OUTGOING EFFICIENCY CONTROL DEVICE, PROJECTION TYPE DISPLAY APPARATUS

Abstract: Mircolenses 3a and 3b are formed on a first surface of a transparent substrate, and an output efficiency control device 2 which modulates a light amount of incident light is provided on a second surface opposing the first surface. Incident light 4 is made to be incident obliquely to an optical axis of the mircolens 3a to be focused on the output efficiency control device 2 . The output efficiency control device 2 modulates a light amount of incident light and outputs the light as outgoing light 5 through the mircolens 3b . Because of such a structure, the output efficiency control device 2 can be decreased in size, compared with a diameter of a beam and an aperture of a mircolens.

Description: TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a projection-type display apparatus. BACKGROUND ART An optical modulator modulates the intensity of incident light and outputs it. As a conventional example, there has been an optical modulator described in U.S. Patent No. 5,311,360 and an article "Deformable Grating Optical Modulator" (Optics Letters, Vol. 17, No. 9, May 1, 1992) by O. Solgaard et al. This optical modulator modulates the intensity of light by utilizing the diffraction effect of light and has the advantage of being miniaturized and mass-produced in an IC process. Figure 12(a) is a plan view of an optical modulator described in the above-mentioned U.S. Patent and article, and Figure 12(b) is across-sectional view taken along a line K-K' in Figure 12(a). The optical modulator includes a silicon substrate 1001, a spacer layer 1002 made of a silicon oxide film formed in a peripheral region of the silicon substrate 1001, and a dielectric layer 1003. The dielectric layer 1003 is patterned to a plurality of minute dielectric beams 1004, and the dielectric beams 1004 float in a hollow space with both ends supported by the spacer layer 1002. The dielectric layer 1003 is made of a silicon nitride film rich in silicon, and its residual stress is reduced to about 200 MPa. The thickness of the spacer layer 1002 and the dielectric layer 1003 is set to be equal to 1/4 of a wavelength of light whose efficiency is to be controlled, i.e., light which is incident upon the optical modulator. Openings 1005 each having a width equal to that of each dielectric beam 1004 are formed between the dielectric beams 1004. Furthermore, an Al reflective film 1006 which also functions as an electrode is provided above the substrate 1001. The reflective film 1006 is composed of upper reflective films 1007 formed on the surfaces of the dielectric beams 1004 and lower reflective films 1008 formed on the surface of the substrate 1001 through the openings 1005. The upper reflective films 1007 and the lower reflective films 1008 form a reflection-type grating. The optical modulation principle of a conventional optical modulator having the above-mentioned structure will be described with reference to Figures 13(a) and (b). In these figures, components identical with those in Figure 12 are denoted by the reference numerals identical with those in Figure 12, and their description will be omitted. Figure 13(a) shows a state where a voltage is not applied between the reflective film 1006 and the substrate 1001. At this time, the difference in step between the upper reflective films 1007 and the lower reflective films 1008 is 1/2 of a wavelength of the incident light, and the difference in optical path between light reflected from the upper reflective films 1007 and light reflected from the lower reflective films 1008 is one wavelength. Therefore, the phases of these light beams are matched. Thus, the reflection-type grating functions as an ordinary mirror with respect to incident light 1010 which is incident upon the grating, and the incident light 1010 becomes zero-th order diffracted light 1011 to be reflected tc an incident side. On the other hand, under the condition that a voltage is applied between the reflective film 1006 and the substrate 1001, the reflective film 1006 and the substrate 1001 forms a capacitor interposing the dielectric layer 1003 and an air layer 1012, and the reflective film 1006 is positively charged and the substrate 1001 is negatively charged. Since an electrostatic attracting force is affected between the charges, the dielectric beams 1004 are bent and attracted to the substrate 1001 until they come into contact with the substrate 1001, as shown in Figure 13(b). At this time, the difference in step between the surfaces of the upper reflective films 1007 and those of the lower reflective films 1008 becomes 1/4 of a wavelength of the incident light, and the difference in optical path between the light reflected from the surfaces of the upper reflective films 1007 and the light reflected from the surfaces of the lower reflective films 1008 becomes a 1/2 wavelength in round travel, whereby the phases between these light beams are shifted by a half wavelength. Thus, the light reflected from the upper reflective film 1007 and the light reflected from the lower reflective film 1008 cancel each other to eliminate zero-th order diffracted light, and diffracted light other than the zero-th order diffracted light is output. For example, at this time, ±1st order diffracted light beams 1013a and 1013b are generated at a diffraction efficiency of 41%, respectively. As described above, the optical modulator is capable of modulating incident light by turning on/off a voltage applied to the reflective film 1006 and the substrate 1001. However, the above-mentioned conventional optical modulator modulates incident light having a beam diameter at most with a size of the grating. Thus, in order to modulate incident light having a large diameter, it is required to increase the size of the grating. However, when the grating is increased in size, the grating is likely to adhere to the silicon substrate 1001 during the step of floating the grating by a half wavelength. Therefore, it was difficult to produce such a conventional optical modulator with a good yield. The objective of the present invention is to provide a display apparatus, which uses an optical modulator which is capable of modulating the light amount of incident light having a large beam diameter and which has a high response speed and an output efficiency control device which is capable of obtaining a uniform diffraction effect. According to the present invention, a display apparatus is provided. The display apparatus includes: a light source; splitting means for splitting light emitted from the light source into a plurality of colored light beams having wavelength ranges different from each other; a plurality of optical modulators, provided in optical paths of the plurality of