INTERACTIVE TRANSACTION MANAGEMENT MULTIMEDIA SYSTEM

Abstract: An interactive transaction management multimedia system (10) includes a transaction terminal (12) having a compact disk drive (20) for accessing a multiplicity of encrypted CD mass storage elements (22) that are serialized by a unique machine-readable code (24), the disk drive including a code reader (23); an audio/video output interface (30) for feeding portions of the recorded data to an output device (14, 16); and a transaction interface (28) for two-way communications with an external facility (42). A transaction processing facility (TPF) (40) of the system includes a database processor (46); a terminal interface (44) for communicating with the transaction interface; and an optional provider interface (52) for bidirectional electronic communications with a plurality of vendors. Use of the mass storage element is authorized or metered by correlating transactions in the elements using an index (48) of the serial codes. Also disclosed are a memory system (12) incorporating the disk drive and a method (300) for producing the serialized elements.

Description: INTERACTIVE TRANSACTION MANAGEMENT MULTIMEDIA SYSTEM The present invention relates to multimedia systems using mass storage elements such as compact disks for accessing protected information, and to the application of such systems to personalized transaction management. Multimedia systems are a relatively recent development combining computer and mass storage such as compact disk (CD) technology for efficiently accessing works including encyclopedias, vendor catalogs, nationwide telephone listings, legal and technical databases, video games, audio recordings, and video recordings such as full length movies. Such systems avoid the problems of accessing large quantities of data over telephone lines, for example, which include severe bandwidth limitations and significant utility charges. A major problem in this field is the prohibitively high cost of purchasing the stored works outright, particularly in the case of first-run full length movies in the first part of their home video rental release window. It is known to encrypt stored data for permitting use thereof only by those having authorized access. It is also known to charge users according to the quantity of data that is decrypted. See, for example, U.S. Patent No. 5,050,213 to Shear, which discloses a database metering and protection system and method. A problem with the prior art, even as advanced by the disclosure of Shear, is that point of sale mark-ups are difficult and impractical to apportion according to use of the data. For example, a movie recording might be procured for unlimited private viewing, but for first run full length movies the charges would be very high as compared with viewing rights for a limited period such as 24 hours. Present marketing systems are not set up for handling both kinds of transactions for a single mass produced copy of a particular work. Also, there is no practical way to both meter authorized uses of the media while policing pirated copies. Thus many markets for multimedia products such as rental first-run movies are not being adequately served. Thus there is a need for a multimedia system that supports a flexible marketing strategy including compensation for retailers that can be apportioned according to use of the stored works. SUMMARY The present invention meets this need by providing an interactive multimedia system for providing personalized transaction management. In one aspect of the invention, the system includes a transaction terminal having a terminal drive unit for accessing at least one mass storage element containing recorded data, an audio/video output interface for feeding portions of the recorded data to one or more output devices, a transaction interface for bidirectional electronic communications with an external facility, and terminal control means for activating the output interface and the transaction interface in response to operator input; a transaction processing facility (TPF) having a database processor and a terminal interface for bidirectional electronic communications between the transaction interface and the database processor; means for correlating the mass storage element with a transaction involving a particular one of the vendors; and means for metering use of the element based on particulars of the transaction. The TPF can have a provider interface for bidirectional electronic communications between a plurality of vendors and the database processor, the means for correlating being implemented for identifying specific vendors having rights in the elements, and the means for metering being implemented for crediting particular vendors according to usage of the associated mass storage elements. As used herein, the term "vendor" means an entity that directly or indirectly makes a contribution to the value of the mass storage element. The contribution can be related to the creation, production and/or sale of the mass storage element. The term "metering" means limiting the use as to the amount of the recorded data permitted to be read from the terminal drive unit, the number of times the recorded data is permitted to be read, the time duration of the use, or the duration of one or more periods of time within which the use is permitted, or any combination thereof. The terminal control means can have a handheld remote control unit for receiving at least a portion of the operator input. Preferably the transaction terminal includes a key memory for storing user authorization data to be compared with user input, the control means inhibiting at least some operations of the first drive unit unless the user input matches a predetermined portion of the authorization data. The system can further include means for updating the key memory using the transaction interface. The authorization data can include a key code, the means for correlating the mass storage element including an index of key codes and mass storage elements authorized for use under respective ones of the key codes. Preferably the system is capable of updating the index based on use of the mass storage element, for efficiently implementing the metering. The index can further include identification of vendors having prospective rights in the authorized use of the mass storage elements. The mass storage element can be one of a multiplicity of elements having the recorded data corresponding to identical information and including a work identifier, the terminal control means being operative for signaling the work identifier to the TPF using the transaction interface, the index having for each of the elements a unique serial identifier, the means for correlating the mass storage element further including means for locating a particular serial identifier in the index using the work identifier and key code as signaled from the terminal drive unit; and means for reading the particular one of the vendors from the index by association with the serial identifier. As used herein, the phrase "elements having the recorded data corresponding to identical information" means any of (a) the same data is identically recorded on each of the elements; (b) the same data is recorded on each of the elements as modified by one of a plurality of fixed functions (such as by encryption) ; and/or (c) the same data is recorded on each of the elements together with additional information. The terminal can include a key interface for interrogating an authorization key device. The key device can be an encoded card, the key interface being operative for signaling a key code from the card to the terminal control means, the user input including insertion of the key device. The transaction terminal can be operative for comparing the key code to a plurality of authorization codes, each of the authorization codes corresponding to a separate user account. Preferably the key device includes read-write memory elements for storing transaction data. The system can further include a plurality of sale terminals for use by at least some of the vendors to communicate with the TPF, each sale terminal having a key reader for reading the key code from the key device, the TPF having means for updating an index based on transactions with one possessing the card. Alternatively, the means for correlating the mass storage element can include an index of key codes and authorized mass storage elements associated therewith. When the mass storage element has the unique machine-readable serial identifier, the terminal drive unit including means for signaling the serial identifier to the terminal control means, the means for correlating the mass storage element can also use the work identifier and key code as signaled from the drive unit in identifying the vendor. The mass storage element can be selected from the group consisting of a CD-ROM disk, a CD-I disk, a CD-R disk, a CD-V disk, a video CD, a Photo CD, a CD-DA, and a DVD disk, the terminal drive unit being a compact disk drive. DVD disks are in an emerging technology. As used herein, DVD disks are those capable of storing at least 3GB of recorded information. DVD disks are variously formatted as SD, HDCD, and MMCD. The term "compact disk" as used herein refers to each of the above disks as well as future variations thereof. When the mass storage element has the unique machine-readable serial identifier, the terminal drive unit including means for signaling the serial identifier to the terminal control means, the means for correlating the mass storage element can include an index of serial identifiers associated with particular vendors; means for comparing means for comparing a particular serial identifier as signaled from the terminal drive unit with serial identifiers of the index; and means for reading the particular one of the vendors from the index in response to the means for comparing. The serial identifier can be a bar code, the means for signaling the serial identifier including a bar code reader. The index can include stored use fee data associated with the serial identifiers, the means for crediting including means for debiting a user account and crediting a vendor account according to the use fee data. Preferably the system further includes a plurality of sale terminals for use by at least some of the vendors to communicate with the TPF, each sale terminal having a serial ID reader for reading serial identifiers associated with mass storage elements and optionally a key reader for reading the key code from the device, the TPF having means for updating the index based on communications from the vendor terminals. The recorded data of the mass storage element can include vendor information, the transaction terminal further including means for receiving and storing information updates from the TPF using the transaction interface, usage of the mass storage element including feeding the one or more output devices based on a combination of portions of the recorded data and the information updates. The usage can include selecting and ordering catalog items, the updates including catalog updates, the system signaling and confirming catalog orders using the transaction interface. Preferably the transaction terminal further includes a key memory for storing authorization data to be compared with user input, the control means inhibiting at least some functions of the drive unit unless the user input matches a predetermined portion of the authorization data. Preferably the transaction terminal includes means for comparing header information of the mass storage element with predetermined data for verifying authenticity of the information, and means for inhibiting at least some functions of the terminal drive unit unless at least a portion of the header information matches the predetermined data. When the mass storage element is one of a multiplicity of elements having the recorded data from identical information, each of the elements preferably has a unique machine-readable serial identifier, the terminal drive unit including means for signaling the serial identifier to the terminal control means based on use of each of the corresponding elements, and the means for correlating the mass storage element includes an index of serial identifiers authorized for use by particular users; and means for determining uses of the elements by comparing a particular serial identifier as signaled from the terminal drive unit with serial identifiers of the index. Preferably, the system further provides means for determining use of pirated counterparts of the elements, including means for storing data corresponding to successive uses of elements having particular serial identifiers; and means for determining incredulous uses based on one or more of an elapsed time between successive uses involving the same serial identifier, the occurrence of simultaneous uses, and geographic distances between locations of successive uses. The mass storage element can be a CD-R disk, the serial identifier being recorded together with other recorded data on the mass storage element. The system provides protection against unauthorized use of specific CDS such as