ARRANGEMENT FOR ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST GASES

Abstract: The invention relates to an arrangement for the analysis of exhaust gases from a combustion process, by means of at least one sensor unit (1; 28; 30) which is in a position surrounded by said exhaust gases, and which comprises a plurality of sensors (8, 9, 10, 11) for detecting different gas components, whereby the sensor unit (1; 28; 30) comprises at least two gas or temperature sensors (8, 9, 10, 11) arranged on a common substrate (7), and wherein the sensor unit (1; 28; 30) is connected to an analyzer unit (5) for analysis of signals from said sensors (8, 9, 10, 11). The invention is characterized in that the substrate (7) is constituted by an oxygen-ion-conductive ceramic, in that respective sensors (8, 9, 10, 11) present a conductive pattern (17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25) arranged on said substrate (7), and in that said sensors (8, 9, 10, 11) are constituted by a combination of at least two of the following sensor types: a lambda sensor (8), an NOx-sensor (9), an oxygen sensor (10) and a residual heat sensor (11). By means of the invention an improved analysis of the exhaust gases from a combustion engine is obtained.

Description: ARRANGEMENT FOR ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST GASES. Field of the invention: The present invention relates to an arrangement for analysing exhaust gases from a combustion process according to the preamble of appended claim 1. State of the art: In the field of motor vehicle combustion engines, there is a desire to be able to detect the concentration of different gas components in the exhaust gas stream from the engine. Such measurements can be used for controlling the operation of a combustion engine with a view to optimising the amounts of injected fuel and air. If the engine can be provided with an optimal composition of the fuel/air mixture during all operating conditions, the fuel consumption and the harmful emissions from the combustion engine can be minimised. In addition to engine control, such a gas measurement should also be able to be used in connection with a diagnosis of a vehicle ' s catalytic converter (catalyser) . In this context, the fuel and oxygen levels have to lie within certain ranges in order that the vehicle ' s catalyser should be able to operate optimally. A measure of the catalyser's so-called "light-off" time, i.e. the time which elapses before the catalyser purifies the exhaust gases optimally, can also be used during a diagnosis of the catalyser's operation. Different forms of gas sensors are known for achieving the above-mentioned objectives. One example of such a gas sensor, which is particularly for use in connection with motor vehicles, is the so-called lambda sensor, with the help of which the oxygen content in the exhaust gases can be detected. The signal from a lambda sensor can be used in connection with optimising the fuel and oxygen supply to the engine. In addition to the oxygen, it would be desirable to detect other components in the exhaust gases. Examples of known sensors (apart from lambda sensors) are thermistors, NO x -sensors (i.e. sensors for nitrogen oxide compounds) , oxygen sensors, carbon monoxide sensors and residual heat sensors. An arrangement for detecting combustible gaseous hydrocarbons by means of a measurement bridge which has pellistors (pellet resistors) is known from GB 2185579. A pellistor is a resistor with a temperature-dependent resistance, such being described per se in GB 2044937 for example. An application of pellistors in connection with the detection of exhaust gases in motor vehicles is described in Swedish patent application no. 9301715-0. In connection with the measuring and detecting of different gas components in the exhaust gas stream from a combustion engine, a problem exists in that measurement signals from certain of the above-mentioned sensors can be influenced by other gases than those for which the sensor is intended. For example, the NO x -sensor (apart from sensing the concentration of nitrogen oxide compounds) can also be sensitive to the concentration of oxygen and hydrocarbons. By using a plurality of different types of sensors at the same time, it ought to be possible to separate out each of the different gas components and, despite the cross- sensitivity of the different sensors, be able to obtain a measurement of the composition of the measured gas. Using a plurality of different sensors in this way is however expensive and requires space. Each separate gas sensor requires a probe, a fixture, cabling, possibly an amplifier, an analyzer unit and a common analyzer unit which, from the signals of the different sensors, produces output signals giving the composition of the measured gas. Summary of the invention: An object of the present invention is thus to provide an arrangement for detection and analysis of different substances in the exhaust gases of a combustion engine, in which arrangement