INDUCTIVE SENSOR FOR MONITORING FLUID LEVEL AND DISPLACEMEMT

Abstract: A sensor system for measuring the level of a fluid includes a tube having a primary coil and a pair of secondary coils wound thereabout. The secondary coils have a periodically varying winding density distribution. The winding density distribution of one secondary coil is shifted relative to the winding density distribution of the other secondary coil. A float positioned adjacent the tube modifies an electromagnetic field produced by the primary coil. In response to the modified electromagnetic field, the first and second secondary coils produce first and second signals having amplitudes that vary periodically in response to the movement of the float between the ends of the tube.

Description: INDUCTIVE SENSOR FOR MONITORING FLUID LEVEL AND DISPLACEMENT BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to a sensor system for monitoring fluid level and displacement and, more particularly, to a sensor system for monitoring the level of crude oil in storage containers. 2. Background Art There are many types of sensors known in the art for monitoring fluid level, and especially for measuring the level of crude oil in storage containers. Many of these sensors utilize a float designed to interact with the sensor. These sensors can be expensive in order to obtain the accuracy necessary and are often affected by the fluids and other contaminates associated with storage containers in which such fluids are stored. The following is a listing of known sensors for monitoring or measuring fluid level and disadvantages of such sensors. Linearly Variable Differential Transformers (LVDT) require high precision manufacturing of the coils and a sensor length of more than two times the useful length of the sensor. They also have resolution that is limited by the resolution of their data acquisition system and by the electrical noise of the whole system. Ultrasonic transducers are affected by changes in pressure, temperature and other variations in the composition of the media in which they operate due to their sensitivity to the density of the media. This limitation thereby increases the probability of errors. Reed switch arrays, used in the oil industry, provide an incremental readout with limited resolution. Moreover, they are sensitive to shock and vibrations and can be damaged by electrical storms. Furthermore, they are labor intensive to manufacture, which makes them expensive, and are unreliable due to the hundreds of switch contacts and internal connections. The accuracy of such arrays is typically +/- 6.4 mm and clearance required between a float used with such reed switch arrays and the sensor elements must be between 0-3 mm. The arrays also require yearly cleaning and float replacement due to contaminant buildup. Optical encoders are sensitive to contamination and are expensive. They also require high precision during manufacturing and implementation. Magnetostrictive wave guide transducers are expensive and require high precision electronics. Also, the clearance between the float and the sensing element is limited. Radar is expensive and has limited accuracy. Capacitive probes are very sensitive to contamination and expensive. They also require high precision electronics and have a limited range. Pressure transducers can be affected by contamination and have a resolution limited by the acquisition system employed. It is the objective of the present invention to provide a sensor system that is inexpensive and easy to manufacture, has high reliability and accuracy, is easy to implement, and has a low sensitivity to contamination, shock, electrical storms and the media in which it operates. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In accordance with one aspect of the invention a sensor system is provided for measuring the level of a fluid. The sensor system includes a tube having a first end, a second end and a longitudinal axis extending therebetween. The sensor system further includes a float adapted to move adjacent the tube between the ends thereof and a control system. A primary coil is wound around the longitudinal axis between the first end and second end of said tube. The primary coil produces a time varying electromagnetic field adjacent to the tube in response to a time varying signal output by the control system. A first secondary coil is wound around the longitudinal axis at a first periodically varying winding density distribution between the ends of the tube. A second secondary coil is wound at the first periodically varying winding density distribution around the longitudinal axis between the ends of the tube. The winding density distribution of the second secondary coil is shifted relative to the winding density distribution of the first secondary coil. In response to excitation by the time varying electromagnetic field the first and second secondary coils produce first and second signals having amplitudes that vary periodically in response to movement of the float between the ends of the tube. The fluid level sensor further includes a third secondary coil and a fourth secondary coil. The third and fourth secondary coils are wound at a monotonically varying winding density distribution around the longitudinal axis between the ends of the tube. The winding density distribution of the fourth secondary coil is shifted relative to the winding density distribution of the third secondary coil. In response to excitation by the time varying electromagnetic field the third and fourth secondary coils produce signals having amplitudes that vary monotonically in response to movement of the float between the ends of the tube. Alternatively, the third and fourth secondary coils are wound around the longitudinal axis at a second periodically varying winding density distribution between the ends of the primary coil. In this alternative, in response to excitation by the time varying electromagnetic field, the third and fourth secondary coils produce third and fourth signals having amplitudes that vary periodically in response to the movement of the float between the ends of tube. The winding density distributions of the first and second secondary coils are repeated N cycles between the ends of the tube, wherein N is greater than 1. The winding density distribution of the third and fourth secondary coils are repeated M cycles between the ends of the tube, wherein M equals one of (i) N+l and (ii) a number that does not have a denominator in common with N other than the number one. The float of the fluid level sensor includes one of (i) a combination resonator coil and capacitor and (ii) a ferromagnetic core. In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a coil winding arrangement for use with a fluid level sensor system is provided. The coil winding arrangement includes a primary coil wound around a longitudinally extending axis wherein the primary coil has a first end and a second end. A first secondary coil is wound around a longitudinal axis between the ends of the primary coil. The secondary coil has a winding density distribution that varies periodically between the ends of the primary coil. A second secondary coil is wound around the longitudinal axis between