SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR MEASURING AND CONTROLLING BIDIRECTIONAL MULTI-PHASE FLUID FLOW IN A CONDUIT

Abstract: A system for measuring bidirectional fluid flow in a conduit (10) having a bend (18) or internal protrusion. The system includes pressure transducers, one (22) disposed in the conduit at the bend (18) and one or more (26, 30, 34) disposed in the conduit (10) at the outside of the bend (18) but spaced a distance therefrom. The pressure tranducers (22, 26, 30, 34) measure the pressure of fluid in the conduit (10) at the locations of the pressure transducers and this information is used by a computational device (38) to calculate fluid flow rate in the conduit (10). For multi-phase fluid, the density of the fluid is measured by another pair of pressure transducers (46, 50), one of which is located in the conduit elevationally above the other. The computational device (38) then uses the density measurement along with the fluid pressure measurements, to calculate fluid flow. The computational device may also generate control signals for controlling valves (44) disposed in the conduit (10) to thereby control the flow of fluid.

Description: SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR MEASURING AND CONTROLLING BIDIRECTIONAL MULTI-PHASE FLUID FLOW IN A CONDUIT CONTRACTUAL ORIGIN OF THE INVENTION The United States Government has rights in this invention disclosed under contract number DE-AC07- 76ID01570 between the U.S. Department of Energy and EG&G Idaho, Inc., now contract number DE-AC07-94ID13223 with Lockheed Idaho Technologies Company. BACKGROUND This is a continuation-in-part of application Serial No. 08/383,343, filed February 3, 1995. 1. The Field of the Invention. This invention relates to apparatus and methods for measuring and controlling multi-phase (including single phase) bidirectional mass flow in a conduit, such as water flow in an irrigation pipe, and relates more specifically to such apparatus and methods which are substantially non-obstructing. 2. The Background Art . The desire to measure flow in a conduit has a long history dating back to the time of Caesar and the measurement of the flow of water to householders. More recent developments have led to a variety of applications for devices measuring flow in a conduit. The need to measure fluid flow in a conduit may arise from a desire to control, track, or adjust the amount of fluid being delivered through the conduit. Naturally, measuring the flow in a conduit is useful in a number of applications. One such application is measuring the flow of water through a sprinkler pipe, particularly in agricultural irrigation applications. This is desirable for several reasons, including the desire to track and control the amount of water delivered to a given tract of land and the time over which the water is delivered, so that adequate irrigation for the crop being grown is provided. Additionally, in regions where irrigation is needed for growing crops, water is usually a precious commodity and, therefore, the efficient use of water is highly desirable. For such reasons, irrigation systems require the ability to monitor the delivery of water and measure and control the flow rate. It may also be desirable to stop or control delivery of fluid upon the happening of a predetermined condition or conditions, such as a malfunction in the system. If a malfunction has occurred or is occurring, shutting down the system may be required to avoid damage throughout the system. One such condition is the occurrence of backflow. For example, in an agricultural irrigation system, the presence of backflow may indicate inadequate pressure or water source, and this may result in damage to the flow measurement equipment or other equipment associated with the system. Pumps are often particularly susceptible to damage if operated "dry" . In agricultural irrigations systems, the irrigation water source may suddenly be cut off for any number of reasons, or the flow may be substantially reduced. In such a case, although the irrigation pump would continue to operate, little or no additional water would enter the system. The resulting lack of pressure in the system could result in backflow. If backflow were detected, the system could be shut down. This would reduce the likelihood of damage to the pump supplying the system, the flow measurement apparatus, or other associated equipment, and reduce the possibility of well contamination from fertilizers, insecticides, etc. The typical system, unfortunately, is designed to measure flow through the conduit in one direction only, usually the direction of intended flow. In such a system, no apparatus for measuring backflow is available and thus any data relating to backflow is ignored. (In fact, very slow flow oftentimes cannot be measured.) Other systems may measure flow generally, without regard to direction. In these systems backflow may be being measured but there is no way for a user or control system to discern this and the system takes no action based on backflow. Since no provisions for measuring or reacting to backflow are incorporated in such systems, damage or disablement of the system may result if sufficient backflow occurs. Additionally, the cause of the backflow may itself damage the system. A number of devices for measuring flow rate exist for various applications. The size of the conduit being used, accuracy, cost, and other factors all play a role in determining what type of measuring device will be used for a specific application. One of the most widely used type of device is the so-called differential pressure producing flowmeter. The principle on which this type of device operates is that when the flow in a conduit is contracted (or squeezed) , kinetic energy increases at the expense of available potential energy. A feature, therefore, in existing devices for measuring flow in this fashion is to contract the flow through the conduit. Typical systems for reducing the flow include installing a section of pipe which tapers to a significantly smaller diameter, inserting a blockage in the conduit, or creating some other obstruction. As will be appreciated, contracting the flow of water through a sprinkler pipe is undesirable for a number of reasons. For example, irrigation water often contains debris which can become lodged in a small diameter pipe or caught on an obstruction. This can result in plugging of the pipe, requiring time, energy, and expense to unplug or otherwise repair it. In addition, serious incidents of plugging or damage may jeopardize crops which go unwatered during the time spent unplugging or repairing the pipe. This is particularly true during critical periods in a crop's growing cycle. An additional problem with differential pressure producing devices currently available is that there is often significant retrofitting required to incorporate them into the system where flow is being measured. For example, in the case of devices which use a gradual reduction in the diameter of the conduit, a relatively long section of conduit must be removed and replaced with a tapering conduit section. Yet another problem with current devices for measuring flow in a conduit is that variations in temperature and humidity can adversely affect their operability and accuracy. This is particularly true if the variations in temperature