NOVEL TAXOIDS

Abstract: Novel taxoids are provided having enhanced water solubility and/or improved pharmacological properties as compared to paclitaxel. The subject taxoids comprise a functional group attached to a paclitaxel at the C-2' and/or C-7 position by a linking group. Functional groups present in the subject taxoids may be hydrophilic chains, groups capable of in vivoconversion to hydrophilic chains, targeting moieties capable of specifically binding with cellular receptors and water soluble polymers of at least 5 kD. The subject taxoids find use in the treatment of hosts suffering from a cellular proliferative disease.

Description: NOVEL TAXOIDS INTRODUCTION Technical Field The technical field of this invention is novel taxoids and their use in the treatment of cellular proliferative diseases. Background Paclitaxel (TAXOL * ) is a biologically active agent which is a member of the taxane family of diterpenes and was originally isolated from the bark of Taxus brevifolia L. Wani et al , J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1971) 93: 2325. Paclitaxel promotes the assembly of microtubules from tubulin dimers and stabilizes microtubules by preventing their depolymerization. In addition to prevention of depolymerization, paclitaxel induces the formation of abnormal arrays of microtubules throughout the cell cycle, as well as the formation of multiple asters of microtubules during mitosis. This activity results in the inhibition of normal cell division. Because of its effect on normal cell division, paclitaxel possesses potent antineoplastic activity. The clinical efficacy of paclitaxel against several tumor systems has been demonstrated and paclitaxel is approved for clinical use in the treatment of ovarian and breast cancers. Despite paclitaxel 1 s promise as an antineoplastic agent, it has a number of drawbacks. For example, it is extremely insoluble in water and cannot therefore be formulated into physiologically acceptable compositions which are tolerated well by the host or patient. Paclitaxel' s extreme insolubility in standard aqueous media (saline, dextrose etc.) requires formulation in emulsifying vehicles which induce side effects and limit its method of administration. Paclitaxel is currently administered in formulations comprising CremaphorEL * (polyethoxylated castor oil). However, this formulation requires additional medication to suppress the hypersensitivity to CremaphorEL * formulations. In many patients because of uncontrollable hypersensitivity TAXOL * (paclitaxel and CremaphorEL" formulation) is contraindicated. See Physician's Desk Reference (1994) 670. The emulsions are also dose-limiting. Also, paclitaxel is known to partially precipitate, and the clinical practice requires an interposed filter in the i.v. line. This makes the doses delivered uncertain. The pharmacologic properties of paclitaxel, as well as formulations of paclitaxel in emulsifying vehicles, are also not entirely satisfactory. Side effects include hypersensitivity, myelosuppression, neuropathy, alopecia, and cardio- toxicity, which occur in about 30% of patients. In addition, patients receiving paclitaxel often develop drug and multiple drug resistance. The pharmacokinetics of paclitaxel have been studied with the following results. The plasma concentration of paclitaxel rapidly declines following infusion due to both distribution of the drug to the peripheral compartment and significant drug elimination. The mean steady state volume of distribution has been found to range from 42 to 162 L/m 2 , indicating extensive extravascular distribution and/or tissue binding of paclitaxel. See Physician's Desk Reference (1994) 670. In some instances, it would be desirable for the paclitaxel agent to have different pharmacological properties, such as a longer half-life or a more specific tissue distribution profile. In an effort to overcome the above problems associated with the low water solubility of paclitaxel, efforts have been made to produce paclitaxel derivatives (taxoids) which exhibit at least comparable cytotoxic activity to paclitaxel while also having improved water solubility and/or pharmacologic properties, particularly as prodrugs. See, for example, Ueda et al., Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters (1993) 3: 1761-1766; Nicolaou et al., Nature (1993) 364:464-466; Ueda et al., Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters (1994) 4: 1861-1864; Greenwald et al., Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters (1994) 4:2465-2470; Chen et al., Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters (1994) 4:2223-2228; Greenewald et al., J. Org. Chem.(l995) 60:331-336. Paclitaxel has been chemically modified via substitution reactions at the C-2' and C-7 positions. Paclitaxel derivatives substituted at these positions were reported in Magri & Kingston, J. Nat. Prods. (1988) 51: 298-306. While by adding hydrophilic groups one may improve the water solubility of paclitaxel, these groups must not seriously adversely affect the desired properties of paclitaxel. In order for paclitaxel to be active, it must be able to exert its physiological effect by appropriate binding, requiring its entry into the cell, the derivative must have a reasonable lifetime in the bloodstream of the host, bioavailability of the paclitaxel must be maintained at a cytotoxic level, and the derivative should not change the activity profile between normal and neoplastic cells adversely as compared to paclitaxel, among other factors. It would also be desirable to enhance the activity profile between the target neoplastic cells and normal cells. Therefore, there is continued interest in the development of new paclitaxel derivatives which differ from paclitaxel in both water solubility and pharmacological properties. Ideal paclitaxel derivatives would have cytotoxic activity comparable to, or greater than, paclitaxel while at the same time have improved water solubility and/or pharmacological properties. Relevant Literature Patents disclosing water soluble paclitaxel derivatives include 5,278,324 and 5,362,83. Published PCT application serial no. WO 93/24476 describes paclitaxel derivatives comprising paclitaxel covalently linked to polyethylene glycol (PEG). Other references of interest include: Mathew et al., J. Med. Chem. , 1992; 35(1): 145-151; Deutsch et al, J. Med. Chem.,19 9; 32(40:788-792; Veda Y, et al. Biorg. and Med. Chem. Lett. , 1993; 3(8): 1761-1766; Rimoldi et al. , J. Natural Products, 1993; 56(8): 1313-1330; Chaudhary et al. , J. Org. Chem. , 1993; 58(15):3798-3799; Parness et al. , Biochem. and Biophys. Res. Comm. , 9182; 105(3): 1082-1089; Kingston et al, J. Nat. Prod. , 1990; 53(1): 1-12; Swindell s al., J. Med. Chem. , 1991; 34(3): 1176-1189; Kant et α/. , Biorg. Med. Chem. Lett. , 1993; 3(l l):pp. 2471-2474; Gueritte-Voegelein et al , J. Med. Chem. , 1991; 34(3):992-998; Zhao et al , J. Nat. Prod. , 1991; 54(6): 1607-1611; Chen et al , Biorg. Med. Chem. Lett. , 1994; 4(18):2223-2228; Greenwald et al., Biorg. Med. Chem. Lett. , 1994; 4(20):2465-2470; Nicolaou et al. Agnew Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1994; 33: 1583-1587; Nicolaou et al. Nature, 29 July 1993; 346:464-65; Vyas et al, Biorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1993; 3(6): 1357-1360; Vyas et α/. ACS Publications 1995; 583: 124-137. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Novel paclitaxel derivatives (taxoids) and methods of their use in the treatment of cellular proliferative diseases are provided. In the subject taxoids, functional groups are attached to paclitaxel at the C-2' and/or C-7 position via linking groups of varying chemical stability, and which in principle are cleavable, e.g. by hydrolysis or enzymatic mechanisms. Functional groups found in the subject taxoids include those groups which increase water solubility and/or provide for improved pharmacologic properties as compared to paclitaxel, e.g. groups which modulate the half-life of the active agent, and/or serve to target the active agent to a particular cell type. The subject taxoids which, being more water soluble than, and/or having pharmacologic properties superior to, paclitaxel, find use in the treatment of hosts, particularly human hosts, suffering from cellular proliferative diseases. BRIEF DESCRIPTION QF THE DRAWINGS Fig. 1. provides the reaction scheme of two alternative routes for the synthesis of BP-171. Fig. 2. provides the reaction scheme for the synthesis of two taxoids which may be converted in vivo to taxoid BP-171 shown in Fig. 1. Fig. 3 provides the reaction scheme for the synthesis of taxoids BP-189 and BP-195, which taxoids comprise hydrophilic functionalities attached to paclitaxel at the C-2' position. Fig. 4 provides the reaction scheme for the synthesis of taxoids BP-191 and BP-193, also comprising hydrophilic functionalities attached to paclitaxel at the C-2' position. Fig. 5 provides the chemical structure of taxoid BP-177, a taxoid comprising a hydrophilic functional at both the C-2' and C7 positions, as well as the reaction scheme for the synthesis of BP-179 from BP-177. Fig. 6 provides the reaction scheme for an alternative synthesis route for BP- 179. Fig. 7 provides the reaction scheme for the synthesis of BP-182, a useful intermediate in the synthesis of C7 substituted taxoids of the subject invention. Fig. 8 provides the reaction scheme for the synthesis of taxoids 196 and 203 which comprise targeting moieties attached at the C7 position. Also shown is the chemical structure of a taxoid according to the subject invention having a targeting moiety (cyproterone acetate) attached to the C7 position and a hydrophilic functionality attached to the C-2' position. Fig. 9 provides the reaction scheme for taxoids having functionalities attached at the C7 position via linking groups potentially cleavable by carbamylases. Fig. 10 provides the reaction scheme for the synthesis of the methyl vinyl ether/maleic anhydride: paclitaxel conjugate labeled BP-172. Fig. 1 1 provides the reaction scheme for the synthesis of taxoids 340, 341, 331, 349 and 342. Fig. 12 provides a graph showing the growth of PC-3 tumors in athymic nude mice treated with the taxoids BP-193, Taxol ® and a control. Fig. 13 provides a graph showing the growth of PC-3 tumors in male nude mice (nu/nu albino Harlan-Sprague Dawley) treated with the taxoids BP-179, Taxol ® and a control. Fig. 14 provides a graph showing the effects of BP-179 and Taxol ® on the weights of PC-3 tumor bearing male nude mice (nu/nu albino Harlan-Sprague- Dawley) Fig. 15 provides a graph showing the effect of treatment with the taxoids BP- 179, Taxol ® and a control has on the growth of MDA-MB-468 tumors in female nude mice (nu/nu Harlan-Sprague Dawley). Fig. 16 provides a graph showing the effects of BP-179 and Taxol ® on the weights of female nude mice (nu/nu Harlan-Sprague Dawley) bearing MDA-MB- 468 tumors. Fig. 17 provides a graph showing the effects of BP-179, BP-193 and Taxol ® on all Caki-1 tumor area from day 17 to 38 and on large Caki-1 tumor area from day 40 to 67 in female nude mice (nu/nu Harlan-Sprague Dawley). Fig. 18 provides a graph showing the effects of BP-179, BP-193 and Taxol ® on the weights of femal nude mice (nu/nu Harlan-Sprague Dawley) bearing Caki-1 tumors from day 17 to 38 and bearing large Caki-1 tumors (63 to 171 mm 2 ) from day 40 to 67. DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS Novel paclitaxel derivatives (taxoids) having enhanced water solubility and/or improved pharmacologic properties as compared with paclitaxel are provided. The subject taxoids comprise conjugates of functional groups attached to paclitaxel at the C-2' and/or C-7 positions by linking groups, which may be hydrolytically cleavable or labile, particularly labile under physiological conditions, where the functional groups comprise hydrophilic groups, either small molecules or polymers, and/or targeting moieties. The subject taxoids find use in the treatment of hosts suffering from a wide variety of cellular proliferative diseases. The paclitaxel may be the naturally occurring stereoisomer or an epimer, particularly at the C-7 position. Unless otherwise clear from the context, paclitaxel will intend both the naturally occurring stereoisomer and its epimers. The monomeric compounds of the subject invention will have from one to two substituents of from 3 to 25 carbon atoms and from 2 to 12 heteroatoms, which may be nitrogen, chalcogen (oxygen and sulfur), phosphorus, boron and halogen (fluorine and chlorine). For the hydrophilic groups imparting water solubility, the substituents will be of from 3 to 12, usually 3 to 10 carbon atoms, having at least one heteroatom, usually nitrogen (amino) or oxygen (oxy), there being at least one heteroatom per 1.25 to 4 carbon atoms, preferably at least one heteroatom per 1.3 to 3 carbon atoms, exclusive of the functionality linking the carbon of the hydrophilic group to paclitaxel oxygen. Other heteroatoms which may be present include pnospnorus and boron, particularly as their acid esters. The substituents may be aliphatic, aromatic, alicyclic, aliphatically saturated or unsaturated, or combinations thereof. The targeting group will vary more widely depending on the target and the choice of compound for directing the conjugate to the target neoplasia. The polymeric compounds will have at least one paclitaxel, usually at least one paclitaxel per lOkD, more usually at least one paclitaxel per 2kD, preferably about 1 paclitaxel in the range of about 200D to 1.5kD. The polymer will include an acidic group as a side chain. The linking group will involve an ether or a non-oxo carbonyl group (C=O) and the nitrogen and sulfur analogs thereof, and may be a carboxyl group where the other valence of the carbonyl is bonded to carbon, oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen. Taxoids of the subject invention may be described by the following formula: wherein R, and R 2 are one of OH, R 5 , or R 6 with the proviso that at least one of R_ and R 2 is other than OH and when R 6 there is only one Rg and the paclitaxel is bonded to a unit of a polymer, which polymer is at least about 5kD. R 5 represents a group comprising a functional moiety and a linking group which may be described by the formula: -(C=X)-(Y) m -(CH 2 ) n -Z wherein: X is selected from O, S or NH, and Y is selected from O,S, NH or CH 2 . Preferably, the selection of X and Y will be such that the linking group will have a physiological half-life under the conditions of use to achieve optimal pharmacological activity, frequently of not more than 24h, more frequently of not more than about 12h. Particular linking groups of interest include groups that are potentially cleavable by hydrolysis or enzymatic action, such as carbonate groups (where both X and Y are O, carbamate groups (where X is NH and Y is CH 2 ), urethane groups( where X is NH and Y is O), isourea (where X is NH and Y is NH), and the like. n is an integer selected from 0-6, usually 0 to 4, and more usually 1-3 so as to provide for an aliphatic spacer chain which, if present, separates the functional group from the linking group. m is an integer of 0 to 1 , wherein m + n are in the range defined for n, when Y is CH 2 . Z is a monomeric or polymeric group, where the group may be hydrophilic and/or targeting to specific types of cells. When hydrophilic, Z will make the taxoid at least 10 % more water soluble than paclitaxel, usually at least 100 % more water soluble than paclitaxel, and preferably at least 500 % more water soluble than paclitaxel, at 25 C C. When Z is monomeric and hydrophilic, Z is an organic group, which is aliphatic, alicyclic, aromatic, heterocyclic, or combinations thereof, aliphatically saturated or unsaturated, frequently free of any unsaturation, of from 2 to 12, usually 2 to 10, preferably 2 to 7 carbon atoms, which may be a straight chain or branched chain aliphatic group, having at least one heteroatom which is nitrogen or oxygen, preferably having at least 2 oxy groups, particularly hydroxy groups, wherein the number of heteroatoms will be at least one and up to one heteroatom per carbon atom, usually in the range of about 1 heteroatom per 1.25 to 4 carbon atoms; or heterocyclic of from 3 to 8, usually 3 to 7 carbon atoms and having 5 to 6 annular members, usually having from 1 to 3 annular heteroatoms, usually 1 to 2, preferably 2, particularly including oxygen, and a total of from 1 to 4, usually 1 to 3, preferably 2 to 3 heteroatoms, which include oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and boron; desirably the heterocycle is hydrolyzable under physiologic conditions, particularly being an acetal, ketal, orthoester, or cyclic ester, and nitrogen analogs thereof, comprising nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and boron heteroatoms, particularly oxygen. Of particular interest as substituents are polyhdroxyalkyloxy- carbonyl of from 3 to 6, usually 3 to 5 carbon atoms, having from 2 to 4 hydroxyl groups, particularly dihydroxypropoxy- and dihydroxybutoxy-carbonyl. Specific