Railway vehicle

Abstract: To provide a high speed vehicle having a nose shape which reduces a pressure gradient of a micro pressure wave, and secures the capacity necessary for each of the driver's cab and the passengers' cabin and the visibility necessary for driving. In a nose shape, reference numerals 1, 2 and 3 denote a tip region, an intermediate region and a rear region, respectively. The change rate of the sectional area from the tip toward the rear end is maximal in the tip region 1 and progressively decreases towards the intermediate region 2 and the rear region 3.

Description: This invention relates to a nose shape of a vehicle, and more specifically to a nose shape suitable for railway vehicles running at a high speed such as high speed trains. The running speed of high speed trains was about 200 km/h at the initial stage, but has been increased to about 270 km/h for the tatest high speed trains, and a further increase is being attempted As the running speed of the vehicle becomes higher and higher, the shape of the vehicle and the flow of air are associated more closely with each other, and this relation can be broadly classified into the following two cases. The first is the case where the vehicle travels in a broad space as when it runs in an environment referred to as a "free-field" devoid of any tunnels. In this case, the influences of surroundings are not great, and the flow of air induced by the shape of the tip becomes important for the nose shape. In other words, the nose shape must nave a small air resistance so as to reduce power for running the vehicle at a high speed. The second is the case where the vehicle travels in a narrow and limited space as when it enters a tunnel. In this case, the leading vehicle plays the role of a piston to the tunnel and is greatly affected by the tunnel, in other words, air at the leading part of the vehicle is gradually compressed between the vehicle, and the tunnel, and propagates as a weak compression wave referred to as a "micro pressure wave" at an acoustic. velocity higher than the vehicle speed inside the tunnel. A part of this micro pressure wave is reflected by the tunnel exit and its major portion is discharged as sound outside the tunnel In this case, it is very important to reduce the micro pressure wave discharged outside the tunnel in orderto reduce the influences of the high speed vehicles on the environment. To reduce the air resistance as the first problem, various shapes have been proposed as the nose shape of the high speed vehicles. As the first prior art example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 124511/1993 describes a nose shape of a linear motor car wherein the angle of the distal end portion is made small but is gradually increased in such a manner as to "scoop up" air. Because the linear motor car is driven by super-conducting magnets in place of the wheels of the high speed trains, vertical walls formed by aligning electromagnets and referred to a "guideway" are' disposed on both side surfaces of the vehicle. The truck portion of the vehicle is encompassed by the roadbed and guideways at both ends, and the gap between the car body and these members is small. Therefore, the influences of the guideways are great. Because the guideways exist, air at the tip portion cannot escape from both side surfaces of the vehicle, and the nose shape indispensably becomes the one that scoops up air above the guideways. As the second prior art example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 61161/1991 discloses the nose shape as the nose shape of the high speed train, wherein the nose portion is disposed at a height spaced apart from the ground surface so that air at the tip portion is divided into four directions, that is, upper, lower, right and left directions, and is caused to flow in each direction. Because the guideways are not provided to the high speed train unlike the linear motor car, the flows of air divided to the right and the left at the nose portion pass along the side surfaces of the car body without any change and consequently; the air resistance can be reduced. As the third prior art example, the reference 1 described below discloses the nose shape of the linear motor car wherein the tip portion is cut and rounded on the basis of the leading shape having a basic geometric shape such as an ellipsoid of revolution. This nose shape can resolve the second problem, and is based on the experimental result that the tip portion hardly exerts any influences when the vehicle enters the tunnel. Reference 1: Tatuo Maeda et al., "Effect of Shape of Train Nose on Compression Wave generated by Train-Entering Tunnel" (The International Conference on Speedup Technology for Railway and MAGLEV Vehicles, 1993, Yokohama, Japan. Each of the first and second prior art examples addresses the first problem and relates to the nose shape for reducing the air resistance, but does not consider the nose shape at the time of entering the tunnel. The second poor art example provides the nose shape which is affected by the guideways inherent to the linear motor car, and effective effects cannot be expected in the case of the high speed vehicles not using the guide-ways. The third prior art examples considers the nose shape at the time of entering the tunnel as the second problem, but it provides the nose shape which attaches much