MONITORING IMMUNOTHERAPY OF MALIGNANT TUMOURS

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of predicting the therapeutic response of a drug directed towards a cancer in a human patient using samples of blood cells taken from the patient at different times. The method comprises the steps of culturing cells from the samples in a suitable medium; adding a stimulator of proliferation and an immuno-modulating drug of the cells to the culture; and assaying the proliferation of the cells in the culture; comparing the assay of proliferation with a previously made analysis demonstrating correlation between the proliferation of the cells and parameters of the therapeutic response of the drug directed towards the cancer in human patients; the results of the comparison being indicative of the therapeutic response of the drug in the human patient.

Description: MONITORING IMMUNOTHERAPY OF MALIGNANT TUMOURS. The present invention relates generally to a method of predicting the therapeutic response of a drug. More spe¬ cifically, the invention relates to a method of predicting the therapeutic response of a drug directed towards a can¬ cer in a human patient. The response rate for immunomodulating drugs in the treatment of tumours is very low. The most efficient immu¬ nomodulating drugs, e.g. interferon or interleukin-2, in the treatment of the most responsive tumours (malignant melanoma and renal cell carcinoma) is only 15-20 %. How¬ ever, some patients achieve very valuable remissions. It would therefore be a considerable improvement if those pa¬ tients who are most likely to respond to the of treatment could be identified. Several approaches have been used to try to develop such tests . Most of them are based on iden¬ tification of immunosuppression or activation of certain cells of the immune system in patients with malignant tu¬ mours . Immunosuppression in cancer patients have been demon¬ strated using various methods, e.g. reduced proliferative stimulation of PBL by mitogens (phytohemagglutinin, PHA and concanavalin A, ConA) or recall antigens (Candida, PPD etc.) , reduced response to various antigens on vaccination. In some studies a correlation between the results of these tests and the prognosis of the patients have been reported (e.g. deGast et al., Cancer, 1975; Hilal et al. , Am J Surg, 1977) . It has been repeatedly demonstrated that PBL from cancer patients have a significantly lower proliferative response (measured as incorporation of 3 H-TdR into newly synthesized DNA) to mitogens such as Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and Concanavallin A (ConA) as compared to normal healthy controls (e.g. Catalona et al . , J natl Cancer mst, 1980; Dean et al. , Int J Cancer, 1977; Farinas et al. , Cancer, 1991; Jerrels et al. , Int J Cancer, 1978; Mantovani et al. , Diagnostic and Clinical Immunology, 1987; Peham- berger and Knapp, J Invest Dermatol, 1981; Radhakrishna et al. , Cancer, 1989; Richner et al . , Cancer Immunol Immuno- ther, 1991; Silverman et al. , Surgery 1976; Tsubono et al.,1990) . Generally, an immunosuppression identified by this technique increases with the advancement of the dis¬ ease (Lui et al . , Br J Cancer, 1975; Mantovani et al. , Diag- nostic and Clinical Immunology, 1987; Silverman et al . , Surgery 1976) . Thus, several reports on a correlation be¬ tween inhibition of the proliferative response and the prognosis of the patients is not surprising. However, they have generally not been found to be useful in the clinical management of individual patients since this immunosuppres¬ sion is stage dependent and large inter-individual varia¬ tions are observed in these tests within the group of pa¬ tients as well as within healthy controls (deGast et al., Cancer, 1975; Lui et al. , Br J Cancer, 1975; Silverman et al., Surgery 1976) . Chretien et al. (Chretien et al., Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics, 1973) found a reduced proliferative response to PHA before surgery in solid tumour patients compared to normal, age matched controls. In the group of cured pa- tients at the three year follow up, the percentage of pa¬ tients with a low level of lymphocyte reactivity was sig¬ nificantly lower compared with the group of patients with inoperable or recurrent disease. Similarly, in two other studies the response to PHA was found to correlate with the prognosis (Mekori et al . , J Natl Cancer Inst, 1974; Watkins, Br J surg, 1976) . In contrast, Hilal et al . (Hilal et al . , Am J Surg, 1977). found no correlation between mito- gen stimulation and recurrence of squamos cell carcinoma of the head and neck. These tests have with a few exceptions not been used to predict therapeutic response to chemotherapy (Cheema and Hersh, Cancer, 1971; Jones et al . , Clinical Oncology, 1980; Toge et al. , Gann, 1979; ilhide and Larcom, Annals Clin Lab Science, 1993) or immunotherapy. In an attempt to im¬ prove this type of tests, some sources of variation were identified and analysed, a procedure which resulted in a proliferative response to PHA which correlated with the ef¬ fect of chemotherapy (Wilhide and Larcom, Annals Clin Lab Science, 1993) . However, this correlation was found only after 2 months of treatment. Thus, there is no predictive value in this test as the response to chemotherapy gener¬ ally is evaluated after 3 months using radiological inves¬ tigations of the involved metastatic sites. Cheema and Hersh (Cancer, 1971) found the proliferative response to PHA and streptolysin "0" to be suppressed after chemother¬ apy. Recovery with a significant overshoot compared to pre- treatment values 8-10 days after chemotherapy correlated with tumour regression. In patients with progressive dis- ease the proliferative response remained suppressed. The lymphocyte responsiveness to PHA has been claimed to pre¬ dict the response to chemo-immunotherapy (Toge et al . , Gann, 1979) . However, in this study, unusual response cri¬ teria were used and there seems to be a considerble over- lapping between the responding and not responding patients, thus making monitoring of individual patients difficult . On the contrary, no effect of chemotherapy on the response to PHA could be demonstrated and a clinically useful differ¬ ence between responders and non-responders was not found by others (Jones et al., Clinical Oncology, 1980) . The difficulty to identify immunosuppression on an individual base in cancer patients by means of mitogen stimulation of PBL is as pointed out above to a large ex¬ tent due to the great inter-individual variation in these tests. This source of variation as well as those sources described by Wilhide and Larcom (Wilhide and Larcom, Annals Clin Lab Science, 1993) can be avoided by adding drugs or cytokines with the ability of modulating the immunosuppres- sor activity to the in vitro cultures of PBL. With this procedure the immunosuppressor activity can be identified within the same set up of cultures by using the same prepa¬ ration of PBL and the same culture medium. Thus, a compari¬ son with the proliferative rate in cultures of PBL from other individuals at other test occasions is avoided. Fur- thermore, by using comparisons within the same test occa¬ sion the effect of autologous serum in the culture medium on the proliferative response and immunosuppressor activity can be analysed. This is of course highly appropriate as serum factors might play a significant role in immunosup- pression. In addition, the inappropriate influence of cy¬ tokines in pooled human AB serum or fetal calf serum is avoided. In the study forming the basis for the present patent application immunomodulating drugs (indomethacin, cimeti- dine and chlorambucile) were added to mitogen (PHA or ConA) stimulated cultures of PBL from patients with renal cell carcinoma. Indomethacin inhibits cyclo-oxygenase and thereby the synthesis of PGE2, a substance with several down-regulating effects in the immune system. It is well- known within the art that histamine dependent lymphocytes and lymphocytes particularly sensitive to alkylating agents can have an immunosuppressor activity. The possible occur¬ rence of such suppressor activity in cultures of PBL from tumour patients was therefore analysed by adding an alkylating agent, chlorambucil, or cimetidine - a histamine H2 receptor antagonist - to the culture medium. Alkylating agents, particularly cyclophosphamide has been used to down-regulate immunosuppressor activity (see below) . As the alkylating activity of this drug requires activtion in vivo, mainly in the liver, another alkylating agent, chlorambucil, was used in the PBL cultures in this study. Immunosuppressor activity in PBL cultures sensitive to indomethacin, alkylating agents or histamine H2 receptor blockers might identify an immune status which correlates with the response to certain types of immunotherapy. Fur¬ thermore, identification of patients with such an immuno¬ suppressor activity might give an opportunity to improve the therapeutic efficacy of immunotherapy since cells with suppressor activity can be eradicated or inhibited by treatment with these immunomodulating drugs. The effect of addition of indomethacin to mitogen or IL-2 stimulated cultures have been reported in a large num¬ ber of studies. This drug inhibits cyclo-oxygenase and thereby the synthesis of TGE2, a substance with several down-regulating effects on the immune system. Generally, the proliferative response to mitogens was found to be en¬ hanced by the addition of indomethacin to PBL cultures (Kurosu et al, Jap J surgery, 1988; McCormick and Panje, Cancer Immunol Immunother, 1986; Richner et al . , Cancer Im¬ munol Immunother, 1991; Roszman et al . , Cancer, 1982; Sohnle and Collins-Lech, Clin Immunol Immunopath, 1979; Tilden and Balch, Surgery, 1981; Vosixa and Thies, Clin Immunol Immunopath, 1979) as well as enhanced or suppressed depending on the concentration the drug (Zieghelboim et al . , Clin Immunol Immunopath, 1981) . The enhancement was reduced after curative resection and was significantly higher in patients with widespread disease compared with those with localised disease (Kurosu et al, Jap J surgery, 1988) or in patients compared with normal controls (McCormick and Panje, Cancer Immunol Immunother, 1986 ; Tilden and Balch, Surgery, 1981) . Only a few studies have tried to correlate the enhancing effect with the overall prognosis of the patients (Huang et al . , Cancer.1987) . A tendency towards an increase of PHA stimulation by the ad- dition of indomethacin was found when head and neck cancer patients with and without recurrencies within four years were compared (Huang et al. , Cancer.1987) . Similarly, Braun et al. (Braun et al. , Cancer Immunol Immunother, 1983) found the development of indomethacin sensitive (increased PHA stimulation by addition of indomethacin) and glass ad¬ herent suppressor cells to preceed disease recurrence. Histamine can be immunosuppressive or induce immuno¬ suppressor activity. When added to PHA or ConA stimulated cultures of BBL from healthy persons histamine suppressed the proliferative response (Meretey et al. , Agents and Ac¬ tions, 1981; Ogden et al. , Immunology, 1980; Rezai et al . , Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 1990; Wang and Zeiman, Cellular Imunology, 1978) . This suppressive effect was blocked by the addition of a H2 (Gifford et al. , Trans¬ plantation, 1980; Meretey et al . , Agents and Actions, 1981; Ogden et al . , Immunology, 1980; Palacios, Immunol Lett, 1981; Rezai et al. , Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicol¬ ogy, 1990; Wang and Zeiman, Cellular Imunology, 1978) but not a Hi receptor antagonist (Ogden et al . , Immunology, 1980; Rezai et al . , Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicol¬ ogy, 1990; Wang and Zeiman, Cellular Imunology, 1978) . The effect of Hi and H2 receptor stimulation seems to be dose dependent (Beaulieu et al. , Int Arch Allergy appl Immun, 1986) . There are no reports on any predicitve value of these tests. It is well-known within the art that immunosuppressor activity can be down-regulated by in vivo administration of alkylating agents, e.g. cyclophoshamide (Berd et al . , Cancer Research, 1984; Hoon et al ., Cancer Research, 1990; Livingstone et al . , J Biol Response Modifiers, 1987) . There have been no reports on the effects of alkylating agents on the proliferative response of PBL to mitogens or IL-2 in vitro. In an experimental model in the mouse the expression of a glycoprotein (gp 160) in renal cell carcinoma cell lines was found to correlate with resistance to interferen¬ ce (Nanus et al. , Cancer Research, 1990) . . In patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma the serum level of C-reactive protein (CRP) was found to corre¬ late with the therapeutic response to continous infusion of interleukin-2. Patients with a low initial level and a sig¬ nificant increase in serum level of CRP during treatment did respond significantly better than those with a high initial level with no increase in serum level during therapy (Broom et al . , Br J Cancer, 1992) . Activation of subsets of lymphocytes, demonstrated as an increased number of HLA-Dr+ cells in the peripheral blood before the initiation of interleukin-2 treatment, was found to discriminate between responders and non-responders (Janssen et al . , Br J Cancer, 1992) . The density of a natu¬ ral killer cell-associated antigen (CD56) on NK-cells in the peripheral blood was found to differ significantly be- tween renal cell carcinoma patients responding and not re¬ sponding to treatment with interleukin-2 in combination with interferon-α. A difference between patients with a stable disease and a tumour regression was, however, only found after six weeks of treatment (Duensing et al . , Mol Biother, 1992) . Regressing lesions after interleukin-2 based therapy were found to be permeated by CD4 and CD8 T-cells as well as macrophages. DR-antigen was expressed in seven out of seven regressing metastases compared to only three out of ten of non-regressing lesions (Rubin et al., Cancer Re¬ search, 1989) . The serum concentration of the tumour necro¬ sis factor-α after infusion of interleukin-2 in combination with lymphokine-activated killer cells was 48 hours after the termination of the treatment claimed to be higher in responders as compared with non-responders. However, there seems to be an overlapping between those groups which re¬ duce the predictive value of this analysis when individual patients are monitored (Blay et al. , Cancer Research, 1990) . The results of these two studies can hardly be used to predict the outcome of immunotherapy as they appear only after treatment. It has thus been known for a long time that an immunosuppression exists in patients having a tumour. This suppression can for example be demonstrated as an impaired proliferative response of blood lymphocytes after stimulation with mitogens such as PHA and ConA. In spite of the fact that the basic data have been known for several decades nobody has developed or described a method based on such data, the method having a predictive value in immuno- theraphy. One reasons for this is probably that upon mitogen stimulation of blood lymphocytes the range of variation is considerable within the control as well as within the patient group. Methods based on such comparisons are thus not useful for monitoring individual patients. By adding immunomodulating drugs to mitogen stimulated cultures comparisons can be performed with data which are obtained from a culture originating from one and the same patient, a procedure which considerably reduces the variance in a sample. By using the correct immunomodulating drug it is possible to differentiate between patients who respond and do not, respectively, respond to immmunotherapy. This principle has been shown to work for two quite different immunomodulating drugs, interferon-α and interleukin-2. Furthermore, two types of immunosuppression have been shown to exist with patients responding to these drugs. It is thus most probable that the principle described also will work with other types of immunotherapy. Accordingly, it is a purpose of the present invention to produce a method of predicting the therapeutic response of a drug directed towards a cancer in a human patient, using samples of immunocompetent cells taken from said patient at different times. In order to achieve this purpose, the method accord- ing to the invention has been given the characterizing fea¬ ture of claim 1. By analysing the proliferative response to mitogens or IL-2, alone or in combination with immunomodulating drugs, several differences are demonstrated between pa- tients with a stable, progressive disease or a tumour re¬ gression. Particularly, the effect of chlorambucil on PHA stimulated cultures seem to be of value in identification of patients with a high probability to respond to IL-2 treatment. Similarly, the enhancement of PHA stimulation by cimetidine identifies responders to IFN-a treatment. It is also possible by means of the method according to the in¬ vention to predict and monitor immunotherapy. In order to further explain the invention reference is made to the accompanying drawings. FIG 1 shows the proliferative response to ConA or PHA of PBL from renal cell carcinoma patients with a progres¬ sive disease (PD) , a stable disease (SD) and a tumour re¬ gression (RR) before initiation of interferon- treatment. FIG 2 shows the modulation of the proliferative re- sponse of PBL from renal cell carcinoma patients to ConA or PHA by