CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENT

Abstract: A dimming ballast for use with a phase control dimmer, and particularly a triac dimmer, includes an EMI filter selected with a high impedance to avoid excessive voltage and peak currents in the filter due to resonance with the phase controlled AC waveform at low conduction angles, when the load presented by the lamp is low. The ballast also includes a DC-DC-converter of the switched mode type that keeps the EMI filter loaded and prevents misfiring of the triac dimmer and thereby flickering of a lamp operated with the dimming ballast.

Description: Circuit arrangement The invention relates to a circuit arrangement for operating a discharge lamp and suitable for use with a phase angle dimmer, said circuit arrangement comprising: - mains input terminals for receiving the phase controlled AC mains supply voltage output by a phase angle dimmer; - rectifying means coupled to said mains input terminals for converting the phase controlled AC voltage to a first DC voltage; - filtering means for suppressing high frequency harmonics, said filtering means including capacitive means and inductive means, said capacitive means comprising a first capacitor coupled to input terminals of said rectifying means, - ballasting means for supplying electric power to the discharge lamp, - a DC-DC-converter coupled between output terminals of said rectifying means and input terminals of said ballasting means for converting said first DC voltage into a second DC voltage present between the input terminals of said ballasting means, said DC- DC-converter comprising a further inductive element, a unidirectional element, a switching element and a control circuit for rendering the switching element conducting and non¬ conducting at a high frequency. Such a circuit arrangement is known from USP 5, 101 , 142. Electronic dimming ballasts such as the circuit arrangement described in USP 5, 101 , 142 are commercially available in which dimming of gas discharge lamps, typically fluorescent lamps, is responsive to phase angle control of the AC power line input. Phase angle control involves the clipping of a portion of each half cycle of the AC sinusoidal power line voltage. A common type of phase angle controller, known generally as a forward phase dimmer, clips or blocks a portion of each half cycle immediately after the zero crossing. An example of a forward phase dimmer is the well known triac dimmer. Another type is the reverse phase dimmer, commonly known as an electronic dimmer, which passes the portion of the half- cycle immediately after the zero crossing and blocks the portion of the half cycle before the zero-crossing. In both types, the portion or angle of the half cycle which is blocked is adjustable. Various dimming ballasts are known which employ a dim input terminal which is separate from the input terminals for the mains supply, and are generally known as three-wire dimming ballasts. Examples of such ballasts are known from JP- 116698, DGM 9014982, and U.S. 4,797,599. Incandescent lamps are typically dimmed with only two wires from a phase control dimmer, i.e. the common lead and the hot dimmed lead which carries the phase control information. The above three-wire ballasts are inconvenient in that, when installing a fluorescent ballast and lamp in place of incandescent lamps, an additional wire must be run from the phase control dimmer (typically wall mounted) to the ballast (typically ceiling mounted). This results in considerable labor costs and is an impediment to market acceptance. Two wire dimming ballasts are more attractive from an installation standpoint. Examples are known from U.S. Patent 4,392,086 (Ide et al) and U.S. Patent 5,192,896 (Qin). As with non-dimming ballasts, it is desirable to have an EMI filter to prevent high frequency components generated in the ballast from entering the power line. U.S. Patent 4,449,897 (Sairanen) discloses interaction problems between the EMI filter and the phase control dimmer in a two-wire dimming ballast. Sairanen's ballast has an EMI LC filter which includes a choke and a first filter capacitor connected at the input of a full-bridge rectifier, and a second, large-scale electrolytic filter capacitor connected across the output of the rectifier. The electrolytic capacitor supplies power to the lamp circuit in addition to the filter function. Sairanen discloses that if the lamp is removed or if the lamp circuit otherwise draws little power, the voltage across the two filter capacitor can rise to a dangerously high level. Sairanen discloses that this over-voltage on the filter capacitors, when the electrolytic filter capacitor is not fully loaded, is caused by the resonan frequency of the choke and the first filter capacitor being higher than the mains frequency. This leads to oscillation of the EMI filter with the output voltage of the phase angle controller. This oscillation