full length movies. Because the mass storage elements each have the unique machine-readable serial identifier, validation of each formatted CD is possible before it can be played, enabling the linking of billing through usage for providing continual revenue generation. Thus the movie studios are able to receive revenue each time a user views the movie. The machine-readable serial identifier can include authorization status information such as whether single or multiple uses of the element are authorized. Preferably at least a portion of the serial identifier can be altered by the terminal drive unit in response to a user's transaction for updating the authorization status information. As used herein, a user's transaction can include purchase of additional authorization as well as actual use of the mass storage element. In another aspect of the invention, a memory system incorporates the drive unit, an output interface for feeding portions of the recorded data from a main data region to one or more output devices, and means for signaling the machine-readable serial identifier from a region outside of the main data region to an external device. The drive unit can include a movable data head for reading at least a portion of the recorded data as well as scanning the serial identifier. The system can include a drive unit controller having an operator interface and means for accessing authorization data, the controller inhibiting at least some operations of the drive unit unless the user input matches a predetermined portion of the authorization data. A single auxiliary data track can contain a plurality of auxiliary data bits of the serial identifier. Preferably the single auxiliary data track includes at least 200 auxiliary data bits. The serial identifier can include approximately 2000 auxiliary data bits. The serial identifier can be located within a leadout region of the mass storage element. The system can be operative for determining use of pirated elements, having an index of authorized serial identifiers, a comparator between serial identifiers of the index and serial identifiers signaled from the drive unit for determining uses of the elements, storage for data associated with the uses, and monitoring at least one of elapsed time between successive uses with the same identifier, simultaneous uses, and geographic distances between locations of successive uses for determining incredulous uses. The serial identifiers can be associated in the index with particular users, and the system can make use of a key code associated with the drive unit and/or operator input for enhancing the determination of pirated uses. The determination can also be enhanced by comparing the work identifier as read from the drive unit with a corresponding work identifier of the index. In a further aspect of the invention, a method for reading mass-produced recorded media while preventing unauthorized uses thereof, includes the steps of: (a) producing recorded copies of particular works on respective media elements; (b) providing on each element a unique machine- readable serial identifier; (c) providing a device for reading the recorded media from the elements in conjunction with authorization data, the device also having means for reading the serial identifier; (d) maintaining an index of valid authorization codes associated with particular ones of the serial identifiers; (e) reading the serial identifier in connection with attempted reading of a copy; (f) receiving a proposed authorization code; (g) conditionally enabling the authorization data to the device based on matching the proposed authorization code with a valid authorization code from the index for the particular serial identifier of the copy; and (h) reading the copy as augmented by the authorization code. Preferably the method meters permitted uses of recorded media, including the further steps of: (a) forming the index to include authorization levels for particular copies; (b) debiting the authorization levels based on successive uses of the media; (c) crediting the authorization levels based on transactions involving the particular copies; and (d) conditioning the enabling based on the authorization levels. The method can include the further step of maintaining at least a counterpart of the authorization level for a particular copy in machine-readable form on the copy. Either of the above methods can include the further steps of encrypting the works in connection with the step of producing the recorded copies, and decrypting the work using a portion of the authorization code in connection with the step of reading the copy. In a further aspect of the invention, a mass storage element includes a substrate; a main storage media on the substrate for storing a multiplicity of main data elements that are readable by data head means from a main data region when the data head means moves in a predetermined main path relative to the substrate; and an auxiliary storage media on the substrate for receiving and storing a plurality of auxiliary data elements that are readable by auxiliary head means from outside of the main data region when the auxiliary head means moves in a predetermined auxiliary path relative to the substrate. As used herein, the main data elements are mass-stored data of the type to be read by a data head of a conventional compact disk drive when the data is recorded on a conventional compact disk. Similarly, the main path is movement of the type involving rotation of the disk in combination with tracking movement of the data head of such compact disk drive. Correspondingly, the auxiliary path is of the type involving rotation of the disk and positioning the auxiliary head means for accessing the auxiliary data elements. The main data elements can be substantially read¬ only in character. The main storage media can be adapted for receiving the main data elements by press-molding. The main storage media can be adapted for receiving the main data elements by selective radiation. The main data elements can be optically readable. The substrate and the main storage media can be configured as a rotatable compact disk. The auxiliary storage media can be adapted for being recorded and read by a single auxiliary head. The auxiliary storage media can be a magnetic coating. The auxiliary storage media can be adapted for receiving the auxiliary data elements by selective radiation. A mass storage drive incorporating the mass storage element can further include means for removably supporting the mass storage element; a data head for reading the main data elements; auxiliary head means for reading the auxiliary data elements; and drive means for moving the substrate in a predetermined path relative to the data head and the auxiliary head means for operation thereof. The data head can be an optical head; the auxiliary head means can also include a magnetic head that can write at least some of the auxiliary data elements; and in any case, the auxiliary head means can include an optical head. The auxiliary head means can be provided by the data head being movable in a predetermined auxiliary path relative to the substrate for scanning auxiliary data. The mass storage drive can include a head circuit having a main amplifier with an output for signaling main data elements in response to the data head, the circuit having a separate auxiliary output for signaling the auxiliary data elements. The head circuit can include an auxiliary amplifier for driving the auxiliary output. The main amplifier can include a first frequency response effective for passing the main data elements, and the auxiliary amplifier can have a second frequency response for passing the auxiliary data elements while effectively blocking the main data elements. The main amplifier can have a first reference connection for balancing the main output relative to a data threshold, the auxiliary amplifier having a second reference connection effective for balancing the auxiliary output relative to a serial code threshold of the data head when the data head is reading auxiliary data elements. The mass storage element can be a compact disk, the drive means including means for rotating the disk. The invention further provides a method for making a serialized multiplicity of mass storage elements having the mass-recorded data, including the steps of preparing a master record, recording counterparts of the master record onto respective main data regions of a multiplicity of mass- storage elements, generating a unique serial number associated with each recording master, and writing a serial code corresponding to the serial number on each corresponding mass-storage element outside of the main data region, thereby serializing the elements. The method can include encrypting the serial number, the respective serial codes of the elements corresponding to the encrypted serial numbers. The step of writing can include selectively radiating the mass storage elements. The counterparts of the master record can be stored within respective main data regions of the mass-storage elements, and the step of writing serial codes can include selectively altering the mass storage elements outside of the respective main data regions. Each mass storage element can have a control region outside of the main data region, and the step of altering the mass storage elements can include selectively altering the control region of each one. The step of altering is preferably performed in sufficiently spaced relation to the main data region for preserving functionality of the control region adjacent the main data region. Further or alternatively, the step of altering includes further steps of altering separate sub-regions of the control region corresponding to respective portions of the serial code, and spacing the sub-regions sufficiently apart within the control region for preserving functionality of the control region. The mass-storage elements can be compact disks, the control regions thereof being leadout regions having characteristic data recorded thereon, and the step of altering can further include rotating each of the disks, modulating a laser etcher with counterparts of the serial codes, and directing radiation from the laser etcher within the leadout region of each of the disks. DRAWINGS These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with reference to the following description, appended claims, and accompanying drawings, where: Figure 1 is a pictorial block diagram of a multimedia system for personalized data access according to the present invention; Figure 1A is a partial plan view of a disk drive unit using a serialized mass storage element for use in the system of Fig. 1; Figure 2 is a main program flow diagram of the system of Fig. 1; Figure 3 is a program flow diagram for initializing the system of Fig. 1; Figure 4 is a program flow diagram for playing movies on the system of Fig. 1; Figure 5 is program flow diagram for a billing portion of the program of Fig. 4; Figure 6 is a plan view showing a remote control unit of the system of Fig. 1; Figure 7 is a functional block diagram showing an alternative configuration of a portion of the system of Fig. 1; Figure 8 is a block diagram of a processor section of the system portion of Fig. 7; Figure 9 is a block diagram of a CD drive section of the system portion of Fig. 7; Figure 10 is a block diagram of a video section of the system portion of Fig. 7; Figure 11 is a pictorial schematic diagram showing a method and apparatus for producing a preferred form of the mass storage element of Fig. 1A; Figure 12 is a pictorial schematic diagram showing an alternative configuration of the disk drive unit of Fig. 1A, configured for use with the mass storage element of Fig. ll; Figure 13 is a graph showing reflectivity levels of serial coding as applied in an adjunct data region of the mass storage element of Fig. 1; Figure 14 is a schematic diagram showing an alternative configuration of a portion of the disk drive unit of Fig. 12; and Figure 15 is a detail plan view showing further details of the mass storage element of Fig. 11. DESCRIPTION The present invention is directed to a multimedia transaction system that is particularly effective and versatile, inexpensive, and easy to use. With reference to Figs. 1-6 of the drawings, a multimedia system 10 includes a transaction terminal 12 having a television monitor 14 which can be a conventional TV receiver, a pair of speakers 16, and a transaction unit 18. The transaction unit 18 includes a terminal drive unit 20 for accessing a selected mass storage element 22 which can be a high-density optical disk (CD) , the drive unit 20 having conventional means (not shown) for reading information recorded on the element 22. CDS are particularly advantageous as mass media for distribution to a multiplicity of users in that they can be mass-produced by pressing from a master recording. The direct copying such as by pressing initially renders the copies indistinguishable from each other. The present invention provides for tracking individual copies of such mass-produced works for permitting a variety of initial and subsequent transactions involving the works. In