a number of measurement functions can be combined. Said object is achieved by means of an arrangement according to the present invention having the features defined in appended claim 1. By placing a number of sensors on one or more common substrates and by arranging the sensor elements in an integrated "multisensor" with a single attachment fixture as well as common cabling, amplifier unit and analyzer unit, an analysis of the different gas components in the gas mixture present is possible. Brief description of the figures: The invention will now be described in more detail with respect to an embodiment and with reference to the accompanying figures, in which figure 1 schematically shows a measuring system, in which the present invention can be used, figure 2 shows an embodiment of a sensor unit according to the present invention, figure 3 is a side view of a lambda sensor which is comprised in the invention, figure 4 is a view from above of a NO x -sensor which is comprised in the invention, figure 5 is a view from above of an oxygen sensor which is comprised in the invention, figure 6 is a view from above of a residual heat sensor which is comprised in the invention, figure 7 shows a heatstone bridge intended to be used in connection with the residual heat sensor according to figure 6, figure 8 is a view from above of a sensor unit according to an application in connection with diesel engines, figure 9 is a side view of the sensor unit according to figure 8, figure 10 is a side view of a sensor unit according to a further application, figure 11 is a side view of the sensor unit according to figure 10, and figure 12 shows an embodiment of the invention which comprises a plurality of sensor units and which has also been provided with a protective cap. Description of a preferred embodiment: Figure 1 schematically shows an arrangement which includes the present invention. According to a preferred embodiment, the arrangement comprises a sensor unit 1 consisting of a plurality of sensors, i.e. an integrated "multisensor", which is intended to be placed in the exhaust outlet of a motor vehicle. In accordance with that which will be described in detail below, the sensor unit 1 can comprise sensors for detecting NO x -compounds (nitrogen oxide compounds) and oxygen. The sensor unit 1 can further comprise a residual heat sensor which is constituted by a per se known pellistor, a temperature sensor and a lambda sensor. Each separate sensor which is included in the sensor unit 1 emits a signal X if where i=l, 2, ... n. The signals Xi supplied from the sensor unit 1 are supplied by cabling 2 to a measuring unit in the form of a filter- and amplifier-unit 3 which comprises filter and amplifier circuits for treatment of the respective signals Xi. The treated signal packet X is supplied to an analyzer unit 5 via second cabling 4, said unit 5 preferably being computer-based, in order to produce a measurement of the temperature and of the amounts of the gas components which are detected by the sensors in the sensor unit 1. The analyzer unit can be made according to the principle of template-recognition (pattern-recognition), e.g. of the neuro-net type. In the signal packet X from the sensor unit 1, the signals X £ constitute a resolvable combination of the size of the different gas components. With the aid of suitably-chosen algorithms, the analyzer unit 5 can break down the signal packet X into its components Yi from the respective signals X £ of the sensor unit 1. A number of measurement signals Yi is supplied from the analyzer unit 5, said signals providing a measure of the different substances which have been detected by the sensor unit 1, e.g. concerning the concentration of oxygen and NO x -compounds and the temperature. These signals are then supplied to the vehicle ' s control system and are used for controlling the operation of the engine as well as for diagnosis of the catalyser ' s operation. Figure 2 shows a detailed view of a sensor unit 1 which is intended to be placed in the gas stream in the exhaust system of a motor vehicle. The sensor unit 1 comprises a substrate 7 which is common for all the included sensors. The substrate 7 is constituted, in accordance with the embodiment, by oxygen-ion-conductive zirconium-dioxide, Zr0 2 which is stabilised, i.e. "fixed" in a certain crystal structure which is advantageous with respect to the conductivity for oxygen ions. Yttrium-oxide can preferably be used as a stabiliser. A lambda probe 8, an NO x -sensor 9, an oxygen sensor 10 and a residual heat sensor 11 are arranged on the substrate 7. A voltage-measurement unit 12 is combined with the lambda sensor 8. A voltage source 13 and a current measurement unit 14 are combined with the NO x -sensor 9. A further voltage source 15 and a further current-measuring unit 16 belong to the oxygen sensor 10. The residual heat sensor 11 is connected to a measuring bridge, as will be described in detail below. The voltage and current measuring units 12, 14, 16, shown in