the ends of the primary coil. The second secondary coil has the first winding density distribution. The winding directions of the first and second secondary coils vary between a clockwise winding direction and a counterclockwise winding direction between the ends of the primary coil. The winding density distribution of the second secondary coil is shifted relative to the winding density distribution of the first secondary coil. In accordance with another aspect of the invention a method of detecting a level of a fluid is provided. In the method a float is positioned adjacent a primary coil wound around a longitudinal axis and a first and second secondary coil wound around the longitudinal axis. In the method a float is positioned adjacent to primary and secondary coils. The primary coils are excited with a periodically varying signal and first and second periodically varying signals are received from the first and second secondary coils. The phase in the amplitude of the first and second periodically varying signals is determined and translated into a first quadrature function and a second quadrature function. The position of the float relative to the primary coil and to the primary and secondary coils is determined from the first and second quadrature functions. In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a sensor system for measuring the level of a fluid is provided. The sensor systems includes a tube having a first end, a second end and a longitudinal axis extending therebetween. A primary coil is wound around the longitudinal axis between the first end and the second end. A secondary coil is wound around the longitudinal axis at a monotonically varying winding density distribution between the first end and second end. The sensor system further includes a float adapted to move adjacent the tube and a control system connected for providing a signal to the primary coil and for receiving a signal from the secondary coil. The float includes on of (i) a combination resonator coil and capacitor and (ii) a ferromagnetic core. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Fig. 1 is a side elevational view of a fluid sensor system in accordance with the present invention positioned to detect the level of a fluid; Fig. 2 is a sectional-side elevational view of a portion of the sensor system in accordance with the present invention including a tube having windings therein and a float, including a ferromagnetic core positioned in the float; Fig. 3 is a sectional-side elevational view of a portion of sensor system in accordance with the present invention including the tube and windings illustrated in Fig. 2 and a float including an LC resonator therein; Fig. 4 is a sectional-side elevational view of the tube and windings of the sensor systems of Figs. 2 and 3 including a toroidal shaped float having an LC circuit disposed therein; Fig. 5 is a side sectional-side elevational view of a portion of the sensor system in accordance with the present invention including a tube having a primary winding and a monotonically varying secondary winding and float, including a ferromagnetic core positioned in the float; Fig. 6 is a block diagram of a control system for exciting a primary winding of the sensor system and for receiving signals from secondary windings of the sensor system; Fig. 7 is a graph illustrating the winding density distributions including winding direction of a first and second secondary coil in accordance with an alternating step function; Fig. 8 is a graph illustrating the coil winding density distribution including winding direction of a first and second secondary coil in accordance with a sine and cosine function and a third secondary coil in accordance with linearly varying functions; Fig. 9 is a sectional-side elevational view of a portion of a fluid level sensor in accordance with the present invention including a primary coil, four secondary coils and a float that has a ferromagnetic core therein; Fig. 10 is a sectional-side elevational view of a portion of a fluid level sensor in accordance with the present invention including a primary coil, four secondary coils, a shield between the primary coil and secondary coils and a float that has a ferromagnetic core therein; and Figs. 11(a) and 11(b) are a schematic representations of two manners of magnetically coupling the primary coil and the secondary coil. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS With reference to Fig. 1, an inductive sensor system A of the present invention includes a tube 2 made of non-ferromagnetic material. A float 4, adapted to float on a fluid 6 disposed in a container 8 and adjacent tube 2, interacts with tube 2 in a manner that is to be described in greater detail hereinafter. With reference to Fig. 2 and with continuing reference to Fig. 1, the body of tube 2 includes a plurality of coils layered coaxially and wound around or embedded into the tube 2 in a manner whereby each coil is electrically insulated from the other coils. The plurality of coils includes a primary coil 10, a first secondary coil 12 and a second secondary coil 14. The primary coil 10 is connected via connectors 15, or any other suitable arrangements for connecting the coils, to a control system 16 shown on Fig. 1, which provides a periodic driving signal to the primary coil 10. The secondary coils 12 and 14 are also connected, via connectors 15, to the control system 16 which receives signals produced by the secondary coils 12 and 14 in response to changing magnetic flux passing therethrough. The control system 16 processes the received signals to a form to be analyzed by a monitoring computer. A float 4' traveling inside the tube 2 has a ferromagnetic material core 18. In response to the driving signal from control system 16, the primary coil 10 produces a time varying electromagnetic field which interacts with float 4'. The float 4' modifies the electromagnetic field generated by the primary coil 10 to produce a locally intense electromagnetic field detectable by the secondary coils 12 and 14. The locally intense electromagnetic field detected by secondary coils 12 and 14 is converted by secondary coils 12 and 14 into electric signals which are detectable by signal-processing circuitry in the control system 16. The ferromagnetic core 18 intensifies the electromagnetic field by providing a low reluctance path for the electromagnetic field. Alternatively, the float 4' can be formed from material having a reduced reluctance path relative to the tube 2, the aperture formed by the tube 2 or the fluid 6 in and surrounding the tube 2. With reference to Fig. 3, in another embodiment, a float 4" has an LC resonator C that includes a resonator coil 22 and a capacitor 24. The resonator coil 22 is preferably wound concentric with a longitudinal axis T A of the sensor tube 2. Electromagnetic fields produced by the primary coil 10 in response to excitation by control system 16 interact with the resonator coil 22, inducing oscillations in the LC resonator C. In response to the excitation frequency of the primary coil 10 being the same or near the resonance frequency of the LC resonator C oscillations are produced in the LC resonator C. These oscillations produce a locally intense