Apparatus and method for mixing

Abstract: A mixing apparatus, for example for cement and water, includes a mixing tube (12), an inlet (20) for a dry substance, an inlet (22) for a liquid, and an inlet (24) for recirculated mixture of the dry substance and liquid, the said inlets delivering the materials to a common point (83) for mixing; the apparatus including a flow deflector (62) in the tube to enhance the mixing.

Description: This invention relates generally to apparatus and methods for mixing and, more particularly, but not by way of limitation, to apparatus for mixing substances, such as a dry substance and a liquid substance like bulk cement and water, respectively, to form a cement slurry for use in the wellbore of an oil or gas well. Both land based and offshore well drilling and completion operations often require on-site mixing of substances, such as cement slurries, acids and fracturing gels and "weighting up" drilling fluids. In general, a mixing system includes a tub, pumps and various monitoring and control equipment. Also, an apparatus and method for introducing substances into the tub is part of the mixing system. Prior art apparatus and methods of mixing include a jet mixer. A jet mixer typically sprays water under pressure into a venturi tube where bulk cement is added. The water and bulk cement combine to form a cement slurry, which is conveyed into a tub prior to pumping the slurry down a wellbore. Another prior art mixer is an axial flow mixer such as that shown in US-A-5046855. An axial flow mixer combines water, cement and recirculated slurry in an axial mixing tube to form a mixture. The prior art recognizes the benefit of adding recirculated slurry in order to increase the density and uniformity of the cement mixture. The mixture is then deposited in a tub prior to pumping the slurry down a wellbore. For example, US-A-4,007,921 discloses a blender apparatus for mixing dry cement with water to obtain a cement slurry. Part of the final slurry is recirculated to a volute where it is further mixed with the blended dry cement and water. A similar mixing apparatus in accordance with the preamble of claim 1 is disclosed in US-A-3,741,533, where slurry is also recirculated. In the apparatus of US-A-3,741,533, the dry cement is preferably mixed with liquid first prior to mixing with the recirculated slurry. By contrast, in US-A-4,838,701, which also discloses a mixing apparatus utilising recirculated slurry, the liquid component is first mixed with the recirculated slurry prior to mixing with the dry material. While the prior art apparatus for mixing provide satisfactory results, there are nonetheless shortcomings. For example, some prior art devices require numerous machined components which contribute to a complex device which is difficult and expensive to maintain. These parts must be frequently replaced due to the high shear associated with mixing a cement slurry. Furthermore, many prior art devices are large and bulky. Moreover, the prior art devices inefficiently use the mixing energy which can result in an inconsistent mixture containing lumps of dry cement and pockets of air or air entrainment in the cement slurry. Additionally, incomplete mixing can cause cement dust to escape from the mixer. Thus, there is a need for improved apparatus for mixing which are cost effective, relatively inexpensive, low maintenance, simple and which effectively mix without dusting by efficiently using the available mixing energy. We have now devised a mixing apparatus by which the above needs can be met and the above shortcomings reduced or overcome. According to claim 1 of the present invention, there is provided a mixing apparatus which comprises a mixing tube, a first means for conveying a dry substance into said mixing tube, a second means for conveying a liquid substance into said mixing tube, a third means for conveying a recirculated mixture of said dry and liquid substances into said mixing tube, for forming a mixture of said dry substance, said liquid substance and said recirculated substance within said mixing tube, such that said dry substance, said liquid substance and said recirculated mixture are delivered to a common point of intersection within said mixing tube, so that said dry substance, said liquid substance and said recirculated mixture initially intersect at said common point, characterised in that said mixing tube includes a collar and said first means includes a replaceable insert received through an opening of said collar until a flange of said insert has eagaged an annular shoulder of said collar and in that a flow deflector is located inside said mixing tube for enhancing