figure 2 are only shown schematically and are included in the filter- and amplifier circuit 3 (see figure 1) which thus constitutes a common measuring unit supplying the signal packet X to the analyzer unit 5. Figure 3 shows a cross-sectional view through the lambda probe 8. On the upper side of the substrate 7 there is a first electrode 17 which is constituted of platinum. A second electrode 18, which functions as a reference electrode, is arranged within an air gap 19 which extends through the lambda probe 8. Additionally, there is a heating element 20 inlaid into the substrate 7. The heating element 20 is constituted by an electrode, preferably of platinum or tungsten, which is connected to an external voltage source (not shown) . The substrate 7 can be heated up to correct working temperature (400 o C-800°C) with the aid of the heating element 20. The potential difference between the two electrodes 17, 18 can be measured via a connection (not shown) to the above-mentioned voltage measuring unit 12. The potential difference constitutes a measure of the lambda-ratio (i.e. rich or lean) of the gas which surrounds the lambda sensor 8. Figure 4 shows a view from above of the NO x -sensor 9 which comprises two electrodes 21 and 22 respectively, which constitute the cathode and anode respectively. The electrodes 21, 22, or at least the cathode, are made of gold, in accordance with this embodiment. When the N0 x - sensor 9 is surrounded by a gas which contains N0 X - compounds, these will be adsorbed on the surface of the sensor 9, i.e. on the electrodes 21, 22 and the substrate 7. A selective dissociation, i.e. a decomposition, will occur thereafter so that negative oxygen ions, 0", are formed at the cathode 21. With the assistance of the voltage applied by the voltage source 13 (see figure 1), the oxygen ions can be transported through the oxygen-ion- conductive substrate. Molecular oxygen, 0 2 , is formed at the anode 22, which oxygen desorbs from the N0 x -sensor ' s 9 surface back into the gas phase. At the same time as the oxygen atoms are ionised at the cathode 21, the nitrogen atoms reco bine into molecular nitrogen, N 2 , and return from the surface of the NO x -sensor 9 into the gas phase. In accordance with a further embodiment of the NO x -sensor 9, only the anode 22 is made of gold. In this case the cathode 21 is made of platinum for example. With the aid of the above-mentioned current measuring unit 14 (see figure 1), the oxygen-ion current occurring in the circuit can be measured. The measured current hereby constitutes a measure of the amount of NO x -compounds in the gas stream. Measuring with the NO x -sensor 9 is selective, i.e. the oxygen ion current which occurs in the sensor 9 originates mainly from the NO x -compounds included in the gas stream. The measuring of the NO x -compounds in the NO x -sensor 9 is thus substantially independent of the concentration of oxygen in the gas stream. The selective function of the NO x -sensor 9 is obtained by the formation of the substrate 7, which is oxygen-ion- conductive, and of the electrodes 21, 22, of which at least one is of gold. Furthermore, the selectivity can be affected by the choice of pump voltage, i.e. with the aid of the voltage applied by the voltage source 13. The invention is therefore particularly suitable for measurements of NO x -compounds in connection with exhaust gases in which the oxygen content varies, and gives a measurement which is substantially independent of the variations in the oxygen concentration of the exhaust gases. During transport from the cathode 21 to the anode, the oxygen ions will mainly be displaced along the outer layer of the substrate 7. This gives a good time response during measurement with the NO '.X-sensor 9. In order that the transport of the oxygen ions occurs in an optimal manner, the respective electrodes 21, 22 are formed as a straight line with a number of transversing lines arranged so that they project substantially perpendicularly from the straight line. The two conductive patterns are arranged so that they "project into one another". This arrangement means that the interface between the electrodes 21, 22, the substrate 7, and the gas in which the sensor 9 is located, is made as large as possible. In such a way, the transport of the negative oxygen ions can be of maximum size, which contributes to a high current through the N0 X - sensor 9. Additionally it is most important that the distance between the electrodes 21 and 22 is as small as possible, which gives a short response time during measurements with the N0 x -sensor 9. Figure 5 shows a view from above of the oxygen sensor 10. A conductive pattern is arranged on the substrate 7, said pattern being in the form of two electrodes 23 and 24 respectively. In the same way as the electrodes 21, 22 of the aforementioned N0 x -sensor 9, the electrodes 23, 24 of the oxygen sensor 10 are formed as a straight line with a plurality of transversing lines which project substantially perpendicularly