NEW PEPTIDES WITH IMMUNOMODULATORY EFFECTS

Abstract: Peptides being absorbable by the epithelial cell lining in a mammal resulting in a modulated immune response and thereby a therapeutic effect against disease, formulations containing such peptides and uses thereof.

Description: NEW PEPTIDES WITH IMMUNOMODULATORY EFFECTS Field of Invention The present invention relates to non- antigen- specific immunomodulation, including both immunosuppression and immunostimulation. In particular, the invention relates to immunomodulatory peptides which are capable of inducing an immuno odulatory response in mammals and thereby a therapeutic effect and uses thereof. Background of Invention The immune system, when it is working properly, protects the individual from infection and from growth of cancers. In order to carry out these functions, it must be able to recognise and mount an attack against foreign antigens (including cancer-specific antigens), but not against self antigens present on normal cells throughout the body. It is possible to stimulate the immune system in order to improve its level of protection. Vaccines, including single-protein antigens such as diptheria toxoid, are widely used to generate immunity against a specific antigen and thus a specific disease. Where general stimulation of the immune system is desired, this can sometims be achieved with nonspecific agents such as adjuvants, interleukdns, interferons, and colony stimulating factors. Occasionally, the immune system loses its critical ability to distinguish self from non-self. The resulting immunological assault on the individual's own tissues can take the form of autoimmune disease: for example, systemic lupus erythrematosis, Type 1 diabetes, or rheumatoid arthritis. In such a case, or alternatively where the individual is the recipient of a transplanted organ or tissue, suppression rather than stimulation of the immune response is desirable. Non-specific down-regulation of the immune response is typically achieved by treatment with corticosteroids, azathioprine, cyclosporine, tacrolimus (FK506), rapamycin, or mycophenolate mofetil. Certain immunoglobulins, including the monoclonal antibody O T3, have also been used for this purpose. Suppression of immunity against a specific antigen, called "tolerance induction", may also be possible. Methods that have been used for inducing tolerance against a particular antigen include intravenous or repeated topical administration of the antigen in dilute form, treatment with a very high dose of the antigen, and ord administration of the antigen.. EP 635621 describes an oral delivery system which relies inter alia on having a cationic polysaccharide film deposited on a gellable hydrocolloid inside which a drug (peptide) can be incorporated. WO 94/20136 describes a method of presenting pharmaceutically active peptides in cyclodextrin inclusion complexes. The peptides are described as being useful as receptor agonists, receptor antagonists, and as vaccines. It is stated that many peptides of from 3 to 20 amino acids in length are unstable and tend to lose biological activity. The peptides described are not mentioned as including cysteine residues. It is alleged that the use of cyclodextrin improves the stability of such peptides. EP 566135 describes a system whereby peptides are presented to the mucosal lining in conjunction with a cytidine nucleotide derivative, in a formulation designed for oral delivery. EP 566135 teaches that peptides or proteins when administered orally and without some form of protective or stabilising element lose activity and includes reference to a number of patent applications which allegedly provide different solutions to the problem of stability in the oral delivery of peptides. Aside from the patient discomfort associated with administration of peptides or proteins by injection, the actual amount of peptide or protein which is administered can give rise to toxic side effects. It has now been found that certain peptides have activity as immunomodulators. A surprising property associated with the immunomodulatory activity is that the activity has been found to be immunoinhibitory or immunostimulatory in effect, on the basis of experiments described herein and furthermore, that the immunomodulatory activity has been shown to be indicative of having some therapeutic effect in the treatment of certain diseases, such as cancer and arthritis. Furthermore, it has been found that when the administration to the epitheLal cell lining is by way of oral administration, the administration of the peptides has been observed to correlate with a modulating effect on the growth of tumours. A further surprising finding is that the oral presentation of "naked" peptides of the invention did not require the inclusion of added transport agents. Thus, the peptides of the invention do not need to be administered in association with transport agents such as delivery vehicles e.g. vesicular delivery systems which are designed to improve delivery to the mucosal epithelial cell lining of the gut. In addition, it has also been found that the amount of peptide required to produce the therapeutic effect by oral delivery can be significantly lower than that required to produce a similar effect when the peptide is delivered systemically, eg by parenteral inj-ection. It is an object of the present invention to provide an effective means for treating disease using immunomodulatory peptides. It is another object of the invention to provide immunomodulatory peptides which can be utilised in the treatment of disease. These and other objects of the invention will become apparent from the following description and examples. Statement of Invention According to the present invention there is provided a purified physiologically active peptide comprising at least two cysteine amino acid residues said two residues being aligned contiguous one to the other or separated by no more than one amino acid, the peptides being absorbable by the epithelial cell lining in a mammal resulting in a modulated immune response and thereby a therapeutic effect against disease. The peptides are made up of amino acid residues independently selected from amino acid residues having aliphatic side chains, aliphatic hydroxyl side chains, basic side chains, acidic side chains, secondary amino groups, amide side chains, and sulphur containing side chains. Peptides of the invention must be physiologically active in the sense that they must be capable of inducing a modulated immune response and thereby _• therapeutic effect against disease. Suitable amino acids may be independently selected frc~ the groups comprising naturally and non-naturally occurring amino acid residues. Exa-r^les of naturally occurring amino acid residues include isoleucine (lie), leucine (Leu), alaπir.e (Ma), arginine (aArg), asparagine (Asn). aspartic acid (Asp), cysteine (Cys), glutamir.e Gin), gluta ic acid (Glu), glycine (Gly), lysine (Lys), phenyl alanine 0?he), proline (Pro >. s rine (Ser), threonine (Thr), tryptophan (Trp). tyrosine (Tyr), methionine (Met), valine (Val and histidine (His). Thus, peptides of the invention can include additional cysteine residues either adjacent to or remote from the at least two cysteine amino acid residues mentioned hereinabove. Naturally, the skilled addressee will appreciate that naturally oc- rring amino acid residues means those amino acid residues which are found in peptides and or proteins of living organisms. The skilled addressee will also appreciate that such r mrally occurring amino acid residues may be present in peptides of the invention in chemically modified forms eg including added protecting groups such as ethyl, trityl (Tπ), aU> t-butyl and the like. Naturally, the skilled addressee will appreciate that any protecting group(s) which may be present on the peptides of the invention should be such so as not to substantially interfere with the immunomodulatory properties thereof and hence therapeutic effect thereof. Purified peptides of the invention can be made synthetically, for example by chemical means, or through the use of recombinant DNA technology. Alternatively, peptides of the invention can be isolated from polypeptides or proteins and the like. A peptide of the invention may take the form of a dimer consisting of two like or two dissimilar peptide monomers linked to each other by way of sulphur to sulphur bonds between at least one of the at least two cysteine amino acid residues of the first peptide monomer and at least one of the at least two cysteine amino acid residues of a second peptide monomer. In an aspect of the invention, the peptide monomers will be linked one to the other through sulphur to sulphur bonds between the at least two cysteine amino acid residues of the first peptide monomer and the at least two cysteine amino acid residues of the second peptide monomer. Dimers of the present invention may be in parallel form ie two peptide monomers aligned parallel one to the other such that both the peptide monomers are readable in one direction eg from the N- terminal to C-terminal direction. The peptide monomers making up the dimer may or may not be the same length. Preferably, the peptide monomers are the same length and the N- and C- terminal amino acid residues of one monomer are located adjacent to the N- and C- terminal amino acid residues of the second peptide monomer. Alternatively, a dimer of the present invention may be in anti-parallel form. That is to say, a first monomer read from the N-terminal amino acid residue to the C- terminal amino acid residue is aligned against a second monomer which is read from the C- terminal amino acid residue to the N-terminal amino acid residue ie in the opposite direction to that of the first peptide monomer, the two peptide monomers being linked through sulphur to sulphur bonds via the cysteine amino acid residues as described above for parallel or anti-parallel dimers of the invention. Where the two peptide monomers foirning a peptide dimer of the invention are dissimilar one to the other, the dimer is referred to as an heterodimer. An heterodimer can be in parallel or anti-parallel form. Thus, a heterodimer can be composed of two peptide monomers of the same length, differing, for example, in the substitution of an amino acid residue having the L- form to an amino acid residue having the D- form. Alternatively, the lengths of the peptide monomers making up the dimer may be different Preferably, the fust and second peptide monomers making up a dimer of the present invention are the same. Peptides of the invention also include monomers wherein the at least two contiguously aligned or spaced apart essential cysteine amino acid residues are linked through disulphide bridges. The monomers can be linear or cyclic. Preferably, the monomers are linear. Administration of peptides of the invention by way of, for example, oral administration, intra-tracheal, nasal or parenteral administration gives rise to a measurable modulated immune response, as indicated in the examples herein. "Epithelial cell lining" is defined as being the cell lining and associated cells thereto which covers the internal and external surfaces of the