colored light beams, respectively, for modulating the plurality of colored light beams, respectively; and an imaging lens imaging the plurality of colored light beams modulated by the plurality of optical modulators, wherein each of the plurality of optical modulators includes: a plurality of output efficiency control means arranged in an array, for modulating a light amount of a corresponding colored light beam of the plurality of colored light beams; and focusing means having a plurality of focusing elements arranged in an array, the corresponding colored light beam is incident upon the focusing means in a direction oblique to an optical axis of the focusing means and is focused on the output efficiency control means, and the modulated corresponding colored light beam is output in an oblique direction through the focusing means. In an embodiment, an incident angle at which the colored light beam is incident upon the focusing means is equal to an angle at which the colored light beam is output from the focusing means, an interval at which the plurality of output efficiency control means are arranged is equal to an interval at which the plurality of focusing elements are arranged in the focusing means, and the plurality of output efficiency control means are disposed so as to be shifted by a half of the arrangement interval with respect to the focusing means in a direction in which an incident direction of the colored light beam is tilted with respect to the optical axis of the focusing means. In an embodiment, each of the plurality of output efficiency control means is disposed so as to oppose a pair of focusing elements adjacent to each other of the plurality of focusing elements of the focusing means, receives the corresponding colored light beam from one of the pair of focusing elements, and outputs the modulated corresponding colored light beam to the other one of the pair of focusing elements. In an embodiment, the plurality of output efficiency control means are arranged in an m-row and n-column two-dimensional array, the plurality of focusing elements are arranged in an (m+1)-row and n-column two-dimensional array in the focusing means, and output efficiency control means on a k-th row is disposed so as to correspond to a focusing element on a k-th row and a focusing element on a (k+1)-th row. In an embodiment, the plurality of optical modulators include a transparent substrate having a first surface on which the focusing means is formed and a second surface opposing the first surface, and the output efficiency control means is a reflection-type optical element formed on the second surface. Each of the plurality of output efficiency control means includes: a transparent electrode which functions as a first electrode, provided on the second surface of the transparent substrate; a first grating formed on the transparent electrode; a spacer layer formed on the transparent electrode; and a second grating composed of a plurality of beams having portions which function as second electrodes, both ends of the beams being supported on the spacer layer, wherein a distance between the transparent electrode and the second grating is varied by adjusting a voltage applied between the first electrode and the second electrodes, thereby an efficiency at which the corresponding colored light beam is output to the focusing means is controlled. In an embodiment, the plurality of focusing elements have a similar elliptical shape in which a cross-section gradually decreases in a thickness direction thereof. Preferably, assuming that an angle of an optical axis of the corresponding colored light beam incident upon the focusing means with respect to a vertical direction of a plane on which the focusing means is formed is , a size ratio of a major axis of the ellipsoid to a minor axis is 1/cos. In an embodiment, the splitting means has a first splitting element which reflects a blue light beam and transmits the other light beams, a second splitting element which reflects a green light beam and transmits the other light beams, and a third splitting element which reflects a red light beam and transmits the other light beams. A wavelength bandwidth of light reflected from the first splitting element is smaller than wavelength bandwidths of light reflected from the second splitting element and the third splitting element. Alternatively, a wavelength bandwidth of light reflected from the third splitting element is larger than wavelength bandwidths of light reflected from the first splitting element and the second splitting element. Alternatively, a wavelength bandwidth of reflected light decreases in the order of the third splitting element, the second splitting element, and the first splitting element. Preferably, the light emitted from the light source passes through the first splitting element, the second splitting element, and the third splitting element in this order. In an embodiment, each of the plurality of optical modulators further has a control circuit of the output efficiency control means, and the second electrode of each of the output efficiency control means is connected to a connecting electrode of the control circuit via a solder bump. In an embodiment, each of the plurality of optical modulators further has light absorbing means provided in a region of the transparent substrate other than a region thereof where the focusing means and the plurality of output efficiency control means are formed. The light absorbing means may also be provided on each periphery of the plurality of focusing elements. In an embodiment, the output efficiency control means outputs zero-th order diffracted light of the corresponding colored light beam. In an embodiment, the plurality of output efficiency control means are an array of movable mirrors. In an embodiment, the focusing means is a diffraction-type mircolens array having a binary/multi-level structure. In an embodiment, in the second grating, an interval of the plurality of beams gradually increases in a longitudinal direction of the beams. A period of the grating increases according to a linear function in a longitudinal direction of the grating. In the second grating, lengths of the plurality of beams are equal. According to still another aspect of the present invention, a method for producing a display apparatus having the above-mentioned structure is provided. The production method includes the steps of: producing the plurality of optical modulators; and arranging and assembling the light source, the splitting means, the plurality of optical modulators, and the imaging lens, wherein the step of producing the plurality of optical modulators includes: forming the focusing means on a first surface of a transparent substrate; forming the plurality of output efficiency control means each having a connecting portion for driving on a second surface of the transparent substrate opposing the first surface; connecting the connecting portion for driving to a driving circuit for driving the plurality of output efficiency control means; in the case where there is a connection defect between the connecting portion for driving and the driving circuit, irradiating the connecting portion corresponding to the connection defect with laser light, thereby repairing the connection defect. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 is a view showing a structure of an optical modulator in Example 1: (a) is a perspective view seen from a lower surface and (b) is a side view. Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along a line A-A' in Figure 1. Figure 3 shows an example of diffraction-type elliptical mircolenses: (a) is a plan view and (b) is a cross-sectional view of one of the mircolenses in (a). Figure 4 illustrates the steps of producing an output efficiency control device in Example 1. Figure 5 is a view showing a structure of an optical modulator using a movable mirror as an output efficiency control device. Figure 6 is a perspective view seen from a lower surface showing a structure of the optical modulator in Example 2. Figure 7 schematically shows a structure of a display apparatus in Embodiment 1 of the present invention. Figure 8 is a view showing a structure of an optical modulator in the display apparatus in Figure 7: (a) is a top perspective view and (b) is a cross-sectional view. Figure 9 shows a state where a driving circuit driving an output efficiency control device is connected to the optical modulator in the display apparatus in Figure 7. Figure 10 shows wavelength dependence characteristics of a zero-th order diffraction efficiency (output efficiency of reflected light) of the output efficiency control device in Embodiment 1. Figure 11 shows a relationship between the array of a plurality of arranged rectangular mircolenses and the aperture ratio. Figure 12 is a view showing a structure of a conventional optical modulator: (a) is a plan view and (b) is a cross-sectional view taken along a line K-K' in (a). Figure 13 illustrates an optical modulation principle of a conventional optical modulator. Figure 14 is a plan view of an array of diffraction-type elliptical mircolenses. Figure 15 is a view showing a structure of an optical modulator using an array of movable mirrors. BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION (Example 1) Figures 1(a) and (b) are a perspective view seen from a lower surface showing a structure of an optical modulator in Example 1 and a side view thereof, and Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along a line A-A' in Figure 1. In the optical modulator of the present example, as shown in Figure 1, a mircolens 3a as first focusing means and a mircolens 3b as second focusing means are formed on a first surface which is a surface of a transparent substrate 1 made of glass or the like having a thickness of, for example, 2 mm. The mircolenses 3a and 3b are provided adjacent to each other, having the identical shape. A reflection-type output efficiency control device 2 is formed on a second surface opposing the first surface of the transparent substrate 1. The output efficiency control device 2 is provided with its center disposed at a crossed point of a vertical line to the plane (first surface) on which the lenses are formed, extending from the center of a straight line connecting the center of the lens 3a to the center of the lens 3b, and the plane (second surface) on which the output efficiency control device 2 is formed. In other words, in the present example, the output efficiency control device 2 is disposed right below the middle point between the mircolenses 3a and 3b. In the present example, circular lenses having an aperture of 1 mm were used as the mircolenses 3a and 3b. Such circular lenses may be produced by any method. In the present example, a resist is coated on a substrate 1, the substrate 1 is baked at a softening temperature of the resist or higher so as to cause the resist to flow, and the resist is formed into a mountain shape by surface tension. In the present example, although circular mircolenses are used, the shape of the mircolens is not limited thereto. For example, rectangular or elliptical lenses can be used. Furthermore, a diffraction-type mircolens or an aspheric lens may be produced by a semiconductor process such as photolithography, etching, and deposition. Figure 3(a) is a plan view showing an example of diffraction-type elliptical mircolenses. Figure 3(b) is a cross-sectional view of one mircolens in Figure 3(a) taken along an x-z plane. A diffraction-type mircolens having a binary/multi-level structure in the form of steps in cross-section as shown in Figure 3(b) can be mass-produced by repeat photolithography, etching/deposition of thin films used in an ordinary semiconductor process. Therefore, mircolenses having outstanding mass-productivity and production precision can be obtained. For example, incident light 4 having a beam diameter of 0.9 mm is incident upon the mircolens 3a so that an optical axis of the incident light 4 is at an angle of 1 (e.g., 20.2°) with respect to in a z-axis direction shown in Figure 1(b), travels through the substrate 1 while the optical axis thereof is at an incident angle of  (e.g., 13.3°), and is focused onto the output efficiency control device 2. Here, the incident light 4 is reflected (reflection angle: , e.g., 13.3°), is collimated by the mircolens 3b, and is output as outgoing light 5 with the optical axis being at an output angle of 1 (e.g., 20.2°). In the present example, a light-absorbing member 6 is provided in a region of the surface of the transparent substrate 1 other than the regions where the mircolenses 3a and 3b and the output efficiency control device 2 are formed. The light-absorbing member 6 was produced by coating a film which has a light-absorbing function with respect to a wavelength of incident-light, e.g., a carbon or phthalocyanine compound mixed with a polymer such as polyimide and PMMA. However, the structure and method for production of the light-absorbing member 6 are not limited thereto. The light-absorbing member 6 may be formed by vapor-depositing an organic film of a pigment or the like having a light-absorbing effect with respect to a wavelength of incident light. Such a light-absorbing member 6 has the effect of removing stray light in the substrate 1 and from outside of the substrate 1 and improving an S/N ratio of the outgoing light 5. In the present example, the light-absorbing member 6 is also provided on the periphery of the mircolenses 3a and 3b. Such a structure has the advantage