an exemplary configuration of the system 10 shown in Fig. 1, the terminal drive unit 20 includes means for reading a unique serial number or code 24 that is formed in or on the mass storage element 22, the means being designated bar code reader 23. It will be understood that the bar code reader 23 can be provided as an extension of the tracking range of a conventional playback head of the drive unit 20 as an alternative to having a separate stationary (low resolution) head. Further, many conventional CDS have an inside track carrying a bar code that is mass-produced together with the mass-copied data, the mass-produced bar code identifying the particular work that is reproduced in the CD. The conventional bar code is used in existing inventory and stocking schemes, and is not intended to be read by ordinary CD players. As shown in Fig. 1A, the serial code 24 is located in the annular space of the CD 22 that can also contain the conventional bar code. One method for producing the serial code 24 is by laser-etching a reflective coating of the CD 22 that also contains the mass-produced data (and can also contain the mass-produced bar code) . The serial code 24 is unique to each copy of the CD 22, and preferably includes further identification of the particular work, so that the work and the particular copy thereof are discernable by operation of the bar code reader 23. It will be understood that other methods of producing the serial code 24 are possible, including by application of an adhesive label, and by directly molding or pressing bar code elements into the CD 22 using movable die elements that are electrically driven under computer control. Also, the serial code 24 can be recorded together with other mass-stored data when the mass storage element 22 is a CD-R (recordable) disk. Further, other locations for the serial code 24 are possible, such as radially inside or outside of the mass-produced bar code. Moreover, it is preferred that at least a portion of the serial code 24 be alterable for recording status information as further described below. Accordingly, and with particular reference to Fig. 1A, a portion of the serial code 24, designated read/write serial code 24', is formed as a magnetic stripe using means well known in the credit card industry. Correspondingly, an important and preferred configuration of the system 10 includes the terminal drive unit 20 having the bar code reader 23 including a magnetic read/write head 232, and a main read head 234. The drive unit 20 is adapted for removably receiving the element 22, being configured as a rotatable compact disk having a substantially rigid substrate 222, on a disk drive 236, the main read head 234 being movable inwardly and outwardly relative to the disk drive 236 for accessing tracks of main data elements that are pre-stored in a conventional manner in a main storage media 224 on the substrate 222. The read/write serial code 24' is formed in an auxiliary storage media 226 of the element 22, the auxiliary storage media 226 being located for access by the read/write head 232. Magnetic material for the auxiliary storage media 226 to receive the serial code portion 24' can be applied as part of a process for labeling the CD 22. In implementations wherein only a portion of the serial code 24 is alterable, it is contemplated that the portion 24• be radially offset from the remainder of the code 24 as shown in Fig. 1A. The content of the serial code 24, including serial number, status and accounting information can be from approximately 200 bits of information up to approximately 2 Kb. The transaction unit 18 also includes a key interface 26, a transaction interface 28, and transaction controller 30 for operating the terminal drive unit 20 in response to operator input and signals received from the key interface 26 and the transaction interface 28. The controller 30 includes an input interface 32 that can be wired to a joystick unit 34 for playing video games and the like, the input interface 32 being otherwise responsive to a wireless remote controller 36 that is shown in greater detail in Fig. 6, the remote controller 36 having a numeric keypad, transport controls, a mouse equivalent and possibly, a few special purpose keys. An important feature of the present invention is local memory for managing authorized access to the mass storage elements 22. In one embodiment, the system 10 includes a key memory device 38 that is insertable into the key interface 26. The device 38, which can be slightly larger than a credit card, has machine-readable data stored therein, including a personal identification number (PIN) and a key code that is interrogated as further described below in connection with Figs. 2 and 4 for permitting authorized access to restricted data portions of the mass storage element 22. The restricted data is preferably encrypted by means such as utilized by DES and described in FIPS Publication No. 46 (NTIS) , incorporated herein by this reference. As also further described below, the key device 38 preferably has read-write memory for storage and retrieval of user data and transaction data for enhanced security and flexibility in managing transactions by a user of the device 38. The terminal 12 is contemplated to be one of a multiplicity of such terminals 12 as indicated by dashed lines and the designation 12' in Fig. 1, the system 10 also including at least one transaction processing facility (TPF) 40 that intermittently communicates with the terminals 12 over a suitable terminal network 42 using a terminal interface 44. The TPF 40 also includes a database processor 46 for controlling and monitoring the terminal network 42, the processor 46 being also connected to a mass database memory or index 48, a service terminal 50 and, optionally, a provider interface 52 for communicating with a plurality of vendor terminals 54 over a counterpart of the terminal network, designated provider network 42'. Each vendor terminal 54 can include a vendor interface 56 and a counterpart of the bar code reader, designated 58. The bar code reader 58 reads a unique serial number (which can contain a code corresponding to the title of the work) from each mass storage element 22 for tracking individual copies of each work. The bar code reader 58 corresponds to the bar code reader 23 of the transaction terminal 18, except that the mass-recorded information of the element 22 need not be readable by the vendor terminal 54 when the reader 58 is active. The bar code reader 58 can be implemented for reading labels on cartons containing multiple copies of the mass storage element 22, the labels identifying the work and a range of serial numbers on the elements 22 therein. As shown in Fig. l, an exemplary configuration of the terminal 54 also includes a key interface 26' that corresponds to the key interface 26 of the transaction unit 18, but need only to read the PIN for identifying the user, for permitting a direct correlation of a particular user with the mass storage element 22 in a transaction involving the element 22. The correlation can be between the user and a particular copy of the element 22 when the code reader 58 reads the serial code 24 or counterpart thereof the element 22. When the code reader 58 reads a range of serial numbers, the user is correlated with a group of the elements 22 that are handled by the particular vendor. It will be understood that the monitor 14 can include the speakers 16 or, alternatively, a monaural speaker. Transaction Terminal Set-Up In an exemplary set-up protocol for the system 10 of Fig. 1, the user receives the transaction unit 18, the remote controller 36, the key memory device 38, a "start up" counterpart of the mass storage element or startup CD 22', and a printed installation manual. (In the alternative configuration of Figs. 7-10, discussed below, the key memory device 38 is omitted, functions thereof being provided internal to a counterpart of the transaction controller 30.) The start up CD 22' and installation manual guide the (untrained) user through an installation process using the remote controller 36, no keyboard, mouse, or other computer¬ like device being required. The installation manual explains how to make the preliminary connections to the transaction unit 18 in order to view the start up CD 22'. Also, because it is necessary to turn the transaction unit 18 and the TV monitor 14 off when making the final connections, the manual serves as a handy reference where the installation setup shown on the startup CD 22 can be copied. The startup CD 22' is normally retained by the user to serve as a troubleshooting guide and operational reference after the installation has been successfully completed. Information (e.g. name, address, credit card number) required to access the services provided by the system 10 are provided to a trained customer service representative by means of a one-time telephone call placed by the user, the information being entered through the database processor 46 of the TPF 40 into the index 48 by the service terminal 50. As further described below, a data call is established between the transaction unit 18 and the TPF 40 over the network 42 for loading all of this information into the key memory device 38 (or other memory) using the key interface 26. This call is initiated by the transaction unit 18 or the TPF 40 depending on the particular system configuration. The transaction unit 18 then indicates (via the TV monitor 14) that it has received the initialization information and the user is ready to begin any of several applications. Trained installers can be made available for consultation by telephone once transaction unit 18 is connected to the TV monitor 14. The transaction unit 18 plugs into an ordinary 120 volt AC outlet, a modular telephone jack, the antenna input of the TV monitor 14, and any other related home entertainment device, such as a VCR. The user connects the transaction unit 18 to power and television video, and also installs batteries into the remote controller 36. To use the startup CD 22' , the user turns on the transaction unit 18 and TV monitor 14 and places the startup CD into the terminal drive unit 20. The startup procedures on the CD utilize voice, graphical diagrams, and full motion video to demonstrate the installation in detail. The TV monitor 14 then displays a welcome message along with an overview of the operating instructions. The user then chooses installation options from the configuration guide on the CD and a parallel configuration guide in the manual. The user is instructed to copy the correct installation connections into the startup manual's installation guide, including hookups to the telephone, TV monitor 14, power, VCR, cable box, etc. Then, with power off, the user hooks up all of the connections in accordance with the installation guide and turns on the transaction unit 18. As described below, the transaction unit 18 checks that the installation is correct, and if not, displays an appropriate error message to the user via the TV monitor 14. On the home telephone, the user calls the customer service operator on the 1-800 number provided to give the startup background information. A form is displayed on the TV monitor 14 and in the startup manual. The necessary background information includes names and PINs (personal identification numbers) , telephone number, credit cards with expiration dates, address, credit/advance amounts to be stored with maximum, minimum, and thresholds, mailing addresses for purchases, and default mailing method. A data call is then established over the network 42 as described above, for sending the necessary information from the TPF 40 to the transaction unit 18. Communications between the TPF 40 and the transaction unit 18 are secured by appropriate data encryption. The use of public and private keys for encryption/decryption is contemplated in the present invention. Public/private key protocol is available under license from RSA Data Security Corp. of Redwood City, CA, being described, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 4,405,829 to Rivest et al. , which is incorporated herein by this reference. Information downloaded from the TPF 40 to the transaction unit 18 is displayed onto the TV monitor 14 for confirmation by the user. If any information is incorrect, the user can then correct it on-line or place a follow up call to the 1-800 operator. When this screen is filled in and correct, the transaction unit is ready to play. With particular reference to Fig. 2, the transaction controller 30 is firmware-programmed in a main routine 100 for appropriate operations with the mass storage element (CD) 22 in one of several formats. Following the one-time initialization that is described below in connection with Fig. 3, control is passed to a normal start step 102 and upon loading of the CD 22, the terminal drive unit 20 is activated in an initial play step 104 for reading header information from the CD 22, that information being interrogated in a format test sequence 106 for branching to an appropriate play routine 108, which can be a game routine 108A, a movie routine 108B, a catalog routine 108C, or an open routine 