body, including the lining of vessels and other small cavities. For the purposes of the present invention the epithelial cell lining is regarded as being at least one cell layer in depth and as many as several cell layers deep. Cells included within the ambit of "epithelial cell lining" also includes those cells and specialised lymphoid tissues which are located in or associated with the said epithelial cell lining and which influence the immune response such as T- lymphocytes, B- lymphocytes, enterocytes, N -cells, monocytes, dendritic cells and cells comprising mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), such as Peyer's patches and the like. Thus, the skilled addressee will appreciate that so-called migratory cells, such as T- and B- lymphocytes which can be regarded as transient resident cells of the epithelial cell lining as defined above are included within the ambit of the definition of epithelial cell lining. The peptides of the invention may be absorbed by the epithelial cell lining in a passive or active sense. For example, the peptides may be absorbed on the cell surface, or actively or passively taken up by cells located on the lumen surface side of the epithelial cell lining , or they may pass inbetween cells located on the lumen surface side of the epithelial cell lining and are taken up by cells located deeper in the epithelial cell lining eg T- lymphocytes or Peyer's patches. The skilled addressee will also appreciate that "absorption" as defined herein also includes the situation wherein peptides of the invention initiate an immune response by interacting with cell surface receptors found in or on the membranes of certain specialised cells located in the epithelial cell lining, such as on enterocytes, and intra-epithelial lymphocytes, without physically penetrating the epithelial cell lining. Thus, the skilled addressee will understand that peptides of the invention may interact with, bind to, pass through or penetrate the epithelial cell lining. The peptides of the invention are preferably administered by oral, nasal, or intra-tracheal ad inistraύon in oral, nasal or intra-tracheal dosage forms. It has been found that the amount of a peptide of the invention required to produce a given therapeutic effect when orally administered can be significantly lower than that required to produce the same effect via other types of administration, such as parenteral administration. In a further aspect of the invention there is provided an oral dosage form comprising an immunomodulatory peptide comprising at least two cysteine amino acid residues said two residues being aligned contiguous one to the other or separated by no more than one amino acid residue, the peptide being absorbable by the epithelial cell lining of the gastrointestinal tract in a mammal resulting in a modulated immune response and thereby a therapeutic effect against disease. The peptide can be in the form of a monomer or a dimer. In a further aspect of the invention there is provided an oral dosage form comprising at least one immunomodulatory peptide each of which comprises at least two cysteine amino acid residues, said two cysteine residues being aligned contiguous one to the other or separated by no more than one amino acid residue, the at least one peptide being absorbable by the epithelial cell lining of the gastrointestinal tract in a mammal resulting in a modulated immune response and thereby a therapeutic effect against disease wherein the amount of the at least one orally administered peptide needed to induce an observable level of modulated immune response in a mammal is less than the amount of the same at least one peptide administered parenterally and needed to achieve a similar observable level of modulated immune response in the said mammal. In a further aspect of the invention there is provided a nasal dosage form an immunomodulatory peptide comprising at least two cysteine amino acid residues, said two residues being aligned contiguous one to the other or separated by no more than one amino acid residue, the peptide being absorbable by the epithelial cell lining of the nasal passages in a mammal resulting in a modulated immune response and thereby a therapeutic effect against disease. In a further aspect of the invention there is provided a nasal dosage form comprising at least one immunomodulatory peptide each of which comprises at least two cysteine amino acid residues, said two cysteine amino acid residues being aligned contiguous one to the other or separated by no more than one amino acid residue, the peptide being absorbable by the epithelial cell lining of the nasal passages in a mammal resulting in a modulated immune response and thereby a therapeutic effect against disease wherein the amount of the nasally administered peptide needed to induce an observable level of modulated immune response in a mammal is less than the amount of the same peptide administered parenterally and needed to achieve a similar observable level of modulated immune response in the said mammaL In a further aspect of the invention there is provided an intra-tracheal dosage form comprising an immunomodulatory peptide comprising at least two cysteine amino acid residues said two residues being aligned contiguous one to the other or separated by no more than one amino acid residue, the peptide being absorbable by the epithelial cell lining of the lung in a mammal resulting in a modulated immune response and thereby a therapeutic effect against disease. In a further aspect of the invention there is provided an intra-tracheal dosage form comprising at least one immunomodulatory peptide each of which comprises at least two cysteine .amino acid residues said two cysteine residues being aligned contiguous one to the other or separated by no more than one amino acid residue, the at least one peptide being absorbable by the epithelial cell lining of the lung in a mammal resulting in a modulated immune response and thereby a therapeutic effect against disease wherein the amount of the at least one intra-tracheally administered peptide needed to induce an observable level of modulated immune response in a mammal is less than the amount of the same at least one peptide administered parenterally and needed to achieve a similar observable level of modulated immune response in the said mammal. Peptides of the invention can be of any length provided that they are capable of inducing a modulated immune response and a therapeutic effec; thereby. Generally, peptides of the invention are short peptides of from 4 amino acid residues up to about 30 amino acid residues in length. Preferably, the peptides are from 4 amino acid residues to about 20 amino acid residues in length. More preferably, the peptides of the invention are from 4 to 15 amino acids in length (e.g. 4 to 10 or 4 to 9). and, most preferably, from 4 to 7 amino acids in length. For example, the peptide can be 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 amino acid residues in length, with or without protecting groups. The peptides of the invention may or may not be associated with transport agents as defined herein. Preferably, the peptides of the invention are administered in a "naked" form ie free from added transport agents. Added transport agents are those with which the peptides of the invention are intentionally placed in contact or in association either before, during or immediately after administration and which may serve to improve absorption and/or improve the stability of the peptide. Thus, in one preferment there is provided a purified physiologically active peptide free from added transport agents of from 4 to 15 amino acid residues in length comprising two cysteine amino acid residues, said residues being aligned contiguous one to the other or separated by no more than one amino acid residue, the said peptide being absorbable by the epithelial cell lining in a mammal resulting in a modulated immune response and thereby a therapeutic effect against disease. The peptide may be in the form of a monomer or dimer of the same or different peptides. Suitable peptides of the invention will now be described with reference to the following formulae: Formula (I) (A) n - X - Cys - Cys - Y - (B) m (I) wherein Each A is independently selected from H, a protecting group eg ethyl, trityl (Trt), allyl, and t-butyl, or at least one amino acid residue independently selected from the group of amino acid residues having aliphatic side chains, aliphatic hydroxyl side chains, basic side chains. acidic side chains, secondary amino groups, amide side chains, aromatic side chains, and sulphur containing side chains; n is a whole integer selected from the group consisting of the set 1 to 11 : X is selected from the group consisting of NH, and the group of amino acid residues having secondary amino groups, amide side chains, and aliphatic side chains. Preferably, X is selected from the group Gly, Pro, Gin, De, Val, Asp, Leu, Glu, Ala. or NH. Y is selected from consisting of NH, the group of amino acid residues having secondary amino groups, aliphatic side chains, acidic side chains, aliphatic hydroxyl side chains, aromatic side chains, and amide side chains. Preferably, Y is selected from the group Pro, Gly, Leu, Glu, Val, De, Ser, Phe, Tyr, Thr, Asp, Gin or NH; Each B is independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, NH2, a protecting gτoup, such as ethyl, trityl (Tπ), allyl or t-butyl, or at least one amino acid residue selected from the group of amino acid residues having aliphatic side chains, aliphatic hydroxyl side chains, basic side chains, acidic side chains, secondary amino groups, amide side chains, aromatic side chains, and sulphur containing side chains; m is a whole integer selected from the group consisting of the set 1 to 1 1 ; with the proviso that when A is not at least one amino acid residue, n is 1 and when B is not at least one amino acid residue, m is 1; and the entire peptide sequence contains no more than 15 amino acid residues. When A and or B represent an amino acid residue or a sequence of amino acid residues, the amino acid residue or sequence of amino acid residues can include naturally occurring amino acid residues, such as those described hereinabove or analogues thereof or can include non-naturally occurring amino acid residues, such as synthetic amino acid residues and analogues thereof, or amino acid residues or sequences of amino acid residues including both naturally occurring amino acid residues and/or analogues thereof and non-naturally occurring amino acid residues and/or analogues thereof. The skilled addressee will also appreciate that included within the scope of Formula (I) are peptides in which intramolecular disulphide bridges are present between the two Cys amino acid residues. Such peptides represent an oxidised form of peptides of Formula (I). The skilled addressee will also appreciate that the peptides of Formula (I) can be in the form of homodimers or heterodimers which may be in parallel or anti-parallel form. Such homodimers or heterodimers are comprised of monomers of Formula (I) and can be linked through sulphur to sulphur bonds via the cysteine residues. Also included