of allowing only the regions with satisfactory lens characteristics to be used as first and second focusing means, without using the periphery of the mircolenses where the lens characteristics are generally likely to degrade due to the surface tension with respect to the substrate 1. The plane structure of the output efficiency control device 2 is shown as a perspective view in Figure 1(a), and the output efficiency control device 2 has a size of, for example, 100 µm × 100 µm. Hereinafter, referring to Figures 2 and 4, the structure and the production steps of the output efficiency control device 2 will be described. In the following description of the structure of the output efficiency control device 2, the structure is described, seen from the reverse surface (second surface) of the substrate 1, and therefore, the vertical relationship is opposite to that in Figure 2. First, as shown in Figure 4(a), a transparent conductive film 7 which functions as a first electrode and a reflective film 8 are formed in this order on one surface of the transparent substrate 1. In the present embodiment, a glass substrate with a thickness of 2 mm is used as the substrate 1, an ITO film with a thickness of 500 Å is formed on the substrate 1 as the transparent conductive film 7, and an Al film with a thickness of, for example, 4000 Å is formed as the reflective film 8. Then, a resist mask (not shown) is formed on the reflective film 8, and the reflective film 8 is patterned to an appropriate shape by etching, whereby a first grating 8a is formed as shown in Figure 4(b). Thereafter, as shown in Figure 4(c), an insulating layer 9 with a thickness of L 2 is formed so as to cover the grating 8a. In the present embodiment, a SiO 2 layer with a thickness of 0.086 µm was formed as the insulating layer 9. The insulating layer 9 is used for preventing a short circuit between the first grating 8a and a second grating 8b described later. Furthermore, a sacrifice layer 10 and a reflective film 8' are formed as shown in Figures 4(d) and 4(e). In the present embodiment, a polyimide layer with a thickness of 0.3 µm was formed as the sacrifice layer 10 and an Al film with a thickness of, for example, 4000 Å was formed as the reflective film 8'. The sacrifice layer 10 functions as a spacer layer. Then, a resist mask (not shown) is formed on the reflective film 8', and the reflective film 8' is patterned to an appropriate shape by etching, whereby a second grating 8b which functions as a second electrode and an electrode 8c are formed as shown in Figure 4(f). The second grating 8b is formed as a plurality of beams with both ends thereof supported on the sacrifice layer (spacer layer) 10 and electrically connected to the electrode 8c. Finally, the sacrifice layer 10 is removed. This allows a space with a distance of L 3 to be formed between the second grating 8b and the insulating layer 9. When a voltage is applied between the first electrode 7 and the second electrode 8b, the second grating 8b comes into contact with the SiO 2 layer 9 by electrostatic force. As a result, the distance between the first and second gratings 8a and 8b changes. This enables even the output efficiency of incident light from the substrate 1 side to be controlled. A thickness L 2 of the SiO 2 layer 9 and a distance L 3 in the space between the second grating 8b and the SiO 2 layer 9 are set so as to satisfy L 2 = λ/(4ncos), L 3 - λ/(4cos1), where the refractive index of the SiO 2 layer 9 is n (e.g., 1.5) and the wavelength of the incident light 4 is λ (e.g., 0.5 µm). Thus, under a state where a voltage is not applied as shown in Figure 2(a), the distance between the first grating 8a and the second grating 8b seen from the incident light 4 side becomes a 1/2 wavelength, and the phases of light are matched in round travel. That is, the output efficiency control device 2 functions in the same way as in a mirror under no application of voltage, and only the reflected light 5 which is zero-th order diffracted light is generated. On the other hand, the distance between the first grating 8a and the second grating 8b becomes a 1/4 wavelength under the application of a voltage as shown in Figure 2(b). Therefore, the phases become opposite in round travel, and reflected light beam disappears, whereby ±1st order diffracted light 11a and 11b are generated. That is, the intensity of the reflected light 5 or the intensities of ±1st order diffracted light 11a and 11b can be modulated; however, in the present embodiment, reflected light (zero-th order diffracted light) is paid attention to, and the reflected light is modulated. The optical modulator of the present example focuses the incident light 4 onto the mircolens 3a, directs the incident light 4 onto the output efficiency control device 2, collimates reflected light which is zero-th order diffracted light by the mircolens 3b, and outputs the collimated light as the outgoing light 5. This enables the efficiency of the outgoing light to be modulated by using the output efficiency control device 2 with an area much smaller than beam diameters of the incident light 4 and the outgoing light 5. In the output efficiency control device 2 with a size of 100 µm × 100 µm produced as described above, the second grating 8b is not likely to adhere to the SiO 2 layer 9 during the step of floating the second grating 8b. Thus, an output efficiency control device 2 can be produced with a good yield. Moreover, since the grating portion decreases in size, response speed can be improved. Furthermore, in the optical modulator of the present example, as described above, the mircolenses 3a and 3b and the output efficiency control device 2 are monolithically integrated on the front and reverse surfaces of the transparent substrate 1. Thus, an optical modulator which is stable in terms of structure can be obtained. In the case where incident light is focused onto the output efficiency control device 2 by using a mircolens, it is required to dispose the output efficiency control device 2 exactly on the focal point of the mircolens. However, in the optical modulator of the present example, the distance between the mircolens and the output efficiency control device 2 can be precisely set with ease only by prescribing the thickness of the transparent substrate 1 so as to correspond to the focal length of the mircolens. Thus, assembly can be conducted with good precision. An output efficiency control device and focusing means for focusing incident light onto the output efficiency control device may be provided on separate substrates and then combined. Furthermore, a conventional optical modulator and a mircolens can be combined, although they cannot be integrated. Furthermore, in place of the reflection-type output efficiency control device