importance to the influences of the guideways inherent to the linear motor car in the same way as the second prior art example. It is the object of the present invention to provide a high speed vehicle which reduces the fine atmospheric pressure wave and which secures a front visibility via a windshield of a drivers cab when a sharper nose shape is used, The present invention provides a railway vehicle according to claim 1. The driver's cab is formed in the nose portion in which the car body cross-sectional area changes starting at the distal end of the car body in the car body longitudinal direction. The angle of inclination of the windshield of the driver's cab is set to one ensuring a front visibility by the driver, and recess portions are formed below the both side portions of the windshield. Fig. 1 is a schematic view of a pressure distribution occurring around a travelling obstacle. Fig. 2 is a schematic view of the theory as a principle related to the present invention. Fig. 3 is a diagram showing the relations between sectional areas of a paraboloid of revolution, a ellipsoid of revolution and a cone of revolution and the distance from the distal end. Fig. 4 is a diagram showing the change rete of the paraboloid of revolution, the ellipsoid of revolution and the cone of revolution. Fig. 5 is a diagram showing the pressure gradient change with time obtained by applying the theory as a principle related to the present invention. Fig. 6 is a schematic view of a one-stage perabolic sectional shape. Fig. 7 is a schematic view showing a two-stage parabolic sectional area shape which may be applied in the present invention. Fig. 8 is a schematic view showing, a three-stage parabolic sectional area shape which may be applied in the present invention Fig. 9 is a perspective view showing a 3-D car body shape having the three-stage parabolic sectional shape to which the present invention is applied. Fig. 10 is a schematic view of a three-stage parabolic sectional area shape which may be applied in the present invention Fig. 11 is a schematic view of a four-stage parabolic sectional area shape which may be applied in the present invention A preferred embodiment of the invention will now be described. The present invention provides an optimum nose shape on the basis of the theory on the correlationship between the sectional area change rate of the nose shape and the micro pressure wave in order to reduce the micro pressure wave. First, the explanation will be given as to what phenomenon occurs between the tunnel and the vehicle when the vehicle enters the tunnel. Fig. 1 schematically illustrates an isobar distribution occurring around a vehicle when the vehicle simulated by an axisymmetric obstacle travels inside a bright zone. It will be assumed hereby that the nose shape is defined by dividing it into a lip region 1, an intermediate region 2 and a rear region 3 starting at the distal end. In the front region inclusive of the tip region 1 and referred to as a "stagnation region", the flow of air is stopped up and retardation occurs. Kinetic energy after this retardation changes to a pressure, so that the pressure in the tip region 1 becomes higher than the pressure of a uniform flow (flow having the same velocity as the speed of the vehicle). This will be referred to as a "high pressure zone 4". In the rearward region inclusive of the rear region 3, on the other hand, the cross-sectional area of the car body does not increase any more towards the back, so that the flow of air is not Impeded. Accordingly, the pressure that has been increasing Is converted to kinetic energy contrary to the tip region 1, and the pressure becomes lower than the pressure of the uniform flow. This will be referred to as a "low pressure zone 5". The zone which shifts from the high pressure zone 4 to the low pressure zone 5 Is a transition zone 6. This transition zone 6 is the intermediate region 2 containing the position at which the maximum car body cross-sectional area rate projected in the flow direction is about 1/3 in the case of an axisymmetric obstacle and is about 4/9 in the case of a sphere, though the value is different depending on the shape of the obstacle. Since the air pressure changes with the transition zone 6 as the boundary, it could be understood that this region is extremely important. Next, before the vehicle enters the tunnel, this pressure distribution moves with the vehicle until the nose portion approaches the tunnel entrance, and the high pressure zone 4 Is changed to the micro pressure wave inside the tunnel Accordingly, since the development of the high pressure zone is governed by the transition region 6, it is important to correctly design the sectional shape of this intermediate region 2 in contact with the transition region 6 in order to reduce the micro pressure wave. Fig. 2 schematically shows the concept as the basis of the theory of the presentinvention. There is the correlation between the car body shape and the fine wave, as already described. The theory of the present invention is the method which determines this correlation on the basis of a paraboloid of revolution as the basic geometric shape, and obtains the pressure gradient change with time from the change of the car body sectiorial area. As shown in Fig. 2(a), the car body cross-sectional area of paraboloid of revolution increases in proportion to