or humidity are pronounced. Unfortunately, these are often exactly the types of conditions encountered in agricultural irrigation applications in arid regions. Arid regions can experience wide variations in temperature with hot days and cold nights. In addition, the irrigation systems themselves may cause variations in humidity. Another prior art approach to measuring flow rate is the so-called elbow flow meter in which a curved section of pipe (the elbow) in the fluid delivery system is fitted with pressure sensors to measure pressure differential in the elbow. In order to measure the flow accurately, the sensors must be precisely placed in both the outer and inner circumferential walls of the elbow, in the same radial plane, and then must be calibrated. (See J.W. Murdock al . , "Performance Characteristics of Elbow Flow Meters," Trans, of the ASME, Sept. 1964.) It would be an advantage in the field of flow measurement to provide a differential pressure measuring device and method which would be relatively simple to install, substantially accurate through differing temperature and humidity ranges, and substantially non- obstructing such that the likelihood of plugging of the conduit in the area of the device is lessened. It would also be an advantage to provide such a device and method capable of measuring backflow and, if desired, taking action based on the occurrence of backflow. Further, for multi-phase flow measurement, it would be advantageous to track density and density changes in the fluid. BRIEF SUMMARY AND OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION The present invention is an apparatus and method for measuring the flow of fluid through a conduit having a bend, which is either specifically installed in the system to do the measurements or is an original feature of the conduit system. The measurement apparatus includes pressure sensors for detecting pressure differentials in the fluid flowing through the bend and a device for calculating the flow rate through the conduit from the pressure measurements. In a preferred embodiment, one or more pressure transducers is disposed in the conduit on the outside of the bend, and one or more pressure transducers is disposed in the conduit either opposite the first- mentioned transducer, or just before or just after the bend. Use of two or more pressure transducers on the outside of the bend allows for averaging out noise or turbulence produced by the bend, to thereby give a more accurate measurement. The pressure measurements made by the pressure transducers, along with fixed parameters of the conduit, are used in calculating flow rate through the conduit. For multi-phase fluid flow through a conduit (flow of two or more materials of differing density) , an average density measurement is taken by measuring the vertical pressure differential of the fluid between two pressure transducers disposed in the conduit, with one transducer at a higher elevation than the other but generally in the same vertical slice of the conduit, positioned either before or after the bend. This pressure differential measurement may then be used to calculate fluid density which, in turn, is used to calculate fluid flow rate. In accordance with one aspect of the invention, the pressure transducers (or fluid pressure taps) are disposed generally at the inside surface of the conduit so as to be non-intrusive into the fluid flow. In this manner, the likelihood of debris in the fluid getting caught on the pressure transducers or taps is minimized if not eliminated. In another embodiment of the invention, a contracting or restricting mechanism is provided to develop a pressure differential in the conduit . Such mechanism includes a rounded protrusion disposed in the conduit carrying the fluid. A pressure transducer is placed upstream of the protrusion and a pressure transducer is placed at the protrusion (or taps placed upstream of and at the protrusion, to carry fluid to one pressure transducer) . The pressure transducer placed along the protrusion is preferably placed at the point where the protrusion protrudes into the conduit to the greatest extent, a location which provides the largest pressure differential related to the change of potential to kinetic energy; also, it is less likely to be plugged by debris since the pressure is least at this point. In the above embodiments, a microprocessor or computer may be employed to calculate density of the fluid and flow rate, and to send control signals throughout the system to selectively placed valves in the conduit so as to control, for example, the amount of material delivered, the rate of delivery, or the destination of delivery. Accordingly, it is a primary object of the present invention to provide apparatus for measuring fluid flow in a conduit, where such apparatus is easy to install and generally non-obstructing. Another object of the invention is to provide a rugged apparatus which is substantially immune to fluctuations in temperature and humidity, and to noise and turbulence. It is a further object of the invention, in accordance with one aspect thereof, to provide a mechanism for controlling the delivery of fluid through a conduit, based on flow measurement, including backflow measurement. These and other objects of the invention will become apparent from the following description and appended claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING In order to more fully understand the manner in which the above-recited and other advantages and objects of the present invention are obtained, a more particular description of the invention briefly described above will be rendered by reference to the appended drawings. Understanding that the drawings depict only typical embodiments of the invention and are, therefore, not to be considered as limiting of its scope, the invention will be described with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which: FIG. 1 shows a side, elevational view of apparatus for measuring fluid flow in a conduit having an abrupt bend, in accordance with the principles of the present invention; FIG. 2 shows a side, elevational view of apparatus for measuring fluid flow in a conduit having a gradual bend or curve, in accordance with the principles of the present invention; FIG. 3 shows a top, cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the present invention utilizing a rounded cylindrical half protrusion for developing a pressure differential in a conduit for measuring fluid flow; and FIG. 4 shows a side, cross-sectional view of still another embodiment of the invention for measuring bidirectional flow in a conduit. