NOVEL BACTERIOCIN PISCICOLIN 126

Abstract: The present invention provides a bacteriocin having a molecular weight of about 4.4 kDa and methods involving the use of this bacteriocin. The bateriocin preferably has an amino acid sequence as shown in Figure 3. The present invention also provides a DNA molecule encoding this bacteriocin.

Description: Novel Bacteriocin piscicolin 126 This invention relates to novel bacteriocin molecules having antimicrobial activity. In one particular application, the bacteriocin according to the invention is used as a food preservative. There is a continual need for new food preservatives bearing new and useful properties. Further, there is growing interest in replacing traditional "chemical" food preservatives with effective "natural" preservatives, especially those which are specific for pathogenic microorganisms and do not harm beneficial food-producing strains. In this regard, considerable research has been conducted on bacterial peptides known as bacteriocins which are often heat stable and have antimicrobial activity. Two such bacteriocins which are commercially produced for use as food preservatives are nisin and pediocin PA-1. Nisin has been given the status of Generally Regarded as Safe for human consumption (GRAS) by the United States FDA. Nisin and pediocin PA-1 however, have broad spectrum activity, affecting not only pathogenic, but also beneficial (in the food system) microorganisms. Novel bacteriocins having a range of activity that is different to and preferably narrower than those of nisin and pediocin PA-1 would be desirable. The present inventors have now identified and isolated a new bacteriocin which has a limited range of activity in comparison to, for example, nisin and pediocin PA-1. Thus, in a first aspect, the present invention consists in a substantially pure preparation of a bacteriocin having a molecular mass of about 4.4 kDa and antimicrobial activity substantially according to Table 2. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the bacteriocin has an amino acid sequence substantially identical to the sequence shown in Figure 3. In a second aspect the present invention consists in a biologically pure culture of bacterial strain JG126. A sample of bacterial strain JG126 was deposited under the Budapest Treaty with Australian Government Analytical Laboratories (AGAL), 1 Saukin Street, Pymble, New South Wales, Australia, on 21 December 1994, and was accorded accession No. N94/61478. In a third aspect the present invention consists in an isolated DNA molecule encoding the bacteriocin of the first aspect of the present invention. In a preferred embodiment of this aspect of the present invention the DNA molecule includes a nucleotide sequence as shown in Figure 6. In a fourth aspect the invention consists in a method of preserving foods or beverages, the method comprising adding to the food or beverage an effective antimicrobial amount of a bacteriocin of the first aspect of the present invention. The bacteriocin of the present invention may be isolated from natural sources, or produced by recombinant DNA techniques well known in the art. In order that the nature of the present invention may be more clearly understood, preferred forms thereof will now be described with reference to the following non-limiting examples and the accompanying figures. Figure Legends Figure 1. Purification of piscicolin 126 by reversed-phase HPLC. (A) C18 reversed- phase HPLC separation of piscicolin 126 on a 4.6 x 250 mm Spherisorb ODS II (80 A pore size, 5 μm particle size) column developed with the gradient of increasing acetonitrile concentration indicated by the dashed line. The piscicolin 126 had been previously partially purified by ion-exchange chromatography (not shown). The peak indicated by the arrow was collected and shown to have antimicrobial activity. (B) Rechromatography by C18 reversed-phase HPLC of the peak of piscicolin 126 collected as described in panel A. The column (2.1 x 250 mm Spherisorb ODS II [80 A pore size, 5 μm particle size]) was developed with the gradient of increasing acetonitrile concentration indicated by the dashed line. (C) Electropherogram of purified piscicolin 126 separated by CZE through a 50 μm x 50 