the distance from the distal end. The sectional area change rate can be obtained automatically by differentiating the car body cross-sectional area with respect to the distance in the direction of distance. The sectional area change rate of the paraboloid of revolution is constant as shown in Fig. 2(b). On the other hand, the pressure change and the pressure gradient change with time for the paraboloid of revolution are obtained by the reference 1 as the basic experiment of the micro pressure wave as shown in Figs. 2(c) and 2(d), respectively. Therefore, the sectional area change rate and the pressure gradient change with time are allowed to correspond to each other, and the function of correlation representing the relation between them is shown in Fig. 2(d). Accordingly, the pressure gradient change with time can be obtained from the sectional area change of the car body on the basis of this function of correlation, whatever the nose shape may be. As examples of the application of the present theory, the present theory will be applied to a ellipsoid of revolution and a cona of revolution known as other basic geometric shapes. Fig. 3 shows the changes of the sectional areas of the ellipsoid of revolution, the cone of revolution and the paraboloid of revolution; and Fig. 4 shows their sectional area change rates. Fig. 5 shows the pressure gradient change with time obtained by multiplying the sectional area change rate by the function of correlation. As can be clearly seen for Fig. 5, the maximum value of the pressure gradient change with time is mutually equal between the ellipsoid of revolution and the cone of revolution, and its position moves back and forth with the center of the tip distance as the boundary. For, the sectional area change rate' of the ellipsoid of revolution becomes maximal at the tip and minimal at the rear end while those become opposite in the cone of revolution as shown in Fig. 4. It is of greater importance that the maximum value of the pressure gradient change with time of both the ellipsoid of revolution and the cone of revolution is greater than that of the paraboloid of revolution. In other words, it is the paraboloid of revolution that has the minimum pressure gradient change with time among these three shapes. The result obtained by using the theory of the present invention agrees with the experimental result described in the reference 1 and this fact supports that the theory of the present invention is effective. It can be concluded from the result described above that the most desirable shape as the nose shape for reducing the pressure gradient change with time of the micro pressure wave is the paraboloid of revolution. When the running speed of the vehicle is low and the micro pressure wave is not strong, the distance in which the nose shape changes need not be elongated. Therefore, no practical problem occurs even with the paraboloid of revolution. As the vehicle speed becomes higher, however, the distance in which the car bodycross-sectional area changes must be elongated unavoidably, and the following problem, becomes serious in order to secure the capacity in the case of the paraboloid of revolution. In other words, the paraboidof revolution cannot be said optimal in order to secure the capacity necessary for the driver's cab and the passengers' room for the leading vehicle. From the aspect of securing of the capacity, the ellipsoid of revolution has a greater capacity than the paraboloid of revolution, but it involves the problem that the pressure gradient change with time is greater than that of the paraboloid of revolution. Therefore, the nose shape which can secure the capacity and has a small pressure gradient change with time such as the paraboloid of revolution becomes optimal. According to the theory described above, the function of correlation attains the maximum before and behind the center of the tip distance. Therefore, this problem can be solved by making the sectional area change rate small in the intermediate region and making it great in both the tip region and the rear region. In other words, it can be appreciated that the nose shape may be constituted by combining a plurality of paraboloids of revolution having mutually different sectional change rate. Fig. 6 shows the car body cross-sectional area of the paraboloid of revolution as the basis and its sectional area change rate. Since the nose shape is constituted by only one paraboloid of revolution, this shape will be referred to as a "one-stage parabolic sectional area shape". Similarly, the nose shape constituted by N paraboloids of revolution will be hereinafter referred to as an "N-stage parabolic sectional area shape". Here, the area encompassed by oblique lines (the integration value of the change rate of the sectional area) is equal to the sectional area and is therefore always constant In this nose shape, it has been difficult to secure the effective capacity for the driver's cab and the passenger's room. Therefore, the nose portion is divided into three parts, and the sectional area change rate of the intermediate region, which contains the position at which the car body cross-sectional area is a half of the maximum car body cross-sectional area, is set to be greater than that of the tip region and the sectional area is made as great as possible within a short distance range at the portion where