within the ambit of the invention are pharmaceutically acceptable salts of peptides of Formula (I) or physiologically functional derivatives thereof together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier therefor. Preferred peptides of the invention according to Formula (I) are those wherein: X is Gly and Y is Gly; X is Pro and Y is Pro; X is Pro and Y is Val; X is De and Y is Leu; X is Pro and Y is Glu; X is Glu and Y is Tyr, X is Pro and Y is Phe; X is Glu and Y is Phe; X is Ala and Y is Val; X is Val and Y is lie; X is Gin and Y is Ser, X is De and Y is Thr; X is Leu and Y is Asp; X is Asp and Y is De; X is Leu and Y is Gin; X is Gly and Y is Asn; X is Gly and Y is Pro; and X is Ala and Y is Gly; and wherein A and B are as defined above. More preferred peptides according to Formula (I) of the invention are: Gly-Pro-Cys-Cys-Pro-Gly; Ala-Pro-Cys-Cys-Val-Pro; Lys-Pro-Cys-Cys-Glu-Arg; Pro- A sp-Cys- Cys- De-Pro ; Ac Ala Pro Cys Cys Val Pro; Arg Cys Ser Gly Cys Cys Asn; Pro-Gly-Cys-Cys-Gly-Pro; Pro-Gly-Cys-Cys-Gly-Pro; Gly-Pro-Cys-Cys-Pro-Gly; Trp-Pro-Cys-Cys-Pro-Trp; Val-De-Cys-Cys-Leu-Thr, Thr-Pro-Cys-Cys-Phe-Ala; Glu-Glu-Cys-Cys- Phe-Tyr, Lys-Leu-Cys-Cys-Asp-De; Lys-Glu-Cys-Cys-Tyr-Val; I I More preferred peptides according to Formula (I) of the invention are the peptides: Gly-Pro-Cys-Cys-Pro-Gly; Pro-Gly-Cys-Cys-Gly-Pro; Ala-Pro-Cys-Cys-Val-Pro; Lys-Pro-Cys-Cys-Glu-Arg; Arg Cys Ser Gly Cys Cys Asn; Gly-Pro-Cys-Cys-Pro-Gly; Pro-Gly-Cys-Cys-Gly-Pro; Val-De-Cy Ds-Cys-Leu-Thr, It is to be understood that the amino acid residues located at the N and C terminals respectively of the above peptides do not contain modifications thereto. Formula (I (A) n - X - Cys - Z - Cys - Y - (B) m (II) wherein Each A is independently selected from the group consisting of H. a protecting group such as ethyl, trityl (Trt), allyl or t-butyl. or at least one amino acid residue selected from the group of amino acids in either L- or D- form having aliphatic side chains, aliphatic hydroxyl side chains, basic side chains, acidic side chains, secondary amino groups, amide side chains, and sulphur containing side chains; n is a whole integer selected from the group consisting of the set 1 to 10; X is selected from the group consisting of NH, and the group of amino acid residues having aliphatic side chains, secondary amino groups, acidic side chains, aromatic side chains, and amide side chains. Preferably, X is selected from the group consisting of Gly, Pro, Gin, De, Val, Asp, Leu, Glu, Ala, Lys or NH; Z is selected from group consisting of amino acid residues having aliphatic side chains, aliphatic hydroxyl side chains, and basic side chains. Preferably, Z is selected from the group De, Gly, Thr, Ala, and Lys. Y is selected from the group consisting of amino acid residues having amide side chains, basic side chains, aliphatic side chains, acidic side chains, and secondary amino groups. Preferably, Y is selected from the group consisting of Pro, Gly, Glu, Val, Gin and Arg; B is independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, NH2, a protecting group such as ethyl, trityl (Trt), allyl or t-butyl or at least one amino acid residue selected from the group of amino acid residues having aliphatic side chains, aliphatic hydroxyl side chains. basic side chains, acidic side chains, secondary amino groups, amide side chains, and sulphur containing side chains; m is a whole integer selected from the set 1 to 10; with the proviso that when A is not at least one amino acid residue, n is 1, and when B is not at least one amino acid residue, m is 1 ; and each peptide sequence contains no more than 15 amino acid residues. As for Formula (I), the ski ed addressee will appreciate that when A and/or B represent an amino acid residue or sequences of amino acid residues, the amino acid residue or a sequence of amino acid residues can include natur∑dly occurring amino acid residues, such as those described hereinabove or analogues thereof or can include non-naturally occurring amino acid residues, such as synthetic amino acid residues and analogues thereof, or amino acid residues or sequences of amino acid residues including both naturally occurring amino acid residues and or analogues thereof and non-naturally occurring amino acid residues and/or analogues thereof. The skilled addressee will also appreciate that included within the scope of Formula (D) are peptides in which intramolecular disulphide bridges between the two contiguously aligned or spaced apart Cys amino acid residues are present Such peptides represent an oxidised form of peptides of Formula (D). The skilled addressee will also appreciate that the dimers of Formula (II) may be in parallel or anti-parallel form and may include heterodimers, and can be linked through sulphur to sulphur bonds via the cysteine amino acid residues. Also included within the ambit of the invention are pharmaceutically acceptable salts of peptides of Formula (H) or physiologically functional derivatives thereof together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier therefor. Preferred peptides of the invention according to Formula (IT) include the following: Val Cys De Cys Gin; Asp Cys De Cys Gin; De Cys Thr Cys Glu; Phe Cys De Cys Lys; Ala Cys Lys Cys Gin; The peptides of the invention can be administered with or without transport agents. Preferably, peptides of the invention are administered orally, intra-tracheally, nasally, or systemically free from added transport agents. More preferably, the peptides of the invention are administered intra-tracheaDy, nasally, or orally. Most preferably, the peptides of the invention are administered orally. "Transport agents" includes added means for delivery such as vesicular delivery systems, micro particles, liposomes, and like systems which are designed to carry drugs ( eg peptides) to the epithelial cell lining or endothelial cell lining. "Transport agents" also includes chemicals or additional peptide sequences which may form an association with, or are fused to, or are complexed with the peptides and which help to maintain physiological integrity of peptide sequences of the invention, for example, presenting the peptides in a prepro- or pro- form or fusing the peptides to carrier proteins, eg glucosyl transferase, or complexed to chemical agents, such as cyclodextrins and the like. Preferably, peptides of the invention are administered to the recipient as free peptides along with the usual adjuvants, excipients and diluents commonly found in pharmaceutical formulations. Thus, peptides of the invention can be delivered by oral or systemic administration in simple oral or systemic formulations comprising adjuvants, diluents and excipients commonly employed in oral and systemic dosage forms. Preferably, the peptides are administered in an oral dosage form free from added transport agents. Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is also found in the epithelial cell linings of the gastrointestinal tract, ie, oesophagous, stomach, duodenum, ileu , and colon; bronchiole linings in the lung; and in the linings of the nasal passages. Without the intention of being bound by theory, it is thought that the peptides of the invention interact with MALT and thereby set in train a sequence of immunomodulating events which results in a therapeutic effect against certain diseases. The immunomodulatory response can be immunoinhibitory or immunostimulatory in effect The immunomodulatory response has been shown to be indicative for therapy against cancer. The peptides of the invention having an immunomodulatory effect are indicated as being advantageous in the treatment of cancers of mesenchymal origin such as sarcoma, eg, fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma. osteogenic sarcoma or chordosarcoma, angiosarcoma, endotheliosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, synoviosarcoma or mesotheliosarcoma; leukemias and lymphomas such as granulocytic leukemia, monocytic leukemia, lymphocytic leukemia, malignant lymphoma, plasmocytoma, reticulum cell sarcoma or Hodgkins disease; sarcomas like leiomysarcoma or rhabdomysarcoma, tumours of epithelial origin (Carcinomas) such as squamous ceU carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, papillary carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinoma, cystadenocarcinoma, medullary carcinoma, undiffcrentiated carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatoma-liver ceϋ carcinoma, bile duct carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, papillary carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma choriocarcinoma, semonoma or embryonal carcinoma; and tumours of the central nervous system like glioma, meningoma, meduϋoblastoma, schwannoma or ependymoma. Peptides of the invention are indicated on the basis of their activity for the treatment of malignancies such as melanoma, mammary carcinoma, gastrointestinal carcinoma such as colonic carcinomas, glioma, bladder carcinoma and squamous ceU carcinoma of the neck and head region. Furthermore, peptides producing an immunomodulatory effect in tests described herein are indicated for therapy in the treatment of acute and/or chronic infections associated with autoimmune disease and autoimmune disease per se such as non-obese diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus. sclerodermia, Sjδgren's syndrome, dermatomyositis or multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, aπheriosclerosis, and psoriasis, asthma, rhinitis, fibrosis, chronic bronchitis, hepatitis, post-infectious anergy, acquired immune deficiency diseases such as ADDS, and post traumatic immunological anergy. Moreover, the peptides according to the present invention, being immunomodulatory in action, may be advantageously employed as adjuvants in various forms of vaccine preparations and in formulations designed to inhibit rejection of organs in transplants. In another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of inducing a modulated immune response in a mammal which comprises administering to the epithelial cell lining of the mammal a dose of a purified physiologically active, immunomodulatory peptide comprising at least two cysteine amino acid residues, said two residues being aligned contiguous one to the other or separated by no more than one amino acid residue, enough to induce said modulated immune response and thereby a therapeutic effect In a further aspect of the invention there is provided a method of inducing a modulated immune response in a mammal which comprises 1 ) identifying a mammal in need of modulation of its immune response and 2) administering to at least one epithelial cell lining of the mammal a dose of a physiologically active, purified, peptide free from added transport agents of from 4 to 15 amino acid residues in length comprising two cysteine amino acid residues said residues being aligned contiguous one to the other or separated by no more than one amino acid residue, enough to induce said immunomodulatory response and thereby a therapeutic effect Preferably, the epithelial ceD lining to which the peptide is administered is the epithelial ceU lining of the gastroinestinal tract. Most preferably, the peptide is administered