PRESSURE INJECTION APPARATUS FOR CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS APPARATUS

Abstract: A present invention and method provides a pressure injection apparatus (20) that injects a quantitatively defined volume of liquid sample (21) from a container (22) into a capillary device (23). A servo pressure primary regulator (26) is included which precisely regulates the fluid from a supply pressure (PS) to a substantially constant regulated pressure (PR) in communication with the liquid sample (21) for a predetermined period of time. A feedback mechanism cooperates with a valving assembly (31) to continuously monitor and adjust the regulated pressure (PR) to be substantially constant and precise for delivery to the container (21).

Description: PRESSURE INJECTION APPARATUS FOR CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS APPARATUS TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates, generally, to capillary electrophoresis, and more particularly, relates to a pressure injection apparatus for reproducibly injecting a liquid sample into an electrophoresis capillary tube. BACKGROUND ART In recent years, significant advances have been made in micro-column separation techniques, such as capillary electrophoresis (CE) . Injecting a precise and reproducible volume is fundamental to any separation technique. The volume reproducibility of injection is generally expected to be less than two percent, and is often required to be less than one percent to be analytically useful. This task is especially difficult in CE due to the extremely small volumes reproduced, as well as the frequent employment of narrow-Lore capillary columns having inner diameters less than 100 μm. In capillary electrophoresis, injection of the samples usually requires that the inlet end of the separation capillary be removed from the electrolyte vial and installed in the sample vial. The liquid sample analyte is subsequently moved from the sample vial into the source end of the capillary, either by applying pressure to the sample vial and forcing the liquid into - 4 - during the injection, and then integrating the pressure-time curve. Hence, by determining the length of injection time required, at the applied real-time pressure, the intended volume injected into the capillary can be accurately estimated. This system is advantageous in that the absolute pressure applied need not be accurately controlled, since the pressure is being measured real-time and since the time necessary to achieve the required injected volume can be varied, real-time, according to the actual pressure applied. Hence, during pressure fluctuations and undulations inherent in these systems, the length of time of the applied pressure can be varied to compensate for these fluctuations. This technique is capable of achieving reproducible injections with a Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) of less than two (2) percent. One problem associated with these arrangements, however, is a potential lack of correlation between the actual volume injected and the estimated intended volume injected when very small injection volumes are concerned. The dynamic gain of the Beckman system is very high relative to very small injection volumes. In combination with the electronic and mechanical delays of the system, pressure fluctuations substantially decrease the volumetric accuracy for small volumes. Further, the relatively slow ramp-up times of pressure applied to the pressurized fluids and/or pressure fluctuations can cause variation in the dynamics of the sample injection process, which in turn adversely affect the accuracy and precision of the injected volumes . In the Lauer system, the overpressure is applied to the inlet end of one of three capillary configurations to While this technique is generally reproducible in many situations, this method is problematic when applied to extremely small volumes, such as those employed in capillary electrophoresis. In these instances, the surface forces between the sample fluids and the capillary walls and reservoir walls have a greater adverse affect on the relatively small injected volumes. Moreover, in gravity injection, the inlet end of the capillary must be capable of being moved relative the outlet end to use gravity to force the liquid into the capillary. However, more recent CE instrument designs employ cassette assemblies to support and mount the capillary. While these cassette assemblies effectively isolate the capillary to improve the necessary temperature control, the inlet end must be fixed relative to the outlet end which essentially eliminates gravity injection as an optional mode. In the overpressure or vacuum technique, a number of parameters must be reproducible with a relatively high tolerance to achieve the required injection accuracy and reproducibility. In addition to a reliable seal, and a reproducible volume sample-to-sample, the injection pressure applied to the sample vial must be reproducible to within at least 0.1 psi while the time that pressure is applied must be reproducible to within at least 0.1 seconds. Moreover, the viscosity of the liquid sample must be reproducible, sample-to-sample, as well. Typical of these patented pressure injection devices may be found in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,207,886; 5,217,590 to Lauer et al . ; and European Patent Application Publication No. 0,339,781 A2 to Burolla. The Burolla system calculates the intended injection volume by measuring the pressure and time parameters - 6 - Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a capillary electrophoresis pressure injection apparatus and method which is volumetrically reproducible. Another object of the present invention is to provide a capillary electrophoresis pressure injection apparatus and method which substantially improves transient response. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a capillary electrophoresis pressure injection apparatus and method which is durable, compact, easy to maintain, has a minimum number of components, and is easy to use by unskilled personnel . In accordance with the foregoing objects, the present invention provides a pressure injection apparatus that injects a quantitatively defined volume of liquid sample from a container into a capillary device. The pressure injection apparatus includes a supply source of pressurized fluid at a supply pressure to urge the liquid sample into the inlet of the capillary device. Further, the injection apparatus include a servo pressure primary regulator and a distributor. The primary regulator is coupled in series between an output of the supply source and the inlet of the capillary device, and precisely regulates the fluid from the supply pressure to a substantially constant regulated pressure for a selected period of time. The distributor, coupled to an output of the primary regulator, selectively distributes the fluid at the substantially constant and precisely regulated pressure to the container. More particularly, the servo pressure regulator includes a pressure sensor outputting a feedback signal inject the liquid sample therein. U.S. Patent No. 5,207,886 describes an injection device having a vacuum at the capillary outlet to perform the injection, while U.S. Patent No. 5,217,590 discloses an injection system formed to apply overpressure in either a forward or rearward direction. In either system, a piston system is employed to generate the required pressure. While this assembly is potentially very accurate, it is susceptible to system pressure leaks. This leakage is primarily caused by the repetitive sealing and unsealing at the sealed sample vials during handling which eventually deteriorates the seal integrity. Since