the car body sectional area is relatively small with respect to the tunnel. Further, the sectional area change ratio is made smaller than that of the tip portion in the intermediate region containing the position at which the sectional area is about a half of the maximum car body cross-sectional area which is relatively great with respect to the tunnel. In this way, the pressure gradient of the micro pressure wave can be made gentle. Further, the driver's cab is disposed in the intermediate region and the windshield is formed, recess portions are formed below the both side portions of the windshield in order to secure the sufficient visibility angle of the windshield so that the gradient of the pressure wave can be made gentle and the field of view of the windshield of the driver's cab can be secured. Fig. 7 shows an example of the shape of two-stage parabolic sectional area (the nose shape of which is formed by two paraboloids of revolution). A sectional area change rate is increased in a tip region 11 because a function of correlation is small, and is decreased in an intermediate region 12 where the function of correlation is great The sectional area change rate of a rear region 13 is equal to that of the intermediate region 12. Because the sectional area change rate of the tip region is great, a necessary capacity can be secured for a driver's cab. Further, because the change rates of the cross-sectional areas of the intermediate region 12 and the rear region 13 can be made small, a pressure gradient change with time can be made smaller than that of the one-stage paraboloid sectional shape. The problem with the two-stage parabolic sectional area shape is that the intermediate region 2 is limited because the change rate of the car body cross-sectional area of the rear region 13, which is equal to that of the intermediate region 12, must be small even though the rear region 13 has a small function of correlation. Fig. 8 shows an example of a three-stage parabolic sectional area shape for solving this problem. In this example, the intermediate region 22 which is important for reducing a micro pressure wave and contains a position at which the car body cross-sectional area is a half of the maximum car body cross-sectional area is determined independently of the tip region 21 and the rear region 23, and the change rate of its car body cross-sectional area is set. These tip region 21, intermediate region 22 and rear region 23 are constituted by dividing the portion at which the car body cross-sectional area changes in the longitudinal direction of the car body, that is, the nose portion, into substantially three equal portions in the distance in the car body longitudinal direction. The intermediate region 22 contains the position at which the car body cross-sectional area is a half of the maximum car body cross-sectional area, and is set to the range which exerts remarkable influences on the increase/decrease of the pressure gradient of the micro pressure wave in the car body longitudinal direction at that position. The effect brought forth by this three-stage parabolic sectional shape is that the necessary capacity for the driver's cab can be secured without increasing the length of the nose portion corresponding to the increase of the pressure gradient of the micro pressure wave. This shape is practically extremely effective because the visibility from the driver's cab can be secured by the increase of the capacity of the portion ranging from the intermediate region 22 to the rear region 23. Effectiveness of the three-stage parabolic sectional area shape, which changes the change rate of the car body cross-sectional area in three stages, will be explained next with reference to the phenomenon when the vehicle enters the tunnel. The car body cross-sectional area of the nose region 21 of the car body is smaller than the tunnel opening area, and the influences on the micro pressure wave at the time of entry to the tunnel are small. Accordingly, even when the change rate of the car body cross-sectional area at this portion is made relatively great, the degree of increasing the pressure gradient of the micro pressure wave can be believed smaller than in the intermediate region 22. In other words, the quantity of air pushed aside at the time of entry into the tunnel is small in the tip region 21 of the car body, and the influences on the micro pressure wave are small even when the change rate of the car body cross-sectional area is made relatively great. On the other hand, the occupying ratio of the car body cross-sectional area of the intermediate region 22 of the nose portion in the tunnel opening area becomes great and consequently, the quantity of air pushed aside becomes great, so that the air pressure on the front surface of the nose portion of the vehicle at the time of entry into the tunnel rises. The pressure gradient of the micro pressure wave can be made gentle by reducing the sectional area change rate of the intermediate region 22 of the nose portion. Hereinafter, a concrete embodiment of the present invention based on the three-stage parabolic sectional shape shown in Fig. 8 will be explained with reference to Fig. 9. The car body has the nose shape comprising the tip region 31, the intermediate region 32 and the rear region 33. The car body width on the side surface of the driver's cab is made smaller than