oscillating electromagnetic field in float 4" that induces electric signals in the windings of secondary coils 12 and 14 adjacent float 4". The intensity of the oscillating electromagnetic field produced by the LC resonator C is approximately an order of magnitude greater than the intensity of the oscillating electromagnetic field produced by the interaction of float 4' containing ferromagnetic core 18 with a comparable intensity electromagnetic field produced by the primary coil 10. The intensity of the oscillating electromagnetic field produced by float 4" can be further increased if the resonator coil 22 of the LC resonator C is wound around a ferromagnetic core 26. With reference to Fig. 4, a float 4'" can also be formed as a toroid surrounding the tube 2, such as shown in Fig. 1. In this embodiment, the float includes a doughnut- shaped coil 30 surrounding the tube 2 and connected to a capacitor 32 thereby forming LC resonator D. The resonance frequency of the LC resonator D in float 4'" is the same or near the excitation frequency of the primary coil 10. In response to the excitation of the primary coil 10 at or near the resonance frequency of LC resonator D, oscillations are produced in the LC resonator D. These oscillations cause the LC resonator D to produce a locally intense oscillating electromagnetic field that induces electrical signals in the windings of first and second secondary coils 12 and 14 adjacent float 4'". Alternatively, coil 30 can be wound around a ferromagnetic core 34. The primary coil 10 is preferably wound at a constant winding density distribution, i.e., a fixed number of windings per unit length of tube 2, at least along the operative length of the tube 2, i.e., the length of the tube over which measurements are to occur. Alternatively, however, primary coil 10 can be wound with a variable winding density distribution providing the signals received by one or more secondary coils, described hereinafter in greater detail, are processed in a suitable manner to account for such variable winding density distribution in the primary coil 10. The primary coil 10 is preferably excited by an oscillating current supplied by control system 16 shown in Fig. 1. In response to such excitation, the primary coil 10 produces an oscillating electromagnetic field in and around the tube 2. Primary coil 10 can, alternatively, be excited by other excitation waveforms, such as, without limitation, a square wave, but at a lower efficiency than the sinusoidal current. The first secondary coil 12, is wound concentric with the primary coil 10 and at a density that, preferably, varies periodically along longitudinal axis T A of the tube 2. In the illustrated embodiment, the winding density distribution of the first secondary coil 12 is repeated a plurality of cycles between the ends of the primary coil 10. Alternatively, a single cycle of winding density distribution of the secondary coil 12 can be utilized with relatively short tubes for accurate detection of the position of float 4'" or with relatively long tubes for approximate detection of the position of float 4'". The winding density distribution of the first secondary coil 12, preferably, varies as a sine function according to the equation: E Q (1): Winding Density Distribution = a sine bx. Alternatively, however, the winding density distribution can vary as another periodic function, such as, without limitation, a step or square function. The winding direction of the first secondary coil 12 changes from clockwise winding to counterclockwise winding or vice versa, i.e., the coil is counter wound, at points along the length of tube 2 where the density of the coil equals zero. Preferably, the winding density distribution varies in accordance with equation 1 above and the coil arrangement is balanced, i.e., the number of clockwise windings equals the number of counterclockwise windings. In Fig. 4, the points where the coil density of the first secondary coil 12 are zero are identified as α, β , γ, δ and e. The signals induced in the windings of the first secondary coil 12 change periodically as a function of the excitation of the primary coil 10 and the axial position of float 4'" in the tube 2. More specifically, the windings of the first secondary coil 12 that experience the greatest change in magnetic flux are those windings closely adjacent float 4'". Alternately, the first secondary coil 12 is wound in one direction only, e.g. , clockwise, with periodic changing of the winding density. Winding secondary coil 12 in this manner, however, results in secondary coil 12 producing for a given intensity of electromagnetic field, additional unwanted signal components that must be accounted for when the signal produced by secondary coil 12 is processed by the control system 16. Accordingly, a balanced coil arrangement is preferred. The second secondary coil 14 is identical to the first secondary coil 12. The winding density distribution of the second secondary coil 14, however, is shifted with respect to the winding density distribution of the first secondary coil 12 by a part of a cycle of the winding density distribution or phase angle φ . Preferably, this phase angle φ is equal to one-quarter of the cycle of the winding density distribution for purposes of processing the signals produced by the first and second secondary coils 12 and 14. The points where the winding density distribution of the second secondary coil 14 are zero are identified in Fig. 4 as α', β' , γ' , δ ' and e'. Referring back to Fig. 2, in operation, primary coil 10 is preferably driven by a sinusoidally varying signal. The sinusoidally varying signal in primary coil 10 produces a sinusoidally varying electromagnetic field in the ferromagnetic core 18 of float 4' . In response to the improved magnetic permeability of ferromagnetic core 18 in float 4', a locally intense electromagnetic field is produced in and around tube 2 adjacent float 4'. This locally intense electromagnetic field produces in secondary coils 12 and 14 signals that have a phase and amplitude that can be translated into a sine function and a cosine function, respectively. The ability to translate the signals in coils 12 and 14 into a sine and cosine function, respectively, is occasioned by the shift of one-quarter of the cycle of the winding density distribution between the first and second secondary coils 12 and 14. These sine and cosine, or quadrature signals can be analyzed in a manner known in the art to determine the position of the float 4' in the tube 2 within one cycle of the winding density distribution of first and second secondary coils 12 and 14. Any periodically varying signal in primary coil 10 can be utilized to excite signals in the first and second secondary coils 12 and 14. However, a sinusoidally varying signal is the simplest to translate to position information while allowing for compensation in variations of the excitation voltage coupling efficiency. When wound in the above described manner, first and second secondary coils 12 and 14 allow for the position of float 4' to be determined within one cycle of the winding density distribution of first and second secondary coils 12 and 14. Moreover, if the position of float 4' is