the actual applied pressure is not measured or accounted for, even a small leak deleteriously affects the vial pressure causing variations in the actual injection volume, injection to injection. DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a pressure injection apparatus and method that accurately injects a quantitatively defined volume of liquid sample from a sample vial into a capillary device for capillary electrophoresis. Another object of the present invention is to provide a capillary electrophoresis pressure injection apparatus and method which applies substantially constant and precise injection pressure to the liquid sample in the sample vial or container. Still another object of the present invention is to provide a capillary electrophoresis pressure injection apparatus and method which maintains injection accuracy regardless of minor pressure leaks between the injection apparatus and the sample vial for a selected period of time. - 8 - distributor at the regulated pressure. The accumulator substantially reduces fluctuations caused by the valving action of the servo pressure regulator assembly. It also regulates the dynamic response of the servo, providing stability of operation. To further improve the delivery of constant pressure to the container by the injection apparatus, a secondary high range servo pressure regulator is included cascaded with, and in upstream communication with, the primary regulator. This additional servo regulator works in tandem with the primary servo regulator to improve the performance thereof. Preferably, the gain of the secondary regulator, from a command voltage to the preregulated pressure, is substantially proportional to the primary gain of the primary regulator, from the command voltage to the regulated pressure. This enables the secondary regulator to track the primary regulator to provide a substantially constant ratio between the preregulated pressure and the regulated pressure. A method for injecting a quantitatively defined volume of liquid sample from a container into a capillary device is included comprising the steps of: a) generating a pressurized fluid at a supply pressure; b) regulating the fluid from the supply pressure to a precise, substantially constant regulated pressure through a servo pressure primary regulator. This step is accomplished by 1) outputting a first feedback signal, from a pressure sensor, proportional to real time measurement of the regulated pressure, 2) outputting a second command signal, from a first reference source, having a value representing a predetermined first command pressure, 3) comparing the first feedback signal and the first command signal proportional to real time measurement of the regulated pressure, and a reference source outputting a command signal having a value representing a predetermined command pressure. The servo regulator further includes a computer coupled to receive as inputs the feedback signal and the command signal, and outputs a compensation signal in response to a difference between the firεt feedback signal and the second command signal. A valving assembly, responsive to the compensation signal and in communication with the fluid, is formed to adjust the regulated pressure to be substantially equal to the command pressure such that a magnitude of the difference is reduced. Accordingly, the computer of the servo regulator receives the command signal and the feedback signal, and in response controls the valving assembly to maintain the output pressure of the servo pressure regulator at a substantially constant and precise commanded value . The valving assembly includes a vent valve responsive to the compensation signal, and controllably movable between a closed position and an opened position. In the opened position, the vent valve controllably vents the fluid to reduce the regulated pressure thereof. The valving assembly further includes an inlet valve responsive to the compensation signal which is controllably movable between a shut position condition and an unshut position. In the unshut position, the inlet valve enables communication of the fluid at the supply pressure with the fluid at the regulated pressure to increase the regulated pressure. The servo pressure primary regulator of the present invention preferably includes an accumulator having an internal reservoir in fluid communication with the - 10 - the preferred embodiments by those skilled in the art without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims . It will be noted here that for a better understanding, like components are designated by like reference numerals throughout the various figures . Attention is now directed to FIGURE 1 where the pressure injection apparatus, generally designated 20, is schematically illustrated for injecting a quantitatively defined volume of liquid sample 21 from a container or sample vial 22 into a capillary device 23. The pressure injection apparatus includes a pressure generator or supply source 24 of pressurized fluid, typically a gas, at a supply pressure (P ε ) used to urge liquid sample 21 into an inlet of capillary device 23. A servo pressure primary regulator, generally designated 26, is coupled in series between an output of supply source 24 and an inlet of capillary device 23 and regulates the fluid from the supply pressure (P s ) to a substantially constant and precisely controlled regulated pressure (P . A distributor manifold 32, coupled to an output of primary regulator 26, selectively distributes the fluid at substantially constant and precise regulated pressure (P to the container 22. Accordingly, a pressure injection apparatus for capillary electrophoresis is provided including a servo pressure regulator with a feedback loop mechanism. This arrangement enables continuous and near instantaneous micro-adjustments of the regulated fluid to maintain a substantially constant regulated pressure for a selected period of time with a precision unattainable with the current prior art pressure injection apparatus which employ fixed spring-type pressure regulators. By providing rapid, continuous through a first computer, and outputting a first compensation signal in response to a difference between the first feedback signal and the second command signal, and 4) precisely adjusting the regulated pressure, through a valving assembly responsive to the first compensation signal and in communication with the fluid, to be substantially equal to the command pressure such that a magnitude of the difference is reduced. The method further includes the step of c) selectively exposing the liquid sample contained in the container to the fluid at the substantially constant and precise regulated pressure for a predetermined period of time to inject the defined volume of the liquid sample from the container into the capillary device. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING The assembly of the present invention has other objects and features of advantage which will be more readily apparent from the following description of the best mode of carrying out the invention and the appended claims, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing, in which: FIGURE 1 is a schematic of a pressure injection apparatus constructed in accordance with the present invention. FIGURE 2 is a schematic of a servo pressure regulator of the pressure injection apparatus of FIGURE 1. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION While the present invention will be described with reference to a specific embodiment, the description is illustrative of the invention and is not to be construed aε limiting the invention. Various modifications to the present invention can be made to - 12 - operator'ε command to be substantially equal to the command pressure such that a magnitude of the difference between the feedback signal and the command signal is reduced. Distributor manifold 32, in fluid communication with the output of primary regulator 26, then selectively distributes the fluid at the commanded substantially constant regulated pressure to container 22 for precisely the period of time selected by the operator. The servo pressure regulator of the present invention continuously measures the output regulated pressure (PJ of the fluid and compares it to the desired or target command preεεure, through computer 30, to determine if the measured regulated pressure is above, below or substantially equivalent to the command pressure value. Subsequently, if the value of the regulated pressure is not equivalent to the command pressure value (i.e., outside deadband region of the computer) , the valving assembly 31 is actuated to adjust the regulated fluid to either increase or decrease the regulated pressure until that value is substantially equivalent to the command pressure value (i.e. , within the deadband region) . Thus, using the valving assembly 31 as the actuator in a servo-loop, and the pressure transducer 27 as a feedback device, the air flow and pressure can be electronically manipulated to deliver substantially constant air pressure to the sample vial. By further controlling the distributor manifold 32, the present invention creates pressure-time waveforms for reproducible sample injections which give the operator active control over the process . Hence, the present invention compensates for pressure measurement inaccuracies or drift that are inherent in the fixed spring-type air pressure regulators. micro-adjustments to maintain the regulated fluid at the commanded pressure, to be delivered to the sample vial at a subεtantially conεtant pressure at all times during the selected time period, and by accurately controlling the actuation time of the distributor 32, the volumetric accuracy and preciεion of the sample liquid injected into the capillary is dramatically increased. Hence, the injection patterns can be varied (i.e., at a first subεtantially conεtant preεsure for the first selected period of time, and subsequently, at a second substantially constant pressure for a second selected period of time, etc.) . In the preferred embodiment, primary regulator 26 includes a pressure senεor 27 outputting a firεt feedback signal (S Fl ) , proportional to the real time measurement of the regulated pressure (PJ , and a reference source 28 outputting a firεt command signal (S C J having a value representing a predetermined target command output pressure. The command output pressure represents the desired output pressure (i.e., regulated pressure) to be delivered from the primary servo regulator to the sample vial, as commanded by the user for the selected period of time. As best shown in FIGURE 2, primary servo regulator 26 further includes a computer 30 coupled to receive as inputs first feedback signal (S F J and first command signal (S C J . Subsequently, computer 30 outputs a first compenεation signal (S K J in response to a difference between the first feedback signal and the first command signal. A valving assembly, generally designated 31, is included, responsive to the compensation signal (S K J , which provides an interface between the supply fluid at the supply pressure and regulated fluid at the regulated pressure. The valving assembly adjusts the output regulated pressure (Pj in response to the - 14 - One important advantage of this arrangement is that the pressure injection system is more tolerant to the adverse affects of pressure leaks. In the event of minor system pressure leaks, especially at the sample vial/manifold sealε which generally cause volumetric calculation inaccuracies, servo pressure regulator 26 will automatically compensate for the leak by manipulating the regulated fluid to still be delivered to sample vial 22 at a substantially constant injection pressure. Referring now to FIGURE 2, first valving assembly 31 is schematically represented which includes an inlet valve 33 coupled between pressure generating assembly 24 and sample vial 22. Inlet valve 33 provides controlled fluid communication between the pressurized supply fluid, from pressure generating assembly 24 at the supply pressure (PJ , and the regulated fluid at the regulated presεure (PJ delivered to sample vial 22. Since the supply pressure (PJ is generally greater than the regulated presεure (PJ , the regulated pressure can be increased by controlling passage and communication between the two fluids, via inlet valve 33. Hence, in the event the measured regulated pressure drops below the target command pressure, inlet valve 33 can be opened until the regulated pressure is equivalent to or surpasses the command pressure . Similarly, first valving assembly 31 includes a vent valve 34 positioned in-line or in fluid communication with the regulated fluid at the regulated pressure (Pj to provide system venting thereof. In the event the measured regulated pressure surpasses the command pressure, vent valve 34 can be controllably opened to vent system fluid into the atmosphere until the regulated pressure is equivalent to or drops below the command pressure. Further, the cavity pressure of prior art fixed air pressure regulators do not increase as a step function to instantaneously deliver the regulator pressure to the sample vial, but rather must be ramped-up which causes further volumetric calculation inaccuracies. Additionally, for small injections, prior art injection systems used operating pressures that were too high, necessitating short timing periods and resulting in poor system dynamics . By accurately controlling the regulated pressure at the distributor so as to be substantially constant, the pressure ramp is nearly a true step function. Further, by accurately controlling the actuation time of the distributor 32, the volumetric accuracy of the sample liquid injected into the capillary is dramatically increased. As will be apparent below, reproducible injection volumes having Relative Standard Deviations (RSD) of less than 0.2% are attainable through use of the present invention. Incidently, when the output pressure falls within the deadband region, as mentioned, the computer closes both valves in valve asεembly to maintain presεure stability. The preferred deadband width is between about ± 0.001 psi to about ± 0.005 psi (most preferably ± 0.001 psi) relative the target command pressure. When the difference between the command pressure and the regulated pressure is preferably less than about + .001 psi, the valve assembly is closed relative the venting to the atmosphere or in fluid communication with the fluid at the supply pressure. Hence, hysteresis halts or suspends any subsequent increasing or decreasing adjustments, through the valving assembly, to the regulated pressure in this deadband space. - 16 - feedback signal (S F1 ) to the first command signal (S C J . The first command signal is of a value representing the target command pressure selected by the operator. Upon a positive or negative difference being measured between the first feedback signal and the second command signal, which falls outside the deadband region and which may be proportional to the positive or negative difference between regulated pressure and the command pressure, the computer 30 outputs the first command signal (S C J which also may be proportional to that first difference. In response, computer 30 energizes either vent valve 34 to the opened position or inlet valve 33 to the unshut position, depending upon whether the measured regulated presεure is above or below the target command