used in the present embodiment, a combination of an output efficiency control device which functions in the form of a transmission type and reflecting means such as a mirror, may be used with first and second focusing means such as mircolenses. A device with a grating structure utilizing diffraction is used as the output efficiency control device in the present example. The output efficiency control device is not limited thereto. Any device which is capable of controlling an output efficiency of light can be used. For example, a movable mirror with a micro mirror structure capable of being controlled by electrostatic force may be used. Figure 5 shows a structure in cross-section of an optical modulator using a movable mirror as an output efficiency control device. In this optical modulator, a substrate 20 with a movable mirror 24 provided on one surface and a transparent substrate 22 with mircolenses 3a and 3b as first and second focusing means provided on one surface are disposed in such a manner that the movable mirror 24 faces the mircolenses 3a and 3b. Each movable mirror 24 is disposed right below a middle point between the adjacent mircolenses 3a and 3b in the same way as in the above-mentioned output efficiency control device 2 with a grating structure, reflects light 4 which is incident through the mircolens 3a, and outputs the light 4 as reflected light 5 through the mircolens 3b. In the optical modulator with such a structure, light modulation is conducted utilizing only the reflection of light. Therefore, there is an advantage in that the output efficiency does not depend upon a wavelength of the incident light 4 and the device is easy to use. (Example 2) Figure 6 is a perspective view seen from a lower surface, showing a basic structure of an optical modulator of Example 2. In Figure 6, the same components as those in Figure 1 are denoted by the same reference numerals as those therein, and the description thereof will be omitted. The optical modulator of the present example is different from that in the above-mentioned Example 1 only in the structures of the first focusing means for focusing light onto an output efficiency control device 2 and second focusing means for outputting light from the output efficiency control device 2. In Example 1, the circular mircolenses 3a and 3b are used as the first and second focusing means. However, in the present example, elliptical mircolenses 3'a and 3'b are provided in such a manner that their major axes are adjacent to each other. Each of the elliptical mircolenses 3'a and 3'b has a similar elliptical shape in which a cross-section in a thickness direction gradually becomes smaller. They are designed in such a manner that a size ratio of a major axis to a minor axis of an ellipsoid becomes 1/cos1, where 1 is an incident angle of incident light. As described above, the mircolenses 3'a and 3'b are designed so as to have elliptical shapes in accordance with the incident angle, thereby aberration caused with respect to light which is obliquely incident upon the mircolens is reduced and optical modulation can be conducted satisfactorily. In the present example, the size ratio of a major axis to a minor axis of an ellipsoid was prescribed to be, for example, 1.22 at, for example, 1 = 35°. The device was able to function satisfactorily even at such a large incident angle. In particular, as the elliptical mircolenses, diffraction-type elliptical mircolenses with a binary/multi-level structure as shown in Figures 3(a) and (b) are suitable in terms of production. (Embodiment 1) Referring to Figures 7 through 10, a display apparatus of Embodiment 1 according to the present invention will be described. In these figures, the same components as those in Figures 1 through 6 are denoted by the same reference numerals as those therein, and the description thereof will be omitted. Figure 7 schematically shows a structure of a display apparatus in the present embodiment. Figures 8(a) and (b) are a top perspective view and a cross-sectional view showing a basic structure of an optical modulator in the display apparatus in Figure 7. Figure 9 shows a state where a driving circuit for driving output efficiency control devices is connected to the optical modulator in the display apparatus in Figure 7. Figure 10 shows the wavelength dependence characteristics of zero-th order diffraction efficiency (output efficiency of reflected light) of the output efficiency control device in the present embodiment. As shown in Figure 7, the display apparatus of the present invention has a light source 201, dichroic mirrors 202a, 202b, 202c, 202d and 202e, three optical modulators 203a, 203b, and 203c, a mirror 204, and a projection lens 205 which forms an image onto a screen. The light source 201 is a white light source such as a metal halide lamp and a xenon lamp. White light emitted from the light source 201 is split into blue light, green light, and red light by the dichroic mirrors 202a, 202b, and 202c which selectively reflect only light in a particular wavelength range, and the split light beams are incident upon the optical modulators 203a, 203b, and 203c respectively provided for the colored light beams. Here, the respective colored light beams are modulated in accordance with an image to be displayed. Each modulated colored light beam is combined into one light beam by the dichroic mirrors 202d and 202e and projected onto a screen (not shown) by the projection lens 205. Hereinafter, the operation of the display apparatus in the present embodiment will be described. Light emitted from the light source 201 as collimated light is incident upon the dichroic mirror 202a which selectively reflects blue light (e.g., light in a wavelength range of 0.41 to 0.49 µm). Here, only blue light B is reflected, has its direction changed by 90° to be incident upon the optical modulator 203a. The optical modulator 203a is switched on a pixel basis by a control circuit (not shown) and modulates incident light on a pixel basis. Thus, pixels outputting reflected light which corresponds to zero-th order diffracted light and pixels not outputting reflected light exist. Modulated blue light B' is incident upon the dichroic mirror 202e which selectively reflects blue light in the same way as in the dichroic mirror 202a. The modulated blue light B' has its optical path bent at the dichroic mirror 202e and is combined with other light to be formed as an image on the screen (not shown) by the imaging lens 205. Among green light and red light transmitted through the dichroic mirror 202a, the green light G is reflected by the dichroic mirror 202b which selectively reflects green light (e.g., light in a wavelength range of 0.5 to 0.6 µm), and has its direction changed by 90° to be incident upon the