30°C overnight. The cells were harvested by centrifugation and resuspended in 1 mL of 0.1 M Tricine/KOH buffer, pH 8.2, 50 mM KCl, 1 mM didiiothreitol and 200 uM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. Cell extract was obtained by breaking the cells in die French Press (20,000 PSI) and analysis for glycerol dehydratase was performed as described in GENERAL METHODS. A specific activity of 0.036 U/mg was obtained. The specific activity of 1,3-propanediol dehydro¬ genase, measured as described in GENERAL METHODS, was 0.2 U/mg. Production of 1.3-propanediol in recombinant Bacillus B. licheniformis strain BG188 transformed widi pM26 (Clone #8) (ATCC ) was grown in a shake flask containing 25 mL of LB (Difco) plus 1% glucose and 10 ug/mL kanamycin at 30°C overnight widi vigorous shaking, after which 1 mL was used to innoculate 25 mL of LB plus 1% glucose, 1% glycerol, 0.33 ug/mL vitamin B 12 , and 10 ug/mL kanamycin in a 250 mL flask. Shake flasks were incubated at 30°C widi vigorous shaking and after 9 h of growth 300 ug/L 1,3-propanediol was detected by GC/MS (TMS derivitization) as described in GENERAL METHODS. B. subtilis strain BG2864 transformed with pM27 (clone #1) (ATCC ) was grown in a shake flask containing 25 mL of LB plus 1% glucose, 1% glycerol, 0.33 ug/mL vitamin B^, and 10 ug/mL chloramphenicol in a 250 mL flask. Shake flasks were incubated at 30°C widi vigorous shaking and after 43 h of growtii, 1,3-propanediol was detected. Production of 3-hvdroxypropionaldehvde bv recombinant Bacillus Bacillus fermentations were carried out in 15.5 L total volume Biolafitte fermenters, working volume initially 7 liters, increasing to 9.5 liters during die run. Aerobic conditions were insured by aeration with air at a rate of 7 liters/minute, at an impeller speed of 650 rpm and a back-pressure of 0.8 bar (aerobic conditions are defined by d e % Dissolved Oxygen (100% DO defined at ambient pressure), measured widi installed DO-probes; a minimal value of 35% DO was considered aerobic). The pH was maintained at 6.70 by automatic addition of 10% H 2 SO or 28% NH 4 OH. Temperature was maintained at 30°C. The following compounds were batched into the tank and sterilized at 121°C for 30 minutes: (gram per liter) 6 NaH 2 PO 4 lH 2 0, 10 K 2 HPO 4 , 1.5 NaCl, 10 (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , 0.2 FeCl 3 , 1.5 tryptone, 6 yeast extract, 10 mL of Balch's modified trace-element solution (Methods for General and Molecular Bacteriology (P. Gerhardt et al., eds) p. 158, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC (1994)) and 2 MAZU DF204 (a custom-made antifoam). After sterilization, 350 gram of the 50% glucose feed was added, togedier with kanamycin and chloramphenicol (both up to a final concentration of 10 mg/liter). 0.6 liter of a 24 hours old Bacillus licheniformis BG188/pM26 (clone #8) shakeflask, growing in LBG1% (= 10 g tryptone, 5 g yeast extract, 5 g NaCl, 10 g glucose), was used to inoculate the fermenter. The culture was then allowed to grow and exhaust die glucose; a pH rise over 6.60 triggered the glucose feed (50% glucose, autoclaved, at a rate of 0.7 gram/minute). After 45 hours, a nutrient addition was made (50 ml Balch's trace element solution, 14 gram K2HPO4, 14 gram yeast extract, 14 ml vitamin solution, pH set at 6.60, filter- sterilized). After 70 hours, vitamin B 12 was added up to a final concentration of 10 mg/L. The %DO was kept at aerobic levels for the first 92 hours. Glucose was present in (small) excess throughout the ran (0.2-12 g/L during the aerobic part (first 92 hours); 0.2-36 g/L during die O 2 -limited part (from 92-164 hours)). In a sample taken at 87 hours, the presence of 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde was suspected and confirmed by detection of 1,3-propanediol after treating the supemate sample with the reducing agent sodiumborohydride. EXAMPLE 18 Alternate plasmids for die over-expression of dhaT and dhaBd -3) cassettes in Bacillus Plasmids for the over-expression of dhaT and dhaBd -3 ) cassettes in Bacillus A Sall/HindJJI fragment from plasmid pM21 , containing dhaB(l-3) and dhaT, is ligated with die 5 kb Sal/HindJJI pVS02 vector to create pM22. pM22 has dhak dhaT under die apr promoter in a high copy number vector. A - : lindiπ fragment from plasmid pM21 , is ligated widi die 5.8 kb Sal/Hindiπ fc .gment from pSS15-B to create pM23. pM23 has dhaB and dhaT under die apr promoter in a low copy number vector. Plasmids for the over-expression of dhaT and dhaBd -3) cassettes in Bacillus pDT17 is digested wid Sad, ends are filled widi T4 DNA polymerase, and die DNA is digested widi Sail to release the fragment containing dhaT and dhaB. The fragment is then ligated to ρVS02 digested with HindJJI (ends blunted widi T4 DNA polymerase) and SaH which created pM25. Plasmids for the over-expression of a dhaT and dha Bd-3) cassette in Bacillus using a lac-based inducible system. pDTlδ was digested wid Sad, ends were filled with T4 DNA polymerase, and DNA is digested with SaU to release the fragment containing dhaT and dhaB, both genes containing a Bacillus consensus ribosome binding site. The fragment is then ligated to pUSHl (Schon and Schuman, supra) digested widi HindHI (ends blunted widi T4 DNA polymerase) and SaU to create pM24. EXAMPLE 1 Conversion of D-glucose to 1.3-propanediol bv Recombinant Bacillus Growth conditions for Bacillus Growth for demonstration of 1,3-propanediol production by Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis proceeds aerobically at 30°C or 35°C (as indicated) in shake-flask cultures (erlenmeyer flasks) and in 15.5 L (total volume) Biolafitte fermenters (working volume 7-10 L). Cultures in LBG (which contains per L: 16 g tryptone, 10 g glucose, 10 g yeast extract, and 5 g NaCl) shake-flasks are started by inoculation from one-day old TSA-plates (Trypticase Soy Agar, BBL #11043). These shake-flasks are tiien used to inoculate eitiier fermenters or shake-flasks in which die demonstration proper of D-glucose to 1,3-propanediol conversion is demonstrated. Batch cultures in shake-flasks Rich media are either TSB (trypticase soy broth; BBL #11768), LBG, medium B (TSB supplemented widi per L: 10.0 g glucose, 2 mL Modified Balch's Trace-Element Solution in which NTA is replaced by citric acid, 2.0 g Na 2 CO 3 , 4.0 g K 2 HPO , 1 mg vitamin B 12 , final pH = 7.2), or medium C (medium B, at pH 6.4). The composition of Modified Balch's Trace-Element Solution can be found in Methods for General and Molecular Bacteriology (P. Gerhardt et al., eds., p. 158, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC (1994)). Minimal media are either: MM322 (which contains per liter: 12.0 g glucose, 11.3 g K 2 HPO 4 , 1.0 g (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , 0.2 g Difco yeast extract, 0.1 g NaQ, 2 mg vitamin B-^ and 10 mL Modified Balch's Trace-Element Solution modified as above, final pH 6.7 (HCl)); medium D (medium MM322 supplemented widi 2 g/L Na2CO 3 , final pH 7.2); or medium E (medium D, final pH 6.4). Media B and C and the minimal media are filter-sterilized, d e other media are autoclaved. The shake-flasks are incubated at 30°C widi vigorous shaking for one day, after which they are sampled for HPLC analysis of the supernatant. Glucose is added, die culture is incubated for 1 hr under aerobic conditions, after which die culture is transferred to 25 mL volume glass tubes (which are nearly fiUed to the top). These tubes are subsequently incubated under anaerobic conditions at 30°C. After incubation for 1-5 days, 1,3-propanediol in die supernatant is detected by HPLC as described in GENERAL METHODS. Batch and fedbatch cultures in fermenters A 600-mL total volume culture from a shake-flask (LBG medium) is used to inoculate a fermenter with 6.4 L of medium, batched in and autoclaved for 30 minutes (minimal media) or 45 min (rich media) Typical minimal media in die fermenter is medium D, typical 'rich' media is media D widi an additional 50 g yeast extract/L. Filter-sterilized additions (vitamin B1201 compensations for auxotrophy) are performed after the fermenter has been autoclaved, using a syringue and a septum-port in the fermenter lid. Back pressure (BP, 0.1-0.5 bar), aeration (L of air per min, 0.4-1 wm), stirring (rpm, 200-600), temperature (T, 30-37°C), Dissolved Oxygen (%DO), and pH (5.8-7.2, by NH 4 OH and H 2 SO or H 3 PO addition) are monitored and controlled at die desired values, as indicated. After inoculation, the ceUs are grown in batch mode for the first 14 h, after which a glucose feed is started. For anaerobic growth/production, die %DO is allowed to go to 0% by either reduction of rpm and BP, additionally by replacing the air going in by N2, as indicated. Fermenters and shake-flasks are sampled for OD 550 readings (growth) and an enzymatic glucose assay on die supemate; supernate is also prepared for HPLC analysis via our standard procedure, as outlined in GENERAL METHODS. 