continuously monitored by the control system 16, the absolute position of float 4' in tube 2 can be determined. However, if power to the control system 16 is removed and thereafter reapplied, the absolute position of float 4' in tube 2 cannot be determined utilizing first and second secondary coils 12 and 14 exclusively. Accordingly, it is preferable to provide a third position signal to the control system 16 having a resolution of at least one-half of the total length of first and second secondary coils 12 and 14. This third signal is provided by a third secondary coil 40 with a winding density distribution that varies linearly according to the equation: E Q 2: Coil Density = Ax + B i.e., as a function of the position of the coil along the length of the tube 2. With reference back to Fig. 4, the coil winding direction of the third secondary coil 40 changes from a clockwise winding direction to a counterclockwise winding direction where the coil density equals zero, designated as σ in Fig. 4. Preferably, the coil winding density equals zero intermediate the ends of the third secondary coil 40. By winding the third secondary coil 40 in this manner, the signal produced by the third secondary coil 40 varies monotonically along the length of the third secondary coil 40. Utilizing the third secondary coil 40, the approximate position of float 4'" along the length of tube 2 can be determined independent of the first and second secondary coils 12 and 14. The first and second secondary coils 12 and 14 are then utilized to detect the position of the float 4'" in tube 2 within one cycle of the winding density distribution of the first and second secondary coils 12 and 14. With reference to Fig. 5, one primary coil 50 and one secondary coil 52 are wound around tube 2. The secondary coil 52 has a winding density distribution that varies monotonically and can be utilized to detect the position of the float 54. Generally, a secondary coil with a large winding density distribution produces a greater signal than a secondary coil with a smaller winding density distribution for a given intensity of magnetic flux passing therethrough. Thus, by detecting the amplitude of the signal produced by the one secondary coil 52, the approximate position of the float 54 can be determined in the absence of additional secondary coils. With reference back to Fig. 4, to increase the resolution of the sensor to detect changes in the position of the float 4'" relative to the tube 2, however, it is necessary to provide additional secondary coils, e.g., first and second secondary coils 12 and 14, having a plurality of cycles of winding density distribution that are shifted with respect to each other as illustrated in, for example, Fig. 4. To improve the resolution of the sensor to detect changes in the position of float 4'", the length of each cycle of the winding density distribution is decreased. Similarly, increasing the winding density distribution decreases the resolution of the sensor. Because the position of the float 54 is detectable to within one cycle of the winding density distribution, a desired sensor resolution can be obtained by providing one or more secondary coils, e.g. , first and second secondary coils 12 and 14 in Fig. 2, having a cycle length of the winding density distribution less than or equal to the desired resolution. In this respect, by providing secondary coils of various combinations of winding density distribution, cycle lengths, phase angle φ, and the like, a sensor of desired length and resolution can be obtained. With reference back to any one of Figs. 2-4, the winding density distribution of the first secondary coil 12 and the second secondary coil 14 can, alternatively, be modified so that a combination of the signals produced by the first and second secondary coils 12 and 14 varies monotonically along the length of the primary coil 10, thereby avoiding the need for additional secondary coils. One such combination of signals by first and second secondary coils 12 and 14 includes the sum of the squares of the signals generated by these coils. The winding density distribution of the primary coil 10 can also be wound at other than a constant winding density with corresponding adjustment of the manner in which the signals produced by first and second secondary windings 12 and 14 are processed. Modifying the winding density distribution of the primary coil 10 or of the first and second secondary coils 12 and 14, however, may not provide sufficient resolution for tubes 2 having longer lengths. To increase the resolution in applications having long tubes 2, in addition to first and second secondary coils 12 and 14, one or more additional secondary coils of different winding density distribution and/or cycle lengths can be added to the tube 2. In this manner, large movements of a float can be measured with high accuracy, e.g., better than one percent of the length of the cycle of the one or more additional coils, without the need for high stability electronic circuits or high resolution data acquisition systems. The order of winding the primary and secondary coils on the tube 2 is arbitrary and does not affect the operation or performance of the sensor system A. Moreover, any one of the primary and secondary coils can be used as a primary coil because indicative coupling between coils is bi-directional. Accordingly, the role of the primary coil 10 and one of the first and second secondary coils 12 and 14, can be reversed providing one of the coils produce a time varying electromagnetic field and the other coil(s) receive the same. With reference Fig. 6 and with continuing reference to Figs. 2-4, the control system 16 for exciting the primary winding 10 and receiving signals from the secondary coils includes a signal, or sine wave generator 60 providing an output to amplifier 62 and trigger circuit 64. The amplifier 62 amplifies the output of the signal generator 60 and provides the amplified signal to the primary coil 10. In response to the output of the sine wave generator 60, trigger circuit 64 provides a trigger signal to a sample delay timer 66. The sample delay timer 66 delays the sampling of the output of the first, second and third secondary coils 12, 14 and 40 for a predetermined delay interval. After the predetermined delay interval, sample delay timer 66 provides a signal to sample duration timer 68. In response to the output signal of sample delay timer 66, sample duration timer 68 outputs a signal to sample and hold 70 for a predetermined interval. During the interval, the sample duration timer 68 outputs a signal, sample and hold 70 samples the output of four channel amplifier 72, which receives the output of the first, second and third secondary coils 12, 14 and 40, of tube 2. After termination of the output signal by the sample duration timer 68, the computer 74 samples the outputs of the sample and hold 70 via analog to digital converter 76. Alternatively, the fourth channel of four channel amplifier 72 is utilized to amplify the output of an optional fourth secondary coil 38 wound on tube 2. The features and use of the fourth secondary coil 38 will be described in greater detail hereinafter in connection with Fig. 9. With reference to Figs. 