108D. When play is complete or otherwise terminated as described below, control is passed to an eject step 110, then returned to the normal start step 102. The main routine 100 further includes a set-up test step 112 that is automatically entered upon power up for determining whether the transaction unit 18 has been initialized. If so, control is passed to the normal start step 102; otherwise, a set-up routine 114 is performed as shown in Fig. 3. In the set-up routine 114, a test startup CD step 116 blocks further processing until the startup CD 22' that is formatted for initialization is present. Next, a message prompting insertion of the key memory device 38 is sent to the TV monitor 14 in a key prompt step 118, followed by a test key step 120 for determining the presence of and valid communication with the key memory device 38. (As indicated above, the key memory device 38 is omitted in the alternative configuration of Figs. 7-10, discussed below.) If the valid communication is established within a predetermined time limit, control is passed to a test TPF call step 122; otherwise, an error message step 124 appropriately signals the TV monitor 14, with control returning to the test startup CD step 116. In the test TPF call step 122, the set up routine 114 waits for completion of a data call with the TPF 40 as described above, the PIN and other personal data being transmitted over the transaction network 42 during the call. The received data is stored in flash memory (of the key memory device 38 or elsewhere in the transaction controller 30) in a user data update step 126, the data also being displayed on the TV monitor 14 in a user data display step 128. The received data also includes a date by which a subsequent TPF telephone contact is expected. Next, a test data step 130 is entered for the user to verify whether the displayed data is consistent with that given verbally to personnel operating the TPF 40. If not, a user input step 132 is entered for permitting user corrections to be made, after which the test data step 130 is repeated. Once the user is satisfied with the entered personal data, control is passed to a test changes step 134 for invoking a transmit data step 136 in case changes were made, the set-up routine 114 concluding in an eject CD step 138. In the transmit data step 136, the edited personnel data is transmitted over the transaction network 42 to the TPF 40 where it is stored for further use as described below. Normal Operations In normal operations, a session begins when the user inserts a selected CD or mass storage element 22 into the terminal drive unit 20 of the transaction unit 18. Operations are displayed on the TV monitor 14 in an intuitive graphical user interface while the user makes selections with the remote controller 36 from the choices displayed. Available operations are determined by the type of mass storage element 22 inserted into the terminal drive unit 20. At this point, if the transaction unit 18 has received a text message from the TPF 40, the user will be informed, for example, that certain catalogs have been updated or that certain promotions are in effect. The user is prompted to make selections, using the remote controller 36 to select items on the TV monitor 14, to progress through the session. Preferably messages, commands, or updated information transmitted from the TPF 40 are accompanied by a new date by which a subsequent TPF 40 contact is expected. If there has been no call prior to this date, then the transaction unit 18 is to automatically initiate a call for updated instructions from the TPF 40. If the transaction unit 18 is unable to contact the TPF 40, then the user is advised in an error message to check the telephone line. This error message is repeated each time the unit 18 has a CD 22 inserted until the call to the TPF 40 is completed. After a set number of days without contact with the TPF 40, then the firmware in the transaction unit 18 will cause the unit 18 to disable its own operation. At appropriate points in each session, the transaction unit 18 prompts the user to insert the key memory device 38 into the transaction unit 18, if it is not already in place, and enter a counterpart of the personal identification number (PIN) using the remote controller 36, as further described below. Each person in a household may have his own PIN number stored on the key memory device 38 to uniquely identify each authorized user to the transaction unit 18. Credit information, restrictions on use (such as viewing up to PG rated movies only) , catalog ordering information, etc. , are associated with each PIN number, this information being duplicated at the TPF 40. Although most entertainment mass storage elements 22 are assigned a "pay per play" or "pay for a designated period of time" arrangement, as further described below, it is possible to "free preview" an initial portion of the element 22 that is not required to be encrypted. Also, all portions of a catalog are normally accessible without entering a PIN as described below, unless information in the catalog is restricted, such as information that would not be appropriate for children. The system 10 is configured to minimize use of the user's home telephone or other network channel, both in terms of the number and the duration of calls. Other than the cost of a local telephone call, all related voice and data telephone call charges of the system are contemplated to be free to the user. Still, in view of the computer or fax modems typically in home offices, or when teenagers are present, there is competition for use of a single home telephone line. Therefore, if the home telephone is in use when the transaction unit 18 attempts to call the TPF 40, the transaction unit 18 can be programmed to retry the telephone call at a later time until successful. Alternatively, a data-over-voice protocol is contemplated. Cataloςr Shopping For catalog shopping, the user receives catalog mass storage elements 22 in the mail or by other appropriate channels. After inserting the catalog CD element 22 into the terminal drive unit 20, the transaction controller 30 causes header information to be read from the CD 22 in the format test sequence 106. In the case of catalogs, the sequence 106 checks for a digital signature to determine that the catalog is authorized for use on the system before entering the catalog routine 108C as described above. The catalog routine 108C enables the user to browse or search for specific items, normally without entering a PIN as described above. Only when the user actually orders an item is the PIN necessary. In the implementation of Fig. 1, the user can elect to view the mass storage elements 22 at a neighbor's home or a second house having a counterpart of the transaction unit 18, and can place orders provided the user's key memory device 38 is present. The presentation of catalog items by the system 10 is greatly enhanced by use of stereo sound, graphics, text, and full-motion video combined in easy to use multimedia format. At any time while browsing through the catalog, the user may select single or multiple items for purchase. The transaction unit 18 automatically sends the order to the catalog retailer's order entry computer via the TPF 40. Using the transaction unit 18, the user quickly receives confirmation of availability and total price of the order. Filling out the order on the TV monitor 14 requires only selecting the items desired, as all necessary information pertaining to the user is already stored on the user's key memory device 38 (or other memory of the transaction controller 30) . After the system 10 completes the order form and sends it to the retailer's computer, the retailer's normal fulfillment procedures are invoked, and the purchased items are mailed directly from the catalog retailer to the user. Any problems or returns are dealt with by the retailer and any reversals of charges that may be required are accomplished automatically and recorded by the database processor 46 of the TPF 40. Alternatively, the user can elect to use the telephone for placing an order with the catalog retailer's operator. Confirmation of the order and the purchase orders are mailed directly from the catalog retailer to the user. Any problems or returns are dealt with by the retailer, including reversal of charges. The transaction unit 18 is intended never to be turned off, going into a standby mode when not being used in order to receive catalog updates and promotional messages. Thus catalog retailers are also able to keep pricing current through communications to the transaction unit 18, even after the catalog has been published. In addition, close coordination with catalog retailers, combined with the two way communications capability of the system 10, enables both the user and the retailer to benefit from the availability of special sale prices on a daily basis. Movies A major feature of the system 10 is the capability of playing full length feature movies on a single mass storage element or CD 22. These movies are distributed in a variety of ways, such as from video stores, vending machines, or through the mail. Because of the minimal manufacturing cost of CDs, they do not need to be returned to the video store or any other distribution center. Thus the user can maintain a movie library at home for personal use or to give or lend to others. In an exemplary transaction, the user picks up a movie CD at the local video store and pays a small usage charge that covers two 24 hour viewing periods. Once the mass storage element 22 in the form of a movie CD 22 is loaded into the terminal drive unit 20, control is passed to the movie routine 108B as described above. With particular reference to Figs. 3 and 4, the movie routine 108B first obtains header information including a billing rate and expiration date from the CD 22 in a header step 140. Next, the expiration date is compared with an internal calendar in a test expiration step 142 for determining possible expiration of authorized use, in which case an appropriate message is displayed in an expired message step 144, followed by termination of the movie routine 108B using a counterpart of the eject CD step 138. If the CD 22 has not expired, control passes to counterparts of the test key step 120 and the error message step 122 (until the key memory device 38 is in place in the configuration of Fig. 1) , at which point the user is required to enter a valid PIN in an enter PIN step 146. If the entered PIN is rejected in a test PIN step 147, control is returned to the enter PIN step 146; otherwise, the drive unit 20 is activated in a play open step 148 for playing selected information from the CD 22, the selected information being typically a free preview of the main contents of the CD 22. Following the play open step 148, and while the unencrypted information is being played from the CD 22, control is passed to a billing routine 150. As shown Fig. 5, the billing routine 150 first determines whether the CD 22 is owned for unlimited play in a test unlimited step 152. In the embodiment of the system 10 shown in Fig. 1, serial numbers and ownership status of each CD 22 can be stored in memory of the key memory device 38. Alternatively, such information can be stored in other memory of the transaction unit 18. The same information is also stored in the index 48 of the TPF 40. However, a call over the transaction network 42 for accessing same is initiated only in the event of a malfunction or other extraordinary circumstance in order to avoid unnecessary delay and usage of the network 42. If there is unlimited ownership, control is passed to an update memory step 154 wherein flash memory of the key memory device 38 or other non-volatile memory of the transaction unit 18 is updated if necessary, after which authorization for playing the main contents is returned to the movie routine 108B via an authorized exit step 156. It will be understood that the update memory step 154 can include overwriting the read/write serial code 24' with the current authorization status of the CD 22. Thus further testing of the status of the CD 22 can be implemented locally without placing a telephone call to the TPF 40. In this implementation, decryption key information for the CD 22 is pre-loaded into the transaction terminal 18 during previous telephonic communication. Thus the number of communications between the transaction terminal 18 and the TPF 40 is significantly reduced, with corresponding cost savings. In case unlimited play was not previously authorized, control is passed from the test unlimited step 152 to a test start step 158 for determining whether a first timed billing period had previously been initiated. If not, initiation of the first period is done in a start first step 160 by retrieving the current date and time, with control being passed to the update memory step 154 for storing the current date and time in an appropriate memory location. If the first period had been initiated, expiration thereof is determined in a test first period step 162 wherein the previously stored date and time, plus a predetermined duration of the first period (24 hours, for