cm uncoated silica capillary in 20 mM sodium citrate (pH 2.5) at 20 kV. Figure 2. MALDI-TOF mass spectrum of purified piscicolin 126. A sample of purified piscicolin 126 was co-analysed along with the bacteriocin SA-FF22 (m = 2794.3) and porcine insulin (m = 5777.6) and the instrument was calibrated accordingly. From 36 mass spectra recorded, a mass estimate of m = 4416.6 ± 1.9 was calculated for piscicolin 126. Figure 3. Amino Acid Sequence of Piscicolin 126. Figure 4. Analysis of the products formed following treatment of piscicolin 126 with the alkylating agent 4-vinylpyridine in either the presence or absence of a reducing agent Reversed-phase HPLC separation of piscicolin 126 following treatment with 4-vinylpyridine in the (A) absence of and (B) presence of the reducing agent 2-mercaptoethanol. The collected peaks from each separation were analysed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry: (C) peak material from A and (D) peak material from B. No mass increase was observed in A (sample without reducing agent) suggesting that piscicolin 126 does not contain free sulphydryl groups while the mass increase in D (210 Da) corresponds to bi-pyridethylation and suggests the piscicolin 126 contains a disulphide bridge between the two cysteine residues. Figure 5. DNA sequence of the 607 bp Hinf l/Sau 3A DNA fragment encoding the structural gene for Piscicolin 126. Figure 6. DNA sequence and translation of gene encoding Piscicolin 126 and its putative signal peptide. Example 1 - Isolation and Characterisation of Bacteriocin-Producing Strain JG126 A number of Gram-positive bacteria were collected from a wide range of sources and assessed for antimicrobial activity. One strain, JG126, was isolated from ham and found to be a catalase negative, Gram-positive rod. To establish the identity of this organism, 16S rDNA was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from chromosomal DNA of the producing organism using the primers 5'GAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG and 5 ACAAGGCCCGGGAACG, corresponding to nucleotides 9-27 and 1394- 1378, respectively, in the Eschericia coli 16S rRNA numbering system. A partial nucleotide sequence of the PCR product was determined using primer 9-27 and the sequence compared to all 16S rRNA sequences in the ribosomal database of Australian National Genomic Information Service (ANGIS) using the program FastA. The nucleotide sequence was 100% identical to Carnobacterium piscicola, accession no. M58812 in GenBank and it was concluded that JG126 was a strain of C. piscicola. A sample of this bacterium was deposited under the Budapest Treaty with Australian Government Analytical Laboratories (AGAL), 1 Saukin Street, Pymble, New South Wales, Australia, on 21 December 1994, and was accorded accession No. N94/61478. The activity of the bacteriocin (designated herein as piscicolin 126) was determined as follows by bioassay with Lάsteria monocytogenes 4A. Bacteriocin was serially diluted with sterile distilled water and aliquots of each dilution were applied to an MRS (de Man, Rogasa and Sharpe medium) agar plate and overlaid with 7 ml TSBYE (Tryptone Soy broth supplemented with 0.6% (w/v) yeast extract) soft agar (0.6% (w/v)) seeded with 10 6 cfu ml "1 of listeήa monocytogenes 4A and incubated at 30°C for 16 h. The activity of piscicolin 126 was expressed in Arbitrary Units (AU), defined as the reciprocal of the titre of the highest dilution demonstrating a detectable zone of growth inhibition in the indicator lawn culture. Example 2 - Purification of Piscicolin 126 Piscicolin 126 was purified in the following manner: Overnight cultures of bacterial strain JG126 in acetate-free MRS grown at 22°C were clarified by centrifugation. The peptide was precipitated from the culture supernatant by the addition of ammonium sulphate to 80% saturation and the precipitate was recovered by centrifugation. Peptide was purified by chromatography: 1. by ion exchange chromatography on CM-Sepharose Fast Flow; then 2. by semi analytical Reversed-phase HPLC on Spherisorb ODSII 4.6 x 250 mm, 80 A, 5 mm particle (Figure 1A); then 3. by analytical reversed-phase HPLC on Spherisorb ODSII 2.1 x 250 mm, 80 A, 5 mm particle (Figure IB). This resulted in a