taxoids comprising hydrophilic chain functionalities include 2'- (2",3"-dihydroxypropyl carbonoxy)paclitaxel, (BP-171); 2'-(2",3"-dihydroxypropyl carbamoxy) paclitaxel (BP-174); 2'-(l ",2",6",7"-ol, heptane-4"-carbonoxy) paclitaxel (BP-189) and its C-7 epimer (BP-195); 2'(2",3",4"-trihydroxybutyl- carbonoxy)paclitaxel , (BP- 191); 2 ' -(3 " , 4 " -dihydroxybutyl-carbonoxy)paclitaxel , (BP-193); 2',7-di(2",3"-dihydroxypropyl carbonoxy)paclitaxel, (BP-177); 7-(2",3"- dihydroxypropyl carbonoxy)paclitaxel, (BP-179); 7-(2",3"-dihydroxypropyl carbamoxy) paclitaxel (BP-187); 2'-(l",3",4"-trihydroxyisoureyl)paclitaxel; 7- (l",3"-diamino-2"-carboxy)paclitaxel; 2'-(2",4"-dihydroxythioureyl)paclitaxel; and the like. Instead of comprising an aliphatic chain substituted with at least one hydrophilic group, Z may comprise a saturated heterocyclic group having at least one heteroannular member capable of hydrolysis in vivo into an hydroxyl or amino substituted aliphatic chain, and the like. Specific taxoids of interest include 2'-[(2- methylphospho- 1 ,3-dioxolane-4-methoxy)carbonoxy] paclitaxel, 2 '-[(5-methoxy- l,3-dioxolane-4-methoxy)carbonoxy] paclitaxel, 2'-[(4"- trihydroxybutylaminobenzoyl] paclitaxel, and the like. Alternatively, Z may be a targeting moiety which serves to direct the taxoid to a specific cell or tissue type expressing a complementary member to which the targeting moiety specifically binds. The targeting moiety may be less than about 2.5kD, usually less than about 1 kD, and usually at least about 250D, more usually greater than about 500D. The targeting moiety may be a small organic molecule, which may be aliphatic, alicyclic, aromatic, heterocyclic, or combinations thereof, which has an affinity for a surface membrane receptor of a particular class of cells as a result of the receptor being specific for the class or upregulated when associated with neoplastic cells. Alternatively, the targeting moiety may be a protein, preferentially a monoclonal antibody directed against a tumor specific cell surface antigen, more particularly one which is not alternatively spliced to provide a soluble form. Of interest are targeting moieties which are specifically directed to tumor cells, or directed to specific organs with which the tumor is associated. These include organic molecules other than poly(amino acids) which have been shown to be specific for receptors associated with particular cell types, such as breast cells, ovarian cells, prostate cells, hematopoietic cells, muscle cells, etc.; specific classes of compounds include steroids, androgen receptor binding molecules, Anandron, Flutamide, Casodex, e.g. N 3 - (3'-trifluoro-4'-cyanophenyl) 2,4-dioxo (where the oxygen may be replaced with sulfur or nitrogen)-5,5-dimethylimidazolidinyl- estradiol,cyproteron acetate, and the like. Specific taxoids comprising targeting moieties include 7-[imidazolidinyl-5", 5"-dimethyl-4"-oxo-3"-[(4"'-cyano- 3"'- trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2"-thioxo-l" ethylcarbamoxy]paclitaxel, (BP-196); 7-[3"- (carboxy)estradiol]paclitaxel, (BP-203); 2'-(2",3"-dihydroxypropylcarbonate)-7- (cyproterone acetate)paclitaxel, and the like. Finally Z may be a hydrophilic polymer, particularly an addition polymer, comprising acidic groups as side chains, usually carboxy, or a poly(amino acid), e.g. monoclonal antibody. The polymer will have a weight average molecular weight of at least 5kD, usually at least lOkD, and not more than about 500kD, usually not more than about 300kD. Side chains will usually involve a heteroatom, such as nitrogen or oxygen, where nitrogen is present as amide or amino and oxygen is present as oxy or oxo, particularly non-oxo-carbonyl. The polymer may be a homopolymer or a copolymer, particularly a copolymer, having from 2 to 4, usually 2 to 3 different monomers. The polymer may be a random or block copolymer, preferably a random copolymer. Side chains may include carboxy, ethers, esters, carboxamides, cyano, where when a non-oxy-carbonyl is present, the functionality may be bonded to the backbone of the polymer by a carbon-carbon bond or a carbon-heteroatom bond. The monomers will generally be of from 3 to 8, usually 3 to 6 carbon atoms and have from 1 to 4 heteroatoms, particularly nitrogen and oxygen. Monomers of particular interest include vinyl ethers and esters, acrylic acid, esters and amides, and maleic anhydride, particularly copoiymers comprising maleic anhydride in combination with one of the other monomers, particularly a non-acidic monomer. The other monomers will generally be of from 1 to 3, usually 1 to 2 heteroatoms. The ratio of monomers will generally be in the range of 1-10:1. With maleic anhydride, the maleic anhydride will usually be present in the ratio of about 1: 1-10 to the other monomer. Usually fewer than about 50% of the monomers will be maleic anhydride. In the subject polymeπpaclitaxel conjugate taxoids, paclitaxel will be covalently attached to at least 1 monomer, usually at least about 10 % of the monomeric units of the polymer. In general, paclitaxel will be attached to at least 1 in 10 of the monomer units of the polymer, usually to at least 1 in 8 of the monomeric units of the polymer, and will more usually be linked to at least 1 in 5 monomeric units of the polymer. The subject polymer: paclitaxel conjugate taxoids will comprise at least 30 % paclitaxel (w/w), more usually at least 40 % paclitaxel (w/w), and preferably at least 50 % paclitaxel (w/w), usually not more than about 75%. Of particular interest are paclitaxel: polymer conjugate taxoids where the paclitaxel moiety is attached to the polymer through a hydrolyzable linkage. For the most part the hydrolyzable linkages will be ester linkages, particularly where these linkages are in proximity to a carboxy group, usually on a β or γ carbon to the ester linkage, so as to provide for a taxoid with drug release half-life from the polymer of between 4 and 24 hours, and preferably between 5 and 7 hours. Specific polymer: paclitaxel conjugates of interest include methyl vinyl ether/maleic anhydride: paclitaxel conjugate, (BP-172), hydroxyethyl acrylate/acrylamide/maleic anhydride:paclitaxel conjugate, vinyl acetate/ maleic anhydride:paclitaxel conjugate, vinyl acetate/acrylic acid: paclitaxel conjugate, and the like. The subject taxoids may be synthesized in accordance with known synthetic procedures, where they may be prepared as crude mixtures comprising at least about 50 weight % , usually at least about 80 weight % of the total composition, preferably at least about 95 % , more preferably at least about 99.5 % up to absolute purity. The compositions comprising the subject taxoids may be purified using known procedures, e.g. crystallization or HPLC, to yield compositions where the subject taxoid is at least about 95 weight % of the composition. The subject taxoids find use in the treatment of hosts suffering from a variety of different cellular proliferative diseases. Cellular proliferative diseases which may be treated with the subject taxoids include neoplasias, such as sarcomas, carcinomas, lymphomas, blastomas, melanomas, myelomas, Wilms tumor, leukemias, adenocarcinomas, and the like. In treating a host suffering from a cellular proliferative disease, the subject taxoids may be formulated in a buffered medium providing an acidic pH, e.g. 2-4, preferably 3, and lyophilized for storage. The lyophilized composition may then be combined with a carrier or vehicle for convenient administration to the host. The subject taxoids may be formulated with any carrier or vehicle which provides for a physiologically acceptable composition. Preferred carriers or vehicles are those which are water miscible, e.g. aqueous, such as sterile water for injection, dextrose in saline, phosphate buffered saline, aqueous ethanol, propylene glycol, and the like. The concentration of the taxoid will vary, depending on its nature, i.e. activity, tolerance, etc. , whether water soluble or targeted, the nature of the disease, the nature and frequency of administration, e.g. systemic or intralesional, and the like. Usually, the compound will be at a dosage level in the range of about one mg/kg to one g/kg , more usually in the range of about four to 500 mg/kg of host. The subject compositions may be used in conjunction with other chemotherapeutic agents, such as antiandrogens, calcium channel blockers, immunostimulators, radiation stimulators, and individual chemotherapeutic agents, such as vinblastine, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, cis-platin, and