Method and apparatus for torque wrench non-contact angle measurement

Abstract: A method of and apparatus for utilising a non-contact velocity sensor which involves a subpoint set delay and reset feature as a means for minimising problems with zero drift that would cause inaccuracies in tightening procedures of a fastener utilising a reciprocating ratcheting hand held wrench.

Description: This invention relates to a method and apparatus for torque wrench tightening and to measurement of angles turned in a threaded fastener tightening sequence and more particularly to a method of determining the angle with a non-contact reference. In US-A-4 211 120, a potentiometer operates to provide an electrical output signal which is proportional to the rotational displacement of a driver head. A cable and clip are attached to a work piece to provide a fixed reference point. In another embodiment, a digital angle measuring means is disclosed. The digital measuring means includes a high inertial disk as a reference. The fixed reference arm system is difficult to use, requires external fittings and increases both the size and complexity of the wrench head. Drift in the inertial disk non-contact reference created the possibility of accuracy problems and also added to the size, complexity and cost of the wrench head. Recently angular velocity sensors, such as those supplied by the Ono-Sendai Corporation of San Francisco, California and Murata Erie North American Inc. have become available. Mounting one of these on the wrench and integrating the signal will give a signal proportional to the angle turned by the wrench. The sensors, however, have problems with zero drift which cause inaccuracies in the term of a typical fastener tightening cycle. GB-A-2 273 574, which is considered to represent the closest prior art, discloses a ratcheting wrench according to the preamble of claim 3. It further discloses a method of fastener tightening utilising a reciprocating ratcheting hand held wrench comprising the following steps : a- rotating a threaded fastener by ratcheting the wrench to a determined snug torque sufficient to stabilise the wrench b- rotating said wrench a predetermined number of degrees as sensed by a non-contact angular velocity sensor by ratcheting rotation and stitching together angle results c- stopping rotation upon sensing the predetermined positive number of degrees tightened past snug torque as a means of tightening the fastener According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of fastener tightening utilising a reciprocating ratcheting hand held wrench, comprising the steps: a- rotating a threaded fastener by ratcheting the wrench to a determined snug torque sufficient to stabilise the wrench b- holding said wrench against said snug torque to confirm stability at zero rotation c- rotating said wrench a predetermined number of degrees as sensed by a non-contact angular velocity sensor by ratcheting rotation and stitching together angle results c- stopping rotation upon sensing the predetermined positive number of degrees tightened past snug torque as a means of tightening the fastener According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a reciprocating hand held ratcheting wrench for fastener tightening comprising a handle for rotating a threaded fastener, a torque transducer to measure the torque output of the wrench, a non-contact angular velocity sensor for sensing a predetermined number of degrees of rotation of the wrench, means for stitching together angle results until having reached said predetermined number of degrees of rotation, and means for stopping rotation upon sensing the predetermined positive total of degrees tightened as a means of tightening the fastener; characterised by delay means to allow the wrench to be held against said snug torque to confirm stability at zero rotation, and control means operatively associated with said wrench for overviewing tightening of the fastener and providing a snug indicator indicating that tightening of a joint has commenced and to hold the wrench stationary, a delayed snug indicating when tightening may be restarted by rotating the wrench, means for indicating the total tightening votation angle after snug. For a better understanding of the present invention and to show how the same may be carried into effect, reference will now be made, by way of example, to the accompanying drawings, in which:- Figure 1 is a top view of a torque wrench; Figure 2 is a schematic block diagram of a proposed circuit incorporated in the torque wrench; and Figure 3 is a torque vs. angle diagram showing a typical ratcheting tightening procedure. Recently small angular velocity sensors have become available. Mounting one of these on the wrench and integrating the signal will give a signal proportional to the angle turned by the wrench. These sensors have problems with zero drift that will cause inaccuracies in the long term but can be overcome by using the torque signal to reset both the zero velocity signal and an integrator. Referring to Figure 1, a torque wrench 1 has a ratchet head 2, with a velocity sensor 3 mounted on the ratchet head or any similar convenient place on the wrench which will rotate with the wrench during tightening. A body 4 of the wrench contains torque sensing and processing circuitry as well as controls and displays required for wrench operation. A reset button 7 is located near a handle 6 for convenience of operation and a torque transducer 8 is provided to measure the torque output of the wrench. Referring now to Figure 2, the circuit shown conditions the signal from the velocity sensor 15 (3 in Figure 1) and presents it to the wrench in a suitable form for subsequent processing. The velocity sensor does not give a zero signal for zero velocity but a signal of approximately 2.5 volts which also drifts. As described in US-A-4 211 120, snug 11 and reset 16 signals of the present apparatus are derived from the wrench electronics of US-A-4 211 120 and the snug indicator 12 already exists. The reset button 7 is the switch operation that switches on the wrench electronics and at the same time sets the zero on the torque readout 17. The snug torque is the torque level point from which the angle measurement is to be made. The angle signals for each segment of the tightening are then combined or stitched together, as shown in Figure 3, by the wrench electronics to give a readout of total angle turned by the wrench during the tightening process. The torque readout window may also be utilised to display the total angle rotated by the fastener after the snug torque is achieved. In operation, the following steps are accomplished: (1) The bolt is run down and prior to commencing the actual tightening, the wrench is held loosely not applying torque while the reset button 7 is pressed. This switches on the wrench electronics and the Track and Hold circuit 30 is set to allow the velocity reference signal to follow the velocity signal. The integrator is held at zero. (2) The tightening is continued until the snug point is reached. This is indicated on the wrench and the operator must then stop and hold the wrench as stationary as possible on the joint at the applied snug torque until the delayed snug 13 is indicated, as determined by delay 10. At this point the set reset Flip Flop 20 switches to isolate the velocity reference signal and maintain it at this particular level and the integrator 40 is activated so that any future changes in the velocity signal are integrated. The Differential Amplifies 50 then adjusts the level of this signal to make it compatible with the wrench electronics. This will process the signal and indicate if the required angle has been achieved. If not the wrench will need to be ratcheted to achieve the total angle. (3) During ratcheting the torque is reduced prior to moving the wrench in the reverse direction. As soon as the torque is reduced below snug the integrator is held at zero as the wrench movements now do not contribute to the tightening of the bolt. When the wrench is moved forward in the tightening direction and the actual tightening is restarted, the same sequence of actions must be carried out by the operator as was done during the first stage. When snug is indicated by the snug indicator 12 the wrench must be held still until the delayed snug indication 13 is given before the tightening is restarted and the wrench rotated for a selected number of degrees. For convenience of operation the wrench may be ratcheted back and forth counting only the degrees of forward rotation to complete the tightening sequence; however, the wrench must be held still prior to repeat ratchets for optimum precision. In many cases, adequate angle readings may be obtained by zeroing only for the first ratchet. The results obtained for ratcheting operation may be stitched together for each segment as generally described in US-A-4 211 120 and depicted for the angle sequence herein described in Figure 3. (4) The Differential Amplifier 60, motion indicator 14, and angle signal 17 are included as operator aids. The motion indicator 14 enables the operator to check that the wrench actually is stationary as the delayed snug indicator 13 comes on. The motion indicator 14 must be off before restarting the tightening process. The angle signal 17 indicates completion of the tightening cycle. Figure 3 shows the initial run-down of the tightening sequence to a snug torque at point A at which point the hold stable delay takes place. A first ratcheting sequence is shown at point BC and a second at DE followed by completion of the sequence upon achieving the desired total angle of rotation after the snug point.

