Single-stage apparatus and method for producing containers made of thermoplastic material

Abstract: Method for the production of parisons of thermoplastic material, comprising the phases of injection of plasticized resin into a plurality of multiple-cavity moulds, removal of said parisons (13) from the respective injection moulds and transfer of the same parisons on to conditioning stations for these to go through a temperature conditioning phase, dwelling of said parisons in said conditioning stations (14) for a pre-determined length of time, transfer of said parisons into appropriate blow moulding tools, and blow moulding of said conditioned parisons, wherein during said conditioning phase the temperature of the surface (10) underneath the collar (11) of the parison is caused to increase, while the temperature of the parison body (12) is allowed to decrease, so that at the end of said conditioning phase the temperature of the surface (10) underneath the collar of the parison exceeds by approx. 15 to 20°C the temperature of the body (12) thereof. In a preferred manner, after the temperature conditioning phase, and before the subsequent blow moulding phase, there is provided a temperature balancing phase (17) for allowing the temperature of the parisons to evenly spread throughout the parisons by letting them dwell in still ambient air conditions.

Description: The present invention refers to an apparatus for mass producing containers made of thermoplastic material, particularly polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polypropylene (PP), for applications involving also their being filled with liquids at an elevated temperature and/or containing CO 2 (carbon dioxide) gas. In the field of technologies and machines for producing containers of the above cited kind there are a number of developments and improvements aimed at obtaining production methods and related apparatuses capable of producing said containers in an increasingly robust, reliable, cost-effective, versatile manner, and to increasingly high quality standards, in a highly competitive industrial context of very large-scale production. Such production processes are known to be able to be schematically divided into two basic typologies, ie. single-stage and two-stage processes, wherein the present invention applies only to single-stage methods and apparatuses. Single-stage processes are called in this way due to the fact that they are capable of producing the so-called parison or bubble, transferring such parison or bubble from the injection or extrusion mould (after allowing it to cool down to any appropriate temperature) to a conditioning station where it levels evenly off at a temperature of preferred molecular orientation. Said parison or bubble is then transferred to a blow-moulding die, where it is moulded into its ultimate, desired shape. Inherent to any single-stage process there is the fact that an uneven heat distribution is unfailingly brought about in the cross-sectional direction of the wall thickness of the parison when the latter is transferred from the injection or extrusion mould. A number of methods and processes have been patented concerning the cycle times and the temperatures of the parison when this is extracted from the injection mould,in view of optimizing them. The patent literature covering single-stage processes discloses in all cases a final forming or moulding of the container of thermoplastic material which is in some way or other carried through a conditioning station to reach an even wall temperature throughout the cross-section of the same wall, said temperature corresponding to the preferred molecular orientation temperature of the thermoplastic resin. In particular, the improved solution disclosed in the US patent specification no. 4,372,910 and relevant divisional patent no. 4.470.796 granted to Stroup, the preferred embodiment of which has been implemented in a single-stage injection-blow moulding machine made by Van Dorn Plastic Machinery as generally disclosed in said patent specification to Stroup, may be cited here. Such patents substantially describe and claim a process and an apparatus for producing hollow plastic bodies, typically bottles, in which the parison is obtained by the continuous extrusion of a flow of thermoplastic resin, particularly PET, in a plurality of multiple moulds. The result of the invention disclosed in said patents is the elimination of the limitation placed on productivity by the fact that the parison moulding operation, including the time taken by the plastic in the mould to cool down, is considerably longer than the subsequent blow moulding operation. Since these operational times occur in series, ie. in sequence, this fact causes in practice the blow moulding rate to be slowed down to match the slower rate of the parison moulding operation. The improvement disclosed in the above cited patent consists, among other things, in using a plurality of multiple moulds which are grouped into at least two distinct groups of moulds, wherein the parisons produced in all moulds belonging to a definite group of moulds are blow moulded, as grouped on a mould-by-mould basis, in a single respective blow moulding machine. In this manner, the duration of the entire blow moulding phase is virtually slowed down through the multiplication of the related production, so that the final overall rate of the blow moulding phase is synchronized with the parison moulding phase, thereby obtaining an elimination of the idle, ie. waiting times and the associated losses in productivity. However, such a solution does not solve the problem associated with the long parison moulding times which keep conditioning the overall cycle time owing in particular to the time required to cool down the parisons in the respective injection moulds. In order to reduce such a moulding time a solution is known from the US patent specification no. 4,382,905 to E. I. Valyi, and granted to American National Can Company, which consists in reducing the parison moulding time through the introduction of an additional holding phase between the moulding phase and the parison conditioning phase. In said holding phase, the parison is removed from its injection mould and transferred as quickly as possible into a special holding mould before the regular cool-down time of the injection mould is elapsed, but after allowing the temperature to adequately decrease so as to minimize the risks of crystallization, indicated at approx. 