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown a fragmented, side, elevational view of a conduit 10 for carrying a fluid in the direction indicated by arrows 14, and which has an abrupt bend 18. Here, the bend in the conduit 10 is a downward bend, but the present invention is suitable for measuring fluid flow in a conduit with an abrupt bend directed sideways, upwardly, or in any direction. The fluid flow measurement made by the present invention utilizes the pressure differential in the fluid created by the fluid flowing around the bend 18. The apparatus for measuring flow in the conduit 10 includes a pressure transducer 22 (or a fluid pressure tap) disposed in the wall of the conduit 10 to contact the fluid and located near the location of the bend 18, upstream thereof, or right at the bend. Also included are three pressure transducers 26, 30 and 34 disposed in the wall of the conduit 10 and located generally diagonally opposite transducer 22 and spaced in a line upstream but near the bend 18. An exemplary transducer which could be utilized in the present invention is the Omega Low Pressure Differential Transducer PX 150/154 series. The pressure transducers 22, 26, 30 and 34 provide for measuring fluid pressure differential on opposite sides of the conduit, and the use of the three transducers 26, 30 and 34 allow for averaging the fluid pressure just prior to the bend 18 to eliminate the effects of turbulence, noise or other error which might be introduced. Two or more transducers allow for averaging the fluid pressure measurement at that location. Two or more transducers could also be used in place of transducer 22, to average the fluid pressure measured at the inside of the bend 18. Also, multiple measurements by a single transducer, which are then averaged, could be employed in place of using multiple transducers. Finally, placing transducers 26, 30 and 34 in line with each other, at generally the same elevation, eliminates the need for calibration of the fluid flow measuring apparatus. Of course, use of multiple transducers (or taps) , or multiple measurements, would be useful for averaging out noise in any pressure differential flow measuring system. Transducers may be placed in the conduit 10 by tapping the conduit and inserting the preferred pressure transducer or pressure sensing device. The transducers may be held in place by threaded engagement with the conduit, adhesives, or other conventional mechanism. Naturally, maintaining the integrity of the seal between the transducers and the conduit is important to avoid leaking around the transducers or dislodgement thereof. A durable seal can be obtained by a variety of installation techniques. For example, if the transducers and the conduit are threadingly engaged, a teflon tape may be used on the threads to prevent leakage. As another example, a small portion of the conduit could be removed and a portion of conduit, with transducers installed in the walls thereof, could replace the removed portion. As will be appreciated, most techniques for creating a waterproof seal in a pressurized environment will also be applicable to the present invention. Although pressure transducers are illustrated in the drawing, and these transducers would detect fluid pressure at the location of their installation and develop a signal for transmission to a computer 38 or other calculation device, it should be understood that fluid pressure taps could be used in place of the transducers for communicating fluid from the conduit 10 to a common pressure measuring device. Thus, when referring to a pressure transducer or pressure sensor, this should be understood to include a pressure tap. The precise placement of the pressure transducers may vary somewhat while still maintaining accurate measurements. Caution should be exercised, however, in placing pressure transducers precisely at the outside bend or corner of the conduit 10 since a stagnation area may exist at the corner in the inner wall. An alternative to placing the pressure transducers 22, 26, 30 and 34 upstream of the bend 18 is to place them downstream of the bend but still in close proximity thereto. With this configuration, it is advantageous to place the multiple pressure transducers within a distance of the bend of about one third the diameter of the conduit 10 upstream of the bend. Again, using multiple pressure transducers on the opposite side of pressure transducer 22 allows for averaging out the noise, turbulence, etc. In a further alternative, pressure transducer 22 could be placed upstream of the bend 18, on the same side as pressure transducers 26, 30 and 34, with the latter transducers being positioned downstream of the bend. Signals indicating the pressure detected by pressure transducers 22, 26, 30 and 34 are supplied to the computer 38 for processing and computation of a flow rate. The computer 38 could be the currently available microprocessor such as any eight-bit commercial CPU chip. The flow of fluid through the conduit 10 can be calculated from the signals received from the pressure transducers and from information preprogrammed in the computer representing certain fixed parameters of the conduit 10, according to the formula: where mf is the mass flow in kilograms per meter, B is a proportionality constant determined by the pressure profile distribution over the surface of the bend, i.e., it relates the point measurement to the overall pressure profile, and is determined empirically for particular size conduits and angles α, D is the diameter of the conduit in meters, p is the fluid density in kilograms per cubic meter, a is the angle of the change of direction of the conduit as indicated in FIG. 1, and ΔP is the pressure difference between pressure transducer 22 and pressure transducers 26, 30 and 34. The values of B, D, p (for a single phase fluid or a fluid of invariant density) and α, of course, would be supplied to the computer 38 to enable calculation of the mass flow using the above formula. In agricultural irrigation applications, a typical sprinkler conduit for delivering irrigation water would be a four inch schedule 40 pipe. In such a case, for an angle a of about 45°, the coefficient in front of would be .3665647 so that mass flow mf would equal 0.3665647 s fKP for water. It will be appreciated that a range of values for the variables in the above equation can be imagined based on differing fluids being delivered, different pipe sizes, and different bend angles. Calculation of mass flow by the computer 38 could simply be displayed on a display unit 42 to enable a user to make manual adjustments in the system, if so desired, or the computer 38 could automatically effectuate controls in the system, for example, by opening or closing valves disposed in the conduit 10, such as valve 44. In agricultural irrigation systems, monitoring the flow rates could be used to control the amount of water delivered to a field, to shut off the system when delivery was completed or a malfunction occurs, or for various other control functions. Although the discussion above related to measurement of flow of a single phase fluid such as water in an agricultural irrigation system, it is contemplated that the present invention will have application in other areas. For example, the invention lends itself to the measurement of mixtures and fluids containing impurities such as the flow of a slurry, for example a coal slurry, through a pipe, or multi-phase mixtures such as oil, water, gas and sand. Other examples would include measurement of the flow of municipal waste water and measurement of two-phase flow in a power plant. Clearly, there are a variety of applications of multi-phase fluid flow with which the present invention might be utilized. If the fluid flowing in the conduit 10 is a multi¬ phase fluid, then the fluid density would not be known at any given time or any given location in the conduit. In this case, it would be necessary to calculate the density for inclusion in the computation by the computer 38, as indicated in the above formula. Pressure transducers 46 and 50, with