SUBSTITUTED N-[(AMINOIMINOMETHYL OR AMINOMETHYL)PHENYL]PROPYL AMIDES

Abstract: The compounds according to the invention are substituted N-[(aminoiminomethyl or aminomethyl)phenyl]propyl amides of formula (I) herein which exhibit useful pharmacological activity and accordingly are incorporated into pharmaceutical compositions and used in the treatment of patients suffering from certain medical disorders. More especially, they are Factor Xa inhibitors. The present invention is directed to compounds of formula (I), compositions containing compounds of formula (I), methods for their preparation and their use, which are for treating a patient suffering from, or subject to, conditions which can be ameliorated by the administration of an inhibitor of Factor Xa.

Description: SUBSTITUTED N-ftAMINOIMlNOMETHYL OR AMINOMETHYDPHENYLIPROPYL AMIDES Field of the Invention The compounds of formula I exhibit useful pharmacological activity and accordingly are incorporated into pharmaceutical compositions and used in the treatment of patients suffering from certain medical disorders. More especially, they are Factor Xa inhibitors. The present invention is directed to compounds of formula I, compositions containing compounds of formula I, and their use, which are for treating a patient suffering from, or subject to, conditions which can be ameliorated by the administration of an inhibitor of Factor Xa. Factor Xa is the penultimate enzyme in the coagulation cascade. Both free factor Xa and factor Xa assembled in the prothrombinase complex (Factor Xa, Factor Va, calcium and phospholipid) are inhibited by compounds of formula I. Factor Xa inhibition is obtained by direct complex formation between the inhibitor and the enzyme and is therefore independent of the plasma co- factor antithrombin III. Effective factor Xa inhibition is achieved by administering the compounds either by oral administration, continuous intravenous infusion, bolus intravenous administration or any other parenteral route such that it achieves the desired effect of preventing the factor Xa induced formation of thrombin from prothrombin. Anticoagulant therapy is indicated for the treatment and prophylaxis of a variety of thrombotic conditions of both the venous and arterial vasculature. In the arterial system, abnormal thrombus formation is primarily associated with arteries of the coronary, cerebral and peripheral vasculature. The diseases associated with thrombotic occlusion of these vessels principally include acute myocardial infarction (AMI), unstable angina, thromboembolism, acute vessel closure associated with thrombolytic therapy and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), transient ischemic attacks, stroke, intermittent claudication and bypass grafting of the coronary (CABG) or peripheral arteries. Chronic anticoagulant therapy may also be beneficial in preventing the vessel luminal narrowing (restenosis) that often occurs following PTCA and CABG, and in the maintenance of vascular access patency in long-term hemodialysis patients. With respect to the venous vasculature, pathologic thrombus formation frequently occurs in the veins of the lower extremities following abdominal, knee and hip surgery (deep vein thrombosis, DVT). DVT further predisposes the patient to a higher risk of pulmonary thromboembolism. A systemic, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC) commonly occurs in both vascular systems during septic shock, certain viral infections and cancer. This condition is characterized by a rapid consumption of coagulation factors and their plasma inhibitors resulting in the formation of life-threatening clots throughout the microvasculature of several organ systems. The indications discussed above include some, but not all, of the possible clinical situations where anticoagulant therapy is warranted. Those experienced in this field are well aware of the circumstances requiring either acute or chronic prophylactic anticoagulant therapy. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION This invention is directed to the pharmaceutical use of a compound of formula I below to inhibit the production or physiological effects of Factor Xa in the treatment of a patient suffering from a disease state associated with a physiologically detrimental excess of Factor Xa, where formula I is as follows: R-l and R are hydrogen or taken together are =NR 9 ; R 3 is -CO 2 R 6 . "C(0)R 6 , -CONR 6 R 6 , -CH 2 OR 7 or -CH 2 SR 7 ; R is a group of formula or R4 is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkylalkyl; R5 is alkyl, alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted heteroaryl; R6 is hydrogen or lower alkyl; R 7 is hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower acyl, aroyl or heteroaryl; R3 is hydrogen or lower alkyl; Rg is wherein Rg is Rι 0 O 2 C-, R-\ QO-, HO-, cyano, R-| QCO-, HCO-, lower alkyl, nitro, or Y Y N-, where R-J Q is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aralkyi, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyi, and where Y and 2 Y are independently hydrogen or alkyl; A and B are hydrogen or taken together are a bond; Ar is optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted heteroaryl; and n is 0, 1 or 2; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, an N-oxide thereof, a hydrate thereof or a solvate thereof. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION As used above, and throughout the description of the invention, the following terms, unless otherwise indicated, shall be understood to have the following meanings: Definitions "Patient" includes both human and other mammals. "Alkyl" means an aliphatic hydrocarbon group which may be straight or branched having about 1 to about 15 carbon atoms in the chain. Preferred alkyl groups have 1 to about 12 carbon atoms in the chain. Branched means that one or more lower alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl or propyl are attached to a linear alkyl chain. "Lower alkyl" means about 1 to about 6 carbon atoms in the chain which may be straight or branched. The alkyl group may be substituted by one or more halo, cycloalkyi or cycloalkenyl. Exemplary alkyl groups include methyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, ethyl, n-propyl, /-propyl, n-butyl, f-butyl, n-pentyl, 3-pentyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl and dodecyl. "Alkenyl" means an aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing a carbon- carbon double bond and which may be straight or branched having about 2 to about 15 carbon atoms in the chain. Preferred alkenyl groups have 2 to about 12 carbon atoms in the chain; and more preferably about 2 to about 6 carbon atoms in the chain. Branched means that one or more lower alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl or propyl are attached to a linear alkenyl chain. "Lower alkenyl" means about 2 to about 4 carbon atoms in the chain which may be straight or branched. The alkenyl group may be substituted by one or more halo. Exemplary alkenyl groups include ethenyl, propenyl, n-butenyl, /-butenyl, 3-methylbut-2-enyl, n-pentenyl, heptenyl, octenyl and decenyl. "Cycloalkyi" means a non-aromatic mono- or multicyclic ring system of about 3 to about 10 carbon atoms. Exemplary monocyclic cycloalkyi rings include cyclopentyl, fluorocyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl. The cycloalkyi group may be substituted by one or more halo, methylene (H2C=) or alkyl. Exemplary multicyclic cycloalkyi rings include 1-decalin, adamant-(1- or 2-)yl and norbornyl. "Cycloalkenyl" means a non-aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic ring system containing a carbon-carbon double bond and having about 3 to about 10 carbon atoms. Exemplary monocyclic cycloalkenyl rings include cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl or cycloheptenyl. An exemplary multicyclic cycloalkenyl ring is norbornylenyl. The cycloalkenyl group may be substituted by one or more halo, methylene (H2C=) or alkyl. "Heterocylyl" means a non-aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic ring system of about 3 to about 10 ring atoms. Preferred rings include about 5 to about 6 ring atoms wherein one of the ring atoms is oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur. The heterocyclyl may be optionally substituted by one or more halo. Preferred monocyclic heterocyclyl rings include pyrrole, tetrahydrothiophenyl and tetrahydrothiopyranyl. The thio or nitrogen moiety of the hetercyclyl may also be optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide, S-oxide or S,S-dioxide. "Aryl" means aromatic carbocyclic radical containing about 6 to about 10 carbon atoms. Exemplary aryl include phenyl or naphthyl optionally substituted with one or more aryl group substituents which may be the same or different, where "aryl group substituent" includes hydrogen, alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, aralkyi, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, aralkoxy, carboxy, acyl, aroyl, halo, nitro, cyano, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, acylamino, aroylamino, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, alkylsulfinyl, arylsulfinyl, alkylthio, arylthio, aralkylthio, Y 1 γ2N-, Y 1 γ2N-, Y^NI-alkyh CO- or Y 1 γ2NS02-, where Y 1 and Y 2 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, and aralkyi. Preferred aryl group substituents include hydrogen, alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, hydroxy, acyl, aroyl, halo, nitro, cyano, alkoxycarbonyl, acylamino, alkylthio, γ1γ N-, Y 1 Y NCO- or Y 1 Y 2 NS02-, where Y 1 and Y 2 are independently hydrogen and alkyl. "Heteroaryl" means about a 5- to about a 10- membered aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic hydrocarbon ring system in which one or more of the carbon atoms in the ring system is/are element(s) other than carbon, for example nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur. The "heteroaryl" may also be substituted by one or more aryl group substituents. Exemplary heteroaryl groups include pyrazinyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, quinolinyl, indolyl, and isoquinolinyl. "Aralkyi" means an aryl-alkyl- group in which the aryl and alkyl are as previously described. Preferred aralkyls contain a lower alkyl moiety. Exemplary aralkyi groups include benzyl, 2-phenethyl and naphthlenemethyl. "Hydroxyalkyi" means a HO-alkyl- group in which alkyl is as previously defined. Preferred hydroxyalkyls contain lower alkyl. Exemplary hydroxyalkyi groups include hydroxymethyl and 2-hydroxyethyl. "Acyl" means an H-CO- or alkyl-CO- group in which the alkyl group is as previously described. Preferred acyls contain a lower alkyl. Exemplary acyl groups include formyl, acetyl, propanoyl, 2-methylpropanoyl, butanoyl and palmitoyl. "Aroyl" means an aryl-CO- group in which the alkyl group is as previously described. Exemplary groups include benzoyl and 1- and 2-naphthoyl. "Alkoxy" means an alkyl-O- group in which the alkyl group is as previously described. Exemplary alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, /-propoxy, n-butoxy and heptoxy. "Aryloxy" means an aryl-O- group in which the aryl group is as previously described. Exemplary aryloxy groups include phenoxy and naphthoxy. "Aralkyloxy" means an aralkyl-O- group in which the aralkyi groups is as previously described. Exemplary aralkyloxy groups include benzyloxy and 1- or 2-naphthalenemethoxy. "Alkylthio" means an alkyl-S- group in which the alkyl group is as previously described. Exemplary alkylthio groups include methylthio, ethylthio, /-propylthio and heptylthio. "Arylthio" means an aryl-S- group in which the aryl group is as previously described. Exemplary arylthio groups include phenylthio and naphthylthio. "Aralkylthio" means an aralkyl-S- group in which the aralkyi group is as previously described. An exemplary aralkylthio group is benzylthio. "Y 1 γ2N-" means a substituted or unsubstituted amino group, wherein Y 1 and Y 2 are as previously described. Exemplary groups include amino (H2N-), methylamino, ethylmethylamino, dimethylamino and diethylamino. "Alkoxycarbonyl" means an alkyl-O-CO- group. Exemplary alkoxycarbonyl groups include methoxy- and ethoxycarbonyl. "Aryloxycarbonyl" means an aryl-O-CO- group. Exemplary aryloxycarbonyl groups include phenoxy- and naphthoxycarbonyl. "Aralkoxycarbonyl" means an aralkyl-O-CO- group. An exemplary aralkoxycarbonyl group is benzyloxycarbonyl. "γ1γ2NCO-" means a substituted or unsubstituted carbamoyl group, wherein Y 1 and Y 2 are as previously described. Exemplary groups are carbamoyl (H2NCO-) and dimethylaminocarbamoyl (Mβ2NCO-). means a substituted or unsubstituted sulfamoyl group, wherein Y 1 and Y 2 are as previously described. Exemplary groups are aminosulfamoyi (H2NSO2-) and dimethylaminosulfamoyi (Me2NS02-). "Acylamino" is an acyl-NH- group wherein acyl is as defined herein. "Aroylamino" is an aroyl-NH- group wherein aroyl is as defined herein. "Alkylsulfonyl" means an alkyl-SO2- group. Preferred groups are those in which the alkyl group is lower alkyl. "Alkylsulfinyl" means an alkyl-SO- group. Preferred groups are those in which the alkyl group is lower alkyl. "Arylsulfonyl" means an aryl-S02- group. "Arylsulfinyl" means an aryl-SO- group. "Halo" means fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo. Preferred are fluoro, chloro or bromo, and more preferred are fluoro or chloro. "Pro-drug" means a compound which may or may not itself be biologically active but which may, by metabolic, solvolytic, or other physiological means be converted to a biologically active chemical entity. Preferred Embodiments A preferred embodiment of the invention is a method for treating a disease state capable of being modulated by inhibiting production of Factor Xa to a patient suffering from said disease state an effective amount of the compound of formula I . A preferred compound aspect of the invention is the compound of formula I wherein R- | and R taken together are =NH. Another preferred compound aspect of the invention is the compound of formula I wherein R 3 is -C0 2 R 6 , -CH 2 OR 7 or -CH 2 SR 7 ; Another preferred compound aspect of the invention is the compound of formula I wherein n is 1. Another preferred compound aspect of the invention is the compound of formula I wherein R3 is -C0 Rg and Rg is lower alkyl. Another preferred compound aspect of the invention is the compound of formula I wherein R3 is -CH 2 OR 7 or -CH 2 SR 7 and R 7 is hydrogen or lower alkyl. Another preferred compound aspect of the invention is the compound of formula I wherein R- j and R taken together are =NH and form an aminoiminomethyl on the phenyl moiety that is in the meta position to the position of attachment of the phenyl moiety to the propyl moiety. Another preferred compound aspect of the invention is the compound of formula I wherein Ar is optionally substituted aryl. Another preferred compound aspect of the invention is the compound of formula I wherein Ar is phenyl. Another preferred compound aspect of the invention is the compound of formula I wherein R5 is optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted biphenyl, optionally substituted naphthyl, or optionally substituted heterobiphenyl. Another preferred compound aspect of the invention is the compound of formula I wherein R 10 is lower alkyl. Included within the scope of formula I are compounds wherein R- | and R 2 taken together are =NRg, wherein Rg is RIQ0 2 C-, R-J OO-. cyano, R- | øCO-, optionally substituted lower alkyl, nitro, or Y Y N-. Such derivatives may themselves comprise the biologically active compound useful for treating a disease state capable of being modulated by inhibiting production of Factor Xa to a patient suffering from said disease state, or may act as pro-drugs to such biologically active compounds which are formed therefrom under physiological conditions. Species according to the invention are selected from the following: . O Compounds of Formula I may be prepared by the application or adaptation of known methods, by which is meant methods used heretofore or described in the literature, or by methods according to this invention herein. Scheme A exemplifies a general method for preparing intermediates for use in preparing compounds of formula I according to the invention. SCHEME A CAN,CH 3 CN/THF then separate isomers 7a 7b Scheme B exemplifies a general method for converting the intermediates prepared according to Scheme A to compounds of formula I according to the invention. SCHEME B 10 Scheme C exemplifies a general method for effecting interconversions between compounds of formula I according to the invention. SCHEME C In addition, the compounds of formula 1 wherein R 3 is hydroxymethy may be converted to the corresponding thiolmethyl compounds by treating the alcohol with an alkyl or aryl sulfonyl halide and displacing the alkyl or aryl sulfonate with NaSH. the thiolmethyl compounds may then be alkylated or acylated to give other compounds within the scope of the invention. Scheme D exemplifies a general method for converting a nitrile intermediate to a compound of formula I and additional general methods for effecting interconversions between compounds of formula I according to the invention. SCHEME D 51 Scheme E exemplifies an additional general method for effecting interconversions between compounds of formula I according to the invention. SCHEME E 53 10 33 34 Scheme F exemplifies a general method for preparing compounds according to the present invention wherein R4 of formula I is optionally substituted phenethyl. Scheme F Scheme G exemplifies a general method for preparing compounds according to the present invention wherein R4 of formula I is methyl. Scheme G TFA (Where P=BOC) H 2 /CaC0 3 (P=CBZ) ArylCOCI/Et3N or ArylCOOH/TBTU 1) HCI/MeOH 2) NH 3 /MeOH or 1) H 2 S .pyridine, Et 3 N 2) Mel 3) NH OAc It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that certain compounds of formula I can exhibit isomerism, for example geometrical isomerism, e.g., E or Z isomerism, and optical isomerism, e.g., R or S configurations. Geometrical isomers include the cis and trans forms of compounds of the invention having alkenyl moieties. Individual geometrical isomers and stereoisomers within formula I, and their mixtures, are within the scope of the invention. Such isomers can be separated from their mixtures, by the application or adaptation of known methods, for example chromatographic techniques and recrystaliization techniques, or they are separately prepared from the appropriate isomers of their intermediates, for example by the application or adaptation of methods described herein. The compounds of the present invention are useful in the form of the free base or acid or in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. All forms are within the scope of the invention. Where the compound of the present invention is substituted with a basic moiety, acid addition salts are formed and are simply a more convenient form for use; and in practice, use of the salt form inherently amounts to use of the free base form. The acids which can be used to prepare the acid addition salts include preferably those which produce, when combined with the free base, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, that is, salts whose anions are non-toxic to the patient in pharmaceutical doses of the salts, so that the beneficial inhibitory effects on Factor Xa inherent in the free base are not vitiated by side effects ascribable to the anions. Although pharmaceutically acceptable salts of said basic compounds are preferred, all acid addition salts are useful as sources of the free base form even if the particular salt, per se, is desired only as an intermediate product as, for example, when the salt is formed only for purposes of purification, and identification, or when it is used as intermediate in preparing a pharmaceutically acceptable salt by ion exchange procedures. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts within the scope of the invention are those derived from the following acids: mineral acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid and sulfamic acid; and organic acids such as acetic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, malonic acid, methanesufonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, benzenesuifonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, cyclohexylsulfamic acid, quinic acid, and the like. The corresponding acid addition salts comprise the following: hydrohalides, e.g. hydrochloride and hydrobromide, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, sulfamate, acetate, citrate, lactate, tartarate, malonate, oxalate, salicylate, propionate, succinate, fumarate, maleate, methylene-bis-B-hydroxynaphthoates, gentisates, mesylates, isethionates and di-p-toluoyltartratesmethanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, cyclohexylsulfamate and quinate, respectively. According to a further feature of the invention, acid addition salts of the compounds of this invention are prepared by reaction of the free base with the appropriate acid, by the application or adaptation of known methods. For example, the acid addition salts of the compounds of this invention are prepared either by dissolving the free base in aqueous or aqueous-alcohol solution or other suitable solvents containing the appropriate acid and isolating the salt by evaporating the solution, or by reacting the free base and acid in an organic solvent, in which case the salt separates directly or can be obtained by concentration of the solution. The acid addition salts of the compounds of this invention can be regenerated from the salts by the application or adaptation of known methods. For example, parent compounds of the invention can be regenerated from their acid addition salts by treatment with an alkali, e.g. aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution or aqueous ammonia solution. Where the compound of the invention is substituted with an acidic moiety, base addition salts may be formed and are simply a more convenient form for use; and in practice, use of the salt form inherently amounts to use of the free acid form. The bases which can be used to prepare the base addition salts include preferably those which produce, when combined with the free acid, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, that is, salts whose cations are non¬ toxic to the animal organism in pharmaceutical doses of the salts, so that the beneficial inhibitory effects on Factor Xa inherent in the free acid are not vitiated by side effects ascribable to the cations. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts, including for example alkali and alkaline earth metal salts, within the scope of the invention are those derived from the following bases: sodium hydride, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, zinc hydroxide, ammonia, ethylenediamine, N-methyl-glucamine, lysine, arginine, omithine, choline, N,N'-dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, diethanolamine, procaine, N- benzylphenethylamine, diethylamine, piperazine, tris(hydroxymethyl)- aminomethane, tetramethylammonium hydroxide, and the like. Metal salts of compounds of the present invention may be obtained by contacting a hydride, hydroxide, carbonate or similar reactive compound of the chosen metal in an aqueous or organic solvent with the free acid form of the compound. The aqueous solvent employed may be water or it may be a mixture of water with an organic solvent, preferably an alcohol such as methanol or ethanoi, a ketone such as acetone, an aliphatic ether such as tetrahydrofuran, or an ester such as ethyl acetate. Such reactions are normally conducted at ambient temperature but they may, if desired, be conducted with heating. Amine salts of compounds of the present invention may be obtained by contacting an amine in an aqueous or organic solvent with the free acid form of the compound. Suitable aqueous solvents include water and mixtures of water with alcohols such as methanol or ethanoi, ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, nitrites such as acetonitrile, or ketones such as acetone. Amino acid salts may be similarly prepared. The base addition salts of the compounds of this invention can be regenerated from the salts by the application or adaptation of known methods. For example, parent compounds of the invention can be regenerated from their base addition salts by treatment with an acid, e.g. hydrochloric acid. As will be self-evident to those skilled in the art, some of the compounds of this invention do not form stable salts. However, acid addition salts are most likely to be formed by compounds of this invention having a nitrogen-containing heteroaryl group and/or wherein the compounds contain an amino group as a substituent. Preferable acid addition salts of the compounds of the invention are those wherein there is not an acid labile group. As well as being useful in themselves as active compounds, salts of compounds of the invention are useful for the purposes of purification of the compounds, for example by exploitation of the solubility differences between the salts and the parent compounds, side products and/or starting materials by techniques well known to those skilled in the art. The starting materials and intermediates are prepared by the application or adaptation of known methods, for example methods as described in the Reference Examples or their obvious chemical equivalents, or by methods according to this invention. The present invention is further exemplified but not limited by the following illustrative examples which illustrate the preparation of the compounds according to the invention. In the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra (NMR) the chemical shifts are expressed in ppm relative to tetramethylsilane. Abbreviations have the following significance: s=singlet; d=doublet; t=triplet; m=multiplet; dd=doublet of doublets; ddd=doublet of doublets of doublets; dt=doublet of triplets, b=broad. EXAMPLE 1 Compound 1 To a stirred solution of 3-cyanobenzaldehyde (20 g; 153 mmol) in 100 mL of dry THF under N2 at room temperature is added methyl (triphenylphos- phoranylidene)acetate (61.2 g; 183 mmol). The mixture is allowed to stir overnight at room temperature and then concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue is chromatographed (40% EtAc.Hexane) to give 27.3 g (96%) of the acrylate 1. 1 H NMR (CDCI3, d): 7.43 - 7.8 (m, 5H), 6.47 (d, J = 12 Hz, 1 H), 3.8 (s, 3H). EXAMPLE 2 Compound 2 To a stirred solution of compound 1 (27.33 g) in 150 L of EtOH is added 2 g of 10% Pd/CaCθ3. The resulting mixture is hydrogenated under 45 PSI H2 on a Parr shaker for 8 hours at room temperature. The mixture is then filtered through a plug of celite and the filtrate concentrated in vacuo to give 26.93 g (98 %) of 2 as a clear oil. 1 H NMR (CDCI 3 , d): 7.33 - 7.72 (m, 4H), 3.66 (s, 3H), 2.97 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 2.62 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H). EXAMPLE 3 Compound 3 To a stirred solution of compound 2 (16.8 g; 89 mmol) in 200 mL of THF:MeOH (2:1) at room temperature is added 9 mL of 10 N NaOH solution dropwise. After 2h, most of the solvent is removed in vacuo and 30 mL of 5N HCI is added. The resulting mixture is extracted several times with EtAc. The combined extracts are dried (MgSθ4), filtered and concentrated to give 9.8 g (63%) of pure acid 3 as a white solid. H NMR (CDCI3, d): 7.35 - 7.55 (m, 4H), 2.98 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H), 2.7 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H). EXAMPLE 4 Compound 4 To a stirred solution of the carboxylic acid 3 (8.2 g; 47 mmol) an DMF (0.5 mL) in dry CH2CI2 under N2 at room temperature is added oxalyl chloride (6.1 mL; 70 mmol) dropwise. After 1 hour, gas evolution ceased and the solvent and excess oxalyl chloride is removed in vacuo. The residue is redissolved in 100 mL of dry CH2CI2 and cooled to 0°C. Mercaptopyridine (5.6 g; 50 mmol) is added followed by triethylamine (7.9 mL; 56 mmol). The mixture is allowed to warm to r.t. and stirred for 1 hour. The mixture is diluted with CH2CI2 and washed with 1 N NaOH. The organic layer is dried (MgS04), filtered and concentrated. The residue is chromatographed (eluent = 50% EtAc:Hexane) to give 5.12 g (84%) of the thioester 4 as a yellow oil. 1 H NMR (CDCI3, d): 8.63 (d, J = 9 Hz, 1 H), 7.7 - 7.8 (m, 1 H), 7.27 - 7.62 (m, 6H), 3.05 (s, 4H). EXAMPLE 5 Compound 5 Added MgSU4 (19.55 g; 162 mmol) to a stirred solution of cinnamaldehyde (10.2 mL; 81 mmol) and p-anisidine (10 g; 81 mmol) in 200 mL of CH2CI2 under N2 at 0°C. After 4 hours, the mixture is filtered and the filtrate concentrated to give 18.87 g (98 %) of the imine compound 5 as a gold: brown solid. 1 H NMR (CDCI3, d): 8.28 (m, 1 H), 7.52 (m, 2H), 7.38 (m, 3H), 7.2 (m, 2H), 7.12 (m, 2H), 6.93 (m, 2H), 3.82 (s, 3H). EXAMPLE 6 Compound 6 To a stirred solution of the thioester 5 (7 g; 26 mmol) in dry CH2CI2 (120 mL) under N at -78°C is added TiCI solution (26.1 mL of 1 M solution in CH2CI2). After 15 minutes, triethylamine (3.6 mL; 26 mmol) is added dropwise. The resulting mixture is allowed to stir for 1/2h at -78°C and then a solution of imine 1 (4.42 g ; 19 mmol in 20 mL CH2CI2) is added dropwise. The mixture is then warmed to 0°C. After 1.5 hours at this temperature, the mixture is quenched with saturated NaHC03 solution and partitioned with water. The organic layer is washed with 1 N NaOH, dried (MgSθ4) and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product is chromatographed (eluent = 40% EtAc:hexane) to give 2.42 g (32 %) of a 5:1 mixture of trans- /cis- b -lactam 6a and 6b as a gum. Major trans-lsomer 6a 1 H NMR (CDCI3, d): 7.2 - 7.6 (m, 11 H), 6.8 (d, J = 11 Hz, 2H), 6.65 (d, J = 15.8 Hz, 1 H), 6.2 (dd, J = 15.8, 7.9 Hz, 1 H), 4.32 (m, 1 H), 3.72 (s, 3H), 3 - 3.42 (m, 3H). EXAMPLE 7 Compound 7 To a stirred solution of 6a, 6b (1.5 g; 3.8 mmol) in 60 mL of THF/CH3CN (1/3) at -20°C is added a solution of eerie ammonium nitrate (CAN, 3.13g; 5.7 mmol in 10 mL water). After 15 minutes, another 1.5 g of CAN in 5 mL of water is added. After a further 30 minutes, the mixture is quenched with saturated NaHCθ3 solution and allowed to come to room temperature. The resulting suspension is filtered through a bed of celite, washing the celite pad several times with CH2CI2 (total ca. 200 mL). The filtrate layers are separated and the organic layer dried (MgSθ4), filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product is chromatographed (eluent = 60% EtAc.hexane) to give 476 mg (43%) of pure frans-isomer 7a together with 85 mg of a mixture of cis- 7b and trans -7a isomers. Major trans - isomer 7a 1 H NMR (CDCI3, d): 7.17 - 7.65 (m, 9H), 6.52 (d, J = 15.8 Hz, 1 H), 6.25 (s, 1 H), 6.14 (dd, J = 15.8, 7.9 Hz, 1H), 3.97 (m, 1H), 3 - 3.33 (m, 3H). Minor cis - isomer 7b 1H NMR (CDCI3, d): 7.21 - 7.52 (m, 9H), 6.62 (d, J = 15.8 Hz, 1 H), 6.45 (s, 1H), 6.1 (dd, J = 15.8, 7.9 Hz, 1 H), 4.46 (m, 1H), 3.7 (m, 1H), 3.02 - 3.17 (m, 1 H), 2.8 - 2.93 (m, 1 H). To a stirred solution of the trans-b-lactam 7a in dry CH2CI2 under N2 at r.t. is added triethylamine (4.04 mL; 29 mmol) dropwise. Biphenylcarbonyl chloride (5.05g; 23.2 mmol) is then added followed by DMAP (50 mg). After 30 minutes the mixture is diluted with CH2CI2 and washed with 1 N HCI. The organic layer is then dried (Na2Sθ4), filtered and concentrated. The crude product is chromatographed (eluent = 30% EtAc:Hexane) gave 2.19 g (81 %) of the product 8 as a solid. 1H NMR (CDCI3, d): 8.06 (m, 2H), 7.2 - 7.75 (m, 16H), 6.67 (d, J = 15.8, Hz, 1 H), 6.23 (dd, J = 15.8, 7.9 Hz, 1 H), 4.63 (m, 1 H), 3.46 (m, 1 H), 3.1 - 3.3 (m, 2H). EXAMPLE 9 Compound 9 To a stirred solution of the b-lactam 8 (2.19 g; 4.7 mmol) in 50 mL of THF at r.t. is added 1 N NaOH solution (13.6 mL) dropwise. After 2 hours, most of the THF is removed in vacuo and 20 mL of 1 N HCI is added. The resulting mixture is extracted with EtAc. The extract is dried (Na2Sθ4), filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product is purified by RPHPLC (CH3CN: water, 0.1% TFA, 40 - 100 gradient) and the fractions containing product are lyophilized to give 1.1 g (50%) of carboxylic acid 9 as a white solid. 1 H NMR (CDCI3, d): 7.18 - 7.97 (m, 18H), 6.61 (d, J = 15.8 Hz, 1 H), 6.2 (dd, J = 15.8, 7.9 Hz, 1 H), 5.14 (m, 1 H), 3 - 3.22 (m, 3H). EXAMPLE 10 Compound 10 H 2 N To a stirred solution of the carboxylic acid 9 (105 mg; 0.22 mmol) in 3 mL of dry MeOH at r.t. is added molecular sieves (ca. 50 mg). Gaseous HCI is then bubbled in for ca. 2 minutes. The mixture is then allowed to stir over night at room temperature and then concentrated under a stream of N2. A solution of NH3 in MeOH (3 mL of 7 N solution) is then added to the residue and the mixture refluxed for 1.5 hours, allowed to cool and the solvent removed in vacuo. The residue is purified by RPHPLC (CH3CN: water: 0.1% TFA, 40-100 gradient) and the fractions containing product are lyophilized to give 73 mg (53 %) of the product 10 as a white solid. 1H NMR (DMSO-d 6 , d): 8.7 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.92 (d, J = 9 Hz, 2H), 7.78 (d, J = 9 Hz, 2H), 7.75 - 7.21 (m, 14H), 6.67 (d, J = 16.1 Hz, 1H), 6.4 (dd, J = 16.1 , 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.98 (dd, J = 16.1 , 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 3.46 (s, 3H), 3.25 - 3.18 (m, 1H), 3.05 - 2.88 (m, 2H). EXAMPLE 11 Compound 11 COOMe H,N. . Ph NH HN / = \ This compound is prepared in a manner similar to compound 10 above starting from imine 5 and thioester 4. Benzoyl chloride is substituted for 4- biphenylcarbonyl chloride in the b-lactam acylation step. The final product 11 is purified by reverse phase HPLC (CH 3 CN:H2θ, 0.1% TFA) and lyophilized. 1H NMR (MeOH-d , d): 8.61 (d, J = 11.3 Hz, 1H), 7.83 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.15 - 7.67 (m, 14H), 6.67 (d, J = 15.8 Hz, 1H), 6.3 (dd, J = 15.8, 7.9 Hz, 1 H), 4.98 (m, 1H), 3.55 (s, 3H), 3.27 (m, 1H), 3.1 (m, 2H). EXAMPLE 12 Compound 12 This compound is prepared in a manner similar to compound 10 above starting from imine 5 and thioester 4. o-Toluoyl chloride is substituted for 4-biphenylcarbonyl chloride in the b-lactam acylation step. The final product 12 is purified by reverse phase HPLC (CH 3 CN:H 2 0, 0.1% TFA) and lyophilized. 1H NMR (DMSO-de, d): 9.3 (s, 1H), 9.15 (s, 1 H), 8.7 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.7 (d, J = 8 Hz, 2H), 7.6 (d, J = 9 Hz, 2H), 7.2 - 7.6 (m, 12H), 6.9 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1 H), 6.6 (d, J = 15 Hz, 1H), 6.35 (dd, J = 15, 6 Hz, 1 H), 4.9 (dd, J = 15, 6 Hz, 1 H), 3.55 (s, 3H), 3.2 - 3.3 (m, 1 H), 2.8 - 3 (m, 1 H), 2.3 (s, 3H). EXAMPLE 13 Compound 13 This compound is prepared in a manner similar to compound 10 above starting from imine 5 and thioester 4. m-Toluoyl chloride is substituted for 4- biphenylcarbonyl chloride in the b-lactam acylation step. The final product 13 is purified by reverse phase HPLC (CH3CN:H 2 0, 0.1% TFA) and lyophilized. 1H NMR (DMSO-dβ, d): 9.3 (s, 1 H), 9.2 (s, 1 H), 8.7 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.7 (d, J = 8 Hz, 2H), 7.6 (d, J = 9 Hz, 2H), 7.2 - 7.6 (m, 12H), 6.9 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1H), 6.6 (d, J = 15 Hz, 1H), 6.35 (dd, J = 15, 6 Hz, 1 H), 4.9 (dd, J = 16, 6 Hz, 1 H), 3.6 (s, 3H), 3.2 - 3.3 (m, 1 H), 2.8 - 3 (m, 1 H), 2.35 (s, 3H). EXAMPLE 14 Compound 14 This compound is prepared in a manner similar to compound 10 above starting from imine 5 and thioester 4. 4'-Ethyl-4-biphenylcarbonyl chloride is substituted for 4-biphenylcarbonyl chloride in the b-lactam acylation step. The final product 14 is purified by reverse phase HPLC (CH3CN:H 0, 0.1% TFA) and lyophilized. lH NMR (DMSO-d 6 , d): 9.3 (s, 1H), 9.15 (s, 1H), 8.9 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 8.2 (d, J = 8 Hz, 2H), 8 (d, J = 9 Hz, 2H), 7.4 - 7.9 (m, 12H), 7.2 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1H), 6.9 (d, J = 15 Hz, 1 H), 6.6 (dd, J = 15, 6 Hz, 1 H), 5.2 (dd, J = 16, 6 Hz, 1 H), 3.7 (s, 3H), 3.4 - 3.5 (m, 1 H), 3.1 - 3.2 (m, 1 H), 2.85 (q, 2H), 1.4 (t, 3H). EXAMPLE 15 Compound 15 This compound is prepared in a manner similar to compound 10 above starting from imine 5 and thioester 4. 3', 4' - Dimethoxy - 4 - biphenylcarbonyl chloride is substituted for 4-biphenylcarbonyl chloride in the b-lactam acylation step. The final product 15 is purified by reverse phase HPLC (CH3CN:H2θ, 0.1% TFA) and lyophilized. 