optical modulator 203b. Modulated green light B' has its direction changed by 90° by the dichroic mirror 202d which selectively reflects green light in the same way as in the dichroic mirror 202b and is combined with other colored light beam to be formed as an image by the projection lens 205. The red light R transmitted through the dichroic mirror 202b has its optical path bent by 90° by the dichroic mirror 202c which selectively reflects red light (e.g., light in a wavelength range of 0.6 to 0.7 µm), is incident upon the optical modulator 203c, and spatially modulated. Modulated red light R' has its optical path bent by the mirror 204 and is formed as an image by the lens 205. As a result, a color image with three primary colors mixed therein is formed on the screen. In each optical modulator, as shown in Figures 8(a) and (b), a plurality of focusing means, e.g., mircolenses 3" with an aperture of 40 µm arranged in an array are formed on a first surface which is the surface of a transparent substrate 1, so as to be adjacent to each other at a period of, for example, 40 µm, and a plurality of output efficiency control devices 2' arranged in an array are formed on a second surface of the transparent substrate 1 opposing the first surface at a period of, for example, 40 µm. In the present embodiment, the size of each output efficiency control device 2' was prescribed to be 20 µm × 20 µm. In the present embodiment, light is also focused onto the output efficiency control device 2' by the mircolens. Therefore, the size of the output efficiency control device 2' can be made smaller than the aperture of the mircolens. As a result, wiring for driving the output efficiency control device 2' can be routed and a control circuit can be formed on the periphery of each output efficiency control device 2', whereby dead space can be reduced. Thus, the aperture ratio can be substantially increased to improve the light utilization efficiency. In each optical modulator of the present embodiment, the thickness of the SiO 2 layer and the distance in the space (between the second grating and the SiO 2 layer) are optimized in accordance with a wavelength of incident light in the output efficiency control device described in Example 1, and such output efficiency control devices are arranged in an array. More specifically, in the present embodiment, the design wavelength of the optical modulator 203a for blue light was prescribed to be 0.45 µm, the design wavelength of the optical modulator 203b for green light was prescribed to be 0.55 µm, and the design wavelength of the optical modulator 203c for red light was prescribed to be 0.65 µm. As shown in Figure 8(b), each optical modulator is disposed in such a manner that, light 4 which is incident from the corresponding dichroic mirror is incident obliquely with respect to the optical axis of the mircolens 3" and output from an adjacent mircolens obliquely with respect to the optical axis thereof at the same angle as the incident angle. Furthermore, in each optical modulator, the arrangement interval between the output efficiency control devices 2' arranged adjacent to each other is prescribed to be equal to the arrangement interval between the mircolenses 3" arranged adjacent to each other, and an array of the output efficiency control devices 2' and an array of the mircolenses 3" are arranged to be shifted from each other by a half of the arrangement interval in a direction in which incident light is tilted (x-direction in Figure 8(b)). According to the above-mentioned arrangement, in the optical modulator of the present invention, a mircolens, which is first focusing means allowing the light 4 to be incident upon each output efficiency control device 2', also functions as second focusing means which outputs light 5 from the output efficiency control device 2' adjacent in the x-direction. Thus, as described in the above-mentioned Embodiment 1, the output efficiency control device of the present invention requires two mircolenses adjacent to each other in the x-direction. In the case where mircolenses are arranged in an array in the optical modulator of the display apparatus, the number of the mircolenses is determined merely by adding the number of the output efficiency control devices in one column in a y-direction to the number of the output efficiency control devices contained in the array. For example, 640 (x-direction) × 480 (y-direction) output efficiency control devices 2' are required to be arranged in order to correspond to 640 (x-direction) x 480 (y-direction) pixels. However, merely 641 (x-direction) x 480 (y-direction) mircolenses 3" are required to be arranged. The rate of increase in the number of the mircolenses is only 0.16%. Thus, although the display apparatus of the present invention has a structure in which the adjacent mircolenses are used in pairs, there is almost no increase in the number of mircolenses. Therefore, the display apparatus is easily produced. In the display apparatus of the present embodiment, the optical modulator is produced by integrally forming the mircolenses 3" and the output efficiency control devices 2' arranged in an array on the front and reverse surfaces of the transparent substrate 1. Thus, an optical modulator with a stable structure can be obtained. In particular, the output efficiency control devices 2' can be easily positioned exactly on the focal points of the mircolenses 3" by making the focal lengths of the mircolenses 3" coincide with the thickness of the transparent substrate 1, whereby satisfactory modulation characteristics can be realized. Furthermore, in each optical modulator, a light-absorbing member 6 is provided in a region on the surface of the transparent substrate 1 other than the regions where the mircolenses 3" and the output efficiency control devices 2' are provided. In the present embodiment, the light-absorbing member 6 was produced by coating a film having a light-absorbing function with respect to a wavelength to be used, e.g., a carbon or phthalocyanine compound mixed with a polymer such as polyimide and PMMA. However, the structure and method for production of the light-absorbing member 6 are not limited thereto. The light-absorbing member 6 may be formed by vapor-depositing an organic film of a pigment or the like having a light-absorbing effect with respect to a wavelength to be used. Such a light-absorbing member 6 has the effect of removing stray light in the substrate 1 and from outside of the substrate 1 and improving an S/N ratio of the outgoing light 5. In the present embodiment, the light-absorbing member 6 is also provided on the periphery of each lens 3" in a mircolens array. Such a structure has the advantage of allowing only the regions with satisfactory lens characteristics