single peak of peptide (Figure 1C). Example 3 - Characterisation of the Properties of Piscicolin 126. The molecular weight (M r ) of piscicolin 126 was determined by MALDI-TOF mass spectrum analysis (Figure 2). The peak of the piscicolin 126 corresponds to an M r of 4416.6 ± 1.9 Da. Piscicolin 126 was digested with a variety of enzymes, including some with proteolytic activity, and the digests were assessed for antimicrobial activity, The results are presented in Table 1 and indicate that the piscicolin 126 contains peptide material. Table 1. Enzyme Inactivation of Piscicolin 126 20 μl enzyme solution (200 μg/ml in 0.2 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.0) was added to 200 μl of filter sterilised bacteriocin preparation, and incubated at 37°C for 2 h. Residual bacteriocin activity (Arbitrary Units ml " ) was determined by bioassay with Usteria monocytogenes 4A. Activity Enzyme Treatment AU ml "1 % 1 Control 12800 100 Catalase 12800 100 α-C hy motry ps in 0 0 β-Chymotrypsin 0 0 Lipase 12800 100 Lysozyme 12800 100 Pepsin 12800 100 Protease I 0 0 Protease XIV 400 3 Protease XXIII 0 0 Trypsin 800 6 % refers to residual bacteriocin activity (following treatment) as a % of original activity, i.e., unaffected = 100%, completely destroyed = 0%. Example 4 - Determination of the Structure of Piscicolin 126 The amino acid sequence of the piscicolin 126 was determined. The sequence is presented in Figure 3. The presence or absence of free sulphydryl groups in piscicolin 126 was determined by analysis of the products formed following treatment of piscicolin 126 with the alkylating agent 4-vinylpyridine in either the presence or absence of the reducing agent 2-mercaptoethanol (Figure 4). No mass increase was observed for the sample that had been reacted with 4-vinylpyridine in the absence of reducing agent Figure 4C), indicating that piscicolin 126 does not contain free sulphydryl groups. The mass increase of 210 Da observed for the sample reacted with 4-vinylpyrridine in the presence of the reducing agent (Figure 4D) corresponds to bipyridethylation and indicates that piscicolin 126 contains a disulphide bridge between two cysteine residues. Example 5 - Isolation and characterisation of the Gene Encoding Piscicolin 126 High molecular weight total DNA was isolated from bacterial strain JG126 and partially digested with restriction endonuclease Sαu3AI. The cohesive ends were partially filled using Klenow DNA polymerase, dGTP and dATP and ligated into the partially filled Xho I sites of the arms of the LambdaGEM ® -12 vector. The ligated DNA was packaged into phages and used to transfect E.coli strain LE392. A piscicolin 126 specific gene probe was prepared by PCR amplification using the degenerate oligo-nucleotide primers 5TG(CT)AA(CT)AA(AG)AA(CT)GG(ACGT)TG(CT) and 5 GC(CT)TT(AG)TTCCA(ACGT)CC(ACGT)GC(ACGT)GC(ACGT)CC and C. piscicola JG126 genomic DNA as template. The 107 bp PCR product was cloned into the pGEM*-T vector in the E.coli host PMC112 and the nucleotide sequence of the cloned fragment determined. Translation of the sequence confirmed that part of the piscicolin 126 gene had been cloned. The 107 bp PCR fragment was used to screen the genomic lambda library and a positive clone containing an insert of approximately 20 kb was isolated. From the lambda clone a 607 bp Hinf I Sαu 3A fragment was subcloned into pGEM R -7 in the E.coli host PMC112 and the nucleotide sequence of both strands determined (Figure 5). Translation of the DNA sequence confirmed that the gene encoding the piscicolin 126 and its putative signal peptide had been cloned (Figure 6). Example 6 - Spectrum of Antimicrobial Activity of Piscicolin 126 The spectrum of the antimicrobial activity of piscicolin 126 has been tested against a number of pathogenic and non pathogenic bacteria and yeast strains. The spectrum was determined in at least two separate tests against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and yeasts. Where a variable result occurred in the first two tests, the indicator reaction was tested a third time and the result used to determine an overall positive or negative reaction. The results are presented in Table 2. Table 2. Antimicrobial Activity of Piscicolin 126. Aliquots (5 μl) of