METHOD OF PRODUCING IGF-I AND IGFBP-3 WITH CORRECT FOLDING AND DISULFIDE BONDING

Abstract: The present invention provides a novel method for refolding insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3). The method involves mixing of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 together in a cofolding reaction. The inventive cofolding method results in substantially higher yields of correctly folded protein for both molecules and alters the kinetics of refolding. The method includes the production of correctly folded IGF-I, IGFBP-3, and/or IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex.

Description: METHOD OF PRODUCING IGF-I AND IGFBP-3 WITH CORRECT FOLDING AND DISULFIDE BONDING Field of the Invention The invention relates generally to the field of production of active, properly folded proteins and particularly to the refolding of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) polypeptides. Background Growth factors are polypeptides which stimulate a wide variety of biological responses (e.g. DNA synthesis, cell division, expression of specific genes, etc.) in a defined population of target cells. A variety of growth factors have been identified, including transforming growth factor βl (TGF-βl), TGF-β2, TGF-β3, TGF-β4, TGF-β5, epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) , insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-II. IGF-I and IGF-II are related in amino acid sequence and structure, with each polypeptide having a molecular weight of approximately 7.5 kilodaltons (Kd) . IGF-I mediates the major effects of growth hormone, and thus is the primary mediator of growth after birth. IGF-I has also been implicated in the actions of various other growth factors, since treatment of cells with such growth factors leads to increased production of IGF-I. In contrast, IGF-II is believed to have a major role in fetal growth. Both IGF-I and IGF-II have insulin-like activities (hence their names) , and are mitogenic (stimulate cell division) for the cells in neural tissue, muscle, reproductive tissue, skeletal tissue and a wide variety of other tissues. Unlike most growth factors, the IGFs are present in substantial quantity in the circulation, but only a very small fraction of this IGF is free in the circulation or in other body fluids. Most circulating IGF is bound to IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) . IGF-I may be measured in serum to diagnose abnormal growth-related conditions, e.g., pituitary gigantism, acromegaly, dwarfism and various growth hormone deficiencies. Although IGF-I is produced in many tissues, most circulating IGF-I is believed to be synthesized in the liver. Almost all IGF circulates in a non-covalently associated ternary complex composed of IGF-I or IGF-II, IGFBP-3, and a larger protein subunit termed the acid labile subunit (ALS) . This ternary complex is composed of equimolar amounts of each of the three components . ALS has no direct IGF-binding activity and appears to bind only to the IGF/IGFBP-3 binary complex. The ternary complex of IGF+IGFBP-3+ALS has a molecular weight of approximately 150 Kd. This ternary complex is thought to function in the circulation "as a reservoir and a buffer for IGF-I and IGF-II preventing rapid changes in the concentration of free IGF" (Blum et al. (1991) "Plasma IGFBP-3 Levels as Clinical Indicators" in MODERN CONCEPTS OF INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTORS, pp. 381-393, (E.M. Spencer, ed., Elsevier, New York) . Most circulating IGF-I, IGF-II and IGFBP-3 is in the form of a complex, accordingly, very little free IGF is detectable. Moreover, a high level of free IGF in blood is undesirable. High blood levels of free IGF lead to serious hypoglycemia due to the insulin-like activities of IGF. In contrast to the IGFs and IGFBP-3, there is a substantial pool of free ALS in plasma which assures that any IGF/IGFBP-3 complex entering the circulation immediately forms a ternary complex. While IGFBP-3 is the most abundant IGF binding protein in the circulation, at least five other distinct IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) have been identified in various tissues and body fluids. Although these proteins bind IGFs, they each originate from separate genes and have distinct amino acid sequences. Thus, the binding proteins are not merely analogs or derivatives of a common precursor. Unlike IGFBP-3, other circulating IGFBPs are not saturated with IGFs. None of the IGFBPs other than IGFBP-3 can form the 150 Kd ternary complex. IGF-I and IGFBP-3 may be purified from natural sources or produced by recombinant means. For instance, purification of IGF-I from human serum is well known to the art (Rinderknecht et al. , (1976) Proc. Natl . Acad. Sci . (USA) 73:2365-2369). Production of IGF-I by recombinant processes is shown in EP 0,128,733, published in December of 1984. IGFBP-3 may be purified from natural sources using a process such as that shown in Baxter et al. ((1986) "Growth Hormone-Dependent Insulin-Like Growth Factors (IGF) Binding Protein from Human Plasma Differs from Other Human IGF Binding Proteins," Biochem . Biophys . Res . Coma . 139:1256-1261) . IGFBP-3 may be synthesized by recombinant organisms as discussed in Sommer et al. ( supra , pp. 715-728) . Recombinant IGFBP-3 binds IGF-I in a 1:1 molar ratio. Topical administration of IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex to rat and pig wounds is significantly more effective than administration of IGF-I alone (Sommer et al., supra ) . Subcutaneous administration of IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex to hypophysectomized, ovariectomized, and normal rats, as well as intravenous administration to cynomologous monkeys, substantially prevents the hypoglycemic effects of IGF-I administered alone. Both IGF-I and IGFBP-3 have disulfide isomerase activity when measured individually. However, mixture of the two proteins substantially inhibits this activity (Koedam and Leo van den Brande (1994) "Insulin-Like Growth Factors (IGFs) and IGF Binding Protein-3 Display Disulfide Isomerase Activity" Biochem. Biophys . Res . Comm. 198:1225-1231). Genetic engineering has made it possible to produce large amounts of polypeptides encoded by cloned DNA by means of recombinant expression systems, especially by expression in prokaryotes such as Escherichia coll . The expressed heterologous peptide, which would otherwise either not be produced at all by the host cell or be produced only in limited