Claims: A method of fastener tightening utilising a reciprocating ratcheting hand held wrench, comprising the steps of (a) rotating a threaded fastener by ratcheting the wrench to a determined snug torque sufficient to stabilise the wrench; (b) holding said wrench against said snug torque to confirm stability at zero rotation; (c) rotating said wrench a predetermined number of degrees as sensed by a non-contact angular velocity sensor by ratcheting rotation after achieving snug torque, and stitching together angle results until arrival at step (d) is achieved and (d) stopping rotation upon sensing the predetermined positive number of degrees tightened past snug torque as a means of tightening the fastener. A method according to claim 1, comprising the additional steps of sensing both clockwise and counterclockwise rotation and algebraically summing the rotation sensed until rotation is stopped upon sensing the predetermined number of degrees tightened past snug torque. A reciprocating hand held ratcheting wrench (1) for fastener tightening comprising a handle (6) for rotating a threaded fastener, a torque transducer (8) to measure the torque output of the wrench, a non-contact angular velocity sensor (3) for sensing a predetermined number of degrees of rotation of the wrench, means for stitching together angle results until having reached said predetermined number of degrees of rotation, and means for stopping rotation upon sensing the predetermined positive total of degrees tightened as a means of tightening the fastener; characterised by delay means (10) to allow the wrench to be held against said snug torque to confirm stability at zero rotation, and control means operatively associated with said wrench for overviewing tightening of the fastener and providing a snug indicator (12) indicating that tightening of a joint has commenced and to hold the wrench stationary, a delayed snug (13) indicating when tightening may be restarted by rotating the wrench, and means for indicating (17) the total tightening votation angle after snug. A reciprocating hand held ratcheting wrench (1) according to claim 3, further comprising means for sensing both clockwise and counterclockwise rotation, means for algebraically summing the rotation sensed until a predetermined number of degrees of tightening has been achieved A reciprocating hand held vatcheting wrench (1) according to claim 4, wherein said means for indicating (17) the total tightening rotation angle after snug comprises an audible stop signal means.

Inventors: TAMBINI ANGELO L, TAMBINI, ANGELO L.
Applicants: INGERSOLL RAND CO, INGERSOLL-RAND COMPANY
Application year: 1996
Main classification: B25B23
IPC codes: B25B23