the like. In addition to the carrier or vehicle component, other compounds, agents or excipients may be included in the subject compositions with beneficial result. Additional minor components are often included in the subject compositions for a variety of purposes. These components will for the most part protect the stability of the composition, control the pH, further reduce cytotoxic agent diffusion from the site of administration, etc. Illustrative components include buffers, viscosity enhancing agents, surface active agents, stabilizers, etc. These components are generally present in less than about 20 weight % of the total composition, usually less than about 10 weight %, more usually individually less than about 0.5 weight % and more than about 0.001 % of the total composition. See Hoover, Dispensing of Medication (Mack Publishing, 1976). Of particular interest is the use of citric acid. In treatments employing the subject taxoids, the physiologically acceptable compositions comprising the subject taxoids may be intravenously administered using any convenient means including syringe needle, catheter and the like. Over an entire treatment procedure, where the taxoid compositions are employed by themselves or in conjunction with other therapies, the subject taxoid compositions may be administered once or a number of times, where the period between administrations may be on the order of hours, days or weeks. Thus, in a particular treatment procedure, a taxoid composition may be administered between 1 and 10 times, usually between 2 and 8 times, and more usually between 3 and 5 times. The total dosage administered to the patient over the entire course of treatment will depend on both the particular taxoid being employed, the host, e.g. human, being treated, the specific cellular proliferative disease, and the like, and may be determined empirically. Effectiveness of a treatment employing the subject taxoids may be evaluated by a reduction in the rate of tumor growth, stabilization in the total volume of the tumor, a regression of the tumor, and the like. The following examples are offered by way of illustration and not by way of limitation. EXPERIMENTAL Example 1. Synthesis of 2'-(2",3"-dihydroxypropyl carbonoxy)paclitaxel (Taxoid BP-171) a. Taxoid BP-171 was synthesized by two alternative routes described below. i. Synthesis of BP-171 through intermediate BP- 165 2'-(alloc-paclitaxel). BP-165 was prepared using a procedure of Carboni et al., J. Med. Chem. (1993) 36: 513-515. To a solution of taxol (100 mg. 0.117 mmol) in CH 2 C1 2 (2.50 mL) was added allyl chloroformate (62.1 μL, 0.586 mmol) at -70°C with stirring. Maintaining -70°C, 1.0 M LiN[Si(CH 3 ) 3 ] 2 in THF (100 mL, 0.100 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture. The reaction was removed from the cold bath and allowed to stir at room temperature for one hour. The reaction mixture was purified by preparative HPLC, without further workup, yielding 94.0 mg (85%) of 2'- (alloc)-taxol. Purity by HPLC was greater than 99%. The resultant BP-165 was dissolved in t-BuOH (4.0 mL), which was added 10% formic acid (lOOmL), 70% t-BuOOH (23μL, 0.18 mmol), and then OsO 4 (1.15 mL of a 0.157 μL solution in t-BuOH, 0.18 mmol) with stirring at room temperature. Without further work-up, the product was purified by preparative HPLC, yielding 77.0 mg (87.5%) of BP-171. Purity by HPLC was greater than 98%. • The reaction scheme is provided in Fig. 1. ii. Synthesis of BP-171 through intermediate BP-175 ( - (solketalcarbonoxy)paclitaxel Paclitaxel (5.60 mg, 6.56 x 10 "3 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous methylene chloride (560 μL). Triethylamine (5.48 μL, 39.36 x 10 "3 mmol, 6.0 equiv.) was added, followed by p-nitrophenylsolketalcarbonate (14.66 mg, 45.20 mmol, 7.50 equiv) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature under nitrogen. After 20 hours, the conversion was completed and the crude product was purified, without work-up, by preparative HPLC. A white solid was obtained (5.82 mg, 5.74 x 10 "3 mmol, 87% yield) in 98% HPLC purity. Treatment of the resultant BP-175 with aqueous formic acid yielded BP-171. The reaction scheme is shown in Fig. 1. b. Synthesis of Taxoid Prodrugs Capable of in vivo Conversion to BP-171 An alternate strategy for generating BP-171 is to protect the diol moiety with a potentially cleavable protecting group which may be cleaved by an enzymatic mechanism in vivo to yield BP-171. i. Synthesis of 2 '-[(methyl phosphate- l,3-dioxolane-4-methoxy)carbonoxy] paclitaxel Paclitaxel (2.95 mg, 0.0345 mmol) was dissolved in dry methylene chloride (300 μl). Triethylamine (2.50 μl, 0.0207 mmol, 6.0 eq) was added, followed by p- nitrophenyl (methyl phosphate- l,3-dioxolane-4-methoxy) carbonate(8.05 mg, 24.15 mmol, 7.0 eq). The mixture was stirred at room temperature under nitrogen. The crude product was purified by preparative HPLC and afforded a clear solid. The reaction scheme is provided in Fig. 2. ii. Synthesis of 2'-[O-(methoxy-l,3-dioxolane-4-methoxy)carbonoxy] paclitaxel Paclitaxel (2.95 mg, 0.0345 mmol) was dissolved in dry methylene chloride (300 μl) Triethylamine (2.5 μl, 20.70 mmol, 6.0 eq) was added, followed by p- nitrophenyl (methoxy-l,3-dioxolane-4-methoxy) carbonate (7.75 mg, 0.0259 mmol, 7.5 eq). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Purification by preparative chromatography without any work-up afforded a white solid. The reaction scheme is provided in Fig. 2. Example 2. Synthesis of 2'-(2",3"-dihydroxypropylcarbamoxy) paclitaxel (BP- 174) A round bottom flask charged with paclitaxel (10 mg, 0.01 mmol) solketalisocyanate (60 mg, 0.38 mmol) and a magnetic stir bar was placed under a N 2 atmosphere. THF (2 mL) was added to the mixture and the solution cooled to - 78°C. A solution of 1.0 M LiN[Si(CH 3 ) 3 ] 2 in THF (10 mL, 0.01 mmol) was added and the reaction solution stirred at -78 °C for 30 minutes. At this time, a 0.1 M acetic acid solution in H 2 O (100 μL, 0.01 mmol) was added and the solution stirred at -78 °C for 10 minutes. The solution was then allowed to reach room temperature and the volatiles removed under vacuum. 2'-(solketalcarbamoxy) paclitaxel (BP- 173) was purified by preparative HPLC yielding 6.0 mg (51 %). Purity by HPLC is greater than 99%. A round bottom flask was charged with 2'-(solketalcarbamoxy) paclitaxel (2 mg, 0.002 mmol) (BP-173) and a magnetic stir bar. To this was added a solution of 50/50 formic acid MeOH (v/v) (200 μL) and the solution stirred 30 minutes at room temperature. At this time the volatiles were removed under vacuum. This analogous procedure was repeated twice on the remaining residue and 2'(2",3"- dihydroxypropyl-carbamoxy) paclitaxel (BP-174) purified by preparative HPLC yielding 1.8 mg (95%). Purity by HPLC 97%. The presence of a hydrophilic functionality attached to the 2' moiety yields a taxoid which, like BP-171 , exhibits enhanced water solubility as compared with paclitaxel. Example 3. Additional Taxoids Comprising Hydrophilic Functionalities i. Additional taxoids comprising hydrophilic functionalities were synthesized according to the scheme provided in Figs. 3, 4 and 5. The structural variations between the different taxoids shown (BP-191, BP-193, BP-189, 195, BP-177 and BP-179)provide differences in solubility, plasma stability and pharmacokinetics as compared with paclitaxel. ii. Alternative Synthetic Pathway for BP-179 Using dry glassware and under a nitrogen atmospher, paclitaxel (2.00 g, 2.34 mmol) was dissolved in CH 2 C1 2 (40.00 mL) and cooled to 0°C. l,3-Dioxolane-4- methanol, 2,2-diemthyl-,chloroformate (4.56 g, 23.42 mmol) was added to the solution, followed by dry pyridine (1.42 mL, 17.56 mmol). The reaction was removed from the cold bath and stirred at ambient temperature for 8 hr to yield a purple homogenous solution. The reaction mixture was washed with water (3 x 40.00 mL) and then brine (1 x 40.00 mL), and the organic layer was reduced to approximately 10.0 mL via rotary evaporation at 25 °C and then passed through a silica gel column (being eluted with CH 2 Cl 2 :acetone, 96:4 treated with triethylamine). The resulting U.V. active fractions were stripped to a white foam, suspended in diethylether (100.00 mL) and stirred at ambient temperature for 1 hr. Pentane (125.00 mL) was added to the heterogeneous solution and the resulting mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 1 hr and then chilled to -10°C for 16 hr. The reuslting white powder was filtered and dried under high vacuum for 16 hr to yield 2.48 