a preparation of piscicolin 126 concentrated by ammonium sulphate precipitation were applied to the surface of agar plates and allowed to dry prior to overlaying with indicator cultures. After incubation, the inhibition of the indicator strain by piscicolin 126 was scored by the presence ( + ) or absence (-) of a zone of growth inhibition in the culture lawn. AFRICC Indicator Activity Accession No 0110 Aeromonas hydrophila - 0303 Bacillus cereus - 0312 Bacillus polymyxa - 0315 Bacillus stearothermophilus - 0316 Bacillus stearothermophilus var. calidolactis - 0320 Bacillus subtilis - 0602 Brocothrix thermosphactum - 0603 Brocothrix thermosphactum - 0604 Brocothrix thermosphactum - 0605 Brocothrix thermosphactum + 0901 Clostridium botulinum type B - 0914 Clostridium sporogenes - 1001 Corynebacterium sp. - 1105 Debaryomvces hansei - 1201 Enterobacter aerogenes NCTC 10006 - 1301 Escherichia coli NCTC 8196 - 2001 Lactococcus diacetylactis - 2002 Lactococcus cremoris - 2010 Lactococcus lactis - 2011 Lactococcus lactis . 2101 Lactobacillus sake + 2102 Lactobacillus plantarum . 2103 Lactobacillus curvatus + 2104 Lactobacillus sp. - 2201 Leuconostoc mesentroides var. cremoris + 2206 Leuconostoc cremoris . 2208 Leuconostoc dextranicus + 2301 Usteria denitrificans ATCC 14870 . 2303 Usteria grayi + 2305 Usteria innocua + 2306 Usteria ivanovii + 2310 Usteria monocytogenes 4 A + 2311 Usteria monocytogenes 4B + 2312 Usteria monocytogenes + 2320 Usteria seeligeri + 2321 Usteria seeligeri + 2405 Micrococcus luteus - 2406 Micrococcus luteus - 2415 Micrococcus varians - 2702 Pediococcus acidilactici - 2703 Pediococcus acidilactici + 2704 Pediococcus pentosaceus + 3020 Proteus vulgaris - 3101 Pseudomonas aeruginosa - 3105 Pseudomonas fluorescens - 3301 Saccharomyces cerevisiae - 3410 Salmonella salford - 3412 Salmonella typhimurium - 3501 Serratia marcescens - 3601 Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 6571 - 3602 Staphylococcus aureus - 3603 Staphylococcus aureus - 3605 Staphylococcus carnosus - 3609 Staphylococcus epidermidis NCTC 6513 - 3715 Streptococcus thermophilus + 3716 Streptococcus thermophilus + 3801 Yersinia enterocolitica - 3901 Enterococcus faecalis + 3902 Enterococcus faeceum + 4001 Carnobacterium sp. + The results indicate that the bacteriocin has a limited spectrum of activity, and appears to act against food-borne pathogens and spoilage microorganisms but should have limited effect against beneficial bacteria such as cheese starter culture strains used in food systems. Example 7 - Quantitation of antimicrobial activity of piscicolin 126 against cheese starter bacteria. The sensitivity of cheese starter bacteria to piscicolin 126 was tested in both artificial growth media and whole milk (Tables 3, 4 and 5). Table 3. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of piscicolin 126 tested against cheese starter bacteria. A preparation of piscicolin 126 concentrated by ammonium sulphate precipitation was serially diluted in sterile distilled water and applied (5 μl) to the surface of MRS agar plates and allowed to dry prior to overlaying with indicator cultures. The amount of bacteriocin JG 126 activity in the concentrated preparation was determined as 204,800 AU ml "1 by bioassay with Usteria monocytogenes 4A. After incubation, the minimum inhibitory concentration of piscicolin 126 against each strain of cheese starter bacteria was expressed as the lowest amount of activity of piscicolin 126 which demonstrated a distinct zone of growth inhibition in the culture lawn. Starter Indicator MIC Culture (AU ml" 1 ) Accession No. Mauri Laboratories Culture Collection (MLCC) M124 Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris >204,800 M126 Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris 51,200 M145 Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris >204,800 M149 Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris >204,800 M193 Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris >204,800 M379 Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris >204,800 M229 Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis >204,800 M238 Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis >204,800 M262 Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis >204,800 M276 Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis >204,800 M392 Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis >204,800 M474 Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis >204,800 DRC Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis var >204,800 diacetγlactis FDLD3 Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis var >204,800 diacetγlactis HBD1 Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis var >204,800 diacetylactis HDD1 Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis var >204,800 diacetylactis FLIL1 Leuconostoc sp. >204,800 HLD1 Leuconostoc sp. >204,800 ST3 Streptococcus thermophilus >204,800 ST41 Streptococcus thermophilus >204,800 ST42 Streptococcus thermophilus >204,800 AFRI Culture Collection (AFRICC) 2201 Leuconostoc mesentroides var. cremoris 102,400 2208 Leuconostoc dextranicus 102,400 3715 Streptococcus thermophilus TSl 2,048 3716 Streptococcus thermophilus TS2 3,200 The results indicate that, in plate bioassays with Usteria monocytogenes 4A, cheese starter bacteria are generally not sensitive to less than 2,048 AU ml" 1 of piscicolin 126 and most are not sensitive to 102,400 AU ml" 1 and higher concentrations. Table 4. The effect of Piscicolin 126 on cheese starter culture activity in whole milk. The effect of piscicolin 126 (2,048 AU ml" 1 ) on starter culture activity (rate of pH decrease) was determined in sterile whole milk at 30°C (except for strains 3715 and 3716, where an incubation temperature of 37°C was required to support more optimal growth). Cultures were grown in sterile skim milk (10% w/v) for 16 h at 30°C or 37°C (strains 3715 and 3716) and inoculated (10% v/v) into sterile whole milk to test starter activity in the absence and presence (2,048 AU ml" 1 ) of piscicolin 126. Uninoculated milk samples with and without added piscicolin 126 were used as controls. The pH of aliquots (2.5 ml) of samples removed under sterile conditions were determined at the times indicated. Starter culture Accession No. JG126 PH O h 2 h 4 h 6 h 8.5 h MLCC M276 5.92 5.70 5.14 4.53 4.27 (Bacteriocin insensitive) + 5.87 5.66 5.12 4.50 4.28 MLCC M126 6.00 5.72 5.15 4.54 4.25 (Bacteriocin sensitive) + 6.04 5.76 5.27 4.64 4.30 AFRICC 3715 5.89 5.75 5.47 5.22 5.04 (Bacteriocin sensitive) + 5.87 5.76 5.44 5.18 5.01 The results indicate that piscicolin 126 at a level of 2,048 AU ml" 1 (as determined by plate bioassay with Usteria monocytogenes 4A) does not inhibit starter activity. Table 5. The effect of piscicolin 126 on viable count of cheese starter cultures and Listeria monocytogenes 4A in whole milk. The effect of piscicolin 126 (2,048 AU ml" 1 ) on viable count of the most bacteriocin-sensitive starter culture from each of the Mauri Laboratories (strain M126) and AFRI (strain 3715) culture collections (Table 3) and Listeria monocytogenes 4A (at initial levels of 10 4 and 10 6 cfu ml" 1 ) was determined in sterile whole milk (at 30°C for strains M126 and 2310 and at 37°C for strain 3715) at the times indicated. Viable counts were determined (as 0.1 ml spread plates of an appropriate dilution of the cultures) on M17 Agar (strains M126 and 3715) and Listeria Selective Agar (strain 2310). Culture JG126 Viable count (log cfu ml" 1 ) O h 6 h Starter cultures MLCC M126 6.71 8.51 (on Ml 7 Agar) + 6.63 8.52 AFRICC 3715 7.15 8.08 + 7.18 8.00 Usteria inoculum 10 4 cfu ml "1 4.38 5.95 monocytogenes 4A + <1.0 <1.0 AFRICC 2310 inoculum 10 6 cfu ml" 1 6.24 7.72 (on Listeria + <1.0 2.94 Selective Agar) The results indicate that the viable counts of cheese starter cultures were unaffected, whereas the viable count of Usteria monocytogenes was substantially reduced by the presence of piscicolin 126 in whole milk. The piscicolin 126 therefore should find application as a preservative for foods and beverages. Example 8 - Antimicrobial Activity of Piscicolin 126 in Devilled Ham Paste and Ricotta Cheese Ricotta cheese (250 g) and Devilled Ham Paste (260 g) were inoculated with Usteria monocytogenes (AFRICC No. 2310) at 10 3 -10 6 cfu g "1 in sterile stomacher bags. An aliquot (10 ml) of concentrated piscicolin 126 preparation was added and mixed thoroughly (Colworth stomacher, 60 s) to provide a final concentration of piscicolin 