amounts, may constitute a significant proportion of the total cellular polypeptide of the host cell. Several problems are frequently encountered when cloned DNAs are expressed at high levels in recombinant expression systems. Polypeptides which are overexpressed in the cytoplasm of host cells often accumulate as insoluble "inclusion bodies" or "refractile bodies," particularly when bacteria are utilized as host cells (Williams et al. (1982) Science 215:687-689; Schoner et al. (1985) Biotechnology 3:151-154) . However, inclusion body formation is not limited to bacterial expression systems. For example, the Krϋppel gene product of Drosophila can form inclusion bodies when produced in insect cells using a baculovirus expression system. Polypeptides accumulated in the form of inclusion bodies or refractile bodies are relatively useless for biological and biochemical assays. Conversion of this insoluble material into active, soluble polypeptide requires slow and difficult solubilization and refolding protocols which increase the cost of production of the polypeptide and often greatly reduce the net yield of biologically active polypeptide. Even when heterologous polypeptides are expressed in the cytoplasm of host cells in soluble form, they may not be biologically active, due to incorrect folding. Incorrect folding may occur in the cytoplasm of host cells or during the isolation procedure. The difficulty inherent in obtaining biologically active recombinant proteins from recombinant expression systems is increased with polypeptides which contain cysteine residues, such as IGF-I. IGF-I contains six cysteine residues, all of which form intramolecular disulfide bonds which are believed to stabilize the active conformation of the protein. The cysteine residues in IGF-I can form incorrect disulfide bonds, i.e., disulfide bonds formed between cysteine residues not found in native IGF-I. IGF-I molecules containing incorrect disulfide bonds have reduced biological activity (Raschdorf, et al. (1988) Biomed. Env. Mass Spectros . 16:3-8) . It has been found that the amount of soluble polypeptide can be increased in E. coli recombinant expression if the fermentation temperature is lowered below 30° Celsius (C) . This procedure is useful as an alternative to renaturation of polypeptides from inclusion bodies but requires an expression system which operates efficiently below 30°C. This procedure may not be commercially feasible, however, since reduction of the fermentation temperature increases the duration and, therefore, the cost of the fermentation with a concomitant increase in the risk of contamination of the culture. There are many methods of refolding proteins known to the art. For example, U.S. Patent Nos. 4,511,502, 4,511,503, and 4,512,922 describe methods that are regarded as being universally applicable, with only minor modifications, to the refolding of proteins recovered from inclusion bodies. These methods generally seek to disrupt the structure of improperly folded proteins, then allow weak intramolecular forces, i.e., hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and ionic bonding, to fold the protein into its proper conformation, followed by oxidation to form correct disulfide bonds. In one such method, the protein to be refolded is purified under conditions which maintain the cysteine moieties of the protein as free sulfhydryl groups by the inclusion of a reducing agent throughout the purification process. This allows the protein to refold during the purification process in the absence of incorrect intramolecular disulfide bonds . The reducing agent is then diluted to enable the refolded protein to form disulfide bonds in the presence of air or some other oxidizing agent. This method can be easily incorporated into most purification processes and works optimally for recombinant proteins having relatively uncomplicated tertiary structures. Another approach is to refold the protein in the presence of both the reduced (R-SH) and oxidized (R-S-S-R) forms of a sulfhydryl compound. This allows disulfide bonds to form, break, and reform throughout the purification process. The reduced and oxidized forms of the sulfhydryl compound are provided in a buffer having sufficient denaturing power that all of the intermediate conformations of the protein remain soluble during the refolding process . Urea is suggested as a suitable denaturant because of its intermediate denaturing power which allows a protein to attain its correct conformation and yet also maintain the solubility of folding intermediates. This approach is most effective when the protein to be refolded has a relatively uncomplicated folding pattern. An alternative approach which may be used for more difficult refolding situations is to break any disulfide bonds that may have formed during the synthesis or isolation of the protein, then derivatize the free sulfhydryl groups of the protein. Free sulfhydryls are derivatized by sulfonation, which blocks the formation of disulfide bonds. The protein is then refolded in a weak denaturant, then desulfonated, which allows correct disulfide bond formation. Desulfonation takes place in the presence of a sulfhydryl compound. A small amount of the compound's corresponding oxidized form will ensure that suitable disulfide bonds remain intact. The pH is altered, i.e., increased, to a value such that the sulfhydryl compound is at least partially ionized, enhancing the nucleophilic displacement of the sulfonate. These refolding methods, while practical for their universal applicability, have not been shown to be particularly efficient with IGF-I and may be difficult or burdensome to perform. Refolding methods have been disclosed which are specific to IGF-I. PCT publications WO 91/02807, WO 93/11240, and WO 93/19084 each disclose methods for refolding recombinantly expressed IGF-I protein. WO 91/02807 discloses IGF-I fusion proteins, wherein a positively-charged amino acid sequence is fused to the amino-terminus of IGF-I. The amino-terminal addition aids in refolding, such that yields of approximately 50% correctly folded protein are achieved. This approach requires the extra steps of cleavage of the amino-terminal fusion peptide and purification to yield native IGF-I. WO 93/11240 discloses a method for refolding IGF-I protein in a single solution containing a chaotropic agent, an organic solvent, and a reducing agent at alkaline pH, such that as much as 85% of correctly folded protein is achieved. WO 93/19084 discloses a method for refolding