the addition of indomethacin (IND), chlorambucile (CHL) or cimetidine (CIM) . The tests were performed before initiatin of INF-α treatment. Comparison of patients with a progressive disease (PD) , a stable disease (SD) and a tumour regression (RR) . FIG 3 shows the modulation of the proliferative re¬ sponse to PHA by the addition of cimetidine. The tests were performed before initiation cf IFN-α treatment. Each bar represents one patient. FIG 4 shows the proliferative response of PBL from renal cell carcinoma patients to ConA before and during IL- 2 treatment. The tests were performed as follows: Test one (1) just before the start of the treatment, test two (2) one week later, 48 hours after five days of IL-2 treatment, test three (3) after one week without IL-2 administration, and test four (4) one week later, 48 hours after another five days of IL-2 treatment combined with chlorambucil. The patients were divided into three groups according to the response to therapy, i.e. progression, a stable disease and regression. FIG 5 shows the proliferative response of PBL from renal cell carcinoma patients to PHA before and during IL-2 treatment. The test procedures were as in Fig. 4. FIG 6 shows the proliferative response of PBL from renal cell carcinoma patients to IL-2 in vitro before and during IL-2 treatment. The test procedures were as in Fig. 4. FIG 7 shows the effect of immunomodulating drugs on the proliferative response of PBL to ConA. The test proce¬ dures were as in Fig. 4. FIG 8 shows the effect of immunomodulating drugs on the proliferative response of PBL to PHA. The test proce¬ dures were as in Fig. 4. FIG 9 shows the effect of immunomodulating drugs on the proliferative response of PBL to IL-2 in vitro. The test procedures were as in Fig. 4. FIG 10 shows the comparison of the effect of chlo¬ rambucil on PHA stimulation of PBL from patients treated - with IL-2 or IFN-α. Each bar represents one patient. FIG 11 shows the comparison of the effect of cimetidine on PHA stimulation of PBL from patients treated with IL-2 or IFN-α. Each bar represents one patient. MATERIAL AND METHODS Patient data. This study includes 23 evaluable patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) treated with IL-2 and 19 evaluable pa- tients treated with IFN-a. All tumours were histologically or cytologically proven. In the group of IL-2 treated pa¬ tients, fourteen had only one metastatic site, four had two sites and five had three or more sites. In the group of IFN-a treated patients, four had only one metastatic site, eight had two sites and seven had three or more sites.No patient had been treated previously except for surgical re¬ moval of primary tumour or metastases . Patient evaluation. Pre-treatment investigations included electrocardio- gram (ECG) , abdominal computerized tomography/ultra sound (CT/US) , chest X-ray, bone scintigraphy and blood samples for measurements of creatinine , bilirubin , alkaline phos- phatase, aspartate-aminotranferase, alanine-aminotras- ferase, lactate-dehydrogenase, alpha amylase, haemoglobin, white blood cells and thrombocytes. The immune function parameters (see below) were analysed during the first three treatment weeks. The patients were re-evaluated for tumour response after three treatment cycles. Responding patients were subjected to continued treatment with regular evaluation. Treatment procedure. Interferon-a-2b: Interferon-a-2b (IFN-a, Schering Plough, Sweden) was given s.c. three days weekly at a dose of lOmilj.IU. In addition patients 17 were also treated with cyclophosphamide at a dose of 300 mg/m^ administered as i.v. bolus every three weeks and 12 of these patients were also treated with 50mg of Indomethacin three times daily. Three patients were on cimetidine medication. Interleukin-2 : Patients received subcutaneous (sc) Interleukin-2 (IL-2, EuroCetus/Farmos, Sweden) at 4.8 x 10 6 IU/m 2 (= 0.8 x 10 6 CU/m 2 ) per single dose given every 12 hours on days 1 through 5 every other week. The duration of one treatment cycle was two weeks. Chlorambucil at a dose of 5 mg daily for 5 days was added to the IL-2 treatment starting on day 3 in cycle two. During the first week of IL-2 treatment the patients were in the hospital in order to find out a reasonable dose-level allowing the patient to continue treatment with tolerable side-effects on an out¬ patient basis. Almost all patients needed dose-adjustments, the delivered dose in most cases being between 50-75% of the calculated dose Criteria of response (accrding to WHO) and rel ted defenitions. Complete response (CR) : Disappearance of all known disease. Partial response (PR) : Decrease by at least 50 % in the sum of the products of the largest perpendicular di¬ ameters of measurable lesions determined by two observa¬ tions not less than 4 weeks apart. It is not necessary for all lesions to have regressed to qualify for partial re- sponse but no lesion should have progressed and no new lesions should appear. Minor regressions did not fullfill the criteria for partial regression, either because the re¬ duction in the tumour size was 25% to 50% or the duration of the response was to short. Mixed response (MR) defined as measurable shrinkage of some lesion and simultaneous signs of a progressive disease in some other metastasis or appearance of new lesions. Stabl e disease (SD) : A 25 % de¬ crease in total tumor size cannot be established nor has a 25 % increase in the size of one or more measurable lesions been demonstrated. In addition, there is no appearance of new lesions. Progressive disease (PD) : A 25 % or more in¬ crease in the size of at least one measurable lesion or the appearance of a new lesion. Time to progression, survival : From the first day of treatment to the date of first obser- vation of a progressive disease in all eligible patients. Survival : From the first day of