pressure, respectively. This arrangement enables a precisely controlled, substantially constant pressure at the distributor 32 for the designated period of time. Hence, this improved precision results in substantially increased volumetric accuracy of sample liquid injected into the capillary. As best viewed in the schematic of FIGURE 1, distributor manifold 32 selectively distributes the regulated fluid at the regulated pressure to sample vial 22, and mates with sample vial in a manner forming a seal. Distributor manifold 32 preferably includes a three-way solenoid valve which provides fluid communication between servo pressure regulator 26 and the sample vial when energized. When de-energized, the three-way valve (not schematically represented) seals output of servo pressure regulator 26, and vents the εample vial to the atmosphere . A central command controller 38 electrically couples the servo pressure regulator 26 to distributor 32 for The inlet valve and vent valve are preferably two-way precision valving devices designed for the electronic manipulation of air flow and pressure. In the preferred embodiment, these valves are rapid response, milliwatt range proportional valves or silicon microvalves εuch as the digitally controlled microvalves provided Proportion-Air, Inc. and Mac, Inc., or the analog controlled microvalves provided by Redwood Micro Systems. Each valve 33, 34 is electrically coupled to a computer 30 which includes a valve controller portion for actuation thereof between an opened position and a closed position for the vent valve, and an unshut position and a shut position for the inlet valve. Briefly, in the opened position, the vent valve vents the regulated fluid from the servo regulator to decrease the regulated pressure, while in the unshut position, the inlet valve provides communication between the supply fluid at the supply pressure with the regulated fluid to increase the regulated pressure. In the preferred form, the vent valve and the inlet valve will never be in the opened position and the unshut position, respectively, at the same moment. As set forth above, servo pressure regulator 26 provides a feedback mechanism which continuously monitors and micro-adjusts the regulated fluid pressure. This feedback mechanism includes a presεure sensor 27 poεitioned downεtream from the valveε to measure the pressure of the regulated fluid (i.e., the regulated pressure (P ) . Pressure sensor 27 is preferably implemented by a pressure transducer which outputs first feedback signal (S F J which may be proportional to the real time measurement of the regulated pressure. This first feedback signal is input into computer 30 which then compares the first - 18 - To disconnect and vent sample vial 22 from the regulated pressure to atmospheric pressure, vent valve 34 is de-energized to be opened. Similarly, upward ramping can be minimized by first stabilizing the servo pressure regulator at the target command pressure prior to energizing the distributor three-way valve to open and provide communication between the servo pressure regulator and the sample vial . While the present servo pressure regulator is capable of directly receiving the supply fluid at the supply pressure, too large a pressure reduction between the supply pressure and the regulated fluid at the regulated presεure (i.e., approximately the target command pressure) can be detrimental to the pressure regulators. Hence, in the preferred form and as shown FIGURE 1, a fixed spring-type regulator assembly 41, iε included between pressure generating asεembly 24 and secondary regulator 26' . Fixed regulator assembly 41 is initially employed to reduce the supply pressure as well as reduce the relatively large fluctuations caused by the pressure generator. This reduction of the supply presεure to a lower generally conεtant pressure (PJ is similar in characteristic and precision to those fixed regulators provided in the prior art pressure injection asεemblies. Hence, the fixed regulated fluid provided by fixed regulator assembly 41 also tends to drift, and is slow responding to the primary servo regulator requirements. It has been found beneficial to further preregulate the supply fluid after the fluid passes through the fixed pressure regulator. This arrangement is beneficial in that the secondary regulator tracks the first regulator, maintaining the ratio of inlet to outlet active control of computer 30 and the timing control of the three-way valve of the pressure injection apparatuε. Further, an operator interface 39 is provided coupled to command controller 38 to control the voltage output thereof for the selected periods of time. In accordance with the present invention, valving assembly 31 may be either analog or digitally controlled. An analog controlled system is advantageous in that the regulated pressure has leεε ripple. The primary diεadvantage, however, is that the analog controlled systems are slower responding to presεure variationε and changeε, eεpecially upon initial delivery of the regulated fluid to the sample vial. The analog controlled valves may be advantageous partially opened or closed, in proportion to the differences measured between the input and output presεures of the regulator. Digital controlled valves, on the other hand, can only be either fully opened or fully closed. To improve the response time, stabilize the servo, and smooth the pressure ripple, the servo pressure regulator 26 includes an accumulator (FIGURE 2) , generally designated 40, which provides a reservoir of regulated fluid at the regulated pressure between the valving asεembly 31 and diεtributor 32. By providing a reservoir of pressurized fluid, the injection apparatus is capable of a fast pressure ramp when the distributor three-way valve is initially commanded to connect the accumulator to sample vial 22 subsequent to operation and stabilization of the servo pressure regulator at the desired command pressure. Further, the reservoir of regulated fluid provides a buffer zone which acts to stabilize the output of the servo pressure regulator caused by the servo action. - 20 - secondary command pressure, the secondary computer outputs a command signal (S C J which also may be proportional to that difference, should that difference fall outside the predetermined deadband space. In response, secondary computer 30' energizes either secondary vent valve 34' to the opened condition or the secondary inlet valve 33' to the unshut condition, depending upon whether the meaεured preregulated pressure is above or below the secondary target command presεure, reεpectively. Accordingly, the supply fluid provided by pressure generating assembly 24, at supply pressure (P of preferably twenty (20) to fifty (50) psi, passes through fixed regulator assembly 41 where the supply fluid is regulated to a generally constant preεsure (PJ of about fifteen (15) psi. Subsequently, this fixed regulated fluid communicates with secondary regulator 26' to regulate the fixed regulated fluid at a generally constant pressure to a substantially constant preregulated preεsure (P of between about zero (0) to about eight (8) psi, depending upon the desired target regulated pressure (Pj . Lastly, the preregulated fluid of secondary regulator 26' is in fluid communication with primary servo regulator 26 which regulates the pregregulated fluid from a precisely controlled, substantially constant preregulated preεsure (P to a precisely controlled, substantially constant regulated pressure (PJ of between about zero (0) to about two and one-half (2.5) psi. It will be understood, however, that these pressure values may be altered without departing from the true spirit and nature of the present invention. The forward path gain (i.e, the