to the MaALT. In a preferment there is provided a method of inducing a modulated immune response in a mammal which comprises administering to MALT of the mammal a dose of a physiologically active peptide of Formula (I), said peptide being free from added transport agents and being sufficient to induce said modulated immune response and thereby a therapeutic effect. The peptide can be in monomer or dimer form. In a preferment there is provided a method of inducing a modulated immune response in a mammal which comprises administering to MALT of the mammal a dose of a physiologically active peptide of Formula (D), said peptide being free from added transport agents and being sufficient to induce said immunomodulatory response and thereby a therapeutic effect The monomer can be in monomer or dimer form. In a further aspect of the invention there is provided use of a physiologically active peptide of from 4 to 15 amino acid residues in length comprising two cysteine residues being aligned contiguous one to the other or separated by no more than one amino acid residue, said peptide being free from added transport agents, in the preparation of a medicament suitable for the treatment of disease. Particular forms of cancer which may be treated with peptides of the invention are listed hereinabove. In a preferment there is provided use of a physiologicaUy active peptide of Formula (I) free from added transport agents in the preparation of a medicament suitable for the treatment of disease, in particular cancer and rheumatoid arthritis. Also encompassed as a further aspect of the invention is use of a physiologically active peptide of Formula (II) free from added transport agents in the preparation of a medicament suitable for the treatment of disease, in particular cancer and rheumatoid arthritis. In a further embodiment of the invention there is provided a method of making a peptide of the invention by a chemical process in which individual amino acid residues or fragments of peptides of the invention are joined to form peptide bonds and wherein protecting groups are employed at the beginning and/ or end of the process. In another embodiment of the invention there is provided as a further alternative aspect of the invention a physiologically active peptide free from added transport agents of from 4 to 15 amino acid residues in length comprising two cysteine residues said amino acid residues being separated by no more than one amino acid residue for use in therapy, for example, in cancer or rheumatoid arthritis therapy. In a preferment, there is provided a peptide of Formula (I) or Formula (IT) for use in therapy, for example in cancer therapy or rheumatoid arthritis therapy. The amount of peptides of Formula (I) or Formula (D) which are required in cancer or rheumatoid arthritis therapy wiϋ, of course, vary and is ultimately at the discretion of the medical or veterinary practitioner. The factors to be considered include the condition being treated, the route of administration, and nature of the formulation, the mammal's body weight, surface area, age, and general condition and the particular peptide to be administrated. A suitable effective dose of peptides of the invention generaUy lies in the range of from about 0.0001 μmol/kg to about lOOOμmol kg bodyweight preferably from about 0.003 to about 300 μmol/kg body weight, e.g. in the range of from about 0.001 to 100 μmol/kg bodyweight, for example, 0.03 to 3.0 μmol/kg bodyweight The total dose may be given as a single dose or multiple doses, e.g two to six times per day. For example, for a 75 kg mammal (e.g. a human) the dose range would be about 2.25 μmol/kg/day to 225 μmol/kg/day and a typical dose could be about 100 μmol of peptide. If discrete multiple doses are indicated treatment might typically be 25 μmol of a peptide of the invention given up to 4 times per day. In an alternative administrative regimen, peptides of the invention may be given on alternate days or even once or twice a week. The skilled addressee will appreciate that an appropriate administrative regimen would be at the discretion of the physician or veterinary practitioner. Whilst it is possible for the active peptide to be administered alone, it may be preferable to present the active peptide in a pharmaceutical formulation. Formulations of the present invention, for medical use, comprise a peptide of Formula (I) or Formula (D) or a salt thereof together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and optionally other therapeutic ingredients. The carrier(s) should be pharmaceutically acceptable in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and substantially non- deleterious to the recipient thereof. The skilled addressee will appreciate that free acid addition salts (e.g. hydro-halo salts) of peptides referred to herein as well as base salts are encompassed within the ambit of the invention. Most preferably the salts will be pharmaceutically acceptable. Suitable acid addition salts include those formed from hydrochloric, hydrobromic, nitric, perchloric, sulphuric, citric, tartaric, phosphoric, lactic, benzoic, glutamic, oxalic, aspartic, pyruvic, acetic, succinic, fumaric, maleic, oxaloacetic, isethionic, stearic, phthalic, methanesulphonic, p-toluene sulphonic, benzenesulphonic, lactobionic, and glucuronic acids. Suitable base salts include inorganic base salts such as alkali metal (e.g. sodium and potassium salts and alkaline earth metal (e.g. calcium) salts; organic base salts e.g. phenylethylbenzylamine, dibenzylethylenediamine, ethanolamine and diethanolamine salts; and amino acid salts e.g. lysine and arginine. Most preferably, the salts will be pharmaceutically acceptable. The present invention, therefore, further provides a pharmaceutical formulation comprising a peptide of Formula (I) or Formula (D) together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier therefor. NaturaUy, the skilled addressee will appreciate that any pharmaceutical formulation comprising a peptide of Formula (I) can include more than one peptide of Formula (I). Thus, a pharmaceutical formulation may comprise at least two peptides of Formula (I) or (ϋ) or a cocktail of peptides of Formula (I) or (D). In an alternative, the pharmaceutical formulation may comprise at least two peptides, at least one being selected from Formula (I) and at least one being selected from Formula (II). and may comprise a cocktail of peptides selected from Formulae (I) and (H). There is also provided a method for the preparation of a pharmaceutical formulation comprising bringing into association a peptide of the invention, for example, at least one peptide of Formula (I) and/or at least one peptide of Formula (TJ) or a physiologically functional derivative thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier therefor. The peptides of the invention and physiologicaUy functional derivatives thereof may be administered by any route appropriate to the condition to be treated, suitable routes including oral, intra-tracheal, rectal, nasal, topical (including buccal and sublingual), vaginal, and parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal, intrathecal, intraperitoneal, and epidural). It will be appreciated that the route may vary with, for example, the condition of the recipient Preferred formulations are those suitable for oral, nasal or intra-tracheal administration. Most prefeπed formulations are those suitable for oral administration. Formulations for topical administration in the mouth include lozenges comprising the peptide(s) in a flavoured basis, usually sucrose and acacia and tragacanth; pastilles comprising the active ingredient in an ineπ base such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia; and mouth washes comprising the peptide(s) in a suitable liquid carrier. Formulations of the present invention suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets, tablets, lozenges comprising the peptide(s) in a flavoured base, usuaϋy sucrose and acacia and tragacanth; pastilles comprising the active ingrcdient(s) in an ineπ base such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia; and mouth washes comprising the active ingredient(s) in a suitable liquid carrier. Each formulation generally contains a predetermined amount of the active peptide(s); as a powder or granules; or a solution or suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid such as a syrup, an elixir, an emulsion or draught and the like. A tablet may be made by compression or moulding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active peptide(s) in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder, (eg povidone, gelatin, hydroxypropylmethyl ceUulose). lubricant ineπ diluent preservative, disintegπint (e.g. sodium starch glycollate. cross-linked povidone, cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl ceUulose), surface active or dispersing agent. Moulded tablets may be made by moulding in a suitable machine a mixture of the pow dered peptide(s) moistened with an ineπ liquid diluent The tablets may optionaUy be coated or scored and may be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein using, for example, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose in varying proportions to provide the desired release profile. A syrup may be made by adding the active peptide(s) to a concentrated, aqueous solution of a sugar, for example, sucrose, to which may also be added any necessary ingredients. Such accessory ingredients ) may include flavourings, an agent to retard crystallisation of the sugar or an agent to increase the solubility of any other ingredients, such as a polyhydric alcohol, for example, glycerol or sorbitol. In addition to the aforementioned ingredients, the formulations of this invention may further include one or more accessory ingτedient(s) selected from diluents, buffers, flavouring agents, binders, surface active agents, thickeners, lubricants, preservatives, (including antioxidants) and the like. Emulgents and emulsion stabilisers suitable for use in the formulation of the present invention include Tween 60, Span 80, cetostearyl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, glyceryl mono- ste^ate and sodium lauryl sulphate. The choice of suitable oils or fats for the formulation is based on achieving the desired therapeutic properties, since the solubility of the active compound in most oils likely to be used in pharmaceutical emulsion formulations is low. Thus the cream should preferably be a non-greasy, non-staining and washable product with suitable consistency to avoid leakage from tubes or other containers. Straight or branched chain, mono- or dibasic alkyl esters such as di-isoadipate, isocetyl stearate, propylene glycol diester of coconut fatty acids, isopropyl myristate, decyl oleate, isopropyl palmitate, butyl stearate, 2-ethylhexyl palmitate, or a blend of branch-chained esters known as Crodamol CAP may be used, the last three being prefeπed esters. These may be used alone or in combination depending on the properties required. Alternatively, high melting point lipids such as white soft parafin and/or liquid parafin or other mineral oils can be used. Formulations for rectal administration