MAGNETIC CORE-COIL ASSEMBLY FOR SPARK IGNITION SYSTEMS

Abstract: A magnetic core-coil assembly generates an ignition event in a spark ignition internal combustion system having at least one combustion chamber. The assembly comprises a magnetic core of amorphous metal having a primary coil for low voltage excitation and a secondary coil for a high voltage output to be fed to a spark plug. A high voltage is generated in the secondary coil within a short period of time following excitation thereof. The assembly senses spark ignition conditions in the combustion chamber to control the ignition event.

Description: MAGNETIC CORE-COIL ASSEMBLY FOR SPARK IGNITION SYSTEMS BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This apphction claims the benefit of U S Provisional Application No 60/004,815, filed October 5, 1995 1. Field Of The Invention: This invention relates to spark ignition systems for internal combustion engines, and more particularly to a spark ignition system which improves performance ofthe engine system and reduces the size ofthe magnetic components in the spark ignition transformer 2. Description Of The Prior Art: In a spark-ignition internal combustion engine, a flyback transformer is commonly used to generate the h gh voltage needed to create an arc across the gap ofthe spark plug igniting the fuel and air mixture The timing of this ignition spark event is critical for best fuel economy and low exhaust emission of environmentally hazardous gases A spark event which is too late leads to loss of engine power and loss of efficiency A spark event which is too early leads to detonation, often called "ping" or "knock", which can, in turn, lead to detnmental pre-ignition and subsequent engine damage Correct spark timing is dependent on engine speed and load Each cylinder of an engine often requires different timing for optimum performance Different spark timing for each cylinder can be obtained by providing a spark ignition transformer for each spark plug To improve engine efficiency and alleviate some ofthe problems associated with inappropriate ignition spark timing, some engines have been equipped with microprocessor-controlled systems which include sensors for engine speed, intake air temperature and pressure, engine temperature, exhaust gas oxygen content, and sensors to detect "ping" or "knock" A knock sensor is essentially an electro-mechanical transducer whose sensitivity is not sufficient to detect knock over the whole range of engine speed and load. The microprocessor's determination of proper ignition spark timing does not always provide optimum engine performance. A better sensing of "knock" is needed. A disproportionately greater amount of exhaust emission of hazardous gases is created during the initial operation of a cold engine and during idle and off-idle operation. Studies have shown that rapid multi-sparking ofthe spark plug for each ignition event during these two regimes of engine operation reduces hazardous exhaust emissions Accordingly, it is desirable to have a spark ignition transformer which can be charged and discharged very rapidly A coil-per-spark plug (CPP) ignition arrangement in which the spark ignition transformer is mounted directly to the spark plug terminal, eliminating a high voltage wire, is gaining acceptance as a method for improving the spark ignition timing of internal combustion engines. One example of a CPP ignition arrangement is that disclosed by US Patent No 4,846, 129 dated July 1 1, 1989 (hereinafter "the Noble patent") The physical diameter ofthe spark ignition transformer must fit into the same engine tube in which the spark plug is mounted To achieve the engine diagnostic goals envisioned in the Noble patent, the patentee discloses an indirect method utilizing a ferrite core Ideally the magnetic performance ofthe spark ignition transformer is sufficient throughout the engine operation to sense the sparking condition in the combustion chamber Clearly, a new type of ignition transformer is needed for accurate engine diagnosis Engine misfiring increases hazardous exhaust emissions. Numerous cold starts without adequate heat in the spark plug insulator in the combustion chamber can lead to misfires, due to deposition of soot on the insulator. The electrically conductive soot reduces the voltage increase available for a spark event A spark ignition transformer which provides an extremely rapid rise in voltage can minimize the misfires due to soot fouling. To achieve the spark ignition performance needed for successful operation ofthe ignition and engine diagnostic system disclosed by Noble and. at the same time, reduce the incidence of engine misfire due to spark plug soot fouling, the spark ignition transformer's