Method and apparatus for creating an electroform having a roughened surface

Abstract: An electroforming process and apparatus is disclosed for forming an electroform (40) with a roughened surface. The electroform with a roughened surface is formed by plating a reusable mandrel (50) with a roughened surface (20). The reusable mandrel surface is roughened using a sandblasting device. In one embodiment, the surface of the reusable mandrel is coated with a dual catalyzed non-self regulating crack free chromium deposit and a surface preparation to maintain the roughened surface. An alternate embodiment of the reusable mandrel utilizes a stainless steel mandrel without the chromium deposit on the surface.

Description: This invention relates generally to an electroforming process, and more particularly, concerns a method and apparatus for creating an electroform having a roughened surface such as, for example, small diameter thin-walled sleeves with rough surfaces. The fabrication of hollow metal articles by an electroforming process is well known. For example, hollow metal articles are fabricated by electro-depositing a metal onto an elongated mandrel which is suspended in an electrolytic bath. The resulting seamless electroformed tubes are thereafter removed from the mandrel by sliding the tube off one end of the mandrel. Different techniques have been developed for forming and removing tubes from electroforming mandrels depending upon the cross-sectional area of the electroformed tube. Examples of these techniques are described in US-A-3844906 and US-A-4501646. Electroforms are manufactured using a bath to create surface roughness of the electroforms. This bath induced surface roughness varies considerably depending upon the thickness of the electroform. Electroforms with roughened surfaces are also made by sand blasting the surface of disposable mandrels. An electroform is then plated onto the surface of the mandrel. The plated electroform is separated from the mandrel by dissolving the mandrel. Thus, a new mandrel is required for each electroform made which is not economical. US-A-5196106 discloses a process for forming an infrared absorbing cold shield which comprises anodizing an aluminum mandrel for the cold shield to provide a porous layer of aluminum oxide over the surface of the mandrel. The anodized mandrel is then immersed in an electroforming solution and metal is electrolytically deposited into and over the aluminum oxide layer. The aluminum mandrel is then selectively dissolved, leaving a metal body of the electroformed metal with a layer of infrared absorbing aluminum oxide mechanically anchored to the interior surface of the metal body. US-A-5131893 discloses an endless metal belt assembly made with opposing adjacent belt surfaces that may contain a roughened surface containing protuberances, indentations, and/or pits and are configured such that a lubricant can be held and circulated between the adjacent surfaces. The roughened surface may be formed by an electroforming process in which one or more components of the electroforming baths and the operating parameters of the electroforming baths are adjusted to create the protuberances, indentations and/or pits. A belt assembly formed in this manner is useful as a driving member for continuously variable transmission. In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for fabricating an electroform having a roughened surface. The fabrication method comprises: roughening a surface of a mandrel having a chromium deposit thereon by sandblasting the surface of the mandrel creating protuberances and pits thereon; plating the surface of the mandrel with a layer of material having a thickness ranging from about 10 µm to about 70 µm forming an initial roughened surface electroform to facilitate distribution of toner particles between developing and an imaging surface; separating said roughened surface electroform from said roughened mandrel surface by parting said roughened surface electroform from said roughened mandrel surface, maintaining a reusable mandrel having a roughened surface and removing the electroform, along a longitudinal axis of said reusable mandrel having the roughened surface, to separate said roughened surface electroform therefrom; and replacing said reusable mandrel with a layer of material having a thickness ranging from about 10 µm to about 70 µm forming another roughened surface electroform. Pursuant to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for creating a roughened electroform comprising: a reusable mandrel having a surface; a sandblasting device for creating protuberances and pits on the surface of said reusable mandrel for roughening the surface coated with a chromium deposit on said reusable mandrel creating a roughened mandrel surface enabling toner distribution, said chromium deposit comprising a dual catalyzed non-self regulating crack free chromium to maintain the roughened mandrel surface; means for applying a layer of material comprising a plating bath for applying material to the roughened reusable mandrel surface creating