1,3- Propanediol is present in the supernatant. > EXAMPLE 20 Transformation of Pseudomonas widi dhaBd 2.3) and dhaT and demonstration of 1.3-propanediol Production Construction of plasmids for co-expression of dhaBd 2.3) and dhaT in Pseudomonas The 4.1 kb expression cassette for dhaBd 2 ,3) and dhaT from pAH27 was inserted into the vectors pMMB66EH (Fiiste et al., Gene, 48, 119 (1986)) and pMMB207 (Morales et al., Gene, 97, 39 (1991)) using die restriction enzymes EcoRI and SaU to create pDTIO and pDT9, respectively. Transformation of P. aeruginosa PAO 2845 with the pDT9 expression plasmid P. aeruginosa PAO 2845 ceUs were prepared for transformation by overnight growth at 37°C with shaking at 200 rpm in L-broth. A 1:25 inoculation of die culture was made into 25 mL of fresh prewarmed and preaerated L-brotii. The fresh culture was incubated 2-3 h to early log phase at 37°C and 200 rpm. The cells, coUected by centrifugation, were washed twice in 10 mL of ice cold 0.15 M Mg U2 containing 5% dimethylsulfoxide and resuspended in 2 mL of the dimethylsulfoxide solution. The cell suspension (0.2 mL) was combined widi 100-200 ng pDT9 DNA and placed on ice for 60 min. The reaction mixture was heat shocked at 37°C for 2 min and transferred to ice for 5 min. L-broth (0.5 mL) was added and die cells were incubated for 20 min at 37°C. Single colonies were obtained from nutrient agar plates supplemented widi 37.5 ug/mL chloramphenicol. Conjugal transfer of pDTIO into P. aeruginosa PAO1 The plasmid, pDTIO was mated into PAO1 by die method of Figurski and Helinski (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 76, 1648 (1979)). pDTIO was transformed into E. coli AC80 (Chakrarty et. al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 75, 3109 (1978)) to create a donor strain. The helper strain was E. coli HB101 containing pRK2013 (Figurski and Helinski, supra). The recipient strain was Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 (Royle et al., /. Bacteriol., 145, 145 (1981)). Cultures (5 mL) of each of the strains were grown overnight in LB at 37°C. The cells were washed in 0.9% NaCL and resuspended in 200 μL. The cells were mixed togetiier and spread on a LA plate (Luria Agar, Difco). The plate was incubated at 37°C for 6 h. The ceUs were removed from the plate and transferred to PIA (Difco) plates containing 250 μg/mL carbencillin and grown overnight. Single colonies were isolated on die same media. Detection of glvcerol dehydratase and 1.3-propanediol dehydrogenase activity Pseudomonas aruginosa PAOl/pDTIO was grown in 25 mL 2XYT (16 g/L yeast extract, 16 g/L tryptone, 5 g/L NaCl) plus 250 μg/mL carbemcillin, 0.1 mM IPTG overnight at 37°C. The cells were harvested by centrifugation and resuspended in 1 mL of 100 mM Tris buffer pH 7.4. The cells were broken by French Press at 15,000 psi. The crude extract was then assayed for glycerol dehydratase and 1,3-propanediol dehydrogenase activity using standard assays. Protein determination was by Bio-Rad (Bradford) Protein Assay. Specific activity for glycerol dehydratase was 5 U/mg. Specific activity for 1,3-propanediol dehydrogenase was 20 U/mg. Similarly prepared, crude extract from P. aeruginosa PAO 2845 transformed widi pDT9 contained 0.05 U/mg glycerol dehydratase activity. Production of 1.3-propanediol by Pseudomonas aeruginosa containing the pDT9 plasmid Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO 2845 containing die pDT9 plasmid (ATCC 55760) was grown overnight at 37°C and 200 rpm shaking in 2XYT medium supplemented widi 25 μg mL chloramphenicol. Following overnight growth, an aliquot of die cell suspension was transferred to growtfi medium (3 parts 2XYT medium + 1 part HEPES0.1 medium, supplemented widi 0.25% (w/v) glucose, 0.2% (w/v) KNO 3 , 25 μg/mL chloramphenicol, 50 mg L yeast extract, and 80 mg/L nutrient broth) resulting in a cell suspension with an OD 660 nm of 0.5-0.8 AU. HEPES0.1 medium contains the following components: NH 4 α, 9.52 mM; MgCl 2 -6H 2 O, 0.523 mM; K 2 SO 4 , 0.276 mM; HEPES (N-[2- hydroxyedιyl]piperazine-N-[2-ethanesulfonic acid]), 40 mM; tricine (N-tris (hydroxymethyl) methyl glycine), 4 mM; FeSO 4 -7H 2 O, 0.010 mM; K 2 HPO , 0.132 mM; and, trace minerals to give final concentrations of the following components in g L: sodium citrate-6H 2 0, 0.001; FeSO -7H 4 O, 0.0005; CoCl 2 -6H 2 0, 0.0001; MnCl 2 -4H 2 O, 0.00001; ZnCl 2 , 0.000005; Na 2 MoO 4 -2H 2 O, 0.000025; NiCl 2 -6H 2 0, 0.0001; CuSO 2 -2H 2 O, 0.00005. After approximately 1 h of growth at 30°C with shaking at 250 rpm, 0.5 mM IPTG (isopropyl-β-D- thiogalactoside) was added to die growtii medium and cell growth was continued. After approximately 5 h of additional growth, cells were harvested by centrifugation at room temperature. Cells were washed 3x widi production medium: HEPES0.1 medium supplemented with 0.25% (w/v) glucose, 0.2% (w/v) KNO 3 , 25 μg/mL chloramphenicol, 50 mg/L yeast extract, and 80 mg/L nutrient broth. In duplicate, d e washed cells were suspended at die original harvested volume in production medium containing 0.2% (v/v) glycerol. Cell suspensions were incubated under a nitrogen atmosphere at 30°C with shaking at 250 rpm. After approximately 1 h, 5 μg/mL coenzyme B 12 (5,6-dimethyl- benz-onidazolylcobamide 5-deoxyadenosine) was added to d e cell suspension and die incubation continued at 30°C with shaking at 250 rpm. Samples of the cell suspension were collected periodically for product analysis. Upon collection, cells were removed from die samples by centrifugation and die aqueous supernatant stored frozen, -20°C, until analyzed. Analysis by HPLC widi calibrations based on authentic standards showed that these cell suspensions produced 1,3-propanediol. The results are shown in Table 15. The identity of die product was confirmed by GC/MS analysis as described in d e GENERAL METHODS. Table 15 Production of 1,3-propanediol by Pseudomonas aeruginosa containing the pDT9 plasmid Sample Time (hr) 1,3-Propanediol (mM) A 0 0 A 24 5.1 B O 0 B 24 5.6 EXAMPLE 21 Production of 1.3-propanediol from D-glucose using Pseudomonas aeruginosa General growth conditions Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO2845 from PGSC (Pseudomonas Genetic Stock Center, East Carolina School of Medicine, Greenville, NC) is grown in basal medium, HEPESO.l, which the foUowing components: NH Q, 9.52 mM; MgCl 2 -6H 2 O, 0.523 mM; K 2 SO 4 , 0.276 mM; HEPES (N-[2- hydroxyethyl]piperazine-N-[2-etiιanesulfonic acid]), 40 mM; Tricine (N-tris (hydroxymethyl) methyl glycine), 4 mM; FeSO 4 -7H 2 O, 0.010 mM; K 2 HPO 4 , 0.132 mM; and trace minerals to give final concentrations of the following components in g/L: sodium citrate-6H 2 O, 0.001 ; FeSO 4 -7H 4 O, 0.0005; CoCl 2 -6H 2 0, 0.0001; MnCl 2 -4H 2 O, 0.00001; ZnCl 2 , 0.000005; Na 2 MoO 4 -2H 2 O, 0.000025; NiCl 2 -6H 2 0, 0.0001; CuSO 2 -2H 2 0, 0.00005. HEPESO.l is used in aU experiments; supplementations are noted where they occur. Construction of a glvcerol negative mutant off, aeruginosa PAO 2845 bv gene interruption P. aeruginosa PAO 2845 is grown overnight in Nutrient Broth (Difco, Detroit, MI) at 37°C and 200 rpm shaking. CeUs are recovered by centrifugation and DNA extracted from ceUs using a standard alkaline lysis procedure (Sambrook 1989). The open reading frame for glpR (glycerol catabolism regulatory protein gene, Genbank ACCESSION # M60805) is amplified from P. aeruginosa PAO 2845 by PCR using primers JJ-gplR-5' and JJ-glpR-3' (SEQ ID NOS:30 and 31, respectively), incorporating EcoRl sites at the 5' ends. This DNA fragment is then ligated into plasmid pARO180 (Parke, Gene 93, 135, (1990)) at its unique EcoRl restriction site resulting in plasmid pJJIO. E. coli transformed with DNA from the pJJIO Hgation mix are spread on Nutrient Agar (Difco, Detroit, MI) containing 50 μg/mL ampiciUin and 0.08 mg/mL Xgal (5- bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactoside). White colonies, indicating a high probability of glpR insertion, are picked and transferred to LB medium supplemented widi 50 μg/mL ampiciUin. From ceUs harvested after overnight growth at 37°C and 200 rpm shaking, pJJIO DNA is recovered. The kanamycin cassette region from pUC4K (Pharmacia Cat. No. 27-4958-01) is amplified by PCR using primers (SEQ ID NO:32 AND 33) appropriately designed to amplify the region and modify the termini of the fragment to be compatible with restriction enzyme Sty I (Promega, Madison, WI) resulting in the 4 kb fragment pUC4K-*5' 'l. The UC4K-styl DNA fragment is subcloned into the Sfyl