core matenal must have certain magnetic permeability, must not magnetically saturate duπng operation, and must have low magnetic losses The combination of these required properties narrows the availability of suitable core mateπals Consideπng the target cost of an automotive spark ignition system, possible candidates for the core mateπal include silicon steel, ferπte, and iron-based amoφhous metal Conventional silicon steel routinely used in utility transformer cores is inexpensive, but its magnetic losses are too high Thinner gauge silicon steel with lower magnetic losses is too costly Ferπtes are inexpensive, but their saturation inductions are normally less than 0 5 T and Cune temperatures at which the core's magnetic induction becomes close to zero are near 200 ° C This temperature is too low consideπng that the spark ignition transformer's upper operating temperature is assumed to be about 180 ° C Iron-based amorphous metal has low magnetic loss and high saturation induction exceeding 1 5 T, however it shows relatively high permeability An iron-based amoφhous metal capable of achieving a level of magnetic permeability suitable for a spark ignition transformer is needed SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a magnetic core for a coil-per-plug (CPP) spark ignition transformer which generates a rapid voltage nse and a signal that accurately portrays the voltage profile ofthe ignition event The core is composed of an amoφhous ferromagnetic mateπal which exhibits low core loss and low permeability (ranging from about 100 to 300) Such magnetic properties are especially suited for rapid finng ofthe plug duπng a combustion cycle Misfires of the engine due to soot fouling are minimized Moreover, energy transfer from coil to plug is earned out in a highly efficient manner, with the result that very little energy remains within the core after discharge.. This high efficiency energy transfer enables the core to monitor the voltage profile ofthe ignition event in an accurate manner. When the magnetic core material is wound into a cylinder upon which the primary and secondary wire windings are laid to form a toroidal transformer, the signal generated provides a much more accurate picture ofthe ignition voltage profile than that produced by cores exhibiting higher magnetic losses. The magnetic core according to the present invention is based on an amoφhous metal with a high magnetic induction, which includes iron-base alloys. Two basic forms of a core are disclosed. They are gapped and non-gapped. The gapped core has a discontinuous magnetic section in a magnetically continuous path. An example of such a core is a toroidal-shaped magnetic core having a small slit commonly known as an air-gap. The gapped configuration is adopted when the needed permeability is considerably lower than the core's own permeability as wound. The air-gap portion ofthe magnetic path reduces the overall permeability The non-gapped core has a magnetic permeability similar to that of an air-gapped core, but is physically continuos, having a structure similar to that typically found in a toroidal magnetic core. The apparent presence of an air-gap uniformly distributed within the non-gapped core gives rise to the term "distributed-gap- core" . The gapped-core ofthe present invention has an overall magnetic permeability between about 100 and about 300 as measured at a frequency of about 1 kHz. The raw core material can have a permeability much higher than 100-300 level, but through special processing, the permeability can be reduced to the desired range without adversely affecting the other needed qualities ofthe iron-base amoφhous alloy. An output voltage greater than 10 kV for spark ignition is achieved with less than 120 ampere-turns of primary and approximately 1 10 to 160 turns of secondary winding. The non-gapped core ofthe present invention is made of an amoφhous metal based on iron alloys and processed so that the core's magnetic permeability is between 100 and 300 as measured at a frequency of approximately 1 kHz. To improve the efficiency of non-gapped cores by reducing the eddy current losses, shorter cylinders are wound and processed and stacked end to end to obtain the desired amount of magnetic core Leakage flux from a distributed-gap-core is much less than that from a gapped-core, emanating less undesirable radio frequency interference into the surroundings Furthermore, because ofthe closed magnetic path associated with a non-gapped core, signal-to-noise ratio is larger than that of a gapped-core, making the non-gapped core especially well suited for use as a signal transformer to diagnose engine combustion processes An output voltage at the secondary winding greater