said roughened surface electroform to facilitate distribution of toner particles between developing and an image surface, the layer of material being applied to said roughened mandrel surface comprises a thickness range of about 10 µm to about 70 µm; and means for separating said surface roughened electroform from said roughened mandrel surface. Preferably, the roughened surface electroform has a diameter of about 25 mm, and the roughened surface electroform comprises a roughness ranging from about 0.15 µm to about 1.25 µm. The present invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 1 shows a schematic view of a mandrel with a roughened mandrel surface and a partial break away view of the roughened electroform; and Figure 2 shows an enlarged view of the roughened surface of the mandrel. For a general understanding of an electroforming process in which the present invention may be incorporated, reference is made to US-A-4501646 (mentioned above) which describes the conventional electroforming process using a core mandrel and US-A-4902386 which describes an electroforming mandrel and method of fabricating and using same. Figure 1 shows a schematic view of a mandrel 50 with a roughened surface 20 and a partial break away view of an electroform 40 with a roughened surface. The mandrel 50 is comprised of a shaft 60 and a roughened surface 20. The fixture 100 to which the shaft 60 is attached prevents electrolytes from forming between the shaft 60 and the top of the mandrel 50. The surface of the mandrel 50 is roughened by sandblasting. The surface of the mandrel 50 involves the use of a dual catalyzed non-self regulating crack free chromium deposit 70 (see Figure 2) and sandblasting on the surface of the mandrel 50. The nickel plating produces a deposit which is rough at its inception and will continue to be sufficiently rough for this application even when substantial levels of stress reducers (which normally makes the deposit smoother) are added. This enables easy parting and economical production of parts. In Figure 1, an electroform 40 is fabricated, about the roughened surface 20 of the mandrel 50, by applying current to the mandrel 50 through the shaft 60. The current facilitates plating of the mandrel 50, from a plating bath, creating an electroform 40 having the roughened surface of the mandrel 50. The present invention enables fabrication of a thin-walled electroform 40 with a roughened surface that facilitates the distribution (i.e. transfer) of toner and sealing of the toner distribution module (not shown). (i.e. The electroform has a surface roughness (Ra) of about 0.35 µm RMS which does not interfere with sealing. With microtoner less than or equal to 7 µm and the Ra being below about 1.00 µm, adequate sealing occurs.) The thickness of the thin-walled electroform ranges from about 10 µm to about 70 µm. A preferred embodiment of the surface roughness of the surface roughened electroform ranges from about 0.25 µm RMS to about 0.35 µm RMS. The surface roughness of the electroform ranges from about 0.15 µm RMS to about 1.25 µm RMS. (It is noted that the present invention is applicable to both male and female mandrels.) (The roughened surface of the electroform 40 provides toner distribution from the developer (not shown) to the photoreceptor (not shown) as the electroform 40 rotates between the developer and the photoreceptor.) Sandblasting a mandrel to create an electroform with a roughened surface has previously required the mandrel to be disposable. The affinity between the roughened surface of the mandrel and the roughened surface of the electroform in contact with the mandrel required dissolving of the mandrel to separate the electroform from the mandrel. This prior art process is both expensive and time consuming because each fabrication of an electroform requires a new mandrel. In the present invention, the mandrel is permanent and reusable reducing the expense and time of creating a new surface roughened mandrel for each surface roughened electroform created. Furthermore, the chromium deposit maintains the surface mandrel roughness throughout the life of the mandrel. Creating an electroform with a roughened surface using an electro-depositing bath requires thicker deposits of the material being plated (e.g. about 60 µm to about 125 µm). Hence, sandblasting.the surface of the mandrel, as in the present invention, allows the use of thinner films as electroforms. The surface roughness of the thinner films made by the roughened surfaces of the mandrel range from about 0.15 µm RMS to about 1.25 µm RMS. Electroforms such as, for example, sleeves, belts, or tubes having a material of, e.g., nickel, copper and brass with diameters of less than about 40 mm require capitalization on the process of hysteresis and the use of a system which produces an electroform which is at least nearly zero in internal tensile stress. Stress reducers are required to maintain the desired internal stress. The stress reducers can also cause the electroform deposit to be smoother. If a rough mandrel is used to get the desired roughness, it is