2 and 6, test sensor system, constructed in accordance with the present invention, includes a plastic tube having a length of 1.5 meters and an internal diameter of 40 mm. The primary coil 10 was wound with a constant winding density around 1264 mm of the length of tube 2 in the manner illustrated in Fig. 2. The first and second secondary coils 12 and 14 were counter wound around the tube 2 in a manner wherein the cycle of the winding density distribution of each of the secondary coils is 158 mm and the winding direction changes every 79 mm. The axial length of the ferromagnetic core 18 in float 4' is 67 mm. The first and second secondary coils 12 and 14 are wound in a manner whereby their respective coil winding density distribution are defined by alternating step functions shifted by a quarter of a cycle. The third secondary coil 40 is wound with a winding density that varies linearly in accordance with equation 2. The first, second and third secondary coils 12, 14 and 40, are wound with the same length as the primary coil 10, i.e., 1264 mm. In operation, the float 4' is positioned inside tube 2 and primary coil 10 is driven by signal generator 60 via amplifier 62. In response to excitation by primary coil 10, the ferromagnetic core 18 of float 4' produces a locally intense electromagnetic field that is sensed by the windings of first, second and third secondary coils 12, 14 and 40, which are closely adjacent float 4' . In response to sensing the locally intense electromagnetic fields, the secondary coils produce signals that are detectable by the control system 16. The signals produced by the secondary coils are supplied to amplifier 72 which receives the supplied signals and amplifies the same. Amplifier 72 supplies the amplified signals to the sample and hold 70. The output of sample and hold 70 is provided to the analog to digital converter 76 which converts the analog output of the sample and hold 70 to a digital equivalent. The output of the analog to digital converter 76 is supplied to the computer 74. The signal's output by the sample and hold 70 are individually analyzed by computer 74 to obtain the position of the float 4' to within one cycle of the winding density distribution of the first and second secondary coils 12 and 14. The computer 74 also evaluates the analog to digital converted signal from the third secondary coil 40 to obtain the approximate position of the ferromagnetic core 4' along the length of the tube 2. Any non- linearities in the signal within the cycle caused by deviations of the winding density distribution from the preferred sine/cosine combination is compensated for numerically by a program in the computer 74. The above described test sensor system has a resolution and repeatability of measurements within 1 mm. With reference to Fig. 7, in another test sensor system, the winding density distribution of the first and second secondary coil 12 and 14 are defined by alternating step functions shifted by one-quarter of a cycle of the winding density distribution. In this test sensor system ,however, the winding density distribution of the first and second secondary coils 12 and 14 are repeated four cycles and each cycle has a length of approximately 90 mm. The plastic tube 2 in this prototype has an inside diameter of 20 mm. A third secondary coil 40 was wound with a winding density that varies linearly in accordance with equation 2. Thus, the coil density of the third secondary coil equals zero intermediate the ends of the third secondary coil 40. Like the prior test sensor system, the first, second and third secondary coils 12, 14 and 40 are connected to supply a signal to amplifier 72. The amplifier 72 amplifies the signals supplied by the secondary coils and supplies the amplified signals to sample and hold 70. At select intervals, sample and hold 70 is caused to sample the outputs of amplifier 72 and supply the sampled outputs to analog to digital convertor 76. At select intervals, computer 74 samples the output of analog to digital convertor 76 to obtain the analog to digital converted outputs of sample and hold 70 for each of the secondary coils. If additional resolution and/or a longer sensor is needed, then additional secondary coils, e.g., fourth secondary coil 38 in Fig. 9, can be included on tube 2 and can have cycles of winding density distributions sufficient in length to provide a desired amount of position resolution. With reference to Fig. 8, alternatively, the winding density distribution of the first and second secondary coils 12 and 14 are defined by a sine function and a cosine function, respectively, and the winding density distribution of the third secondary coil 40 varies linearly. The coil winding direction of the secondary coils changes each time the winding density distribution equals zero. Signals from the first and second secondary coils 12 and 14 can be processed in two methods. In the one method, the change in voltage in each of the first and second secondary coils 12 and 14 during a fixed phase of the oscillation of the excitation voltage are determined and utilized to determine the position of float 4' in tube 2. In this method, the phase shift φ between the first and second secondary coils 10 and 12, is preferably one-quarter of the cycle of the winding density distribution. This one-quarter of a cycle phase shift φ establishes a quadrature relationship between the first and second secondary coils 12 and 14 whereby the first and second quadrature signals are produced thereby. If the winding density distribution of the quadrature coils varies sinusoidally, then variations in the excitation amplitude and coupling efficiency can be determined numerically by computer 74, thereby reducing errors in the measured displacement of the float 4' in the tube 2. In the other signal processing method, the amplitude of oscillations in the first and second secondary coils 12 and 14 are measured. In this method, the shift between the first and second secondary coils 10 and 12 is one-eighth of a winding cycle. This is so because there are two amplitude cycles for every phase cycle. The circuitry of control system 16 for analyzing the signals in this latter method is simpler; however, the circuitry is more sensitive to variations in the excitation amplitude and the coupling efficiency. With reference to Fig. 9, a fourth secondary coil 38 is wound around tube 2. The winding density distribution of the fourth secondary coil 38 varies linearly and is shifted with respect to the winding density distribution of the third secondary coil 40. Preferably, the shift is equal to one-quarter of a cycle of the winding density distribution. In an embodiment of this type wherein the primary coil 10 is wound with a constant winding density distribution, the first and second secondary coils 12 and 14 were wound twenty cycles of the winding density distribution thereof and the third and fourth secondary coils 40 and 38 were wound one cycle of the winding density distribution, thereof, a resolution of 1/4000 was obtained. With reference to Fig. 10, the primary coil 10 is wound with a constant winding density distribution, the first and second secondary coils 12 and 14 are wound with a sinusoidally varying winding