than 10 kV for spark ignition is achieved by a non-gapped core with less than 120 ampere-turns of primary and about 1 10 to 160 turns of secondary winding BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING The invention will be more fully understood and further advantages will become apparent when reference is made to the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments ofthe invention and the accompanying drawings, in which FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 show a typical increase in primary current when the power is turned on and then off the primary voltage being on the switched ground side, and the higher voltage being on the secondary side of the transformer, respectively DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Magnetic cores composed of an iron-based amoφhous metal having a saturation induction exceeding 1 5 T in the as-cast state were prepared The cores had a cylindrical form with a cylinder height of about 80 mm and outside and inside diameters of about 17 and 12 mm, respectively These cores were heat- treated with no external applied fields Air gaps were introduced into some ofthe cores by cutting out some part ofthe cores along the cylinder axes By keeping the total cylinder height at about 80 mm, some cores were segmented into two and five sections, each section having a subcylindrical core height of about 40 and 16 mm, respectively Several turns and 1 10 to 160 turns of copper windings were applied to each ofthe cores as the primary and secondary coil, respectively Plastic covering was placed over the core so that the wires were not near the core The transformer wiring and core were then vacuum-cast in epoxy for high voltage dielectric integrity A current was supplied in the primary coil, building up rapidly within about 25 to 100 μsec to a level exceeding 100 amps The curve in Fig. 1 indicates the current build-up starting at about 85 μsec prior to switching-off (corresponding to t = -85 μsec in Fig. 1 ) During the current ramp-up, the voltage across the primary winding is close to zero as shown in Fig. 2 At t = 0, the primary current is cut off which results in a large magnetic flux change, generating a large voltage in the secondary coil The voltage profiles in the primary and secondary coils are represented by the curves in Fig. 2 and 3, respectively These voltage profiles are readily displayed using an oscilloscope of the conventional type It is noted that the high voltage in the secondary coil is generated within a short period of time, typically less than 5 μsec Thus, in the magnetic cores ofthe present invention, a high voltage, exceeding 10 kV. can be repeatedly generated at time intervals of less than 100 μsec This feature is required to achieve the rapid multiple sparking action mentioned above Moreover, the rapid voltage rise produced in the secondary winding reduces engine misfires resulting from soot fouling In addition to the advantages relating to spark ignition event described above, the core-coil assembly ofthe present invention serves as an engine diagnostic device. Because ofthe low magnetic losses of the magnetic core of the present invention, the primary voltage profile of Fig. 2 reflects faithfully what is taking place in the secondary winding as depicted in Fig. 3 After each spark ignition, the primary voltage such as shown in Fig. 2 is analyzed for proper ignition characteristics, and the resulting data are then fed to the ignition system control The present core-coil assembly thus eliminates the additional magnetic element required by the system disclosed in the Noble patent, wherein the core is composed of a ferrite material. The following examples are presented to provide a more complete understanding ofthe invention. The specific techniques conditions, materials, proportions and reported data set forth to illustrate the principles and practice of the invention are exemplary and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention. EXAMPLE 1 An amoφhous iron-based ribbon having a width of about 80 mm and a thickness of about 20 μm was wound on a machined stainless steel mandrel. The inside diameter of 12 mm was set by the mandrel and the outside diameter was selected to be 17 mm. The finished cylindrical core weighed about 50 - 60 grams. The cores were annealed in a nitrogen atmosphere in the 430 to 450 ° C range with soak times from 2 to 16 hours. The annealed cores were wound with 2-4 turns of heavy gauge insulated copper wire as the primary coil and with 150 turns of thin gauge insulated copper wire as the secondary coil. The core-coil assembly was epoxy-potted With this configuration, the secondary voltage was measured as a function of the primary current, and is set