200°C, and approach the orientation temperature. The parison is then kept in said additional holding mould until the temperature of the parison decreases to the orientation temperature, ie. approx. 95°C. The parison is eventually removed from such mould and transferred into the conditioning station and the subsequent cycle according to well-known methods. The purpose of such invention is to increase the productivity of the production process by reducing the dwelling time of the parison in the injection mould and, therefore, increasing the rate and, as a result, the overall productivity. The time that is saved in this way is then spent in the additional holding mould. However, being the latter arranged in series, the rate of all process phases can be advantageously accelerated, thereby obtaining an improvement in the overall productivity of the process. However, the improvement that can actually be brought about in such a manner is rather modest owing to the limited manoeuvering speed of the moulds concerned, due to their inertia and various other factors. Furthermore, an apparatus modified in such a manner is more expensive and complicated in its construction, as well as more delicate and maintenance-intensive in its practical use owing to its greater complexity associated with the addition of a second set of moulds. In order to mitigate the problem represented by the slowness of the moulding process of a thermoplastic resin due to the time required by the same resin to shrink when injected into the mould and during cooling down, the US patent specification no. 3,709,644 granted to Farrell Patent Company discloses a method based on the arrangement of a cylindrical element, with an inner piston sliding in said cylinder, arranged in parallel with respect to the mould and adapted to exert an additional pressure on the fluid resin contained in the mould during the cool-down phase, as well as a valve adapted to separate the plastified-resin injector or extruder element from said mould and compactor during the cool-down phase of the resin in the mould. Although such a solution is actually effective in enhancing the quality of the end product and reducing the cycle time, albeit in a limited way, the fact remains that it is anyway necessary to spend the entire time needed to fill the mould and, subsequently, to compress the resin in the same mould, as well as to allow for the parison to duly cool down, such aggregate time being unavoidably arranged to occur in series and in the same injection mould, with the result of a practically insignificant improvement in overall productivity. Such a situation could actually be improved if the time taken to complete the slowest phase, ie. filling the resin in the parison injection mould and allowing it subsequently to cool down, could be inherently reduced without altering either the general process or the characteristics of the end product to any considerable extent. As far as the cool-down time is concerned, this is practically constrained by the fact that a sufficiently low temperature shall be reached on the parison body, since the subsequent conditioning phases, which are carried out with generally known techniques, and in particular by means of IR heating techniques, to the main purpose of heating up the collar of the parison and even it out at an optimum temperature (approx. 115°C), have the effect of bringing about also a rise, beyond generally acceptable values, in the temperature of the body of the parison, so that the need arises to begin the conditioning phase in the presence of a sufficiently low temperature. This therefore involves a definite cooling of the parison when the latter is still in the mould and, as a result, a minimum cooling time that cannot practically be reduced, thereby putting a limitation on the possibility of reducing the cycle time It is known from GB 1 528 847 to use resistance heaters to heat the zone under and close to the collar. However, by its intrinsec nature, the heating by radiation can hardly offer a very narrow heating team, particularly when a hot air-knife is required. From US 4,199,629 a preform heating device is known; however the solution there shown is particularly apt to heat the whole preform and not a delimited narrow part of it, what instead is the target of the presently proposed invention. From US 5,281,387 a flow of hot air is used to heat the bottle during blowing. However the aim of said solution is to heat with uniformity the whole bottle external surface, but the zone underneath the collar, that is exactly the opposite aim of the proposed invention. Furthermore said process is carried out only during blowing of the bottle, while the proposed invention is devoted to temperature conditioning of a specific zone of the preform, well before the blowing phase of the relevant bottle. Owing to all these considerations, it is therefore a main purpose of the present invention to use a single-stage apparatus to produce a container of thermoplastic resin that is thermally stable, capable of being filled with both hot