may be presented in any suitable fcrm e.g. as a suppository with a suitable base comprising peptide(s) of the invention in admixture with a neutral fatty base, for example cocoa butter, or, for example in admixture with a salicylate, or in the form of solutions and suspensions. In an alternative, formulations in the form of gelatin rectal capsules comprising active peptide(s) of the invention in admixture with vegetable oil(s) or paraffin oil can be used. Formulations suitable for nasal administration wherein the carrier is a solid include a coarse powder having a particle size for example in the range 20 to 500 microns. Where the particle size relates to an active substance in particle form per se, the particle size may be in the range of from 2 to 500 microns. Coarse powder formulations can be administered by rapid inhalation through the nasal passage from a container of the powder held up close to the nose. Suitable formulations wherein the carrier is a liquid, for administration as for example a nasal spray or as nasal drops, include aqueous or oily solutions of the active ingredient Thus, peptides of the invention may be formulated in pressurised metered dose inhalers or dry powder inhalers for oral or nasal inhalation or in liquid formulations for nebuUsation. The active peptide(s) is micronised or otherwise processed to a particle size suitable for inhalation therapy (mass median diameter < 10 μm). In the case of pressurised metered dose inhalers the micronised pcptide(s) can be suspended in a liquefied propeUant or a mixture of liquefied propellants. Such propellants can also, but not necessarily act as solvents. In either case, the micronised peptide(s) can be filled into a container equipped, for example with a metering valve. Suitable propellants include those commonly employed in the an, such as, hydrofluoroalkanes (HFAs). The HFA propellants can be present in any mixture which is appropriate for delivering peptide(s) of the invention to MALT. Examples of suitable HFAs for use in the invention include tetrafluoroethane (eg propeUant 134a (Hoechst)) and heptafluoropropane (eg propeUant 227 (Hoechst)). Naturally, the skiUed addressee will appreciate that appropriate concentrations of surfactants can also be present in such formulations, for example, sorbitan trioleate, lecithin, oleic acid and the like, the use of surfactants being to increase the physical stability of the peptide(s) preparation. The formulation can also contain solvents, such as ethanol, to improve the solubility of the peptide(s) in the chosen propeUant Active peptides of the invention may be delivered through inhaling devices suitable for dry powder inhalation, such as portable inhaler devices and the like. In such dry powder formulations, the active peptide(s) of the invention can be used either alone or in combination with a carrier, such as lactose, mannitol, or glucose. The selection of carrier is not critical, provided that the physiological action of the peptide(s) of the invention is substantiaUy unimpaired. Other additives may also be included in powder formulations as required e.g. to maintain stabUity etc. Again, such additives should be such so as not to substantially interfere with the physiological and hence therapeutic effect of the peptide(s) of the invention. The inhahng device can be of any type known in the art, such as a single dose inhaler having a predetermined dose or a multi-dose inhaler wherein the dose is measured by a metering unit within the inhaler or is deUvered from an assembly of predetermined doses. Formulations suitable for parenteral administration conveniently comprise a sterile aqueous preparation of the active compound which is preferably isotonic with the blood of the recipient Such formulations suitably comprise a solution of a pharmaceutically and pharmacologically acceptable acid addition salt of a peptide(s) of the invention that is isotonic with the blood of the recipient Useful formulations also comprise concentrated solutions or solids containing peptide(s) of the invention which upon dilution with an appropriate solvent give a solution for parenteral administration as above. The invention wUl now be iUustrated by the foUowing non-limiting examples. 1. Synthesis of Peptides It is to be understood that where no group is shown at the N- and C- terminals of peptides of the invention herein described that the N-terminal is in the amino form ( Η2) and that the C-terminal is in the carboxyl form (-COOH). The peptide numbering system in the foUowing examples is that used in Table 1 which shows results obtained from Example 43. Example 1: Synthesis of Pro-Glv-Cvs-Cvs-Glv-Pro. Fmoc-proUne coupled to a resin (1.1 1 g, 0.18 mmol/g, 0.20 mmol) consisting of a crosslink-ed polystyrene backbone grafted with polyethyleneglycol chains, functionalized with the linker p-carboxy-triphenylmethanol (Sheppard, R.C., WiJliams, B.J. Acid-labUe Resin Linkage Agents for Use in SoUd Phase Peptide Synthesis. Lnt J. Peptide Protein Res. 1982, 20, 451 -454) from Rapp Polymer was used for the synthesis. N -Fmoc-protected L- amino acid pentafluorophenyl esters used were purchased from Bachem and MiUipore, and Cys was protected with a triphenylmethyl (Trt) group. DMF and 20% piperidine/DMF in peptide reagent quaUty was purchased from MiUipore. The coupling reagent 1 - hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBT) came from Fluka. Synthesis was performed on a MiUipore 9050 Plus PepSynthesizer. The C-terminal amino acid, Tentagel S m-Pro-Fmoc (1.11 g, 0.18 mmol/g, 0.20 mmol) on resin ( from Rapp Polymer) was aUowed to sweU in DMF for 30 minutes before adding the slurry to the column of the synthesizer. The synthesizer worked with consecutive deblocking, washing and coupling cycles consisting of 8 min recycling with 20% piperidine/DMF for each Fmoc-deblocking foUowed, after wash by activation of the N - Fmoc-protected L-amino acid pentafluorophenyl ester (0.8 mmol) with HOBT (0.9 mmol). The activated amino .°cids were added to the column and recycled 30 min each. The synthesizer ended the synthesis with a deblocking of the N-terminal Fmoc-group and a final wash with DMF. The resulting peptide on the resin was transferred to a sintered glass funnel where it was washed twice with MeOH (2 x 10 ml) and three times with CH2Cl2(3 x 10 ml). The resin was aUowed to dry under vacuum over night after which the peptide was side chained deprotected and cleaved from the resin using ethan-edithiol/TFA 5/95 (20 ml) at room temperature for 3 h. The resin was filtered off and washed with 3 x 10 ml of acetic acid. The combined acidic fraction was evaporated after which the residue was triturated 3 times with ether. The crude peptide was dissolved in H2O/CH3CN 1/1 and freeze dried. The resulting material was purified on HPLC using a GUson 305 and 306 HPLC system with a Kromasil 100-5C18 25 cm x 22 mm id reversed phase column (A=0.17c TFA/H 2 O - B=0.1% TFA/CH 3 CN :5 - 80 %/25 min; 10 ml/min, 220 nm). The combined HPLC fraction was freeze dried leaving 84 mg of the title compound. MFT (m/z)=533 Example 2: Synthesis of Lvs-Leu-Cvs-Cvs-Gln-Met Lys-Leu-Cys-Cys-Gln-Met (39.6 mg, 54.7 μmol) was prepared foUowing a similar protocol as per Example 1. Lys-Leu-Cys-Cys-Gln-Met was dissolved in 5% aqueous acetic acid (80 ml) and the pH of the solution was adjusted to 6 with ammonium carbonate. Dimethylsulfoxide (60 ml) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 h. Upon completion, the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacua until ca. 8 ml remained. The solution was purified by semipreperative HPLC (.APEX Prep Sil ODS, 8 μm, 25 cm x 20 mm i.d., eluted with a linear gradient of CH3CN, 5-60 % 50 min. in 0.1 % aqueous TFA, flow rate 10 ml/rnin, UV detection at 220 nm) and then lyophilised to give the title peptide (19.7 mg, 50% as a white powder. HRMS (FAB+) Exact mass calculated for C 2 8H 5 iNgθ8S 3 : 723.299; found: 723.302. Example 3: Synthesis of parallel inter olecularlv oxidized dimer: Pro-Glv-Cvs-Cvs-Glv-Pro (parallel dimer) Pro-Glv-Cvs-Cvs-Glv Pro To prepare the paraUel homodimer a single peptide chain with an Acm 1 acetamidomethyl) protecting group on one of the cysteines and with the other cysteine unprotected (Pro-Gly- Cys-Cys(Acm)-Gly-Pro) was synthesized using the same protocol as per Example 1. The monomer was dimerized through oxidation of the free cysteines using the same protocol as per example 2. The second disulfide bond was accompUshed using the protocol of Ruiz- Gayo (Ruiz-Gayo et al, 1988, Tetrahedron Letters, 29, 3845-3848) in which the monoxidized dimer (lOOmg, 83μmol) was dissolved in MeOH (16ml). Freshly prepared 0.2M I-JCH3OH (8.2ml, 1.64 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2h. H 2 O (20ml) was added after which 0.5M ascorbic arid (aq) was slowly added to the mixture until the colour of the iodine disappeared. The mixture was carefully evaporated at room temperature to half volume. The crude product was lyophilized and then purified on HPLC. Example 4: Synthesis of anti parallel dimer; (antiparallel dimer) To prepare the antiparaUel homodimer the general procedure of Ruiz-Gayo was used (Ruiz- Gayo et al, 1988, Tetrahedron Letters, 29, 3845-3848). Two single peptide chains each with an Acm (acetamidomethyl) protecting group on one of the cysteines and with the other cysteine unprotected (Pro-Gly-Cys-Cys(Acm)-Gly-Pro and Pro-Gly-Cys(Acm)-Cys-Gly- Pro) was synthesized using the same protocol as in Example 1. The unprotected cysteine on one of the monomers was activated with dithiopyridine through dissolving one of the monomers (62μmol) in isopropanol/2M acetic acid (50/50, 20ml) and adding 2,2'- dithiopyridine (205μmol dissolved in 15ml of isopropanol/2M acetic acid 50/50). The mixture was aUowed to stir at room temperature over night. The mixture was evaporated, then CH 3 CN (25 ml) was added and the mixture was evaporated once more. The remaining crude was triturated with ether (4 x 25ml) and the resulting S-pyridyl derivative Pro-Gly- Cys(SPyr)-Cys(Acm)-Gly-Pro was used directly without any further purification. This activated derivative was reacted with the second peptide chain (62μmol) through dissolving the activated chain in 0.01M ammonium acetate solution (50ml, pH=6.5 ) and adding the other chain (dissolved in 17ml 0.01M ammonium acetate(aq)) and aUowing the mixture to stir for 30 min. The reaction mixture was lyophinzed and the crude product w as purified on HPLC resulting in the monodisulfid-edimer. The second disulfide bond as accompUshed using the same protocol as in example 3 with iodine in CH3OH which, after purification on HPLC, resulted in the final product Example 5: Synthesis of Glv-Pro-Cvs-Cvs-Pro-Gly. Synthesis was accompUshed foUowing a similar protocol as per Example 1. Example 6: Synthesis of Ala-Pro-Cvs-Cvs-Val-Pro. Synthesis was accompUshed using a similar protocol as per Example 1. Example 7: Synthesis of Phe-Cvs-Ile-Cvs-Lvs Synthesis was accompUshed using a similar protocol as per Example 1. Example 8: Synthesis of Lvs-Pro-Cvs-Cvs-Glu-Arg Synthesis was accompUshed using a similar protocol as per Example 1. Example 9: Synthesis of Arg-Cvs-Ser-Glv-Cvs-Cvs-Asn Synthesis was accompUshed using a similar