the mixing of said substances therein. Preferably, replaceable insert is constructed of an ultra high molecular weight polyethylene. Said first means preferably includes an insert which extends a distance in the range from about zero inches (0 centimetres) to about one inch (2.5 centimetres) below a lowest point of said second conveying means. The second means preferably includes a cylindrical wall having a bore defined therethrough, said wall having a liquid nozzle plate attached to an end thereof and a cut-out portion. The third means preferably includes a recirculation inlet angled toward a lower portion of said mixing tube, said recirculation inlet having a recirculation nozzle plate attached to an end thereof. The flow deflector preferably has a first diameter substantially equivalent to an inside diameter of said mixing tube and oriented toward an upper portion of said mixing tube, and a second diameter oriented toward a lower portion of said mixing tube such that said flow deflector converges the mixed substances The apparatus preferably further includes a flow interceptor attached to said mixing tube for enhancing the mixing of said substances, said flow interceptor enhancing mixing by intercepting a portion of said mixed substances from said flow deflector. The apparatus of the invention preferably further comprises a deflector plate suspended below said mixing tube for reducing air entrapment in the mixture of said substances; a mixing tub wherein a part of the apparatus is suspended therein, said tub having a partition over which the mixture of said substances flows when the mixture reaches a certain height in said tub; and wherein said deflector plate is positioned below a top of said partition. The present invention also includes an apparatus for mixing components comprising a mixing tube, a bulk inlet for conveying a dry component into the mixing tube and liquid inlet means for directing a liquid component between the bulk inlet and a wall of the mixing tube to clean and toward a lower portion of the mixing tube to mix with the dry component. The present invention also includes an apparatus for mixing substances comprising a mixing tube, means for conveying the substances into the mixing tube and a flow deflector for turning the substances to enhance mixing in the mixing tube. The present invention also includes a slurry mixing apparatus for use at a well site comprising a replaceable insert for conveying an abrasive component into a mixing tube, wherein the abrasive component mixes with a water component and a recirculated component to form a slurry in the mixing tube. The present invention also includes a method of mixing substances comprising conveying a first substance, a second substance and a third substance into a mixing tube and intersecting the first substance, the second substance and the third substance at a common point in the mixing tube to form a mixture. In order that the invention may be more fully understood, various preferred embodiments thereof will now be described, by way of illustration, with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein: FIG. 1 is a partially sectioned side elevational view of one embodiment of an apparatus of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a side view of an embodiment of a liquid inlet. FIG. 3 is an end view of an embodiment of the liquid inlet. FIG. 4 is a side view of an embodiment of a recirculation inlet. FIG. 5 is an end view of an embodiment of the recirculation inlet. FIG. 6 is a plan view of an embodiment of a flow deflector. FIG. 7 is a side view of an embodiment of the flow deflector. FIG. 8 is a schematic of an example of an apparatus and system of the present invention. Referring to the drawings, a presently preferred embodiment of the invention and its operation are illustrated. Like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the drawings and this description. Referring to FIG. 1, a presently preferred apparatus for mixing is illustrated and generally designated by the numeral 10. Apparatus 10 includes mixing tube 12 wherein substances are introduced and initially mixed. While mixing tube 12 preferably has a tubular shape, it can also have a different shape such as frusto conical, conical or rectangular. Mixing tube 12 includes cylindrical wall 14 having first end 15 and second end 17. Mixing tube 12 also includes upper portion 16 and lower portion 18. The designation of upper portion 16 and lower portion 18 is provided for simplicity and use of these terms shall not restrict mixing tube 12 to a vertical orientation. While in a preferred embodiment mixing tube 12 is vertically oriented, other orientations