and/or carbonated or non-carbonated beverages, said apparatus being capable of enabling the total occupation time of the injection mould by the parison to be reduced through a decrease in the time required to cool it down, reliable, cost-effective and easily implementable with readily available techniques. These and further aims of the present invention are achieved by the apparatus disclosed in claim 1 and will become apparent to those who are skilled in the art from reading and understanding the description that is given below. The invention leads substantially to the practical result of a reduction of the parison cooling time in the mould and a contemporaneous selective heating of just the collar of the same parison during the conditioning phase, ie. without implying a heating of the entire body of the parison, under such conditions as to be able to bring both the collar and the body of the parison to respective optimum, uniform temperatures. A non-limiting example of embodiment of the present invention is described below and illustrated in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 1 shows basic representation of the architecture of a prior-art apparatus; Figure 2 is a schematical, simplified elevational view of a characteristic arrangement of an apparatus according to the present invention; Figure 3 is a median cross-sectional view of the arrangement shown in Figure 2, along with the longitudinal section of a typical parison; Figure 4 is a diagrammatical representation of the temperature evolution pattern in two distinct characteristic portions of a parison according to a traditional process; Figure 5 is a corresponding diagrammatical representation of the temperature evolution pattern in two distinct characteristic portions of a parison treated according to the present invention; Table A gives typical values of the temperature of the parison as referred to both a traditional process and the process in accordance with the present invention. A peculiar feature of the present invention is the use of a parison temperature conditioning process which is selective with respect to the surface of the parison, ie. is able to heat up only the surface of the zone underneath the collar, which occurs to comes out of the mould at a temperature that is lower than the temperature of remaining portion of the body and is anyway inadequate in view of an optimum outcome of the subsequent blow moulding phase, while it does not act on the body of the parison which is at a higher temperature owing to its thermal capacity being greater than the thermal capacity of the zone underneath the collar, which is commonly and technically called the "transition zone". With reference to Figure 1, a typical prior-art apparatus can be noticed to comprise substantially a stage 1 in which the molten thermoplastic resin is injected in appropriate moulds for forming the parisons, and a stage in which said parisons are conditioned, said stage being in turn made up by two distinct, subsequent half-stages 2A and 2B. Said two parison conditioning half-stages have the purpose of raising the temperature of the parison up to a value which, lying at approx. 115°C, is an optimum one in view of the subsequent blow moulding phase. This raising of the temperature is in particular required for the zone 10 underneath the collar of the parison, which comes out of the mould at a temperature which is perceptibly lower than the temperature of the body 12 of the parison. The invention consists in a controlled combination of the following process: a reduction in the parison cooling time inside the injection mould, and a selective heating of the same parison in the subsequent conditioning stage, in the sense that only the zone 10 underneath the collar is heated here, while the rest of the body 12 of the parison remains practically unaffected. With reference to Figures 2 and 3, in view of obtaining such a spatially selective heating effect, use is made of a jet of very hot air which, as pre-heated with means that are generally known in the art, is blown exactly against the zone to be heated up, ie. underneath the collar 11. The train of parisons 13 is arranged in front of a first conditioning station 14 made up by a plurality of heating ports 15, so that each parison stops exactly in front of a corresponding heating port. The height of the heating ports 15 is defined so that the flow of the emitted air is alomost a laminar one and said ports are further located at a definite proximity D to the zone under the collar of the parison (approx. 10 mm or even less) to the purpose of both facilitating the heating thereof and minimizing the possible heating-up effect of the body 12 of the parison. Each one of said ports 15 is supplied with a flow of which is heated to a suitable temperature, preferably a temperature of approx. 500°C, with means that are known in the art and are not shown here. The flow of hot air reaching the parison hits it only in the zone 10 thereof under the respective collar 11, while it will not hit it in the zone of the body 12 thereof, which therefore cools down naturally since it is not affected by said flow. It has been shown experimentally that a particularly advantageous pattern is reached when the temperatures vary in a manner as shown in Figure 5 by the graphs referring to the evolution of the temperature around the transition zone and on the parison. At the initial instant 0, corresponding to the moment in which the parison is released from its respective mould, the temperature of the parison body portion is at approx. 140°C, whereas the temperature of the collar portion of the same parison is at approx. 