protocol as per Example 1. Example 10: Synthesis of intramolecularly oxidized Glv-Pro-Cvs-Cys-Pro-Glv LJ Synthesis was accompUshed using a similar protocol as per Example 2. Example 11: Synthesis of intramolecularly oxidized Val-Ile-Cys-Cys-Leu-Thr LJ Synthesis was accompUshed using a similar protocol as per Example 2. Example 12: Synthesis of intramolecularly oxidized Lvs-Leu-Cvs-Cvs-Asp-Ile LJ Synthesis was accompUshed using a similar protocol as per Example 2. Example 13: Synthesis of intramolecularly oxidized Thr-Pro-Cvs-Cvs-Phe-Ala Synthesis was accompUshed using a similar protocol as per Example 2. Example 14: Synthesis of intramolecularly oxidized Lvs-Glu-Cvs-Cvs-Tyr-Val I I Synthesis was accompUshed using a similar protocol as per Example 2. Example 15: Synthesis of intramolecularly oxidized Lvs-Cvs-Are-Cys-Lvs Synthesis was accompUshed using a sirrύlar protocol as per Example 2. Example 16: Synthesis of antioarallel intermolecularlv oxidized dimer: (antiparallel dimer) Synthesis was accompUshed using a similar protocol as per Example 4. Example 17: Synthesis of intramolecularly oxidized Pro-Glv-Cvs-Cvs-Glv-Pro L_J Synthesis was accompUshed foUowing a similar protocol as per Example 2. Example 18: Synthesis of intramolecularly oxidised Trp-Pro-Cvs-Cτs-Pro-Trp Synthesis w as accompUshed following a similar protocol as per Example 2. Example 19: Synthesis of intramolecularly oxidised Leu-Leu-Phe-Glv-Pro-Cvs-Cvs-NH, Synthesis was accompUshed foUowing a similar protocol as per Example 2. Example 20: Synthesis of intramolecularly oxidised Glu-Glu-Cvs-Cvs- Phe-Tyr Synthesis w as accompUshed foUowing a similar protocol as per Example 2. Example 21 : Synthesis of Pro-Val-Cys-Cvs-Ile-Glv Synthesis was accompUshed foUowing a similar protocol as per Example 1. Example 22: Synthesis of intramolecularly oxidised Pro-Val-Cvs-Cvs-De-Glv Synthesis was accompUshed foUowing a similar protocol as per Example 2. Example 23: Synthesis of intramolecularly oxidised Ser-Gln-Cvs-Cvs-Ser-Leu Synthesis was accompUshed foUowing a similar protocol as per Example 2. Example 24: Synthesis of intramolecularly oxidised Ser-De-Cvs-Cvs-Thr-Lvs Synthesis was accompUshed following a similar protocol as per Example 2. Example 25: Synthesis of Pro-Asp-Cvs-Cvs-Ile-Pro Synthesis was accompUshed following a similar protocol as per Example 1. Example 26: Synthesis of Leu-Ala-Cvs-Cys-Val-Val Synthesis was accompUshed following a simUar protocol as per Example 1. Example 27: Synthesis of Pro-Glv-Cvs-Cvs-Pro-Glv I I Synthesis was accompUshed following a simUar protocol as per Example 2. Example 28: Synthesis of Ac-Ala-Pro-Cvs-Cvs-Val Pro Synthesis was accompUshed following a similar protocol as per Example 1 with an additional methylation step in the end of the synthetic sequence on the MiUipore 9050 PlusPep Synthesizer consisting of addition of 0.3 M N-AcetyUmid-azole in DMF to the resin and allowing the solution to circulate through the synthetic column for 2h foUowed by washing with DMF. Example 29: Synthesis of Lvs-Glu-Cvs-Cys-Tyr-Val Synthesis was accompUshed foUowing a similar protocol as per Example 1. Example 30: Synthesis of Lvs-Leu-Cvs-Cvs-Gln-Met Synthesis was accompUshed following a simUar protocol as per Example 1. Example 31: Synthesis of Ala-Pro-Cvs-Cvs-Glu-Ser Synthesis was accompUshed foUowing a simUar protocol as per Example 2. Example 32: Synthesis of Pro-Ala-Cvs-Cvs- Glv-Pro Synthesis was accompUshed following a similar protocol as per Example 2. Example 33: Synthesis of Val-Cvs-De-Cvs-Gln Synthesis was accompUshed foUowing a similar protocol as per Example 1. Example 34: Synthesis of Glv-Pro-Cvs-IIe-Cvs-Pro-Glv Glv-Pro-Cv is-De-Cv is-Pro-Gly Synthesis was accompUshed foUowing a similar protocol as per Example 3. Example 35: Synthesis of Val-Cvs-Glv-Cvs-Arg Synthesis was accompUshed foUowing a simUar protocol as per Example 1. Example 36: Synthesis of Val-Cvs-Glv-Cvs-Arg Val-Cys-Gly-Cys-Arg Synthesis was accompUshed foUowing a similar protocol as per Example 3. Example 37: Synthesis of Ile-Cvs-Thr-Cvs-Glu Synthesis was accompUshed foUowing a similar protocol as per Example 1. Example 38: Synthesis of Ile-Cvs-Thr-Cvs-Glu I I Synthesis was accompUshed foUowing a similar protocol as per Example 2. Example 39: Synthesis of Leu-Cvs-Ala-Cvs-Val Synthesis was accompUshed foUowing a sirnilar protocol as per Example 2. Example 40: Synthesis of Asp-Cvs-De-Cvs-Gln Synthesis was accompUshed foUowing a similar protocol as per Example 1. Example 41: Synthesis of Asp-Cvs-Be-Cvs-Gln Synthesis was accompUshed foUowing a similar protocol as per Example 2. Example 42: Synthesis of Ala-Cvs-Lvs-Cvs-Gln Synthesis was accompUshed foUowing a similar protocol as per Example 1. Example 43:Delaved Type HvpersensitivitY (DTH) Test The abUity of the peptides according to the invention to modulate immune responses can be Ulustrated by their effect in the delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) test in mice. The DTH test is used to Ulustrate immunomodulation, the protocol for which is described, for example, by Carlsten H., et al (1986) Int .Arch. AUergy Appl. Immunol 81:322, herein incorporated by reference. The peptides were tested at one or more of the foUowing dosages: 0.0003 μmol/kg, 0.003 μmol/kg, 0.03 μmol/kg, 0.3 μmol/kg, and 3.0 μmol/kg. Male and female Balb/c mice were obtained from Bomholtsgaard (Denmark) with a weight of 18-20 grams each. 4-Ethoxymethylene-2-phenyloxazoUn-5-one (OXA) (Sigma Chemicals) was used as the antigen in the DTH test The mice were sensitized, Day 0, by epicutaneous application of 150 μl of an absolute ethanol-acetone (3: 1) solution containing 3% OXA on the shaved abdomen. Treatment with peptides 1 to 41 inclusive, or vehicle (phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, containing a mixture of Buffer A and Buffer B in the proportion 63%:37% B (Buffer A: Na 2 HPO 4 , 0.89 g/lOOml, EDTA 0.05 g/100ml;Buffer B: NaH 2 P0 , 0.69 g lOOml, EDTA 0.05 g/lOOml) was initiated by oral feeding immediately after sensitization and continued once daUy (a.m) until Day 6. Seven days after sensitization, both ears of aU mice were chaUenged on both sides by topical application of 20 μl 1% OXA dissolved in pe-anut oϋ. Ear thickness was measured prior to and at 24hrs or 48 hrs after chaUenge using an Oditest spring caUiper. ChaUenges and measurements were performed under Ught pentobarbital anaesthesia. The intensity of the DTH reactions was measured according to the method described by van Loveren H., et al (1984) J. Immunol. Methods 67: 311 and expressed according to the formula: μm units, where tO, t24 and t4S represent the ear thickness at time 0, +24hrs or +48 hrs after chaUenge respectively, in individual tests (T). The results are expressed as the mean +/- S.E.M.. The level of significance between means of the groups is obtained by Student's two-taUed t-test The immunomodulating effect of the peptide is reflected in a significant difference in the increase or decrease in ear thickness as compared to the control (phosphate buffer). Table 1 shows the structure of peptides 1 - 41 tested in the DTH test. The peptides show a significant difference in immunostimulatory and irnmunoinhibitory effect compared to control in at least one of the dosages tested. TABLE 1: Peptides 1 to 41 give rise to an immunomodulatory response in the DTH Test. Example 44: Comparison of the Immunomodulatory Effect of Peptide via Different Routes of Administration Peptide (Peptide No. 4- derived from SEQ ID No.2) was administered to mice (groups of 10) oraUy and by parenteral injection (intravenous and subcutaneous injection) at doses of from 0.0003 μmol/kg body weight through to 3.0 μmol/kg body weight as per example 43. The animals were examined as per Example 43; changes in ear thickness noted. The mean and standard error of the mean for each group of mice (10 per group) was recorded. It was found that the administration of peptide by way of oral administration gives rise to a more marked immunomodulatory response than that observed when peptide is administered by other parenteral means. Example 45: Comparison of Immunomodulatory Effect on Administration of Peptide Dimer (Peptide No. 36 - derived from SEQ ID No. 2) via Different Routes of Administration Peptide (Peptide No. 36) was administered to mice (groups of 10) at doses of 0.03 μmol/kg body weight and 3.0 μmol/kg body weight The animals were examined as per Example 43; changes in ear thickness noted. The mean and standard enor of the mean for each group of mice (10 per group) was calculated. It was found that the peptide dimer produces a significant immunomodulatory effect in the DTH test relative to the control and that the oral route of administration gives rise to a stronger reaction relative to reactions observed on administration of peptides of the same dosage given by parenteral routes. Example 46: Effects of Peptides (Peptide No. 1. Peptide No. 2. Peptide No. 7, and Peptide No. 4: and Peptide No. 8) on Tumour Growth 4 10 rat spontaneously developed mammary carcinoma cells in isotonic saline and 5% normal syngeneic rat serum were inoculated subcutaneously in the right hindlegs of Wistar rats (8 per group). Tumour size was estimated by palpation and catiper measurements of a first diameter (a), being the largest diameter, and the one (b) perpendicular to the first The volume of the tumour was calculated using the formula: V=0.4 ab 2 3 Tumour volume is given in mm as a median for each group of rats ( 8 per group). Drug and control (isotonic saline) were administered by gavage (oesophageal tube) once a day (a.m.) on each of days 4-8 and 11-15 for peptides i) Gly Pro Cys Cys Pro Gly (Peptide No.1 (SEQ DD No.1 )): 3μmol/kg/day); ϋ) Ala Pro Cys Cys Val Pro (Peptide No.7 (SEQ D) No.5)): 0.03 and 0.3 μmol/kg/day); iu) Val De Cys Cys Leu Thr (Peptide No.8 (SEQ D No.6)): 0.03 and 0.3 μmol/kg/day); and iv) Pro Gly Cys Cys Gly Pro (Peptide No.4 (derived from SEQ ID No.2)): 0.03 and 0.3 μmol/kg/day) ; and on each of days 6 - 9 and 13 - 20 for the peptide Gly Pro Cys Cys Pro Gly (Peptide No. 2 (derived from SEQ ID No.1 1 >: 0.003, 0.03, 0.3, and 3.0 μmol kg/day) . Results for Peptides 1, 2 and 4 show a marked decrease in tumour volume compared with the control at aD dose levels tested. SEQUENCE LISTING (1) GENERAL INFORMATION: (i) APPLICANT: (A) NAME: ASTRA AB (B) STREET: Vaestra Maelarehamnen 9 (C) CITY: Soedertaelje (E) COUNTRY: Sweden (F) POSTAL CODE (ZIP) : S-151 85 (G) TELEPHONE: +46-8-553 260 00 (H) TELEFAX: +46-8-553 288 20 (I) TELEX: 19237 astra s (ii) TITLE OF INVENTION: Immunomodulatory Peptides (iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 30 (iv) COMPUTER READABLE FORM: (A) MEDIUM TYPE: Floppy disk (B) COMPUTER: IBM PC compatible (C) OPERATING SYSTEM: PC-DOS/MS-DCΞ (D) SOFTWARE: Patentin Release #1.:, Version #1.30 (EPO) (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 1. (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS (A) LENGTH: 6 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: Peptide (B) LOCATION: 1..6 (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID _:; : 1 Gly Pro Cys Cys Pro Gly 1 5 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 2: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 