recombinantly produced IGF-I utilizing a three step refolding protocol. Improperly folded met-IGF-I, i.e., IGF-I with an amino-terminal methionine (this methionine residue must be removed to yield mature IGF-I) , is solubilized in a denaturing solution. An oxidizing agent is then added to form a "redox" solution. An additional reducing agent is added to increase disulfide exchange and the solution is incubated overnight. This method results in yields of up to about 30% correctly folded protein. This protein must be further processed to remove the amino-terminal methionine residue. Recently, Hober et al. ((1994) "Folding of Insulin-Like Growth Factor is Thermodynamically Controlled by Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein" Biochemistry 33:6758-6761) described a method for refolding IGF-I utilizing the addition of native IGFBP-1. Addition of native IGFBP-1 to reduced IGF-I polypeptide under redox conditions resulted in yields of native IGF-I of up to 89%. Use of IGFBP-3 was not disclosed, nor was the use of unfolded IGFBPs. The refolding methods known to the art all result in yields of correctly folded protein significantly less than 100%. The heterologous mixture resulting from these methods must then be further purified, a process that can be time consuming and/or costly. There is a need in the art for a simple, rapid, highly efficient method for refolding IGF and IGFBP-3 into the correct conformation with correct disulfide bonding. Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a rapid, highly efficient method for refolding IGF-I and IGFBP-3 by cofolding the two polypeptides, resulting in high yields of properly folded proteins. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a simple, highly efficient method for the production of purified complexes of native IGF and IGFBP-3. The patents, patent applications and publications cited throughout the disclosure are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Brief Summary of the Invention In one aspect the invention provides a rapid, highly efficient method for refolding IGF-I and IGFBP-3, and further provides an efficient method for obtaining native IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complexes. The invention further provides for the purification of native IGF-I and native IGFBP-3 from the native IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complexes. In another aspect the invention provides a rapid, highly efficient method for refolding IGF-I, resulting in very high yields of native IGF-I. In yet another aspect, the invention provides a rapid, highly efficient method for refolding IGFBP-3, resulting in increased yields of native IGFBP-3. Brief Description of the Drawings Figure 1 shows the amino acid sequence of human IGF-I. Figure 2 shows a nucleotide sequence coding for human IGF-I. Figure 3 and Figure 4 show two alternate amino acid sequences for IGFBP-3. Figures 5, 6, and 7 show three alternative nucleotide sequences coding for human IGFBP-3. Figure 8 shows a nucleotide sequence coding for yeast ubiquitin hydrolase (YUH) . Figure 9 and Figure 10 show the results of cofolding IGF-I and IGFBP-3. Filled diamonds represent refolding of IGF-I or IGFBP-3 alone, respectively, while open diamonds represent the results from cofolding. Disclosure of the Invention Proteins expressed at high levels in recombinant expression systems frequently exhibit low or undetectable biological activity, due to improper folding and incorrect disulfide bond formation. The present invention provides a novel method for rapidly refolding recombinantly produced IGF-I and IGFBP-3 at extremely high efficiency, yielding native IGF-I and IGFBP-3. In a surprising result, the inventors found that oxidation of a mixture of denatured and reduced IGF-I and IGFBP-3, i.e., cofolding, [combination of unfolded or improperly folded IGF-I with unfolded or improperly folded IGFBP-3 under denaturing and reducing conditions, followed by oxidation,] resulted in a synergistic increase in the refolding efficiency for both proteins, yielding nearly 100% native IGF-I and a very high percentage of native IGFBP-3. The inventors also unexpectedly found that the kinetics of refolding were substantially altered, especially with respect to the folding of IGFBP-3, resulting in a considerable reduction in the time required for refolding. These results were particularly surprising because it is known that the disulfide isomerase activity (an enzymatic activity which involves the breaking and reforming of disulfide bonds and which can assist in protein refolding) of IGF-I is inhibited by the addition of equimolar amounts of IGFBP-3 (Koedam and Leo van den Brande, supra) . The invention also provides for efficient methods for the production of purified native IGF, native IGFBP-3 and native IGF/IGFBP-3 complex from recombinant expression systems. Cofolding of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 according to the instant invention results in the formation of native IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complexes. These complexes can be easily isolated from any improperly folded protein in the folding reaction using simple methods well known to those in the art. If desired, IGF-I and IGFBP-3 can each be easily further isolated and purified by methods well known to those in the art Definitions "Insulin-like growth factor" or "IGF" comprises a family of factors, including, but not limited to, IGF-I and IGF-II. IGF is a polypeptide with a molecular weight of about 7.5 Kd. IGF includes naturally occurring IGF-I or IGF-II, analogs or variants thereof, and fusions between IGF-I or IGF-II and other amino acid sequences. IGF may be obtained from natural sources or prepared by recombinant means. "Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3" or "IGFBP-3" as used herein is a member of the family of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins which comprises, but is not limited to, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2, IGFBP-3, IGFBP-4, IGFBP-5, and IGFBP-6. IGFBP-3 may be obtained from natural sources or prepared by recombinant means. IGFBP-3 forms a complex with IGF and a third molecule known as ALS. "Native IGF-I," as used herein, is defined as IGF-I, including naturally occurring IGF-I, analogs, and variants thereof, which is properly folded and contains only correct disulfide bonds. Correct disulfide bonds are formed between amino acid residues C6-C48, C47-52, and C18-C61, or the homologs of those amino acid