example) , is compared with the current date and time. If the first period remains in effect, control is passed to the update memory step 154 (which can be alternatively bypassed here) ; otherwise, a counterpart of the test start step, designated 158' , is performed for determining whether a second timed billing period had been started. If not, a counterpart of the start first step 160, designated start second step 164, is done, followed by the update memory step 154 as described above; otherwise, a test second period step 166 for determining whether the second period has not expired, in which case control is passed to the update memory step 154 as described above; otherwise, an option for unlimited play is presented on the TV monitor 14 in an offer unlimited step 168, after which a test accepted step 170 is executed for determining acceptance of the offer by the user. Upon acceptance, control is passed to the update memory step 154 for storing the unlimited play election; otherwise, an alternative option is presented in an offer single view step 172, which is followed by a counterpart of the test accepted step 170. Upon acceptance, control is returned to the start second step 164, followed by the update memory step 154 for storage of acceptance and initiation of the "second" billing period. If the single view offer is refused, an unauthorized exit 174 is taken for reflecting same in returning to the movie routine 108B. Following the billing routine 150, control is passed in the movie routine 108B to a test paid step 176 for determining whether use beyond that previously paid for was requested. If not, the required decryption key is requested from the key memory device 38 in a get key step 178, and a test key step 180 is executed for determining successful access to the key. If the key was available from the device 38 (or elsewhere in the transaction unit 18) , control is passed to a decrypting play step 182 for continuing play of the CD 22 beyond the initial unencrypted portion. Upon completed play of the movie, program control returns to the eject step 110 of the main routine 100. If unavailable in the transaction terminal 18, the decryption key is obtained by telephone using the transaction network 42 in a get TPF key step 184, followed by a key store step 186 in which the key is stored in appropriate non-volatile memory (of the key memory device 38) . From the test paid step 176, a payment request step 188 is performed wherein an appropriate message is sent to the TV monitor 14 for requesting payment authorization. A test authorization step 190 returns control to the billing routine 150 if authorized; otherwise, control is passed to the main routine 100 for ejection without further play of the CD 22. As described above, the first viewing period starts from the time of first play, not when the CD 22 leaves the store. The second viewing period may start at any time thereafter. This approach provides the consumer with a more convenient and cost-effective means for obtaining movies than by traditional video store time rental services. If the user subsequently decides to acquire additional 24 hour viewing periods, no further action on his part is required. He merely plays the CD 22 on the transaction unit 18, and an incremental usage fee will be automatically charged to his account. Also, the user may instead decide to purchase the movie for unlimited play, which transaction can also be implemented from the convenience of home on the transaction unit 18. Other Uses The system 10 is also designed for the user to play video games and other multimedia entertainment CDs 22 using the joy stick unit 34 to play games or navigate through multimedia applications. Existing multimedia personal computer CDs can be supported by the system 10, the publisher being able to change the price/use combination at the TPF 40. The terminal drive unit 20 of the system 10 also has the capability to play standard audio formatted CDs, just like a standard audio CD player, the transaction unit 18 having stereo outputs for connecting to the user's amplifier or surround sound system for providing high fidelity sound. Track selection and other functions can be selected by the remote controller 36. The transaction unit 18 can be configured to further enable the user to display images on a Kodak* Photo CD, the images being viewed using the remote controller 36 with Photo CD Access software. The transaction unit 18 is like a blend of an audio CD player, a multimedia personal computer and a laser disk player, all housed in a single box about the size of a consumer VHS player. Accordingly, the transaction unit 18 provides a subset of operations and connections found on each of these entertainment systems, in addition to the key interface 26 (and/or flash memory of the transaction controller 30), the transaction interface 28, and the transaction controller 30. As described above, correlation of the mass storage element 22 with transactions involving same is achieved by operation of the vendor terminal 54, wherein the particular serial numbers of the CDs 22 that are sold by that vendor are read by the bar code reader 58 and transmitted to the index 48 of the TPF 40. At the same time (or at a different time) other data unique to the user can also be transmitted from the vendor terminal 54 to the index 48 for correlating vendor sale of the element 22. Also, the transaction terminal 18 provides correlation of the element 22 with user play transactions by operation of the bar code reader 23 in conjunction with the key memory device 38, the key memory device 38 (or other memory of the terminal 18) being loaded with user and serial number authorization data as provided from the TPF 40. Another correlation capability is achieved by tracking blocks or ranges of serial numbers on mass storage elements 22 that are delivered to particular vendors, that information being stored in the index 48 of the TPF 40. When the user of the terminal 18 attempts to play the mass storage element or CD 22, the serial number is read by the bar code reader 23, the number being correlatable with the corresponding number (or range containing the number) in the index 48 for associating the element 22 with the particular vendor that sold it, thereby enabling payments for plays of the element 22 beyond what was initially sold to be made to the vendor. In this example, the correlation, which is also based on the serial number of the CD 22, is first made using communications with the TPF 40 over the terminal network 42, with appropriate authorization and decryption data being stored in the key memory device 38, subsequent plays in accordance with the authorization being monitored locally by the transaction terminal 18. In another example, the title and other data identifying the particular work sold, the type of sale (limited or unlimited play) , and the purchaser, is transmitted from the vendor terminal 54 to the TPF 40 over the provider network 42' for storage in the index 48. Correlation is accomplished at the transaction terminal 12 as in the previous example, based on the title and other identifying data (but not a unique serial number) under the presumption that only one copy of a particular work would be purchased by a single user, or the copy in use is the one most recently purchased by the user. Thus it is not required to use either of the bar code readers 23 or 58. In this example, the title and other data needed for identifying a particular work is stored in the index 48 together with data identifying the vendor and the purchaser (user) . Alternative Configuration With further reference to Figs. 7-10, an alternative configuration of the transaction unit 18 has a counterpart of the key memory device 38 incorporated integrally with a counterpart of the transaction controller, designated 30'. Figure 7 shows the controller 30 » including a computer processor 60, system memory including a ROM 62, flash RAM 64 and a DRAM 66 interfaced with a system bus 68, the DRAM 66 also being directly connected to the processor 60. The processor 60, which is shown in greater detail in Fig. 8, has internal thereto a first parallel port 60A connected to the input interface 32, and a second parallel port 60B connected to a counterpart of the key interface 26, designated expansion interface 26", that provides expansion and local data exchange capabilities as described below. The processor 60 also includes a timer/serial port 60C that is connected to the transaction interface 28, and an IDE interface 60D that is connected to the terminal drive unit 20. Further, the processor 60 includes a high-speed interface 60E that feeds a secure processing unit (SPU) 70 that provides other functions of the key memory device 38 as described below, and a video block 72 that is shown in Fig. 10 and described below, the SPU 70 and the video block 72 also being connected to the system bus 68 as shown in Fig. 7. Moreover, the processor 60 includes a DRAM controller 60F and an interrupt controller 60G that is connected to interrupt lines of the system bus 68, the interrupt lines also being connected to the input interface 32 for responding to operator intervention. The DRAM controller feeds address and control signals to the DRAM 66, memory data being bidirectionally communicated over the system bus 68. A device suitable for use as the computer processor 60 is available as a MC68EC000 "flex core" CPU from Motorola of Phoenix, AZ. The ROM 62 can have a conventional 512Kx 16 bit configuration, the flash RAM 64 can be implemented as 2 Mbytes of serial disk-drive storage, and the DRAM 66 can be in a conventional 256Kxl6 configuration having 80 nS access time. The secure processing unit or SPU 70 is responsible for all encryption, decryption, transaction, and security requirements of the transaction unit 18. An SRAM 74 is interfaced with the SPU 72 separately from the system bus 68 for maintaining the contents thereof secure from unauthorized access. For example, the expansion interface 26" is firmware programmed for access to the terminal drive unit, the transaction interface 28, and the SPU 70, but not restricted data that is stored in the SRAM 74. The SRAM 74 can be implemented as a conventional 32Kx8 CMOS device. The SPU 70 contains a limited amount of on-chip memory for data and transaction storage. Additional information can be encrypted and stored in the main system memory (the flash ram 64 and the DRAM 66) . The SPU 70 is intended to provide a sustained decryption rate of 1.2Mb/S. The SPU 70 can be a bus master device, with conventional bus arbitration logic (not shown) being implemented between the SPU 70 and the processor 60. Licensed public-key cryptographic algorithms can be used to manage key distribution and to provide digital signature capability to the transaction unit 18. The SPU 70 contains the secret keys of secret-public key pairs that are unique to each SPU 70 of the multimedia system 10. As indicated above, the secret-public key protocol, including encryption and decryption as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,405,829, is included under license from RSA Data Security Corp. The SPU 70 generates digital signatures when establishing communication with the TPF 40. The digital signatures are verified by the SPU 70 before certain restricted data such as catalogs and instructions from the TPF 40 are permitted to be processed by the transaction unit 18. The SPU 70 is contemplated to incorporate other physical and functional features that render unauthorized interrogation and/or reverse engineering either impossible or impractical. Such features can include isolation of internal memory address locations from external connections until appropriate access codes are applied, and electromagnetic shielding for blocking x-ray analysis, for example. A device suitable for use as the SPU 70 is being made available based on internal reference No. SPU2.0/PV3, from National Semiconductor Corp. of Sunnyvale, CA. Figure 9 shows a preferred implementation of the terminal drive unit 20, implemented in a conventional manner for playing full motion video (movies) , except that quad density playback is contemplated. It will be understood that the total capacity of each CD 22 is proportional to the recording density and to the effective area of the recorded medium. Thus there is a trade-off between the size and the density of the CD 22 for obtaining a desired playing time using a given recording format. Also shown in Fig. 9 is a separate audio output for use in playing conventional audio disks, which output can directly drive an audio decoder that is described below in connection with Fig. 10. As shown in Fig. 10, an exemplary implementation of the video block 72 includes a full motion decompression processor 76 having locally interfaced memory including a ROM 78, an SRAM 80, and a DRAM 82. The decoder 76 feeds an digital-audio converter 84 and a NTSC encoder 86, the converter 84 and encoder 86 feeding respective analog audio and video signals to the TV monitor 14. The ROM 78 can have 64 Kb capacity, the SRAM 80 can be organized as 4 x 32 Kb with 25 nS access time, and the DRAM 82 can be organized as 4 x256Kxl6bits