to be used, without using the periphery of the mircolenses where the lens characteristics are generally likely to degrade due to the surface tension with respect to the substrate 1. Furthermore, the shape of the mircolens 3" is not limited to a circle, and rectangular or elliptical lenses may be used. Figure 11 shows an array of a plurality of arranged rectangular mircolenses. As shown in Figures 11(a) to (c), it is understood that dead space is reduced to improve an aperture ratio by varying the shape and arrangement of the mircolenses. An array of elliptical mircolenses is effective in the case where an incident angle and an output angle with respect to the optical modulator are large. An example of an array of elliptical mircolenses is shown in Figure 14. The use of elliptical mircolenses reduces aberration caused with respect to light which is incident upon the mircolenses obliquely to the optical axes thereof, whereby satisfactory optical modulation can be conducted. Furthermore, the elliptical mircolens is preferably designed in such a manner that a size ratio of a major axis to a minor axis of an ellipsoid becomes 1/cos1, where 1 is an incident angle of the incident light 4. In the case where circular lenses are used as the mircolenses 3", the mircolenses 3" can be produced, for example, by coating a resist onto the substrate 1, baking the substrate 1 at a softening temperature of the resist or higher so as to cause the resist to flow, thereby forming the resist into a mountain shape by surface tension. However, the circular lenses may be produced by another method. Alternatively, diffraction-type lenses produced by an ordinary semiconductor process such as photolithography, etching, and deposition, or aspheric lenses may be used as the mircolenses 3". In the display apparatus of the present invention, a driving circuit for driving an array of the output efficiency control devices 2' of the optical modulator is composed of a specifically designed IC 12, and the IC 12 is electrically connected to electrode portions 2'a of each output efficiency control device 2' through solder bumps 13, as shown in Figure 9. Such a structure enables a stable device of a compact size to be obtained. In particular, the circuit for driving an array of the output efficiency control devices 2' is composed of a specifically designed IC, so that the circuit is easily connected to an array of the output efficiency control devices 2'. Furthermore, in such a structure, even when some solder bumps 13 are not satisfactorily connected to the output efficiency control devices 2', they can be easily repaired. This is because the transparent substrate 1 and an array of the mircolenses provided above the output efficiency control devices 2' transmit light. More specifically, laser light such as YAG laser light or CO 2 laser light is irradiated to unsatisfactorily connected electrode portions from the upper surface of the unsatisfactorily connected output efficiency control devices 2', whereby the electrode portions are annealed to be repaired. Next, referring to Figures 7 and 10, the relationship between the modulation characteristics of each optical modulator and the order in which colored light beams is split from the light source 201 will be described. The optical modulators 203a, 203b, and 203c of the present embodiment respectively have modulation characteristics as shown in Figures 10(c), (b), and (a), and the inventors of the present invention found that the extinction ratio to be modulated is likely to decrease as a wavelength becomes shorter. Therefore, although the wavelength band of light which is incident upon the optical modulator 203a for B corresponding to blue light is supposed to be in the range of 0.40 to 0.50 µm (bandwidth: 0.1 µm), it is limited to the range of, for example, 0.41 to 0.49 µm (bandwidth: 0.08 µm) by the first dichroic mirror 202a. By doing so, the modulation characteristics, in particular, the extinction ratio of the optical modulator 203a for B are improved. However, when a wavelength band is limited, an optical power decreases. Therefore, the display apparatus of the present embodiment overcomes this problem by allowing light which exits from the light source 201 to be first incident upon the dichroic mirror 202a which selectively reflects blue light. This is because, when light passes through a dichroic mirror, even light with a wavelength in a transmitting range is more or less absorbed. The incident wavelength bands of the optical modulators 203b and 203c for G and R were not particularly limited but set to be ordinary values (bandwidth: 0.1 µm). However, in order to improve the extinction ratio, it is desirable that the incident wavelength band of the optical modulator for G is slightly limited to a range of, for example, 0.505 to 0.595 µm (bandwidth: 0.09 µm). In this case, an optical power can be prevented from decreasing due to the band limit by disposing the dichroic mirror 202b corresponding to green light at the second position. As described above, in the display apparatus of the present embodiment, considering the modulation characteristics of each optical modulator, the dichroic mirrors which selectively reflect each colored light beam and the optical modulators are disposed. Furthermore, in the present embodiment, the display apparatus using the optical modulator having an output efficiency control device with a grating structure utilizing the diffraction of light has been described. However, the present invention is not limited thereto. For example, an optical modulator as shown in Figure 15, in which movable mirrors 24 having a micro mirror structure capable of being controlled by electrostatic force are arranged in an array, may be used. In this case, each movable mirror 24 controls outgoing light by utilizing only the reflection of light, without utilizing the diffraction thereof. Thus, in the optical modulator using movable mirrors, the modulation characteristics do not depend upon the wavelength of incident light. As a result, three optical modulators are not required to be designed so as to correspond to a wavelength range of each colored light beam, and the optical modulators having the identical specification can be used. As described above, in the optical modulator of the present invention, the output efficiency control device and the focusing means are used in combination, thereby an area of the output efficiency control device can be reduced. Therefore, an optical modulator can be realized, which has a high response speed, is capable of modulating incident light having a large beam diameter, and easily produced. Furthermore, the use of this optical modulator enables a projection-type display apparatus with a large light utilization efficiency to be realized.