126 of approximately 2,048 AU g" 1 (as determined by plate bioassay). In control samples, sterile water was substituted for the piscicolin 126 preparation. Portions (10 g) of the mixtures were sealed in sterile stomacher bags and incubated at 10°C for the length of the trial. At the times indicated, aliquots (90 ml) of peptone solution (0.1% w/v, pH 7) were added to portions of Ricotta cheese and mixed (Colworth stomacher, 60 s). Viable counts were determined on aliquots (0.1 ml) of appropriate dilutions of the mixed samples (in peptone solution) spread onto the surface of Listeria Selective Agar (Oxoid) plates. Viable count determinations were performed on each of three portions of Ricotta cheese and Devilled Ham Paste at the times indicated and are expressed as the mean value in Tables 6 and 7. Table 6. Effect of Piscicolin 126 on Listeria monocytogenes 4A in Challenged Ricotta Cheese. The effect of piscicolin 126 (2,048 AU g "1 ) on the viable count of Usteria monocytogenes 4A (initial inoculum 10 4 cfu g" 1 ) in Ricotta cheese spread was determined on Listeria Selective Agar (Oxoid) plates as the mean value of triplicate samples after incubation at 10°C, at the times indicated. Table 7. Effect of Piscicolin 126 on Listeria monocytogenes 4A in Challenged Devilled Ham Paste. The effect of piscicolin 126 (2,048 AU g" 1 ) on the viable count of Usteria monocytogenes 4A (initial inoculum 10^ cfu g" 1 ) in devilled ham paste was determined on Listeria Selective Agar (Oxoid) plates as the mean value of triplicate samples after incubation at 10°C, at the times indicated. The results indicate that under the experimental conditions growth of Usteria monocytogenes in Devilled Ham Paste is prevented by piscicolin 126 for between 14 and 21 days, while growth of Usteria monocytogenes in Ricotta cheese is inhibited for up to 7 days. It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that numerous variations and/or modifications may be made to the invention as shown in the specific embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as broadly described. The present embodiments are, therefore, to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive.

Claims: CLAIMS :- 1. A substantially pure preparation of a bacteriocin having a molecular mass of about 4.4 kDa and antimicrobial activity substantially according to Table 2. 2. A substantially pure bacteriocin as claimed in claim 1 in which the bacteriocin has an amino acid sequence substantially identical to the sequence shown in Figure 3. 3. A biologically pure culture of bacterial strain Carnobacterium piscicola JG126 (AGAL N94/61478). 4. An isolated DNA molecule encoding the bacteriocin as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2. 5. An isolated DNA molecule as claimed in claim 4 in which the DNA molecule includes a nucleotide sequence as shown in Figure 6. 6. A method of preserving foods or beverages, the method comprising adding to the food or beverage an effective antimicrobial amount of a bacteriocin as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2. 7. A composition of matter comprising a cheese starter culture and a bacteriocin as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2.

Inventors: COVENTRY JOHN, DAVIDSON BARRIE ERNEST, HARMARK KIM, HICKEY MALCOLM WAYNE, HILLIER ALAN JAMES, JACK RALPH WILSON, WAN JASON, WETTENHALL RICHARD EDWARD HUGH, COVENTRY, JOHN, DAVIDSON, BARRIE, ERNEST, HARMARK, KIM, HICKEY, MALCOLM, WAYNE, HILLIER, ALAN, JAMES, JACK, RALPH, WILSON;, WAN, JASON, WETTENHALL, RICHARD, EDWARD, HUGH
Applicants: AUSTRALIAN FOOD INDUSTRY SCIEN, COMMW SCIENT IND RES ORG, COVENTRY JOHN, DAVIDSON BARRIE ERNEST, HARMARK KIM, HICKEY MALCOLM WAYNE, HILLIER ALAN JAMES, JACK RALPH WILSON, UNIV MELBOURNE, WAN JASON, WETTENHALL RICHARD EDWARD HUGH, AUSTRALIAN FOOD INDUSTRY SCIENCE CENTRE, COMMONWEALTH SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH OR, COVENTRY, JOHN, DAVIDSON, BARRIE, ERNEST, HARMARK, KIM, HICKEY, MALCOLM, WAYNE, HILLIER, ALAN, JAMES, JACK, RALPH, WILSON;, THE UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE, WAN, JASON, WETTENHALL, RICHARD, EDWARD, HUGH
Application year: 1996
Main classification: C07K14
IPC codes: A23C19, A23L3, C07K14, C12N1, C12N15, C12P21, C12R1