95°C owing to the far greater heat dissipation of such a portion, which involves wall thicknesses that are thinner, and therefore much more quickly cooled down, than the body portion of the same parison. The parison is then transferred to a position in front of its respective heating port and the temperature of the zone underneath its collar is caused to increase up to a value of 135°C to 140°C by the flow of hot air that hits it, while the temperature of the body portion 12, which is not affected by such a heating action, decreases naturally down to a value of approx. 120°C. It must be duly stressed that such a diverging evolution pattern of said two temperatures is the result of the outer surface of the parison being heated selectively in a manner which is not obtainable by any traditional infrared heating method, but is obtained according to the present invention with a blow of air heated up to a very high temperature, ie. approx. 500°C, which, as already mentioned, enables only the zone of the parison underneath the collar, and not the body of the same parison, to be heated up. Since the body of the parison fails to be heated, it therefore cools down naturally. However, since even at the beginning of the blow moulding phase the temperature of the parison shall ideally be evenly distributed, at a value preferably comprised between 115°C and 120°C, it ensues that the parison itself shall be removed from its respective parison injection mould in advance of the moment at which it should be removed according to the traditional method, so that the time reaquired for the body of the parison to cool down turns out to be essentially equal to the time required for the zone underneath the collar of the same parison to be heated up, being it necessary for both said parison portions to eventually lie at approximately the same temperature value. However, it is just such an earlier removal of the parison from its respective injection mould that enables the duration of the whole parison moulding phase to be reduced and, since such a parison moulding phase is largely known to be actually the by far longest phase of the whole process, and it therefore is the actual phase determining the productivity of the whole single-stage apparatus for the production of hollow bodies, particularly bottles, the obvious result of such an earlier ejection of the parison from the respective injection mould, as determined in the process by a method according to the present invention, is that it increases the productivity of the whole plant correspondingly. Should it be implemented without any further improvement, such a solution would however determine a drawback in that the higher temperature on the collar of the parison would anyway be too high with respect to the one which is actually required by the subsequent blow moulding phase. Furthermore, said higher temperature would be localized only on the outer surface of the collar of the parison, ie. the surface which had been directly exposed to the heating air flow. An advantageous improvement is therefore introduced which is capable of contextually eliminating all such problems. With reference to Figure 2, such an improvement can be noticed to essentially consists in the addition of a second conditioning station 17, in which the parisons are therefore transferred for a short period, this second conditioning station 17 being essentially characterized in that the parisons are caused to simply dwell in it to allow them to cool down naturally and the heat to diffuse in such a manner that, at the end of this phase, the temperature distribution pattern is as shown in Figure 5, wherein the body, due to its elevated thermal inertia, is at essentially the value at which it leaves the first conditioning station 14, while the temperature of the collar decreases remarkably down to the same value of the body, ie. approx. 115°C, however owing to an effect which is not due to external cooling, but to a diffusion of the heat stored in the surface layers of the collar towards the colder inner layers thereof. As a ultimate result, at the end of all such processes and respective conditioning stations the desired final outcome is obtained, ie. a parison at an optimum temperature throughout its portions, with a considerably reduced injection cycle time. It has been shown experimentally that a further improvement is reached if the parisons are caused to rotate about their own axis when they are dwelling in said conditioning stations 14 and/or in the temperature balancing stations 17. The advantage deriving from such an expedient consists in the temperature of the parison getting balanced in a more effective, quicker manner, since the parison itself is sequentially exposed with its entire surface to the whole outer environment which contributes to said temperatures becoming uniform throughout the parison since it acts as a weak, but steady radiation source to which the whole of the parison surface is exposed. In order to gain a deeper insight into the different evolution of the temperature patterns, the graph shown in Figure 4 and Table A should be referred to. These illustrate the evolution of the temperatures in a traditional infrared-heating process and apparatus, where the first conditioning station 2A represents a first phase in which the whole parison is heated, while the second conditioning station 2B represents a second such heating phase. It can be easily noticed that, in such second station, both the temperature of the collar and the temperature of the body of the parison are further increased, in confirmation of the fact that such a heating phase affects the whole parison. It can furthermore, and above all, be noticed that the temperature prevailing in the body of the parison as the latter leaved the injection mould is of approx. 