treatment to the date of death in all eligible patients. Cell cultures. Heparinized blood samples were collected between 8 - 10 a. m. , and all samples were processed within 1 hr after the blood had been taken. Mononuclear cells were isolated by Ficoll-Isopaque (Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden) density gra¬ dient centrifugation. One hundred μl of PBMC in culture me¬ dium at a concentration of 0,6xl0 6 cells/ml were seeded into round-bottomed microtiter plates (Corning, NY, USA) together with 100 μl of culture medium consisting of RPMI 1640 (Flow Laboratories, Irvine, Scotland) , supplemented with inactivated (56°C for 30 min.) AB serum (control cul¬ tures) or autologous fresh serum (patient cultures) at a final concentration of 10%. The culture medium also con¬ tained a combination of Penicillin 5000 IU/ml and Strepto¬ mycin 5000 μg/ml (PEST) Flow Laboratories, Irvine, Scotland) , final concentration 2%. Ten μl of concanavalin A (ConA, Sigma Chemical, St.Louis, MO, USA, 400 μg/ml, final concentration 40 μg/ml)) or phythohemagglutinin (PHA, Sigma Chemical, St.Louis, MO, USA, 200 μg/ml, final concentration 20 μg/ml) or IL-2 (1200 IU/ml, final concentration 120 IU/ml) were added for mitogenic stimulation. Cells were cultured for 2 days in a humidified 5% CO2 atmosphere at 37° C. Prolifera¬ tion was assayed by incorporation of 20 μl/well of 3 H- thymidine (80 μCi/ml, 1.6 μCi/well; Amersham International, United Kingdom) for 18 hr at 37° C. Mean values of dpm (disintegrations per minute) of triplicates were used for the calculations. Influence of immunomodulating (pharmacological) agents on cell s imulation. Ten μl of the following pharmacological agents were added to the mitogen stimulated cultures: Indomethacin (Sigma Chemical) , chlorambucil (Sigma Chemical) or ci- metidine (Tagamet , Smith, Kline & French, Travenol, Halden, Norway) ; all at a concentration of 20 μg/ml, final concentration 1 μg/ml. Statistical analysis. Comparisons between the proliferative response to mitogens (ConA or PHA) or IL-2 in different groups or at different test occasions were performed on mean values of dpm from triplicate samples by means of an unpaired t-test. For the determination of the effect of addition of immuno- modualting drugs a modulation index was calculated as fol¬ lows : dpm (ConA,PHA or IL-2) + drug MODULATION INDEX = log-*-— ^ : - dpm (ConA,PHAorIL-2) Comparisons of the means of modulation index for dif¬ ferent patient groups or different test occasions were per- formed by means of an unpaired t-test. The purpose of the present invention was to obtain a possible correlation between the capacity of RCC patients to respond to immunotherapy (e.g. IL-2 or IFN-a treatment) , measured as regression of metastases, and systemic immuno- suppression, measured as proliferative response of PBL to mitogenes or cytokines (e.g. IL-2) alone or in combination with the immunomodulating drugs (e.g.indomethacin, chlo- rambucil or cimetidine) . Therefore, it was considered most appropriate to include all patients with significant tumour regressions, that is also minor regressions and mixed re¬ sponses as responding patients in this analysis. EXAMPLE 1 Analysis of IFN-α treatment Therapeutic effect of IFN-α Measurable regression after IFN-α treatment was re¬ corded in five cases, PR (2) , RR (2) (minor regressions not fulfilling the criteria for partial remission either be¬ cause the tumour shrinkage was less than 50% or the dura- tion of the remission was too short) , MR (1) . Six patients had a stable and eight a progressive disease. Proliferative response of mitoσen stimulated PBL The proliferative response of PBL to mitogenes (PHA and ConA) alone or in combination with immunomodulating drugs was studied before initiation of IFN-α treatment. As can be seen from Figure 1, there is a tendency to a differ¬ ence in proliferative response to ConA and PHA between PBL from patients with a progressive disease and a tumour re- gression, p=0.19 and p=0.11, respectively. If non-respond¬ ers (stable and progressive disease) are compared with re¬ sponders, the proliferative response to PHA differs sig¬ nificantly, p=0.04. The effect of immunomodulating drugs on the prolif- erative response to ConA or PHA in relation to response to IFN-α treatment is demonstrated in Figure 2. ConA stimu¬ lation is significantly enhanced by indomethacin in PBL from responders as compared to patients with a stable dis¬ ease (p<0.02) . The proliferative response is suppressed by chlorambucil in non-responders both after ConA and PHA stimulation, with a statistically significant difference between patients with tumour regression and a stable dis¬ ease after ConA stimulation and a tendency to a significant difference between patients with a progressive disease and a tumour regression after PHA stimulation. Cimetidine does not seem to have any effect on ConA stimulation in these patients. In contrast, the response to PHA by PBL from pa¬ tients achieving regression on IFN-α treatment, is signifi¬ cantly enhanced as compared to patients with a stable (p<0.005) or a progressive disease (p<0.005) . Cimetidine enhancement of the proliferative response to PHA can be used to identify responders to IFN-α treatment. As demon¬ strated in Figure 3 four out of five patients achieving tu¬ mour regression on this therapy differs markedly from pa- tients with a stable or a progressive disease. EXAMPLE 2 Analysis of IL-2 treatment Therapeutic effect of IL-2 A measurable regression after IL-2 treatment was re- corded in 12 cases, CR (2) , PR (1) , RR (7) (minor regres¬ sions not fulfilling the criteria for partial remission either because the tumour shrinkage was less than 50% or the duration of the remission was too short) , MR (2) . Four patients had a stable and nine a progressive disease. Eight responders and three patients with a