1 H NMR (DMSO-de, d): 9.5 (s, 1H), 9.3 (s, 1 H), 8.9 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 8.1 (d, J = 8 Hz, 2H), 7.9 (d, J = 9 Hz, 2H), 7.8 (s, 2H), 7.4 - 7.7 (m, 11 H), 7.25 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1 H), 6.6 (d, J = 15 Hz, 1 H), 6.4 (dd, J = 15, 6 Hz, 1H), 4 (s, 3H), 3.9 (s, 3H), 3.7 (s, 3H), 3.4 - 3.5 (m, 1 H), 3.2 - 3.4 (m, 1 H). EXAMPLE 16 Compound 16 This compound is prepared in a manner similar to compound 10 above starting from imine 5 and thioester 4. 4-(2'-pyridyl)benzoyl chloride is substituted for 4-biphenylcarbonyl chloride in the b-lactam acylation step. The final product 16 is purified by reverse phase HPLC (CH3CN:H2θ, 0.1% TFA) and lyophilized. 1 H NMR (DMSO-de, d): 9.5 (s, 1H), 9.3 (s, 1 H), 8.9 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 8.8 (s, 1H), 8.4 (d, J = 8 Hz, 2H), 8.3 (d, J = 9 Hz, 1 H), 8.1 (d, J = 8 Hz, 2H), 7.9 (s, 2H), 7.4 - 7.8 (m, 10H), 7.4 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1H), 6.9 (d, J = 15 Hz, 1 H), 6.6 (dd, J = 15, 6 Hz, 1 H), 5.2 (dd, J = 16, 6 Hz, 1H), 3.7 (s, 3H), 3.4 - 3.5 (m, 1H), 3.2 - 3.4 (m, 1H). EXAMPLE 17 Compound 17 This compound is prepared in a manner similar to compound 10 above starting from imine 5 and thioester 4. 4-(3'-Pyridyl)benzoyl chloride is substituted for 4-biphenylcarbonyl chloride in the b-lactam acylation step. The final product 17 is purified by reverse phase HPLC (CH 3 CN:H 2 0, 0.1% TFA) and lyophilized. 1 H NMR (DMSO-dβ, d): 9.5 (s, 1H), 9.3 (s, 1H), 8.9 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 8.5 (s, 1 H), 8.2 (d, J = 8 Hz, 2H), 8.1 (d, J = 9 Hz, 2H), 8 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1 H), 7.9 (s, 2H), 7.4 - 7.8 (m, 9H), 7.4 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1 H), 6.9 (d, J = 15 Hz, 1H), 6.6 (dd, J = 15, 6 Hz, 1H), 5.2 (dd, J = 16, 6 Hz, 1H), 3.7 (s, 3H), 3.4 - 3.5 (m, 1H), 3.2 - 3.4 (m, 1H). EXAMPLE 18 Compound 18 This compound is prepared in a manner similar to compound 10 above starting from imine 5 and thioester 4. 4-(4'-Pyridyl)benzoyl chloride is substituted for 4-biphenylcarbonyl chloride in the b-lactam acylation step. The final product 18 is purified by reverse phase HPLC (CH 3 CN:H 2 0, 0.1% TFA) and lyophilized. 1 H NMR (DMSO-de, d): 9.5 (s, 1 H), 9.3 (s, 1 H), 9 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 8.2 (s, 4H), 7.8 (s, 2H), 7.5 - 7.8 (m, 11H), 7.4 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1H), 6.9 (d, J = 15 Hz, 1H), 6.6 (dd, J = 15, 6 Hz, 1H), 5.2 (dd, J = 16, 6 Hz, 1H), 3.7 (s, 3H), 3.4 - 3.5 (m, 1H), 3.2 - 3.4 ( , 1H). EXAMPLE 19 Compound 19 This compound is prepared in a manner similar to compound 10 above starting from imine 5 and thioester 4. 2'-Methyl-4-biphenylcarbonyl chloride is substituted for 4-biphenylcarbonyl chloride in the b-lactam acylation step. The final product 19 is purified by reverse phase HPLC (CH 3 CN:H 2 0, 0.1% TFA) and lyophilized. 1H NMR (DMSO-de, d): 9.25 (s, 1 H), 9.03 (s, 1 H), 8.71 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1 H), 7.86 (d, J = 8 Hz, 2H), 7.61 (d, J = 8 Hz, 2H), 7.6 - 7.12 (m, 13H), 6.67 (d, J = 15.9 Hz, 1 H), 6.42 (dd, J = 15.9, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 5.0 (dd, J = 16, 7.9 Hz, 1 H), 3.32 (s, 3H), 3.3 - 3.15 (m, 1H), 3.11 - 2.9 (m, 2H), 2.21 (s, 3H). EXAMPLE 20 Compound 20 This compound is prepared in a manner similar to compound 10 above starting from imine 5 and thioester 4. 3'-Methyl-4-biphenylcarbonyl chloride is substituted for 4-biphenylcarbonyl chloride in the b-lactam acylation step. The final product 20 is purified by reverse phase HPLC (CH3CN:H2θ, 0.1% TFA) and lyophilized. 1 H NMR (DMSO-de, d): 9.25 (s, 1 H), 8.99 (s, 1 H), 8.68 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1 H), 7.9 (d, J = 9 Hz, 1H), 7.75 (d, J = 9 Hz, 1H), 7.68 - 7.15 (m, 13H), 6.68 (d, J = 15.9 Hz, 1 H), 6.4 (dd, J = 15.9, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 5.0 (dd, J = 16, 7.9 Hz, 1H), 3.46 (s, 3H), 3.28 - 3.18 (m, 1H), 3.1 - 2.9 (m, 2H), 2.36 (s, 3H). EXAMPLE 21 Compound 21 This compound is prepared in a manner similar to compound 10 above starting from imine 5 and thioester 4 2'-Methoxy-4-biphenylcarbonyl chloride is substituted for 4-biphenylcarbonyl chloride in the b-lactam acylation step. The final product 21 is purified by reverse phase HPLC (CH3CN:H2θ, 0.1% TFA) and lyophilized. 1 H NMR (DMSO-de, d): 9.25 (s, 1H), 9.03 (s, 1H), 8.76 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.83 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 2H), 7.65 - 6.95 (m, 15H), 6.64 (d, J = 15.9 Hz, 1H), 6.4 (dd, J = 15.9, 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.99 (dd, J = 16, 7.9 Hz, 1H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.46 (s, 3H), 3.3 - 3.17 (m, 1 H), 3.1 - 2.9 (m, 2H). EXAMPLE 22 Compound 22 - This compound is prepared in a manner similar to compound 10 above starting from imine 5 and thioester 4 3'-Methoxy-4-biphenylcarbonyl chloride is substituted for 4-biphenylcarbonyl chloride in the b-lactam acylation step. The final product 22 is purified by reverse phase HPLC (CH 3 CN:H 0, 0.1% TFA) and lyophilized. 1H NMR (DMSO-de, d): 9.23 (s, 1 H), 8.96 (s, 1 H), 8.69 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1 H), 7.9 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 2H), 7.68 - 7.18 (m, 12H), 6.96 (dd, J = 9.6, 2 Hz, 1 H), 6.64 (d, J = 15.9 Hz, 1 H), 6.39 (dd, J = 15.9, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.98 (dd, J = 16, 7.9 Hz, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.47 (s, 3H), 3.28 - 3.17 (m, 1 H), 3.08 - 2.86 (m, 2H). EXAMPLE 23 Compound 23 This compound is prepared in a manner similar to compound 10 above starting from imine 5 and thioester 4. 2-Naphthylcarbonyl chloride is substituted for 4-biphenylcarbonyl chloride in the b-lactam acylation step. The final product 23 is purified by reverse phase HPLC (CH 3 CN:H 2 0, 0.1% TFA) and lyophilized. H NMR (DMSO-de, d): 9.24 (s, 1 H), 9.02 (s, 1 H), 8.83 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1 H), 8.4 (s, 1 H), 8.08 - 7.85 (m, 4H), 7.68 - 7.2 (m, 12H), 6.68 (d, J = 15.8 Hz, 1H), 6.43 (dd, J = 15.8, 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 5.03 (dd, J = 15.8, 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 3.46 (s, 3H), 3.28 - 3.2 (m, 1H), 3.13 - 2.95 (m, 2H). EXAMPLE 24 Compound 24 This compound is prepared in a manner similar to compound 10 above starting from imine 5 and thioester 4. 1-Naphthylcarbonyl chloride is substituted for 4-biphenylcarbonyl chloride in the b-lactam acylation step. The final product 24 is purified by reverse phase HPLC (CH3CN:H2θ, 0.1% TFA) and lyophilized. 1H NMR (DMSO-de, d): 9.27 (s, 1H), 9.11 (s, 1H), 8.88 (d, J = 8.67 Hz, 1H), 8.18 - 8.07 (m, 1 H), 8.05 - 7.9 (m, 2H), 7.7 - 7.2 (m, 13H), 6.73 (d, J = 15.9 Hz, 1 H), 6.4 (dd, J = 15.9, 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 5.07 (dd, J = 16, 7.9 Hz, 1H), 3.52 (s, 3H), 3.28 - 3.17 (m, 1H), 3.12 - 2.95 (m, 2H). This compound is prepared in a manner similar to compound 10 above starting from imine 5 and thioester 4. 3'-Ethy!-4-biphenylcarbonyl chloride is substituted for 4-biphenylcarbonyl chloride in the b-lactam acylation step. The final product 25 is purified by reverse phase HPLC (CH 3 CN:H 2 0, 0.1% TFA) and lyophilized. 1 H NMR (DMSO-de, d): 9.25 (s, 1H), 9.05 (s, 1H), 8.68 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (d, J = 9 Hz, 2H), 7.76 (d, J = 9 Hz, 2H), 7.62 (m, 2H), 7.55 - 7.15 (m, 11 H), 6.66 (d, J = 16 Hz, 1H), 6.4 (dd, J = 16, 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.96 (dd, J = 16, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 3.47 (s, 3H), 3.3 - 3.18 (m, 1H), 3.1 - 2.88 (m, 2H), 2.67 (q, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 1.22 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 3H). EXAMPLE 26 Compound 26 This compound is prepared in a manner similar to compound 10 above starting from imine 5 and thioester 4. 4'-Methoxy-4-biphenylcarbonyl chloride is substituted for 4-biphenylcarbonyl chloride in the b-lactam acylation step. The final product 26 is purified by reverse phase HPLC (CH3CN:H2θ, 0.1% TFA) and lyophilized. 1 H NMR (DMSO-de, d): 9.23 (s, 1 H), 8.96 (s, 1 H), 8.66 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1 H), 7.88 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 2H), 7.72 - 7.22 (m, 11 H), 7.03 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.64 (d, J = 16.1 Hz, 1H), 6.4 (dd, J = 16.1 , 7.9 Hz, 1 H), 4.97 (dd, J = 16.1 , 7.9 Hz, 1 H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.46 (s, 3H), 3.28 - 3.15 (m, 1 H), 3.08 - 2.88 (m, 2H). EXAMPLE 27 Compound 27 This compound is prepared in a manner similar to compound 10 above starting from imine 5 and thioester 4. 2', 4 1 - Dimethoxy-4-biphenylcarbonyl chloride is substituted for 4-biphenylcarbonyl chloride in the b-lactam acylation step. The final product 27 is purified by reverse phase HPLC (CH3CN:H2θ, 0.1% TFA) and lyophilized. H NMR (DMSO-de, d): 9.23 (s, 1 H), 9.07 (s, 1 H), 8.63 (d, J = 9 Hz, 1 H), 7.81 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.68 - 7.15 (m, 14H), 6.72 - 6.52 (m, 1 H), 6.45 - 6.3 (m, 1H), 5.04 - 4.9 (m, 1H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.51 (s, 3H), 3.21 - 3.15 (m, 1 H), 3.08 - 2.85 (m, 2H). EXAMPLE 28 Compound 28 This compound is prepared in a manner similar to compound 10 above starting from imine 5 and thioester 4. 2'-Ethyl-4-biphenylcarbonyl chloride is substituted for 4-biphenylcarbonyl chloride in the b-lactam acylation step. The final product 28 is purified by reverse phase HPLC (CH 3 CN:H2θ, 0.1% TFA) and lyophilized. 1 H NMR (DMSO-de, d): 9.25 (s, 1 H), 8.92 (s, 1 H), 8.69 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1 H), 7.78 (d, J = 9 Hz, 2H), 7.68 - 7.08 (m, 15H), 6.65 (d, J = 15.9 Hz, 1 H), 6.38 (dd, J = 15.9, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 5.0 (dd, J = 16, 7.9 Hz, 1H), 3.46 (s, 3H), 3.28 - 3.18 (m, 1H), 2.52 (q, J = 9.6 Hz, 2H), 0.98 (t, J = 9.6 Hz, 3H). EXAMPLE 29 Compound 29 This compound is prepared in a manner similar to compound 10 above starting from imine 5 and thioester 4. 4'-Methyl-4-biphenylcarbonyl chloride is substituted for 4-biphenylcarbonyl chloride in the b-lactam acylation step. The final product 29 is purified by reverse phase HPLC (CH 3 CN:H 2 0, 0.1% TFA) and lyophilized. 1H NMR (DMSO-de, d): 9.22 (s, 1 H), 8.91 (s, 1 H), 8.68 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1 H), 7.85 (d, J = 9 Hz, 2H), 7.75 (d, J = 9 Hz, 2H), 7.65 - 7.2 (m, 13H), 6.65 (d, J = 15.9 Hz, 1H), 6.39 (dd, J = 15.9, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.99 (dd, J = 16, 7.9 Hz, 1H), 3.46 (s, 3H), 3.28 - 3.18 (m, 1 H), 3.08 - 2.88 (m, 2H), 2.35 (s, 3H). EXAMPLE 30 Compound 30 This compound is prepared in a manner similar to compound 10 above starting from imine 5 and thioester 4. 3'-Ethoxy-4-biphenylcarbonyl chloride is substituted for 4-biphenylcarbonyl chloride in the b-lactam acylation step. The final product 30 is purified by reverse phase HPLC (CH3CN:H2θ, 0.1% TFA) and lyophilized. 1 H NMR (DMSO-de, d): 9.22 (s, 1 H), 9.05 (s, 1 H), 8.7 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1 H), 7.88 (d, J = 9 Hz, 2H), 7.76 (d, J = 9 Hz, 2H), 7.68 - 7.12 (m, 12H), 6.98 - 6.85 (m, 1 H), 6.67 (d, J = 16 Hz, 1 H), 6.4 (dd, J = 16, 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 5.01 (dd, J = 16, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.08 (q, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 3.45 (s, 3H), 3.25 - 3.15 (m, 1H), 3.08 - 2.89 (m, 2H), 1.32 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H). EXAMPLE 31 Compound 31 This compound is prepared in a manner similar to compound 10 above starting from imine 5 and thioester 4. 4'-Ethoxy-4-biphenylcarbonyl chloride is substituted for 4-biphenylcarbonyl chloride in the b-lactam acylation step. The final product 31 is purified by reverse phase HPLC (CH 3 CN:H 2 0, 0.1% TFA) and lyophilized. 1H NMR (DMSO-de, d): 9.26 (s, 1H), 9.02 (s, 1H), 8.64 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1 H), 7.86 (d, J = 9 Hz, 2H), 7.72 (d, J = 9 Hz, 2H), 7.7 - 7.22 (m, 11 H), 7.01 (d, J = 10.4 Hz, 2H), 6.64 (d, J = 15.9 Hz, 1H), 6.38 (dd, J = 15.9, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.98 (dd, J = 16, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.06 (q, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 3.45 (s, 3H), 3.3 - 3.18 (m, 1 H), 3.08 - 2.85 (m, 2H), 1.32 (t, J = 8.2 Hz, 3H). EXAMPLE 32 Compound 32 This compound is prepared in a manner similar to compound 10 above starting from imine 5 and thioester 4. 2'-Ethoxy-4-biphenylcarbonyl chloride is substituted for 4-biphenylcarbonyl chloride in the b-lactam acylation step. The final product 32 is purified by reverse phase HPLC (CH 3 CN:H2θ, 0.1% TFA) and lyophilized. 1H NMR (DMSO-de, d): 9.24 (s, 1 H), 9.11 (s, 1H), 8.68 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1 H), 7.85 (d, J = 9 Hz, 2H), 7.6 (d, J = 9 Hz, 2H), 7.59 - 6.95 (m, 13H), 6.65 (d, J = 15.9 Hz, 1 H), 6.39 (dd, J = 15.9, 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.98 (dd, J = 16, 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.03 (q, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 3.47 (s, 3H), 3.28 - 3.18 (m, 1H), 3.1 - 2.88 (m, 2H), 1.24 (t, J = 8.1 Hz, 3H). EXAMPLE 33 Compound 33 O. OMe To a stirred solution of 2-Naphthaldehyde (20 g; 0.13 mol) in 200 mL of CH2CI2 at room temp, is added p-anisidine (15.8 g; 0.13 mol) followed by anhydrous magnesium sulfate (16.9 g; 0.14 mol). After 3.5 hours, the mixture is filtered and the filtrate concentrated in vacuo Xo give 31.5 g (92%) of the imine 33. 1 H NMR (CDCI3, d): 8.64 (s, 1H), 8.19 (m, 2H), 7.78 - 7.98 (m, 3H), 7.43 - 7.56 (m, 2H), 7.32 (m, 2H), 6.96 (m, 2H), 3.83 (s, 3H). EXAMPLE 34 Compound 34 Prepared using trans - 3- (2'-naphthyl)acrolein, p-anisidine and anhydrous magnesium sulfate as described for compound 33 above. 1 H NMR (CDCI3, d): 8.35 (d, J = 9 Hz, 1 H), 7.78 - 7.9 (m, 4H), 7.72 (m, 1 H), 7.5 (m, 2H), 7.25 (m, 4H), 6.93 (m, 2H), 3.82 (s, 3H). EXAMPLE 35 Compound 35 Prepared using trans- 3 - (4'-biphenyl)acrolein, p-anisidine and anhydrous magnesium sulfate as described for compound 33 above. 1H NMR (CDCI 3 , d): 8.33 (d, J = 9 Hz, 1H), 7.2 - 7.68 (m, 13H), 6.9 (m, 2H), 3.82 (s, 3H). EXAMPLE 36 Compound 36 Prepared using 4-biphenylcarboxaldehyde, p-anisidine and anhydrous magnesium sulfate as described for compound 33 above. H NMR (CDCI3, d): 8.52 (s, 1H), 7.97 (m, 2H), 7.62 - 7.73 (m, 4H), 7.35 - 7.52 (m, 3H), 7.27 (m, 2H), 6.95 (m, 2H), 3.85 (s, 3H). EXAMPLE 37 Compound 37 This compound is prepared in a manner similar to compound 10 starting from imine 33 and thioester 4. Benzoyl chloride is substituted for 4- biphenylcarbonyl chloride in the b-lactam acylation step. The final product 37 is purified by reverse phase HPLC (CH 3 CN:H 2 0, 0.1% TFA) and lyophilized. 1H NMR (MeOH-d 4 , d): 9.01 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.77 - 7.98 (m, 6H), 7.43 - 7.67 (m, 9H), 5.53 (m, 1 H), 3.56 (m, 1 H), 3.54 (s, 3H), 3.1 (m, 1 H), 2.81 (m, 1H). This compound is prepared in a manner similar to compound 10 starting from imine 34 and thioester 4. Benzoyl chloride is substituted for 4- biphenylcarbonyl chloride in the b-lactam acylation step. The final product 38 is purified by reverse phase HPLC (CH3CN.Η2O, 0.1% TFA) and lyophilized. 1 H NMR (DMSO-de, d): 9.27 (s, 2H), 9.1 (s, 2H), 8.72 (d, 1 H), 7.4 - 7.95 (m, 16H), 6.86 (d, J = 18 Hz, 1H), 6.54 (dd, J = 10, 6 Hz, 1H), 5.03 (m, 1 H), 3.48 (s, 3H), 3.32 (m, 1 H), 3.04 (m, 2H). EXAMPLE 39 Compound 39 This compound is prepared in a manner similar to compound 10 starting from imine 35 and thioester 4. Benzoyl chloride is substituted for 4- biphenylcarbonyl chloride in the b-lactam acylation step. The final product 39 is purified by reverse phase HPLC (CH 3 CN:H 0, 0.1% TFA) and lyophilized. 1H NMR (DMSO-de, d): 9.25 (s, 2H), 9.11 (s, 2H), 8,74 (d, 1H), 7.30 - 8 (m, 22H), 6.23 (d, J = 18 Hz, 1 H), 6.47 (dd, J = 18, 6 Hz, 1 H), 5.04 (m, 1 H), 3.49 (s, 3H), 3.3 (m, 1H), 3.03 (m, 2H). EXAMPLE 40 Compound 40 This compound is prepared in a manner similar to compound 10 starting from imine 36 and thioester 4. Benzoyl chloride is substituted for 4- biphenylcarbonyl chloride in the b-lactam acylation step. The final product 40 is purified by reverse phase HPLC (CH 3 CN:H 2 0, 0.1% TFA) and lyophilized. 1H NMR (DMSO-de, d): 9.23 (s, 2H), 9.05 (s, 2H), 8.97 (s, 2H), 7.28 - 7.8 (m, 18H), 5.35 (t, 1 H), 3.42 (s, 3H), 3.31 (m, 1H), 2.89 (dd, 1H), 2.6 (dd, 1H). EXAMPLE 41 Compound 41 To a stirring solution of the carboxylic acid 9 (980 mg; 2 mmol) and triethylamine (0.44 mL; 3.2 mmol) in dry THF under N2 at 0°C is added i- butylchloroformate (0.39 mL; 3 mmol) dropwise. After 15 minutes, a solution of sodium borohydride (153 mg; 4 mmol in 5 mL water) is added dropwise. The mixture is allowed to warm up to room temperature. After 1 hour, most of the THF is removed in vacuo. Water is then added and the mixture extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined extracts are dried (MgS04), filtered and concentrated. The crude product is purified by chromatography (eluent = 35% EtAc:Hexane) to give 720 mg (76%) of the alcohol 41. 1H NMR (CDCI 3 , d): 7.92 (d, J = 9 Hz, 2H), 7.2 - 7.72 (m, 16H), 6.67 (d, J = 15.5 Hz, 1 H), 6.27 (dd, J = 15.5, 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 4.94 (m, 1 H), 3.88 (m, 1 H), 3.5 (m, 1 H), 3.12 (m, 1 H), 2.82 - 3.03 (m, 2H), 1.95 (m, 1 H). EXAMPLE 42 Compound 42 To a stirred solution of the alcohol 41 (106 mg; 0.22 mmol) in 3 mL of dry MeOH at r.t. is added molecular sieves (ca. 50 mg). Gaseous HCI is then bubbled in for ca. 2 minutes The mixture is then allowed to stir over night at room temperature and then concentrated under a stream of N2. A solution of NH3 in MeOH (3 mL of 7 N solution) is then added to the residue and the mixture refluxed for 1.5 hour, allowed to cool and the solvent removed in vacuo. The residue is purified by RPHPLC (CH3CN: water: 0.1% TFA, 40-100 gradient) and the fractions containing product are lyophilized to give 29 mg (22 %) of the product 42 as the trifluoroacetate salt. EXAMPLE 43 Compound 43 To a stirring solution of the alcohol compound (88 mg; 0.2 mmol) in 2 mL of 2:1 THF:DMF under N2 at 0°C is added NaH (15 mg of 60% dispersion; 0.4 mmol). After 15 minutes, methyl iodide (0.02 mL; 0.3 mmol) is added and the mixture allowed to warm to room temperature. After 2 hours, the mixture is quenched with saturated NaHC03 solution. Most of the THF is removed in vacuo and the residue diluted with water and extracted with CH2CI2. The combined extracts are dried (Na2S04), filtered and concentrated. The crude product is chromatographed (eluent = 35% EtAc:Hexane) to give 21 mg (23%) of the product 43 together with 34 mg of recovered alcohol 41. 