are also possible. Apparatus 10 also includes means for conveying substances into mixing tube 12. More specifically, the preferred embodiment includes first means for conveying a first substance, second means for conveying a second substance and third means for conveying a third substance into mixing tube 12. In a cement slurry mixing application, the first substance includes dry or bulk cement, the second substance includes water and the third substance includes a recirculated mixture of cement slurry. In a preferred embodiment used for the application of mixing a cement slurry, bulk inlet 20 conveys a dry cement component into mixing tube 12, liquid inlet 22 conveys a liquid component such as water into mixing tube 12 and recirculation inlet 24 conveys a recirculated mixture of cement slurry into mixing tube 12. Bulk inlet 20 is disposed at or near upper portion 16 of mixing tube 12. Bulk inlet 20 includes replaceable insert 26 which extends toward lower portion 18 of mixing tube 12. Insert 26 includes central opening 25 axially disposed therethrough, has cylindrical wall 27 and flange 33 defined on an end of insert 26. Apparatus 10 includes ring 19 attached to first end 15 of wall 14 of mixing tube 12 by welding or other suitable means. Collar 28 is attached to ring 19. Collar 28 includes external threads 29 and internal annular shoulder 31. For installation, insert 26 slides through central opening of collar 28 until flange 33 of insert 26 engages annular shoulder 31 of collar 28. Insert 26 is accessible for removal by removing a cement throttling valve by threads 29 (not shown), which may be attached to collar 28 Insert 26 can then be removed by hand. When insert 26 is removed, there is complete access to an inside of apparatus 10 for inspection and clean-up. In a cement slurry mixing application, bulk inlet 20 conveys dry or bulk cement into mixing tube 12. Bulk cement is abrasive and causes considerable erosion and wear when it is transferred. Accordingly, insert 26 is adapted to be replaced when insert 26 becomes worn. While replaceable insert 26 can be formed from any number of materials which are abrasion and wear resistant, a specific material is sold under the brand name NYLATRON which is available from vendors such as Industrial Gasket in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. A particularly preferred material is an ultra high molecular weight polyethylene. The length and location of various parts provides variance in the quality and efficiency of mixing in apparatus 10. Insert 26 preferably has a length which minimizes splashback of cement slurry and which conveys the bulk cement toward lower portion 18 of the mixing tube such that the bulk cement can be angularly intersected by the recirculated component. In a particular implementation of a preferred embodiment insert 26 has a length within the range from about seven inches to about eight inches (about 17.5 to 20 centimetres). More importantly, insert 26 preferably extends below a lowest point of bulk inlet 24 a distance in the range from about zero inches to about one inch (about 0 to 2.5 centimetres), preferably about 5/8 inch (about 1.6 centimetres). As shown in FIG.1 liquid inlet 22 is disposed through bore in wall 14 in upper portion 16 of mixing tube 12. Liquid inlet 22 has threads 32 for connecting a water line with a water metering valve (not shown). Liquid inlet 22 bi-directionally sprays a liquid component. A first stream or flow is directed toward an area near upper portion 16 and partially bounded by replaceable insert 26, wall 14, ring 19 and an end of collar 28. This first stream or flow of the liquid component reduces or prevents "dusting", that is, the escape of dry cement out of apparatus 10, by wetting cement dust in upper portion 16 of mixing tube 12 so that the wetted mixture of cement dust falls toward lower portion 18 to join with other components. The first stream or flow of the liquid component also cleans the area such that cement slurry which splashes back in this area does not harden. A second stream or flow is directed from liquid inlet 22 toward lower portion 18 to intersect with the bulk cement and the recirculated component at common point 83 as is later explained in detail. Accordingly, the bi-directional spray aspect of liquid inlet 22 reduces or prevents dusting, maintains apparatus 10 in a clean condition and aids in efficient mixing. Referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, further detail of a particular liquid inlet 22 is shown. This implementation includes cylindrical wall 34 having a bore 36 defined therethrough. Wall 34 is formed or machined to define a cut-out portion 