g (90.3%) of 2',7-[bis-(2",3"-isopropylideneglyceryl oxycarbonyl)]- paclitaxel (BP-282). Purity by HPLC was greater than 97 %. To 2.30 g (1.97 mmol) BP-282 in tetrahydrofuran (46.00 mL) was added hydrochloric acid (46.00 mL, 0.965 N solution in water) at ambient temperature. The reaction was stirred at 35 °C for 4 hr and then at ambient temperature for 30 min. The reaction mixture was washed with brine (1 x 46.00 mL) and then diluted with tetrahydrofuran (46.00 mL) to facilitate separation of the aqueous phase. The reaction mixture was then washed with 0.1M KH 2 PO 4 (3 x 46.00 mL, pH 6.5). Each wash with 0. IM KH 2 PO 4 was diluted with brine: tetrahydrofuran (92.00 mL, 1: 1) to facilitate separation of the aqueous phase. The volume of the organic layer was reduced to approximately 46.0 mL via rotary evaporation at 25 °C to yield 2',7-[bis-(2",3"-dihyroxypropyl oxycarbonyl)-paclitaxel (BP-177) in solution. BP- 177 did not need to be isolated and could be carried on directly to BP-179. To this solution of BP-177 was added 0. IM KH 2 PO 4 (46.00 mL, pH=6.5) at ambient temperature. The reaction was stirred at 35 C C for 8 hr and then at ambient temperature for 30 min. The reaction mixture was washed with brine (1 x 46.00 mL) then diluted with tetrahydrofuran (46.00 mL) to facilitate separation of the aqueous layer. The reaction mixture was then washed with water (3 x 46.00 mL). Each wash with water was diluted with brine: tetrahydrofuran (92.00 mL, 1:1) to facilitate separation of the aqueous phase. The organic layer was dried over MgSO 4 , filtered, reduced in volume to approximately 10 mL and purified via silica gel column (being eluted with CH 2 C1 2 : tetrahydrofuran, 54:46 treated with 88% HCO 2 H). The appropriate fractions were combined and reduced to approximately 100 mL via rotary evaporation. To the resulting solution was added acetonitrile: water (100 mL, 6:4, pH of water adjusted to 3.0 with HCO 2 H). This mixture was reduced to approximately 100 mL. The process of reducing the volume and dilution was repeated two times more until a heterogeneous solution resembling a gel suspended in water was obtained. This solution was frozen and lyophilized for 48 hr to yield 1.71 g (89.5%) of 7-(2",3"-dihydroxypropyl oxycarbonyl)-paclitaxel (BP-179). Purity by HPLC was greater than 99%. See Fig. 6. To a stirred solution of BP-179 (l.OOg, 1.03 mmol) in acetonitrile: water (100 mL, 6:4, pH of water adjusted to 3.0 with HCO 2 H) was added citric acid (100 mg) at ambient temperature. The resulting solution was reduced in volume, via rotary evaporation, to approximately one quarter and then diluted with acetonitrile:water (100 mL, 6:4, pH of water adjusted to 3.0 with HCO 2 H). The volume reduction and dilution process was repeated two times more and the resulting solution was reduced to a vinal volume of approximately 25 mL to obtain a heterogeneous mixture of what appeared to be a gel suspended in water. This mixture was frozen and lyophilized for 48 hours to yield BP-179 with 10% citric acid w/w. Example 4. Synthesis of 2 '-(triethylsiloxy), 7-(p-nitrophenylcarbonoxy) paclitaxel (BP-182) BP-182, a useful intermediate in the synthesis of C7 substituted taxoids, was prepared as follows. A round bottom flask charged with paclitaxel (60 mg, 0.07 mmol) imidazole (90 mg, 1.32 mmol) and magnetic stir bar was placed under a N 2 atmosphere. CH 2 C1 2 (1.5 mL) was added and the solution was stirred at room temperature. To the solution was added portion-wise a solution of 1.0 M ClSiEt 3 in THF (5 x 100 μL, 0.5 mmol). The progress of the reaction was monitored by HPLC. Upon completion, the 2 '-(triethylsiloxy) paclitaxel was purified by preparative HPLC yielding 51.3 mg (75 % ) . Purity by HPLC 97 % . A round bottom flask charged with 2 '-(triethylsiloxy) paclitaxel (30 mg, 0.03 mmol), p-nitrophenylchloroformate (310 mg, 1.50 mmol) and a magnetic stir bar was placed under a N 2 atmosphere. A solution of pyridine (200 μL 0.247 mmol) in CH 3 CN (1.0 mL) was added and the mixture stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. The product 2 '-(triethylsiloxy), 7-(p-nitro-phenylcarbonoxy) paclitaxel (BP-182) was purified by preparative HPLC yielding 24.2 mg (69%). Purity by HPLC was 96% . The reaction scheme is provided in Fig. 7. Example 5. Synthesis of Taxoids Comprising Targeting Moieties. Taxoids comprising targeting moieties attached at the C7 position were prepared as follows. a. Synthesis of 7-{imidazolidinyl-5", 5"-dimethyl-4"-oxo-3"-[4" '(cyano) 3"'(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2"-thioxo-l"-ethylcarbamoxy} paclitaxel (BP-196) To a round bottom flask charged with 2 '-(triethylsiloxy), 7-(p-nitrophenyl- carbonoxy) paclitaxel (BP-182) (28.0 mg, 0.014 mmol), 4[3-(2-aminoethyl-4- dimethyl-5-oxo-2-thioxo-l-imidazolidinyl]-2-(trifluoromethyl)-benzonitrile (2 x 8.0 mg, 0.44 mmol) and a magnetic stir bar was added CH 2 C1 2 (300 μL). The solution was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours and the product 2'-(triethylsiloxy)-7- [imidazolidinyl-5"-5"-dimethyl-4"-oxo-3"-[4"'(cyano),3"-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]- 2-thioxo-l ""ethylcarbamoxy] paclitaxel (BP-185) was purified by preparative HPLC yielding 8.2 mg (85%). Purity by HPLC 97%. To a round bottom flask charged with the resultant BP-185 and a stir bar was added formic acid (250 mL). The solution was stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes and the volatiles removed under vacuum. 7-{imidazolidinyl-5"-5"- dimethyl-4"-oxo-3"-[4" '(cyano), 3" '-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2-"thioxo- l ""ethylcarbamoxy} paclitaxel (BP-196) was purified by preparative HPLC yielding 4.6 mg (>99%). Purity by HPLC 99%. The reaction scheme is provided in Fig. 8. BP-196 is a tissue-specific, anti-androgen taxoid derivative. b. Synthesis of 7-[3"-(carbonoxy)estradiol]paclitaxel (BP-203) To a round bottom flask charged with 2 '-(triethylsiloxy), 7-(p- nitrophenylcarbonoxy) paclitaxel (BP-182) (6.0 mg, 0.005 mmol), α-estradiol (6.0 mg, 0.022 mmol), DMPA (6.0 mg, 0.493 mmol) and a magnetic stir bar was added CH 2 C1 2 (300 μL). The solution was stirred at room temperature for 80 minutes and 2'-(triethylsiloxy)-7-[3"-(carbonoxy)estradiol] paclitaxel was purified by preparative HPLC yielding HPLC yielding 6.4 mg (96%). Purity by HPLC 99 % . To a round bottom flask charged with the resultant 2 '-(triethylsiloxy), 7-[3"-(carbonoxy) estradiol] paclitaxel (as prepared above) was added formic acid. The solution is stirred for 15 minutes and the volatiles removed under vacuum. 7-(3"-carbonoxy) estradiol] paclitaxel (BP-203) was purified by preparative HPLC. The reaction scheme is provided in Fig. 8. c. Additional Taxoids Comprising Targeting Moieties. An additional taxoid comprising a targeting moiety is the taxoid shown in Fig. 8, comprising cypropertone acetate coupled to BP-171 at the C7 position. The cypropertone acetate moiety provides for receptor homing activity while the hydrophilic moiety at the C-2' position of BP-171 provides for increased water solubility. The above taxoids comprising targeting moieties may be useful in treating tumors possessing androgen/estrogen receptors. Example 6. Synthesis of C-7 Substituted Taxoids Comprising Carbamate Linkers The intermediate BP-182 can be combined with hydrophilic amines to yield carbamate compounds. For example, BP-182 is combined with solketalamine to yield 2'-(triethylsiloxy)-7-(solketalcarbamoxy)paclitaxel intermediate which is then treated with acid to obtain 7-(2",3"-dihydroxypropylcarbamoxy)paclitaxel, as shown in the reaction scheme provided in Fig. 9. Example 7. Synthesis of 2'-(D-6-galactopyranose carbohoxy) paclitaxel(BP-261) A round bottomed flask charged with paclitaxel, p-nitrophenyl-(l,2:3,4-di-O- isopropylidene-D-galactopyranose carbonate) and a magnetic stir bar is placed under a N 2 atmosphere. To the flask is added a solution of triethylamine in CH 2 C1 2 and the solution stirred at room temperature. The product 2'-(l",2":3",4"-di-O- isopropylidene-D-galactopyranose carbonoxy) paclitaxel (BP-260) is purified by preparative HPLC. A round bottom flask is charged with BP-260 and a magnetic stir bar. To this is added 50/50 formic acid and methanol (v/v) and the solution is stirred for 30 minutes at room temperature. The volatiles are removed in vacuo. The analogous procedure is repeated twice on the remaining residue and 2'-(D-6-galactopyranose carbonoxy) paclitaxel (BP-261) is purified by preparative HPLC. Example 8. Synthesis of 