Claims: A display apparatus comprising: a light source (201); splitting means (202a-c) for splitting light emitted from the light source (201) into a plurality of colored light beams having wavelength ranges different from each other; a plurality of optical modulators (203a-c), provided in optical paths of the plurality of colored light beams, respectively, for modulating the plurality of colored light beams, respectively; and an imaging lens (205) for imaging the plurality of colored light beams modulated by the plurality of optical modulators (203a-c), wherein each of the plurality of optical modulators (203a-c) includes: a plurality of output efficiency control means (2') arranged in an array, for modulating a light amount of corresponding colored light beam of the plurality of colored light beams; and focusing means (3") having a plurality of focusing elements arranged in an array, the corresponding colored light beam is incident upon the focusing means (3") in a direction oblique to an optical axis of the focusing means (3") and is focused on the output efficiency control means (2'), and the modulated corresponding colored light beam is output in an oblique direction through the focusing means (3"). A display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein an incident angle at which the colored light beam is incident upon the focusing means (3") is equal to an angle at which the colored light beam is output from the focusing means (3"), an interval at which the plurality of output efficiency control means (2') are arranged is equal to an interval at which the plurality of focusing elements are arranged in the focusing means (3 "), and the plurality of output efficiency control means (2') are disposed so as to be shifted by a half of the arrangement interval with respect to the focusing means (3") in a direction in which an incident direction of the colored light beam is tilted with respect to the optical axis of the focusing means (3 "). A display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of output efficiency control means (2') is disposed so as to oppose a pair of focusing elements adjacent to each other of the plurality of focusing elements of the focusing means (3"), receives the corresponding colored light beam from one of the pair of focusing elements, and outputs the modulated corresponding colored light beam to the other one of the pair of focusing elements. A display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of output efficiency control means (2') are arranged in an m-row and n-column two-dimensional array, the plurality of focusing elements are arranged in an (m+1)-row and n-column two-dimensional array in the focusing means (3"), and output efficiency control means (2') on a k-th row is disposed so as to correspond to a focusing element on a k-th row and a focusing element on a (k+1)-th row. A display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of optical modulators (203a-c) include a transparent substrate (1) having a first surface on which the focusing means (3 ") is formed and a second surface opposing the first surface, and the output efficiency control means (2') is a reflection-type optical element formed on the second surface. A display apparatus according to claim 5, wherein each of the plurality of output efficiency control means (2') includes: a transparent electrode (7) which functions as a first electrode, provided on the second surface of the transparent substrate (1); a first grating (8a) formed on the transparent electrode (7); a spacer layer (10) formed on the transparent electrode (7); and a second grating (8b) composed of a plurality of beams having a portion which functions as a second electrode, both ends of the beams being supported on the spacer layer (10), wherein a distance between the transparent electrode (7) and the second grating (8b) is varied by adjusting a voltage applied between the first electrode (7) and the second electrode (8b), thereby an efficiency at which the corresponding colored light beam is output to the focusing means (3") is controlled. A display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of focusing elements have a similar elliptical shape in which a cross-section gradually decreases in a thickness direction thereof. A display apparatus according to claim 7, wherein assuming that an angle of an optical axis of the corresponding colored light beam incident upon the focusing means (3") with respect to a vertical direction of a plane on which the focusing means (3") is formed is , a size ratio of a major axis of the ellipsoid to a minor axis is 1/cos. A display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the splitting means (202) has a first splitting element (202a) which reflects a blue light beam and transmits the other light beams, a second splitting element (202b) which reflects a green light beam and transmits the other light beams, and a third splitting element (202c) which reflects a red light beam and transmits the other light beams. A display apparatus according to claim 9, wherein a wavelength bandwidth of light reflected from the first splitting element (202a) is smaller than wavelength bandwidths of light reflected from the second splitting element (202b) and the third splitting element (202c). A display apparatus according to claim 9, wherein a wavelength bandwidth of light reflected from the third splitting element (202c) is larger than wavelength bandwidths of light reflected from the first splitting element (202a) and the second splitting element (202b). A display apparatus according to claim 9, wherein a wavelength bandwidth of reflected light decreases in the order of the third splitting element (202c), the second splitting element (202b), and the first splitting element (202a). A display apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the light emitted from the light source (201) passes through the first splitting element (202a), the second splitting element (202b), and the third splitting element (202c) in this order. A display apparatus according to claim 6, wherein each of the plurality of optical modulators (203) further has a control circuit of the output efficiency control means, and the second electrode of each of the output efficiency control means is connected to a connecting electrode of the control circuit via a solder bump. A display apparatus according to claim 5, wherein each of the plurality of optical modulators (203) further has light absorbing means (6) provided in a region of the transparent substrate (1) other than a region thereof where the focusing means (3") and the plurality of output efficiency control means (2') are formed. A display apparatus according to claim 15, wherein the light absorbing means (6) is also provided on each periphery of the plurality of focusing elements. A display apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the output efficiency control means (2') outputs zero-th order diffracted light of the corresponding colored light beam. A display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of output efficiency control means are a movable mirror array. A display apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the focusing means is a diffraction-type mircolens array having a binary/multi-level structure. A display apparatus according to claim 6, wherein, in the second grating, an interval of the plurality of beams gradually increases in a longitudinal direction of the beams. A display apparatus according to claim 20, wherein a period of the grating increases according to a linear function in a longitudinal direction of the grating. A display apparatus according to claim 20, wherein, in the second grating, lengths of the plurality of beams are equal. A method for producing the display apparatus of claim 1, comprising the steps of: producing the plurality of optical modulators (203); and arranging and assembling the light source (201), the splitting means (202), the plurality of optical modulators (203), and the imaging lens (205), wherein the step of producing the plurality of optical modulators (203) includes: forming the focusing means (3") on a first surface of a transparent substrate (1); forming the plurality of output efficiency control means (2') each having a connecting portion for driving on a second surface of the transparent substrate (1) opposing the first surface; connecting the connecting portion for driving to a driving circuit for driving the plurality of output efficiency control means (2'); in the case where there is a connection defect between the connecting portion for driving and the driving circuit, irradiating the connecting portion corresponding to the connection defect with laser light, thereby repairing the connection defect.

Inventors: ITO TATSUO, SHIONO TERUHIRO, UEDA MICHIHITO, YOKOYAMA KAZUO, ITO, TATSUO, SHIONO, TERUHIRO, UEDA, MICHIHITO, YOKOYAMA, KAZUO
Applicants: MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC IND CO LTD, MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD.
Application year: 1996
Main classification: G02B26
IPC codes: G02F1, G02B3