regulated pressure reduction) of each servo pressure regulator is a function of the cross-sectional inlet area of each pressure on the primary regulator. Maintenance of this ratio greatly improveε the repeatability and accuracy of the primary regulator. Accordingly, a servo pressure secondary regulator assembly, generally designated 26' in FIGURE 1, and related secondary accumulator 40' , are cascaded with servo pressure primary regulator 26 between fixed regulator assembly 41 and the primary servo regulator. Servo presεure secondary regulator 26' is preferably structurally identical to the servo pressure primary regulator schematically represented in FIGURE 2. Hence, the secondary regulator 26' includes a secondary inlet valve 33' , a secondary vent valve 34' , a secondary pressure transducer 27' and a secondary computer 30' . Moreover, secondary regulator 26' functions in a similar feedback manner to continuously monitor and adjust the preregulated fluid pressure. This feedback mechanism positions the secondary pressure sensor or transducer downstream from the secondary inlet and vent valves 33' , 34' to measure the pressure of the preregulated fluid (i.e., at the preregulated pressure (P P ) ) . The secondary pressure transducer 27' which outputs a second feedback signal (S 3 ) proportional to the real time measurement of the regulated pressure. This second feedback signal is input into the secondary computer 30' which then compares the second feedback signal to a second command signal (S . The second command signal is output from a secondary reference source 28' , and is of a value representing the secondary target command pressure. Similar to the primary regulator, upon a positive or negative difference being measured between the second feedback signal and the second command signal, which may be proportionate to the positive or negative difference between preregulated pressure and the - 22 - In the preferred form, the primary accumulator 40 includes an internal reservoir having a volume of at least one (1) cubic inch (and preferably three (3) cubic inches) , while the secondary accumulator 40' includes an internal cavity having a volume of at least one (1) cubic inch (and preferably two (2) cubic inches) . Further, in each servo pressure regulator, the ratio between the input to output pressure is preferably between about 2:1 to about 3:1. It will be appreciated that these values may vary without departing from the true spirit and nature of the present invention. From the description of the present apparatus, it will be understood that a method for injecting a quantitatively defined volume of liquid sample from a container into a capillary device 23 is provided comprising the steps of: a) generating a pressurized fluid at a supply pressure (P ,- and b) regulating the fluid from the supply pressure to a substantially constant regulated pressure (PJ , for a selected period of time, through servo pressure primary regulator 26. The primary servo regulator regulates the supply fluid by 1) outputting a first feedback signal (S F J , from pressure sensor 27, proportional to real time measurement of the regulated pressure, 2) outputting a first command signal (S C J , from reference source 28, having a value representing a predetermined command pressure (P . The supply fluid is further regulated by 3) comparing the first feedback signal (S,.J and the first command signal (S C J through computer, and outputting a compensation signal (S K J in response to a difference between the first feedback signal and the second command signal, and 4) adjusting the regulated pressure (PJ , through valving assembly 31 responsive to the compensation signal (S K J and in communication with the fluid, to be substantially equal to the valve, the internal volume of the accumulator, and the ratio between the inlet and outlet pressures. If the gain is too high, the output pressure will tend to be unstable. In contrast, if the servo gain is too low, the response time will be too slow to be effective. Accordingly, it is highly advantageous to maintain the servo gain of each servo pressure regulator at a substantially constant value. In accordance with the present invention, the secondary gain of secondary regulator 26' , from a command voltage to preregulated pressure (P , is substantially proportional to the primary gain of primary regulator 26, from the command voltage to the regulated pressure (PJ . Hence, the secondary regulator tracks the primary regulator to provide a substantially constant ratio between the preregulated preεεure and the regulated preεsure. This enables the system to maintain good linearity in the rise and fall times. This is preferably accomplished by each servo presεure regulator 26, 26' receiving the .same input command voltage from central command controller 38. Thiε iε advantageous in that the two regulators track each other, maintaining the primary servo gain at a substantially constant value. Accordingly, the secondary regulator 26', at a 10 volt command voltage, is full-scaled to provide eight (8) psi; while the primary regulator 26, at a 10 volt command voltage, iε full-scaled to provide two and one-half (2.5) psi. Proportionately, the secondary regulator 26' , at a 5 volt command voltage, is scaled to provide four (4) psi; while the primary regulator 26, at a 5 volt command voltage, is scaled to provide one and one- quarter (1.25) psi. - 24 - substantially proportional to the primary gain of the primary regulator, from the preregulated pressure to the regulated pressure. This enables a substantially constant ratio between the preregulated pressure and the regulated pressure to maintain good linearity in the rise and fall times. The method may further include the step of, after the regulating step and before the exposing step, stabilizing the fluid at the regulated presεure through primary accumulator 40 having an internal reservoir at the subεtantially constant regulated pressure (PJ . The following example serves to more fully describe the manner of using the above-described invention, as well as to set forth the best mode contemplated for carrying out various aspects of the invention. It is to be underεtood that this example in no way serves to limit the true scope of the invention, but rather are presented for illustrative purposes. EXAMPLE 1 Reproducibility of Introduction of Sample Fluid into a Capillary for Capillary Electrophoresiε The pressure injection εyεtem of the present invention was coupled to a typical capillary electrophoresis assembly including a sealed 4 ml sample vial containing sample solution. An inlet end of a 75 μm ID capillary tube, 50 cm in length, was εubmersed in the sample solution in the sample vial; while an opposite exit end was submersed in a buffer solution in an exit vial. A pressure transducer (strain gauge SynSi ) was coupled to the sample vial to measure the regulated presεure pulse delivered to the sample vial from the present invention pressure injection system. An absorbance detector (DIONEX AD-20) , mounted near the exit end of the capillary, monitored the sample fluid injected into com and pressure such that a magnitude of the compensation signal is reduced. The method further includes the step of c) selectively exposing the liquid sample 21 contained in the container or sample vial 22 to the regulated fluid at the substantially constant and precisely regulated pressure (PJ for a predetermined period of time to inject the defined volume of the liquid sample from container 22 into capillary device 23. Moreover, the method may further include the step of, after the supplying step and before the regulating step, d) preregulating the fluid from the supply pressure to a precisely controlled, substantially