1 H NMR (CDCI3, d): 7.93 (d, J = 9.3 Hz, 2H), 7.15 - 7.83 (m, 16H ), 6.57 (d, J = 15.8 Hz, 1H), 6.22 (dd, J = 15.8, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 5 (m, 1H), 3.75 (m, 1H), 3.42 (s, 3H), 3.27 (m, 1H), 2.87 - 3.03 (m, 2H), 2.12 (m, 1H). EXAMPLE 44 Compound 44 Into a stirring solution of compound 43 (20 mg; 0.04 mmol) in 1.5 mL of 2:1 pyridine:Et 3 N is bubbled H2S for about 1 minute. The mixture is allowed to stir overnight at room temperature and then concentrated under a stream of N2 and then taken up into 2 mL of CH2CI2. Methyl iodide (1 mL) is added and the mixture refluxed for 1 hour. The solvent is then removed in vacuo, the residue taken up into 2 mL of MeOH and NH4OAC (30 mg) is added. The resulting mixture is refluxed for 1 hour and then allowed to cool. The solvent is then removed in vacuo and the residue is purified by RPHPLC (CH3CN:H2θ, 0.1% TFA, 40 to 100% CH3CN gradient ) and the fractions containing product are lyophilized to give 13 mg (51 %) of product 44 as the trifluoroacetate salt. H NMR (MeOH-d 4 , d): 8.47 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1 H), 7.95 (d, J = 8 Hz, 2H), 7.78 (d, J = 8 Hz, 2H), 7.17 - 7.73 (m, 14 H), 6.55 (d, J = 15.8 Hz, 1 H), 6.31 (dd, J = 15.8, 7.9 Hz, 1 H), 4.77 (m, 1 H), 3.7 (dd, J = 9.5, 3.1 Hz, 1 H), 3.47 (dd, J = 9.5, 3.1 Hz, 1 H), 3 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H), 2.35 (m, 1 H). EXAMPLE 45 Compound 45 A mixture of alcohol 41 (480 mg; 1 mmol), pyridine (0.40 mL; 4.9 mmol) and acetic anhydride (0.12 mL; 1.2 mmol) is stirred overnight at room temperature. The next day, 3 drops of pyridine and acetic anhydride are added. The next day, the reaction is not complete and so 4 mg of DMAP is added. After 1 hour, the reaction is complete by tic. The mixture is diluted with CH2CI2 and washed with 0.1 N HCI solution. The organic layer is dried (MgSθ4), filtered and concentrated to give 520 mg of 45. 1H NMR (CDCI3, d): 7.98 (d, J = 8 Hz, 2H), 7.73 (d, J = 8 Hz, 2H), 7.67 (d, J = 8 Hz, 2H), 7.17 - 7.58 (m, 12H), 6.94 (d, 1 H), 6.55 (d, J = 18 Hz, 1 H), 6.21 (dd, J = 18, 5 Hz, 1 H), 5.1 (m, 1 H), 4.38 (m, 1 H), 4.08 (m, 1H), 2.68 - 2.97 (m, 2H), 2.51 (m, 1 H). EXAMPLE 46 Compound 46 Compound 45 is converted to the corresponding amidine 46 using the hydrogen sulfide /methyl iodide: ammonium acetate sequence described for the conversion of 43 to 44. The product 46 is purified by RPHPLC and isolated as its trifluoroacetate salt. 1H NMR (DMSO-de, d): 9.31 (s, 2H), 8.97 (s, 2H), 8.7 (d, 1 H), 7.18 - 8 (m, 18H), 6.6 (d, J = 18 Hz, 1 H), 6.40 (dd, J = 18, 6 Hz, 1 H), 4.83 (m, 1H), 4.02 (m, 1H), 3.84 (m, 2H), 2.95 (m, 1 H), 2.57 (m, 1H), 1.93 (s, 3H). EXAMPLE 47 Compound 47 Carboxylic acid 9 is converted to its corresponding amidine 47 using the hydrogen sulfide: methyl iodide: ammonium acetate sequence described for the conversion of 43 to 44. The product 47 is isolated by RPHPLC as its trifluoroacetate salt. 1H NMR (MeOH-d 4 , d): 8 (d, J = 9 Hz, 2H), 7.82 (d, J = 9 Hz, 2H), 7.22 - 7.77 (m, 14H), 6.73 (d, J = 15.8 Hz, 1H), 6.4 (dd, J = 15.8, 7.9 Hz, 1H), 4.95 (m, 1H), 3.08 - 3.45 (m, 3H). EXAMPLE 49 Compound 49 To a stirring solution of the carboxylic acid 48 (120 mg; 0.29 mmol) in 5 mL of dry CH2CI2 under N2 at room temperature is added triethylamine (0.05 mL; 0.38 mmol). iso-propyl chloroformate (0.38 mL of 1 M solution in toluene) is added dropwise. After 30 minutes, DMAP (18 mg; 0.15 mmol) is added and the mixture allowed to further stir for 1.5 hours at room temperature. The mixture is then diluted with CH2CI2 and washed with 1 N HCI. The organic layer is then dried (MgSθ4), filtered and concentrated. The crude product is chromatographed (eluent = 40% EtAc:Hexane to give 44 mg (33 %) of the corresponding isopropyl ester. This compound is then converted to the corresponding amidine 49 via the hydrogen sulfide: methyl iodide: ammonium acetate procedure as described for the conversion of 43 to 44. The product 49 is purified by RPHPLC and isolated as its trifluoroacetate salt. 1 H NMR (MeOH-d 4 , d): 8.6 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.85 (d, J = 8 Hz, 2H), 7.16 - 7.7 (m, 12H), 6.69 (d, J = 15.8 Hz, 1 H), 6.32 (dd, J = 15.8, 7.9 Hz, 1 H), 4.98 (m, 1H), 4.85 (m, 1 H), 3.23 (m, 1 H), 3.08 (m, 2H), 1.07 (d, J = 6 Hz, 3H), 0.97 (d, J = 6 Hz, 3H). This compound is prepared by conversion of 48 to the corresponding amidine using the hydrogen sulfide: methyl iodide: ammonium acetate sequence described for the conversion of 43 to 44. The product 50 is purified by RPHPLC and isolated as its trifluoroacetate salt. 1 H NMR (MeOH-d 4 , d): 8.6 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1 H), 7.85 (d, J = 8 Hz, 2H), 7.16 - 7.7 (m, 12H), 6.69 (d, J = 15.8 Hz, 1H), 6.32 (dd, J = 15.8, 7.9 Hz, 1H), 4.98 (m, 1H), 4.85 (m, 1H), 3.23 ( , 1 H), 3.08 (m, 2H), 1.07 (d, J = 6 Hz, 3H), 0.97 (d, J = 6 Hz, 3H). EXAMPLE 51 Compound 51 Into a stirred solution of the carboxylic acid 50 (96 mg; 0.18 mmol) in 3 mL of EtOH at room temperature is bubbled HCI for ca. 3 minutes. The mixture is allowed to stir for 7 hours at room temperature and then stored in the refrigerator (0°C) over the weekend. The solvent is then removed in vacuo and the residue purified by RPHPLC. The product 51 is isolated as its trifluoroacetate salt. H NMR (MeOH-d 4 , d): 8.63 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (d, J = 8 Hz, 2H), 7.16 - 7.68 (m, 12H), 6.68 (d, J = 15.8 Hz, 1 H), 6.32 (dd, J = 15.8, 7.9 Hz, 1H), 5 (m, 1H), 4.02 (q, 2H), 3.25 (m, 1H), 3.07 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H), 1.05 (t, 3H). EXAMPLE 52 Compound 52 A mixture of compound and 10% Pd/C (25 mg) in EtAc (2 mL): EtOH (5 mL) is hydrogenated under 45 PSI H2 for 19 hours at room temperature. The mixture is then filtered through a bed of celite and the filtrate concentrated. The crude product is purified by RPHPLC (CH 3 CN:water: 0.1 % TFA, 10 - 100% CH 3 CN gradient) and the fractions containing product are lyophilized to give 21 mg of 52. 1H NMR (MeOH-d 4 , d): 8.27 (d, J = 9.3 Hz, 1 H), 7.83 (m, 2H), 7.43 - 7.65 (m, 7H), 7.09 - 7.27 (m, 5H), 4.35 (m, 1 H), 3.58 (s, 3H), 2.95 - 3.15 (m, 3H), 2.54 - 2.75 (m, 2H), 1.93 (m, 2H). Resolution of Compound 10 Racemic compound 10 (ca. 650 mg, single diastereomer with the presumed syn-stereochemistry shown) is resolved into its two enantiomers 53 (late eluting isomer) and 54 (early eluting isomer) using preparative HPLC (Chiralpak AD column, 50 mm ID x 500 mm, 15 microns). The mobile phase is heptane (A) with 0.1% TFA and i-propanol (B) with 0.1% TFA, isocratic 20% A, 80% B (Flow = 200 mL: minute). The late eluting isomer is isolated by concentration in vacuo. The yield is 180 mg. The %ee enantiomer 53 is found to be 100% by analytical HPLC (Chiralpak AD). The 1 H NMR spectra for 53 and 54 are identical. 1H NMR (DMSO-de, d): 8.7 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.92 (d, J = 9 Hz, 2H), 7.78 (d, J = 9 Hz, 2H), 7.75 - 7.21 (m, 14H), 6.67 (d, J = 16.1 Hz, 1 H), 6.4 (dd, J = 16.1 , 7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.98 (dd, J = 16.1 , 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 3.46 (s, 3H), 3.25 - 3.18 (m, 1H), 3.05 - 2.88 (m, 2H). EXAMPLE 55 Compound 55 The hydrogenation of compound 53 (late eluting enantiomer) is carried out as for compound 52 above except ethyl acetate is omitted. The product is purified by RPHPLC (CH 3 CN:water: 0.1 % TFA, 40 - 100% CH 3 CN) and the product 55 is isolated as the trifluoroacetate salt. 1H NMR (MeOH-d 4 , d): 8.3 (d, J = 9.3 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (m, 2H), 7.07 - 7.8 (m, 16H), 4.37 (m, 1 H), 3.6 (s, 3H), 2.97 - 3.17 (m, 3H), 2.57 - 2.77 (m, 2H), 1.95 (m, 2H). EXAMPLE 56 Compound 56 To a solution of N-α-Boc-D-Phenylalanine (38 mmol) in 80 mL of dry tetrahydrofuran is added N-methyl morpholine (38 mmol) in a single portion, followed by isobutyl chloroformate (38 mmol) in a similar fashion, at -20°C. The reaction mixture is stirrec for 10 minutes at -20°C and filtered into a preformed ethereal solution of diazomethane (-70 mmol) at 0°C. The resulting solution is allowed to stand at 0°C for 20 minutes. Excess diazomethane is decomposed by the dropwise addition of glacial acetic acid and solvents are removed in vacuo. The resulting oil is dissolved in 150 mL of dry methanol. A solution of silver benzoate (8 mmol) in 17 mL of triethylamine is slowly added with stirring, at room temperature. The resulting black reaction mixture is stirred for 45 minutes at room temperature. Methanol is removed in vacuo and the residue taken up in 700 mL of ethyl acetate. The mixture is filtered through celite and washed sequentially with saturated sodium bicarbonate (3X150 mL), water (1X150 mL), 1 N potassium bisulfate (3x150 mL) and brine (1X150 mL). The organic layer is dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, concentrated in vacuo, and purified by flash chromatography (3:1 hexanes:ethyl acetate). EXAMPLE 57 Compound 57 NHBoc ,COOCH 3 Compound 57 is prepared using the procedure described for Compound 56, substituting N-α-Boc-D-alanine. EXAMPLE 58 Compound 58 Compound 58 is prepared using the procedure described for Compound 56, substituting N α -Boc-D-homophenylalanine. EXAMPLE 59 Compound 59 Compound 59 is prepared using the procedure described for Compound 56, substituting N-α-Boc-D-3-pyridylalanine. EXAMPLE 60 Compound 60 Compound 60 is prepared using the procedure described for 56, substituting N-α Boc-D-isoleucine. EXAMPLE 61 Compound 61 Compound 61 is prepared using the procedure described for Compound 56, substituting N-α -Boc-D-cyclohexylalanine. EXAMPLE 62 Compound 62 A solution of Compound 56 (11 mmol) in 70 mL of dry tetrahydrofuran is cooled to - 78°C and a solution of lithium hexamethyldisilazane in tetrahydrofuran (33 mmol) is added via syringe at such a rate that the temperature did not rise above -60°C. The reaction mixture is warmed to -25°C over 40 minutes and recooled to -78°C. A solution of 3-cyanobenzyl bromide (27 mmol) in 20 mL of tetrahydrofuran is added vi; syringe at such a rate that the temperature did not rise above -60°C. The reaction mixture is allowed to come to room temperature and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. 125 mL of saturated sodium bicarbonate is added and tetrahydrofuran is removed in vacuo. The remaining material is partitioned between 500 mL of ethyl acetate and 150 mL of saturated sodium bicarbonate. The organic phase is further washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate (2x100 mL) and brine. The organic layer is dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, concentrated in vacuo. The residue is triturated with 40 mL of 4:1 hexanes:ethyl acetate. The solid material is filtered off and discarded. The filtrate, containing the desired product, is concentrated in vacuo. EXAMPLE 63 Compound 63 Compound 63 is prepared following the method described for Compound 62, substituting the product obtained in Example 57. EXAMPLE 64 Compound 64 Compound 64 is prepared following the method described for Compound 62, substituting the product obtained in Example 58. EXAMPLE 65 Compound 65 Compound 65 is prepared following the method described for Compound 62, substituting the product obtained in Example 59. EXAMPLE 66 Compound 66 Compound 66 is prepared following the method described for Compound 62, substituting the product obtained in Example 60. EXAMPLE 67 Compound 67 Compound 67 is prepared following the method described for Compound 62, substituting the product obtained in Example 61. EXAMPLE 68 Compound 68 To a solution of Compound 62 (5 mmol) in 60 mL of methylene chloride is added 20 mL of trifluoroacetic acid, dropwise at 0°C. The resulting solution is stirred for 2 hour at 0°C. Solvents are removed in vacuo and the residue purified by reverse phase HPLC using a gradient of 30% to 70% acetonitrile in water containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid. Acetonitrile is removed in vacuo and the remaining material partitioned between saturated sodium bicarbonate and ethyl acetate. The aqueous layer is extracted twic with ethyl acetate and the combined organic layers are dried over magnesium sulfate filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. EXAMPLE 69 Compound 69 Compound 69 is prepared according to the method described in Example 68, substituting the product obtained in Example 63. EXAMPLE 70 Compound 70 Compound 70 is prepared according to the method described in Example 68, substituting the product obtained in Example 64. EXAMPLE 71 Compound 71 Compound 71 is prepared according to the method described in Example 68, substituting the product obtained in Example 65. EXAMPLE 72 Compound 72 Compound 72 is prepared according to the method described in Example 68, substituting the product obtained in Example 66. EXAMPLE 73 Compound 73 Compound 73 is prepared according to the method described in Example 68, substituting the product obtained in Example 67. EXAMPLE 74 Compound 74 Solution (A): To a solution of 11.8 mL of n-butyl lithium in hexanes (19 mmol) in 13 mL of tetrahydrofuran is added a solution of 1-bromo-2-fiuorobenzene (19 mmol) in 2 mL of tetrahydrofuran, dropwise via syringe at -78°C. Stirring at -78 °C is continued for 1 hour. A solution of zinc chloride (19 mmol) in 38 mL of tetrahydrofuran is added over 2 minutes at -78°C. The resulting solution is allowed to come to room temperature over 40 minutes. Solution (B): To a solution of bis(triphenylphosphine) palladium dichloride (1 mmol) in 11 mL of tetrahydrofuran is added diisobutyl aluminum hydride (1 mmol) as a solution in hexanes, at room temperature, followed by methyl iodobenzoate(16 mmol in a single portion at room temperature. Solution (A) is added to solution (B) and the reaction mixture allowed to stir at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture is diluted with 300 mL of diethyl ether and washed with 1 N hydrochloric acid (3x75 mL) and brine. The organic layer is dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. EXAMPLE 75 Compound 75 ff — )>—COOCH 3 F Compound 75 is prepared according to the method described for Compound 74, substituting 1-bromo-3-fluorobenzene in the preparation of Solution (A). EXAMPLE 76 Compound 76 Compound 76 is prepared according to the method described for Compound 74, substituting 1-bromo-4-fluorobenzene in the preparation of Solution (A). EXAMPLE 77 Compound 77 Compound 77 is prepared according to the method described in EXAMPLE 74, substituting 3,4-ethylenedioxy bromobenzene in the preparation of Solution (A). EXAMPLE 78 Compound 78 Compound 78 is prepared according to the method described in EXAMPLE 74, substituting 3,4-methylenedioxy bromobenzene in the preparation of Solution (A). EXAMPLE 79 Compound 79 Compound 79 is prepared according to the method described in Example 74, substituting 3,4-dimethoxy bromobenzene in the preparation of Solution (A). EXAMPLE 80 Compound 80 Compound 80 is prepared according to the method described in Example 74, substituting 3-cyano bromobenzene in the preparation of Solution (A). EXAMPLE 81 Compound 81 Ammonia gas is bubbled into a suspension of Compound 80 (24 mmol) in 200 mL of methanol for five minutes. To the resulting solution is added rhodium on alumina (5 c and the suspension is shaken under a positive pressure of hydrogen for 36 hours. Catalyst is filtered off and methanol is removed in vacuo to give an oil which is triturated with ether and filtered. EXAMPLE 82 Compound 82 A solution of Compound 81 (15.4 mmol), triethylamine (17 mmol), di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (15.4 mmol), and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (1.5 mmol) in 60 mL of dimethylformamide is stirred at room temperature overnight. The solution is diluted with 800 mL of ethyl acetate and washed with 1 N hydrochloric acid (3x150 mL) and brine. The organic layer is dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, concentrated in vacuo, and purified by flash chromatography (3:2 hexanes:ethyl acetate). EXAMPLE 83 Compound 83 A solution of Compound 81 (2 mmol), acetic anhydride (8 mmol), and dimethylamino pyridine (0.2 mmol) in 20 mL of pyridine is stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture is poured into 200 mL of 5% hydrochloric acid and extracted with ethyl acetate (3x200 mL). The combined organic extracts are dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, concentrated in vacuo, and purified by flash chromatography (3:1 hexanes:ethyl acetate). EXAMPLE 84 Compound 84 Compound 84 is prepared according to the method described for Compound 74, substituting 4-cyano bromobenzene in the preparation of Solution (A). EXAMPLE 85 Compound 85 Compound 85 is prepared according to the method described for Compound 81 , substituting the product obtained in Example 84. EXAMPLE 86 Compound 86 Compound 86 is prepared according to the method described for Compound 82, substituting the product obtained in Example 85. EXAMPLE 87 Compound 87 Acm^ - -^ ~c ° oc 3 Compound 87 is prepared according to the method described for Compound 83, substituting the product obtained in Example 85. EXAMPLE 88 Compound 88 To a solution of methyl coumalate (6.5 mmol) and 3-nitrostyrene (32.5 mmol) in 30 ml of m-xylene is added 10% palladium on carbon (2. 