38 which is a semi-circular strip such that a wrapped (i.e., flat) view of cut-out portion 38 is approximately rectangular in shape. Liquid nozzle plate 40 is attached, such as by welding or other suitable means, to end 44 of cylindrical wall 34. Liquid nozzle plate 40 is a semi-circular plate which has been cut off along a chord. Liquid nozzle plate 40 has a diameter substantially the same as an outside diameter of cylindrical wall 34 of liquid inlet 22. When attached to end 40 of cylindrical wall 34, liquid nozzle plate 40 forms gap 42 which is oriented toward upper portion 16 of mixing tube 12. Cut-out portion 38 is oriented toward lower portion 18 of mixing tube 12. Thus, the first stream or flow of the component is directed between wall 14 of mixing tube 12 and insert 26 from gap 42 and the second stream or flow of the liquid component is directed toward lower portion 18 of mixing tube 12 from cut-out portion 38. Referring to FIG. 1, recirculation inlet 24 is disposed through bore 48 in wall 14 in upper portion 16 of mixing tube 12. Recirculation inlet 24 is angled toward lower portion 18 at an approximate 30° angle 50, such that the recirculated substance is directed toward lower portion 18 of mixing tube 12. FIGS. 4 and 5 show additional detail of a particular recirculation inlet 24. This implementation comprises cylindrical wall 52 having bore 54 defined therethrough. Circumferential groove 46 is radially defined in exterior surface 53 of cylindrical wall 52 for connecting a recirculation line (not shown). Recirculation inlet 24 includes end 56 angled at an approximate 30° angle 58. Recirculation inlet 24 also includes recirculation nozzle plate 60 attached to end 56 of cylindrical wall 52 by welding or other suitable means. Recirculation nozzle plate 60 is semi-circular in shape with a diameter substantially the same as an outside diameter of cylindrical wall 52 of recirculation inlet 24. Since recirculation nozzle plate 60 incompletely covers end 56 of cylindrical wall 52, opening 61 (FIG. 5) is provided. Opening 61 is oriented toward lower portion 18 of mixing tube 12. The recirculated component is directed through opening 61 toward lower portion 18 of mixing tube 12 due to interference with the normal flow by recirculation nozzle plate 60, due to the angular positioning of recirculation inlet 24 at 300 angle 50, and due to gravity if mixing tube 12 has a positive axial component (i.e., if mixing tube 12 is not inverted). Due to 300 angle 50 shown in FIG. 1 and 300 angle 58 shown in FIG. 4, end 56 of recirculation inlet 24 can be and preferably is positioned approximately flush with an inside surface of wall 14 of mixing tube 12. As shown in FIG. 1, apparatus 10 also includes flow deflector 62 attached by suitable means, such as by spot welding, to an inside surface of wall 14 of mixing tube 12. Flow deflector 62 is preferably located in lower portion 18 of mixing tube 12, that is, far enough below insert 26 so that splashback does not occur. Flow deflector 62 enhances mixing in mixing tube 12 by "turning" the substances. As used herein, "turning" the substances means turbulently churning the substances such that the substances are further mixed. A plurality of flow deflectors 62 can be attached to mixing tube 12. FIGS. 6 and 7 show flow deflector 62 in greater detail. Flow deflector 62 has a frusto conical shape with bore 64 disposed therethrough. Flow deflector 62 has an approximate 200 angle 66 as shown in FIG. 7. Due to the frusto conical shape, flow deflector 62 has first diameter 63 and second diameter 65 as shown in FIGS. 6 and 7. First diameter 63 is substantially equivalent to an inside diameter of wall 14 of mixing tube 12. First diameter 63 is oriented toward upper portion 16 of mixing tube 12 and second diameter 65 is oriented toward lower portion 18 of mixing tube 12 such that flow deflector 62 converges the flow. Apparatus 10 also includes flow interceptor 68 attached, such as by spot welding, to lower portion 18 or end 70 of mixing tube 12 as shown in FIG. 1. Flow interceptor 68 enhances mixing by intercepting a portion of the flow of the substances from flow deflector 62. Flow interceptor 68 is equivalent to one-half of flow deflector 62 shown in FIGS. 6 and 7. That is, flow interceptor 68 extends 180° whereas flow deflector 62 extends 360°. A flow interceptor 68 extending 360° has been found to undesirably choke the flow from the mixing tube 12, thereby creating a back pressure. As shown in FIG. 1, flow interceptor 68 is preferably attached opposite recirculation inlet 24 due to the high volume flow from recirculation inlet 24 relative to the flow from liquid inlet 22. As shown