residues in analogs and variants of IGF-I. Native IGF-I is biologically active. "Insoluble IGF-I" refers to precipitated or aggregated IGF-I that is contained within host cells, or is otherwise host cell associated, and assumes a biologically inactive conformation with incorrect or unformed disulfide bonds. Insoluble IGF-I may be contained in inclusion bodies or refractile bodies, i.e., may or may not be visible under a phase contrast microscope. "Improperly folded IGF-I" refers to IGF-I which is in a biologically inactive conformation with incorrect or unformed disulfide bonds. Improperly folded IGF-I may be, but need not be, insoluble. "Insoluble IGFBP-3" refers to precipitated or aggregated IGFBP-3 that is contained within host cells, or is otherwise host cell associated, and assumes a biologically inactive conformation with incorrect or unformed disulfide bonds. The insoluble IGFBP-3 may be contained in inclusion bodies or refractile bodies, i.e., may or may not be visible under a phase contrast microscope. "Improperly folded IGFBP-3" refers to IGFBP-3 which is in a biologically inactive conformation with incorrect or unformed disulfide bonds. Improperly folded IGFBP-3 may be, but need not be, insoluble. "Native IGFBP-3," as used herein, is defined as IGFBP-3, including naturally occurring IGFBP-3, analogs, and variants thereof, which is properly folded and contains only correct disulfide bonds. Native IGFBP-3 is biologically active. "Native IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex," as used herein, is defined as a non-covalently bound complex of native IGF-I and native IGFBP-3. "Reducing agent," as used herein, is defined as any compound or material which maintains sulfhydryl groups in the reduced state and reduces intra- or intermolecular disulfide bonds. Acceptable reducing agents include, but are not limited to, dithiothreitol (DTT) , 2-mercaptoethanol, dithioerythritol, cysteine, cysteamine (2-aminoethanethiol) , and reduced glutathione. "Oxidizing agent," as used herein, is defined as any compound or material which is capable of removing an electron from a compound being oxidized. Acceptable oxidizing agents include, but are not limited to, oxidized glutathione, cystine, cystamine, oxidized dithiothreitol, oxidized erythreitol, and oxygen. "Denaturing agent" or "denaturant," as used herein, is defined as any compound or material which will cause a reversible unfolding of a protein. The strength of a denaturing agent or denaturant will be determined both by the properties and the concentration of the particular denaturing agent or denaturant. Acceptable denaturing agents or denaturants may be chaotropes, detergents, organic, water miscible solvents, phospholipids, or a combination of two or more such agents. Acceptable chaotropes include, but are not limited to, urea, guanidine, and sodium thiocyanate. Useful detergents may include, but are not limited to, strong detergents such as sodium dodecyl sulfate, or polyoxyethylene ethers (e.g., Tween or Triton detergents), mild non-ionic detergents (e.g., digitonin) , mild cationic detergents such as N- [2,3- (Dioleyoxy)-propyl]-N,N,N-trimethylammonium, mild ionic detergents (e.g., sodium cholate or sodium deoxycholate) or zwitterionic detergents including, but not limited to, sulfobetaines (Zwittergent) , 3- (3-chlolamidopropyl)dimethylammonio-l-propane sulfate (CHAPS), and 3- (3-chlolamidopropyl)dimethylammonio-2-hydroxy-l-propane sulfonate (CHAPSO) . Organic, water miscible solvents such as acetonitrile, lower alkanols (especially C 2 -C alkanols such as ethanol or isopropanol) , or lower alkandiols (especially C 2 -C 4 alkandiols such as ethylene-glycol) may be used as denaturants. Phospholipids useful in the present invention may be naturally occurring phospholipids such as phosphatidylethanola ine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylinositol or synthetic phospholipid derivatives or variants such as dihexanoylphosphatidylcholine or diheptanoylphosphatidylcholine. "Refolding, " as used herein describes any process or method which is designed to transform polypeptide from its improperly folded or unfolded state to its native, properly folded conformation. "Cofolding, " as used herein, refers specifically to refolding processes, reactions, or methods which employ at least two polypeptides which interact with each other and result in the transformation of unfolded or improperly folded polypeptides to native, properly folded polypeptides. Description of the Preferred Embodiments The instant invention resides in the cofolding of IGF-I and IGFBP-3, resulting in rapid, highly efficient refolding of the two proteins, yielding native IGF-I and IGFBP-3, and further includes simplified methods for purification of native IGF-I, IGFBP-3, and IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex. The invention may be carried out as follows: a) IGF-I and IGFBP-3 are combined in a molar ratio of about 1:3 to 3:1, then denatured and reduced with denaturing and reducing agents, or alternatively, IGF-I and IGFBP-3 are denatured and reduced individually, then combined in a molar ratio of about 1:3 to 3:1 to form IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex; b) An oxidizing agent is then added to the IGF-I/IGFBP-3 mixture of step (a) ; c) Optionally, IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex may be purified from the IGF-I/IGFBP-3 cofolding mixture; and d) Optionally, IGF-I and IGFBP-3 may be individually purified from the complex. IGF-I and IGFBP-3 for cofolding in accordance with the present invention may be produced in a variety of high expression systems, utilizing a variety of host cells, including, but not limited to, bacteria, yeast, insect and mammalian cell lines. Preferably, IGF-I and IGFBP-3 are produced in bacterial host cells. More preferably, IGF-I and IGFBP-3 are produced in E. coli host cells, including, but not limited to E. coli strain W3110DE3. Host cells are transformed with expression vectors containing DNA coding for IGF-I or IGFBP-3. Host cells may be transformed by a variety of techniques well known to the art, such as, but not limited to, CaCl 2 for bacterial or yeast host cells, CaP0 4 for insect or mammalian host cells, or electroporation may be used for any host cell type. Methods for transformation of host cells may be found in Sambrook et al. (1989) MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor) and Ausubel (1987) CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, (John Wiley & Sons, New