density distribution and the first and second secondary coils 12 and 14 are shifted by part of a cycle of the winding density distribution, preferably one-quarter of a cycle. The first and second secondary coils 12 and 14 are wound with N cycles of winding density distributions over the length of the tube 2. Moreover, a third secondary coil 80 and a fourth secondary coil 82 are wound relative to each other in a manner similar to first and second secondary coils 12 and 14, i.e., the third and fourth secondary coils 40 and 42 are shifted one-quarter cycle with respect to each other. However, the third and fourth secondary coils 80 and 82 are wound with N+l cycles of winding density distributions over the length of tube 2. To determine the position of float 4' in this embodiment, the position of float 4' within a cycle of the winding density distribution of the first and second secondary coils 12 and 14 is determined and the position of float 4' within a cycle of the winding density distribution of the third and fourth secondary coils 80 and 82 is determined. Because there is no overlap in the winding densities distributions between the first pair of secondary coils 12 and 14 and the second pair of secondary coils 80 and 82, the position of the float can be determined by comparing the relative position information of the first pair of secondary coils 12 and 14 with the relative position information of the second pair of secondary coils 80 and 82. Stated differently, the combination of the quadrature signals of the first pair of secondary coils and the second pair of secondary coils varies monotonically over the length of the tube 2. Accordingly, the position of float 4' in the tube 2 can be determined to within one- half of one percent of the length of the shorter of the cycle windings, i.e., N+l cycle windings. Error averaging can be utilized to further improve the accuracy of the sensor system. An advantage of this latter embodiment is that the measurement of the position of the float 4' is independent of the total length of one or more of the secondary coils, e.g., first and second secondary coils 10 and 12. This is particularly advantageous in applications where ferromagnetic material settles around one end of the tube 2 whereby the detection capability of a linearly varying coil would be affected by the magnetic particles. Alternatively, the first and second secondary coils 12 and 14 are wound with N cycles of winding density distributions and the third and fourth secondary coils 80 and 82 are wound with M winding density distributions, wherein N and M are mutually prime numbers that do not have a denominator in common other than the number one (l) . Preferably, the secondary coils have balanced windings, i.e., the number of windings in a positive direction equals the number of windings in a negative direction. Moreover, shielding 90, such as aluminum foil, is alternatively provided between the primary coil and the secondary coils and/or between secondary coils. This shielding improves the signal output by the secondary coils by reducing the level of noise on the electromagnetic fields received by the secondary coils. While described in conjunction with measuring fluid levels, the present invention also finds applications in replacement of LVDTs. Moreover, the choice of a doughnut-shaped float of Fig. 4 versus the piston-shaped float of Fig. 2 is application dependent. Specifically, for measuring the level of dirty fluids, a doughnut-shaped float is preferred because the gap between the float and the tube is more readily cleanable than the gap between the piston-shaped float and the inside of the tube. With reference back to Fig. l, since an LC resonator can be used in float 4, multiple floats with LC circuits tuned to different frequencies can be used to detect, for example, levels of water and oil in the same tank. Thus, one float 4 can be used to measure the level of oil on water while another float 5 shown in phantom in Fig. 1 can be used to measure the level of the water. The excitation frequency of primary coil 10 in Fig. 4 would be changed between readings in order to stimulate the proper float. With reference to Fig. 11A, the primary coil 10 is magnetically linked to one or more of the secondary coils via the ferromagnetic core. With reference to Fig. 11B, the primary coil is magnetically linked to the secondary coil via the float containing the LC resonator. The diagrams in Figs. 11A and 11B illustrate the two referenced ways of magnetically coupling the primary coil and the secondary coils. The following is a computer program listing utilized by the control system 16 to interpret the signals from the secondary coils and convert the signals to position data. Presented below is the program interpreting the signals written in BASIC. '$INCLUDE: '451ibl.dcl' ••* • •••-•••-•«*••*•-«••-•-••-*--«•.*•*--••. •• «• ••• » • *• ••• «•, Mar 13 f 95 .. ••••---••-••«.----•---• * *-•---- OILSENS.BAS »»*•** * *«• * •------•-*-... • ...,. • •*•* Program for meaaurements of oil level using nonlinear multiple * •»• •«*•• transformer •• _. • **•* Copyright 1995 Dr. Robert Czarnek --• • Before execution type QB /L 451ibl •• * •••• * ••••-•••••, DIM iczaa(lOOO), vout(lOOO), vmoatek(lOOO), vcisn(lOOO), vsenaor(lOOO ) SCREEN 9 CLS SelectComPort 1 ScrPrnt mode 'sets communication SCReen PRiNTing MODE on or off Clr 'CLeaRs the power up error •«•*•*••**••*••*•«_ FIRST SCREEN *-*--•»-» * •_ LOCATE 8, 26 PRINT "PROGRAM FOR TESTING OIL SENSOR" LOCATE 10, 22 PRINT "System designed by Dr. Robert Czarnek" LOCATE 20, 1 FOR i » 1 TO 50 LOCATE 11, 22 PRINT " NEXT i CLS • ----••_•••••••.•__ SECOND SCREEN '********Initial parameters***•** « Pi - 3.141592654/ cycle = 158 Ncycle - 0 alphalast * Pi VxO « 1 VyO ■ 0 VL in = .64 VL ax * 4.67 ••_*-_•» * __*-- * ---• Quadrature analysis **•• ** « 200 ' ReadAnaloglnp 1, Vx RβadAnaloglnp 2 , Vy ReadAnaloglnp 0, VL 'ReadAnaloglnp 3, Vempty LOCATE 2, 1 PRINT USING "C O ■ # .##"; VL PRINT USING "Chi » ##.##"; Vx PRINT USING Ch2 - ##.##"; Vy levelO - (VL - VLmin) * 1264 / (VLmax - VLmin) Vx - Vx - 2.5 Vy - Vy - 2.5 IF ABS (Vx ) >- ABS (Vy) THEN tang ■ Vy / Vx alpha = ATN ( tang ) IF Vx < 0 THEN IF Vy >» 0 THEN alpha = alpha + Pi IF Vy < 0 THEN alpha = alpha - Pi END IF GOTO 210 END IF IF ABS(Vx) < ABS(Vy) THEN tang = Vx / Vy alpha - ATN(tang) alpha » Pi / 2 - alpha IF Vy < 0 THEN alpha * alpha - Pi END IF 210 alpha = alpha + Pi IF (alphalaβt - alpha) > Pi THEN Ncycle = Ncycle + 1 IF (alpha - alphalast) > Pi THEN Ncycle = Ncycle - 1 alphacycle * alpha * cycle / (2 * Pi) •«• * •••••••••»• * ••-• * ••• * Linearization * ----- * - * -_-_________ alphaerror = -5.662924E-11 * alphacycle * 6 alphaerror = alphaerror + 3.223361E-08 • alphacycle " 5 alphaerror = alphaerror - 7.132682E-06 * alphacycle * 4 alphaerror = alphaerror + 6.869602E-04 * alphacycle * 3 alphaerror = alphaerror - .029739 * alphacycle * 2 alphaerror =» alphaerror + .561295 * alphacycle alphaerror = alphaerror - 2 alphacycle = alphacycle - alphaerror 220 ' level ■ Ncycle * cycle + alphacycle IF (level - leveiO) • 2 > cycle THEN Ncycle » Ncycle - 1 GOTO 220 END IF IF (leveiO - level) * 2 > cycle THEN Ncycle ■ Ncycle + 1 GOTO 220 END IF PRINT USING "Voltage x * ##.