the width near the underframe in the intermediate region 32, and an angle to permit a front visibility is secured for the windshield of the driver's cab. In other words, recess portions 34 are formed on both side surface portions of the driver's cab in the cross-sectional shape above the underframe. However, because a uniform height and a uniform width are necessary for the underframe portion up to the truck disposition position, contraction of the car body width described above, that is, the recess 34 on both side surfaces of the driver's cab, are formed on the side structure portion above the underframe, up to the truck disposition portion. The width can be reduced at portions on the distal end side of the truck disposition position. According to the construction described above, the section change rate of the car body cross-sectional area is increased in the tip region 31 in which the car body cross-sectional area is relatively smaller than the tunnel section area, so as to secure the car body cross-sectional area within a short range in the car body longitudinal direction, and the section change rate of the car body cross-sectional area is decreased in the intermediate region where the car body cross-sectional area occupies a relatively large proportion to the tunnel sectional area In this way, the pressure gradient of the micro pressure wave can be made gentle. The pressure gradient of the micro pressure wave is also made gentle by forming the recess portions on both side surface portions of the driver's cab, and the excellent visibility is secured for the windshield of the driver's cab. Fig. 10 shows another example of the three-stage parabolic sectional area shape. In this example, the change rate of the car body sectional area in the intermediate region 42 can be made smaller than that in the tip region 41 and the rear region 43. Accordingly, the reduction effect of the micro pressure wave is great. Although it is difficult to secure the visibility from the driver's cab in the intermediate region 42, the driver's cab can be installed in the rear region 43 if the visibility can be secured by the operation through computer processing. Fig. 11 shows an example of the four-stage parabolic sectional shape. Since the number of stages increases in this embodiment, the change of the car body cross-sectional area can be made more freely The basic concept is the same as that of the three-stage parabolic sectional shape, and the capacity of the driver's cab and the visibility via the windshield of the driver's cab can be secured. However, when the number of stages increases, the effect of reducing the micro pressure wave drops. The present invention optimizes the nose shape on the basis of the theory that the micro pressure wave can be determined from the change rate of the car body cross-sectional area of the nose shape, and can reduce the pressure gradient change with time of the micro pressure wave. Further, the capacity necessary for the drivers cab and the capacity for the cabin car of the leading vehicle can be secured even in the elongated nose portion while reducing the pressure gradient change with time of the micro pressure wave. Furthermore, the sufficient visibility via the windshield of the driver's cab can be secured.

Claims: A railway vehicle having a car body having a nose portion at which the car body cross-sectional area progressively increases in the longitudinal direction from a tip of the car body at one end of the vehicle towards the other end thereof, said nose portion having at least a tip region (11) and an intermediate region (12, 13; 22; 32; 42) adjoining said tip region and more remote from the said tip than said tip region, wherein (i) throughout said intermediate region the car body cross-sectional area increases at a constant rate in the longitudinal direction away from said tip, (ii) said intermediate region includes the position at which the car body cross-sectional area is half the maximum car body cross-sectional area of the vehicle, and (iii) throughout said tip region the car body cross-sectional area increases in the longitudinal direction at a rate greater than said constant rate of said intermediate region, characterised in that : throughout said tip region, the car body cross-sectional area increases at a constant rate in the longitudinal direction of the car body, a driver's cab windshield is located in said intermediate region and has an angle to the vertical permitting visibility ahead, and at the location of the windshield in the longitudinal direction, the car body has recesses (34) in its sides. A railway vehicle according to claim 1, wherein said intermediate region adjoins, at its end remote from said tip, a region (43) of said nose portion having a rate of increase of car body cross-sectional area more than said constant rate of said intermediate region. A railway vehicle according to claim 1, wherein said intermediate region adjoins, at its end remote from said tip, a region (23, 33) of said nose portion having a rate of increase of car body cross-sectional area less than said constant rate of said intermediate area.

Inventors: HARADA IWAO, HATTORI MORISHIGE, HIRAOKA KAZUHIKO, OOBA HIDESHI, HARADA, IWAO, HATTORI, MORISHIGE, HIRAOKA, KAZUHIKO, OOBA, HIDESHI
Applicants: HITACHI LTD, HITACHI, LTD.
Application year: 1996
Main classification: B61D17
IPC codes: B61D17