York) . Expression vectors containing DNA coding for IGF-I or IGFBP-3 may be constructed by standard methods well known to the art. DNA coding for IGF-I or IGFBP-3 may be obtained from natural sources, such as genomic or cDNA libraries, or may be chemically synthesized. Further, variants of IGF-I or IGFBP-3 may be produced by a variety of methods well known to the art, including site-directed mutagenesis. Methods for the production of variants may be found in Sambrook, supra and Ausubel, supra . Transformed microbial host strains are cultured in liquid medium containing assimilatable sources of carbon, nitrogen, and inorganic salts, using methods that are well known to the art. Transformed insect or mammalian cells are cultured in liquid medium containing assimilatable sources of carbon, nitrogen, and inorganic salts and, optionally, containing vitamins, amino acids, growth factors, and other proteinaceous culture supplements known to the art. Liquid media for culture of host cells may optionally contain antibiotics or antifungals to prevent the growth of undesirable microorganisms and/or compounds including, but not limited to, antibiotics to select for host cells containing the expression vector. IGF-I and IGFBP-3 may be purified from host cells by a variety of methods known to the art. Normally, IGF-I or IGFBP-3 produced in bacterial host cells is poorly soluble or insoluble (in the form of inclusion bodies) . In the case of insoluble protein, the protein may be collected from host cell lysates by centrifugation. In the case of poorly soluble protein, compounds including, but not limited to, polyethylene imine (PEI) may be added to induce the precipitation of partially soluble protein. The precipitated protein may then be conveniently collected by centrifugation. Insoluble or precipitated IGF-I or IGFBP-3 may then be solubilized using any of a number of agents known to the art. Preferably, IGF-I or IGFBP-3 is solubilized with urea or guanidine hydrochloride. When IGF-I or IGFBP-3 is produced as a fusion protein, the fusion sequence may optionally be removed. Removal of a fusion sequence may be accomplished by enzymatic or chemical cleavage, preferably by enzymatic cleavage. Enzymatic removal of fusion sequences may be accomplished using methods well known to those in the art. The choice of enzyme for removal of the fusion sequence will be determined by the identity of the fusion, and the reaction conditions will be specified by the choice of enzyme as will be apparent to one skilled in the art. The cleaved IGF-I or IGFBP-3 may further be purified from the cleaved fusion sequence by well known methods. Such methods will be determined by the identity and properties of the fusion sequence as will be apparent to one skilled in the art. Methods for purification may include, but are not limited to, size-exclusion chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, or dialysis. IGF-I or IGFBP-3 is preferably further purified to remove DNA from the protein solution. DNA may be removed by any of several methods known to the art, such as precipitation or ion exchange chromatography, but is preferably removed by precipitation with protamine sulfate. IGF-I or IGFBP-3 may be separated from the precipitated DNA using methods including centrifugation or filtration. IGF-I or IGFBP-3 for cofolding in accordance with the present invention may be used directly following the removal of DNA, or may be further purified and/or concentrated using methods well known to the art. Cofolding of relatively impure (crude) IGF-I and IGFBP-3 has the advantage of increasing yields and simplifying purification of native IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex. Purification of cofolded complex requires only one purification protocol (as opposed to two, when the two polypeptides are purified separately before cofolding) , and allows the purification protocol to exploit the properties of native IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex. If desired, IGF-I and IGFBP-3 may be further purified. Purification of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 may be accomplished using a variety of techniques well known to the art, including hydrophobic interaction chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography, affinity chromatography, and the like. Additional purification may also include a step of drying or precipitation of the purified protein. When IGF-I and IGFBP-3 are dried or precipitated, the proteins may be combined before redissolving in denaturant, or may be redissolved individually and combined for cofolding. Denaturation of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 may be accomplished using a variety of denaturing agents, including, but not limited to, urea or guanidine. Preferably, the denaturant is urea. Denaturation may be accomplished in a one step process, wherein IGF-I and IGFBP-3 are denatured with a solution of denaturant which is the concentration used for cofolding, or in a two step process in which IGF-I and IGFBP-3 are denatured with a high concentration of denaturant, followed by dilution, resulting in a solution containing a concentration of denaturant useful in the cofolding process. In the one step denaturation process, the concentration of denaturant, where the denaturant is urea, is preferably about 1 to 2 molar. In the two step denaturation process, the concentration of denaturant, where the denaturant is urea, is preferably about 5 to 7 molar, which is preferably diluted to about 1 to 2 molar for the cofolding process. Reduction of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 may be accomplished at the same time as denaturation or, optionally, may be accomplished following denaturation. Reduction of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 may be accomplished with a variety of agents, including, but not limited to, dithiothreitol (DTT) , 2-mercaptoethanol, cysteine, cysteamine (2-aminoethanethiol) , or reduced glutathione. Preferably the reducing agent is DTT. As discussed for denaturation, reduction of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 can be a one or two step process wherein the polypeptides are reduced using a concentration of reductant useful in the cofolding process or wherein the polypeptides are reduced with a high concentration of reductant, followed by dilution to a concentration useful in the cofolding process. Where the reductant is DTT, the high concentration of reductant is preferably about 30 to 50 millimolar (mM) , and the concentration useful for cofolding is preferably about 5 to 15 mM. The solution of denatured and reduced IGF-I and IGFBP-3 is then oxidized to form disulfide bonds. Acceptable oxidizing agents include, but are not limited to, glutathione, cystine, and cystamine. Preferably the oxidizing agent is cystamine. The cofolding reaction may be allowed to continue indefinitely. However, the inventors have found that cofolding of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 substantially speeds the kinetics of refolding. Accordingly, the reaction may be allowed to continue for considerably shorter periods, as short as 1 to 2 hours. Preferably the cofolding reaction is continued for up to 4 hours, more preferably the cofolding reaction is continued for about 1 to 3 hours. Following the completion of the cofolding reaction, native IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex may be purified. Native IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex may be purified by a variety of methods, including, but not limited to, size exclusion, ion exchange chromatography, and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Preferably, native IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex is purified by cation exchange chromatography using a sulfopropyl-derivatized column chromatography matrix, (e. ., SP-Sephadex, Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden) . Optionally, native IGF-I and IGFBP-3 may be further purified from the complex using a variety of methods known to the art. Preferably IGF-I and IGFBP-3 are purified from the complex by dissociation of the complex, preferably under acidic conditions, followed by size exclusion chromatography. Purified complex or IGF-I or IGFBP-3 may be exchanged into different buffers and/or concentrated by any of a variety of methods known to the art. The following examples are intended to illustrate the present invention. The examples are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention in any way. Examples Example 1. Expression vectors containing IGF-I and IGFBP-3 sequences for use in the production of IGF-I and IGFBP-3. The expression constructs used to produce IGF-I and IGFBP-3 are similar to pJUl002 and pJU1003 (Squires et al. (supra) J. Biol . Chem. 263: 16297-16302) except that the genes inserted downstream of the translational coupler are ubiquitin-IGF (pERl0088) and IGFBP-3 (pDJ12833) . In addition, pER10088 and pDJ12833 differ from pJU1003 in that they do not contain the synthetic 16 bp adaptor sequence at the 5' end of the tet gene in that plasmid; but they do contain DNA insertions at the unique PvuII site in the pBR322-derived backbone: pER10088 contains a linker 5' ...CCTCGAGG...3' at that location; pDJ12833 contains a 385 bp fragment carrying the par locus of pSClOl (Meacock and Cohen (1980) Cell 20: 529-542) . pER10088 contains an open reading frame (ORF) comprising (in order, 5' to 3' ) an ATG triplet (initiation), the 76 codons of yeast ubiquitin, 70 synthetic codons of mature human insulin growth factor I, and a termination codon. PDJ12833 contains an ORF comprising an ATG triplet followed by the 264 codons of mature human IGFBP-3. The amino-terminal 95 codons are synthetic; the remainder were derived from the natural CDNA for this gene. In each case, the ORF is positioned relative to the translational coupler exactly as described by Squires et al. (1988) for fibroblast growth factor. Example 2. Recombinant production of IGF-I. IGF-I may be produced using expression vector constructs such as those described in Example 1. An expression construct for production of an IGF-I fusion protein (PER10088) was introduced into E. coli strain W3110DE3 using calcium chloride transfection (Sambrook, supra) . W3110DE3/PER10088 was cultured in a 100 liter liquid culture at 37°C until the culture reached an optical density at 600 ran (OD 600 ) of at least about 25. Expression of IGF-I was induced by the addition of isopropylthiogalactoside (IPTG) to a concentration of 0.4 mM. The induced bacteria were further cultured, then collected by centrifugation. The pelleted cells were resuspended in sodium acetate buffer (50 mM, pH 5.5) with ethylene diamine tetraacetate (EDTA) . Bacteria were lysed with a Microfluidizer ® (model M-210-EH, Microfluidics Corp.) . Because not all of the IGF-I fusion protein produced in these host cells is insoluble, polyethyleneimine (PEI) was added to a concentration of 0.1% to precipitate soluble and partially soluble IGF-I fusion protein. Insoluble and precipitated IGF-I fusion protein was collected by centrifugation, then washed once with 2 M urea, 50 mM potassium phosphate, 2 mM DTT, pH 5.8-5.9, and recollected by centrifugation. The IGF-I pellet was then solubilized with 6 M urea, 20 mM Tris, 30 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, pH 8.0. DNA was precipitated from the solution by the addition of protamine sulfate to a final concentration of 0.14%. Precipitated DNA was removed by centrifugation and the IGF-I fusion protein-containing supernatant was further purified by ion exchange chromatography on Q-Sepharose. IGF-I fusion protein was digested with ubiquitin hydrolase (which was obtained from E. coli by expression of pERlOll, an expression vector encoding yeast ubiquitin hydrolase (the sequence encoding yeast ubiquitin hydrolase is shown in Figure 8), followed by purification according to Liu et al. ((1989) J. Biol . Chem. 264:20331-20338) (PERlOll is analogous to PJU1002 except for the presence of the 5' ...CCTCGAGG...3' linker at the PvuII site), yielding mature IGF-I. IGF-I was then denatured and refolded in 2 M urea, 10 millimolar DTT and 20% ethanol in the presence of 10 millimolar cystamine. IGF-1 was further purified by cation exchange chromatography on SP-Sepharose and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) on a C 18 column (Vydac) . Example 3. Recombinant production of IGFBP-3. IGFBP-3 may be produced using expression vector constructs such as those shown in Example 1. An expression construct for production of an IGFBP-3 PDJ12833 was introduced into E. coli strain W3110DE3 and clones were isolated, using methods well known to those in the art (such as those described in Sambrook, supra and Ausubel, supra) . Clone W3110DE3/PDJ12833 was cultured in a 100 L liquid culture at 37°C until the culture reached an optical density at 600 ran (OD 600 ) of 25. Expression of IGFBP-3 was induced by the addition of isopropylthiogalactoside (IPTG) to a concentration of 