6 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME /KEY: Peptide (B) LOCATION : 1..6 (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 2 Pro Gly Cys Cys Gly Pro 1 5 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 3: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 6 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: Peptide (B) LOCATION: 1..6 (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: Disulf ide-bond (B) LOCATION : 3..4 (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 3 Trp Pro Cys Cys Pro Trp (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 4: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 7 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS. (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: Peptide (B) LOCATION:! ..7 (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: Modified-site (B) LOCATION:7 (D) OTHER INFORMATION: /prod c"= "OTHER" /no e= "Cys-NH2" (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: Disulfide-bond (B) LOCATION: 6..7 (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 4 Leu Leu Phe Gly Pro Cys Xaa (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 5: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 6 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 5 Ala Pro Cys Cys Val Pro 1 5 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 6: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 6 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: Disulfide-bond (B) LOCATION:3..4 (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 6 Val lie Cys Cys Leu Thr 1 5 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 7: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 6 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: Disulfide-bond (B) LOCATIONS ..4 (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: Thr Pro Cys Cys Phe Ala 1 5 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 8: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 6 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: Disulfide-bond (B) LOCATIONS ..4 (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: Glu Glu Cys Cys Phe Tyr 1 5 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 9: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 6 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NC Pro Val Cys Cys lie Gly 1 5 (2) INFORMATION FOR SΞQ ID NO: 10: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 5 -amino acids (B) TYPE: ari.no acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID _;: Val Cys lie Cys Gin 1 5 (2) INFORMATION FOR SΞQ ID NC: 11: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 6 amino acids (B) TYPE: -amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 11 Leu Ala Cys Cys Val Val 1 5 !2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 12: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 5 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 12 Val Cys Gly Cys Arg 1 5 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 13: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 6 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: Disulfide-bond (B) LOCATION:3..4 (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 1Ξ Ser Gin Cys Cys Ser Leu 1 5 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 14: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 6 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 14 Lys Pro Cys Cys Glu Arg 1 5 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 15: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 5 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: Disulfide-bcnd (B) LOCATIONS..4 (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 15 Lys Cys Arg Cys Lys 1 5 ( 2 , INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 16: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 6 amino acids (B) TYPE: -amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 16 Lys Glu Cys Cys Tyr Val 1 5 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 17: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 6 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: (D) TOPOLOGY: linear ix) FEATURE: ( A) NAME/KEY : Disul f ide-bond ( B ) LOCATION : 3 . . 4 (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 17 Ser lie Cys Cys Thr Lys 1 5 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 18: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 6 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: (D) TOIOLOGY: linear ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: Disulfide-bond (B) LOCATIONS ..4 (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 18 Lys Leu Cys Cys Asp lie 1 5 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 19: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 6 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 19 Pro Asp Cys Cys lie Pro 1 5 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NC: 20: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 5 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NC : 20 Asp Cys lie Cys Gin 1 5 2 ) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 21: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 5 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SZ_ ID NO: 2 lie Cys Thr Cys Glu 1 5 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 22: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 5 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: (D) TOPOLOGY: linear ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: Disulfide-bond (B) LOCATIONS..4 (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 22 Leu Cys Ala Cys Val (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 23: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 6 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 23 Lys Leu Cys Cys Gin Met 1 5 (2) INFORMATIC!; FOR SEQ ID NO: 24: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 5 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 24 Phe Cys lie Cys Lys 1 5 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 25: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 7 arr.ino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: (D) TOPOL GY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 25 Arg Cys Ser Gly Cys Cys Asn 1 5 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 26: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 5 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 2i Ala Cys Lys Cys Gin 1 5 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 27: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: i.-.) LENGTH: 7 amino acids \ 3 ) TYPE: amino acid <C) STRANDEDNESS: (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 2' Gly Pr Cys lie Cys Pro Gly 1 5 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 28: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 6 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: Disulfide-bond (B) LOCATIO S ..4 (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SΞQ ID ::: : 23 Pro Gly Cys Cys Pro Gly 1 5 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NC: 29: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 6 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: Disulfide-bond (B) LOCATIONS ..4 (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NC: 29 Ala Pro Cys Cys Glu Ser 1 5 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 30: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 6 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: (D) TOPOLOGY: linear ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: Disulfide-bond (B) LOCATIONS..4 (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NC: 30 Pro Ala Cys Cys Gly Pro 1 5

Claims: CLAIMS 1. A purified physiologicaUy active peptide comprising at least two cysteine amino acid residues said two residues being atigned contiguous one to the other or separated by no more than one amino acid residue, the peptides being absorbable by the epitheUal ceU lining in a mammal resulting in a modulated immune response and thereby a therapeutic effect against disease. 2. A peptide according to Claim 1 in the form of a dimer w herein the second peptide of the dimer is Unked to the first peptide through sulphur to sulphur bonds between the at least two cysteine amino acid residues of the first peptide and at least two cysteine amino acid residues of the second peptide. 3. A peptide according to Claim 2 wherein the dimer is selected from the group consisting of parallel dimers, anti-paraUel dimers and heterodimers. 4. A peptide according to any of Claims 1 to 3 of from 4 amino acids up to about 30 amino acids in length. 5. A peptide according to any one of Claims 1 to 4 of from 4 amino acids to about 20 amino acids in length. 6. A peptide according to any one of Claims 1 to 5 of from 4 to 15 amino acids in length. 7. A peptide according to any of Claims 1 to 6 comprising naturaUy occurring and/or non- naturaUy occurring amino acids. 8. A peptide according to any of Claims 1 to 7 wherein the peptide consists of amino acid residues independently selected from De, Leu, Ala, Arg, Asn, Asp, Cys, Gin, Glu, Gly, Lys, Phe, Pro, Ser, Thr, Trp, Tyr, Met His, and Val. 9. A peptide according to any of Claims 1 to 8 of Formula (I): (A) n - X - Cys - Cys - Y - (B) m (I) wherein Each A is independently selected from the group consisting of H, a protecting group, or at least one amino acid residue independendy selected from the group of amino acid residues in either L- or D- form having aUphatic side chains, aliphatic hydroxyl side chains, basic side chains, acidic side chains, secondary amino groups, amide side chains, aromatic side chains, and sulphur containing side chains; n is a whole integer selected from the group consisting of the set 1 to 1 1 ; X is selected from the group consisting of NH, and the group of amino acid residues having aUphatic side chains, secondary amino groups, amide side chains, acidic side chains, and aliphatic side chains; Y is selected from the group consisting of NH, and amino acid residues having secondary amino groups, aUphatic side chains, acidic side chains, aUphatic hydroxyl side chains, aromatic side chains, and amide side chains; Each B is independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH. NΗ2, a protecting group or at least one amino acid residue selected from the group of amino acid residues having aliphatic side chains, aUphatic hydroxyl side chains, basic side chains, acidic side chains, secondary amino groups, amide side chains, aromatic side chains, and sulphur containing side chains; m is a whole integer selected from the set 1 to 11 ; with the proviso that when A is not at least one amino acid residue, n is 1 and when B is not at least one amino acid residue, m is 1 ; and each peptide sequence contains no more than 15 amino acid residues. 