constant preregulated pressure through a servo presεure secondary regulator 26' . Thiε step may be accomplished by 1) outputting a second feedback signal (SJ , from a secondary pressure senεor 27' , proportional to real time measurement of the preregulated presεure (PJ , and 2) outputting a second command signal (SJ , from a secondary reference source 28', having a value representing a predetermined second command pressure. Next, 3) comparing the εecond feedback signal and fourth the second command signal through a second computer 30' , and outputting a second compensation signal (S..J , proportional to a difference between the second feedback signal and the second command signal, and 4) adjusting the preregulated pressure (PJ , through a secondary valving assembly 31' responsive to the second compensation signal and in communication with the fluid, to be substantially equal to the second command pressure such that a magnitude of the second compensation signal is reduced. The preregulating step includes the step of tracking the secondary gain of the secondary regulator, from the supply pressure to preregulated pressure, to be - 26 - WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. A pressure injection apparatus that injects a quantitatively defined volume of liquid sample from a container into a capillary device, said pressure injection apparatus comprising: a supply source of pressurized fluid at a supply pressure to urge said liquid sample into an inlet of said capillary device; a servo pressure primary regulator, coupled in series between an output of εaid supply source and said inlet of said capillary device, that precisely regulates said fluid from said supply pressure to a subεtantially conεtant regulated pressure for a selected period of time; and a distributor, coupled to an output of said primary regulator, selectively distributing said fluid at said substantially constant and precisely regulated pressure to said container. 2. The pressure injection apparatus as defined in claim 1 wherein, said servo pressure regulator includes : a first pressure senεor outputting a first feedback signal proportional to real time measurement of the regulated pressure; a first reference source outputting a firεt command εignal having a value representing a predetermined first command pressure; a first computer coupled to receive as inputs said first feedback signal and said second command signal, and outputting a first compensation signal in response to a first difference between said first feedback signal and said second command signal; and a first valving assembly, responsive to said first compensation signal and in communication with the fluid, formed to adjust said regulated pressure to be substantially equal to said first command pressure such the capillary, during capillary electrophoresis, to measure the component separation. The present invention delivered a controlled pressure pulse of about .5 psi for about 5 seconds (i.e., 2.5 psi-sec.) . Each capillary electrophoresis test was reproduced five times using a four component sample solution of Nicotinamide, Acetyl-Salicylic acid, p-hydroxy Benzoic acid, and Benzoic acid. The general electrophoresis procedure follows published procedures for capillary electrophoresis separation of ionic components in a buffer solution. The area calculated under the curves for the pressure component is proportional to the total amount of presεure delivered to the εample εolution during for the 5 εecond period; while the area calculated under the curves for each solution component is proportional to the total volume of sample component separated from the solution. These area units are provided in arbitrary units . TABLE 1 Relative Average Variance Standard Component Area Area Deviation Pressure 3.106xl0 8 1.472xlO i: 0.12% Nicotinamide 7.266xl0 4 1.996xl0 6 1.94% Acetyl Salicylic acid 1.495X10 4 3.287x10* 1.21% p-hydroxy Benzoic acid 2.323x10 s 2.869x10 s 0.73% Benzoic acid 1.435x10 s 6.854x10 s 0.58%

Claims: - 28 - 7. The pressure injection apparatus as defined in claim 1 wherein, said primary regulator is analog controlled. 8. The pressure injection apparatus as defined in claim 7 wherein, said primary regulator includeε a primary accumulator, coupled in series between the output of said primary regulator and an input of said distributor, having an internal reservoir at said substantially constant regulated pressure. 9. The presεure injection apparatus as defined in claim 8 wherein, said internal reservoir has a volume of at least 1 cubic inch. 10. The pressure injection apparatus as defined in claim 1 wherein, said distributor includes a three-way valve device. 11. The pressure injection apparatus as defined in claim 1 wherein, said first pressure sensor is a presεure transducer. 12. The pressure injection apparatus as defined in claim 1 further including: a fixed pressure regulator, coupled in series between said output of said supply source and an input of said primary regulator, that regulates said fluid at said supply preεsure to a generally constant pressure supplied to said primary regulator. 13. The pressure injection apparatus as defined in claim 12 wherein, that a magnitude of the first difference between said first feedback signal and said second command signal is reduced. 3. The pressure injection apparatus as defined in claim 2 wherein, said first valving assembly includes: a first vent valve responsive to said first compensation εignal, and controllably movable between a closed position and an opened position, controllably venting the fluid to reduce said regulated pressure thereof ; and a first inlet valve responsive to said first compensation signal, and controllably movable between a shut poεition and an unshut position, enabling fluid communication of the fluid at the supply pressure with the fluid at the regulated presεure to increase said regulated presεure. 4. The pressure injection apparatus as defined in claim 3 wherein, said first computer includes a first valve controller coupled to said first vent valve and said first inlet valve for controlled operation of said first vent valve between said closed position and said opened position, and of said first inlet valve between said shut position and said unshut position. 5. The pressure injection apparatus as defined in claim 4 wherein, said first vent valve and said first inlet valve are proportional microvalveε . 6. The pressure injection apparatus as defined in claim 1 wherein, said primary regulator is digitally controlled. - 3 0 - regulated pressure such that said secondary regulator tracks said primary regulator to enable a substantially constant ratio between said preregulated pressure and said regulated pressure . 18. The pressure injection apparatus as defined in claim 17 wherein, said secondary regulator includeε: a εecond pressure sensor outputting a second feedback signal proportional to real time measurement of the preregulated pressure; a second reference εource outputting a second command signal having a value representing a predetermined second command pressure; a second computer coupled to receive as inputs said second feedback signal and said second command signal, and outputting a second compensation signal in response to a second difference between said second feedback signal and said second command signal; and a second valving assembly, responsive to said second compensation signal and in communication with the fluid, and formed to adjust said preregulated presεure to be substantially equal to said second command pressure such that a magnitude of said second difference is reduced. 