##"; Vx PRINT USING "Voltage y » ##.##"; Vy PRINT USING "Displacement within cycle = #### mm"; alphacycle PRINT USING "Total displacement = #### mm"; level PRINT USING "Ncycle - ###"; Ncycle PRINT USING "Voltage L - ##.##"; VL PRINT USING "Level linear sensor « ####"; leveiO • •*• Level dial indicator *** LINE (400, 200)-(400 + 100 * SI (alphalast) , 200 - 75 * COS(alphalast) ) , 0 CIRCLE (400, 200), 100, 3 LINE (400, 200)-(400 + 100 * SIN(alpha), 200 - 75 * COS(alpha)) LINE (550, 340)-(600, 340 - level / 4.5), 4, BF 'red LINE (550, 340 - level / 4.5)-(600, 30), 15, BF 'white alphalast • alpha • ••• Linear level indicator *** LOCATE 13 , 48 PRINT USING "#####"; level LINE (610, 340)-(615, 340 - leveiO / 4.5), 4, BF 'czerwony LINE (610, 340 - leveiO / 4.5)-(615, 30), 15, BF ' bialy GOTO 200 END The sensor system provides a system with improved accuracy and fewer moving parts to increase reliability over the prior art, as well as providing a sensor that is not sensitive to float clearance, needs cleaning about once every three years, has a continuous readout, low cost of manufacture and a low sensitivity to shock and storms. The invention has been described with reference to the preferred embodiments. Obvious modifications and alterations will occur to others upon reading and understanding the preceding detailed description. It is intended that the invention be construed as including all such modifications and alterations insofar as they come within the scope of the appended claims or the equivalents thereof.

Claims: What is claimed is: 1. A sensor system for measuring the level of a fluid, the sensor system comprised of: a tube having a first end, a second end and a longitudinal axis extending therebetween; a first float adapted to move adjacent the tube between the first end and second end thereof; a primary coil wound around the longitudinal axis between the first end and the second end of the tube; a first secondary coil wound around the longitudinal axis at a first periodically varying winding density distribution between the first end and second end of the tube; and a second secondary coil wound at the first periodically varying winding density distribution around the longitudinal axis between the first end and second end of the tube, wherein the winding density distribution of the second secondary coil is shifted relative to the winding density distribution of the first secondary coil. 2. The fluid level sensor system as set forth in claim 1, wherein the coil winding direction of at least one of the first and second secondary coils changes between clockwise and counterclockwise between the first end and second end of the tube. 3. The fluid level sensor system as set forth in claim 2, wherein the first periodically varying winding density distribution of at least one of the first and second secondary coils varies as one of a sine function and a step function. 4. The fluid level sensor system as set forth in claim 3, wherein the winding direction of at least one of the first and second secondary coils changes where the first periodically varying winding density distribution thereof equals zero. 5. The fluid level sensor system as set forth in claim 1, wherein the shift of the second secondary coil relative to the first secondary coil is one of one-quarter and one-eighth of the cycle of the first periodically winding density distribution. 6. The fluid level sensor system as set forth in claim 1, wherein the first periodically winding density distributions of the first and second secondary coils are repeated N cycles between the first end and second end of the tube, wherein N is greater than 1. 7. The fluid level sensor system as set forth in claim 6 further including a third secondary coil wound at a monotonically varying winding density distribution around the longitudinal axis between the first end and second end of the tube 8. The fluid level sensor system as set forth in claim 7 further including a fourth secondary coil wound at the monotonically varying winding density distribution around the longitudinal axis between the first end and second end of the tube, wherein the winding density distribution of the fourth secondary coil is shifted relative to the winding density distribution of the third secondary coil. 9. The fluid level sensor system as set forth in claim 8 wherein amplitudes of signals produced by the third secondary coil and the fourth secondary coil in response to the time varying electromagnetic field vary monotonically in response to movement of the first float between the first end and second end of the tube. 10. The fluid level sensor system as set forth in claim 6 further including: a third secondary coil wound around the longitudinal axis at a second periodically varying winding density distribution between the first end and second end of the primary coil; and a fourth secondary coil wound around the longitudinal axis at the second periodically varying winding density distribution between the first end and second end of the primary coil, wherein the second periodically varying winding density distribution of the fourth secondary coil is shifted relative to the second periodically varying winding density distribution of the third secondary coil. 11. The fluid level sensor system as set forth in claim 10, wherein the third and fourth secondary coils produce in response to the time varying electromagnetic field third and fourth signals having amplitudes that vary periodically in response to movement of the first float between the first end and second end of the tube. 12. The fluid level sensor system as set forth in claim 10, wherein the third secondary coil and forth secondary coil have one cycle of the second periodically varying winding density distribution between the first end and second end of the tube. 13. The fluid level sensor system as set forth in claim 10, wherein the winding density distribution of the third secondary coil and fourth secondary coil are repeated M cycles between the first end and second end of the tube, wherein M is not equal to N. 14. The fluid level sensor system as set forth in claim 13, wherein M equals one of (i) N+l and (ii) a number that does not have a denominator in common with N other than the number one. 15. The fluid level sensor system as set forth in claim l, wherein the first float includes one of (i) a combination resonator coil and capacitor and (ii) a ferromagnetic core. 16. The fluid level sensor system as set forth in claim 15, wherein the resonator coil is wound around a ferromagnetic core. 17. The fluid level sensor system as set forth in claim 1 further including a control system which provides a time varying signal to the primary coil and which receives a first and second signal from the first secondary coil and the second secondary coil, wherein the primary coil produces a time varying electromagnetic field in response to the provided time varying signal, and wherein the first secondary coil and the second secondary coil produce the first and second signals in response to the time varying electromagnetic field, wherein the first and second signals have amplitudes that vary periodically in response to movement of the first float between the first end and the second end of the tube. 18. The fluid level sensor system as set forth in claim 1 further including a second float adapted to move adjacent the tube between the first end and second end thereof, the first float adapted to float relative to a surface of a first fluid having a first fluid density, the second float adapted to float relative to a surface of a second fluid having a second fluid density different than the first fluid density, wherein the first float and the second float have a first resonating circuit and a second resonating circuit respectively tuned to a first resonant frequency and a second resonant frequency, respectively. 