5 g) in a single portion. The reaction mixture is heated at 140°C overnight. After cooling, the reaction mixture is filtered through celite and the filtrate concentrated in vacuo. The resulting slurry is triturated with 3:1 hexanes:ethyl acetate. The solid, which is the desired product, is removed by filtration. EXAMPLE 89 Compound 89 Compound 89 is prepared using a method identical to the one used for Compound 88, substituting 4-nitrostyrene. EXAMPLE 90 Compound 90 To a flask containing 100 mL of fuming nitric acid is added 4-biphenyl carboxylic acid (20 mmol), portionwise at 0°C. Stirring is continued 15 minutes at 0°C. Water (100 mL) is slowly added and the filtrate collected and recrystallized from ethanoi. EXAMPLE 91 Compound 91 Compound 91 is prepared according to the method described for Compound 74, substituting 3-benzyloxy bromobenzene in the preparation of Solution (A). EXAMPLE 92 Compound 92 Compound 92 is prepared according to the method described for Compound 74, substituting 4-benzyloxy bromobenzene in the preparation of Solution (A). EXAMPLE 93 Compound 93 To a suspension of Compound 74 (1.6 mmol) in 10 mL of methanol and 20 mL of tetrahydrofuran is added 10 mL of 2N sodium hydroxide, dropwise at room temperature. The resulting solution is allowed to stir at room temperature for 2 hours. Organic solvents are removed in vacuo and the residue diluted with 20 mL of water and brought to pH 2 with 1 N hydrochloric acid. Solid material is filtered off and dried under vacuum. EXAMPLE 94 Compound 94 OH Compound 94 is prepared according to the method described for 93, substituting the product obtained in Example 75. EXAMPLE 95 Compound 95 Compound 95 is prepared according to the method described for Compound 93, substituting the product obtained in Example 76. EXAMPLE 96 Compound 96 Compound 96 is prepared according to the method described for Compound 93, substituting the product obtained in Example 77. EXAMPLE 97 Compound 97 Compound 97 is prepared according to the method described for Compound 93, substituting the product obtained in Example 78. EXAMPLE 98 Compound 98 Compound 98 is prepared according to the method described for Compound 93, substituting the product obtained in Example 79. EXAMPLE 99 Compound 99 Compound 99 is prepared according to the method described for Compound 93, substituting the product obtained in Example 82. EXAMPLE 100 Compound 100 Compound 100 is prepared according to the method described for Compound 93, substituting the product obtained in Example 83. EXAMPLE 101 Compound 101 BocHN /= /=\ Compound 101 is prepared according to the method described for Compound 93, substituting the product obtained in Example 86. EXAMPLE 102 Compound 102 ACH - /- COOH Compound 102 is prepared according to the method described for Compound 93, substituting the product obtained in Example 87. EXAMPLE 103 Compound 103 h 000 " 0 2 N Compound 103 is prepared according to the method described for Compound 93, substituting the product obtained in Example 88. EXAMPLE 104 Compound 104 Compound 104 is prepared according to the method described for Compound 93, substituting the product obtained in Example 89. EXAMPLE 105 Compound 105 Compound 105 is prepared according to the method described for Compound 93, substituting the product obtained in Example 91. EXAMPLE 106 Compound 106 Compound 106 is prepared according to the method described for Compound 93, substituting the product obtained in Example 90. EXAMPLE 107 Compound 107 To a solution of Compound 96 (2 mmol) in 10 mL of DMF is added diisopropyl ethylamine (2 mmol) in a single portion at room temperature, followed by 2-(1 H- benzotriazol-1-yl)-1 ,1 ,3,3-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate (2 mmol) in a similar fashion. The reaction mixture is stirred for 2 minutes at room temperature and a solution of Compound 70 (2 mmol) in 15 mL of dimethylformamide is added in a single portion. Stirring is continued overnight at room temperature. The reaction mixture is diluted with 300 mL of ethyl acetate and washed sequentially with 1N hydrochloric acid (3x75 mL), water, saturated sodium bicarbonate (3x75 mL) and brine. The organic phase is dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. EXAMPLE 108 Compound 108 Compound 108 is prepared using the same procedure described for Compound 107, substituting Compound 93 for Compound 96. EXAMPLE 109 Compound 109 Compound 109 is prepared using the same procedure described for Compound 107, substituting Compound 94 for Compound 96. EXAMPLE 110 Compound 110 Compound 110 is prepared using the same procedure described for Compound 107, substituting Compound 95 for Compound 96. EXAMPLE 111 Compound 111 Compound 111 is prepared using the same procedure described for Compound 107, substituting 4-biphenyl carboxylic acid for Compound 96 and substituting Compound 68 for Compound 70. EXAMPLE 112 Compound 112 Compound 112 is prepared using the same procedure described for Compound 107, substituting Compound 97 for Compound 96. EXAMPLE 113 Compound 113 Compound 113 is prepared using the same procedure described for Compound 107, substituting Compound 98 for Compound 96. EXAMPLE 114 Compound 114 Compound 114 is prepared using the same procedure described for Compound 107, substituting Compound 99 for Compound 96 and substituting Compound 68 for Compound 70. EXAMPLE 115 Compound 115 Compound 115 is prepared using the same procedure described for Compound 107, substituting Compound 100 for Compound 96 and substituting Compound 68 for Compound 70. EXAMPLE 116 Compound 116 Compound 116 is prepared using the same procedure described for Compound 107, substituting Compound 101 for Compound 96 and substituting Compound 68 for Compound 70. EXAMPLE 117 Compound 117 Compound 117 is prepared using the same procedure described for Compound 107, substituting Compound 102 for Compound 96 and substituting Compound 68 for Compound 70. EXAMPLE 118 Compound 118 Compound 118 is prepared using the same procedure described for Compound 107, substituting Compound 103 for Compound 96 and substituting Compound 68 for Compound 70. EXAMPLE 119 Compound 119 Compound 119 is prepared using the same procedure described for Compound 107, substituting Compound 104 for Compound 96 and substituting Compound 68 for Compound 70. EXAMPLE 120 Compound 120 Compound 120 is prepared using the same procedure described for Compound 107, substituting Compound 90 for Compound 96 and substituting Compound 68 for Compound 70. EXAMPLE 121 Compound 121 Compound 121 is prepared using the same procedure described for Compound 107, substituting Compound 105 for Compound 96 and substituting Compound 68 for Compound 70. EXAMPLE 122 Compound 122 Compound 122 is prepared using the same procedure described for Compound 107, substituting Compound 106 for Compound 96 and substituting Compound 68 for Compound 70. EXAMPLE 123 Compound 123 Compound 123 is prepared using the same procedure described for Compound 107, substituting Compound 99 for 96 and substituting Compound 69 for Compound 70. EXAMPLE 124 Compound 124 Compound 124 is prepared using the same procedure described for Compound 107, substituting Compound 99 for Compound 96 and substituting Compound 73 for Compound 70. EXAMPLE 125 Compound 125 Compound 125 is prepared using the same procedure described for Compound 107, substituting Compound 99 for Compound 96 and substituting Compound 71 for Compound 70. EXAMPLE 126 Compound 126 Compound 126 is prepared using the same procedure described for Compound 107, substituting Compound 99 for Compound 96 and substituting Compound 72 for Compound 70. EXAMPLE 127 Compound 127 Compound 127 is prepared using the same procedure described for Compound 107, substituting indole-6-carboxylic acid for Compound 96 and substituting Compound 69 for Compound 70. EXAMPLE 128 Compound 128 Compound 128 is prepared using the same procedure described for Compound 107, substituting indole-5-carboxylic acid for Compound 96 and substituting Compound 69 for Compound 70. EXAMPLE 129 Compound 129 To a solution of Compound 107 (1.2 mmol) in 10 mL of methanol and 10 mL of tetrahydrofuran is added 10 mL of 2N sodium hydroxide, dropwise at 0°C. The solution is allowed to come to room temperature and stirred at room temperature for 2.5 hours. The solution is cooled to 0°C and 1 N hydrochloric acid is added until the pH is 7. Organic solvents are removed in vacuo and the residue diluted with 25 mL o water. 1 N hydrochloric acid is added to bring the pH down to 2 and the mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate (3x75 mL). The combined organic extracts are dried ovei magnesium sulfate, filtered, concentrated, and dried under vacuum. The acid (1.1 mmol) is dissolved in 15 mL of tetrahydrofuran and cooled to -20°C. N- methyl morpholine (1.45 mmol) is added in a single portion, followed by isobutyl chloroformate (1.45 mmol) dropwise via syringe. The reaction mixture is allowed to stir at -20°C for 20 minutes. The reaction mixture is filtered into a solution of sodium borohydride (11 mmol) in 20 mL of water at 0°C. Stirring is continued 1.5 hours at 0°C. The reaction mixture is diluted with 300 L of ethyl acetate and washed with water (3x100 mL) and brine. The organic phase is dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. The resulting alcohol is purified by flash chromatography (2:3 ethyl acetate:hexanes). EXAMPLE 130 Compound 130 Compound 130 is prepared following the procedure described for Compound 129, substituting Compound 108 for Compound 107. EXAMPLE 131 Compound 131 Compound 131 is prepared following the procedure described for Compound 129, substituting Compound 109 for Compound 107. EXAMPLE 132 Compound 132 Compound 132 is prepared following the procedure described for Compound 129, substituting Compound 110 for Compound 107. EXAMPLE 133 Compound 133 Compound 133 is prepared following the procedure described for Compound 129, substituting Compound 112 for Compound 107. EXAMPLE 134 Compound 134 Compound 134 is prepared following the procedure described for Compound 129, substituting Compound 113 for Compound 107. EXAMPLE 135 Compound 135 Compound 135 is prepared following the procedure described for Compound 129, substituting Compound 114 for Compound 107. EXAMPLE 136 Compound 136 Compound 136 is prepared following the procedure described for Compound 129, substituting Compound 115 for Compound 107. EXAMPLE 137 Compound 137 Compound 137 is prepared following the procedure described for Compound 129, substituting Compound 116 for Compound 107. EXAMPLE 138 Compound 138 Compound 138 is prepared following the procedure described for Compound 129, substituting Compound 117 for Compound 107. EXAMPLE 139 Compound 139 Compound 139 is prepared following the procedure described for Compound 129, substituting Compound 118 for Compound 107. EXAMPLE 140 Compound 140 Compound 140 is prepared following the procedure described for Compound 129, substituting Compound 119 for Compound 107. EXAMPLE 141 Compound 141 Compound 141 is prepared following the procedure described for Compound 129, substituting Compound 120 for Compound 107. EXAMPLE 142 Compound 142 Compound 142 is prepared following the procedure described for Compound 129, substituting Compound 121 for Compound 107. EXAMPLE 143 Compound 143 Compound 143 is prepared following the procedure described for Compound 129, substituting Compound 122 for Compound 107. EXAMPLE 144 Compound 144 Compound 144 is prepared following the procedure described for Compound 129, substituting Compound 123 for Compound 107. EXAMPLE 145 Compound 145 Compound 145 is prepared following the procedure described for Compound 129, substituting Compound 124 for Compound 107. EXAMPLE 146 Compound 146 Compound 146 is prepared following the procedure described for Compound 129, substituting Compound 125 for Compound 107. EXAMPLE 147 Compound 147 Compound 147 is prepared following the procedure described for Compound 129, substituting Compound 126 for Compound 107. EXAMPLE 148 Compound 148 To a solution of Compound 129 (0.5 mmol) in 8 mL of methylene chloride is added pyridine (0.6 mmol) in a single portion at 0°C. Acetic anhydride (0.6 mmol) is added in a single portion, followed by dimethylaminopyridine in a similar fashion. The reaction mixture is allowed to come to room temperature and stirring is continued overnight. The reaction mixture is partitioned between 10 mL of 0.1 N hydrochloric acid and 30 mL of methylene chloride. The organic layer is dried over sodium sulfate filtered and concentrated in vacuo. EXAMPLE 149 Compound 149 Compound 149 is prepared following the method described for Compound 148, substituting Compound 130 for Compound 129. EXAMPLE 150 Compound 150 Compound 150 is prepared following the method described for Compound 148, substituting Compound 131 for Compound 129. EXAMPLE 151 Compound 151 Compound 151 is prepared following the method described for Compound 148, substituting Compound 132 for Compound 129. EXAMPLE 152 Compound 152 Compound 152 is prepared following the method described for Compound 148, substituting Compound 133 for Compound 129. EXAMPLE 153 Compound 153 Compound 153 is prepared following the method described for Compound 148, substituting Compound 134 for Compound 129. EXAMPLE 154 Compound 154 To a solution of Compound 135 (1.1 mmol) in 30 mL of methylene chloride is added 10 mL of trifluoroacetic acid in a single portion at 0°C. The resulting solution is stirrei for 3 hours at 0°C. Solvents are removed in vacuo and the residue partitioned between 10% aqueous sodium bicarbonate and ethyl acetate. The organic phase is dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The free amine (1.1 mmol) is dissolved in 10 mL of glacial acetic acid and paraform aldehyde (11 mmol) is added in a single portion at room temperature. Stirring is continued overnight at room temperature. The reaction mixture is poured into 50 mL of ice cold 2N sodium hydroxide and extracted with ethyl acetate (3x100 mL). The combined organic extracts are backwashed with water, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The desired product is purified by reverse phase HPLC using a gradient of 20% to 100% acetonitrile in water, buffered with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid. EXAMPLE 155 Compound 155 To a solution of Compound 154 (0.5 mmol) in 10 mL of dry acetone is added methyl iodide (large excess, 2 mL) in a single portion at room temperature. The resulting solution is allowed to stir at room temperature overnight. Solvents are removed in vacuo to provide the desired tetramethylammonium salt. EXAMPLE 156 Compound 156 To a solution of Compound 111 (0.8 mmol) in 2 mL of dimethylformamide and 8 mL c tetrahydrofuran is added sodium hydride (1 mmol) in a single portion at 0°C. The solution is stirred for 1 hour at 0°C and methyl iodide (large excess) is added in a single portion. The solution is allowed to come to room temperature and stirred overnight. The reaction mixture is poured into 100 mL of ice water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3x75 mL). The combined organic extracts are backwashed with water, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, concentrated in vacuo, and purified by flash chromatography (1 :2 ethyl acetate:hexanes). EXAMPLE 157 Compound 157 Compound 157 is prepared following the procedure described for Compound 154, substituting Compound 123 for 135. EXAMPLE 158 Compound 158 Compound 158 is prepared according to the method described for Compound 155, starting from Compound 157. EXAMPLE 159a Compound 159 To a solution of Compound 129 (1 mmol) in 50 L of dry methanol is added crushed 3A molecular sieves (approximately 1g). The mixture is stirred for 10 minutes at 0°C and hydrogen chloride gas is bubbled through the reaction mixture for 10 minutes at 0°C. The reaction mixture is allowed to come to room temperature and stirred overnight. Nitrogen gas is bubbled through the reaction mixture for 5 minutes and methanol is removed in vacuo. The residue is dried under vacuum to remove all traces of hydrogen chloride, then remixed with 75 mL of dry methanol. The mixture is then cooled to 0°C and ammonia gas is bubbled through the reaction mixture for 10 minutes. The reaction mixture is allowed to come to room temperature, then heated ε 60°C for 3 hours. After cooling to room temperature, nitrogen gas is bubbled throug the reaction for 5 minutes and the mixture is filtered through celite, concentrated in vacuo, and purified by reverse phase HPLC using a gradient of 20% to 80% acetonitrile in water buffered with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid. Acetonitrile is removed in vacuo and the aqueous phase lyophilized to provide the desired product as its trifluoroacetate salt. EXAMPLE 159b Compound 159 H 1 H NMR (300 Mhz, d6 DMSO) d 9.21 (s, 2H), 9.01 (s, 2H), 8.22 (d, 1 H, J=9.6 Hz), 7.85 (d, 2H,J=7.2 Hz), 7.70 (d, 2H, J=7.2 Hz), 7.62-7.38 (m, 4H), 7.25-7.05 (m, 7H), 6.93 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 4.90-4.65 (m, 1 H), 4.24 (s, 4H), 4.18-4.05 (m, 2H), 2.78-2.63 (m, 2H), 2.65-2.45 (m, 2H), 2.08-1.75 (m,3H). MS, LRFAB, calc.591 , found 592 (M+H)+. Into a solution of Compound 129 (1 mmol) in 20 mL of pyridine and 4 mL of triethylamine is bubbled hydrogen sulfide for 10 minutes at room temperature. The solution is allowed to stir at room temperature overnight. Nitrogen gas is bubbled through the reaction for 5 minutes and solvents are removed in vacuo. The residue i£ dried under vacuum, then dissolved in 15 mL of dry acetone. To this solution is adde 5 mL of methyl iodide and this solution is heated at 50°C for 1 hour, then concentrated in vacuo. The residue is dissolved in 20 mL of methanol and ammonium acetate (2 mmol) is added in a single portion at room temperature. The reaction mixture is heated at 65°C for 2 hours. After cooling, methanol is removed in vacuo and the residue purified by reverse phase HPLC using a gradient of 20% to 80% acetonitrile in water buffered with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid. Acetonitrile is removed in vacuo and the aqueous phase lyophilized to provide the desired product as its trifluoroacetate salt. The following compounds are prepared from the appropriate starting materials by procedures substantially similar to the procedures described above. EXAMPLE 161 Compound 161 1 H NMR (300 MHz, d6 DMSO) d 9.23 (s, 2H), 9.01 (s, 2H), 8.27 (d, 1 H, J=9.6 Hz), 7.93 (d, 2H, J=7.2 Hz), 7.72 (d, 2H, J=7.2 Hz), 7.65-7.55 (m, 2H), 7.54-7.42 (m, 2H), 7.28-7.08 (m, 7H), 6.94 (d, 1 H, J=8.4 Hz), 4.25 (s, 4H), 4.24-4.11 (m,1 H), 4.05-3.83 (m,2H), 2.86 (dd, 1H, J=6.0, 15.6 Hz), 2.70-2.55 (m, 2H), 2.53-2.43 (m,1 H), 2.35-2.20 (m,1 H), 1.98-1.90 (m ,2H), 1.87 (s, 3H). MS, LRFAB, calc.591 , found 592 (M+H)+. EXAMPLE 162 Compound 162 1 H NMR (300 Mhz, d6 DMSO) d 9.21 (s, 2H), 9.01 (s, 2H), 8.22 (d, 1 H, J=9.6 Hz), 7.85 (d, 2H,J=7.2 Hz), 7.70 (d, 2H, J=7.2 Hz), 7.62-7.38 (m, 4H), 7.25-7.05 (m, 7H), 6.93 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 4.90-4.65 (m, 1 H), 4.24 (s, 4H), 4.18-4.05 (m, 2H), 2.78-2.63 (m, 2H), 2.65-2.45 (m, 2H), 2.08-1.75 (m,3H). MS, LRFAB, calc.591 , found 592 (M+H)+. EXAMPLE 163 Compound 163 NMR 300 MHz, d6 DMSO, d 9.23 (s, 2H), 9.09 (s, 2H), 8.83 (d, 1 H, J=9.6 Hz), 7.97 (d, 2H, J=7.2 Hz), 7.83 (d, 1H, J=7.2 Hz), 7.65-7.35 (m, 7H), 7.28-7.05 (m, 6H), 4.26-4.10 (m,1 H), 4.05-3.83 (m, 2H), 2.87 (dd, 1 H, J=6.0 Hz,15.6 Hz), 2.70- 2.55 (m, 2H), 2.32-2.18 (m, 1 H), 2.03-1.90 (m, 2H), 1.87(s, 3H). MS ion spray: calc. 551 , found 552 (M+H)+. EXAMPLE 164 Compound 164 NMR 300 MHz, d6 DMSO, d 9.22 (s, 2H), 9.02 (s, 2H), 8.32 (d, 1H, J=9.6 Hz), 7.96 (d, 2H, J=7.2 Hz), 7.81-7.65 (m, 4H), 7.65-7.40 (m, 4H), 7.38-7.05 (m, 7H), 4.25-4.10 (m, 1 H), 4.05-3.85 (m, 2H), 2.87 (dd, 1 H, J=6.0,15.6Hz), 2.70-2.55 (m, 2H), 2.54-2.43 (m, 1 H), 2.35-2.20 (m, 1H), 1.98-1.90 (m, 2H),1.89 (s, 3H). MS ion spray: calc. 551 , found 552 (M+H)+. EXAMPLE 165 Compound 165 H1 NMR, 300 MHz, d6 DMSO, d 9.25 (s, 2H), 9.18 (s, 2H), 8.35 (d, 1 H, J=9.6 Hz), 7.80 (d, 2H, 7.2 Hz), 7.73 (d, 2H, J=7.2 Hz), 7.68 (d, 2H, J=6.0 Hz), 7.62 (br.s, 2H), 7.55-7.31 (m, 5H), 7.25-7.03 (m, 5H), 4.65-4.45 (m, 1 H),3.53 (s, 3H), 3.20-2.82 (m, 5H). MS LRFAB: cal'd 505, found 506 (M+H)+. EXAMPLE 166 Compound 166 1 H NMR (300 MHz, d6 DMSO) d 9.23 (s, 2H), 8.99 (s, 2H), 8.26 (d, 1 H, J=9.6 Hz), 7.93 (d, 2H, J=7.2 Hz), 7.72 (d, 2H, J=7.2 Hz), 7.65-7.56 (m, 2H), 7.54-7.42 ( , 2H), 7.32 (d, 1H, J=2.4 Hz), 7.28-7.08 (m, 6H), 7.02 (d, 1 H, J=8.4 Hz), 6.07 (s, 2H), 4.25-4.12 (m, 1 H), 4.06-3.85 (m, 2H), 2.85 (dd, 1 H, J=6.0, 15.6 Hz), 2.68-2.55 (m, 2H), 2.53-2.43 (m, 1 H), 2.32-2.20 (m, 1 H), 2.01-1.90 (m, 2H), 1.87 (s, 3H). MS, LRFAB, calc.557, found 558 (M+H)+. EXAMPLE 167 Compound 167 NMR: 9.5 (s, 1 H), 9.4 (s, 1H), 8.4 (d, 1 H J=9.0 Hz), 8.1 (d, 2H, J=8.0 Hz), 7.9 (d, 2H, J=8.0 Hz), 7.5-7.8 (m, 5H), 7.1-7.4 (m, 7H), 5.0 (m, 1 H), 4.0-4.1 (m, 1 H), 4.0 (s, 3H), 3. (s, 3H), 3.6 (m, 1 H), 2.9-3.1 (m, 4H), 2.1-2.3 (m, 2H), 2.0 (s, 3H). M.S. Cal'd 594.3, Found 594. EXAMPLE 168 Compound 168 NMR: 9.4 (s, 1H), 9.0 (s, 1 H), 8.4 (d, 1 H, J=9.0 Hz), 8.1 (d, 2H, J=7.0 Hz), 7.9 (d, 2H, J=7.0 Hz), 7.5-7.8 (m, 5H), 7.1-7.4 (m, 7H), 5.0 (m, 1H), 4.0-4.1 (m, 1 H), 4.0 (s, 3H), 3. (s, 3H), 3.6 (m, H), 2.9-3.1 (m, 4H), 2.1-2.3 (m, 2H). M.S. Cal'd 552.1 , Found 552 EXAMPLE 169 Compound 169 H1 NMR, 300 MHz, d6 DMSO, d 9.22 (s, 2H), 9.11 (s, 2H), 7.92 (d, 2H, J=7.2 Hz), 7.80- 7.65 (m, 4H), 7.62-7.40 (m, 4H), 7.37-7.01 (m, 7H), 4.85-4.65 (m, 1 H), 4.22-4.02 (m, 1H), 3.55-3.36 (m, 2H), 2.82-2.62 (m, 2H), 2.60-2.45 (m, 1 H), 2.05-1.73 (m, 3H). MS LRFAB: calc. 509, found 510 (M+H). EXAMPLE 170 Compound 170 H NMR: 8.5 (d, 1H, J=9.0 Hz), 7.8 (d, 2H, J=9.0 Hz), 7.7 (d, 2H, J=9.0 Hz), 7.1-7.6 (m, 11 H), 4.5 (m, 1H), 4.4 (s, 2H), 4.0 (dd, 1 H, J=6.0 Hz,10.0 Hz), 3.7 (dd, 1 H,(J=6.0 Hz,10.0 Hz), 3.0 (d, 2H, J=9.0 Hz), 2.9 (d, 2H, J=9.0 Hz), 2.0 (d, 1 H, J=7.0 Hz). Mass spec M+H calc 549.2, found 549. EXAMPLE 171 Compound 171 NMR: 8.5 (d, 1 H, J=9.0 Hz), 7.75-7.9 (m, 6H), 7.4-7.7 (m, 6H), 7.0-7.2 (m, 5H), 4.4(m, 1 H), 4.2 (s, 2H), 4.0 (dd, 1 H, (J=6.0 Hz, 10.0 Hz), 3.7 (dd,1 H, J=6.0 Hz, 10.0 Hz), 3.0 (d, 2H, J=9.0 Hz), 2.9 (d, 1 H, (J=9.0 Hz), 2.0 (m, 1H). Mass spec M+H calc 507.3, found 507. EXAMPLE 172 Compound 172 H NMR: 8.5 (d, 1 H, J=9.0 Hz), 7.8 (d, 2H, J=10.0 Hz), 7.7 (d, 2H, J=10.0 Hz), 7.6 (d, 1 H, J=10.0 Hz), 7.5 (m, 3H), 7.0-7.3 (m, 8H), 6.8 (d, 1H, J=9.0 Hz), 4.5 (m, 3H), 4.1 (dd, 1 h J=6.0 Hz, 10.0 Hz), 3.9 (dd, H J=6.0 Hz, 10.0 Hz), 3.1 (d, 2H,J=9.0 Hz) 2.9 (d, 2H,J=9. Hz), 2.0 (m, 1H). Mass Spec M+H calc 494.2, found 494. EXAMPLE 173 Compound 173 NMR: 8.5 (d, 1 H, J=9.0 Hz), 7.9 (d, 2H, J=10.0 Hz), 7.8 (d, 2H, J=10.0 Hz), 7.7 (d, 2H, J=10.0 Hz), 7.6 (d, 2H, J=10.0 Hz), 7.4 (s, 1 H), 7.0-7.2 (m, 3H), 4.5 (m, 3H), 4.1 (dd, H. J=6.0 Hz,10.0 Hz), 3.9 (dd, 1H J=6.0 Hz,10.0 Hz), 3.1 (d, 2H, J=9.0 Hz) 2.9 (d, 2H,J=9.0 Hz), 2.1 (d, 3H, J=10.0 Hz). Mass Spec M+H calc 549.3, found 549. EXAMPLE 174 Compound 174 NMR: 8.5 (d, 1 H, J=9.0 Hz), 7.8 (d, 2H, J=8.0 Hz), 7.6-7.8 (m,4H), 7.4-7.6 (m, 4H), 7.1 7.3 (m, 4H), 6.8 (d, 2H, J=9.0 Hz), 4.3 (m, 1 H), 4.0 (dd, 1 H, J=6.0 Hz,10.0 Hz), 3.7 (dd 1 H, J=6.0 Hz, 10.0 Hz), 3.0 (d, 2H, J=4.0 Hz), 2.9 (d, 1 H, J=9.0 Hz), 2.0 (m, 1 H) Mass spec. M+H calc 507.3, found 507 EXAMPLE 175 Compound 175 M.S. Cal'd 494.2, Found 494 EXAMPLE 176 Compound 176 NMR 300 MHz, d6 DMSO d 9.23 (s, 2H), 9.04 (s, 2H), 8.57 (d, 1 H, 9.6 Hz), 8.42 (s, 1 H), 8.32 (d, 2H, 7.2 Hz), 8.13 (dd, 1 H, J=1.2, 7.2 Hz), 7.75-7.40 (m, 7H), 7.25-7.13 (m, 4H), 7.12-7.05 (m, 2H), 4.48-4.35 (m, 1H), 3.58-3.42 (m, 2H), 3.10-2.62 (m, 4H), 2.15-1.95 (m, 1H). MS (LRFAB): calc. 567, found 568 (M+H)+. EXAMPLE 177 Compound 177 NMR 300 MHz, d6 DMSO d 9.23 (s, 2H), 8.98 (s, 2H), 8.37-8.22 (m,3H), 7.97 (d, 2H, J=7.2 Hz), 7.86 (s, 4H), 7.65-7.40 (m, 4H), 7.25-7.15 (m, 3H), 7.13-7.05 (m, 2H), 4.45-4.25 (m, 1 H), 3.62-3.48 (m, 2H), 3.00-2.86 (m, 2H), 2.85-2.65 (m, 2H), 2.06-1.92 (m,1H). MS (LRFAB): calc. 522, found 523 (M+H)+. EXAMPLE 178 Compound 178 Nmr 300 MHz, d6 DMSO,9.23(d,4H,J=6 Hz), 8.28(d,1 H,J=10 Hz),7.77(d,2H,J=10 Hz), 7.71-7.42(m,8H),7.22-7.12(m,4H), 7.10-7.01 (m,3H), 4.45-4.25(m, 1 H), 3.65-3.45(m,2H), 3.05-2.87(m,2H), 2.85-2.65(m,2H), 2.05- 1.95(m,1 H). MS (LRFAB): calc'd 492, found 493 (M+H)+. EXAMPLE 179 Compound 179 Nmr 300 MHz, d6 DMSO, 9.38-9.21 (m,4H), 8.28(d,1H,J=10 Hz), 8.16(d,1 H,J=10 Hz), 7.70-7.45(m,5H), 7.42(d,2H,J=7 Hz), 7.23(s,1 H), 7.21- 7.03(m,8H), 4.48-4.23(m,1 H), 3.64-3.40(m,2H), 3.10-2.85(m,2H), 2.84- 2.62(m,2H), 2.03-1.87(m,1 H). MS (LRFAB): calc'd 507, found 508 (M+H)+. EXAMPLE 180 Compound 180 H NMR 300 MHz, d6 DMSO, 9.23 (s, 2H), 8.95 (s, 2H), 8.45 (s, 1 H), 8.32 (d, 1 H, J=8.4 Hz), 8.24 (d, 1 H, J=8.4 Hz), 8.18 (d, 1 H, J=7.2 Hz), 7.86 (br.s, 4H), 7.83- 7.73 (m, 1 H), 7.63-7.43 (m, 4H), 7.25-7.16 (m , 4H), 7.14-7.05 (m, 1 H), 4.45- 4.30 (m, 1H), 3.63-3.48 (m, 2H), 3.02-2.88 (m, 2H), 2.87-2.65 (m, 2H), 2.08-1.93 (m, 1 H). MS(LRFAB): calc'd 522, found 523 (M+H)+. EXAMPLE 181 Compound 181 H NMR 300 MHz, d6 DMSO, 9.25 (s, 2H), 9.19 (s, 2H), 8.30 (d, 1 H, J=9.6 Hz), 7.82 (s, 1 H), 7.82 (d, 2H ,J=7.2 Hz), 7.66 (d, 2H, J=7.2 Hz), 7.63-7.45 (m, 4H), 7.38-7.27 (m, 1H), 7.25-7.13 (m , 6H), 7.13-7.05 (m, 1 H), 6.93 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 4.43-4.28 (m, 1H), 3.65-3.45 (m, 2H), 3.05-2.86 (m, 2H), 2.83-2.68 (m, 2H), 2.08-1.92 (m, 1H). MS(LRFAB): calc'd 492, found 493 (M+H)+. EXAMPLE 182 Compound 182 H Nmr 300 MHz, d6 DMSO, 9.22(s,2H), 9.07(s,2H), 8.38(d,1 H,J=10 Hz), 7.93(s,1 H), 7.83(d,2H,J=7 Hz), 7.65(d,2H,J=7 Hz), 7.62-7.45(m,5H), 7.42- 7.28(m,2H), 7.25-7.16(m,4H), 7.13-7.07(m,1 H), 4.45-4.28(m,1H), 3.63- 3.53(m,2H), 3.05-2.87(m,2H), 2.85-2.68(m,2H), 2.03(s,3H), 2.02-1.93(m,1 H). MS(LRFAB): calc'd 534, found 535 (M+H)+. EXAMPLE 183 Compound 183 Nmr 300 MHz, d6 DMSO, 10.05(s,1H),9.23(s,2H), 9.10(s,2H), 8.25(d,1 H,J=10 Hz), 7.78(d,2H,J=7 Hz),7.73-7.40(m,10H), 7.21-7.13(m,4H), 7.13-7.05(m,1 H), 4.43-4.25(m,1 H), 3.63-3.45(m,2H), 3.03-2.85(m,2H), 2.83-2.68(m,2H), 2.04(s,3H), 2.01-1.93(m,1H). MS(LRFAB): calc'd 534, found 535 (M+H)+. EXAMPLE 184 Compound 184 NMR: 8.5 (d, 1 H, J=7.0 Hz), 7.8-8.0 (m, 6H), 7.4-7.7 (M, 6H), 7.1-7.3 (m, 5H) 4.6 (m, 3H),4.1 (dd, 1 H, J=6.0 Hz, 10.0 Hz), 3.7 (dd, 1 H, J=6.0 Hz,10.0 Hz), 3.0 (d, 2H, J=9.0 Hz), 2.9 (d, 2H, J=9.0 Hz), 2.9 (s, 6H), 2.0 (m, 1H). Mass Spec M+H calc 535.3, found 535. EXAMPLE 185 Compound 185 NMR: 8.5 (d, 1H, J=7.0 Hz), 7.8-8.0 (m, 6H), 7.4-7.7 (M, 6H), 7.1-7.3 (m,5H) 4.6 (m,3H), 4.0 (dd, 1 H, J=6.0 Hz, 10.0 Hz), 3.6 (dd, 1H, J=6.0 Hz, 10.0 Hz), 3.2 (s, 9H), 3.C (d, 2H, J=9.0 Hz), 2.9 (d, 2H, J=9.0 Hz), 2.0 (m, 1 H). Mass Spec M+H calc 549.3, found 549. EXAMPLE 186 Compound 186 1 H NMR (300 MHz, d6 DMSO), d 9.30-9.11 (m, 3H), 8.31 (br.s, 2H), 8.15 (d, 1 H, J=8.4 Hz), 7.93 (d, 2H, J=7.2 Hz), 7.86-7.68 (m, 2H), 7.64-7.48 (m, 6H), 4.30- 4.15 (m,1 H), 4.14-4.04 (m, 2H), 2.75 (d, 2H, J=6.0 Hz), 1.95-1.82 (m, 1H), 1.80- 1.68 (m, 2H), 1.65-1.46 (m, 5H), 1.42-1.32 (m, 1H), 1.31-1.15(m, 1H), 1.13-0.93 (m, 2H), 0.92-0.65 (m, 4H). MS, LRFAB, calc'd. 512, found 513 (M+H)+. EXAMPLE 187 Compound 187 NMR: 9.0 (s, 1H), 8.5 (d, 1H, J=9.0 Hz), 7.9 (d, 2H, J=9.0 Hz), 7.6-7.8 (m, 4H), 7.3-7.5 (m, 6H), 7.2-7.1 (m, 6H), 3.5 (s, 3H), 3.1 (s, 3H), 3.0 (d, 2H, J=8.0 Hz), 2.9 (d, 2H, J=8.( Hz). M.S. Cal'd 520.1 , Found 520. EXAMPLE 188 Compound 188 NMR: 9.4 (d, 1 H, J=12.0 Hz), 8.6 (d, 1 H, J=10.0 Hz), 8.1 (d, 2H, J=10.0 Hz), 7.9-8.1 (m, 4H), 7.6-7.8 (m, 6H), 4.7 (m, 1H) 4,4 (d, 2H, J=9.0 Hz), 3.7 (s, 3H), 3.1-3.4 (m, 4H), 1.6 (d, 3H,J=9.0 Hz). Mass Spec M+H calc 459.2 found 459. EXAMPLE 189 Compound 189 NMR: 9.4 (d, 1 H, J=12.0 Hz), 8.0 (d, 1 H, J=10.0 Hz), 8.1 (d, 2H, J=10.0 Hz), 7.7-7.9 (m,4H), 7.4-7.6 (m, 6H), 4.5 (m, 1 H), 4.2 (d,2H, J=9.0 Hz), 3.6 (s, 3H), 3.0-3.2 (m, 3H), 1.6 (d, 3H,J=9.0 Hz). Mass Spec M+H calc 475.1 , found 475. EXAMPLE 190 Compound 190 NMR: 8.4 (d, 1H, J=9.0 Hz), 7.9 (d, 2H, J=10.0 Hz), 7.7-7.9 (m,4H), 7.4-7.6 (m, 6H), 4. (m,H), 4.5 (s,2H), 3.6 (s, 3H), 3.1-3.2 (m, 3H), 2.9 (s,6H), 1.3 (d, 3H,J=9.0 Hz). Mass Spec M+H calc 459.2 found 459. EXAMPLE 191 Compound 191 NMR: 9.3 (d, 1 H, J=9.0 Hz), 9.1 (d, 1 H, J=9.0 Hz), 8.4 (d, 1 H, J=10.0 Hz), 7.7-8.0 (m,4H), 7.3-7.6 (m, 5H), 4.6 (s, 2H), 4,4 (m, 1 H), 3.5 (s, 3H), 3.1 (s,9H), 2.9-3.1 (m, 3H) 1.6 (d, 3H,J=9.0 Hz). Mass Spec M+H calc 501.1 found 501. EXAMPLE 192 Compound 192 EXAMPLE 193 Compound 193 EXAMPLE 194 Compound 194 NMR: 9.4 (d, 1 H, J=12.0 Hz), 8.6 (d, 1 H, J=10.0 Hz), 8.0 (d, 2H, J=9.0 Hz), 7.7 ( d, 2H. J=9.0 Hz) , 7.3-7.6 ( m, 6H), 7.0-7.2 (m,2H), 4.2 (m,3H), 4.0 (dd, 1H, (J=6.0 Hz, 10.0 Hz), 3.6 (dd, 1H, (J=6.0 Hz, 10.0 Hz), 3.0 (d, 2H, J=8.0 Hz), 2.0 (m, 1 H), 1.6 (m,H) 1.1- 1.3 (m, 8H). Mass Spec M+H calc 473.1 , found 473. EXAMPLE 195 Compound 195 EXAMPLE 196 Compound 196 EXAMPLE 197 Compound 197 BOCNH O A OMe To a stirred solution of the acetic acid salt of (R)-3-aminobutyric acid methyl ester (8.9g; 50 mmol) and triethylamine (EtsN) (21 mL; 150 mmol) in dry methylene chloride (CH2CI2) under N2 at room temperature is added di-tert- butyl dicarbonate (BOC2O) (21.8g; 100 mmol) dropwise. 4- Dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) (ca. 50 mg) is then added and the mixture is allowed to stir at room temperature overnight. At this point, the mixture is washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate (NaHCθ3) solution. The organic layer is dried over sodium sulfate (Na2S04), filtered and concentrated. The crude product is chromatographed (eluent = 20% - 40% ethyl acetate (EtAc, or EtOAc) in hexanes) to give Compound 197. 1 H NMR (CDCI3, d): 4.92 (bs, 1 H), 3.96 (bm, 1 H), 3.65 (s, 3H), 2.45 - 2.37 (m, 2H), 1.39 (s, 9H), 1.16 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 3H). EXAMPLE 198 Compound 198 To a stirred solution of Compound 197 (2.00 g; 9.21 mmol) in 50 mL of dry tetrahydrofuran (THF) under nitrogen at -78°C is added lithium hexamethyldisilazane (LHMDS) solution (25.8 mL of 1.0 M solution in THF) dropwise. The mixture is then warmed up to -20 to -25°C for 30 min and then cooled back to -78°C. A solution of 3-cyanobenzyl bromide (4.51 g; 23.0 mmol) in dry THF is then added dropwise and the resulting solution allowed to warm to room temperature.. After 1 hour at room temperature, the mixture is quenched with saturated NaHC03 solution and most of the THF is removed in vacuo. The residue is taken up into CH2CI2 and washed with water. The organic layer is dried (Na2S04), filtered and concentrated. The crude product is purified by flash chromatography (eluent = 25% ethyl acetate / Hexanes). The semi-solid residue is then triturated with 20% EtAc / Hexanes and the white solid filtered off. The filtrate is then concentrated in vacuo to give Compound 198. 1 H NMR (CDCI3, d): 7.25 - 7.50 (m, 4H), 5.21 (bd, 1H), 3.88 (m, 1H), 3.60 (s, 3H), 3.07 - 2.73 (m, 3H), 1.48 (s, 9H), 1.14 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 3H). EXAMPLE 199 Compound 199 To a stirred solution of Compound 198 (4.20g; 12.7 mmol) in 10 mL of CH2CI2 under N2 at room temperature is added 20 mL of trifluoroacetic acid. The mixture is allowed to stir overnight at room temperature and then concentrated in vacuo to give 4.20g of Compound 199 as the trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) salt. 1 H NMR (DMSO-d6, d): 8.07 (bs, 1 H), 7.73 - 7.43 (M, 4H), 3.50 (S, 3H), 3.51 (M, 1 H), 3.05 - 2.82 (M, 3H), 1.23 (D, J = 7.9 HZ, 3H). Alternatively, compound 4 may be prepared as outlined below: EXAMPLE 200 Compound 200 PhCH 2 OCONH O ' A ^ A OMe To a stirred solution of D-3-aminobutyric acid methyl ester (6.98 g; 39.4 mmol) acetic acid salt in 40 mL of CH2CI2 is added sat. NaHC03 solution (40 mL). Benzyl chloroformate (9.0 mL; 63 mmol) is then added dropwise and the mixture allowed to stir vigorously at room temperature. After 3 hours, the organic layer is separated and washed with water. The organic layer is dried (Na2Sθ4), filtered and concentrated. The crude product is chromatographed (eluent = 10% EtAc / CHCI3) to give Compound 200. 1 H NMR (CDCI3, d): 7.40 - 7.22 (m, 5H), 5.25 (m, 1 H), 5.08 (s, 2H), 4.11 (m, 1 H), 3.65 (s, 3H), 2.53 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 1.23 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 3H). EXAMPLE 201 Compound 201 To a stirred solution of Compound 200 (3.45 g; 13.71 mmol) in 20 mL of dry THF under N2 at -78°C is added LHMDS solution (41.2 mL of 1.0 M solution) dropwise. The mixture is then warmed up to -20°C for 30 minutes and then cooled back to -78°C. A solution of 3-cyanobenzyl bromide (4.51 g; 23.0 mmol) in dry THF is then added dropwise and the resulting solution allowed to warm to room temperature. After 1 hour at room temperature, the mixture is quenched with saturated NaHCθ3 solution and most of the THF is removed in vacuo. The residue is taken up into CH2CI2 and washed with water. The organic layer is dried (Na2S04), filtered and concentrated. The crude product is purified by flash chromatography (eluent = 30% EtAc / Hexanes). The semi- solid residue is then triturated with 20% EtAc / Hexanes and the white solid filtered off. The filtrate is then concentrated in vacuo to Compound 201. 1 H NMR (CDCI3, d) 7.20 - 7.65 (m, 9H), 5.57 (bd, 1H), 5.12 (s, 2H), 3.97 (m, 1 H), 3.60 (s, 3H), 3.07 - 2.75 (m, 3H), 1.16 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 3H). EXAMPLE 202 Compound 199 To a stirred solution of Compound 201 (2.6 g; 7.1 mmol) in 25 mL of ethanoi (EtOH) is added 520 mg of 10% Pd / C. The mixture is stirred under 1 atm of hydrogen for 3 hours at room temperature. The mixture is then filtered through a bed of celite to remove the catalyst. The filtrate is then concentrated in vacuo to give 1.45 g of Compound 201. 3'-pyridyl-4-phenyl carbonyl chloride (Compound 228, prepared as in Example 228) (384 mg; 1.8 mmol) is added in one portion to a solution of Compound 199 TFA salt (373 mg; 1.6 mmol) and Et3N (0.67 mL; 4.8 mmol) in 5.0 mL of absolute EtOH under N2 at room temperature. The mixture is allowed to stir overnight at room temperature. The solvent is then removed in vacuo and the crude product is purified by chromatography on silica gel (eluent = 70% EtAc / Hexanes) to provide Compound 203. 1 H NMR (CDCI3, d): 8.88 (m, 1 H), 8.63 (m, 1 H), 7.85 - 8.00 (m, 7.70 (m, 2H), 7.57 - 7.33 (m, 6H), 4.51 (m, 1 H), 3.65 (s, 3H), 3.10 - 2.82 (m, 3H), 1.28 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 3H). Acylation of Compound 199 according to the procedure of Example 203, substituting Compound 228 with 4'-pyridyl-4-phenylcarbonyl chloride (Compound 231 , prepared as in Example 231 ) provides, after workup and chromatography, Compound 204. 1 H NMR (CDCI3, d): 8.70 (m, 2H), 8.02 - 7.65 (m, 4H), 7.57 - 7.32 (m, 7H), 4.50 (m, 1H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 3.10 - 2.83 (M, 3H), 1.30 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 3H). EXAMPLE 205 Compound 205 Acylation of Compound 199 according to Example 203, in CH2CI2 rather than absolute EtOH, and substituting 3'-pyridyl-4-phenylcarbonyl chloride with 4- biphenylcarbonyl chloride provides, after workup and chromatography, Compound 205. 1 H NMR (CDCI3, d): 7.93 (m, 2H), 7.73 - 7.30 (m, 12H), 4.50 (m, 1H), 3.66 (s, 3H), 3.10 - 2.83 (m, 3H), 1.26 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 3H). EXAMPLE 206 Compound 206 Acylation of Compound 199 according to Example 203 substituting 3'-pyridyl- 4-phenylcarbonyl chloride with 2-biphenylenecarbonyl chloride provides, after workup and chromatography, Compound 206. 1 H NMR (CDCI3, d): 7.55 - 7.27 (m, 5H), 7.07 (m, 2H), 6.85 - 6.66 (m, 5H), 4.44 (m, 1 H), 3.65 (s, 3H), 3.05 - 2.80 (m, 3H), 1.23 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 3H). Add m-chloroperbenzoic acid (mCPBA) (381 mg; 2.21 mmol) to a solution of Compound 204 (608 mg; 1.47 mmol) in 10 mL of CH2CI2 under N2 at room temperature. The resulting mixture is allowed to stir overnight at room temperature. At this point, the mixture is diluted with CH2CI2 and washed with 5% Na2C03 solution. The organic layer is dried (Na2S04), filtered and concentrated to give Compound 207. MS: M+-+ H+ (Calc.) = 430 ; Found (FAB) = 430. Add mCPBA (124 mg; 0.72 mmol) to a solution of Compound 203 (150 mg; 0.36 mmol) in 10 mL of CH2CI2 under N2 at room temperature. The resulting mixture is allowed to stir overnight at room temperature. At this point, the mixture is diluted with CH2CI2 and washed with 5% Na2Cθ3 solution. The organic layer is dried (Na2S04), filtered and concentrated to give Compound 208. 1 H NMR (CDCI3, d): 8.57 (m, 1 H), 8.30 (m, 1 H), 7.95 (m, 2H), 7.73 - 7.35 (m, 9H), 4.50 (m, 1 H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 3.07 - 2.85 (m, 3H), 1.20 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 3H). EXAMPLE 209 Compound 209 Bubble hydrogen chloride gas (HCI (g)) into a solution of Compound 207 (480 mg) in 5.0 mL of dry methanol (MeOH) containing 3A molecular sieves (pellets, ca. 50 mg) for about 2 minutes at room temperature. The mixture is allowed to stir overnight at room temperature and then concentrated in vacuo. A solution of ammonia (NH3) in MeOH (5.0 mL of 7N solution) is added and the mixture refluxed for 1 hour. The solvent is then removed in vacuo and the crude product purified by RPHPLC (CH3CN / H2O, 0.1% TFA, gradient: 10% to 100% CH3CN and the fractions containing product are lyophilized to give Compound 209. 