10. A peptide according to Claim 9 wherein X is selected from the group consisting of Gly, Pro. Gin, De, Val, Asp, Leu, Glu, Ala, and NH; and Y is selected from the group consisting of Pro, Gly, Leu, Glu, Val, De, Ser, Phe, Tyr, Thr, Asp, Gin, and NH. 1 1. A peptide according to Claim 9 or Claim 10 wherein: X is Gly and Y is Gly; X is Pro and Y is Pro; X is Pro and Y is Val; X is De and Y is Leu; X is Pro and Y is Glu; X is Glu and Y is Tyr, X is Pro and Y is Phe; X is Glu and Y is Phe; X is Ala and Y is Val; X is Val and Y is De; X is Gin and Y is Ser, X is De and Y is Thr; X is Leu and Y is Asp; X is Asp and Y is De; X is Leu and Y is Gin; X is Gly and Y is Asn; X is Gly and Y is Pro; or X is Ala and Y is Gly. 12. A peptide according to any of Claims 9- 11 in the form of a dimer made up of two peptide sequences wherein the second peptide is linked to the first peptide through sulphur to sulphur bonds between the two cysteine amino acid residues of the said first peptide to two cysteine amino acid residues of the said second peptide. 13. A peptide in dimeric form according to Claim 12 consisting of two like peptide sequences. 14. A peptide according to Claim 11 selected from the group: Gly-Pro-Cys-Cys-Pro-Gly; Pro-Gly-Cys-Cys-Gly-Pro; Ala-Pro-Cys-Cys-Val-Pro; Lys-Pro-Cys-Cys-Glu-Arg; Pro-Asp-Cys-Cys-De-Pro; and Arg Cys Ser Gly Cys Cys Asn. 15. A peptide according to Claim 1 1 selected from the group: Gly-Pro-Cys-Cys-Pro-Gly; I I Pro-Gly-Cys-Cys-Gly-Pro; I I Trp-Pro-Cys-Cys-Pro-Trp; Val-De-Cys-Cys-Leu-Thr; Thr-Pro-Cys-Cvs-Phe-Ala; L_J Glu-Glu-Cys-Cys- Phe-Tyr, Lys-Leu-Cys-Cys-Asp-De; I I Lys-Glu-Cys-Cys-Tyr-Val; and Pro Ala Cys Cys Gly Pro. 16. The peptide: Pro Gly Cys Cys Gly Pro 17. A peptide according to Claim 14 selected from the group: Gly-Pro-Cys-Cys-Pro-Gly; Pro-Gly-Cys-Cys-Gly-Pro; Ala-Pro-Cys-Cys-Val-Pro; Lys-Pro-Cys-Cys-Glu-Arg; and Arg Cys Ser Gly Cys Cys Asn. 18. A peptide according to Claim 15 selected from the group: Pro-Gly-Cys-Cys-Gly-Pro; Val-De-Cys-Cys-Leu-Thr; I I Lys-Glu-Cys-Cys-Tyr-Val; I I Gly-Pro-Cys-Cys-Pro-Gly; and Pro Ala Cys Cys Gly Pro 19. A peptide according to any of Claims 1 to 8 of Formula (D : (A) n - X - Cys - Z - Cys - Y - (B) m (H) wherein Each A is independently selected from the group consisting of H. a protecting group, or an amino acid residue selected from the group of amino acid residues in either L- or D- form having aliphatic side chains, aUphatic hydroxyl side chains, basic side chains, acidic side chains, secondary amino groups, amide side chains, and sulphur containing side chains; n is a whole integer selected from the set 1 to 10; X is selected from the group consisting of NH, and the group of amino acid residues having aUphatic side chains, secondary amino groups, aromatic side chains, acidic side chains, and amide side chains; Z is selected from the group consisting of amino acid residues having aUphatic side chains, aliphatic hydroxyl side chains, and basic side chains; Y is selected from the grooup consisting of amino acid residues having amide side chains, basic side chains, aUphatic side chains, acidic side chains, and secondary amino groups: Each B is independently selected from H, OH, NH2. a protecting group or an amino acid residue selected from the group of amino acid residues having aUphatic side chains, aliphatic hydroxyl side chains, basic side chains, acidic side chains, secondary amino groups, amide side chains, and sulphur containing side chains; m is a whole integer selected from the set 1 to 10; with the proviso that when A is not at least one amino acid residue, n is 1 and when B is not at least one amino acid residue, m is: and each peptide sequence contains no more than 15 amino acid residues. 20. A peptide according to Claim 19 wherein X is selected from the group consisting of Gly, Pro, Gin, De. Phe. Val, Asp, Leu, Glu, Ala, Lys or NH; Y is selected from the group consisting of Pro, Gly, Glu, Val, Lys, Gin and aArg; and Z is selected from the group consisting of lie, Arg, Gly, Thr. .Ala. and Lys. 21. A peptide according to Claim 19 or Claim 20 in the form of a dimer made up of two peptide sequences wherein the second peptide is linked to the first peptide through sulphur to sulphur bonds between the two cysteine amino acid residues of the said first peptide to two cysteine amino acid residues of the said second peptide. 22. A peptide in dimeric form according to Claim 21 consisting of two like peptide sequences. 23. A peptide according to Claim 19 or Claim 20 selected from the group consisting of : Val Cys De Cys Gin; Val Cys Gly Cys aArg; Asp Cys De Cys Gin; De Cys Thr Cys Glu; Phe Cys De Cys Lys; and Ala Cys Lys Cys Gin. 24. A peptide selected from the group consisting of: De Cys Thr Cys Glu; I I I I Leu Cys Ala Cys Val; and Asp Cys De Cys Gin. 25. A peptide selected from the group: ; Val Cys Gly Cys Arg Val Cys Gly Cys Arg. 26. A peptide according to any of Claims 1 - 25 free from an added transport agent 27. Acid addition salts of peptides according to any one of Claims 1 - 26. 28. Acid addition salts according to Claim 27 selected from the group consisting of hydrochloric, hydrobromic, nitric, perchloric, sulphuric, citric, tartaric. phosphoric, lactic, benzoic, glutamic, oxaUc, aspartic, pyruvic, acetic, succinic. fumaric. maleic. oxaloacetic, isethionic, stearic, phthaUc, methanesulphonic, p-toluene sulphonic. benzenesulphonic, lactobionic, and glucuronic acids. 29. Base salts of peptides according to any of Claims 1 - 26. 30. Base salts according to Claim 29 selected from the group consisting of alkali metal and alkaUne earth salts, organic base salts, and amino acid salts. 31. An oral dosage form comprising an immunomodulatory peptide according to any of Claims 1 to 26. 32. An oral dosage form according to Claim 31 wherein the amount of the immuno¬ modulatory peptide needed to induce an observable level of modulated immune response in a mammal when administered oraUy is less than the amount of the same immunomodulatory peptide when administered parenteraUy which is needed to achieve a simUar observable level of modulated immune response in the said mammal. 33. An oral dosage form according to Claim 32 not including an added transport agent. 34. An intra-tracheal dosage form comprising an immunomodulatory peptide according to any of Claims 1 to 26. 35. An intra-tracheal dosage form according to Claim 34 wherein the amount of the immunomodulatory peptide needed to induce an observable level of modulated immune response in a mammal when administered intra-tracheaUy is less than the amount of the same immunomodulatory peptide when administered parenteraUy which is needed to achieve a similar observable level of modulated immune response in the said mammal. 36. An intra-tracheal dosage form according to Claim 35 not including an added transport agent 37. A nasal dosage form comprising an immunomodulatory peptide according to any of Claims 1 to 26. 38. A nasal dosage form according to Claim 37 wherein the amount of the immuno¬ modulatory peptide needed to induce an observable level of modulated immune response in a mammal when administered nasaUy is less than the amount of the same immunomodulatory peptide when administered parenteraUy which is needed to achieve a similar observable level of modulated immune response in the said mammal. 39. A nasal dosage form according to Claim 38 not including an added transport agent. 40. Pharmaceutical formulation comprising at least one peptide according to any of Claims 1 to 26 or a salt thereof together with a pharmaceuticaUy acceptable carrier therefor. 41. Pharmaceutical formulation according to Claim 40 wherein the pharmaceutical formulation is for oral administration. 42. Pharmaceutical formulation according to Claim 40 or Claim 41 comprising at least one peptide of Formula (I) or a physiological derivative thereof together with a pharmaceutical carrier therefor. 43. Pharmaceutical formulation according to any of Claims 40 to 42 comprising at least one peptide of Formula (I) or salt thereof and at least one peptide of Formula (II) or a salt thereof together with a pharmaceutical carrier therefor. 44. A peptide according to any of Claims 1 to 26 or a salt thereof in an oral dosage form for use in therapy. 45. A peptide according to any of Claims 1 to 26 or a salt thereof in an oral dosage form for use in cancer therapy. 46. A peptide according to any of Claims 1 to 26 or a salt thereof in an oral dosage form for use in autoimmune disease therapy. 47. A peptide according to any of Claims 1 to 26 or a salt thereof for use in therapy. 48. A peptide according to any of Claims 1 to 26 or a salt thereof for use in cancer therapy. 49. A peptide according to any of Claims 1 to 26 or a salt thereof for use in rheumatoid arthritis therapy. 50. Use of a physiologicaUy active peptide according to any of Claims 1 to 26 or a salt thereof in the preparation of a medicament suitable for the treatment of disease. 51. Use of a physiologicaUy active peptide according to any of Claims 1 to 26 or a salt thereof in the preparation of a medicament suitable for the treatment of cancer. 52. Use of a physiologicaUy active peptide according to any of Claims 1 to 26 or a salt thereof in the preparation of a medicament suitable for the treatment of autoimmune disease. 53. Use of a physiologicaUy active peptide according to any of Claims 1 to 26 or a salt thereof free from an added transport agent in the preparation of a medicament suitable for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. 54. A method for the preparation of a pharmaceutical formulation comprising bringing into association at least one peptide according to any of Claims 1 to 26 or at least one salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier therefor. 55. A method according to Claim 54 which comprises bringing into association at least one peptide of Formula (I) and/or at least one peptide of Formula (D) or salts thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier therefor. 56. A method of inducing an immunomodulatory response in a mammal which comprises identifying a mammal in need of an immunomodulatory response; and administering to the epithelial ceU lining of the mammal a dose of a physiologicaUy active peptide according to any of claims 1 to 26 or salt thereof enough to induce said modulated immune response and thereby a therapeutic effect 57. A method according to Claim 56 which comprises administering to the MALT of the mammal a dose of a physiologicaUy active peptide of Formula (I) or salt thereof in an amount sufficient to induce a modulated immune response and thereby a therapeutic effect 58. A method according to Claim 56 or Claim 57 which comprises administering to the MALT of the mammal a dose of a physiologicaUy active peptide of Formula (ϋ) or salt thereof in an amount sufficient to induce a modulated immune response and thereby a therapeutic effect 59. A method of making a peptide according to any of Claims 1 - 26 by a chemical process in which individual amino acid residues or fragments of peptides of the invention are joined to form peptide jonds and wherein protecting groups are employed at the beginning and/ or end of the process.

Inventors: BERGSTRAND HAAKAN, ERIKSSON TOMAS, LINDVALL MAGNUS, SAERNSTRAND BENGT, BERGSTRAND, HAAKAN, ERIKSSON, TOMAS, LINDVALL, MAGNUS, SAERNSTRAND, BENGT
Applicants: ASTRA AB, BERGSTRAND HAAKAN, ERIKSSON TOMAS, LINDVALL MAGNUS, SAERNSTRAND BENGT, ASTRA AKTIEBOLAG, BERGSTRAND, HAAKAN, ERIKSSON, TOMAS, LINDVALL, MAGNUS, SAERNSTRAND, BENGT
Application year: 1996
Main classification: C07K5
IPC codes: A61K38, A61P29, A61P35, A61P37, C07K5, C07K7