site within the glpR gene of plasmid pJJIO, generating plasmid pJJl 1. E. coli transformed with DNA from die pJJl 1 Ugation mixture are spread on LB agar supplemented with 25 μg/mL kanamycin and 50 μg/mL ampiciUin. DNA from 5-20 isolated colonies is individuaUy coUected foUowing overnirht growth at 37°C in LB medium supplemented with 25 μg/mL kanamycin and 50 μg/mL ampiciUin. The presence of die desired plasmid DNA is confirmed by gel electrophoresis. P. aeruginosa PAO 2845 is transformed with pJJl 1 DNA foUowing standard protocols. Briefly, P. aeruginosa ceUs are prepared for transformation by overnight growtii at 37°C with shaking at 200 rpm in L-broth. A 1:25 inoculation of tiiis overnight culture is made into 25 mL of fresh prewarmed and preaerated L-broth. The fresh culture is incubated for 2-3 h (to early log phase) at 37°C and 200 rpm. CeUs are centrifuged and supernatant decanted. CoUected ceUs are resuspended in 10 mL of ice cold sterile 0.15 M MgCl2 containing 5% dimediylsulf oxide and held on ice for 5-10 min. CeUs are centrifuged, separated from the supernatant and resuspended in 10 mL of ice cold sterile 0.15 M MgCl2 containing 5% dimethylsulfoxide and held on ice for 5-10 min. After a final centrifugation and separation from the supernatant, die ceUs are resuspended in 2 mL of ice cold sterile 0.15 M MgCl2 containing 5% dimethylsulfoxide. A 0.2 mL aUquot of the cold ceU concentrate is combined with 100-200 ng pJJll DNA in a prechiUed 1.5 mL polypropylene centrifuge tube and die mixture is held on ice for 60 min. The tube is tiien rapidly transferred to a 37°C water batii for 2 min and immediately returned to ice for 5 min. Approximately 0.5 mL of L-broth is added and the ceUs are incubated for 0.3-1 hour with gentle shaking at 37°C. FoUowing die recovery incubation, 10 μL and 50 μL aliquots of die ceU suspension are spread on nutrient agar plates supplemented widi 50 μg/mL kanamycin. Colonies developing on die selective medium are screened for growth on agar plates with HEPESO.l medium supplemented widi 1% succinic acid or 1% glycerol. Clones unable to grow on glycerol, but capable of growth on succinate, are preserved for later use by freezing in 15% glycerol. Transformation of gplR-P. aeruginosa PAO 2845 with pDT9 P. aeruginosa is prepared for transformation by die method described above. A 0.2 mL aliquot of die cold ceU concentrate is combined widi 100-200 ng pDT9 DNA in a prechiUed 1.5 mL polypropylene centrifuge tube and die mixture held on ice for 60 min. The tube is then rapidly transferred to a 37°C water batii for 2 min and immediately returned to ice for 5 min. Approximately 0.5 mL of L-broth and ceUs are incubated 0.3-1 h widi gentle shaking at 37°C. FoUowing the recovery incubation, 10 μL and 50 μL aliquots of the ceU suspension are spread on nutrient agar plates supplemented widi 37.5 μg/mL chloroamphenicol. Screening of glpR- P. aeruginosa PAO 2δ45 transformants for the presence The transformants from above are plated on nutrient agar plates supplemented widi 37.5 μg/mL chloramphenicol grown overnight at 37°C. From the colonies appearing on these selective plates, approximately twenty are picked and transferred to 10 mL Nutrient Broth (Difco, Detroit, MI) containing 37.5 μg/mL chloramphenicol and grown overnight at 37°C and 200 rpm shaking. To confirm the presence of the pDT9 plasmid in the selected transformants, plasmid DNA is extracted, purified and cut with EcoRl (Promega, Madison, WI). The molecular weight of the linearized DNA is analyzed by gel electrophoresis. In addition, PCR amplification using primer pairs with sequences common to dhaT, dhaBl, dhaBl, and dhaB3 (SEQ ID NO:34 AND 35, 36 AND 37, δ AND 9, 4 AND 5, respectively) foUowed by fragment molecular weight 5δ characterization using gel electrophoresis is used to confirm the presence of the desired genes. MetaboUc screening of glpR- P. aeruginosa PAO 2845 transformed with pDT9 One to twenty clones are selected from the positive transformants above for further characterization. CeUs are grown aerobicaUy on Nutrient Broth supplemented widi 37.5 μg/L chloramphenicol overnight at 30°C widi shaking at 250 rpm. CeUs are transferred at a 1:8 dilution into the same medium widi 1.5 mM IPTG (isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside) and grown for 4-6 h. CeUs are then harvested by centrifugation and washed once widi HEPESO.l medium supplemented wid 10 g/L glycerol, 0.03 g/L beef extract, 0.05 g/L peptone, 0.05 g/L yeast extract (aU Difco, Detroit, MI) and 0.2% KNO 3 . The ceUs are then resuspended at 1/5 the original volume, widi no air space, in a smaU vial and incubated at 30°C with shaking at 100 rpm for 18-72 h. CeUs are removed by centrifugation and the supernatants analyzed for the presence of 1,3-propanediol by HPLC. In addition, the chemical identity of 1,3-propanediol is confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Production of 1.3-propanediol from glucose bv glpR-f. aeruginosa PAO 2845 transformed with pDT9 (ATCC 55760) From the screening procedure above, one to five clones which produce die greatest amount of 1,3-propanediol from glycerol are grown aerobicaUy on nutrient broth supplemented widi 37.5 μg/L chloramphenicol overnight at 30°C with shaking at 250 rpm. CeUs are transferred at a 1:8 dilution into the same medium widi 1.5 mM IPTG, aUowed to grow for 4-6 h, harvested by centrifugation and washed once widi HEPESO.l medium supplemented with 10 g/L glucose, 0.03 g/L beef extract, 0.05 g/L peptone, 0.05 g/L yeast extract and 0.2% KNO 3 . The ceUs are then resuspended at 1/5 die original volume, widi no air space, in a small vial. CeUs are incubated at 30°C with shaking at 100 rpm for approximately 36 h. CeUs are removed by centrifugation and the supernatants analyzed for the presence of 1,3-propanediol by HPLC. In addition, die chemical identity of 1,3-propanediol is confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. EXAMPLE 22 Construction of expression cassettes for expression of dhaBl . dhaB2. dhaB3 and dhaT in Aspergillus niger General expression cassette fpAEX): The 1.4 kb Spel-EcoRV fragment from die plasmid pGPT/ryrG (Berica et al., "The development of gene expression systems for filamentous fungi", Biotechnol. Adv., 7:127-154 (1989)), containing sufficient portions for proper regulation of the Aspergillus niger gla A promoter and terminator, was Ugated into the Spel and EcoRV sites in the polylinker of pLlTMUS39 (New England Biolabs, Beverly, MA). Individual clone expression cassettes for A. niger: The open reading frames (ORF's) for individual Klebsiella pneumoniae dhaB subunits and dhaT were cloned and Ugated into die general expression vector (pAEX) separately, using die same cloning strategy: Primer pairs for PCR amplification of each individual dhaB ORF and die dhaT ORF were designed to match the 5' and 3' ends sequence for each ORF based on known sequence of die entire gene operon (dhaB 1 , dhaBl, dhaB3, dhaBX and dhaT: SEQ ID NO:38 and 12, 39 and 40, 41 and 42, 45 and 46, 43 and 44, respectively). In addition to the matching sequence, the primers for the 5' end of each ORF were designed to include an EcoRl restriction site foUowed by a Bgl π restriction site at the 5' most end of die sequence as weU as d e five base sequence CAGCA upstream of the first ATG of each ORF. Primers designed to match die 3' ends of each ORF placed an Xbal restriction site downstream of die translation stop codon, at the 3' most end of die clone. Individual clone fragments for the dhaB and dhaΥ ORF's were amplified by PCR from the plasmid pHK26-2δ, containing the entire K. pneumoniae dha operon, using die primers described above. The individual ORF clone fragments were isolated based on their respective molecular weights (dhaBl = 1540 bp; dhaBl = 607 bp; dhaB3 = 448 bp; dhaBX = 1846 bp; dhaT = 1187 bp). Using the unique EcoRl and Xbal restriction sites designed in die PCR primers, each individual dhaB and dhaT ORF fragment was Ugated into the EcoRl and Xbal restriction sites in the polylinker ofpLITMUS29 (New England Biolabs). The dhaBl and dhaB3 clones in pLITMUS29 were confirmed to be correct by sequencing. A unique 1363 bp Ncol-EcoRV restriction fragment from the coding region of dhaBl clone in pLITMUS29 was removed and replaced with die corresponding restriction fragment from pHK26-28. A unique 7δ3 bp Tthl 11 I-Mlu I restriction fragment from the coding region of dhaT clone in pLTTMUS29 was replaced widi d e corresponding restriction fragment from pHK26-2δ. A unique 1626 bp EcoRV restriction fragment from the coding region of dhaBX clone in pLITMUS29 was replaced wid die coresponding restriction fragment from pM7 (containing the K. pneumoniae dhaB operon). The 5' and 3' end sequences of die dhaB 1 , dhaBX and dhaT clones, approximately 250 bp which includes some sequence from die substituted fragment, was confirmed to be correct by sequencing. The unique Bgl H-Xbal restriction fragments containing the ORF's of dhaBl, dhaBl, dhaB3, dhaBX and dhaT clones in pLITMUS29 were Ugated into die Bgl H-Xbal restriction sites in the general expression vector pAEX separately, placing expression of each clone under the control of the A. niger glaA promoter and terminator. Each resulting vector was named by die respective ORF, i.e.: pAEX:dhaBl, pAEX:dhaB2, τpAEX:dhaB3, pAEX.dhaBX and pAEX:dhaT. Dual expression cassette vectors for A. niger: The unique SnaBI -Stul restriction fragment containing the dhaBl expression cassette (consisting of die A. niger glaA promoter, the dhaBl ORF, and terminator) was isolated from the vector pAEX:dhaB 1 and ligated into die unique SnaBI restriction site in the pAEX:dΛαB2 vector. The approx. 