19. The pressure injection apparatus as defined in claim 2 wherein, a servo pressure secondary regulator, coupled in series between an output of said supply source and an input of said primary regulator, that precisely preregulates said fluid from said supply pressure to a substantially constant preregulated pressure supplied to said primary regulator, said secondary regulator including said supply pressure is between about 20 psi to about 50 psi, said generally constant pressure is between about 15 psi to about 25 psi, and said regulated presεure is between about 0 psi to about 5 psi. 14. The presεure injection apparatus as defined in claim 2 wherein, the absolute of said firεt difference between said first feedback signal and said first command signal must exceed a predetermined amount, representing a predetermined differential pressure, before said first computer outputs said first compensation signal forming a deadband space therebetween. 15. The pressure injection apparatus as defined in claim 14 wherein, said predetermined differential presεure iε between about 0.001 psi to about 0.005 psi. 16. The pressure injection apparatus as defined in claim 1 further including: a servo pressure secondary regulator, coupled in series between an output of said supply source and an input of said primary regulator, that precisely preregulates said fluid from said supply presεure to a substantially constant preregulated presεure εupplied to said primary regulator for said selected period of time. 17. The pressure injection apparatus aε defined in claim 16 wherein, the secondary gain of said secondary regulator, from a command voltage to preregulated pressure, is substantially proportional to the primary gain of said primary regulator, from said command voltage to said - 32 - servo regulator to reduce said regulated pressure thereof, and a first inlet valve responsive to said first compensation signal, and controllably movable between a shut position and an unshut position, enabling communication of the fluid at the preregulated pressure with the fluid at the regulated pressure to increase said regulated pressure thereof, and said second valving assembly includes a second vent valve responsive to said second compensation signal, and controllably movable between a closed condition and an opened condition, controllably venting the fluid to reduce said preregulated pressure thereof, and a second inlet valve responsive to said second compensation signal, and controllably movable between a shut condition and an unεhut condition, enabling communication of the fluid at the εupply pressure with the fluid at the preregulated pressure to increase said preregulated pressure thereof. 22. The presεure injection apparatuε aε defined in claim 21 wherein, said first computer further includes a firεt valve controller coupled to εaid first vent valve and said first inlet valve for controlled operation of said first vent valve between said closed position and said opened position, and of said first inlet valve between said shut position and said unshut position, and said second computer includes a second valve controller coupled to said second vent valve and said second inlet valve for controlled operation of said second vent valve between said closed condition and said opened condition, and of said first inlet valve between said shut condition and said unshut condition. a second pressure sensor outputting a second feedback signal proportional to real time measurement of the preregulated pressure, a second reference source outputting a second command signal having a value representing a predetermined second command pressure, a second computer coupled to receive as inputs said second feedback signal and said second command signal, and outputting a second compensation signal in responsive to a second difference between said second feedback signal and said second command signal, and a second valving assembly, responsive to said second compensation signal and in communication with the fluid, formed to adjust said preregulated pressure to be substantially equal to said second command pressure such that a magnitude of said second difference signal is reduced. 20. The presεure injection apparatus as defined in claim 19 wherein, the secondary gain of said secondary regulator, from a command voltage to preregulated pressure, iε substantially proportional to the primary gain of said primary regulator, from said command voltage to said regulated pressure such that said secondary regulator tracks said primary regulator to enable a subεtantially constant ratio between said preregulated pressure and said regulated pressure. 21. The pressure injection apparatus as defined in claim 20 wherein, said first valving assembly includes a first vent valve responsive to said first compensation signal, and controllably movable between a closed position and an opened position, controllably venting the fluid in communication with said primary - 34 - said internal reservoir has a volume of at least about 1 cubic inch, and said internal cavity has a volume of at least about 1 cubic inch. 29. The pressure injection apparatus as defined in claim 16 wherein, said first pressure sensor and said second pressure senεor are provided by pressure transducers. 30. The pressure injection apparatus as defined in claim 16 further including: a fixed pressure regulator, coupled in serieε between said output of said supply source and an input of said secondary regulator, that regulates said fluid at said supply pressure to a generally constant pressure supplied to said secondary regulator. 31. The pressure injection apparatus as defined in claim 30 wherein, said supply presεure is between about 20 psi to about 50 psi, said generally constant pressure is about 15 psi, εaid preregulated pressure is between about 0 psi to about 8 psi, and said regulated pressure is between about 0 psi to about 2.5 psi. 32. The pressure injection apparatus as defined in claim 21 wherein, said first computer includes a first valve controller coupled to said first vent valve and said first inlet valve for controlled operation of said first vent valve between said closed position and said opened position, and of said first inlet valve between said shut position and said unshut position. said second computer further includes a second valve controller coupled to said second vent valve and said second inlet valve for controlled operation of 23. The presεure injection apparatus as defined in claim 22 wherein, said first vent valve, said first inlet valve, εaid second vent valve, and said second inlet valve are proportional microvalves. 24. The pressure injection apparatus as defined in claim 17 wherein, said primary and secondary regulators are digitally controlled. 25. The pressure injection apparatus as defined in claim 17 wherein, said primary and εecondary regulatorε are analog controlled. 26. The preεεure injection apparatuε aε defined in claim 20 wherein, said secondary regulator includes a secondary accumulator, coupled in series between the output of said secondary regulator and an input of said primary regulator, having an internal cavity at said substantially constant preregulated presεure. 27. The preεsure injection apparatus as defined in claim 26 wherein, said primary regulator is digitally controlled, and said primary regulator includeε a primary accumulator, coupled in series between the output of said primary regulator and an input of said distributor, having an internal reservoir at said substantially constant regulated pressure. 