stable disease achieved prolonged disease control. Proliferative response of mitoσen or IL-2 stimulated PBL. The proliferative response of PBL to mitogenes, PHA and ConA, or IL-2 was studied weekly during the first three weeks on treatment . The response to ConA (Figure 4) and PHA (Figure 5) immediately before the start of IL-2 treatment was signifi¬ cantly higher in PBL cultures from patients achieving tumour regression as compared to patients with a progres¬ sive disease (p<0.05) . The proliferative response in PBL cultures from patients with a stable disease did not differ significantly from that in cultures from patients with either a progressive disease or a tumour regression. In IL- 2 stimulated cultures (Figure 6) there was almost no dif¬ ference between patients with a tumour regression, a stable disease and a tumour progression. After one week on IL-2 therapy, the response to ConA (p < 0.002) and PHA (p<0.05) was significantly reduced in comparison with tests before treatment in patients with a tumour regression and a progressive disease. A similar ten¬ dency was also found in patients with a stable disease. However, due to the low number of patients in this group a statistical significance was not attained. In contrast, the proliferative response to IL-2 in vitro was not signifi- cantly changed in any patient group, but there was a ten¬ dency to an increased stimulation in cultures from patients with a stable disease. After the second week of the first treatment cycle without IL-2 administration the proliferation induced by ConA and PHA was markedly restituted in patients with a progressive disease and did not differ significantly from that before initiation of the IL-2 treatment. In respond¬ ers, however, the response to ConA and PHA was not resti- tuted in comparison with tests performed after the first week of treatment and was still significantly reduced in comparison with the responses obtained before the treatment was initiated. The change in proliferative response to ConA and PHA (compared as above) between non-responders and re- sponders at this time was also significantly different, p<0.05 and p<0.001, respectively. In patients with a stable disease the response to ConA was only slightly restituted in contrast to PHA cultures where the response was similar to that found in cultutres from patients with a progressive disease. There were no significant changes in the response of PBL to IL-2 in vitro in any group of patients. After another week of IL-2 treatment (now combined with chlorambucil) the proliferative response to ConA and PHA was again reduced in all groups of patients, but these changes were significant only in PHA cultures from patients with a progressive disease (p<0.05) and a tumour regression (p<0.005) . In IL-2 stimulated cultures the proliferative response of PBL was not significantly changed. In order to further analyse differences between pa- tients with a progressive, stable or regressive disease the immunomodulating drugs indomethacin, chlorambucil or cimetidine were added to mitogen and IL-2 stimulated PBL cultures . As can be seen from Figure 7, addition of in- do ethacin to ConA cultures resulted in a slight increase of the proliferative response, but these changes were not statistically significant. In contrast, indomethacin sig¬ nificantly increased the proliferative response in PHA cul¬ tures (Figure 8) from patients with a progressive disease 5 after the first week of IL-2 treatment. This effect dis¬ appeared after one week without IL-2 administration (when the proliferative response to PHA was restituted) but re¬ appeared after administration of IL-2 in the second treat¬ ment cycle. A similar effect of indomethacin was found in 10 PBL cultures from patients with a stable disease. In cul¬ tures from responders indomethacin significantly enhanced the proliferative response to PHA after one week of treat¬ ment only. This effect then gradually decreased during the following weeks. 15 There was a significant difference in the effect of indomethacin on IL-2 stimulated PBL cultures (Figure 9) from patients with a stable disease and those with a tumour regression (p<0.005) . The proliferative response was stimu¬ lated in the former group and inhibited in PBL from the re- 20 sponders. A tendency to a similar difference was also found between non-responders and responders (p=0.067) . Chlorambucil had no effect on the response to ConA (Figure 7) or PHA (Figure 8) in cultures obtained before the initiation of IL-2 treatment in patients with a pro- 25 gressive disease. In contrast, in patients with a tumour regression the proliferative response was significantly in¬ hibited in ConA (p<0.05) as well as PHA stimulated cultures (p<0.005) . A significant inhibition of the proliferative response to these two mitogens appeared, however, during 30. the treatment period in patients with a progressive dis¬ ease. There were no significant differences between non-re¬ sponders and responders in IL-2 stimulated cultures in the presence of chlorambucil (Figure 9) . As shown in Figure 10, patients with a proliferative response to PHA being 35 markedly suppressed by chlorambucil are far more likely to achieve a tumour regression than those who have only a slight suppression or have an enhancement of the response by chlorambucil. Cimetidine significantly modulated the response to ConA (Figure 7) at several occasions during the treatment period with IL-2, but there were no significant differences between patients with a stable, progressive disease or a tumour regression in cultures set up before initiation of therapy. EXAMPLE 3 Comparison between responders to IL-2 and IFN-a treatment . The relationship between the therapeutic effect and the modulating effect of chlorambucil on the proliferative response of PBL to PHA before initiation of IL-2 or IFN-a was compared. As