2.2 kb Seal -Smal restriction fragment from pBH2 (Ward et. al., Exp. Myc, 13, 289 (1989)) containing die Aspergillus nidulαnspyrG auxotrophy selectable marker, was ligated into the unique Stul restriction site in the vector containing the dhαBl and dhαBl expression cassettes. This vector was named pAEX:B 1+B2. The unique Spel-Hind JJI restriction fragments containing the entire expression cassettes for dhαB3 and dhdT were isolated from die respective pAEX:<2/κzB3 and ■ pAEX:dltαΥ vectors. The two expression cassette fragments were simultaneously ligated, in tandem, in die unique Hind HI restriction site in the vector pUClδ. This vector was named pAEX:B3+T. Transformation, isolation of transformants. confirmation of integration of expression cassettes and expression of dhαB and dhαT genes in Aspergillus Aspergillis niger strain FS1 (pyrG~) was co-transformed with the two expression vectors pAEX:Bl+B2 and pAEX:B3+T using die method of (CampbeU et al., "Improved transformation efficiency of A. niger using homologous niaD gene for nitrate reductase", Curr. Genet., 16:53-56 (1989)). Transformants were selected for by their ability to grow on selective media widiout uridine. Genomic DNA of transformants was digested widi Hind JJI and Spel to liberate fragments of predicted molecular weights, demonstrating integration of intact expression cassettes. Detection of each expression cassette was done by Southern analysis, probing with individual genes separately. The presence of the dhαBl protein was detected by western analysis using anύ-dhαB antibody. Expression of each ORF was tested by growing transformants, that have die pAEX:Bl+B2 and pAEX:B3+T vectors integrated, in 10% CSL media (com steep liquor (50% solids), 10% (w/v); NaH 2 PO 4 H 2 0, 1.0 g/L; MgSO 4 , 0.50 g/L; maltose, 100.0 g/L; glucose, 10.0 g/L; and Mazu Antifoam, 0.003% (v/v)) as a seed culture then transferring 1/10 volume of the seed culture to MBM carbon media (NaH 2 PO 4 , 0.70 g/L; K 2 HPO 4 , 0.70 g/L; KH 2 P0 4 , 0.70 g/L; MgSO 4 7H 2 0, 1.40 g/L; (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , 10.5 g/L; CaCl 2 2H 2 O, 0.70 g/L; NH 4 NO 3 , 3.50 g/L; sodium citrate, 14 g/L; FeCl 2 4H 2 0, 1.0 mg/L; ZnCl 2 , 5.87 mg/L; Cuα 2 ' 2H 2 O, 0.42 mg/L; MnCl 2 4H 2 O, 0.21 mg/L; Na 2 B 4 O 7 10H 2 0, 0.07 mg/L; foUc acid, 0.174 mg/L; pyridoxineHCl, 6.12 mg/L; riboflavin, 1.83 mg/L; pantotiienic acid, 23.60 mg/L; nicotinic acid, 26.66 mg/L; biotin, 0.49 mg/L; thiamine HCl, 1.39 mg/L; maltose, 120.0 g/L; carbeniciUin, 0.035 mg/L; streptomycin, 0.035 mg/L; tween 80, 0.07% (w/v); and Mazu antifoam, 0.14% (v/v)) for induction of die glaA promoter. mRNA was isolated from transformant cultures (Fast Track 2 Kit, Invitrogen Corp.) and Northern analysis performed widi chemiluminescence (Genius 9 System, Boehringer-Mannheim) to detect transcribed message from each gene. Co-ordinate transcription of the dhaBl, dhaBl, dhaB3 and dhaΥ genes in shakeflask cultures was demonstrated by Northern hybridizaton, probing with gene fragments of each dhaB and dhaT ORF. Isolated colonies shown to transcribe aU of the transformed genes were chosen to be further transformed with ■ pASLX.'dhaBX. These isolates were co- transformed widi pAEX:dhaBX and pAAlO (3.2 kb. Accl-Asp718 restricton fragment containing the Aspergillus nidulans amdS selectable marker in pUC18). These newly transformed cultures were selected for on media containing acetamide as die sole carbon source. Transformant colonies able to utilize acetamide as a sole carbon source were demonstrated to have die dhaBX ORF integrated by PCR amplification of die dhaBX ORF from genomic DNA using primers KpdhaBX-5' and KpdhaBX-3' (SEQ ID NO:45 and 46). Production of glvcerol bv A. Niger. strain FS1 Aspergillus niger strain FS1 was grown in 10% CSL media as a seed culture and transferred as a 1:10 dilution to MBM carbon media + 12% maltose. Culture supernatent was demonstrated to contain 6 g/L glycerol produced by Aspergillus. Analysis of glycerol was done by HPLC. Production of 1.3-propanediol bv recombinant A. niger Aspergillus fermentations were carried out in 15.5 L total volume Biolafitte fermenters, working volume initiaUy 8 L, increasing to 11 L during die run. Aerobic conditions were insured by aeration with air at a rate of 10 L/min., at an impeUer speed of 700-800 rpm and a back-pressure of 1.1 bar (aerobic conditions are defined by die % Dissolved Oxygen (100% DO defined at ambient pressure), measured with instaUed DO-probes; a minimal value of 35% DO was considered aerobic). The pH was maintained at 5.60 by automatic addition of 10% H-3PO4 or 28% NH4OH. Temperature was maintained at 32°C. The foUowing compounds were batched into die tank and sterilized at 121°C for 30 min.: 2 g/L NaH 2 PO 4 H 2 O, 17 g/L (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , 1 g/L MgSO 4 , 2 g/L Tween 80, 45 g/L Promosoy-100 (a soy concentrate of 70% protein), 6 g/L corn steep Uquor (50% solids), 10 g/L maltose, and 2 g/L MAZU DF204 (a custom-made antifoam). After sterilization, 500 gram of the 50% Maltrin 150 feed was added, togedier widi carbeniciUin and streptomycin (both up to a final concentration of 10 mg/L). One liter of a 45 h old Aspergillus niger strain (strain TGR40) transformed wid die two expression vectors pAEX:Bl+B2 and pAEX:B3+T, growing in a shakeflask containing 10% CSL was used to inoculate die fermenter. The culture was tiien aUowed to grow batchwise, fuUy aerobic, for 28 h before a feed (a 50% Maltrin 150 solution, heat sterilized) was started at a rate of 0.8-1.0 g/min. The culture was then run for another 20 h, during which the %DO dropped to virtuaUy zero because of the O 2 -demand of the cells (die culture remained at zero to 5% throughout die rest of the run). After that (48 h after inoculation), glycerol was fed in over a period of 8 h, up to a final glycerol concentration of 163 g L. The maltrin feed was stopped 97 h after inoculation, backpressure and aeration lowered to respectively 0.2 bar and 4 L/min. (0.5 vvm), and co-enzyme B 12 added to a final concentration of 10 mg/L. When the culture was 122 h old, broth was harvested, centrifuged, and 0.2 L of ethanol added to 1 L of supernatant. One L of ceU-free fermentation broth was vacuum-distiUed, yielding about 60 mL of a dark slurry. The slurry was centrifuged, and about 40 mL of liquid supernatant were coUected. This liquid was tiien treated widi 40 mL of ethanol in order to precipitate out residual solids, which were removed by centrifugation. A smaU sample of the decanted Uquid was analyzed by HPLC and found to contain 1,3-propanediol: the identity of die propanediol was confirmed by GC/MS. AppUcants have deposited a recombinant Aspergillus niger strain TGR40-13, comprising a DNA fragment encoding dhaB (1-3), dhaBx and dhaT (ATCC ). EXAMPLE 23 Production of 1.3 -propanediol from maltose using recombinant A. niger Aspergillus fermentations are carried out in 15.5 L total volume Biolafitte fermenters, working volume initiaUy 8 L, increasing to 11 L during the run. Aerobic conditions are insured by aeration with air at a rate of 10 L/min, at an impeUer speed of 700-800 φm and a back-pressure of 1.1 bar (aerobic conditions are defined by die % Dissolved Oxygen (100% DO defined at ambient pressure), measured widi instaUed DO-probes; a rninimal value of 35% DO was considered aerobic). The pH is maintained at 5.60 by automatic addition of 10% H 3 PO 4 or 28% NH 4 OH. Temperature is maintained at 32°C. The foUowing compounds are batched into d e tank and sterilized at 121°C for 30 min: 2 g/L NaH 2 PO 4 H 2 0, 17 g/L (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , 1 g/L MgSO 4 , 2 g/L Tween 80, 45 g/L Promosoy-100 (a soy concentrate of 70% protein), 6 g/L com steep Uquor (50% solids), 10 g/L maltose, and 2 g/L MAZU DF204 (a custom- made antifoam). After sterilization, 500 gram of die 50% Maltrin 150 feed is added, togedier with carbeniciUin and streptomycin (both up to a final concentration of 10 mg/L). One L of a 40-48 h old Aspergillus niger strain transformed widi dhaB 1 , dhaBl, dhaB3, dhaB4 and dhaΥ genes, growing in a shakeflask containing 10% CSL (defined in Example 22), is used to inoculate die fermenter. The culture is then aUowed to grow for 30-35 h before the feed (a 50% Maltrin 150 solution, heat sterilized) is started, at a rate of 1 g/min. The culture is tiien run for anotiier 5 h under O 2 limited conditions (%DO zero, under fuU aeration). After that, die Maltrin feed is stopped and when die measured glucose in the supernatant is virtuaUy zero, the φm is lowered to 150, die BP to 0.2, and aeration is stopped. The fermenter is flushed widi an anaerobic gas-mixture (5% H 2 , 5% CO , 90% N2) at a rate of 7 L/min for 30 min. Gas inlet and outlet is tiien closed, BP is maintained at 0.4 bar, and co-enzyme Bj2 is added to a final concentration of 5 mg/L. Throughout, broth samples are centrifuged and die supernatants are prepared for HPLC and GC analysis. 