having 70 nS access time. A device suitable for use as the decompression processor 76 is available as IIT 3201 MPP, available from Integrated Information Technology, Inc. of Santa Clara, CA. Alternatively, the DRAM 82 can incorporate the functions of the ROM 78 and the SRAM 80, being operated in fast page mode with 45ns access time. Another device suitable for use as the decompression processor 76 is available as STI3500A, available from SGS- Thomson Microelectronics Inc. of Carrollton, TX. A device suitable for use as the digital-audio converter 84 is available as TDA 1310 from Philips Semiconductor of Sunnyvale, CA. A device suitable for use as the NTSC encoder 86 is available as SAA 7188A from Philips Semiconductor. As described above, the serial code 24 can be located either inside or outside the conventional mass- produced bar code. Particularly advantageous locations for the serial code 24 are outside of the mass-recorded data but within the physical range of and readable by the main read head 234. With further reference to Figs. 11, 12, and 15, an important and preferred configuration of the storage element (CD) 22 has the serial code 24 located within the main storage media 224 and outside of the mass-recorded data, the mass-recorded data being substantially confined within a boundary radius R, the serial code 24 occupying a narrow annulus of width ΔR as shown in Fig. 11. More particularly, the width ΔR can be within a "leadout" region 226 as shown in Fig. 15, the leadout region 226 having special data thereon that characterizes that region. As further shown in Fig. 15, the leadout region 226 surrounds a main data region 228 that contains mass-recorded data of the work to be output from the terminal drive unit 20, the main data region 228 having an inside radius R- and an outside radius Q. An annular "leadin" region 230 extends outwardly to the inside radius R Ir the regions 226, 228 and 230 being within the main storage media 224. Figure 11 shows a process 300 for producing the CD 22, including a master step 302 for preparing a master record, followed by a mass record step 304 in which counterparts of the master record are copied onto a multiplicity of substrates 222 having the main storage media 224 thereon. Typically, the mass record step 304 can include press-molding the substrate 222, followed by applying a reflective metalization layer. It will be understood that the data can be recorded in encrypted form, and that the data can be differently encrypted on various ones of the substrate 222. A serializer apparatus 306 is then used in the process 300, the apparatus 306 having a counter 308 is incremented with the passage of each of the mass-recorded substrates 222, feeding a serial number S n to an encrypter 310. The serial number S n can range from 1 to N where N is the total number of mass recordings to be made from a single master. It will be understood that other protocols for the serial number are contemplated. The encrypter 310 scrambles the serial number, either alone or in combination with other information such as a work identifier and/or authorization level as discussed above, and feeds the resulting composite code to a shift register 312. The composite code is serially presented by the shift register 312 to a driver 314 that feeds a selective radiation device such as a laser etcher 316 for selectively altering the main storage media 224, thereby creating the serial code 24 of the CD 22. The laser etcher 316 can include a conventional fixed laser device that operates in conjunction with an acoustic optical modulator (AOM) and an optical focusing system to selectively irradiate a region of approximately 25 micron diameter sufficiently to etch the metalization layer of the CD 22, the CD 22 being rotated in a predetermined manner by a counterpart of the disk drive 236, designated 318. Thus, the process 300 in the exemplary configuration of Fig. 11 includes the further steps of counting the CDS 22 for generating a unique serial number associated with each copy from the master, encrypting the serial number, and writing the encrypted result as the serial code 24 within the main storage media 224 of the completed CD 22. It will be understood that generation of the serial code 24 in a single pass as described above results in the width ΔR being approximately 25 microns. Alternatively, the focusing system of the laser etcher 316 can be configured for producing a radially narrower etch, and the serial code 24 can be generated in multiple passes (rotations of the substrate 222) with the etching being done at progressively changing radii for forming the serial code 24 with the width ΔF being greater than the etching width by any desired amount. Further, the etching can be done in segments that are angularly dispersed for preserving sufficient information content of the "leadout" data to retain functionality such as for servo head tracking. The disk drive 318 can include counterparts of the main read head 234 and associated components (not shown) for verifying successful completion of the etching and initiating appropriate corrective action, if necessary. As further shown in Fig. 9, discussed above, the drive unit 20 includes a CD ROM mechanism 240 and a diode amplifier/laser supply 242, the diode amplifier thereof having a main output 244 that feeds a CD decoder 246 and a digital servo circuit 248 that controls the motion of the main read head 234 (Fig. 1A) . Figure 12 shows a preferred configuration of the drive unit 20 for use with the CDS 22 as produced by the process 300. As with many conventional CD drives of the prior art, the main read head 234 is movable outwardly beyond the boundary radius R for purposes known to those having skill in the art, the main storage media of conventional CD elements also so extending. The drive unit 20 of Fig. 12 includes a preamplifier 250 that feeds a main amplifier 252, producing the main output 244 for use as in Fig. 9, above, the preamplifier 250 and the main amplifier 252 together corresponding to the diode amplifier in the circuit block 242 in Fig. 9. In further accordance with the present invention, the diode amplifier counterpart of Fig. 12 has an auxiliary output 254 that is fed from upstream of the main amplifier 252, such as by an auxiliary amplifier 256 that is driven by the preamplifier 250. It is contemplated that the data density of the serial code 24 is typically significantly lower than that of the mass-recorded data, and while the main amplifier 252 is best optimized for high frequencies over a limited bandwidth, it is preferred that the auxiliary output 254 provide useful signals at a much lower frequency. Also, the preamplifier 250 is optional but, if present, it should not completely cut off signal components having frequencies below the bandwidth of the main amplifier 252. Further, in implementations including the preamplifier 250, the auxiliary amplifier 256 is optional. Moreover, while the output of the main amplifier 252 is typically digital (clipped or binary) , the output of the auxiliary amplifier 256 can be analog (linear) or digital. With further reference to Figs. 13 and 14, another factor in detecting the auxiliary code 24 is that the reflectivity of the etched regions of the CD 22 is very much lower than that of data regions having a reflective coating on a flat surface that is interrupted by spaced pips of approximately 0.5 micron diameter. As shown in Fig. 13, the main amplifier 252 is responsive to a high first reflectivity 258 and a lower second reflectivity 260 of mass recorded data, the etched regions of the serial code 24 presenting a very much lower third reflectivity 262. Thus the main amplifier 252 can be balanced to detect a data threshold reflectivity 264 that is between the first and second reflectivities 258 and 260. Similarly, the auxiliary amplifier 256 can be balanced to detect a serial code threshold reflectivity that is between the second and third reflectivities. Figure 14 shows in simplified form an implementation of the amplifiers 250, 252 and 256 that applies the above considerations. The main amplifier 252 in Fig. 14 has a main bandpass amplifier 268 that feeds a main comparator 270 having a data reference input D that corresponds to the data threshold reflectivity 264. Similarly, the auxiliary amplifier 256 includes an auxiliary bandpass amplifier 272 that feeds an auxiliary comparator having a serial code reference input C that corresponds to the serial code threshold reflectivity 266. It is contemplated that the bit rate of the main data is on the order of 50 times or more higher than that of the auxiliary data, thereby facilitating discrimination between signals output on the main output 244 and those output on the auxiliary output 254 using the bandpass amplifiers 268 and 272. For example, it is contemplated that with the substrate 222 moving at a velocity of 3.27 meters/sec. relative to the main read head 234, the mass recorded data has a channel bit rate of approximately 24 Mbits/sec. , whereas the auxiliary data rate of the serial code 24 is approximately 164 Kbits/sec. As further shown in Fig. 15, dimensional parameters of presently contemplated DVD disks include a substrate outside diameter DS of 120 mm, the outside radius R o of the main data region 228 being 58 mm maximum, the leadout region 226 having a maximum radius R L that is 58.5 mm maximum. A maximum "wobble" or eccentricity of recorded tracks of these DVD disks is 100 microns total, which includes 40 microns between the tracks and the locating diameter of the substrate 222, 40 microns for the disk drive 236, and 20 microns for miscellaneous contributions such as variations in locating the substrate 222 on the disk drive 236. It is further contemplated that the tracks are spaced approximately 1 micron center-to-center. Within these constraints, a preferred location of the serial code 24 is near the outside of the leadout region. In the exemplary case of the width ΔR being approximately 25 microns, the serial code 24 can be located between an inside radius Rl of approximately 58,455 microns and an outside radius R2 of approximately 58,480 microns. In one variation, the width ΔR is increased to approximately 125 microns for reliable detection without servo tracking, Rl being reduced to approximately 58,355 microns. As further shown in Fig. 15, the serial code 24 is preferably distributed in angularly spaced segments 24A, 24B, 24C, etc., with dummy data of the leadout region 226 being interspersed between the segments for enabling servo tracking of the main read head 234. Conclusion The system of the present invention provides the ability to shop at home by browsing through a wide variety of fully interactive multimedia catalogs, many of the items being illustrated using video, the items ordered being automatically shipped to the user's door. Also full length feature movies can be viewed on the system, the user purchasing the movie from a rental store, a small fee being billed to the user each time the movie is viewed, with the option to purchase unlimited private viewing rights. The system of the present invention also permits playing of video games and educational multimedia applications, such as multimedia encyclopedias, either with the addition of appropriate header information or by configuring the system 10 directly play CD ROM disks that are currently available for personal computers. The system 10 can also be implemented to play open format CDs such as standard audio and video CDs as well as Kodak* Photo CDs, the photographic images being viewed on the user's home television. Although the present invention has been described in considerable detail with reference to certain preferred versions thereof, other versions are possible. For example, the CD elements 22 can be sold with authorization for a single play or multiple plays during a single time interval, with subsequent plays or authorized time intervals being contracted for using the transaction unit 18 as described above. The authorization can be for a predetermined number of plays in an unlimited time interval. Also, the option for unlimited play may omitted or offered based on switches that are down-loaded from the TPF 40. Similarly, the duration of specific play authorizations and pricing therefor can also be altered by down-loading switches. The CD elements can be provided without the unencrypted free preview portions. Set-up and/or operation of the transaction unit 18 can be implemented with communication to the TPF 40 initiated only by the transaction interface 28 for avoiding audible rings on telephones that may be present on user premises. Further, software games can be developed specifically for the system 10, and the system 10 can include a cartridge slot for allowing the addition of electronics for the playing of games using third party standards. Moreover, correlation of vendors with user transactions can be based on numbers of copies of particular works that each vendor contributed to (by creation, production, sale) . Therefore, the spirit and scope of the appended claims should not necessarily be limited to the description of the preferred versions contained herein.