the pressure transducer 50 being disposed elevationally above pressure transducer 46 in the conduit 10, may be used to calculate fluid density. The formula for doing this is: P =A£ where g is the gravitational constant, H is the elevational distance in meters of the pressure transducer 50 above the pressure transducer 46, and ΔP is the pressure difference between pressure transducers 46 and 50. The pressure transducers for use in calculating fluid density may be located either upstream or downstream of the bend 18 but there needs to be maintained an elevational difference between the two transducers to make the calculation. An alternative pair of pressure transducers 54 and 58 are shown connected by dotted line to the computer 38. Note that the transducer 54 is not positioned diametrically opposite but rather is positioned vertically above the transducer 58. It is not necessary that the uppermost transducer be directly above the lowermost, but only that it be at an elevation above that of the lowermost transducer. Thus, transducer 50 (or transducer 54) could be located in the side of the conduit 10 but still elevationally above transducer 46 (or transducer 58) . Also, pressure transducers 22 and 26 might be used for making the density measurement but may not be as accurate due to their proximity to the bend 18. As depicted in the drawing, the flow measuring system is substantially non-intrusive. The pressure transducers shown project into the conduit 10 only a slight amount to be substantially non-intrusive. Also, there is no requirement that the conduit 10 be contracted or restricted in order to make the flow measurement. Some turbulence in the flow of material in the area of the bend 18 is to be expected, but the reduction in flow associated with most other differential pressure flow measuring devices is significantly eliminated. The use of the above non-intrusive flow measuring arrangement also has the advantage of reducing or eliminating problems of plugging. Because of the debris oftentimes present in agricultural irrigation systems, the non-intrusive nature of the measuring apparatus becomes very important. Reducing or eliminating plugging extends the life of the present invention over many prior art systems. As will be appreciated, when a system becomes plugged, it can be severely damaged or even destroyed and so by reducing or eliminating plugging, the possibility of associated damage is reduced or eliminated. Referring now to FIG. 2, there is shown a fragmented, perspective view of another embodiment of the invention, including a conduit 110 for carrying a fluid in the direction indicated by arrows 114, and which has a gradual bend or curve 118. Here, the bend or arc in the conduit 110 is horizontal, but the present invention is suitable for measuring fluid flow in a conduit with a gradual bend or arc directed upwardly, downwardly or in any direction. The fluid flow measurement made by the present invention utilizes the pressure differential in the fluid created by the fluid flowing around the arc 118. The apparatus for measuring flow in the conduit 110 includes pressure transducers 122a, 122b and 122c (or fluid pressure taps) disposed in the wall of the conduit 110 to contact the fluid and located on the outside of the arc 118. Also included is a pressure transducer 126 disposed in the wall of the conduit 110 and located generally on the same side as transducers 122a, 122b and 122c, and in line therewith, but spaced upstream of the arc 118 in a straight section of the conduit. The pressure transducers 122a, 122b, 122c and 126 provide for measuring fluid pressure differential on the same side of the conduit. Pressure transducer 126, however, could be located on the straight section of the conduit 110 other than on the same side as and in line with transducers 122a, 122b and 122c, and function to measure fluid flow. However, if the transducers 122a, 122b, 122c and 126 are at different elevational levels, then a slight pressure measurement bias is introduced due to the elevation difference, requiring calibration. Use of the three transducers 122a, 122b and 122c allows for averaging the fluid pressure in the arc 118 to eliminate the effects of turbulence, noise or other error which might be introduced as mentioned for the FIG. 1 embodiment. An alternative to placing the pressure transducer 126 upstream of the arc 118 is to place it downstream of the arc, along a straight section of the conduit 110. Signals indicating the pressure detected by pressure transducers 122a, 122b, 122c and 126 are supplied to the computer 138 for processing and computation of a flow rate. The flow of fluid through the conduit 110 can be calculated from the signals received from the pressure transducers and from information preprogrammed in the computer representing certain fixed parameters of the conduit 110, according to the formula: where mf is the mass flow in kilograms per meter, R is the radius of curvature of the arc 118, D is the diameter of the conduit in meters, p is the fluid density in kilograms per cubic meter, and ΔP is the pressure difference between pressure transducers 122a, 122b, 122c and pressure transducer 126. The values of R, D and p (for a single phase fluid or a fluid of invariant density) , would be supplied to the computer 138 to enable calculation of the mass flow using the above formula. If the fluid flowing in the conduit 110 is a multi¬ phase fluid, then the fluid density would not be known at any given time or any given location in the conduit, and it would be necessary to calculate the density for inclusion in the computation by the computer 138, as with FIG. 1 embodiment. Pressure transducers 146 and 126, with the pressure transducer 126 being disposed elevationally above pressure transducer 146 in the conduit 110, may be used to calculate fluid density. These transducers may be located either upstream or downstream of the arc 118 but there needs to be maintained an elevational difference between the two transducers to make the calculation. (An alternative pair of pressure transducers 154 and 158 are shown connected by dotted line to the computer 138.) Note that pressure transducer 126 is used for making a pressure measurement for both the calculation of density and then the calculation of mass flow. Referring now to the embodiment in FIG. 3 which shows a top view of a rounded cylindrical half protrusion 214 in conduit 212 is graphically illustrated. As shown, a first pressure transducer (or pressure tap) 216 is positioned upstream from protrusion 214. A second pressure transducer (or pressure tap) 218 is disposed upon protrusion 214, and preferably at the point along protrusion 214 at the midpoint of the arc of the protrusion, i.e., to the point at which protrusion 214 protrudes into conduit 212 to the greatest extent. Upstream pressure transducer 216 and protrusion pressure transducer 218 are preferable disposed on the same side of conduit 212. In addition, upstream pressure transducer 16 and protrusion pressure transducer 218 are preferably substantially in line with one another, along a horizontal bearing in the conduit. As noted before, by placing the pressure transducers substantially in line with one another on a horizontal plane, measurement bias can generally be reduced or eliminated. Additionally, the need for accessibility to conduit 212 