1,3-propanediol is detected in die supernatant. EXAMPLE 24 Production of 1.3-propanediol from substrates other than glvcerol bv Lactobacillus reuteri (ATCC 23272) Lactobacillus reuteri (ATCC 23272) was maintained on MRS (Difco, Detroit, MI) plates. Colonies from a plate were used to inoculate 70 mL LactobaciUus MRS brotii (Difco #08δl-17) supplemented widi 25 mM NaHCO 3 in a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask. The flask was incubated in an anaerobic atmosphere (5-7% H 2 , 2-8% CO 2 , 85-93% N 2 ) at 32°C. HPLC analysis of LactobaciUus MRS broth showed a component widi die retention time of glycerol. Lactobacillus MRS broth was treated by alkaline boiling and analyzed for glycerol by HPLC and enzymatic assay. At most, 0.25 g/L glycerol could be detected in the initial medium; if aU of this glycerol was transformed to 1,3-ρropanediol, 0.21 g/L propanediol could be said to have been produced from glycerol. After 10 d of incubation, a sample from the Lactobacillus reuteri culture flask was removed, analyzed by HPLC and GC-MS, and compared to an initial medium sample. Correcting for the glycerol present in the medium, 1.35 g/L 1,3-propanediol was produced by Lactobacillus reuteri from substrates other than glycerol. SEQUENCE LISTING (1) GENERAL INFORMATION: <i) APPLICANT: (A) NAME: E. I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY (B) STREET: 1007 MARKET STREET (C) CITY: WILMINGTON (D) STATE: DELAWARE (E) COUNTRY: U.S.A. (F) POSTAL CODE (ZIP) : 19898 (G) TELEPHONE: 302-892- ■ 8112 (H) TELEFAX: 302-773-0164 (i) APPLICANT: (A) NAME: GENENCOR INTERNATIONAL, INC. (B) STREET: 4 CAMBRIDGE PLACE 1870 SOUTH WINTON ROAD (C) CITY: ROCHESTER (D) STATE: NEW YORK (E) COUNTRY: U.S.A. (F) POSTAL CODE (ZIP) : 14618 (G) TELEPHONE: (H) TELEFAX: (ii) TITLE OF INVENTION: BIOCONVERSION OF A FERMENTABLE CARBON SOURCE TO 1,3-PROPANE- DIOL BY A SINGLE MICROORGANISM (iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 46 (iv) COMPUTER READABLE FORM: (A) MEDIUM TYPE: 3.50 INCH DISKETTE (B) COMPUTER: IBM (C) OPERATING SYSTEM: MICROSOFT WINDOWS 3.1 (D) SOFTWARE: MICROSOFT WORD 6.0 (v) CURRENT APPLICATION DATA: (A) APPLICATION NUMBER: (B) FILING DATE: (C) CLASSIFICATION: (vi) PRIOR APPLICATION DATA: (A) APPLICATION NUMBER: 08/440,293 (B) FILING DATE: MAY 12, 1995 (vii) ATTORNEY/AGENT INFORMATION: (A) NAME: LINDA AXAMETHY FLOYD (B) REGISTRATION NUMBER: 33,692 (C) REFERENCE/DOCKET NUMBER: CR-9715-B (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:l: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 12145 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:l GTCGACCACC ACGGTGGTGA CTTTAATGCC GCTCTCATGC AGCAGCTCGG TGGCGGTCTC 60 AAAATTCAGG ATGTCGCCGG TATAGTTTTT GATAATCAGC AAGACGCCTT CGCCGCCGTC 120 AATTTGCATC GCGCATTCAA ACATTTTGTC CGGCGTCGGC GAGGTGAATA TTTCCCCCGG 180 ACAGGCGCCG GAGAGCATGC CCTGGCCGAT ATAGCCGCAG TGCATCGGTT CATGTCCGCT 240 GCCGCCGCCG GAGAGCAGGG CCACCTTGCC AGCCACCGGC GCGTCGGTGC GGGTCACATA 300 CAGCGGGTCC TGATGCAGGG TCAGCTGCGG ATGGGCTTTA GCCAGCCCCT GTAATTGTTC 360 ATTCAGTACA TCTTCAACAC GGTTAATCAG CTTTTTCATT ATTCAGTGCT CCGTTGGAGA 420 AGGTTCGATG CCGCCTCTCT GCTGGCGGAG GCGGTCATCG CGTAGGGGTA TCGTCTGACG 480 GTGGAGCGTG CCTGGCGATA TGATGATTCT GGCTGAGCGG ACGAAAAAAA GAATGCCCCG 540 ACGATCGGGT TTCATTACGA AACATTGCTT CCTGATTTTG TTTCTTTATG GAACGTTTTT 600 GCTGAGGATA TGGTGAAAAT GCGAGCTGGC GCGCTTTTTT TCTTCTGCCA TAAGCGGCGG 660 TCAGGATAGC CGGCGAAGCG GGTGGGAAAA AATTTTTTGC TGATTTTCTG CCGACTGCGG 720 GAGAAAAGGC GGTCAAACAC GGAGGATTGT AAGGGCATTA TGCGGCAAAG GAGCGGATCG 780 GGATCGCAAT CCTGACAGAG ACTAGGGTTT TTTGTTCCAA TATGGAACGT AAAAAATTAA 840 CCTGTGTTTC ATATCAGAAC AAAAAGGCGA AAGATTTTTT TGTTCCCTGC CGGCCCTACA 900 GTGATCGCAC TGCTCCGGTA CGCTCCGTTC AGGCCGCGCT TCACTGGCCG GCGCGGATAA 960 CGCCAGGGCT CATCATGTCT ACATGCGCAC TTATTTGAGG GTGAAAGGAA TGCTAAAAGT 1020 TATTCAATCT CCAGCCAAAT ATCTTCAGGG TCCTGATGCT GCTGTTCTGT TCGGTCAATA 1080 TGCCAAAAAC CTGGCGGAGA GCTTCTTCGT CATCGCTGAC GATTTCGTAA TGAAGCTGGC 1140 GGGAGAGAAA GTGGTGAATG GCCTGCAGAG CCACGATATT CGCTGCCATG CGGAACGGTT 1200 TAACGGCGAA TGCAGCCATG CGGAAATCAA CCGTCTGATG GCGATTTTGC AAAAACAGGG 1260 CTGCCGCGGC GTGGTCGGGA TCGGCGGTGG TAAAACCCTC GATACCGCGA AGGCGATCGG 1320 TTACTACCAG AAGCTGCCGG TGGTGGTGAT CCCGACCATC GCCTCGACCG ATGCGCCAAC 1380 CAGCGCGCTG TCGGTGATCT ACACCGAAGC GGGCGAGTTT GAAGAGTATC TGATCTATCC 1440 GAAAAACCCG GATATGGTGG TGATGGACAC GGCGATTATC GCCAAAGCGC CGGTACGCCT 1500 GCTGGTCTCC GGCATGGGCG ATGCGCTCTC CACCTGGTTC GAGGCCAAAG CTTGCTACGA 1560 TGCGCGCGCC ACCAGCATGG CCGGAGGACA GTCCACCGAG GCGGCGCTGA GCCTCGCCCG 1620 CCTGTGCTAT GATACGCTGC TGGCGGAGGG CGAAAAGGCC CGTCTGGCGG CGCAGGCCGG 1680 GGTAGTGACC GAAGCGCTGG AGCGCATCAT CGAGGCGAAC ACTTACCTCA GCGGCATTGG 1740 CTTTGAAAGC AGTGGCCTGG CCGCTGCCCA TGCAATCCAC AACGGTTTCA CCATTCTTGA 1800 AGAGTGCCAT CACCTGTATC ACGGTGAGAA AGTGGCCTTC GGTACCCTGG CGCAGCTGGT 1860 GCTGCAGAAC AGCCCGATGG ACGAGATTGA AACGGTGCAG GGCTTCTGCC AGCGCGTCGG 1920 CCTGCCGGTG ACGCTCGCGC AGATGGGCGT CAAAGAGGGG ATCGACGAGA AAATCGCCGC 1980 GGTGGCGAAA GCTACCTGCG CGGAAGGGGA AACCATCCAT AATATGCCGT TTGCGGTGAC 2040 CCCGGAGAGC GTCCATGCCG CTATCCTCAC CGCCGATCTG TTAGGCCAGC AGTGGCTGGC 2100 GCGTTAATTC GCGGTGGCTA AACCGCTGGC CCAGGTCAGC GGTTTTTCTT TCTCCCCTCC 2160 GGCAGTCGCT GCCGGAGGGG TTCTCTATGG TACAACGCGG AAAAGGATAT GACTGTTCAG 2220 ACTCAGGATA CCGGGAAGGC GGTCTCTTCC GTCATTGCCC AGTCATGGCA CCGCTGCAGC 2280 AAGTTTATGC AGCGCGAAAC CTGGCAAACG CCGCACCAGG CCCAGGGCCT GACCTTCGAC 2340 TCCATCTGTC GGCGTAAAAC CGCGCTGCTC ACCATCGGCC AGGCGGCGCT GGAAGACGCC 2400 TGGGAGTTTA TGGACGGCCG CCCCTGCGCG CTGTTTATTC TTGATGAGTC CGCCTGCATC 2460 CTGAGCCGTT GCGGCGAGCC GCAAACCCTG GCCCAGCTGG CTGCCCTGGG ATTTCGCGAC 2520 GGCAGCTATT GTGCGGAGAG CATTATCGGC ACCTGCGCGC TGTCGCTGGC CGCGATGCAG 2580 GGCCAGCCGA TCAACACCGC CGGCGATCGG CATTTTAAGC AGGCGCTACA GCCATGGAGT 2640 TTTTGCTCGA CGCCGGTGTT TGATAACCAC GGGCGGCTGT TCGGCTCTAT CTCGCTTTGC 2700 TGTCTGGTCG AGCACCAGTC CAGCGCCGAC CTCTCCCTGA CGCTGGCCAT CGCCCGCGAG 2760 GTGGGTAACT CCCTGCTTAC CGACAGCCTG CTGGCGGAAT CCAACCGTCA CCTCAATCAG 2820 ATGTACGGCC TGCTGGAGAG CATGGACGAT GGGGTGATGG CGTGGAACGA ACAGGGCGTG 2880 CTGCAGTTTC TCAATGTTCA GGCGGCGAGA CTGCTGCATC TTGATGCTCA GGCCAGCCAG 2940 GGGAAAAATA TCGCCGATCT GGTGACCCTC CCGGCGCTGC TGCGCCGCGC CATCAAACAC 3000 GCCCGCGGCC TGAATCACGT CGAAGTCACC TTTGAAAGTC AGCATCAGTT TGTCGATGCG 3060 GTGATCACCT TAAAACCGAT TGTCGAGGCG CAAGGCAACA GTTTTATTCT GCTGCTGCAT 3120 CCGGTGGAGC AGATGCGGCA GCTGATGAC. GCCAGCTCG GTAAAGTCAG CCACACCTTT 3180 GAGCAGATGT CTGCCGACGA TCCGGAAACC CGACGCCTGA TCCACTTTGG CCGCCAGGCG 3240 GCGCGCGGCG GCTTCCCGGT GCTACTGTGC GGCGAAGAGG GGGTCGGGAA AGAGCTGCTG 3300 AGCCAGGCTA TTCACAATGA. AAGCGAACGG GCGGGCGGCC CCTACATCTC CGTCAACTGC 3360 CAGCTATATG CCGACAGCGT GCTGGGCCAG GACTTTATGG GCAGCGCCCC TACCGACGAT 3420 GAAAATGGTC GCCTGAGCCG CCTTGAGCTG GCCAACGGCG GCACCCTGTT TCTGGAAAAG 3480 ATCGAGTATC TGGCGCCGGA GCTGCAGTCG GCTCTGCTGC AGGTGATTAA GCAGGGCGTG 3540 CTCACCCGCC TCGACGCCCG GCGCCTGATC CCGGTGGATG TGAAGGTGAT TGCCACCACC 3600 ACCGTCGATC TGGCCAATCT GGTGGAACAG AACCGCTTTA GCCGCCAGCT GTACTATGCG 3660 CTGCACTCCT TTGAGATCGT CATCCCGCCG CTGCGCGCCC GACGCAACAG TATTCCGTCG 3720 CTGGTGCATA ACCGGTTGAA GAGCCTGGAG AAGCGTTTCT CTTCGCGACT GAAAGTGGAC 3780 GATGACGCGC TGGCACAGCT GGTGGCCTAC TCGTGGCCGG GGAATGATTT TGAGCTCAAC 3840 AGCGTCATTG AGAATATCGC CATCAGCAGC. GACAACGGCC ACATTCGCCT GAGTAATCTG 3900 CCGGAATATC TCTTTTCCGA GCGGCCGGGC GGGGATAGCG CGTCATCGCT GCTGCCGGCC 3960 AGCCTGACTT TTAGCGCCAT CGAAAAGGAA GCTATTATTC ACGCCGCCCG GGTGACCAGC 4020 GGGCGGGTGC AGGAGATGTC GCAGCTGCTC AATATCGGCC GCACCACCCT GTGGCGCAAA 4080 ATGAAGCAGT ACGATATTGA CGCCAGCCAG TTCAAGCGCA AGCATCAGGC CTAGTCTCTT 4140 CGATTCGCGC CATGGAGAAC AGGGCATCCG ACAGGCGATT GCTGTAGCGT TTGAGCGCGT 4200 CGCGCAGCGG ATGCGCGCGG TCCATGGCCG