in FIG. 1 apparatus 10 also includes deflector plate 72 suspended below second end 17 of mixing tube 12 by rods 74. In a particular implementation deflector plate 72 is preferably positioned five inches (12.5 centimetres) below second end 17 of mixing tube 12 so that a relatively wide, 360°. opening exists. Rods 74 are attached to deflector plate 72 and to an outside surface of wall 14 of mixing tube 12 by welding or other suitable means. Deflector plate 72 reduces air entrapment in a mixture of the substances located in tub 80 (FIG. 8) adjacent or below mixing tube 12. Deflector plate 72 reduces air entrapment by diffusing the mixture, thereby preventing the mixture which flows from mixing tube 12 from jetting into the mixture which is located in tub 80 (FIG. 8). Deflector plate 72 also enhances mixing due to the impact of the mixture against deflector plate 72. Many different types of tub 80 can be used such as standard 8 bbl tub 80 divided by partition 81 (FIG. 8). Partition 81 acts as a weir over which the mixture flows when it reaches a certain height. Apparatus 10 also includes attachment plate 76 (FIG. 1 for attaching mixing tube 12 to tub 80 (FIG. 8.). Attachment plate 76 has a central bore through which mixing tube 12 is disposed and a plurality of bores 78 for attaching deflector plate 72 to mixing tub 80 (FIG. 8) with bolts or other suitable means. Attachment plate 76 is attached to an outside surface of wall 14 of mixing tube 12 by welding or other suitable means. When apparatus 10 is attached to mixing tub 80 by attachment plate 76, part of apparatus 10 is suspended in tub 80, such that deflector plate 72 is preferably positioned approximately two inches (about 5 centimetres) below a top of partition 81 in one particular implementation. FIG. 8 schematically illustrates use of a preferred embodiment in a typical cement slurry mixing application. Mixing tube 12 is vertically oriented and attached to tub 80. Centrifugal pump 82 pumps water from water storage unit 84 to liquid inlet 22. Pneumatically driven bulk cement enters bulk inlet 20 from bulk storage unit 86. Centrifugal pump 88 pumps cement slurry from tub 80 to recirculation inlet 24. The water, the cement and the recirculated slurry are conveyed into mixing tube 12 and intersect at common point 83 (FIG. 1). "Common point" as used herein refers to a locus in mixing tube 12 where streams of water, cement and recirculated slurry initially intersect and form a mixture. It is estimated that approximately 75% of the volume of the input components initially intersect at common point 83. The remainder of the components mix below common point 83, such as near flow deflector 62 and deflector plate 72. Intersecting components at common point 83 makes efficient use of the available mixing energy. The substances, including the mixture formed at common point 83, continue toward lower portion 18 of mixing tube 12. These interact with flow deflector 62 where the flow is converged, turned and further mixed. Flow interceptor 68 intercepts a portion of the mixture from flow deflector 62 and turns and further mixes the mixture. Deflector plate 72 is impacted by the mixture, thereby further enhancing mixing. Deflector plate 72 deflects and diffuses the slurry mixture into tub 80 in order to reduce air entrapment that would be caused if the slurry mixture streamed unabated into tub 80. An agitator (not shown) can be used to circulate and further mix the slurry mixture in tub 80. Slurry flows over partition 81 in tub 80. The cement slurry can now be pumped down the wellbore, typically using a positive displacement pump. The cement slurry is also continuously recirculated by centrifugal pump 88 to again combine with water and bulk cement at common point 83 of intersection in mixing tube 12. Apparatus 10 is designed to replace existing mixers by simply bolting mixing tube 12 and associated structure to an existing tub 80. Apparatus 10 can also be incorporated as a component of a continuous mixing system such as that shown in US-A-5114239. While the invention disclosed herein is discussed primarily in the context of mixing a cement slurry at a well site, it will be recognised by those skilled in the art that the apparatus for mixing can be used for mixing other substances at a well site as well as in other applications. Thus, the present invention is well adapted to carry out the objects and attain the ends and advantages mentioned as well as those inherent therein. While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated for the purposes of the present disclosure, changes in the arrangement and construction of parts and the performance of steps can be made.