is reduced since only one side of conduit 212 need be available to service either pressure transducer. Transducers may be placed by tapping the conduit and inserting the preferred pressure transducer or pressure sensing device. Alternatively, pressure taps may be located where the pressure transducers are shown, to carry fluid under pressure to a common transducer for determining pressure. The transducers may be held in place by threaded engagement with the conduit, adhesives, or other mechanism. The precise placement of the pressure transducers may vary somewhat while maintaining good results. Care should be taken, however, to attempt to place pressure sensor 218 as nearly as possible at the mid-point of the arc of protrusion 214. Also, the protrusion could have a variety of cross-sectional shapes including quarter cylindrical elliptical, etc. Once the pressure transducers are positioned, the flow of fluid material through the conduit can be calculated as follows: where: mf= mass flow in kilograms per meter; A-_= the cross-sectional area of the conduit at pressure sensor 216, in square meters; A 2 = the cross-sectional area of the conduit at pressure sensor 218, in square meters; ΔP= the pressure difference between pressure transducer 216 and pressure transducer 218; and p= the fluid density of the fluid flowing in the conduit in kilograms per cubic meter. As will also be appreciated, additional transducers may be employed if desired. Once the transducers are positioned, the flow can be calculated using the formula above, adjusted to correspond to the configuration of transducers utilized. Again, if the density of the fluid varies, then a density calculation for the fluid may be made using pressure transducers 230 and 232 which are positioned respectively on the top and bottom of the conduit 212 in general vertical alignment. Computer 220 performs the flow calculation based on preprogrammed information for the constants associated with a given conduit configuration. Computer 220 can then display on a display unit 222 the flow rate measured. Additionally, if desired, computer 220 may generate control signals which can be transmitted to control a valve 224 or other controllable elements or actuators in the conduit system. Other valves would, advantageously, be placed along conduit 212 at various opportune locations. By opening, closing, or adjusting these valves, the amount of fluid delivered can be controlled. As depicted, protrusion 214 is less intrusive than other systems which require that the entire diameter of the pipe be contracted. This reduces or eliminates problems of blockage or plugging by reducing the probability of debris lodging in the constricted area of the pipe. The rounding of protrusion 214 also aids in this area by reducing or eliminating the sharply angled surfaces on which debris or other material can find purchase to stick and hold. The configuration of protrusions 214 has the added benefit of requiring little space for implementation in a conduit . Whereas a system which contracts the flow by tapering the pipe to a smaller diameter may require a length of several conduit diameters for implementation. The protrusion of the present invention will typically affect less than a length of one diameter of pipe. The rounding of protrusion 214 and the placement of pressure sensor 218 also reduces or eliminates other problems associated with more sharply angled protrusions. Specifically, the present invention reduces the irrecoverable loss of power often associated with protrusion placed in the fluid system. Additionally, the present invention overcomes much of the difficulty of analyzing the data to determine the fluid flow from the pressure differential often associated with systems using more abrupt intrusion into a conduit . Finally, referring to FIG. 4, there is depicted a side view of a system for measuring bidirectional flow in a conduit 310 which includes a rounded protrusion 312, either spherical or cylindrical. A series of pressure sensors 314, 316 and 318 are disposed in the vicinity of the rounded protrusion 312. Upstream pressure sensor 314 is located upstream, in terms of the normal direction of flow, from the rounded protrusion 312. Pressure sensor 316 is disposed on protrusion 312. Pressure sensor 318 is positioned downstream from the rounded protrusion 312. Associated with upstream pressure sensor 314 is communications line 320, associated with protrusion pressure sensor 316 is communications line 322, and associated with downstream pressure sensor 318 is communications line 324. Each of these communications lines is attached to a main data communications bus 326. Data is conveyed from the pressure sensors via respective communications lines and the communications bus 326 to an analog-to-digital convertor 340 and the resulting digital data is supplied to a computer 342. The computer 342 might illustratively be an IBM PC or a clone thereof, with associated memory, power supply, etc . To calculate backflow, the computer 342 receives data from upstream pressure sensor 314, protrusion pressure sensor 316, and downstream pressure sensor 318, and solves the following equation: (1) mf=CjΔ P l -Δ P 2 Where: mf = mass flow; C = a constant associated with the specific system configuration; ΔP X = the pressure differential detected between upstream pressure sensor 314 and protrusion pressure sensor 316; and ΔP 2 = the pressure differential detected between upstream pressure sensor 314 and downstream pressure sensor 318. If it is desired to calculate forward flow (normal direction) , computer 342 can accomplish this by receiving data from upstream pressure sensor 314 and protrusion pressure sensor 16 and solving the following equation: (2) Of course, the two equations above can be solved essentially simultaneously by the computer 342 and whichever yields a positive answer indicates the direction of flow. This is, if equation (1) yields a positive answer, then backflow is occurring, whereas if equation (2) yields a positive answer, then forward flow is occurring. Once backflow is calculated by computer 342, signals may be provided to a display 344 to produce a visual and/or audible output indicating the backflow rate. Computer 342 may also generate control signals to control operation of a valve 346 disposed in the conduit 310 to block delivery of material through the conduit on occurrence of backflow, for example. In the manner described above, a bidirectional flow measuring system is provided for measuring fluid/material flow in a conduit. By provision of the capability of measuring backflow, as well as forward flow, undesired resulting backflow can be detected and actions taken to either prevent or minimize the damage which might otherwise be caused. Although action was shown as being automatically carried out upon the detection of backflow, it should be understood that a simple alarm might be sounded to allow a user to initiate whatever manual adjustments the user may desire to correct the situation. It is to be understood that the above-described arrangements are only illustrative of the application of the principles of the present invention. Numerous modifications and alternative arrangements may be devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention and the appended claims are intended to cover such modifications and arrangements.