TCAGCAGGCG TTCGAGCCGA CGGGACTGGG 4260 TGCGCGCCAC GTGCAGCTGG GCAGAGGCGA GATTCCTCCC CGGGATCACG AACTGTTTTA 4320 ACGGGCCGCT CTCGGCCATA TTGCGGTCGA TAAGCCGCTC CAGGGCGGTG ATCTCCTCTT 4380 CGCCGATCGT CTGGCTCAGG CGGGTCAGGC CCCGCGCATC GCTGGCCAGT TCAGCCCCCA 4440 GCACGAACAG CGTCTGCTGA ATATGGTGCA GGCTTTCCCG CAGCCCGGCG TCGCGGGTCG 4500 TGGCGTAGCA GACGCCCAGC TGGGATATCA GTTCATCGAC GGTGCCGTAG GCCTCGACGC 4560 GAATATGGTC TTTCTCGATG CGGCTGCCGC CGTACAGGGC GGTGGTGCCT TTATCCCCGG 4620 TGCGGGTATA GATACGATAC ATTCAGTTTC TCTCACTTAA CGGCAGGACT TTAACCAGCT 4680 GCCCGGCGTT GGCGCCGAGC GTACGCAGTT GATCGTCGCT ATCGGTGACG TGTCCGGTAG 4740 CCAGCGGCGC GTCCGCCGGC AGCTGGGCA GAGTGAGGGC TATCTCGCCG GACGCGCTGA 4800 GCCCGATACC CACCCGCAGG GGCGAGCTTC TGGCCGCCAG GGCGCCCAGC GCAGCGGCGT 4860 CACCGCCTCC GTCATAGGTT ATGGTCTGGC AGGGGACCCC CTGCTCCTCC AGCCCCCAGC 4920 ACAGCTCATT GATGGCGCCG GCATGGTGCC CGCGCGGATC GTAAAACAGG CGTACGCCTG 4980 GCGGTGAAAG CGACATGACG GTCCCCTCGT TAACACTCAG AATGCCTGGC GGAAAATCGC 5040 GGCAATCTCC TGCTCGTTGC CTTTACGCGG GTTCGAGAAC GCATTGCCGT CTTTTAGAGC 5100 CATCTCCGCC ATGTAGGGGA AGTCGGCCTC TTTTACCCCC AGATCGCGCA GATGCTGCGG 5160 AATACCGATA TCCATCGACA GACGCGTGAT AGCGGCGATG GCTTTTTCCG CCGCGTCGAG 5220 AGTGGACAGT CCGGTGATAT TTTCGCCCAT CAGTTCAGCG ATATCGGCGA ATTTCTCCGG 5280 GTTGGCGATC AGGTTGTAGC GCGCCACATG CGGCAGCAGG ACAGCGTTGG CCACGCCGTG 5340 CGGCATGTCG TACAGGCCGC CCAGCTGGTG CGCCATGGCG TGCACGTAGC CGAGGTTGGC 5400 GTTATTGAAA GCCATCCCGG CCAGCAGAGA AGCATAGGCC ATGTTTTCCC GCGCCTGCAG 5460 ATTGCTGCCG AGGGCCACGG CCTGGCGCAG GTTGCGGGCG ATGAGGCGGA TCGCCTGCAT 5520 GGCGGCGGCG TCCGTCACCG GGTTAGCGTC TTTGGAGATA TAGGCCTCTA CGGCGTGGGT 5580 CAGGGCATCC ATCCCGGTCG CCGCGGTCAG GGCGGCCGGT TTACCGATCA TCAGCAGTGG 5640 ATCGTTGATA GAGACCGACG GCAGTTTGCG CCAGCTGACG ATCACAAACT TCACTTTGGT 5700 TTCGGTGTTG GTCAGGACGC AGTGGCGGGT GACCTCGCTG GCGGTGCCGG CGGTGGTATT 5760 GACCGCGACG ATAGGCGGCA GCGGGTTGGT CAGGGTCTCG ATTCCGGCAT ACTGGTACAG 5820 ATCGCCCTCA TGGGTGGCGG CGATGCCGAT GCCTTTGCCG CAATCGTGCG GGCTGCCGCC 5880 GCCCACGGTG ACGATGATGT CGCACTGTTC GCGGCGAAAC ACGGCGAGGC CGTCGCGCAC 5940 GTTGGTGTCT TTCGGGTTCG GCTCGACGCC GTCAAAGATC GCCACCTCGA TCCCGGCCTC 6000 CCGCAGATAA TGCAGGGTTT TGTCCACCGC GCCATCTTTA ATTGCCCGCA GGCCTTTGTC 6060 GGTGACCAGC AGGGCTTTTT TCCCCCCCAG CAGCTGGCAG CGTTCGCCGA CTACGGAAAT 6120 GGCGTTGGGG CCAAAAAAGT TAACGTTTGG CACCAGATAA TCAAACATAC GATAGCTCAT 6180 AATATACCTT CTCGCTTCAG GTTATAATGC GGAAAAACAA TCCAGGGCGC ACTGGGCTAA 6240 TAATTGATCC TGCTCGACCG TACCGCCGCT AACGCCGACG GCGCCAATTA CCTGCTCATT 6300 AAAAATAACT GGCAGGCCGC CGCCAAAAAT AATAATTCGC TGTTGGTTGG TTAGCTGCAG 6360 ACCGTACAGA GATTGTCCTG GCTGGACCGC TGACGTAATT TCATGGGTAC CTTGCTTCAG 6420 GCTGCAGGCG CTCCAGGCTT TATTCAGGGA AATATCGCAG CTGGAGACGA AGGCCTCGTC 6480 CATCCGCTGG ATAAGCAGCG TGTTGCCTCC GCGGTCAACT ACGGAAAACA CCACCGCCAC 6540 GTTGATCTCA GTGGCTTTTT TTTCCACCGC CGCCGCCATT TGCTGGGCGG CGGCCAGGGT 6600 GATTGTCTGA ACTTGTTGGC TCTTGTTCAT CATTCTCTCC CGCACCAGGA TAACGCTGGC 6660 GCGAATAGTC AGTAGGGGGC GATAGTAAAA AACTATTACC ATTCGGTTGG CTTGCTTTAT 6720 TTTTGTCAGC GTTATTTTGT CGCCCGCCAT GATTTAGTCA ATAGGGTTAA AATAGCGTCG 6780 GAAAAACGTA ATTAAGGGCG TTTTTTATTA ATTGATTTAT ATCATTGCGG GCGATCACAT 6840 TTTTTATTTT TGCCGCCGGA GTAAAGTTTC ATAGTGAAAC TGTCGGTAGA TTTCGTGTGC 6900 CAAATTGAAA CGAAATTAAA TTTATTTTTT TCACCACTGG CTCATTTAAA GTTCCGCTAT 6960 TGCCGGTAAT GGCCGGGCGG CAACGACGCT GGCCCGGCGT ATTCGCTACC GTCTGCGGAT 7020 TTCACCTTTT GAGCCGATGA ACAATGAAAA GATCAAAACG ATTTGCAGTA CTGGCCCAGC 7080 GCCCCGTCAA TCAGGACGGG CTGATTGGCG AGTGGCCTGA AGAGGGGCTG ATCGCCATGG 7140 ACAGCCCCTT TGACCCGGTC TCTTCAGTAA AAGTGGACAA CGGTCTGATC GTCGAACTGG 7200 ACGGCAAACG CCGGGACCAG TTTGACATGA TCGACCGATT TATCGCCGAT TACGCGATCA 7260 ACGTTGAGCG CACAGAGCAG GCAATGCGCC TGGAGGCGGT GGAAATAGCC CGTATGCTGG 7320 TGGATATTCA CGTCAGCCGG GAGGAGATCA TTGCCATCAC TACCGCCATC ACGCCGGCCA 7380 AAGCGGTCGA GGTGATGGCG CAGATGAACG TGGTGGAGAT GATGATGGCG CTGCAGAAGA 7440 TGCGTGCCCG CCGGACCCCC TCCAACCAGT GCCACGTCAC CAATCTCAAA GATAATCCGG 7500 TGCAGATTGC CGCTGACGCC GCCGAGGCCG GGATCCGCGG CTTCTCAGAA CAGGAGACCA 7560 CGGTCGGTAT CGCGCGCTAC GCGCCGTTTA ACGCCCTGGC GCTGTTGGTC GGTTCGCAGT 7620 GCGGCCGCCC CGGCGTGTTG ACGCAGTGCT CGGTGGAAGA GGCCACCGAG CTGGAGCTGG 7680 GCATGCGTGG CTTAACCAGC TACGCCGAGA CGGTGTCGGT CTACGGCACC GAAGCGGTAT 7740 TTACCGACGG CGATGATACG CCGTGGTCAA AGGCGTTCCT CGCCTCGGCC TACGCCTCCC 7800 GCGGGTTGAA AATGCGCTAC ACCTCCGGCA CCGGATCCGA AGCGCTGATG GGCTATTCGG 7860 AGAGCAAGTC GATGCTCTAC CTCGAATCGC GCTGCATCTT CATTACTAAA GGCGCCGGGG 7920 TTCAGGGACT GCAAAACGGC GCGGTGAGCT GTATCGGCAT GACCGGCGCT GTGCCGTCGG 7980 GCATTCGGGC GGTGCTGGCG GAAAACCTGA TCGCCTCTAT GCTCGACCTC GAAGTGGCGT 8040 CCGCCAACGA CCAGACTTTC TCCCACTCGG ATATTCGCCG CACCGCGCGC ACCCTGATGC 8100 AGATGCTGCC GGGCACCGAC TTTATTTTCT CCGGCTACAG CGCGGTGCCG AACTACGACA 8160 ACATGTTCGC CGGCTCGAAC TTCGATGCGG AAGATTTTGA TGATTACAAC ATCCTGCAGC 8220 GTGACCTGAT GGTTGACGGC GGCCTGCGTC CGGTGACCGA GGCGGAAACC ATTGCCATTC 8280 GCCAGAAAGC GGCGCGGGCG ATCCAGGCGG TTTTCCGCGA GCTGGGGCTG CCGCCAATCG 8340 CCGACGAGGA GGTGGAGGCC GCCACCTACG CGCACGGCAG CAACGAGATG CCGCCGCGTA 8400 ACGTGGTGGA GGATCTGAGT GCGGTGGAAG AGATGATGAA GCGCAACATC ACCGGCCTCG 8460 ATATTGTCGG CGCGCTGAGC CGCAGCGGCT TTGAGGATAT CGCCAGCAAT ATTCTCAATA 8520 TGCTGCGCCA GCGGGTCACC GGCGATTACC TGCAGACCTC GGCCATTCTC GATCGGCAGT 8580 TCGAGGTGGT GAGTGCGGTC AACGACATCA ATGACTATCA GGGGCCGGGC ACCGGCTATC 8640 GCATCTCTGC CGAACGCTGG GCGGAGATCA AAAATATTCC GGGCGTGGTT CAGCCCGACA 8700 CCATTGAATA AGGCGGTATT CCTGTGCAAC AGACAACCCA AATTCAGCCC TCTTTTACCC 8760 TGAAAACCCG CGAGGGCGGG GTAGCTTCTG CCGATGAACG CGCCGATGAA GTGGTGATCG 8820 GCGTCGGCCC TGCCTTCGAT AAACACCAGC ATCACACTCT GATCGATATG CCCCATGGCG 8880 CGATCCTCAA AGAGCTGATT GCCGGGGTGG AAGAAGAGGG GCTTCACGCC CGGGTGGTGC 8940 GCATTCTGCG CACGTCCGAC GTCTCCTTTA TGGCCTGGGA TGCGGCCAAC CTGAGCGGCT 9000 CGGGGATCGG CATCGGTATC CAGTCGAAGG GGACCACGGT CATCCATCAG CGCGATCTGC 9060 TGCCGCTCAG CAACCTGGAG CTGTTCTCCC AGGCGCCGCT GCTGACGCTG GAGACCTACC 9120 GGCAGATTGG CAAAAACGCT GCGCGCTATG CGCGCAAAGA GTCACCTTCG CCGGTGCCGG 9180 TGGTGAACGA TCAGATGGTG CGGCCGAAAT TTATGGCCAA AGCCGCGCTA TTTCATACA 9240 AAGAGACCAA ACATGTGGTG CAGGACGCCG AGCCCGTCAC CCTGCACATC GACTTAGTAA 9300 GGGAGTGACC ATGAGCGAGA AAACCATGCG CGTGCAGGAT TATCCGTTAG CCACCCGCTG 9360 CCCGGAGCAT ATCCTGACGC CTACCGGCAA ACCATTGACC GATATTACCC TCGAGAAGGT 9420 GCTCTCTGGC GAGGTGGGCC CGCAGGATGT GCGGATCTCC CGCCAGACCC TTGAGTACCA 9480 GGCGCAGATT GCCGAGCAGA TGCAGCGCCA TGCGGTGGCG CGCAATTTCC GCCGCGCGGC 9540 GGAGCTTATC GCCATTCCTG ACGAGCGCAT TCTGGCTATC TATAACGCGC TGCGCCCGTT 9600 CCGCTCCTCG CAGGCGGAGC TGCTGGCGAT CGCCGACGAG CTGGAGCACA CCTGGCATGC 9660 GACAGTGAAT GCCGCCTTTG TCCGGGAGTC GGCGGAAGTG TATCAGCAGC GGCATAAGCT 9720 GCGTAAAGGA AGCTAAGCGG AGGTCAGCAT GCCGTTAATA GCCGGGATTG ATATCGGCAA 9780 CGCCACCACC GAGGTGGCGC TGGCGTCCGA CTACCCGCAG GCGAGGGCGT TTGTTGCCAG 9840 CGGGATCGTC GCGACGACGG GCATGAAAGG GACGCGGGAC AATATCGCCG GGACCCTCGC 9900 CGCGCTGGAG CAGGCCCTGG CGAAAACACC GTGGTCGATG AGCGATGTCT CTCGCATCTA 9960 TCTTAACGAA GCCGCGCCGG TGATTGGCGA TGTGGCGATG GAGACCATCA CCGAGACCAT 10020 TATCACCGAA TCGACCATGA TCGGTCATAA CCCGCAGACG CCGGGCGGGG TGGGCGTTGG 10080 CGTGGGGACG ACTATCGCCC TCGGGCGGCT GGCGACGCTG CCGGCGGCGC AGTATGCCGA 10140 GGGGTGGATC GTACTGATTG ACGACGCCGT CGATTTCCTT GACGCCGTGT GGTGGCTCAA 10200 TGAGGCGCTC GACCGGGGGA TCAACGTGGT GGCGGCGATC CTCAAAAAGG ACGACGGCGT 10260 GCTGGTGAAC AACCGCCTGC GTAAAACCCT GCCGGTGGTG GATGAAGTGA CGCTGCTGGA 10320 GCAGGTCCCC GAGGGGGTAA TGGCGGCGGT GGAAGTGGCC GCGCCGGGCC AGGTGGTGCG 10380 GATCCTGTCG AATCCCTACG GGATCGCCAC CTTCTTCGGG CTAAGCCCGG AAGAGACCCA 10440 GGCCATCGTC CCCATCGCCC GCGCCCTGAT TGGCAACCGT TCCGCGGTGG TGCTCAAGAC 10500 CCCGCAGGGG GATGTGCAGT CGCGGGTGAT CCCGGCGGGC AACCTCTACA TTAGCGGCGA 10560 AAAGCGCCGC GGAGAGGCCG ATGTCGCCGA GGGCGCGGAA GCCATCATGC AGGCGATGAG 10620 CGCCTGCGCT CCGGTACGCG ACATCCGCGG CGAACCGGGC ACCCACGCCG GCGGCATGCT 10680 TGAGCGGGTG CGCAAGGTAA TGGCGTCCCT GACCGGCCAT GAGATGAGCG CGATATACAT 10740 CCAGGATCTG CTGGCGGTGG ATACGTTTAT TCCGCGCAAG GTGCAGGGCG GGATGGCCGG 10800 CGAGTGCGCC ATGGAGAATG CCGTCGGGAT GGCGGCGATG GTGAAAGCGG ATCGTCTGCA 10860 AATGCAGGTT ATCGCCCGCG AACTGAGCGC CCGACTGCAG ACCGAGGTGG TGGTGGGCGG 10920 CGTGGAGGCC AACATGGCCA TCGCCGGGGC GTTAACCACT CCCGGCTGTG CGGCGCCGCT 10980 GGCGATCCTC GACCTCGGCG CCGGCTCGAC GGATGCGGCG ATCGTCAACG CGGAGGGGCA 11040 GATAACGGCG GTCCATCTCG CCGGGGCGGG GAATATGGTC AGCCTGTTGA TTAAAACCGA 11100 GCTGGGCCTC GAGGATCTTT CGCTGGCGGA AGCGATAAAA AAATACCCGC TGGCCAAAGT 11160 GGAAAGCCTG TTCAGTATTC GTCACGAGAA TGGCGCGGTG GAGTTCTTTC GGGAAGCCCT 11220 CAGCCCGGCG GTGTTCGCCA AAGTGGTGTA CATCAAGGAG GGCGAACTGG TGCCGATCGA 11280 TAACGCCAGC CCGCTGGAAA AAATTCGTCT CGTGCGCCGG CAGGCGAAAG AGAAAGTGTT 11340 TGTCACCAAC TGCCTGCGCG CGCTGCGCCA GGTCTCACCC GGCGGTTCCA TTCGCGATAT 11400 CGCCTTTGTG GTGCTGGTGG GCGGCTCATC GCTGGACTTT GAGATCCCGC AGCTTATCAC 11460 GGAAGCCTTG TCGCACTATG GCGTGGTCGC CGGGCAGGGC AATATTCGGG GAACAGAAGG 11520 GCCGCGCAAT GCGGTCGCCA CCGGGCTGCT ACTGGCCGGT CAGGCGAATT AAACGGGCGC 11580 TCGCGCCAGC CTCTCTCTTT AACGTGCTAT TTCAGGATGC