1 H NMR (MeOH-d4, d): 8.42 (m, 2H), 8.00 - 7.85 (m, 6H), 7.68 - 7.47 (m, 4H), 4.47 (m, 1 H), 3.60 (s, 3H), 3.18 - 3.00 (m, 3H), 1.33 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 3H). MS: M+- + H+ (Calc.) = 447 ; Found (FAB) = 447. EXAMPLE 210 Compound 210 Treatment of Compound 203 in a similar manner as in Example 209 provides, after purification by RPHPLC, Compound 210. 1H NMR (DMSO-d6, d): 9.36 (m, 3H), 8.50 - 8.27 (m, 2H), 8.00 - 7.80 (m, 3H), 7.80 - 7.40 (m, 4H), 4.40 (m, 1 H), 3.49 (s, 3H), 3.13 - 2.81 (m, 3H), 1.25 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 3H). MS: +- + H+ (Calc.) = 431 ; Found (FAB) = 431 EXAMPLE 211 Compound 211 Treatment of Compound 204 in a similar manner as in Example 209 provides, after purification by RPHPLC, Compound 211. EXAMPLE 216 Compound 216 Treatment of Compound 205 in a similar manner as in Example 209 above provides, after purification by RPHPLC, compound 216. 1 H NMR (DMSO-d6, d): 9.30 (s, 1 H), 9.00 (s, 1H), 8.40 (m, 1 H), 8.05 - 7.40 (m, 12 H), 4.46 (m, 1 H), 3.56 (s, 3H), 3.20 -2.97 (m, 3H), 1.28 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 3H). MS: M+- + H+ (Calc.) = 430 ; Found (FAB) = 430. EXAMPLE 217 Compound 217 O Treatment of Compound 208 in a similar manner as in Example 209 above provides, after purification by RPHPLC, Compound 217. 1 H NMR (MeOH-d4, d): 8.67 (m, 1H), 8.50 - 8.35 (m, 2H), 8.00 - 7.78 (m, 5H), 7.72 - 7.48 (m, 5H), 4.47 (m, 1 H), 3.60 (s, 3H), 3.16 - 3.05 (m, 3H), 1.32 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 3H). MS: M+- + H+ (Calc.) = 447 ; Found (FAB) = 447. EXAMPLE 218 Compound 218 Hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) is bubbled into a solution of Compound 203 (498 mg; 1.21 mmol) in 5.0 mL of pyridine and 1.0 mL of Et3N for ca. 2 minutes. The resulting mixture is allowed to stir overnight at room temperature and then concentrated to dryness under a stream of N2. The residue is taken up into 5 mL of CH2CI2 and 5 mL of methyl iodide is added. The mixture is refluxed for 3 hours, allowed to cool to room temperature and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is then taken up into 5 mL dry MeOH and NH4OAC (300 mg) is added. The resulting mixture is refluxed for 3h and then concentrated in vacuo. The crude product is purified by RPHPLC (CH3CN / H2O, 0.1% TFA, gradient: 10% to 100% CH3CN and the fractions containing product are lyophilized to give Compound 218. 1 H NMR (MeOH-d4, d): 9.35 (s, 1 H), 8.92 (m, 2H), 8.50 (d, 1 H), 8.17 (m, 1 H), 8.08 - 7.92 (m, 4H), 7.66 - 7.50 (m, 4H), 4.50 (s, 3H), 4.50 (m, 1H), 3.58 (s, 3H), 3.15 - 3.02 (m, 3H), 1.34 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 3H). MS: M+- (Calc.) = 445 ; Found (FAB) = 445. Treatment of Compound 204 in a similar manner to that of Compound 203 in EXAMPLE 218 above provides, after purification by RPHPLC, Compound 219. 1 H NMR (DMSO-d6, d): 9.05 (m, 1 H), 8.55 (m, 3H), 8.20 - 7.97 (m, 5H), 7.65 - 7.47 (m, 4H), 4.33 (s, 3H), 4.10 (m, 1 H), 3.13 (s, 3H), 3.13 - 2.90 (m, 3H), 1.27 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 3H). MS: M+- (Calc.) = 445 ; Found (FAB) = 445. EXAMPLE 220 Compound 220 Treatment of Compound 206 in a similar manner to that of Compound 203 in EXAMPLE 218 above provides, after purification by RPHPLC, compound 220. EXAMPLE 221 Compound 221 To a stirred solution of sodium methoxide in MeOH (12.4 mL of 0.5 M solution) is added hydroxylamine hydrochloride. Once all the solid dissolves, the solution is added to a solution of Compound 207 (530 mg; 1.24 mmol) in 5 mL of MeOH at room temperature. The resulting mixture is allowed to stir at room temperature under N2 overnight. At this point, the solvent is removed in vacuo and the product purified by flash chromatography (eluent = 10% MeOH / CH2CI2). The fractions containing product are concentrated in vacuo and the residue is then lyophilized from water to give Compound 221. 1 H NMR (CDCI3, d): 9.60 (s, 1 H), 8.60 - 7.10 (m, 12H), 5.80 (bs, 1 H), 4.40 (m, 1 H), 4.45 (s, 3H), 3.15 - 2.80 (m, 3H), 1.15 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 3H). MS: M+- + H+ (Calc.) = 463 ; Found (FAB) = 463. EXAMPLE 222 Compound 222 Treatment of Compound 208 in a similar manner to that of Compound 207 in Example 221 above provides, after purification by flash chromatography, compound 222. 1 H NMR (MeOH-d4, d): 8.69 (m, 1H), 8.35 (m, 1 H), 8.00 - 7.75 (m, 5H), 7.72 - 7.25 (m, 5H), 4.47 (m, 1 H), 3.57 9s, 3H), 3.15 - 2.95 (m, 3H), 1.33 (d, J =- 7.9 Hz, 3H). MS: M+- + H+(Calc.) = 463 ; Found (ion spray) = 463. EXAMPLE 223 Compound 223 To a stirred solution of Compound 204 (319 mg; 0.77 mmol) in 4 mL of MeOH / THF (1 / 1) is added 1 N NaOH solution (10 mL). The resulting mixture is allowed to stir for 2 hours at room temperature and then acidified with 12 mL of 1 N HCI solution. The solid product Compound 223 is filtered off and dried in vacuo. " IH NMR (CDCI3, d): 9.30 (bs, 1 H), 8.50 (bs, 1 H), 8.30 - 7.80 (m, 6H), 7.65 - 7.28 (m, 5H), 4.40 (m, 1H), 3.20 - 2.85 (m, 3H), a.33 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 3H). EXAMPLE 224 Compound 224 Triethylamine (0.11 mL; 0.77 mmol) is added dropwise to a suspension of Compound 223 in dry CH2CI2 (10 mL) under N2 at room temperature. After 10 minutes, isopropyl chloroformate (0.77 mL; 0.77 mmol) is added dropwise. After 30 minutes, DMAP (31 mg) is added and the mixture allowed to stir overnight at room temperature. At this point, the mixture is diluted with CH2CI2 and washed with 1 N HCI. The organic layer is dried (Na2S04), filtered and concentrated. The crude product is chromatographed with 40% EtOAc / hexanes followed by 70% EtOAc / hexanes to give Compound 224. MS: M+- + H+ (Calc.) = 442 ; Found (Ion spray) = 442. EXAMPLE 225 Compound 225 H, Treatment of Compound 224 in a similar manner to that of Compound 203 in Example 218 above provides, after purification by RPHPLC, Compound 225. 1 H NMR (DMSO-d6, d): 9.28 (m, 1H), 9.00 (m, 3H), 8.53 (m, 1 H), 8.23 - 7.92 (m, 4H), 7.32 (S, 1 H), 7.15 (s, 1 H), 7.00 (s, 1 H), 4.38 (m, 1H), 4.32 (s, 3H), 3.14 - 2.93 (m, 3H), 1.25 (m, 3H), 0.99 (m, 3H), 0.87 (m, 3H). MS: M+- (Calc.) = 473 ; Found (FAB) = 473. EXAMPLE 226 Compound 226 Ethyl-4-bromobenzoate (7.0g; 31 mmol) is dissolved in 100 mL of THF. To this solution is added Pd(Ph3P)4 (1.0g; 1.0 mmol), tetrabutylammonium bromide (592 mg; 1.8 mmol), powdered potassium hydroxide (KOH) (3.4g; 61 mmol) and diethyl-(3-pyridyI)borane (3.0g). The resulting mixture is refluxed for 2.5 hours, allowed to cool to room temperature and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product is taken up into MeOH and chromatographed (eluent = gradient, 50% EtAc / Hexanes to 70% EtAc / Hexanes) to give, after solvent evaporation, Compound 226. 1 H NMR (CDCI3, d): 8.83 (s, 1H), 8.60 (m, 1 H), 8.10 (m, 2H), 7.90 - 7.30 (m, 3H), 4.34 (m, 2H), 1.37 (m, 3H). Sodium hydroxide solution (25.5 mL of 1.ON solution) is added dropwise to a stirred solution of Compound 226 (2.7g; 12 mmol) in 21 mL of 1 / 1 THF / MeOH at room temperature. After 3 hours, 25 mL of 1 N HCI is added and the white precipitate is filtered off. The solid is dried in vacuo. to give Compound 227. 1 H NMR (DMSO-d6, d): 8.90 (s, 1 H), 8.60 (s, 1 H), 8.13 (m, 1H), 8.05 - 7.80 (m, 4H), 7.50 (m, 1H). EXAMPLE 228 Compound 228 Thionyl chloride (5 mL) is added to 1.3 g of Compound 227. The resulting mixture is refluxed for 2 hours and then concentrated in vacuo to give Compound 228. MS: M+- (Calc.) = 217 ; Found (El) = 217. EXAMPLE 229 Compound 229 A mixture of methyl coumalate (10g; 65 mmol), 4-vinylpyridine (35 mL; 325 mmol) and 10% Pd / C (25g) in mesitylene (300 mL) is heated at 200°C for 30 hours. At this point, the mixture is allowed to cool and filtered through celite washing with CHCI3. Most of the solvent is then removed in vacuo and the remaining liquid is chromatographed (eluent: Gradient, 50% EtAc / Hex. to 70% EtAc / Hex.) to give Compound 229. MS: M+- (Calc.) = 213 ; Found (El) = 213. EXAMPLE 230 Compound 230 Treatment of Compound 229 with sodium hydroxide in THF / MeOH as in Example 227 provides Compound 230. MS: M+- (Calc.) = 199 ; Found (El) = 199. EXAMPLE 231 Compound 231 Treatment of Compound 230 with refluxing thionyl chloride as in Example 228 provides Compound 231. MS: M+- (Calc.) = 217 ; Found (El) = 217. EXAMPLE 232 Compound 232 To N-BOC homophenylalanine methylester (5.57g; 18.1 mmol) in 30 mL of THF under N2 at -78°C is added LHMDS solution dropwise (54.3 mL of 1 N solution in THF). The mixture is then allowed to warm up to 0°C for 30 min and then cooled back to -78°C. A solution of 3-cyanobenzyl bromide (7.46 g; 38.0 mmol) in dry THF is then added dropwise and the resulting solution allowed to warm to room temperature. After 1 hour at room temperature, the mixture is quenched with saturated NaHC03 solution and most of the THF is removed in vacuo. The residue is taken up into CH2CI2 and washed with water. The organic layer is dried (Na2Sθ4), filtered and concentrated. The crude product is purified by flash chromatography (eluent = 25% EtAc / Hexanes. The semi- solid residue is then triturated with 20% EtAc / Hexanes and the white solid filtered off. The filtrate is then concentrated in vacuo to Compound 232 1 H NMR (CDCI3, d): 7.82 - 7.08 ((m, 9H), 5.32 (bd, 1 H), 3.84 (m, 1 H), 3.60 (s, 3H), 3.06 - 2.57 (m, 5H), 1.70 (m, 2H), 1.47 (s, 9H). EXAMPLE 233 Compound 233 To a stirred solution of Compound 232 (1.42g; 3.35 mmol) in 5.0 mL of CH2CI2 under N2 at 0°C is added 3.5 mL of trifluoroacetic acid. The mixture is allowed to stir for 2 hours at room temperature and then concentrated in vacuo to give Compound 233 as the TFA salt. MS: M+- (Calc.) = 322 ; Found (El) = 322. EXAMPLE 234 Acylation of Compound 233 according to Example 203 with Compound 228 provides, after workup and chromatography, Compound 234. MS: M+- (Calc.) = 503 ; Found (El) = 503. EXAMPLE 235 Compound 235 Treatment of Compound 234 with HCI / MeOH, then NH4OAC in a similar manner to Compound 207 in Example 209 above provides, after purification by RPHPLC, Compound 235. MS: M+- + H+ (Calc.) = 521 ; Found (FAB) = 521. EXAMPLE 236 Compound 236 Treatment of Compound 234 in a similar manner to that of Compound 203 in EXAMPLE 218 above provides, after purification by RPHPLC, Compound 236. 1 H NMR (MeOH-d4): 9.35 (s, 1 H), 8.90 (m, 2H), 8.45 (m, 1 H), 8.17 (m, 1H), 8.11 - 7.92 (m, 4H), 7.68 - 7.46 (m, 5H), 7.27 - 7.10 (m, 6H), 4.50 (s, 3H), 4.40 (m, 1 H), 3.57 (s, 3H), 3.05 (m, 3H), 2.67 (m, 2H), 2.00 (m, 2H). EXAMPLE 237 Compound 237 Hydrolysis of Compound 234 with sodium hydroxide in THF / MeOH using the procedure of Example 227 provides after workup, Compound 237. MS: M+- + H+ (Calc.) = 490 ; Found (FAB) = 490. EXAMPLE 238 Compound 238 Treatment of Compound 237 in a similar manner to Compound 203 in Example 218 above provides, after purification by RPHPLC, Compound 238 1 H NMR (MeOH-d4): 9.38 (s, 1H), 8.90 (m, 2H), 8.47 (m, 1 H), 8.17 (m, 1H), 8.11 - 7.92 (m, 4H), 7.68 - 7.46 (m, 5H), 7.26 - 7.10 (m, 6H), 4.50 (s, 3H), 4.38 (m, 1 H), 3.12 - 2.97 (m,. 3H), 2.68 (m, 2H), 2.03 (m, 2H). The molecules described herein inhibit blood coagulation by virtue of their ability to inhibit the penultimate enzyme in the coagulation cascade, factor Xa, rather than thrombin. Both free factor Xa and factor Xa assembled in the prothrombinase complex (Factor Xa, Factor Va, calcium and phospholipid) are inhibited. Factor Xa inhibition is obtained by direct complex formation between the inhibitor and the enzyme and is therefore independent of the plasma co- factor antithrombin III. Effective factor Xa inhibition is achieved by administering the compounds either by oral administration, continuous intravenous infusion, bolus intravenous administration or any other parenteral route such that it achieves the desired effect of preventing the factor Xa induced formation of thrombin from prothrombin. Anticoagulant therapy is indicated for the treatment and prophylaxis of a variety of thrombotic conditions of both the venous and arterial vasculature. In the arterial system, abnormal thrombus formation is primarily associated with arteries of the coronary, cerebral and peripheral vasculature. The diseases associated with thrombotic occlusion of these vessels principally include acute myocardial infarction (AMI), unstable angina, thromboembolism, acute vessel closure associated with thrombolytic therapy and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), transient ischemic attacks, stroke, intermittent claudication and bypass grafting of the coronary (CABG) or peripheral arteries. Chronic anticoagulant therapy may also be beneficial in preventing the vessel luminal narrowing (restenosis) that often occurs following PTCA and CABG, and in the maintenance of vascular access patency in long-term hemodialysis patients. With respect to the venous vasculature, pathologic thrombus formation frequently occurs in the veins of the lower extremities following abdominal, knee and hip surgery (deep vein thrombosis, DVT). DVT further predisposes the patient to a higher risk of pulmonary thromboembolism. A systemic, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC) commonly occurs in both vascular systems during septic shock, certain viral infections and cancer. This condition is characterized by a rapid consumption of coagulation factors and their plasma inhibitors resulting in the formation of life-threatening thrombin throughout the microvasculature of several organ systems. The indications discussed above include some, but not all, of the possible clinical situations where anticoagulant therapy is warranted. Those experienced in this field are well aware of the circumstances requiring either acute or chronic prophylactic anticoagulant therapy. These compounds may be used alone or in combination with other diagnostic, anticoagulant, antiplatelet or fibrinolytic agents. For example adjunctive administration of factor Xa inhibitors with standard heparin, low molecular weight heparin, direct thrombin inhibitors (i.e. hirudin), aspirin, fibrinogen receptor antagonists, streptokinase, urokinase and/or tissue plasminogen activator may result in greater antithrombotic or thrombolytic efficacy or efficiency. The compounds described herein may be administered to treat thrombotic complications in a variety of animals such as primates including humans, sheep, horses, cattle, pigs, dogs, rats and mice. Inhibition of factor Xa is useful not only in the anticoagulant therapy of individuals having thrombotic conditions but is useful whenever inhibition of blood coagulation is required such as to prevent coagulation of stored whole blood and to prevent coagulation in other biological samples for testing or storage. Thus, any factor Xa inhibitor can be added to or contacted with any medium containing or suspected of containing factor Xa and in which it is desired that blood coagulation be inhibited. In addition to their use in anticoagulant therapy, factor Xa inhibitors may find utility in the treatment or prevention of other diseases in which the generation of thrombin has been implicated as playing a pathologic role. For example, thrombin has been proposed to contribute to the morbidity and mortality of such chronic and degenerative diseases as arthritis, cancer, atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease by virtue of its ability to regulate many different cell types through specific cleavage and activation of a cell surface thrombin receptor. Inhibition of factor Xa will effectively block thrombin generation and therefore neutralize any pathologic effects of thrombin on various cell types. According to a further feature of the invention there is provided a method for the treatment of a human or animal patient suffering from, or subject to, conditions which can be ameliorated by the administration of an inhibitor of Factor Xa, for example conditions as hereinbefore described, which comprises the administration to the patient of an effective amount of compound of formula I or a composition containing a compound of formula I. "Effective amount" is meant to describe an amount of compound of the present invention effective in inhibiting Factor Xa and thus producing the desired therapeutic effect. The present invention also includes within its scope pharmaceutical formulations which comprise at least one of the compounds of Formula I in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or coating. In practice compounds of the present invention may generally be administered parenterally, intravenously, subcutaneously intramuscularly, colonically, nasally, intraperitoneally, rectally or orally. The products according to the invention may be presented in forms permitting administration by the most suitable route and the invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing at least one product according to the invention which are suitable for use in human or veterinary medicine. These compositions may be prepared according to the customary methods, using one or more pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvants or excipients. The adjuvants comprise, inter alia, diluents, sterile aqueous media and the various non-toxic organic solvents. The compositions may be presented in the form of tablets, pills, granules, powders, aqueous solutions or suspensions, injectable solutions, elixirs or syrups, and can contain one or more agents chosen from the group comprising sweeteners, flavorings, colorings, or stabilizers in order to obtain pharmaceutically acceptable preparations. The choice of vehicle and the content of active substance in the vehicle are generally determined in accordance with the solubility and chemical properties of the product, the particular mode of administration and the provisions to be observed in pharmaceutical practice. For example, excipients such as lactose, sodium citrate, calcium carbonate, dicalcium phosphate and disintegrating agents such as starch, alginic acids and certain complex silicates combined with lubricants such as magnesium stearate, sodium lauryl sulfate and talc may be used for preparing tablets. To prepare a capsule, it is advantageous to use lactose and high molecular weight polyethylene glycols. When aqueous suspensions are used they can contain emulsifying agents or agents which facilitate suspension. Diluents such as sucrose, ethanoi, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol and chloroform or mixtures thereof may also be used. For parenteral