Claims: CLAIMS What is claimed is: 1. A system for measuring fluid mass flow in a conduit having an abrupt bend, comprising: a first pressure sensor means disposed in the side of the conduit at a location at the inside of the bend for measuring pressure of fluid in the conduit at that location, a second or more pressure sensor means disposed on the opposite side of the conduit at a location at the outside of the bend but spaced a distance therefrom, for measuring pressure of fluid in the conduit at that location, and computation means for computing flow rate of fluid in the conduit from the fluid pressure measurements by the first and second pressure sensor means. 2. A system as in Claim 1 wherein said second or more pressure sensor means are located upstream from the bend, of the direction of flow of fluid in the conduit. 3. A system as in Claim 1 wherein said second or more pressure sensor means are located downstream from the bend, of the direction of flow of fluid in the conduit. 4. A system as in Claim 2 or 3 wherein said second or more pressure sensor means are located a distance from the bend no greater than one third the distance of the diameter of the conduit as measure upstream from the bend. 5. A system as in Claim 1 wherein said second or more pressure sensor means comprises two or more pressure sensor means. 6. A system as in Claim 5 wherein said two or more pressure sensor means are positioned generally in line in the direction of flow of fluid in the conduit. 7. A system as in Claim 5 wherein said computation means comprises means or computing the average pressure measured by the two or more pressure sensor means, for use in computation of the flow rate of fluid in the conduit . 8. A system as in Claim 1 wherein said second or more pressure sensor means comprises a single pressure sensor means, and wherein said computation means comprises means for computing the average pressure of several successive pressure measurements made by said single pressure sensor means. 9. A system as in Claim 1 wherein said first pressure sensor is located upstream from the bend, of the direction of flow of fluid in the conduit. 10. A system as in Claim 1 wherein said first pressure sensor is located at the bend. 11. A system as in Claim 1 further comprising a third pressure sensor means disposed in a side of the conduit for measuring of fluid pressure in the conduit, and a fourth pressure sensor means disposed in the conduit at an elevation above that of the third pressure sensor means, for measuring fluid pressure in the conduit . 12. A system as in Claim 11 wherein said computation means includes means for computing the density of fluid flowing into the conduit from the fluid pressure measurements of the third and fourth pressure sensor means, and for computing the flow rate of fluid in the conduit from the fluid pressure measurements of the first and second pressure sensor means and the fluid density calculation. 13. A method for measuring fluid flow in a conduit having an abrupt bend, the method comprising the steps Of: (a) positioning a first pressure transducer in the side of the conduit at a location inside of the bend, to measure pressure of fluid in the conduit; (b) positioning a second or more pressure transducers on the opposite side of the conduit at a location at the outside of the bend, but spaced a distance therefrom, to measure pressure of fluid in the conduit; and (c) a computer computing flow rate of fluid in the conduit in accordance with the formula, where mf is the flow rate in kilograms per meter, B is a proportionality constant, D is the diameter of the conduit in meters, p is the fluid density in kilograms per cubic meter, is the angle of the change of direction of the conduit at the bend, and ΔP is the pressure difference between the first pressure transducer and the second or more pressure transducers. 14. A method as in Claim 13 further comprising the steps of (d) positioning a third pressure transducer in a side of the conduit to measure pressure, (e) positioning a fourth pressure transducer in the conduit, at an elevation above that of the third pressure transducer, to measure pressure, and wherein said computing step further comprises (f) computing the density p of fluid flowing in the conduit in accordance with the formula P = Ξι H gH where g is the gravitational constant, H is the elevational distance in meters of the fourth pressure transducer above the third pressure transducer, and ΔP 2 is the pressure difference measured between the third pressure transducer and the fourth pressure transducer, and (g) computing the flow rate of fluid in the conduit in accordance with the formula of step (c) , using the density p computed in step (f) . 15. A system for measuring fluid mass flow in a conduit having a gradual arc and straight sections either before or after the arc or both, comprising: a first or more pressure sensor means disposed in the side of the conduit at a location on the outside of the arc for measuring pressure of fluid in the conduit at that location, a second or more pressure sensor means disposed on a side of the conduit at a location on a straight section of the conduit, for measuring pressure of fluid in the conduit at that location, and computation means for computing flow rate of fluid in the conduit from the fluid pressure measurements by the first and second pressure sensor means. 16. A system as in Claim 15 wherein said second pressure sensor means is located upstream from the arc, of the direction of flow of fluid in the conduit. 17. A system as in Claim 15 wherein said second pressure sensor means is located downstream from the arc, of the direction of flow of fluid in the conduit. 18. A system as in Claim 1 wherein said first or more pressure sensor means comprises two or more pressure sensor means. 19. A system as in Claim 18 wherein said two or more pressure sensor means are positioned generally in line in the direction of flow of fluid in the conduit. 20. A system as in Claim 18 wherein said computation means comprises means or computing the average pressure measured by the two or more pressure sensor means, for use in computation of the flow rate of fluid in the conduit. 21. A system as in Claim 15 wherein said second or more pressure sensor means comprises a single pressure sensor means, and wherein said computation means comprises means for computing the average pressure of several successive pressure measurements made by said single pressure sensor means. 22. A system as in Claims 16 or 17 wherein said second pressure sensor means is located in line, on the same side of the conduit, and generally at the same elevational level, as the first or more pressure sensor means. 23. A system as in Claim 15 further comprising a third pressure sensor means disposed in the side of the conduit for measuring of fluid pressure in the conduit, and a fourth pressure sensor means disposed in the conduit at an elevation above that of the third pressure sensor means, for measuring fluid pressure in the conduit . 24. A system as in Claim 23 wherein said computation means includes means for computing the density of fluid flowing into the conduit from the fluid pressure measurements of the third and fourth pressure sensor means, and for computing the flow rate of fluid in the conduit from the fluid pressure measurements of the first and second pressure sensor means and the fluid density calculation. 25. A system as in Claim 24 wherein the third and fourth pressure sensor means are located in a straight section of the conduit. 