Claims: A mixing apparatus which comprises a mixing tube, a first means (20) for conveying a dry substance into said mixing tube (12), a second means (22) for conveying a liquid substance into said mixing tube (12), a third means (24) for conveying a recirculated mixture of said dry and liquid substances into said mixing tube (12), for forming a mixture of said dry substance, said liquid substance and said recirculated substance within said mixing tube, such that said dry substance, said liquid substance and said recirculated mixture are delivered to a common point of intersection (83) within said mixing tube (12), so that said dry substance, said liquid substance and said recirculated mixture initially intersect at said common point (83), characterised in that said mixing tube (12) includes a collar (28) and said first means (20) includes a replaceable insert (26) received through an opening of said collar (28) until a flange (33) of said insert (26) has engaged an annular shoulder (31) of said collar (28) and in that a flow deflector (62) is located inside said mixing tube (12) for enhancing the mixing of said substances therein. Apparatus (10) according to claim 1, wherein said replaceable insert (26) is constructed of an ultra high molecular weight polyethylene. Apparatus (10) according to claim 1, wherein insert (26) extends a distance in the range from about zero inches (0 centimetres) to about one inch (2.5 centimetres) below a lowest point of said second conveying means. Apparatus (10) according to claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein said second means (22) includes a cylindrical wall (34) having a bore (36) defined therethrough, said wall (34) having a liquid nozzle plate (40) attached to an end (44) thereof and a cut-out portion (38). Apparatus (10) according to claim 1, 2, 3 or 4, wherein said third means (24) includes a recirculation inlet (24) angled toward a lower portion (18) of said mixing tube (12), said recirculation inlet (24) having a recirculation nozzle plate (60) attached to an end thereof. Apparatus (10) according to any of claims 1 to 5, wherein the flow deflector (62) has a first diameter (63) substantially equivalent to an inside diameter of said mixing tube (12) and orientated toward an upper portion (16) of said mixing tube (12), and a second diameter (65) orientated toward a lower portion (18) of said mixing tube (12) such that said flow deflector (62) converges the mixed substances. Apparatus (10) according to any of claims 1 to 6, wherein said flow deflector (62) is a frusto conical shape and has a bore (64) disposed therethrough. Apparatus (10) according to any of claims 1 to 7, further comprising a flow interceptor (68) attached to said mixing tube (12) for enhancing the mixing of said substances, said flow interceptor (68) enhancing mixing by intercepting a portion of said mixed substances from the flow deflector (62). Apparatus (10) according to claim 8, wherein the flow interceptor (68) is approximately equivalent to one-half the size of said flow deflector (62). Apparatus (10) according to any of claims 1 to 9, which further comprises a deflector plate (72) suspended below said mixing tube (12) for reducing air entrapment in the mixture of said substances, a mixing tub (80) wherein a part of apparatus (10) is suspended therein, said tub (80) having a partition (81) over which the mixture of said substances flows when the mixture reaches a certain height in said tub (80), and wherein said deflector plate (72) is positioned below a top of said partition (81).

Inventors: JONES PERRY A, LANDRAM LANNY R, PADGETT PAUL O, JONES, PERRY A., LANDRAM, LANNY R., PADGETT, PAUL O.
Applicants: HALLIBURTON ENERGY SERV INC, HALLIBURTON ENERGY SERVICES, INC.
Application year: 1996
Main classification: B01F5
IPC codes: B28C5, B01F15, B01F5