Claims: CLAIMS 1. An interactive multimedia system providing personalized transaction management, comprising: (a) a transaction terminal including: (i) a terminal drive unit for accessing at least one mass storage element containing recorded data; (ii) an audio/video output interface for feeding portions of the recorded data to one or more output devices; (iii) a transaction interface for bidirectional electronic communications with an external facility; and (iv) terminal control means for activating the output interface and the transaction interface in response to operator input; (b) a transaction processing facility (TPF) including: (i) a database processor; and (ii) a terminal interface for bidirectional electronic communications between the transaction interface and the database processor; (c) means for correlating the mass storage element with a particular transaction; and (d) means for metering use of the element based on particulars of the transaction. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the TPF further comprises a provider interface for bidirectional electronic communications between a plurality of vendors and the database processor, the means for correlating is operative for identifying a particular one of the vendors, and the means for metering comprises means for crediting the particular one of the vendors by a predetermined amount based on usage of the mass storage element. 3. The system of claim l, wherein the terminal control means includes a handheld remote control unit for receiving at least a portion of the operator input. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the transaction terminal further comprises a key memory for storing authorization data to be compared with user input, the control means inhibiting at least some operations of the first drive unit unless the user input matches a predetermined portion of the authorization data. 5. The system of claim 4, further comprising means for updating the key memory using the transaction interface. 6. The system of claim 4, wherein the authorization data includes a key code, and the means for correlating the mass storage element comprises an index of key codes and mass storage elements authorized for use under respective ones of the key codes. 7. The system of claim 6, further comprising means for updating the index based on use of the mass storage element. 8. The system of claim 6, wherein the index further comprises identification of vendors having prospective rights in the authorized use of the mass storage elements. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the mass storage element is one of a multiplicity of elements having the recorded data corresponding to identical information and including a work identifier, the terminal control means being operative for signalling the work identifier to the TPF using the transaction interface, the index having for each of the elements a unique serial identifier, the means for correlating the mass storage element further comprising: (a) means for locating a particular serial identifier in the index using the work identifier and key code as signalled from the terminal drive unit; and (b) means for reading the particular one of the vendors from the index by association with the serial identifier. 10. The system of claim 4, wherein the transaction terminal further comprises a key interface for interrogating an authorization key device. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the key device is an encoded card, the key interface being operative for signalling a key code from the card to the terminal control means. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the transaction terminal is operative for comparing the key code to a plurality of authorization codes, each of the authorization codes corresponding to a separate user account. 13. The system of claim 11, wherein the key device includes read-write memory elements for storing transaction data. 14. The system of claim 2, wherein: (a) the transaction terminal further comprises a key interface for interrogating an authorization key device for obtaining a key code; and (b) the system further comprises a plurality of sale terminals for use by at least some of the vendors to communicate with the TPF, each sale terminal having a key reader for reading the key code from the key device, the TPF having means for updating an index based on transactions with one possessing the card. 15. The system of claim 10, wherein the key interface is operative for signalling a key code from the device to the terminal control means, and the means for correlating the mass storage element comprises an index of key codes and mass storage elements authorized for use under respective ones of the key codes. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the mass storage element is one of a multiplicity of elements having the recorded data corresponding to identical information and including a work identifier, the terminal control means being operative for signalling the work identifier to the TPF using the transaction interface, the index having for each of the elements a unique serial identifier and a vendor identifier having prospective rights in the authorized use of the mass storage element under particular key codes, the means for correlating the mass storage element further comprising: (a) means for locating a particular serial identifier in the index using the work identifier and key code as signalled from the terminal drive unit; and (b) means for reading the vendor from the index by association with the serial identifier. 17. The system of claim 1, wherein the mass storage element is one of a multiplicity of elements having the recorded data corresponding to identical information, each of the elements also having a unique machine-readable serial identifier, the terminal drive unit comprising means for signalling the serial identifier to the terminal control means, the means for correlating the mass storage element comprising: (a) an index of serial identifiers associated with particular vendors; (b) means for comparing a particular serial identifier as signalled from the terminal drive unit with serial identifiers of the index; and (c) means for reading the particular one of the vendors from the index in response to the means for comparing. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the serial identifier is a bar code, and the means for signalling the serial identifier comprises a bar code reader. 19. The system of claim 17, wherein the index includes stored use fee data associated with the serial identifiers, and the means for metering includes means for debiting a user account and crediting a vendor account according to the use fee data. 20. The system of claim 2, further comprising a plurality of vendor terminals for use by at least some of the vendors to communicate with the TPF, each vendor terminal having a serial ID reader for reading serial identifiers associated with mass storage elements, the TPF having means for updating the index based on communications from the vendor terminals. 21. The system of claim 20, wherein at least some of the vendor terminals further comprise a key reader for reading a key code from a device possessed by a purchaser of the mass storage element. 22. The system of claim 1, wherein the recorded data of the mass storage element includes vendor information, and wherein the transaction terminal further comprises means for receiving and storing information updates from the TPF using the transaction interface, and usage of the mass storage element includes feeding the one ore more output devices based on a combination of portions of the recorded data and the information updates. 23. The system of claim 22, wherein usage of the mass storage element includes selecting and ordering catalog items, the information updates include catalog updates, the system further comprising means for signalling and confirming catalog orders using the transaction interface. 24. The system of claim 22, wherein the transaction terminal further comprises a key memory for storing authorization data to be compared with user input, the control means inhibiting at least some functions of the terminal drive unit unless the user input matches a predetermined portion of the authorization data. 25. The system of claim 22, wherein the transaction terminal includes means for comparing header information of the mass storage element with predetermined data for verifying authenticity of the information, and means for inhibiting at least some functions of the terminal drive unit unless at least a portion of the header information matches the predetermined data. 26. The system of claim 1, wherein the mass storage element is one of a multiplicity of elements having the recorded data corresponding to identical information, each of the elements also having a unique machine-readable serial identifier, the terminal drive unit comprising means for signalling the serial identifier to the terminal control means based on use of each of the corresponding elements, the means for correlating the mass storage element comprising: (a) an index of serial identifiers authorized for use by particular users; and (b) means for determining uses of the elements by comparing a particular serial identifier as signalled from the terminal drive unit with serial identifiers of the index. 27. The system of claim 26, wherein the identifier includes authorization status information. 28. The system of claim 27, wherein at least a portion of the serial identifier is capable of being recorded by the terminal drive unit, the system being capable of updating the authorization status information of the serial identifier in response to a user's transaction. 29. The system of claim 26, wherein the mass storage element is a CD-R disk, and the serial identifier is recorded together with other recorded data on the mass storage element. 30. A memory system comprising a drive unit for accessing at least one mass storage element containing recorded data, wherein the mass storage element is one of a multiplicity of elements having the recorded data corresponding to identical information in a main data region, each of the elements also having a unique machine- readable serial identifier located outside of the main data region, the system having an output interface for feeding portions of the recorded data to one or more output devices, and means for signalling the serial identifier from the drive unit to an external device. 31. The system of claim 30, wherein the drive unit includes a data head movable relative to the mass storage element for reading at least a portion of the recorded data, the data head also being operable for scanning the serial identifier. 32. The system of claim 30, further comprising a controller for operating the drive unit and having: (a) means for receiving operator input; and (b) means for accessing authorization data, the controller inhibiting at least some operations of the drive unit unless the user input matches a predetermined portion of the authorization data. 33. The system of claim 30, wherein the means for signaling the serial identifier is operative when at least a portion of the serial identifier is contained in a single auxiliary data track having a plurality of auxiliary data bits of the serial identifier. 34. The system of claim 33, wherein means for signaling is operative when the single auxiliary data track contains at least 200 auxiliary data bits. 35. The system of claim 33, wherein the means for signaling is operative when the serial identifier contains at least 200 auxiliary data bits. 36. The system of claim 33, wherein the means for signaling is operative when the serial identifier contains approximately 2000 auxiliary data bits. 37. The system of any of claims 30-36, wherein the means for signaling is operative when the serial identifier is located within a leadout region of the mass storage element. 