administration, emulsions, suspensions or solutions of the products according to the invention in vegetable oil, for example sesame oil, groundnut oil or olive oil, or aqueous-organic solutions such as water and propylene glycol, injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate, as well as sterile aqueous solutions of the pharmaceutically acceptable salts, are used. The solutions of the salts of the products according to the invention are especially useful for administration by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection. The aqueous solutions, also comprising solutions of the salts in pure distilled water, may be used for intravenous administration with the proviso that their pH is suitably adjusted, that they are judiciously buffered and rendered isotonic with a sufficient quantity of glucose or sodium chloride and that they are sterilized by heating, irradiation or microfiltration. Suitable compositions containing the compounds of the invention may be prepared by conventional means. For example, compounds of the invention may be dissolved or suspended in a suitable carrier for use in a nebulizer or a suspension or solution aerosol, or may be absorbed or adsorbed onto a suitable solid carrier for use in a dry powder inhaler. Solid compositions for rectal administration include suppositories formulated in accordance with known methods and containing at least one compound of formula I. The percentage of active ingredient in the compositions of the invention may be varied, it being necessary that it should constitute a proportion such that a suitable dosage shall be obtained. Obviously, several unit dosage forms may be administered at about the same time. The dose employed will be determined by the physician, and depends upon the desired therapeutic effect, the route of administration and the duration of the treatment, and the condition of the patient. In the adult, the doses are generally from about 0.01 to about 100, preferably about 0.01 to about 10, mg/kg body weight per day by inhalation, from about 0.01 to about 100, preferably 0.1 to 70, more especially 0.5 to 10, mg/kg body weight per day by oral administration, and from about 0.01 to about 50, preferably 0.01 to 10, mg/kg body weight per day by intravenous administration. In each particular case, the doses will be determined in accordance with the factors distinctive to the subject to be treated, such as age, weight, general state of health and other characteristics which can influence the efficacy of the medicinal product. The products according to the invention may be administered as frequently as necessary in order to obtain the desired therapeutic effect. Some patients may respond rapidly to a higher or lower dose and may find much weaker maintenance doses adequate. For other patients, it may be necessary to have long-term treatments at the rate of 1 to 4 doses per day, in accordance with the physiological requirements of each particular patient. Generally, the active product may be administered orally 1 to 4 times per day. It goes without saying that, for other patients, it will be necessary to prescribe not more than one or two doses per day. Compounds within the scope of the present invention exhibit marked pharmacological activities according to tests described in the literature and below which tests results are believed to correlate to pharmacological activity in humans and other mammals. Enzyme Assays: The ability of the compounds in the present invention to act as inhibitors of factor Xa, thrombin, trypsin, tissue-plasminogen activator (t-PA), urokinase- plasminogen activator (u-PA), plasmin and activated protein C is evaluated by determining the concentration of inhibitor which resulted in a 50% loss in enzyme activity (IC50) using purified enzymes. All enzyme assays are carried out at room temperature in 96-well microtiter plates using a final enzyme concentration of 1 nM. The concentrations of factor Xa and thrombin are determined by active site titration and the concentrations of all other enzymes are based on the protein concentration supplied by the manufacturer. Compounds according to the invention are dissolved in DMSO, diluted with their respective buffers and assayed at a maximal final DMSO concentration of 1.25%. Compound dilutions are added to wells containing buffer and enzyme and pre-equilibrated for between 5 and 30 minutes. The enzyme reactions are initiated by the addition of substrate and the color developed from the hydrolysis of the peptide-p-nitroanilide substrates is monitored continuously for 5 minutes at 405 nm on a Vmax microplate reader (Molecular Devices). Under these conditions, less than 10% of the substrate is utilized in all assays. The initial velocities measured are used to calculate the amount of inhibitor which resulted in a 50% reduction of the control velocity (IC50). The apparent Ki values are then determined according to the Cheng-Prusoff equation (IC50 = Ki [1+[S]/Km]) assuming competitive inhibition kinetics. An additional in vitro assay may be used to evaluate the potency of compounds according to the invention in normal human plasma. The activated partial thromboplastin time is a plasma-based clotting assay that relies on the in situ generation of factor Xa, its assembly into the prothrombinase complex and the subsequent generation of thrombin and fibrin which ultimately yields the formation of a clot as the assay endpoint. This assay is currently used clinically to monitor the ex vivo effects of the commonly used anticoagulant drug heparin as well as direct acting antithrombin agents undergoing clinical evaluation. Therefore, activity in this in vitro assay is considered as a surrogate marker for in vivo anticoagulant activity. Human Plasma Based Clotting Assav: Activated partial thromboplastin clotting times are determined in duplicate on a MLA Electra 800 instrument. A volume of 100 μl of citrated normal human pooled plasma (George King Biomedical) is added to a cuvette containing 100 μl of a compound according to the invention in Tris/NaCI buffer (pH 7.5) and placed in the instrument. Following a 3 minute warming period the instrument automatically adds 100 μl of activated cephaloplastin reagent (Actin, Dade) followed by 100 μl of 0.035 M CaCl2 to initiate the clotting reaction. Clot formation is determined spectrophotometrically and measured in seconds. Compound potency is quantitated as the concentration required to double a control clotting time measured with human plasma in the absence of the compound according to the invention. Compounds according to the invention may also be evaluated for their in vivo antithrombotic efficacy in two well established animal experimental models of acute vascular thrombosis. A rabbit model of jugular vein thrombosis and a rat model of carotid artery thrombosis are used to demonstrate the antithrombotic activity of these compounds in distinct animal model paradigms of human venous thrombosis and arterial thrombosis, respectively. Experimental In Vivo Rabbit Venous Thrombosis Model: This is a well characterized model of fibrin rich venous thrombosis that is validated in the literature and shown to be sensitive to several anticoagulant drugs including heparin (Antithrombotic Effect of Recombinant Truncated Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor (TFPI 1-161) in Experimental Venous Thrombosis-a Comparison with Low Molecular Weight Heparin, J. Hoist, B. Lindblad, D. Bergqvist, O. Nordfang, P.B. Ostergaard, J.G.L Petersen, G. Nielsen and U. Hedner. Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 71. 214-219 (1994). The purpose of utilizing this model is to evaluate the ability of compounds to prevent the formation of venous thrombi (clots) in vivo generated at a site of injury and partial stasis in the jugular vein. Male and female New Zealand white rabbits weighing 1.5-2 kg are anesthetized with 35 mg/kg of ketamine and 5 mg/kg xylazine in a volume of 1 mUkg (i.m.). The right jugular vein is cannulated for infusion of anesthetic (ketamine/xylazine 17/2.5 mg/kg/hr at a rate of approximately 0.5 ml_/hr) and administration of test substances. The right carotid artery is cannulated for recording arterial blood pressure and collecting blood samples. Body temperature is maintained at 39°C with a GAYMAR T-PUMP. The left external jugular vein is isolated and all side branches along an exposed 2-3 cm of vessel are tied off. The internal jugular vein is cannulated, just above the bifurcation of the common jugular, and the tip of the cannula is advanced just proximal to the common jugular vein. A 1 cm segment of the vein is isolated with non-traumatic vascular clamps and a relative stenosis is formed by tying a ligature around the vein with an 18G needle just below the distal most clamp. This creates a region of reduced flow and partial stasis at the injury site. The isolated segment is gently rinsed with saline 2-3 times via the cannula in the internal jugular. Thereafter the isolated segment is filled with 0.5 mL of 0.5% polyoxyethylene ether (W-1) for 5 minutes. W-1 is a detergent which disrupts the endothelial cell lining of the segment, thus providing a thrombogenic surface for initiating clot formation. After 5 minutes the W-1 is withdrawn from the segment, and the segment is again gently rinsed with saline 2-3 times. The vascular clamps are then removed, restoring blood flow through this portion of the vessel. Clot formation is allowed to form and grow for 30 minutes after which the vein is cut just below the stenotic ligature and inspected for blood flow (the absence of blood flow is recorded as complete occlusion). The entire isolated segment of vein is then ligated and the formed clot is removed and weighed (wet weight). The effect of test agents on final clot weights is used as the primary end point. Animals are maintained for an additional thirty minutes to obtain a final pharmacodynamic measure of anticoagulation. Drug administration is initiated 15 minutes prior to vascular injury with W-1 and continued through the period of clot formation and maturation. Three blood samples (3 mL ea.) are obtained for evaluation of hemostatic parameters: one just prior to administration of W-1 ; a second 30 minutes after removal of the vascular clamps and a third at the termination of the experiment. Antithrombotic efficacy is expressed as a reduction in the final clot weight in preparations treated with a compound according to the invention relative to vehicle treated control animals. Experimental in Vivo Rat Arterial Thrombosis Model: The antithrombotic efficacy of factor Xa inhibitors against platelet-rich arterial thrombosis may be evaluated using a well characterized rat carotid artery FeCI 2 -induced thrombosis model (Superior Activity of a Thromboxane Receptor Antagonist as Compared with Aspirin in Rat Models of Arterial and Venous Thrombosis, W.A. Schumacher, CL. Heran, T.E. Steinbacher, S. Youssef and M.L Ogletree. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 22. 526- 533 (1993); Rat Model of Arterial Thrombosis Induced by Ferric Chloride, K.D. Kurtz, B.W. Main, and G.E. Sandusky. Thrombosis Research. ££, 269-280 (1990); The Effect of Thrombin Inhibition in a Rat Arterial Thrombosis Model, RJ. Broersma, L.W. Kutcher and E.F. Heminger. Thrombosis Research 64. 405-412 (1991). This model is widely used to evaluate the antithrombotic potential of a variety of agents including heparin and the direct acting thrombin inhibitors. Sprague Dawley rats weighing 375-450 g are anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg i.p.). Upon reaching an acceptable level of anesthesia, the ventral surface of the neck is shaved and prepared for aseptic surgery. Electrocardiogram electrodes are connected and lead II is monitored throughout the experiment. The right femoral vein and artery are cannulated with PE-50 tubing for administration of a compound according to the invention and for obtaining blood samples and monitoring blood pressure, respectively. A midline incision is made in the ventral surface of the neck. The trachea is exposed and intubated with PE-240 tubing to ensure airway patency. The right carotid artery is isolated and two 4-0 silk sutures are placed around the vessel to facilitate instrumentation. An electromagnetic flow probe (0.95-1.0 mm lumen) is placed around the vessel to measure blood flow. Distal to the probe a 4x4 mm strip of parafilm is placed under the vessel to isolate it from the surrounding muscle bed. After baseline flow measurements are made, a 2x5 mm strip of filter paper previously saturated in 35% FeCI is placed on top of the vessel downstream from the probe for ten minutes and then removed. The FeCl 2 is thought to diffuse into the underlying segment of artery and cause deendothelialization resulting in acute thrombus formation. Following application of the FeCl 2 -soaked filter paper, blood pressure, carotid artery blood flow and heart rate are monitored for an observation period of 60 minutes. Following occlusion of the vessel (defined as the attainment of zero blood flow), or 60 minutes after filter paper application if patency is maintained, the artery is ligated proximal and distal to the area of injury and the vessel is excised. The thrombus is removed and weighed immediately and recorded as the primary end point of the study. Following surgical instrumentation a control blood sample (B1) is drawn. All blood samples are collected from the arterial catheter and mixed with sodium citrate to prevent clotting. After each blood sample, the catheter is flushed with 0.5 mL of 0.9% saline. A compound according to the invention is administered intravenously (i.v.) starting 5 minutes prior to FeCl 2 application. The time between FeCl 2 application and the time at which carotid blood flow reached zero is recorded as time to occlusion (TTO). For vessels that did not occlude within 60 minutes, TTO is assigned a value of 60 minutes. Five minutes after application of FeCl2, a second blood sample is drawn (B2). After 10 minutes of FeCl2 exposure, the filter paper is removed from the vessel and the animal is monitored for the remainder of the experiment. Upon reaching zero blood flow blood a third blood sample is drawn (B3) and the clot is removed and weighed. Template bleeding time measurements are performed on the forelimb toe pads at the same time that blood samples are obtained. Coagulation profiles consisting of activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and prothrombin time (PT) are performed on all blood samples. In some instances a compound according to the invention may be administered orally. Rats are restrained manually using standard techniques and compounds are administered by intragastric gavage using a 18 gauge curved dosing needle (volume of 5 mL/kg). Fifteen minutes after intragastric dosing, the animal is anesthetized and instrumented as described previously. Experiments are then performed according to the protocol described above. By way of example, Compound 184 shows K j values of 27.0 nM, 1.72 μM, and 2.71 μM, in the Factor Xa, trypsin, and thrombin assays, respectively. Compound 45 shows K j values of 94.0 nM, 129 nM, and 477 nM, in the Factor Xa, trypsin, and thrombin assays, respectively. Compound 167 shows K j values of 19.0 nM, 46 nM, and 1.228 μM, in the Factor Xa, trypsin, and thrombin assays, respectively. The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential attributes thereof.

Claims: WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. A compound of the formula R- | and R2 are hydrogen or taken together are =NR g ; R 3 is -C0 2 R6, -C(0)R 6 , -CONR 6 R 6 , -CH 2 OR 7 or -CH 2 SR 7 ; R4 is a group of formula 4 is hydrogen, a X lkyl, cyclo. Ar B , or "^^Ar ( or R alkyi, or cycloalkylalkyl; R5 is alkyl, alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted heteroaryl; R6 is hydrogen or lower alkyl; R7 is hydrogen, lower alkyl, lower acyl, aroyl or heteroaryl; R β is hydrogen or lower alkyl; Rg is R 1 0 O 2 C-, R- | o°- > O_ - cyano, R 10 CO-, HCO-, lower alkyl, nitro, or 1 2 Y Y N-, where R-J Q is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aralkyi, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyi, and where Y and are independently hydrogen or alkyl; A and B are hydrogen or taken together are a bond; Ar is optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted heteroaryl; and n is 0, 1 or 2; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, an N-oxide thereof, a hydrate thereof or a solvate thereof. 2. The compound of claim 1 wherein R 1 and R 2 taken together are =NH. 3. The compound of claim 2 wherein R 1 and R 2 taken together are =NH and form an aminoiminomethyl on the phenyl moiety that is in the meta position to the position of attachment of the phenyl moiety to the propyl moiety. 4. The compound of claim 1 wherein R3 is -C0 2 Rg, -CH 2 OR7 or - CH 2 SR ; 5. The compound of claim 4 wherein R3 is -C0 2 R and Rg is lower alkyl. 6. The compound of claim 4 wherein R3 is -CH 2 ORy or -CH 2 SR7 and R7 is hydrogen or lower alkyl. 7. The compound of claim 1 wherein n is 1. 8. The compound of claim 1 wherein Ar is optionally substituted aryl. 9. The compound of claim 1 wherein Ar is phenyl. 10. The compound of claim 1 wherein R5 is optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted biphenyl, optionally substituted naphthyl, or optionally substituted heterobiphenyl. 11. A compound according to claim 1 which is: O O 12. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable amount of the compound according to claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 13. A method for treating a disease state capable of being modulated by inhibiting production of Factor Xa to a patient suffering from said disease state an effective amount of the compound according to claim 1.

Inventors: GUERTIN KEVIN R, KLEIN SCOTT I, SPADA ALFRED P, GUERTIN, KEVIN, R., KLEIN, SCOTT, I., SPADA, ALFRED, P.
Applicants: GUERTIN KEVIN R, KLEIN SCOTT I, RHONE POULENC RORER PHARMA, SPADA ALFRED P, GUERTIN, KEVIN, R., KLEIN, SCOTT, I., RHONE-POULENC RORER PHARMACEUTICALS INC., SPADA, ALFRED, P.
Application year: 1996
Main classification: A61K31
IPC codes: A61K31, A61P7, C07C45, C07C205, C07C255, C07C257, C07C259, C07D207, C07D209, C07D213, C07D215, C07D231, C07D235, C07D249, C07D277, C07D285, C07D317, C07D319, C07D401, C07D409, C07D417, C07D471, C07D521