26. A method for measuring fluid flow in a conduit having a gradual arc and a straight section, the method comprising the steps of: positioning a first or more pressure transducers in the side of the conduit on the outside the arc, to measure pressure of fluid in the conduit; positioning a second pressure transducer on a side of the conduit at a location in a straight section of the conduit, to measure pressure of fluid in the conduit; and a computer computing flow rate of fluid in the conduit in accordance with the formula, where mf is the flow rate in kilograms per meter, R is the radius of curvature of the arc in the conduit, D is the diameter of the conduit in meters, p is the fluid density in kilograms per cubic meter, and ΔP X is the pressure difference between the first or more pressure transducers and the second pressure transducer. 27. A system for measuring fluid mass flow in a conduit having a gradual arc and straight sections either before or after the arc or both, comprising: a first pressure sensor means disposed in the side of the conduit at a location on the outside of the arc for measuring pressure of fluid in the conduit at that location, a second pressure sensor means disposed on a side of the conduit at a location spaced from the first pressure transducer for measuring pressure of fluid in the conduit at that location, a third pressure sensor means disposed in the side of the conduit for measuring of fluid pressure in the conduit, a fourth pressure sensor means disposed in the conduit at an elevation above that of the third pressure sensor means, for measuring fluid pressure in the conduit, and computation means for computing the density of fluid flowing in the conduit from the pressure measurements of the third and fourth pressure sensor means, and for computing flow rate of fluid in the conduit from the fluid pressure measurements by the first and second pressure sensor means, and the density computation. 28. A system as in Claim 27 wherein the third and fourth pressure sensor means are located in a straight section of the conduit. 29. A method for measuring density of fluid flowing in a conduit having a gradual arc and a straight section, comprising the steps of: (a) positioning a first pressure transducer in a side of the conduit to measure pressure of the fluid, (b) positioning a second pressure transducer in a side of the conduit, at an elevation above that of the first pressure transducer, to measure pressure of the fluid, and (c) computing the density p of fluid flowing in the conduit in accordance with the formula gπ where g is the gravitational constant, H is the elevational distance of the second pressure transducer above the first pressure transducer, and ΔP 2 is the pressure difference measured between the first pressure transducer and the second pressure transducer. 30. A method as in Claim 29 further comprising the steps of (d) positioning a third pressure transducer in a side of the conduit at a location on the outside of the arc, to measure pressure of the fluid, (e) positioning a fourth pressure transducer in a side of the conduit at a location spaced from the third pressure transducer, to measure pressure of the fluid, and (f) wherein step (c) further comprises computing the flow rate of fluid in the conduit from the computed density p, the diameter of the conduit D, the radius of curvature R of the arc in the conduit, and ΔPj, the pressure difference measured between the third pressure transducer and the fourth pressure transducer. 31. A system for measuring fluid flow in a conduit comprising: a rounded protrusion means disposed in the conduit for creating a pressure differential in the fluid in the conduit; a first sensor means for measuring pressure of the fluid in the conduit, positioned upstream of the direction of flow from the protrusion means and having an associated communication means for conveying data representing the pressure measurement by the first sensor means; a second sensor means for measuring pressure of the fluid in the conduit positioned generally on the same side of the conduit substantially in horizontal alignment with the first sensor means, and disposed substantially at the point where the rounded protrusion extends the greatest distance into the conduit, and having an associated communication means for conveying data representing the pressure measurement by the second sensor means; and a calculation means for calculating flow rate from the conveyed data and predetermined parameters of the conduit . 32. A system for measuring fluid flow in a conduit as defined in claim 31 wherein the rounded protrusion means comprises a partially cylindrical protrusion. 33. A system for measuring fluid flow in a conduit as defined in claim 31 wherein the rounded protrusion means comprises a partially elliptical protrusion. 34. A system for measuring fluid flow in a conduit as defined in claim 31 wherein the rounded protrusion means comprises a partially spherical protrusion. 35. A system for measuring fluid flow in a conduit as defined in claim 31 further including a third sensor means for measuring pressure of the fluid in the conduit, positioned at the bottom of the conduit upstream from the protrusion means, a fourth sensor means for measuring pressure of the fluid in the conduit, positioned above the third sensor means, and wherein the calculation means includes means for calculating fluid density from the pressure measurements of the third and fourth sensor means, and for measuring flow rate from the fluid density calculation, the conveyed data and predetermined parameters of the conduit . 36. A system for controlling delivery of material through a conduit comprising: a rounded protrusion means formed in the conduit for creating a pressure differential in the material in the conduit; a first sensor means for measuring pressure in the conduit positioned upstream of the protrusion means and disposed partially within the conduit; a second sensor means for measuring pressure in the conduit positioned substantially at the point along the protrusion means where the protrusion means extends the greatest distance into the conduit means and disposed partially within the conduit; a plurality of communication means for conveying data from the sensor means; a calculation means for calculating mass flow in the conduit from the conveyed data, and for producing control signals dependent on the mass flow calculations, a plurality of control means disposed in the conduit for controlling flow of the material through the conduit in response to said control signals. 37. A system for controlling delivery of material through a conduit as defined in claim 36 wherein the control means comprise electronically controlled valves. 38. A system for controlling delivery of material through a conduit as defined in claim 36 wherein the protrusion means comprises a half-cylindrical protrusion. 39. A system for controlling delivery of material through a conduit as defined in claim 36 wherein the protrusion means comprises a partially elliptical protrusion. 40. A method for measuring mass flow in a conduit, the method comprising the steps of: positioning a plurality of pressure transducers about a rounded protrusion in the conduit, at least one of the pressure transducers being positioned upstream of the rounded protrusion and at least another of the pressure transducers being positioned substantially at the point along the rounded protrusion where the rounded protrusion extends the greatest distance into the conduit; conveying data of pressure measurements from the plurality of pressure transducers to a microcomputer; and the microcomputer calculating mass flow from the data using known constants for the cross-sectional area of the conduit, the pressure difference between the measurements from the pressure transducers, and the density of the mass flowing through the conduit. 