0.4 mM. The induced bacteria were further cultured, then collected by centrifugation. The pelleted cells were resuspended in sodium acetate buffer (50 mM, pH 5.5) with ethylene diamine tetraacetate (EDTA) . Bacteria were lysed with a Microfluidizer ® (model M-210-EH, Microfluidics Corp. ) . Insoluble IGFBP-3 was collected by centrifugation, then washed once with 2 M urea, 50 mM potassium phosphate, 2 mM DTT, pH 5.8-5.9, and recollected by centrifugation. The IGFBP-3 pellet was then solubilized with 6 M guanidinium Hcl, 100 mM Tris, 25 mM DTT, 5 mM EDTA, pH 8.0, then the IGFBP-3-containing solution was diluted with 1 volume of 100 mM Tris, 5 mM EDTA, pH 8. DNA was precipitated from the solution by the addition of protamine sulfate to a final concentration of 0.14%. Precipitated DNA was removed by centrifugation and the IGFBP-3-containing supernatant was further diluted with 50 mM Tris, pH 10.6. IGFBP-3 was refolded overnight following the addition of cystamine to a final concentration of 6 mM. The IGFBP-3 solution was concentrated by ultrafiltration, then solvent exchanged by diafiltration against 2 M urea, 20 mM Tris, pH 7. IGFBP-3 was purified by ion exchange chromatography on Q-Sepharose followed by SP-Sepharose. The IGFBP-3 was further purified by RP-HPLC using a C 18 column (Vydac) . Example 4. Cofolding of IGF-I and IGFBP-3. Recombinantly produced IGF-I and IGFBP-3 were mixed in an equimolar ratio, then dried by lyophilization. The dried protein mixture was dissolved in denaturing/reducing buffer (80 mM Tris, pH 8.3, 1.5 M urea, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM DTT) to a final protein concentration of 1 g/ml. Cystamine hydrochloride was added to a final concentration of 10 mM cystamine. Controls were IGF-I refolded alone and IGFBP-3 refolded alone. Cofolding and refolding reactions were incubated at 5°C. Samples were taken immediately before (0 hour) , and at 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours after the addition of cystamine and analyzed RP-HPLC. RP-HPLC analysis of 0 hour time points indicated that both the IGF-I and the IGFBP-3 were fully reduced. RP-HPLC was performed with a Waters 626-1 HPLC instrument on a Poros R2/H column (4.6 mm diameter, 100 mm length) using a linear gradient of acetonitrile (with 0.1.% trifluoracetic acid) running from 13.5% to 54% acetonitrile. IGF-I and IGFBP-3 refolded alone gave poor yields of native protein. IGF-I refolded alone gave a yield of only 13% and IGFBP-3 refolded alone yielded 45.1% native protein. In contrast, when cofolded, virtually all (99.6%) of the IGF-I and most of the IGFBP-3 (83%) were correctly folded. These results indicate that cofolding of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 results in a synergistic increase in yields of native IGF-I and IGFBP-3. Further analysis of the cofolding reaction indicated that, in addition to increasing yields of native proteins, cofolding also alters the kinetics of refolding. Figures 9 and 10 show the time courses of refolding of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 either alone or in a cofolding reaction. The cofolding process increases the initial rate of refolding and the maximum rate of refolding as well as the total yield of refolding. Example 5. Assay for bioactivity of cofolded IGF-I and IGFBP-3 This example shows that IGF-I, IGFBP-3, and IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex refolded according to the present invention have biological activity. Human osteosarcoma MG63 cells (5x10 s cells) are plated in a T-175 flask and cultured in cell culture medium (RPMI media supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 50 units/ml penicillin, 50 μg/ml streptomycin, non-essential amino acids and 2 mM L-glutamine) . The flask is incubated at 37°C in a humidified 5% C0 2 /95% air atmosphere for a 2-3 days. Before the culture of cells become confluent, the cells are detached from the flask by incubating the cells in trypsin/EDTA solution. Cell culture medium (6 ml) is added to stop the trypsin and the cells are transferred into a centrifuge tube. The cells are centrifuged at 800xg for 5-10 minutes and resuspended in 10 ml of an assay medium (RPMI medium supplemented with 50 units/ml penicillin, 50 μg/ml streptomycin, non-essential amino acids, 2 mM L-glutamine, 2.5 μg/ml bovine fibronectin, 5 μg/ml human transferrin, 75 μg/ml ovalbumin, and 3 μM dexamethasone) . IGF-I reference standard and cofolded IGF-I and IGFBP-3 samples are diluted serially with the assay medium in 96-well plates. IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex, IGF-I, and IGFBP-3 refolded by the cofolding method are each tested. Each well contains 50 μl of the standard or test sample. The concentration range of the IGF-I reference standard is 0.244 - 500 ng/ml. The MG63 human osteosarcoma cells that have been prepared in the assay medium are plated at 5000 cells/well, in volumes of 50 μl/well. The total volume in each well is 100 μl. The plates are incubated in a humidified 5% C0 2 /95% air atmosphere for 4 days at 37°C. At the end of the incubation period, cell growth is assayed by measuring acid phosphatase activity, which is proportional to the number of osteosarcoma cells. The plates are removed from the incubator and the culture medium is aspirated out of the wells. Each well is rinsed with 200 μl of phosphate-buffered saline. One hundred μl of 10 mM p-nitrophenyl phosphate, 100 mM sodium acetate, 1% Triton X-100, pH 5.5 is added to each well and the plate is incubated at 37°C for 2 hours. The hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl phosphate by acid phosphatases is stopped by adding to each well 10 μl of 1.0 N sodium hydroxide. The plates are incubated at room temperature for a minimum of 10 minutes. Absorbance at 405 ran is measured, while referencing the absorbance at 490 ran. Background absorbance is subtracted from the absorbance of each well. The averaged absorbance is plotted as a function of the concentration of IGF-I. ED 50 , the concentration of IGF-I where the absorbance value is half of the maximum absorbance, is calculated for each sample and the reference standard from the dose-response plots. Activity of each sample is expressed as a ratio of the ED 50 's of IGF-I reference standard and the sample. The present invention has been detailed both by direct description and by example. Equivalents and modifications of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art, and are encompassed within the scope of the invention.