required that even more stress reducers be used so that the electroform can be separated from the mandrel. If more stress reducers are required, the purpose of roughening the mandrel is defeated unless hysteresis is used. Small diameter (i.e. about 25 mm) thin-walled nickel sleeves (of about 0.04 mm) with surface roughness (Ra) of about 0.33 µm have been found to be useful as toner donor roll coverings. Prior to the present invention, to achieve small diameter, surface roughened sleeves (i.e. electroforms), the sleeves were made on a non-permanent mandrel. Each sleeve required the manufacture of a new mandrel which could only be used once making this an expensive process. The present invention involves sandblasting a mandrel which has been chromium plated with a dual catalyzed non-self regulating crack free chromium. The chromium plating produces a deposit which is rough at its inception and will continue to be sufficiently rough throughout the life of the mandrel even when substantial levels of stress reducers are added. This enables easy parting and economical production of parts. The electroform 40 is removed from the mandrel by sliding the electroform, in the direction of arrow 45, after parting between the mandrel and the electroform 40 has occurred. Reference is now made to Figure 2, which shows a partial enlargement of the roughened surface indicated in Figure 1. Sandblasting the mandrel having a chromium deposit 70 on the surface creates protuberances 25 (i.e. peaks) and pits 28 (i.e. valleys) in the surface of the mandrel forming the roughened surface 20. Therefore, the present invention discloses the use of a reusable mandrel having a roughened mandrel surface for creating an electroform with a roughened surface. The surface of the mandrel has a chromium deposit thereon prior to roughening the mandrel surface. The chromium deposit is a dual catalyzed non-self regulating crack free chromium and a surface preparation to maintain the roughened surface of the mandrel. The mandrel is plated with a material (e.g. metal) in a thin layer to form a thin-walled electroform. The method and apparatus, of the present invention, enables the creation of a thin-walled electroform, having a small diameter which previously could not be attained with a permanent (i.e. reusable) mandrel. The rough surface of the electroform facilitates the distribution of toner and the sealing of the toner distribution module. One technique of removing the electroform from the mandrel with the roughened surface is to select a mandrel material having a coefficient of expansion different from that of the electroform material and then changing the temperature.

Claims: A method for fabricating an electroform having a roughened surface, comprising: roughening a surface of a mandrel having a chromium deposit thereon by sandblasting the surface of the mandrel creating protuberances and pits thereon; plating the surface of the mandrel with a layer of material having a thickness ranging from about 10 µm to about 70 µm forming an initial roughened surface electroform to facilitate distribution of toner particles between developing and an imaging surface; separating said roughened surface electroform from said roughened mandrel surface by parting said roughened surface electroform from said roughened mandrel surface, maintaining a reusable mandrel having a roughened surface and removing the electroform, along a longitudinal axis of said reusable mandrel having the roughened surface, to separate said roughened surface electroform therefrom; and replacing said reusable mandrel with a layer of material having a thickness ranging from about 10 µm to about 70 µm forming another roughened surface electroform. An apparatus for creating a roughened electroform comprising: a reusable mandrel having a surface; a sandblasting device for creating protuberances and pits on the surface of said reusable mandrel for roughening the surface coated with a chromium deposit on said reusable mandrel creating a roughened mandrel surface enabling toner distribution, said chromium deposit comprising a dual catalyzed non-self regulating crack free chromium to maintain the roughened mandrel surface; means for applying a layer of material comprising a plating bath for applying material to the roughened reusable mandrel surface creating said roughened surface electroform to facilitate distribution of toner particles between developing and an image surface, the layer of material being applied to said roughened mandrel surface comprises a thickness range of about 10 µm to about 70 µm; and means for separating said surface roughened electroform from said roughened mandrel surface. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein said roughened surface electroform has a diameter of about 25 mm; and wherein the roughened surface electroform comprises a roughness ranging from about 0.15 µm to about 1.25 µm.

Inventors: HERBERT WILLIAM G, MAIER GARY J, HERBERT, WILLIAM G., MAIER, GARY J.
Applicants: XEROX CORP, XEROX CORPORATION
Application year: 1996
Main classification: C25D1
IPC codes: C25D1