100°C, ie. considerably lower than the corresponding temperature that can be observed in the process according to the present invention, as illustrated in Figure 5, as a result of the much longer duration of the parison cool-down time. Further advantages and beneficial effects of the present invention have additionally become apparent in the course of various experiments that have been carried out to testing purposes. ie.: the time required for heating the collar by means of a laminar flow of hot air has been shown to be much shorter than the time needed for a corresponding heating process to be carried out by means of traditional IR methods; in fact, when using a same typical parison as a reference, such time has turned out to amount to approx. 20 seconds with the hot-air method according to the present invention, as against approx. 60 seconds needed with the traditional infrared-heating method; the adjustment of the position of the hot-air heating element is capable of being performed in a by far simpler and quicker manner as compared with a infrared heating device and sheathed resistance-type heating rods, since it requires an average time of approx. 10 min. as against approx. 60 min. needed with traditional-type arrangements; energy costs for hot-air conditioning are definitely lower, by approx. 50%, than the energy costs involved by infrared-type conditioning means; overall reliability appears to be definitely higher with the apparatus according to the present invention, since it involves the use of largely known, improved techniques and component parts; in particular, dust depositing onto infrared heat lamps is liable to impair the efficiency thereof, while such an occurrence is totally avoided when using the technique according to the present invention; the overall operating conditions and efficiency of the apparatus are improved, since it is no longer necessary for the considerable amount of heat that fails to be absorbed by the parison, and that is therefore dispersed elsewhere throughout the machine by the IR heating, to be disposed of; the adjustment of the hot-air heating power is capable of being performed in a much more accurate and flexible manner as compared with the traditional heating means; hot-air conditioning is such as to allow the parisons to be given, in their collar portion, a shape which is much more suitable in view of the subsequent blow moulding process; furthermore, the possibility exists for the amount of material in the zone immediately underneath the collar to be metered with great accuracy, thereby eliminating the unstretched amorphous portion between the shoulder and the neck of the bottle, since hot-air heating offers the possibility for the energy to be focused on to a very narrow zone of the parison. It has been experimentally shown that, with certain types of 2-l bottles, up to 2 grams of material can be saved per bottle in such a zone alone. All such advantages are more effectively achievable when the conditions of the apparatus is set to their optimum values, which have been determined experimentally to involve a temperature of the air blown by appropriate ejectors 15 lying between 150°C and 500°C, and a distance of said ejectors from the collar portions of the respective parisons lying anywhere between 5 and 8 mm. As far as the times needed for conditioning and temperature stabilization purposes in the respective stations, it has been found that these can be much shorter than the cycle time involved by the injection moulding phase, even if shortened, while both of them can be actually reduced down to half of the cycle time, except of course for possibly required adjustments to allow for transfer and handling times.

Claims: Single-stage apparatus for the production of parisons (13) of thermoplastic material, such as parisons to be in particular used in a subsequent blow moulding process for being converted into plastic bottles or hollow bodies, comprising at least a device for the injection of molten thermoplastic resin into a plurality of appropriate moulds, a device for removing said parisons from the respective injection moulds and transferring them on to temperature conditioning stations (14) for selectively heating them , a device for transferring said parisons into respective appropriate blow noulding tools, respective appropriate blow moulding tools capable of producing the desired end product, characterized in that said temperature conditioning stations (14) comprise respective ejectors (15) adapted to blow respective jets of hot air selectively towards the narrow transition zone (10) underneath the collar portion (11) of said parisons for a pre-determined length of time. Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that downstream of respective temperature conditioning stations (14) there are provided appropriate temperature balancing stations (17), in which said parisons are transferred and allowed to dwell for a pre-determined length of time after having moved through said respective conditioning stations. Apparatus according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the temperature of the air blown by said ejectors (15) is comprised between 150 and 500°C. Apparatus according to any of the preceding claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the distance of said ejectors (15) to the collars (11) of the respective parisons is comprised between 5 and 8 mm. Apparatus according to any of the preceding claims 1 to 4, characterized in that said temperature balancing stations (17) are appropriate sites in which the parisons are allowed to dwell in still ambient air.

Inventors: BAREL MORENO, BELLOTTO FRANCO, ROSSO ALESSANDRO, BAREL, MORENO, BELLOTTO, FRANCO, ROSSO, ALESSANDRO
Applicants: SIPA SPA, SIPA S.P.A.
Application year: 1996
Main classification: B29C49
IPC codes: B29B13, B29C49, B29C35, B29K101, B29L22