38. The system of claim 26 or 30, further comprising means for determining use of pirated counterparts of the elements, comprising: (a) means for storing data corresponding to uses of elements having particular serial identifiers; and (b) means for determining incredulous uses based on one or more of an elapsed time between successive uses involving the same serial identifier, the occurrence of simultaneous uses, geographic distances between locations of successive uses, and operator input. 39. The system of claim 38, wherein the recorded data of the mass storage element includes a work identifier, and wherein the means for determining incredulous uses is further based on correlation of the work identifier with a corresponding work identifier of the index. 40. The system of claim 38, further comprising: (a) an index of authorized serial identifiers; and (b) means for determining uses of the elements by comparing a particular serial identifier as signaled from the drive unit with serial identifiers of the index. 41. The system of claim 40, wherein the index has the serial identifiers associated with particular users. 42. The system of claim 41, further comprising means for determining a key code for the drive unit, and wherein the means for determining incredulous uses is further based on correlation of the key code with user identifiers of the index. 43. The system of claim 41, further comprising means for receiving user input, and wherein the means for determining incredulous uses is further based on correlation of the user input with user identifiers of the index. 44. The system of claim 30, further comprising means for receiving user input, and means for maintaining an index of user codes corresponding to the user input, the index including counterparts of unique serial identifiers for mass storage elements authorized for use under respective ones of the user codes, the system being operative for preventing unauthorized uses of the elements. 45. The system of claim 44, wherein the recorded data of the mass storage element includes a work identifier, the system being operative for signaling the work identifier to the external device, the system being operative for transmitting authorization code to the external device for use in conjunction with the recorded data of the mass storage element. 46. The system of claim 30, further comprising: (a) an index of element identifiers corresponding to the serial identifiers of the elements; (b) means for comparing a particular serial identifier as signaled from the drive unit with the element identifiers of the index; and (c) means for enabling use of the recorded data in response to the means for comparing. 47. The system of claim 46, wherein the serial identifier is a bar code, and the means for signaling the serial identifier comprises a bar code reader. 48. The system of claim 26, 30, 44, or 46, wherein the mass storage element is selected from the group consisting of a CD-ROM disk, a CD-I disk, a CD-R disk, a CD- V disk, a video CD, a photo CD, a CD-DA, and a DVD disk, and the drive unit is a compact disk drive. 49. A method for reading mass-produced recorded media while preventing unauthorized uses thereof, comprising the steps of: (a) producing recorded copies of particular works on respective media elements; (b) providing on each element a unique machine- readable serial identifier; (c) providing a device for reading the recorded media in conjunction with authorization data, the device also having means for reading the serial identifier; (d) maintaining an index of valid authorization codes associated with particular ones of the serial identifiers; (e) reading the serial identifier in connection with attempted reading of a copy; (f) receiving a proposed authorization code; (g) conditionally providing the authorization data to the device based on matching the proposed authorization code with a valid authorization code from the index for the particular serial identifier of the copy; and (h) reading the copy as augmented by the authorization code. 50. A method for metering permitted uses of recorded media according to the method of claim 49, comprising the further steps of: (a) forming the index to include authorization levels for particular copies; (b) debiting the authorization levels based on successive uses of the media; (c) crediting the authorization levels based on transactions involving the particular copies; and (d) conditioning the enabling based on the authorization levels. 51. The method of claim 50, comprising the further step of maintaining at least a counterpart of the authorization level for a particular copy in machine- readable form on the copy. 52. The method of any of claims 49-51, wherein the step of producing recorded copies includes the further step of encrypting the works, and the step of reading the copy includes the further step of decrypting the copy using a portion of the authorization code. 53. A mass storage element comprising: (a) a substrate; (b) a main storage media on the substrate storing a multiplicity of main data elements in a main data region thereof, the main data elements being readable by data head means when the data head means moves in a predetermined main path relative to the substrate; and (c) an auxiliary storage media on the substrate for recording and storing a plurality of auxiliary data elements outside of the main data region, the auxiliary data elements being readable by auxiliary head means when the auxiliary head means moves in a predetermined auxiliary path relative to the substrate. 54. The mass storage element of claim 53, wherein at least a portion of the serial identifier is contained in a single auxiliary data track having a plurality of auxiliary data bits of the serial identifier. 55. The mass storage element of claim 54, the single auxiliary data track containing at least 200 auxiliary data bits. 56. The mass storage element of claim 54, wherein the serial identifier contains at least 200 auxiliary data bits. 57. The mass storage element of claim 54, wherein the serial identifier contains approximately 2000 data bits. 58. The mass storage element of claim 53, wherein the main data elements are substantially read-only in character. 59. The mass storage element of claim 58, wherein the main storage media is adapted for receiving the main data elements by press-molding. 60. The mass storage element of claim 53, wherein the main storage media is adapted for receiving the main data elements by selective radiation. 61. The mass storage element of claim 53, wherein the main data elements are optically readable. 62. The mass storage element of claim 53, wherein the substrate and the main storage media are configured as a rotatable compact disk. 63. The mass storage element of claim 53, wherein the auxiliary storage media is adapted for being recorded and read by a single auxiliary head. 64. The mass storage element of claim 63, wherein the auxiliary storage media is a magnetic coating. 65. The mass storage element of any of claims 53-62, wherein the auxiliary storage media is adapted for receiving the auxiliary data elements by selective radiation. 66. A mass storage drive incorporating the mass storage element of claim 53, and further comprising: (a) means for removably supporting the mass storage element; (b) a data head for reading the main data elements; (c) auxiliary head means for reading the auxiliary data elements; and (d) drive means for moving the substrate in a predetermined path relative to the data head and the auxiliary head means for operation thereof. 67. The mass storage drive of claim 66, wherein the data head is an optical head. 68. The mass storage drive of claim 67, wherein the auxiliary head means comprises a magnetic head, the drive further comprising means for writing at least a portion of the auxiliary data elements using the magnetic head. 69. The mass storage drive of claim 66, wherein the auxiliary head means comprises an optical head. 70. The mass storage drive of claim 66, wherein the auxiliary head means comprises means for moving the data head in the predetermined auxiliary path relative to the substrate, the data head being operative for scanning the auxiliary data elements. 71. The mass storage drive of claim 70, further comprising a head circuit including a main amplifier having a main output for signaling the main data elements in response to the data head, the circuit also having a separate auxiliary output for signaling the auxiliary data elements in response to the data head. 72. The mass storage drive of claim 71, the head circuit further comprising an auxiliary amplifier for driving the auxiliary output in response to the data head. 73. The mass storage drive of claim 72, the main amplifier having a first frequency response effective for passing the main data elements, the auxiliary amplifier having a second frequency response for passing the auxiliary data elements, the second frequency response substantially blocking the main data elements. 74. The mass storage drive of claim 72, the main amplifier having a first reference connection effective for balancing the main output relative to a data threshold output of the data head when the data head is reading the main data elements, the auxiliary amplifier having a second reference connection effective for balancing the auxiliary output relative to a serial code threshold output of the data head when the data head is reading the auxiliary data elements. 75. The mass storage drive of any of claims 66- 74, wherein the mass storage element is a compact disk, and the drive means comprises means for rotating the disk. 76. A method for making a serialized multiplicity of mass storage elements having mass-recorded data representative of identical information, comprising the steps of: (a) preparing a master record; (b) recording counterparts of the master record onto a multiplicity of mass-storage elements having respective main data regions; (c) generating a unique serial number associated with each recording from the master; and (d) writing a serial code corresponding to the serial number on each corresponding mass-storage element by selectively altering the mass-storage element outside of the main data region thereof, thereby serializing the elements. 77. The method of claim 76, comprising the further step of encrypting the serial number, respective serial codes of the elements corresponding to the serial numbers as encrypted. 78. The method of claim 76, wherein the step of writing the serial code comprises selectively radiating the mass storage elements. 79. The method of claim 76, 77, or 78, wherein each mass storage element has a control region outside of the main data region, and the step of altering the mass storage elements comprises selectively altering the control region thereof. 80. The method of claim 79, wherein the step of altering is performed in sufficiently spaced relation to the main data region for preserving functionality of the control region adjacent the main data region. 81. The method of claim 79, wherein the step of altering comprises the further steps of altering separate sub-regions of the control region corresponding to respective portions of the serial code, and spacing the sub- regions sufficiently apart within the control region for preserving functionality of the control region. 82. The method of claim 79, wherein the mass- storage elements are compact disks, the control region is a leadout region having characteristic data recorded thereon, and the step of altering comprises the further steps of: (a) rotating each of the disks; (b) modulating an etching device with counterparts of the serial codes; and (c) directing radiation from the etching device within the leadout region of each of the disks.

Inventors: BRINDZE PAUL L, TUULY GEOFFREY A, BRINDZE, PAUL, L., TUULY, GEOFFREY, A.
Applicants: BRINDZE PAUL L, TUULY GEOFFREY A, ZOOM TELEVISION INC, BRINDZE, PAUL, L., TUULY, GEOFFREY, A., ZOOM TELEVISION, INC.
Application year: 1996
Main classification: G06F1
IPC codes: G06F1, G06F17, G06F21, G06Q10, G06Q30, G06Q50, G07F17, G11B20, G11B27