2-[{2"-2" ' ,3" '-dihydroxypropyl)phenyl} carbonoxy] paclitaxel (BP-263) Paclitaxel (4.2 mg, 4.52 x 10 "6 mol) was dissolved in anhydrous pyridine (420 μL). Dimethylaminopyridine (4.51 mg, 36.88 x 10 "6 mol) was added to the solution followed by (o-allyl)phenyl-p-nitrophenyl carbonate (11.04 mg, 36.89 10 "6 mol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Purification by preparative chromatography, without any work-up, afforded BP-262 (3.5 mg, 3.89 10 "6 mol, yield 80%). Compound BP-262 (4.5 mg, 4.45 10 "6 mol) was dissolved in a 1: 1 mixture of THF:t-butanol (900 μL). Formic acid was added (10% in H 2 O, 100 μL) and the mixture was cooled to 0°C. t-Butyl peroxide (500 μL, 0.7% aqueous solution) and osmium tetroxide (500 μL, 10 "5 M solution in t-butanol) was added consecutively at 0°C. The clear solution was stirred at 0°C, then allowed to slowly warm to room temperature. Purification by preparative HPLC yielded BP-263. Example 9. Synthesis of methyl vinyl ether/ maleic anhydride:paclitaxel conjugate (BP-172) Methyl vinyl ether/maleic anhydride copolymer (weight average molecular weight = 50,000, 30 mg) was dissolved in dry THF (6mL) with heating. After the solution was cooled to room temperature, paclitaxel (60 mg, 0.07 mmol) was added, followed by LiN[Si(CH 3 ) 3 ] 2 (1 M solution in THF, 150 μL, 0.15 mmol) in a single portion. The reaction was allowed to proceed for 1 hour at which point HPLC (size exclusion chromatography) indicated that 70% of the paclitaxel added was bound to the polymer. The solvent was removed on a rotary evaporator and EtOAc (5 mL) was added. The precipitated solid was centrifuged, the supernatant decanted and the process repeated (3 mL EtOAc x 4). After drying at 65°C under high vacuum, the solid weighed 72 mg. Size exclusion chromatography showed that the polymer had a purity of 98 % , with ca. 1 % free paclitaxel present. U. V. analysis for paclitaxel content indicated 56% (w/w) which correlated with the HPLC-derived value. The reaction scheme is provided in Fig. 10. The resultant polymer: drug conjugate (BP-172), containing up to 56% paclitaxel (w/w), is readily formulated in saline or 5% dextrose. Example 10. Synthesis of 2',7, 10-[tri-(2,3"-Isopropylideneglyceryl oxycarbonyl)]- docetaxel (BP-340) Using dry glassware and under a nitrogen atmosphere, docetaxel (200 mg, 0.23 mmol) was dissolved in CH 2 C1 2 (4.00 mL) at ambient temperature and then cooled to 0 °C. Solketal-chloroformate (456 mg, 2.34 mmol) was added to the solution followed by dry pyridine (142 μL, 1.76 mmol). The reaction was removed from the cold bath and stirred at ambient temperature for eight hours to yield a green homogeneous solution. The reaction mixture was washed with water (3 x 4.00 mL) then brine (1 x 4.00 mL) and the organic layer was subsequently dried with MgSO 4 and then filtered. The organic layer was reduced to approximately 1.0 mL under a stream of nitrogen and then purified by preparative HPLC. Example 11. Synethesis of 7, 10-[bis-(2",3"-Dihydroxypropyl oxycarbonyl)- docetaxel (BP-342); 7-(2",3"-Dihyroxypropyl oxycarbonyl)-docetaxel (BP-331) and 10-(2",3"-Dihidroxypropyl oxycarbonyl)-docetaxel (BP-343) To 2',7,10-[tri-(2,3"-Isopropylideneglyceryl oxycarbonyl)]- docetaxel (BP-340) as prepared in Example 10 (150 mg, 0.13 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (3.00 mL) was added hydrochloric acid (3.00 mL, 0.50 N solution in water) at ambient temperature. The reaction was stirred at 35 °C for 24 hr and then at ambient temperature for 30 min. The reaction mixture was washed with brine (1 x 3.00 mL) and then diluted with tetrahydrofuran (3.00 mL) to facilitate separation of the aqueous phase. The reaction mixture was then washed with 0.1 M KH 2 PO 4 (3 x 3.00 mL pH=6.5). Each wash with 0.1 M KH 2 PO 4 was diluted with brine: tetrahydrofuran (6.00 mL, 1: 1) to facilitate separation of the aqueous phase. The volume of the organic layer was reduced to approximately 3.0 mL under a stream of nitrogen. To this was added 0.1 M KH 2 PO 4 (3.00 mL, pH=6.5) at ambient temperature. The reaction was stirred at 35 °C for 16 hr and then at ambient temperature for 30 min. The reaction mixture was washed with brine (1 x 3.00 mL) then diluted with tetrahydrofuran (3.00 mL) to facilitate separation of the aqueous layer. The reaction mixture was then washed with water (3 x 3.00 mL). Each wash with water was diluted with brine: tetrahydrofuran (6.00 mL, 1:1) to facilitate separation of the aqueous phase. The organic layer was then dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and reduced in volume to approximately 750 μL under a stream of nitrogen. The resulting solution contained a mixture of three compounds: 7,10-[bis- (2",3"-Dihydroxypropyl oxycarbonyl)-docetaxel (BP-342); 7-(2",3"- Dihyroxypropyl oxycarbonyl)-docetaxel (BP-331) and 10-(2",3"-Dihidroxypropyl oxycarbonyl)-docetaxel (BP-343); which were isolated by preparative HPLC. The synthesis of BP-340, BP-341, BP-331, BP-349 and BP-342 is illustratedin the reaction scheme of Fig. 11. Example 12. Cytotoxic Activity of Selected Taxoids Selected taxoids (BP-165, BP-171, BP-172, BP-173, BP-177, BP-178, BP- 179, BP-182, BP-185, BP-188, BP-193, BP-194 and BP-196) were tested in a panel of human tumor cell lines to evaluate their cytotoxic activity as compared to paclitaxel. The results are provided in Table 1. The results show that BP- 171 , BP- 172 , BP- 179 and BP- 193 exhibit cytotoxic activity equal to, or greater than, paclitaxel. Furthermore, taxoids BP-174, BP-177, and BP-196 each exhibit comparable cytotoxic activity to paclitaxel, i.e. their IC 50 value is within 1 or 2 orders of magnitude of the IC 50 value for paclitaxel. All of these taxoids are more water soluble than paclitaxel because they comprise hydrophilic functional groups and are readily formulated in standard aqueous vehicles. TABLE 1 Cytotoxicity of Taxoids IC 50 (nM) Cell Taxol BP- BP- BP- BP- BP- BP- BP- BP- BP- BP- BP- BP- BP- BP- Line 165 171 172 173 174 177 178 179 182 185 188 193 194 196 Moll- T-cell Leukemia 3.08E- 7.28E- 3.39E- 9.10E- 2.09E- 6.85E- 7.03E- 4.47E- 1.99E- 3.68E- 1.00 6.I3E- 3.97E- 1.53E- 1.47 4 10 09 10 10 06 07 07 07 07 08 E-05 07 09 06 E-07 PC-3 Prostate 7.44E- 8.46E- 3.87E- 1.54E- 5.99E- 1.10E- 5.73E- 1.35E- 3.24E- 5.80E- 1.35 7.04E- 1.55E- 1.00E- 3.22 Carcinoma 09 09 10 09 06 06 08 06 09 08 E-05 08 06 06 E-08 DU- Prostate 2.12E- 2.75E- 4.29E- 9.72E- 2.24E- 2.43E- 91.4E- 2.89E- 2.05E- * 7.30E- 1.40E- 6.15E- 8.67 1 145 Carcinoma 09 08 09 09 06 06 08 06 08 07 09 05 E-07 r in 1 Ln- Prostate 1.50E- 6.19E- 2.43E- 1.00E- * 2.71E- * 2.05E- 3.50E- 1.00 1.02E- 1.95E- 8.03E- 1.31 Cap Carcinoma 09 09 08 05 08 08 08 E-05 07 08 06 ' E-07 Ovca Ovarian 2.24e- 6.47E- 3.03E- 1.75E- 5.24E- 7.92E- 5.00E- 5.20E- 5.00E- 9.88E- 5.90 4.11E- 5.50E- 5.34E- 500. r-3 Carcinoma 09 09 10 09 06 06 08 07 08 08 E-05 07 08 07 E-08 MC Breast 5.00E- 9.70E- 3.18E- 1.00E- + 6.14E- 3.35E- 1.00E- 8.15E- 1.00E- + 1.40E- 8.65E- 1.17E- 9.89 F-7 Carcinoma 09 07 09 08 07 07 08 07 08 07 09 06 E-07 Example 13. In vivo efficacy of Taxoid BP-193 The efficacy of Taxoid BP-193 as an anti-neoplastic agent was measured in vivo by studying its effects on the growth of an established PC-3 human prostate tumor as compared with a vehicle and Taxol * control. The results are provided in Figure 12. The results show that BP-193 exhibits significant anti-cellular proliferative activity, as measured by the reduction in tumor growth, while lacking the toxicity of paclitaxel. Furthermore, in all mice treated with BP-193, all tumors regressed to pretreatment levels. Example 14. In vivo efficacy of Taxoid BP-179 The in vivo efficacy of Taxoid BP-179, as prepared in Example 3 above, against PC-3 tumors was ascertained and compared to Taxol * . Male nude mice (nu/nu Harlan-Sprague Dawley) bearing established PC-3 tumors (minimum area of 16 mm 2 ) received a single ip injection of either BP-179 at 40 mg/kg, Taxol * at 16 mg/kg or vehicle every 48 hours for a total of four injections. Drugs were formulated fresh every treatment day in 10% ethanol, 5% Tween-80 * and 85% D5W (5% dextrose in water). Tumor measurements and animal weights were monitored three times a week. Drug efficacy was calculated using the following equation: 100 % -[(Area T1 / Area τo ) ÷ (Areac/Areao)] . These studies demonstrated that BP-179, 36 days after tumor cell implantation, is approximately 10 times more efficacious than Taxol * in vivo against PC-3 tumors. (Figure 13: BP-179 % efficacy = 89.4% versus Taxol * % efficacy = 85% and control % efficacy = 5.6). In fact, by day 36 of the