28. The pressure injection apparatus as defined in claim 27 wherein, - 36 - 37. The pressure injection apparatus as defined in claim 36 wherein, said first predetermined differential pressure is between about 0.001 psi to about 0.005 psi, and said second predetermined differential pressure is between about 0.001 psi to about 0.005 psi. 38. A capillary electrophoresis pressure injection apparatus comprising: a container containing liquid sample therein; a capillary device formed for receiving a quantitatively defined volume of liquid sample, coupled to said container; a supply source of pressurized fluid at a supply pressure to urge said liquid sample into an input of said capillary device; a fixed pressure regulator, coupled in series to an output of supply source, that regulates said fluid at said supply pressure to a generally constant pressure; a servo pressure secondary regulator, coupled in series to an output of fixed pressure regulator, that precisely regulates said fluid from said generally constant pressure to a εubstantially constant preregulated pressure for a selected period of time; a servo pressure primary regulator, coupled in serieε to an output of secondary regulator, to further precisely regulate said fluid from said substantially constant preregulated pressure to a substantially constant regulated pressure for said selected period of time; and a distributor, coupled to an output of said primary regulator, selectively distributing said fluid at said substantially constant and precisely regulated pressure to said container; a primary accumulator, coupled in series between the output of said primary regulator and an input of said second vent valve between said closed condition and said opened condition, and of said second inlet valve between said shut condition and said unshut condition. 33. The pressure injection apparatus as defined in claim 32 further including: a command controller operably coupled to said first computer and said second computer, and outputting a control signal for control of said first computer and εaid second computer simultaneously. 34. The presεure injection apparatuε aε defined in claim 33 further including: a user interface coupled to said command controller to εelectively vary εaid control εignal. 35. The pressure injection apparatus as defined in claim 33 wherein, said substantially constant ratio is between about 2 : 1 to about 3:1. 36. The pressure injection apparatus as defined in claim 19 wherein, the absolute of said first difference between said first feedback signal and said first command signal must exceed a first predetermined amount, representing a first predetermined differential pressure, before said first computer outputs said first compensation signal forming a first deadband space therebetween, and the absolute of said second difference between said second feedback signal and said second command signal must exceed a second predetermined amount, representing a second predetermined differential pressure, before said second computer outputs said second compensation signal forming a second deadband space therebetween. - 38 - 43. A method for injecting a quantitatively defined volume of liquid sample from a container into a capillary device comprising the steps of: supplying a pressurized fluid at a supply pressure; precisely regulating said fluid from said supply pressure to a substantially constant regulated pressure through a primary regulator; and selectively exposing said liquid sample contained in said container to said fluid at said substantially constant and precisely regulated pressure for a predetermined period of time to inject the defined volume of said liquid sample from said container into said capillary device. 44. The method as defined in claim 43 wherein, said regulating step is accomplished by: outputting a first feedback signal, from a pressure sensor, proportional to real time measurement of the regulated pressure; outputting a first command signal, from a first reference source, having a value representing a predetermined first command pressure; comparing said first feedback signal and said first command signal through a first computer, and outputting a firεt compensation signal in response to a first difference between said first feedback signal and said first command signal; and adjusting said regulated pressure, through a valving assembly responsive to said first compensation signal and in communication with the fluid, to be substantially equal to said command presεure such that a magnitude of εaid first difference is reduced. 45. The method as defined in claim 43 further including the step of: said distributor, having an internal reservoir at said substantially constant regulated pressure; and a secondary accumulator, coupled in series between the output of said secondary regulator and an input of said primary regulator, having an internal cavity at said εubεtantially conεtant preregulated pressure. 39. The presεure injection apparatus as defined in claim 38 wherein, the secondary gain of said secondary regulator, from a command voltage to preregulated pressure, iε εubstantially proportional to the primary gain of said primary regulator, from said command voltage to said regulated presεure εuch that εaid secondary regulator tracks said primary regulator to enable a substantially constant ratio between said preregulated preεsure and said regulated presεure . 40. The preεεure injection apparatus as defined in claim 39 wherein, said internal reservoir has a volume of at least 1 cubic inch, and said internal cavity has a volume of at least 1 cubic inch. 41. The pressure injection apparatus as defined in claim 39 further including: a command controller operably coupled to said first computer and said second computer, and outputting a control signal thereto to maintain said second gain substantially proportional to said primary gain. 42. The pressure injection apparatus as defined in claim 41 wherein, said substantially constant ratio is about 3:1. - 40 - 48. The method as defined in claim 44 further including the step of: after said regulating step and before said exposing step, stabilizing said fluid at said regulated pressure through a primary accumulator having an internal reservoir at said substantially constant and precisely regulated pressure . after said supplying step and before said regulating step, precisely preregulating said fluid from said supply pressure to a substantially constant preregulated pressure through a servo pressure secondary regulator for said predetermined period of time. 46. The method as defined in claim 45 wherein, said preregulating step is accomplished by: outputting a second feedback signal, from a secondary presεure sensor, proportional to real time measurement of the preregulated pressure; outputting a second command signal, from a secondary reference source, having a value representing a predetermined second command pressure; comparing said second feedback signal and said second command signal through a second computer, and outputting a second compensation signal in responεe to a second difference between said second feedback signal and said second command signal; and adjusting εaid preregulated preεsure, through a secondary valving assembly responsive to said second compensation signal and in communication with the fluid, to be subεtantially equal to εaid εecond command preεεure such that a magnitude of said second difference is reduced. 47. The method as defined in claim 46 wherein, said preregulating step includes tracking the secondary gain of said secondary regulator, from a command voltage to preregulated pressure, to be substantially proportional to the primary gain of said primary regulator, from said command voltage to said regulated pressure to enable a substantially constant ratio between said preregulated pressure and said regulated pressure.

Inventors: RECKNOR MICHAEL W, WOLZE DAVID A, RECKNOR, MICHAEL, W., WOLZE, DAVID, A.
Applicants: DIONEX CORP, DIONEX CORPORATION
Application year: 1996
Main classification: G01N27
IPC codes: G01N1, G01N27