from the straight line. The electrodes 23, 24 are preferably of platinum. By applying a voltage over the electrodes 23, 24 (with the aid of the voltage source 15 shown in figure 1) a current moves in the circuit in the presence of oxygen. This occurs due to the substrate 7 being conductive for oxygen ions at high temperatures (400°-800° C) . This oxygen-ion current can be measured with the aid of the current measuring unit 16 shown in figure 1. The size of the measured current is proportional to the oxygen concentration in the gas surrounding the oxygen sensor 10. In addition to oxygen, the oxygen sensor 10 is influenced by, for example, N0 x -compounds, hydrocarbons and hydrogen. Figure 6 shows the residual heat sensor 11 which is based on a so-called pellistor which is a type of sensor known per se from Swedish patent application 9301715-0. The residual heat sensor 11 comprises a conductive pattern 25 which forms two resistors, a first resistor AC which is formed by the conductive pattern between the points A and C, and a second resistor BC which is formed by the conductive pattern between the points B and C The conductive pattern 25 is constituted by platinum and both of the resistors AC, BC have the same resistance at the same temperature. The resistance of the resistors AC, BC increases linearly with temperature. The first resistor AC is coated with a passive layer, preferably AL 2 0 3 , which is gas-tight, i.e. the surface of the conductive pattern cannot be influenced by the surrounding gas. The second resistor BC is coated with a catalytically active wash-coat 26. The hydrocarbons and the carbon monoxide will be burned on the active wash- coat 26 in the presence of oxygen. This combustion brings about a temperature increase in the first resistor BC which means that its resistance increases somewhat with respect to the resistance of the resistor AC. By coupling the resistances AC, BC in a so-called Wheatstone-bridge which is shown in figure 7, the small resistance changes which result from the combustion of the oxidisable substances on the wash-coat 26 can be detected. The denotations A, B, C in figure 7 correspond to what is shown in figure 6. The second resistance AC functions as a reference which is subjected to the same environment (ambient temperature, flow, air humidity, etc.) as the first resistor BC. This means that only the resistance change resulting from the combustion heat produces a resistance difference between the two resistors. With the aid of a voltage measuring unit 27, the voltage over the Wheatstone bridge can be measured. This voltage is proportional to the residual heat in the gas, i.e. the amount of unburnt oxidisable substances in the gas. The invention can be used in applications having different exhaust gas compositions. In those cases where rich mixtures occur, the sensor unit 1 can be arranged in such a way that an electric voltage is connected over the ceramic oxygen-ion-conductive substrate, whereby one side of the substrate has access to the atmosphere and the other side of the substrate has access to the gas which is to be analysed. In such a way the necessary oxygen for complete combustion of the hydrocarbons and the carbon monoxide is supplied to the catalytically active wash-coat 26. In turn, this makes the measurements substantially independent of the oxygen content in the exhaust gases . A particular application of the sensor unit according to the invention is as a sensor for diesel exhaust gases. Such exhaust gases contain between 5 and 20% oxygen, soot, nitrogen-oxides, carbon-oxides and hydrocarbons. Figure 8 shows a view from above of a sensor unit 28 according to the invention which comprises a NO x -sensor 9, an oxygen sensor 10 and a residual heat sensor 11. Figure 9 shows a side view of the same sensor unit 28. The NO x -sensor 9 comprises, as described above, two electrodes 21, 22, of which at least one is of gold. The oxygen sensor 10 comprises two electrodes 23, 24 of platinum. The residual heat sensor 11 comprises a conductive pattern 25 of platinum with a layer 26 of wash-coat and a passivating layer. As shown in figure 9, the sensor unit 28 comprises the heating element 29. In accordance with a possible embodiment for analysis of diesel exhaust gases, the invention may include only one NO x -sensor and a residual heat sensor, i.e. no oxygen sensor. This is possible in particular with heavy diesel vehicles having combustion engines, to which a predetermined amount of fuel and air is injected at a specific operating condition. Since the amount of fuel and air is known, the amount of oxygen in the exhaust gases can be determined with sufficiently high accuracy. In this case, this results in no separate oxygen sensor being necessary. The sensor unit 28 can be used in order to determine the N0 X and oxygen concentration and the amount of residual heat in the form of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide in the exhaust gases. These signals can be used in order, for example, to alter