19. A coil winding arrangement for use with a fluid level sensor system that includes a float adapted to float adjacent the coil winding arrangement and a control system which generates a signal that is utilized to excite a coil in the coil winding arrangement and which receives a signal from a coil in the coil winding arrangement, the coil winding arrangement comprising: a primary coil wound around a longitudinally extending axis, the primary coil having a first end and a second end; a first secondary coil wound around the longitudinal axis and between the ends of the primary coil, the first secondary coil having a first winding density distribution that varies periodically between the ends of the primary coil; a second secondary coil wound around the longitudinal axis and between the ends of the primary coil, the second secondary coil having the first winding density distribution, wherein the winding directions of the first and second secondary coils vary between a clockwise winding direction and a counterclockwise winding direction between the ends of the primary coil and wherein the winding density distribution of the second secondary coil is shifted relative to the winding density distribution of the first secondary coil; and means for connecting the primary coil and the secondary coils to the control system. 20. The coil arrangement as set forth in claim 19 further including a third secondary coil wound around the longitudinal axis and between the ends of the primary coil, the third secondary coil having a winding density distribution that varies monotonically between the ends of the primary coil. 21. The coil winding arrangement as set forth in claim 20, wherein the winding direction of the third secondary coil varies between clockwise and counterclockwise between the ends of the primary coil. 22. The coil winding arrangement as set forth in claim 20 further including a fourth secondary coil wound around the longitudinal axis and between the ends of the primary coil, the fourth secondary coil having a winding density distribution that varies monotonically between the ends of the primary coil, the monotonically varying winding density distribution of the fourth secondary coil shifted with respect to the monotonically varying winding density distribution of the third secondary coil. 23. The coil winding arrangement as set forth in claim 22, wherein the winding direction of the third and fourth secondary coils vary between clockwise and counterclockwise between the ends of the primary coil. 24. The coil winding arrangement as set forth in claim 19, wherein the winding density distributions of the first and second secondary coils are repeated N cycles between the ends of the primary coil. 25. The coil winding arrangement as set forth in claim 24, further including a third secondary coil and a fourth secondary coil, the third secondary coil and the fourth secondary coil wound around the longitudinal axis and between the ends of the primary coil, the third secondary coil and the fourth secondary coil having a second winding density distribution that varies periodically M cycles between the ends of the primary coil, wherein the winding direction of the third secondary coil and the fourth secondary coil vary between a clockwise winding direction and a counterclockwise winding direction each cycle, and wherein the winding density distribution of the third secondary coil is shifted relative to the winding density of the fourth secondary coil. 26. The coil winding arrangement as set forth in claim 25, wherein M equals one of (i) N+l and (ii) a number that does not have a denominator in common with N other than the number one. 27. The coil winding arrangement as set forth in claim 19 further including an electromagnetic shield positioned between one or more of (i) the primary coil and the secondary coils and (ii) between adjacent secondary coils. 28. A method of detecting a level of a fluid utilizing a sensor system comprised of a primary coil wound around a longitudinal axis, a first secondary coil and a second secondary coil wound around the longitudinal axis at a periodically varying winding density distribution wherein the winding density distribution of the first secondary coil and the second secondary coil are shifted relative to each other and a float responsive to a time varying electromagnetic field and adapted to float adjacent the primary coil and the first secondary coil and the second secondary coil, the method comprising the steps of: positioning the float adjacent the primary coil and the first secondary coil and the second secondary coil; exciting the primary coil with a periodically varying signal; receiving from the first secondary coil and the second secondary coil first and second periodically varying signals; determining a phase and amplitude for the first and second periodically varying signals; translating the phase and amplitude for the first and second periodically varying signals into a first quadrature function and a second quadrature function respectively; and determining from the first quadrature function and the second quadrature function a position of the float relative to the primary coil and the first secondary coil and the second secondary coil. 29. A sensor system for measuring the level of a fluid, comprising: a tube having a first end and a second end, the tube extending along a longitudinal axis; a primary coil wound around the longitudinal axis between the first end and the second end; a secondary coil wound around the longitudinal axis at a monotonically varying winding density distribution between the first end and the second end; a float adapted to move adjacent the tube; and a control system connected for providing a signal to the primary coil and for receiving a signal from the secondary coil. 30. The sensor system as set forth in claim 29 wherein the float includes one of (i) a combination resonator coil and capacitor and (ii) a ferromagnetic core. 31. The fluid level sensor system as set forth in claim 30 wherein the resonator coil is wound around a ferromagnetic core. 32. The fluid level sensor system as set forth in claim 30, wherein the one of the ferromagnetic core and the resonator coil is positioned coaxial with the longitudinal axis. 33. The fluid level sensor system as set forth in claim 30, wherein the float is positioned one of inside and outside the tube.

Inventors: CZARNEK ROBERT, CZARNEK, ROBERT
Applicants: CZARNEK AND ORKIN LAB INC, CZARNEK ROBERT, CZARNEK AND ORKIN LABORATORIES, INC., CZARNEK, ROBERT
Application year: 1996
Main classification: G01F
IPC codes: G01D5, G01F23