demonstrated in Figure 2 chlorambucil en¬ hanced the proliferative response of PBL from patients, who achieve a tumour regression on IFN-a treatment, but reduced the response of PBL from patients with a stable disease or a tumour progression. In contrast, the response of PBL, from responders to IL-2 treatment, to PHA was significanly inhibited (Figure 8) . Tests for each patient are shown in Figure 10. A similar difference is also found in the effect of cimetidine on the response to PHA. PBL from responders to IFN-a were stimulated by addition of this drug to PHA cultures as compared to PBL from non-responders (Figure 2 and 8) . Cimetidine had no significant effect on the PHA stimulation of PBL from IL-2 responders. Tests for each pa¬ tient are shown in Figure 11. Thus, there is a marked dif- ference in the immune status of renal cell carcinoma pa¬ tients responding to IL-2 or IFN-a. Thus, a correlation has been obtained between the ca¬ pacity of renal cell carcinoma patients to respond to Interleukin-2 (IL-2) or Interferon-a (IFN-a) treatment, measured as regression of metastases, and systemic immuno- suppression, measured as proliferative response of periph¬ eral blood lymphocytes (PBL) to mitogenes or IL-2 alone or in combination with the immunomodulating drugs, indometh¬ acin, chlorambucil or cimetidine. References Beaulieu, L., et al : Effects of Hi and H2 Receptor Agonists on Nonspecific Proliferative Response of Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes. Int Archs Allergy appl Immun 79:249-252 (1986) . Berd, D.; Maguire Jr., H.C.; Mastrangelo, M.J. : Impairment of Concanavalin A-inducible Suppressor Acitivity following Administration of Cyclophosphamide to Patients with Ad- vanced Cancer. Cancer Research 44:1275-1280 (1984) . Blay, J.Y., et al : Correlation between Clinical Response to Interleukin 2 Therapy and Sustained Production of Tumor Necrosis Factor. Cancer Research 50:2371-2374 (1990) . Braun, D.P., et al : Serial immune testing in surgically re- sected lung cancer patients. Cancer immunol immunother 15:114-120 (1983) . Broom, J. , et al : Interleukin 2 therapy in cancer: identi¬ fication of responders. Br J Cancer 66:1185-1187 (1992) . Catalona, W.J.; Ratliff, T.L.; McCool, R.E. : Concanavalin A-Activated Suppressor Cell Activity in Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes of Urologic Cancer Patients. JNCI 65:553-557 (1980) . Cheema, A.R.; Hersh, E.M. : Patient survival after chemo¬ therapy and its relation-ship to in vitro lymphocyte blas- togenesis. Cancer 28:851-855 (1971) . Chretien, P.B., et al : Correlation of preoperative lympho¬ cyte reactivity with the clinical course of cancer pa¬ tients. Surg, Gynecol & Obst 136:380-384 (1973) . Dean, J.H., et al : The relative proliferation index as a more sensitive parameter for evaluating lymphoproliterative responses of cancer patients to mitogens and allo-antigens. Int J Cancer 20:359-370 (1977) . Duensing, S., et al : Pretreatment natural killer antigen density correlates to clinical response in tumor patients receiving long-term subcutaneous recombinant interleukin-2 and recombinant interferon-a. Mol Biother 4:170-173 (1992) . Farinas, M.C., et al : Contribution of Monocytes to the De¬ creased Lympho-proliferative Response to Phytohemagglutinin in Patients With Lung Cancer. Cancer 68:1279-1284 (1991) . de Gast, G.C., et al: Humoral and cell-mediated immune re¬ sponse in patients with malignant melanoma. I. In Vitro Lymphocyte Reactivity to PHA and Antigens Following Immuni¬ zation. Cancer 36:1289-1297 (1975) . Gifford Sr, R.R. ; Hatfield, S.M.; Schmidtke, J.R. : Ci¬ metidine-induced augmentation of human lymphocyte blasto- genesis by mitogen, bacterial antigen, and alloantigen. Transplantation 29:143-148 (1980) . Hilal, E.Y., et al : Immunologic Evaluation and Prognosis in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer. Am J Surg 134:469-473 (1977) . Hoon, D.S.B., et al : Suppressor Cell Activity in a Random¬ ized Trial of Patients Receiving Active Specific Immuno¬ therapy with Melanoma Cell Vaccine and Low Dosages of Cyclophosphamide. Cancer Research 50:5358-5364 (1990) . Huang, A.T., et al : A Prospective Study of Squamous Head and Neck Carcinoma. Immunologic Aberrations in Patients Who Develop Recurrent Disease. Cancer 59:1721-1726 (1987) . Janssen, R.A.J, et al : Peripheral blood lymphocyte number and phenotype prior to therapy correlate with response in subcutaneously applied rIL-2 therapy of renal cell car¬ cinoma. Br J Cancer 66:1177-1179 (1992) . Jerrells, T.R.; Dean, J.H.; Herberman, R.B. : Relationship between T lymphocyte levels and lymphoproliferative re- sponses to mitogens and alloantigens in lung and breast cancer patients. Int J Cancer 21:282-290 (1978) . Jones, K.D., et al: Lymphocyte response to PHA and patient response to chemo-therapy in breast cancer. Clin Oncol 6:159-166 (1980) . Kurosu, Y. ; Arai, T. ; Morita, K. : Indomethacin Enhancement of Lymphocyte Responses to Phytohemagglutinin in Breast, Stomach and Colorectal Cancer Patients. Japanese J Surg 18:152-157 (1988) . Livingston, Ph.O., et al : Inhibition of Suppressor-Cell Acitivity by Cyclo-phosphamide in Patients with Malignant Melanoma. J Bio Resp Mod 6:392-403 (1987) . Lui, V.K., et al : Cellular immunocompetence in melanoma: Effect of extent of disease and immunotherapy. Br J Cancer 32:323-330 (1975) . Mantovani, G., et al : Interleukin 2 (IL 2) Relationships With the Cancer-Related Immunodeficiency: In Vitro Response to Exogenous IL 2 by PHA-Activated and Non PHA-Activated Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells From Cancer Patients. Diagn Clin Immunol 5:104-111 (1987) . McCormick, K.J.; Panje, W.R. : Indomethacin-induced augmen¬ tation of lympho-proliferative responses in patients with head and neck cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 21:226-232 (1986) . Mekori, T.; Shulamith, S. ; Robinson, E. : Suppression of the mitogenic response to phytohemagglutinin in malignant neo- plasia: Correlation with clinical stage and therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 52:9-12 (1974) . Meretey, K. ; Room, G.; Maini, R.N. : Effect of histamine on the mitogenic response of human lymphocytes and its modifi¬ cation by cimetidine and levamisole. Agents and Actions 11:84-88 (1981) . Nanus, D.M., et al : Antiproliferative and Antitumor Effects of a-Interferon in Renal Cell Carcinomas: Correlation with the Expression of a Kidney-associated Differentiation Glycoprotein. Cancer Research 50:4190-4194 (1990) . Ogden, B.E.; Hill, H.R. : Histamine regulates lymphocyte mitogenic responses through activation of specific H and H2 histamine receptors. Immunol 41:107-114 (1980) . Palacios, R. ; Alarcon-Segovia, D. : Cimetidine abrogates suppressor T cell function in vitro. Immunol Lett 3:33-37 (1981) . Pehamberger, H.; Knapp, W. : Effect of BCG on Concanavalin A-induced Suppressor Cell Activity and Lymphocyte Stimula¬ tion in Stage I Melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 76:502-505 (1981) . Radhakrishna Pillai, M. , et al : Immunocompetence in Lung Cancer. Relationship to Extent of Tumor Burden and His- tologic Type. Cancer 64:1853-1858 (1989) . Rezai, A.R. , et al : Histamine blocks Interleukin 2 (IL-2) gene expression and regulates IL-2 receptor expression. Im- munopharm Immunotox 12:345-362 (1990) . Richner, J. , et al : Number of helper T cells and phytohe- magglutinin stimulation correlate in cancer patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother 34 :138-142 (1991) . Roszman, T.L.; Brooks, W.H. ; Elliott, L.H. : Immunobiology of Primary Intracranial Tumors. VI. Suppressor Cell Func¬ tion and Lectin-binding Lymphocyte Subpopulations in Pa- tients with Cerebral Tumors. Cancer 50:1273-1279 (1982) . Rubin, J.T., et al : Immunohistochemical Correlates of Re¬ sponse to Recombinant Interleukin-2-based Immunotherapy in Humans. Cancer Research 49:7086-7092 (1989) . Silverman, N.A. , et al : In vitro lymphocyte reactivity and T cell levels in patients with melanoma: Correlations with clinical and pathological stage. Surgery 79:332-339 (1976) . Sohnle, P.G.; Collins-Lech, C : Differentiation of the Ef¬ fects of Preincubation and Indomethacin on Lymphocyte Transformation. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 13:47-55 (1979) . Tilden, A.B.; Balch, CM. : Indomethacin enhancement of im¬ munocompetence in melanoma patients. Surgery 90:77-84 (1981) . Toge, T., et al : Correlation between lymphocyte responsive¬ ness to mitogens and results of chemo-immunotherapy in pa- tients with advanced cancer. Gann 70:699-703 (1979) . Tsubono, M., et al: Increased number of suppressor T-cells and impaired IL-2 mediated T-cell function in peripheral blood of gastric cancer patients. J Clin Lab Immunol 33:107-115 (1990) . Vosixa, G. ; Thies, J. : Effect of Indomethacin on Blasto- genesis of Lymphocytes from Cancer Patients: Differentia¬ tion of Patient Types. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 13:30-38 (1979) . Wang, S.R.; Zweiman, B. : Histamine Suppression of Human Lymphocyte Responses to Mitogens. Cell Immunol 36:28-36 (1978) . Watkins, S. : Cancer prognosis predicted by preoperative lymphocyte responsive-ness in vitro. Br J Surg 63:433-434 (1976) . Wilhide, C.C.; Larcom, L.L. : An Assay for Monitoring Re¬ sponse to Therapy in Cancer Patients. Ann Clin Lab Sci 23 :207-215 (1993) . Zighelboim, J.; Lichtenstein, A.; Benjamin, D. : Response of Normal Subjects to Mitogens. I. Influence of Adherent Cells. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 19:406-415 (1981) .

Claims: CLAIMS 1. Method of predicting the therapeutic response of a drug directed towards a cancer in a human patient, using samples of blood cells taken from said patient at different times, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the method comprises the steps of culturing cells from said samples in a suitable medium; adding a stimulator of proliferation and an immuno-modulat- ing drug of said cells to said culture; and assaying the proliferation of said cells in said culture; comparing said assay of proliferation with a previously made analysis demonstrating correlation between the prolif¬ eration of said cells and parameters of the therapeutic re- sponse of said drug directed towards said cancer in human patients; the results of said comparison being indicative of the therapeutic response of said drug in said human patient. 2. Method as in claim 1, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that said blood cells are blood mononuclear cells. 3. Method as in claim 1, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that said stimulator of proliferation is a mitogen. 4. Method as in claim 1, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that said stimulator of proliferation is a cytokine. 5. Method as in claim 1, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that said immunomodulating drug is indomethacin. 6. Method as in claim 1, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that said immunomodulating drug is chlorambucile. 7. Method as in claim 1, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that said immunomodulating drug is cimetidine. 8. Method as in claim 3, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that said mitogen is concanavalin A (ConA) . 9. Method as in claim 3, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that said mitogen is phytohemagglutinin (PHA) . 10. Method as in claim 4, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that said cytokine is ιnterieukin-2 (IL-2) .

Inventors: HAAKANSSON LEIF, HAAKANSSON, LEIF
Applicants: HAAKANSSON LEIF, LANDSTINGET I OESTERGOETLAND, HAAKANSSON, LEIF
Application year: 1996
Main classification: G01N33
IPC codes: G01N33