the control of the diesel engine so as to reduce the emissions from the engine. In accordance with a further application of the invention, this can be used in connection with diagnosis of a three- way exhaust catalyser. Vehicles which are equipped with such a catalyser must have an exhaust gas composition which is stoichiometric (i.e. lambda = 1) for optimal conversion of the three exhaust gas components N0 X , CO and HC. With unknown requirements for cleaner cars, the catalyser ' s effectiveness has to be able to be diagnosed in the vehicle during operation (so-called "Onboard diagnosis"). A sensor unit 30 in accordance with the invention, which is shown in figures 10 and 11 can, for this purpose, comprise a residual heat sensor 11 and a lambda sensor 8. The sensor unit 30 can be used both for regulating the engine control in order to achieve a maximum conversion of the three exhaust gas components and for diagnosing the catalyser ' s effectiveness and absolute exhaust gas levels. The sensor unit 30 comprises a lambda sensor 8 with electrodes 17, 18 and a residual heat sensor with a conductive pattern 25 as well as a wash-coat layer 26. The sensor unit 30 further comprises an air gap 19 and a heating element 20. The sensor units 28 and 30 as shown in figures 8-11 are connected to a filter- and amplifier circuit and an analyzer circuit of the same type as mentioned above in connection with figures 1 and 2. The sensor units 1, 28, 30 as described above are intended to be placed in the exhaust gas outlet of a motor vehicle. Instead of using only one sensor unit, a plurality of different sensor units can also be used, which can then be grouped together. The different sensor units can comprise different constellations of sensors which are preferably constituted by NO x -sensors, lambda sensors, oxygen sensors and residual heat sensors. Figure 12 shows such a group of sensor units, which in this case comprises three different sensor units 31, 32, 33. The sensor units 31, 32, 33 are joined with a measuring unit in the form of a filter- and amplifier unit (see figure 1) via a common cable 34. The sensor units 31, 32, 33 are arranged in the exhaust system 35 of a motor vehicle. The flow direction of the exhaust gases is indicated with an arrow 36. The sensor units 31, 32, 33 are preferably provided with a protective cap 37 which reduces the cooling effect which can be caused by the flowing exhaust gases, which means that a high and even temperature is obtained within the protective cap 37. The protective cap 37 is provided with at least one hole 38, or alternatively a slit or the like, so that the sensor units 31, 32, 33 will be exposed to the exhaust gases. The hole 38 can be arranged in different ways, e.g. in the top of the protective cap 37. According to a possible variation of the invention, it can be provided with a so-called linear lambda sensor which is a sensor emitting a signal proportional to the oxygen concentration in the surrounding gas. The signal which is emitted is proportional to the oxygen concentration on the lean side and the rich side of λ=l. Such a linear lambda sensor can be arranged as a replacement for the above- mentioned oxygen sensor. With the arrangement according to the invention, a number of advantages are obtained. Firstly, A more exact value of for example NO x -concentrations can be obtained if the values of HC and CO are known at the same time. Additionally, all the sensors are subject to the same temperature if they are arranged at the same point. Furthermore, the combination of one or more sensors at one and the same point allows a system analysis by means of template-recognition of the neuro-net type. For example, in the regulation of transients in an engine ' s operation it is important that the parameters are measured in the same time-window in the combustion process, which is achieved by the sensors being gathered at one and the same point. Furthermore, if the sensors are at the same point, the problems with calibration can be avoided, which otherwise could occur with sensors placed at different locations where the temperature and the gas composition are not the same. An additional advantage is present in that the sensor unit according to the invention only requires one attachment fixture, one cable, etc. Furthermore an advantage is obtained in that the sensor unit uses a common, oxygen-ion- conductive substrate. In addition, in accordance with alternative embodiments, the oxygen sensor 10 as well as the NO x -sensor 9 can be formed with an air gap of similar type to the air gap 19 described above in connection with figure 3. This air gap functions as a reference chamber in which a first electrode, i.e. a reference electrode, is placed. A second electrode is arranged on the substrate and is subjected to the gas which is the object of measurement. Furthermore, the oxygen sensor ' s 10 electrodes 23, 24 can be arranged on respective sides of the substrate 7. This is also valid for the NO x -sensor ' s 9 electrodes 21, 22.