CGATAATGAA CCAGACTTCT 11640 ACCTTAACCG GGCAGTGCGT GGCCGAGTTT CTTGGCACCG GATTGCTCAT TTTCTTCGGC 11700 GCGGGCTGCG TCGCTGCGCT GCGGGTCGCC GGGGCCAGCT TTGGTCAGTG GGAGATCAGT 11760 ATTATCTGGG GCCTTGGCGT CGCCATGGCC ATCTACCTGA CGGCCGGTGT CTCCGGCGCG 11820 CACCTAAATC CGGCGGTGAC CATTGCCCTG TGGCTGTTCG CCTGTTTTGA ACGCCGCAAG 11880 GTGCTGCCGT TTATTGTTGC CCAGACGGCC GGGGCCTTCT GCGCCGCCGC GCTGGTGTAT 11940 GGGCTCTATC GCCAGCTGTT TCTCGATCTT GAACAGAGTC AGCATATCGT GCGCGGCACT 12000 GCCGCCAGTC TTAACCTGGC CGGGGTCTTT TCCACGTACC CGCATCCACA TATCACTTTT 12060 ATACAAGCGT TTGCCGTGGA GACCACCATC ACGGCAATCC TGATGGCGAT GATCATGGCC 12120 CTGACCGACG ACGGCAACGG AATTC 12145 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:2: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 30 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:2: GGGAATTCAT GAAAAGATCA AAACGATTTG 30 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:3: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 29 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:3: GCGAATTCTT ATTCAATGGT GTCGGGCTG 29 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:4: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 30 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:4: GCGAATTCAT GCAACAGACA ACCCAAATTC 30 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 5: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 25 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:5: GCGAATTCAC TCCCTTACTA AGTCG 25 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 6: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 27 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 6: GCGAATTCAT GAGCTATCGT ATGTTTG 27 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:7: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 28 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:7: GCGAATTCAG AATGCCTGGC GGAAAATC 28 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:8: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 28 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:8: GGGAATTCAT GAGCGAGAAA ACCATGCG 28 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 9: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 27 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:9: GCGAATTCTT AGCΪTCCTTT ACGCAGC 27 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:10: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 94 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:10: AGCTTAGGAG TCTAGAATAT TGAGCTCGAA TTCCCGGGCA TGCGGTACCG GATCCAGAAA 60 AAAGCCCGCA CCTGACAGTG CGGGCTTTTT TTTT 94 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:11: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 33 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:11: GGCCAAGCTT AAGGAGGTTA ATTAAATGAA AAG 33 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:12: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 26 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:12: GCTCTAGATT ATTCAATGGT GTCGGG 26 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:13: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 42 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:13: GCGCCGTCTA GAATTATGAG CTATCGTATG TTTGATTATC TG 42 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:14: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 36 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:14: TCTGATACGG GATCCTCAGA ATGCCTGGCG GAAAAT 36 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:15: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 181 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:15: CGATCTGTGC TGTTTGCCAC GGTATGCAGC ACCAGCGCGA GATTATGGGC TCGCACGCTC 60 GACTGTCGGA CGGGGGCACT GGAACGAGAA GTCAGGCGAG CCGTCACGCC CTTGACAATG 120 CCACATCCTG AGCAAATAAT TCAACCACTA AACAAATCAA CCGCGTTTCC CGGAGGTAAC 180 C 181 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:16: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 149 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:16: CGATCTGTGC TGTTTGCCAC GGTATGCAGC ACCAGCGCGA GATTATGGGC TCGCACGCTC 60 GACTGTCGGA CGGGGGCACT GGAACATGCC ACATCCTGAG CAAATAATTC AACCACTAAA 120 CAAATCAACC GCGTTTCCCG GAGGTAACC 149 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:17: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 33 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:17: GGAATTCACT AGTCGATCTG TGCTGTTTGC CAC 33 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:18: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 33 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:18: GGGGAAGCTT GGTTACCTCC GGGAAACGCG GTT 33 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:19: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 16 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:19: TCGACCACAA GGAGGA 16 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:20: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 16 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:20: CTAGTCCTCC TTGTGG 16 7δ (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:21: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 45 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (fa) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:21: ACTGGCCGTC GTTTTACTCG AGTCGTGACT GGGAAAACCC TGGCG 45 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:22: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 14 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:22: AATTCAAAGG AGGT 14 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:23: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 14 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:23: CTAGACCTCC TTTG 14 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:24: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 19 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:24: AGCTTGTCGA CCATGAAAA 19 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:25: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 19 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:25: GATCTTTTCA TGGTCGACA 19 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:26: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 13 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:26: TCGACCAGGA GGA 13 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:27: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 13 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) ( i) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:27: CTAGTCCTCC TGG 13 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:28: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 18 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:28: TCGACGAATT CAGGAGGA 18 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:29: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 18 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:29: CTAGTCCTCC TGAATTCG 18 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:30: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 23 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:30: ATGTACAAGA TCCTGATCGC CGA 23 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:31: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 22 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:31: TCAGCGGCGC AGGTAGGCGG CG 22 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:32: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 31 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:32: ATGACCAAGG GCCGGATCCG TCGACCTGCA G 31 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:33: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 32 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (Xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:33: CTACCCTTGG CCCCGGATCC GTCGACCTGC AG 32 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:34: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 23 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:34: CACGGCCTGG CGCAGGTTGC GGG 23 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:35: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 21 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:35: GGCAGCCCGC ACGATTGCGG C 21 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:36: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 21 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:36: GCGGAAAACC GCCTGGATCG C 21 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:37: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 21 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:37: GGGTTCAGGG ACTGCAAAAC G 21 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:38: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 35 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:38: GGAATTCAGA TCTCAGCAAT GAAAAGATCA AAACG 35 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:39: (I) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 34 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:39: GGAATTCAGA TCTCAGCAAT GCAACAGACA ACCC 34 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:40: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 28 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:40: GCTCTAGATC ACTCCCCTTA CTAAGTCG 28 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:41: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 37 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:41: GGAATTCAGA TCTCAGCAAT GAGCGAGAAA ACCATGC 37 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:42: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 27 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:42: GCTCTAGATT AGCTTCCTTT ACGCAGC 27 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:43: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 38 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: 1inear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:43: GGAATTCAGA TCTCAGCAAT GAGCTATCGT ATGTTTGA 38 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:44: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 24 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:44: GCTCTAGATC AGAATGCCTG GCGG 24 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:45: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 35 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:45: GGAATTCAGA TCTAGCAATG CCGTTAATAG CCGGG 35 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:46: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 26 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:46: GCTCTAGATT AATTCGCCTG ACCGGC 26 δ5

Claims: WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. A bioconversion process to produce 1 ,3 -propanediol comprising contacting, under suitable conditions, a carbon substrate with a single microorganism having at least one gene capable of expressing a dehydratase enzyme. 2. A bioconversion process to produce 1 ,3-propanediol comprising contacting, under suitable conditions, glycerol with a single microorganism having at least one gene capable of expressing a dehydratase enzyme, die microorganism selected from the group consisting of members of me genera Aspergillus, Saccharomyces, Zygosaccharomyces, Pichia, Kluyveromyces, Candida, Hansenula, Debaryomyces, Mucor, Torulopsis, Methylobacter, Salmonella, Bacillus, Streptomyces, and Pseudomonas. 3. The process of Claim 1 wherein die gene encodes glycerol dehydratase and is isolated from the group consisting of members of the genera Klebsiella, Lactobacillus, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Pelobacter, Ilyobacter, and Clostridium. 4. The process of Claim 1 wherein die gene encodes diol dehydratase and is isolated from the group consisting of members of the genera Klebsiella and Salmonella. 5. The process of Claim 1 wherein the dehydratase enzyme is a gylcerol dehydratase enzyme or diol dehydratase enzyme. 6. The process of Claim 1 wherein the microorganism is transformed with at least one DNA fragment encoding dhaBl, dhaB2, and dhaB3 and /or dhaT whereby the organism expresses active dehydratase enzyme. 7. The process of Claim 1 wherein the microorganism is selected from the group consisting of members of the genera Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Clostridium, Klebsiella. Aerobacter, Lactobacillus, Aspergillus, Saccharomyces, Zygosaccharomyces, Pichia, Kluyveromyces, Candida, Hansenula, Debaryomyces, Mucor, Torulopsis, Methylobacter, Escherichia, Salmonella, Bacillus, Streptomyces and Pseudomonas. δ . The process of Claim 7 wherein the microorganism is selected from the group consisting of recombinant microorganisms transformed with either a gene encoding a glycerol dehydratase enzyme or a gene encoding a diol dehydratase enzyme and mutant microorganisms having phenotypes which enhance production of 1,3-propanediol. 9. The process of Claim 7 wherein the microorganism is selected from die group consisting of members of the genera Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Citrobacter, or is recombinant Escherichia. δ6 10. The process of Claim 9 wherein the microorganism is recombinant E. coli. 11. The process of Claim 8 wherein the microorganism is selected from the group consisting of recombinant Streptomyces sp., Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Saccharomyces sp,, Aspergillus sp., Lactobacillus sp., and Pichia sp., the recombinant microorganism transformed widi at least one DNA fragment encoding dhaBl, dhaB2, and dhaB3 and /or dhaT whereby the organism expresses active dehydratase enzyme and the carbon substrate is a monosaccharide. 12. The process of Claim 11 wherein the microorganism is selected from die group consisting of recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiase, Bacillus subtilis, Pichia pastoris, and Bacillus licheniformis, the recombinant microorganism transformed with at least one DNA fragment encoding dhaBl, dhaB2, and dhaB 3 and /or dhaT whereby the organism expresses active dehydratase enzyme and the carbon substrate is a monosaccharide. 13. The process of Claims 1 or 10 wherein the microorganism is a recombinant E. coli containing a glycerol dehydratase gene from Klebsiella pneumoniae. 14. The process of Claim 1 wherein die carbon substrate has at least a single carbon atom, provided that the carbon substrate is otiier than glycerol or dihydroxyacetone. 15. The process of Claim 14 wherein the carbon substrate is selected from die group consisting of monosaccharides, oUgosaccharides and polysaccharides. 16. The process of Claim 15 wherein the carbon substrate is glucose. 17. The process of Claim 14 wherein the carbon substrate is an alcohol. 18. The process of Claim 1 further comprising growing die microorganism in a medium prior to contacting it with the carbon substrate. 19. 1,3-propanediol produced by die process of Claims 1 or 15. 20. A cosmid of about 35 kb isolated from Klebsiella pneumoniae comprising the DNA fragment encoding an active glycerol dehydratase enzyme having the restriction enzyme digest in Figure 1 , columns 1 and 2. 21. A transformed microorganism comprising a host microorganism and die cosmid of Claim 20. 22. The transformed microorganism of Claim 21 wherein the host microorganism is E. coli, the microorganism designated by ATCC Accession No. 697δ9. 23. A transformed microorganism comprising a host microorganism and a first DNA fragment isolated from Klebsiella pneumoniae, the first DNA fragment encoding an active glycerol dehydratase enzyme having the restriction enzyme δ7 96/35796 PCI7TJS96/06705 digest in Figure 1, columns 1 and 2, and at least one second DNA fragment isolated from Klebsiella pneumoniae, the second DNA fragment encoding an active functional protein other tiian a glycerol dehydratase enzyme. 24. A recombinant Pseudomonas sp. comprising a DNA fragment encoding dhaB 1 , dhaB2, and dhaB3 and dhaT and designated by ATCC Accession No. 55760. 25. A recombinant Pichia pastoris comprising a DNA fragment encoding dhaBl, dhaB2, and dhaB3 and dhaT and designated by ATCC Accession No. 74363. 26. A recombinant Saccharomyces cereuisiae strain pMCKl/10/17 (MH) #A, comprising a DNA fragment encoding dhaBl, dhaB2, and dhaB3, and dhaT and designated by the ATCC Accession No. . 27. A recombinant Bacillus licheniformis strain BG18δ/pM26 (Clone #δ), comprising a DNA fragment encoding dhaBl, dhaB2, and dhaB3, and designated by ATCC Accession No. . 28. A recombinant Bacillus subtilis strain BG2864/pM27 (Clone #1), comprising a DNA fragment encoding dhaBl, dhaB2, dhaB3, and dhaT and designated by ATCC Accession No. . 29. A recombinant Streptomyces lividans strain SL14-2, comprising a DNA fragment encoding dhaB 1 , dhaB2, and dhaB3 and dhaT and designated by ATCC Accession No. . 30. A recombinant Aspergillus niger strain TGR40- 13 , comprising a DNA fragment encoding dhaBl, dhaB2, dhaB3, and dhaT and designated by ATCC Accession No. . 31. A recombinant eucaryote microorganism expressing dehydratase enzyme. 32. The recombinant eucaryote microorganism of Claim 31 selected from me group consisting of yeast and filamentaous fungi. 33. The process of Claim 1 further comprising recovering 1,3-propanediol.

Inventors: LAFFEND LISA ANNE, NAGARAJAN VASANTHA, NAKAMURA CHARLES EDWIN, LAFFEND, LISA, ANNE, NAGARAJAN, VASANTHA, NAKAMURA, CHARLES, EDWIN
Applicants: DU PONT, GENENCOR INT, LAFFEND LISA ANNE, NAGARAJAN VASANTHA, NAKAMURA CHARLES EDWIN, E.I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY, GENENCOR INTERNATIONAL, INC., LAFFEND, LISA, ANNE, NAGARAJAN, VASANTHA, NAKAMURA, CHARLES, EDWIN
Application year: 1996
Main classification: C12N15
IPC codes: C12N1, C12N9, C12N15, C12P7