study, BP-179 treatment resulted in tumor regression to sizes smaller than those observed at the beginning of the study. In addition, they showed that BP-179 can be administered at doses approximately three times higher than that of Taxol * , without causing any deleterious effects. Although a transient reduction in body weight of about 10% was observed in the BP-179 treated mice occurring within the first two weeks of treatment, this transient weight loss was significantly less severe than the side effects observed with Taxol * treatment, which treatment resulted in significant weight loss, diarrhea, thin skin and eventually death in nine out of the ten Taxol * treated mice. BP-179 was also tested against two additional human tumor models, the breast MDA-MB-468 and the renal Caki-1 models. For the breast model, female nude mice bearing established MDA-MB-468 tumors (minimum area of 24 mm 2 ) received a single ip injection of either BP-179 at 40 mg/kg, Taxol * at 12 mg/kg or vehicle every 48 hr for a total of 4 injections. Figure 15. (The Taxol * dose had been reduced from that employed in the PC-3 study to prevent dose related toxicity). The formulation of the drugs and the monitoring of mice were conducted as described above. These studies demonstrated that 12 days after treatment, BP-179 was approximately 2.3 times more efficacious than Taxol * (BP-179 % efficacy = 66.2% versus Taxol * % efficacy = 28.67%). In addition, this study showed that BP-179 treatment caused MBA-MD-468 breast tumors to regress to sizes smaller than those observed at the beginning of the study. In evaluating the results, due to the large range in tumor size observed in each treatment group it was decided to compare the response of each individual tumor to the treatment, by subtracting the size of the tumor on day 32 from the size of the tumor on day 46 of the study. The tumor area differences were averaged for each treatment group and compared with each other using ANOVA (Analysis of Variants). Any P value < 0.05 was considered a significant different from control. The results indicated that BP-179 treatment caused a significant size reduction in MDA-MB-486 breast tumor model (P =0.001 E "3 ). While the results show that Taxol * is also effective (P=0.003), the results indicate that BP-179 is more effective (Figure 15) than Taxol * and is less toxic (P=0.002). Two deaths associated with Taxol * treatment were observed while mice treated with BP-179 experienced only a mild and transient reduction in body weight. (Figure 16). The effect of BP-179 against Caki-1 renal tumors was examined in female nude mice (nu/nu Harlan-Sprague Dawley) bearing tumors ranging from 16.4 to 48 mm 2 in area. Figures 17 and 18. Animals were treated 17 days after tumor induction, and the same treatment regimen was followed as described above in the breast tumor model. Drug formulation and animal monitoring was the same as described previously. On day 34 of the study, neither BP-179 nor Taxol * had shown a significant effect against Caki-1 tumors. However, it was observed that only large tumors (above 49 mm 2 ) responded to the two taxane treatments. Accordingly, treatment with a second BP-taxane or Taxol * treatment regimen was delayed until all tumors had reached at least 50 mm 2 . On day 39 of the study, a second treatment regimen was started when tumors ranged from 63 to 171 mm 2 . Animals originally treated with Taxol * were then separated into three groups and given either a second treatment of Taxol * , BP 193 or vehicle. Those animals originally treated with BP-179 were also separated into three groups and treated with either BP-170, BP-193 or vehicle. Animals were monitored as described above. Individual tumor responses were ascertained by subtracting the size of the tumor on day 40 from the size of the tumor on day 67 of the study. The tumor area differences were then averaged for each treatment group and compared using ANOVA. Any P value < 0.05 was considered a significant difference from control. The results indicate that a single BP-179 treatment regiment is significantly more efficacious against large Caki-1 tumors than a single Taxol * treatment regimen. (P=0.0009; BP-179 % efficacy = 35.1 % versus Taxol * % efficacy = 5.7 %). Figure 17. The results also indicate that a second treatment regimen with either BP-179 or BP-193 to animals originally treated with BP-179 or with Taxol * resulted in significant reduction in large Caki-1 tumors, whereas tumors treated exclusively with Taxol * did not show a significant reduction in area. BP-179, but not Taxol * , was significantly effective against Caki-1 renal tumor model. The effects of treatment on animal weight are provided in Figure 18. Based on these results, an iv LD 50 comparing the safety of BP-179 and Taxol" was conducted in 4 to 6 week-old BALB/C male mice. Animals received a single tail vein injection of BP-179 at 380, 390, 400, 410, 420 and 450 mg/kg. Taxol * was evaluated at 100, 110, 120, 130, 160, 175, 180, 190 and 200 mg/kg. BP-179 solutions were formulated at 7 mg/ml whereas Taxol * solutions were formulated at 2 mg/ml for doses of 100 mg/kg to 160 mg/kg and at 3 mg/ml or 4 mg/ml for all remaining higher doses. Drugs were first dissolved in DMSO (3%), mixed and sonicated. Thereafter, 5% ethanol (containing 0.5 mg/ml citric acid) followed by 5% Tween-80 ® and finally 87% D5W were added, mixed with vortexing and sonication after each addition. If the solution was not clear, drug preparation stopped and a new drug batch was started. Poor drug formulation resulted in the drug coming out of solution and in animals dying rapidly after injection. If clear solutions were obtained, they were filtered using a 0.2 μm polysulfone filter disk. Animals were injected using a 27 gauge vein infusion set and observed regularly after treatment. Body weights were recorded at least once a week and observations categorized as acute, sub-acute and chronic effects. The results indicated that the BP-179 iv LD 50 value is approximately 410 mg/kg for BALB/C mice. The results also showed that a single BP-179 injection can be administered safely up to 390 mg/kg does without eliciting any acute, sub-acute or chronic toxic symptoms. In contrast, Taxol * 's LD 50 value was found to lie between 180 and 190 mg/kg. Sub-chronically, the safe does range of Taxol * (below 180 mg/kg) resulted in a non-significant reduction in body weight. However, a significant increase in mortality was observed after a slight increase from this dosage. In contrast, BP-179 treatment resulted in a gradual and reversible sub- chronic reduction of body weight. Animals tolerating BP-179 at the LD 50 dose of 410 mg/kg continued to live for a period of 30 days after treatment without exhibiting any toxic symptoms. Mice tolerating Taxol * ' s treatment were kept for a minimum of 17 additional days, when the study was terminated. The above studies demonstrated that BP-179 is more easily solubilized in a Tween-80 * based formulation than Taxol * , particularly at high concentrations (7-8 mg/mL) where Taxol * does not stay in solution. The results have also demonstrated that BP-179 is approximately 10 times more effective in vivo than Taxol * against PC-3 tumors and have demonstrated that BP l79 is two to three times safer than Taxol * in vivo. It is evident from the above results and discussion that the novel taxoids provided have enhanced water solubility as compared with paclitaxel and/or improved pharmacological properties and substantially reduced mortality in animal models. Enhanced water solubility of the subject taxoids enables their formulation into a broader range of carriers or vehicles that are better tolerated by patients than formulations currently used for paclitaxel. Improved pharmacological properties 96/38138 PC1YUS96/08245 found in the subject taxoids include decreased toxicity, improved plasma-stability and longer half-life, improved tissue distribution profiles and a variety of other factors leading to greater efficacy. In addition, paclitaxel derivatives provide for enhanced cytotoxicity against prostate and other tumors, allowing for physiologically acceptable higher dosages in the treatment of cancers, so as to permit a broader dynamic range in the treatment of neoplasia. All publications and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. The invention now being fully described, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that many changes and modifications can be made thereto without departing from the spirit or scope of the appended claims.