Claims: 106607 MH - CLAIMS 1. Arrangement for the analysis of exhaust gases from a combustion process, by means of at least one sensor unit (1; 28; 30) which is in a position surrounded by said exhaust gases, and which comprises a plurality of sensors (8, 9, 10, 11) for detecting different gas components, whereby the sensor unit (1; 28; 30) comprises at least two gas or temperature sensors (8, 9, 10, 11) arranged on a common substrate (7) , and wherein the sensor unit (1; 28; 30) is connected to an analyzer unit (5) for analysis of signals from said sensors (8, 9, 10, 11), characterized in that the substrate (7) is constituted by an oxygen-ion-conductive ceramic, in that respective sensors (8, 9, 10, 11) present a conductive pattern (17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25) arranged on said substrate (7), and in that said sensors (8, 9, 10, 11) are constituted by a combination of at least two of the following sensor types: - a lambda sensor (8), - an NO x -sensor (9) for the detection of nitrogen-oxide compounds present in a gas, - an oxygen sensor (10), and - a residual heat sensor (11). 2. Arrangement according to claim 1, characterized in that the substrate (7) is constituted by stabilised zirconium-dioxide or titanium-oxide. 3. Arrangement according to claim 1 or claim 2, characterized in that the NO x -sensor (9) is arranged for selective generation of said current by means of an oxygen-ion transport in the sensor (9) which basically originates from nitrogen-oxide compounds in the gas, independent of the oxygen content in said gas. 4. Arrangement according to claim 3, characterized in that the NO x -sensor (9) comprises an at least two-part conductive pattern (21, 22) constituting an anode (21) and cathode (22) respectively, whereby a current occurs in the sensor (9) in the presence of nitrogen-oxide compounds and whereby the anode (21) and the cathode (22) are connected to an external voltage source (13) which is arranged to drive said current, and to means (14) for measuring of the current which constitutes a measure of the concentration of nitrogen-oxide compounds in said gas. 5. Arrangement according to claim 4, characterized in that at least one of said anode (21) and cathode (22) are manufactured of gold. 6. Arrangement according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the residual heat sensor (11) can be connected to a measuring bridge and an electric voltage source for supplying a voltage to the measuring bridge, and in that it comprises a first resistor (BC) and a second resistor (AC), of which the first resistor (BC) is arranged to increase its temperature- dependent resistance on its surface which is heated by the resistance in the presence of oxidisable gas components. 7. Arrangement according to claim 6, characterized in that said second resistor (AC) constitutes a reference for compensation of temperature variations in the exhaust gases. 8. Arrangement according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it comprises means (20) for heating up the substrate (7). 9. Arrangement according to claim 8, characterized in that said means (20) are constituted by a heating wire (20) arranged in the substrate (7), and a voltage source to which the heating wire (20) is connected. 10. Arrangement according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it comprises a protective cap (37) which substantially covers said sensor unit (31; 32; 33). 11. Arrangement according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that one or more of the lambda sensor (8), the oxygen sensor (10) and the N0 X - sensor (9) are formed with an air gap (19) where a first electrode (18) is arranged, whereby a second electrode (17) is arranged on the substrate (7) and is exposed to the gas which is the object of measurement. 12. Arrangement for diagnosis of a catalyser for purification of exhaust gases from a combustion engine, comprising an arrangement according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the sensor unit (30) comprises a lambda sensor (8) and a residual heat sensor (11). 13. Arrangement according to claim 12, characterized in that said sensor unit (30) comprises a continuous air gap (19), in which an electrode of said lambda sensor (8) is arranged. 14. Arrangement for analysing exhaust gases from a diesel engine, comprising an arrangement according to any one of claims 1-11, characterized in that the sensor unit (28) comprises at least one NO x -sensor (9) and a residual heat sensor (11). 15. Arrangement according to claim 14, characterized in that it further comprises an oxygen sensor (10).

Inventors: AERLIG ULF, JOBSON EDWARD, LUNDGREN STAFFAN, SALOMONSSON PER, AERLIG, ULF, JOBSON, EDWARD, LUNDGREN, STAFFAN, SALOMONSSON, PER
Applicants: AERLIG ULF, JOBSON EDWARD, LUNDGREN STAFFAN, SALOMONSSON PER, VOLVO AB, AB VOLVO, AERLIG, ULF, JOBSON, EDWARD, LUNDGREN, STAFFAN, SALOMONSSON, PER
Application year: 1996
Main classification: G01N27
IPC codes: F01N7, F02D41, F02D45, G01N27, G01N33