Claims: Claims We claim: 1. A method for producing a complex of native IGF-I and IGFBP-3, comprising: denaturing a mixture of IGF-I and IGFBP-3; reducing said mixture of IGF-I and IGFBP-3, thereby forming a solution of reduced, denatured IGF-I and IGFBP-3; adding an oxidizing agent to said mixture of IGF-I and IGFBP-3; and forming a complex of native IGF-I and IGFBP-3. 2. A method for producing a complex of native IGF-I and IGFBP-3 comprising: denaturing IGF-I; reducing said IGF-I, thereby producing denatured, reduced IGF-I; denaturing IGFBP-3; reducing said IGFBP-3, thereby producing denatured, reduced IGFBP-3; mixing said denatured, reduced IGF-I with said denatured, reduced IGFBP-3, thereby forming a mixture of denatured, reduced IGF-I and IGFBP-3; adding an oxidizing agent to said mixture of denatured, reduced IGF-I and IGFBP-3; and forming a complex of native IGF-I and IGFBP-3. 3. A method for producing a complex of native IGF-I and IGFBP-3 comprising: denaturing IGF-I, thereby forming denatured IGF-I; denaturing IGFBP-3 , thereby forming denatured IGFBP-3; mixing said denatured IGF-I with said denatured IGFBP-3, thereby forming a mixture of denatured IGF-I and IGFBP-3; reducing said mixture of denatured IGF-I and IGFBP-3, thereby forming a denatured, reduced mixture of IGF-I and IGFBP-3; adding an oxidizing agent to said denatured, reduced mixture of IGF-I and IGFBP-3; and forming a complex of native IGF-I and IGFBP-3. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising isolating said complex of native IGF-I and IGFBP-3 from said mixture of IGF-I and IGFBP-3. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising isolating native IGF-I from said complex of native IGF-I and IGFBP-3. 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising isolating native IGFBP-3 from said complex of native IGF-I and IGFBP-3. 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of diluting said mixture of denatured, reduced IGF-I and IGFBP-3 before adding said oxidizing agent. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein said mixture of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 is at a molar ratio of about 1:3 to 3:1. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein said mixture of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 is at a molar ratio of about 1.5:1 to 1:1.5. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein said mixture of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 is denatured with urea or guanidine, said mixture of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 is reduced with dithiothreitol, 2-mercaptoethanol, dithioerythritol, cysteine, cysteamine, or reduced glutathione, and said oxidizing agent is cystine, cystamine, oxygen, oxidized dithiothreitol, oxidized dithioerythritol, or oxidized glutathione. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein said mixture of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 is denatured with urea at a concentration of about 1 to 2 molar, said mixture of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 is reduced with dithiothreitol at a concentration of about 5 to 15 millimolar, and said oxidizing agent is cystamine at a concentration of about 5 to 15 millimolar. 12. A method for producing a complex of native IGF-I and IGFBP-3, comprising: denaturing IGF-I; reducing said IGF-I; adding native IGFBP-3, thereby forming a solution of IGFBP-3 and reduced, denatured IGF-I; adding an oxidizing agent to said mixture of IGF-I and IGFBP-3; and forming a complex of native IGF-I and IGFBP-3. 13. A method for producing a complex of native IGF-I and IGFBP-3, comprising: denaturing IGFBP-3; reducing said IGFBP-3; adding native IGF-I, thereby forming a solution of IGF-I and reduced, denatured IGFBP-3; adding an oxidizing agent to said mixture of IGF-I and IGFBP-3; and forming a complex of native IGF-I and IGFBP-3.

Inventors: OGAWA YASUSHI, SOMMER ANDREAS, TAO PEGGY, OGAWA, YASUSHI, SOMMER, ANDREAS, TAO, PEGGY
Applicants: CELTRIX PHARMA, CELTRIX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
Application year: 1996
Main classification: C07K1
IPC codes: A61K38, A61P43, C07K1, C07K14, C12N15, C12P21, C12R1