Claims: WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. A 2' and/or 7 paclitaxel substituted compound, or the 2' or 7 epimer thereof, wherein the substituent at the 2' and/or 7 position is: bonded to the oxygen at the 2' and/or 7 position of the paclitaxel group through an ether or ester bond; and is a hydrophilic group of from 3 to 12 carbon atoms and at least 1 heteroatom and up to 1 heteroatom per 1.25 carbon atoms; an organic molecule of less than 2.5 kD other than a poly (amino acid) binding specifically to a mammalian cellular receptor of cells susceptible to neoplasia; or a hydrophilic polymer of at least about 5kD, said polymer consisting of monomers having ether, ester, and non-oxo-carbonyl side chains. 2. A paclitaxel substituted compound according to Claim 1, wherein said substituent is an aliphatic hydrophilic group of from 3 to 10 carbon atoms and chalcogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and boron heteroatoms in the range of 1.25 to 4 carbon atoms per heteroatom, there being at least one chalcogen or nitrogen atom. 3. A paclitaxel substituted compound according to Claim 1, wherein said substituent comprises an aromatic hydrophilic group of from 3 to 12 carbon atoms and chalcogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and boron heteroatoms in the range of 1.25 to 4 carbon atoms per heteroatom, there being at least one chalcogen or nitrogen atom. 4. A paclitaxel substituted compound according to Claim 1, wherein said substituent is an organic molecule of less than 2.5 kD other than a poly(amino acid) binding specifically to a mammalian membrane receptor of breast, ovarian or prostate cells susceptible to neoplasia. 5. A paclitaxel substituted compound according to Claim 1, wherein said substituent is a subunit of a hydrophilic polymer of at least about 5kD, said subunit consisting of monomers having ether, ester, and non-oxo-carbonyl side chains, said paclitaxel bonded to a polymer subunit having a molecular weight in the range of about 250D to 2.5kD. 6. A 2' and/or 7 paclitaxel substituted compound, or the 2' or 7 epimer thereof, wherein the substituent at the 2' and/or 7 position is of the formula: - (C=X)-(Y) m -(CH 2 ) n -Z wherein: X is selected from the group consisting of O, S and NH, Y is selected from the group consisting of O, S, NH and CH 2 ; n is an integer of from 0 to 6; m is an integer of from 0 to 1 , wherein m + n come within the range of n, when Y is CH 2 ; and Z is: saturated aliphatic, alicyclic, aromatic, heterocyclic or combinations thereof, of from 2 to 10 carbon atoms having at least one heteroatom which is nitrogen or oxygen and up to 1 heteroatom per carbon atom, which heteroatoms are nitrogen, oxygen and phosphorous; or a polymeric subunit of from 250D to 2.5kD of a polymer of at least lOkD consisting of monomers having an ether, ester or non-oxo-carbonyl side chain, wherein at least one of said non-oxo-carbonyl side chains is a carboxylic acid. 7. A paclitaxel substituted compound according to Claim 6, wherein Z is a polyhydroxyalkyl group. 96/38138 PCΪYUS96/08245 8. A paclitaxel substituted compound according to Claim 6, wherein Z comprises a dioxalane group. 9. A paclitaxel substituted compound according to Claim 6, wherein Z is a 2- phosphodioxalane group. 10. A paclitaxel substituted compound according to Claim 6, wherein Z is a polymeric subunit consisting of vinyl ether and maleic acid monomers, wherein said paclitaxel is bonded to a carboxy group of said maleic acid. 11. A 2' and/or 7 paclitaxel substituted compound, or the 2' or 7 epimer thereof, wherein the substituent at the 2' and/or 7 position is of the formula: - (C=X)-(Y) m -(CH 2 ) n -Z wherein: X is selected from the group consisting of O, S and NH, Y is selected from the group consisting of O, S, NH and CH 2 ; n is an integer of from 0 to 6; m is an integer of from 0 to 1, wherein m + n come within the range of n, when Y is CH 2 ; and Z is: a non-poly(amino acid) targeting moiety for a mammalian surface membrane receptor for mammary cells or an androgenic receptor, Z having a molecular weight in the range of 250D to 2.5D. 12. A paclitaxel substituted compound according to Claim 11, wherein Z is a steroid. 13. A paclitaxel substituted compound according to Claim 11, wherein Z comprises a 3-trifluoromethyl-4-cyanophenyl N-substituted imidazoline dione, and the nitrogen and sulfur analogs of said dione. 14. A method of reducing the number of neoplastic cells in a combination of cells, said method comprising: adding to said combination of cells a cytotoxic amount of a compound according to Claim 1. 15. A method of reducing the number of neoplastic cells in a combination of cells, said method comprising: adding to said combination of cells a cytotoxic amount of a compound according to Claim 6. 16. A method of reducing the number of neoplastic cells in a combination of cells, said method comprising: adding to said combination of cells a cytotoxic amount of a compound according to Claim 11. 17. A method for reducing the number of neoplastic cells in a mammalian host, said method comprising: administering to said host a cytotoxic amount of a compound according to Claim 1. 18. A method for reducing the number of neoplastic cells in a mammalian host, said method comprising: administering to said host a cytotoxic amount of a compound according to Claim 6 dispersed in an aqueous medium. 19. A method for reducing the number of neoplastic cells in a mammalian host, said method comprising: administering to said host a cytotoxic amount of a compound according to Claim 11. 20. A formulation comprising a physiologically acceptable liquid carrier and a compound according to Claim 1. 21. A formulation comprising an aqueous physiologically acceptable liquid carrier and a compound according to Claim 6. 22. 2'-(3",4"-dihydroxybutyl carbonoxy)paclitaxel. 23. 7-(2", 3 "-dihydroxypropyl carbonoxy)paclitaxel.

Inventors: BRESSI JEROME C, DOUGLASS JAMES G, SELIGSON ALLEN, SOVAK MILOS, BRESSI, JEROME, C., DOUGLASS, JAMES, G., SELIGSON, ALLEN, SOVAK, MILOS
Applicants: BIOPHYSICA FOUNDATION, BRESSI JEROME C, DOUGLASS JAMES G, SELIGSON ALLEN, SOVAK MILOS, BRESSI, JEROME, C., DOUGLASS, JAMES, G., SELIGSON, ALLEN, SOVAK, MILOS
Application year: 1996
Main classification: A61K31
IPC codes: A61K31, A61K47, A61P35, C07D305