forth below in Table 1. SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 2© Table I Primary Current ( amp-turn) Secondary Voltage ( kV) 40 4 8 80 9 0 120 12 8 160 16 0 200 18 8 240 20 4 280 22 0 Secondary voltages exceeding 12 and 22 kV were obtained with primary currents of about 120 and 280 amp-turns, respectively EXAMPLE 2 Two 40 mm high cylindrical cores were prepared following the process given in Example 1 and were placed side-by-side to form a 80-mm-high single magnetic core The primary and secondary coils were wound identically to the core-coil assembly of Example 1 The secondary voltage versus pπmary current obtained is set forth below in Table II Table H Primary Current (amp-turn) Secondary Voltage (kV) 40 4.2 80 8.4 160 14.2 240 18.5 320 21.6 400 23.1 Secondary voltages exceeding 14 and 23 kV were attained with primary currents of about 160 and 400 amp-turns, respectively. EXAMPLE 3 Five 15.6 mm high toroidal cores were prepared following the process of Example 1 and were assembled to form a single cylindrical core of about 80 mm in height. The core-coil assembly was substantially identical to that of Example 1 , except that the secondary coil had 138 turns The secondary voltage as a function ofthe primary cunent is set forth below in Table III. Table III Pπmarv Current (amp-turn) Secondary Voltage (kV) 40 5 4 80 10 2 160 17 8 240 22 4 320 25 6 360 26 1 Secondary voltages exceeding 10 and 26 kV were attained with pπmary currents of about 80 and 360 amp-turns, respectively EXAMPLE 4 An 80 mm high cylindπcal core with the dimension given in Example 1 was prepared and heat-treated at 350 ° C for 2 hours After the heat-treatment, an air-gap was introduced along the cylinder axis by cutting-off part of the core The pπmary and secondary coils were wound on the metallic section ofthe core The rest ofthe core-coil assembly was substantially identical to that of Example 1 The resultant secondary voltage-versus-pπmary current is set forth below in Table IV Table IV Primary Current (amp-turn) Secondary Voltaee (kV) 40 4 9 80 9 6 120 14 4 160 19 4 200 22 5 240 26 3 260 27 3 Secondary voltages exceeding 14 and 27 kV were obtained with primary currents of about 120 and 260 amp-turns, respectively Having thus described the invention in rather full detail, it will be understood that such detail need not be strictly adhered to but that further changes and modifications may suggest themselves to one skilled in the art, all falling within the scope ofthe invention as defined by the subjoined claims

Claims: What is claimed is 1. A magnetic core-coil assembly for generating an ignition event in a spark ignition internal combustion system having at least one combustion chamber, comprising a magnetic core having a primary coil for low voltage excitation and a secondary coil for a high voltage output to be fed to a spark plug, said core-coil assembly having the capability of (i) generating a high voltage in the secondary coil within a short period of time following excitation thereof, and (ii) sensing spark ignition conditions in the combustion chamber to control the ignition event 2. A magnetic core-coil assembly as recited in claim 1 , wherein the magnetic core is fabricated by heat-treating an amoφhous magnetic alloy 3. A magnetic core-coil assembly as recited in claim 1 , wherein the magnetic core comprises segmented cores 4. A magnetic core-coil assembly as recited in claim 1, wherein the output voltage in the secondary coil reaches more than 10 kV with a primary current of less than about 120 amp-turns and more than 20 kV with a pnmary current of 200 to 300 amp-turns within 25 to 100 μsec 5. A magnetic core as recited in claim 2, wherein the amoφhous magnetic alloy is iron based and further comprises metallic elements including nickel and cobalt, glass forming elements including boron and carbon, and semi-metallic elements, including silicon 6. A magnetic core-coil assembly as recited in claim 2, wherein the magnetic core is non-gapped 7. A magnetic core-coil assembly as recited in claim 2, wherein the magnetic core is gapped. 8. A magnetic core-coil assembly as recited in claim 6, wherein the magnetic core is heat-treated at a temperature near the alloy's crystallization temperature and partially crystallized. 9. A magnetic core-coil assembly as recited in claim 7, wherein the magnetic core is heat-treated below the alloy's crystallization temperature and, upon completion ofthe heat treatment, remains substantially in an amoφhous state.

Inventors: GRIMES DONALD, HASEGAWA RYUSUKE, SILGAILIS JOHN, GRIMES, DONALD, HASEGAWA, RYUSUKE, SILGAILIS, JOHN
Applicants: ALLIED SIGNAL INC, ALLIEDSIGNAL INC.
Application year: 1996
Main classification: H01F1
IPC codes: H01F1, H01F38