41. A method for measuring mass flow in a conduit as defined in claim 40 wherein the method further comprises the step controlling valves disposed in the conduit, based on mass flow calculations, to thereby control the flow of mass in the conduit. 42. A system for measuring bidirectional flow of fluid in a conduit comprising: at least a partially rounded protrusion means incorporated in a conduit for creating a pressure differential in the fluid flowing in the conduit; a plurality of sensor means disposed partially within the conduit and positioned about the protrusion means for measuring the pressure differential created by said protrusion means and for producing signals indicative of the measurements, wherein at least one sensor means is disposed upstream (of normal flow direction) of the protrusion means, at least one sensor means is disposed on the protrusion means, and at least one sensor means is disposed downstream of the protrusion means; and a control means for receiving signals from the sensor means and for computing flow direction and magnitude from the signals, including backflow magnitude. 43. A system as defined as in Claim 42 wherein said control means is a computer system comprising: a communications bus for communicating signals through the system; an analog-to-digital convertor for receiving analog signals from the sensor means and converting the analog signals to digital data; and a central processing means for receiving digital data from the analog-to-digital convertor, calculating direction and magnitude of flow, and for producing control signals based on the calculations. 44. A system as defined in Claim 42 further comprising a valve means disposed in the conduit for controlling flow of the fluid through the conduit in response to control signals, and wherein said control means includes means for producing control signals for supply to the valve means, to open or close the valve means depending upon the calculation of backflow magnitude. 45. A system as defined in Claim 44 wherein said valve means comprises a plurality of valves disposed at various locations in the conduit, and responsive to control signals for opening or closing. 46. A system for measuring backflow of fluid normally flowing forwardly in a conduit comprising: a rounded protrusion means incorporated in the conduit for creating a pressure differential in the fluid flowing in the conduit; a first pressure sensor disposed upstream of the protrusion means for detecting pressure and producing a signal indicating the pressure; a second pressure sensor disposed at the point of the protrusion means for detecting pressure and producing a signal indicating the pressure; a third pressure sensor disposed downstream of the protrusion means for detecting pressure and producing a signals indicating the pressure; a control means responsive to signals from the pressure sensors, for computing backflow magnitude from the pressure differential between the first pressure sensor and the second pressure sensor, and the pressure differential between the first pressure sensor and the third pressure sensor. 47. A system for measuring backflow as defined in Claim 46 wherein said control means comprises: a communications bus for communicating signals throughout the system; an analog-to-digital convertor for receiving analog signals from the sensor means and converting the analog signals to digital data; and a computer means for receiving data from the analog-to-digital convertor and operating on the data to calculate backflow magnitude. 48. A method for measuring backflow in a conduit, the method comprising the steps of: positioning a plurality of pressure sensors in the vicinity of a rounded protrusion incorporated in the conduit, at least one of the pressure sensors being positioned upstream of the rounded protrusion, at least one of the pressure sensors being positioned on the rounded protrusion, and at least one of the pressure sensors being positioned downstream of the rounded protrusion; conveying data from the plurality of pressure sensors to a microcomputer via a data communications bus; and calculating backflow from pressure differential data obtained from the sensors, using a preprogrammed formula. 49. A method for measuring backflow in a conduit as defined in Claim 48 wherein the method further comprises the step of conveying control signals to one or more valves located in the conduit to thereby control the flow of fluid in the conduit, dependent upon the backflow calculation. 50. A system for controlling delivery of fluid through a conduit comprising: a bend means formed in said conduit for creating a pressure differential in said fluid in said conduit; a first or more sensor means for measuring pressure in said conduit positioned in said bend means disposed within said conduit; a second or more sensor means for measuring pressure in said conduit positioned at said bend means disposed within said conduit; a communication means for conveying data from said sensor means; a computer means for calculating fluid flow rate through the conduit from said conveyed data and for determining appropriate delivery of said fluid through said conduit; a control means disposed in said conduit for controlling flow of said fluid through said conduit; and a control communication means for conveying control signals from said computer to said control means to thereby control flow in the conduit. 51. A system for measuring fluid mass flow in a conduit comprising: a first or more pressure sensor means disposed in the side of the conduit for measuring pressure of fluid in the conduit at that location, a second or more pressure sensor means disposed in the side of the conduit at a location spaced a distance from the first pressure sensor means for measuring pressure of fluid in the conduit at that location, and computation means for averaging the pressure measurements by the second or more pressure sensor means, and for computing flow rate of fluid in the conduit from the fluid pressure measurement by the first pressure sensor means, and fro the averaged pressure measurements of the second or more pressure sensor means. 52. A system as in Claim 51 wherein said second or more pressure sensor means comprises two or more pressure sensor means. 53. A system as in Claim 52 wherein said two or more pressure sensor means are positioned generally in line in the direction of flow of fluid in the conduit. 54. A system as in Claim 52 wherein said computation means comprises means for computing the average pressure measured by the two or more pressure sensor means, for use in computation of the flow rate of fluid in the conduit. 55. A system as in Claim 51 wherein said second or more pressure sensor means comprises a single pressure sensor means, and wherein said computation means comprises means for computing the average pressure of several successive pressure measurements made by said single pressure sensor means, for use in computation of the flow rate of fluid in the conduit.

Inventors: BOUCHER TIMOTHY J, GOODRICH LORENZO D, KIDD TERREL G, ORTIZ MARCOS G, BOUCHER, TIMOTHY, J., GOODRICH, LORENZO, D., KIDD, TERREL, G., ORTIZ, MARCOS, G.
Applicants: BOUCHER TIMOTHY J, GOODRICH LORENZO D, KIDD TERREL G, LOCKHEED IDAHO TECHNOLOGIES CO, ORTIZ MARCOS G, BOUCHER, TIMOTHY, J., GOODRICH, LORENZO, D., KIDD, TERREL, G., LOCKHEED IDAHO TECHNOLOGIES COMPANY, ORTIZ, MARCOS, G.
Application year: 1996
Main classification: G01F1
IPC codes: G01F1