in turn can give rise to negative line currents causing the switch, such as a triac, present in the phase control dimmer to misfire. The time lapse in each half period of the phase controlled AC mains supply voltage is controlled in the phase control dimmer by the time constant of an RC network within the dimmer. The oscillation of the EMI filter can produce voltages on the mains lines which override the RC network in the dimmer causing misfiring of the switch. This misfiring in turn causes flickering of the lamp. To overcome this problem, Sairanen includes a switch which switches out the first filter capacitor when the large-scale electrolytic capacitor is not sufficiently loaded, such as when the lamp current is at low levels. Sairanen alternatively discloses taking the first filter capacitor out of the circuit by an artificial load, such as a PTC resistor. The disadvantage of the Sairanen solution is that taking the first filter capacitor out of the circuit disables the EMI filter, so high frequency interference will be introduced into the power lines during ballast operation. Accordingly, it is the object of the invention to provide circuit arrangement for operating a discharge lamp and suitable for use with a phase angle dimmer and comprising filtering means wherein the oscillation of the EMI filter with the phase controlled AC mains supply voltage is substantially suppressed. According to the invention a circuit arrangement of the kind mentioned in the opening paragraph is for this purpose characterized in that said control circuit comprises means for rendering the switching element comprised in the DC-DC-converter conducting and non-conducting at a high frequency during time intervals during which the amplitude of the phase controlled AC mains supply voltage is substantially zero. Because of the continuous switching of the switching element incorporated in the DC-DC-converter, the filtering means are loaded all the time, also in case the phase controlled AC mains supply voltage is substantially zero during a relatively large part of every half period. It has been found that this loading serves to suppress oscillations of the EMI filter with the phase controlled AC mains supply voltage to a large extent. Preferably the filtering means comprise a second capacitor coupled between the output terminals of said rectifying means. During lamp operation the second capacitor functions both as a filter capacitor as well as a storage capacitor. When the phase controlled AC mains supply voltage is substantially zero this second capacitor is discharged by means of the continuous switching of the switching element in the DC-DC-converter. Good results have been obtained with embodiments of a circuit arrangement according to the invention wherein the DC-DC-converter comprises an up- converter. Preferably the control circuit comprises means for controlling the time intervals during which said switching element is conducting and non-conducting in such a way that the supply current supplied by the phase controlled AC mains supply voltage is directly proportional to said phase controlled AC mains supply voltage. An advantage of this 6 310 7 PCMB96/00221 4 is that the power factor of the circuit arrangement is relatively high, in case the circuit arrangement supplies the maximum amount of power to the lamp operated with the circuit arrangement. Preferably the control circuit comprises means for controlling the time intervals during which said switching element is conducting and non-conducting in such a way that the average amplitude of the second DC voltage is substantially constant. Dimming of the lamp operated with the circuit arrangement can be realized by making the circuit arrangement further comprise means for generating a dimming signal depending on the phase angle of the phase controlled AC mains supply voltage and means for controlling the amount of electric power supplied to the discharge lamp by said ballasting means in dependency of said dimming signal. It has been found that the light output of the lamp can be controlled over a wide range if the dimming facility of the circuit arrangement is constructed in that way. The filtering means are preferably so dimensioned that the maximum amplitude of the voltage present over the first capacitor is smaller than the average amplitud of the voltage present between the input terminals of said ballasting means independently from the phase angle of the phase controlled AC mains supply voltage. In case the circuit arrangement is so dimensioned the oscillation of the phase controlled AC mains supply voltage with the filtering means is further suppressed. As a result the chances of negative line currents caused by this oscillation are further reduced as are the chances of misfiring of the switching element comprised in the phase angle dimmer. Embodiments of the invention will be further explained with reference to a drawing. In the drawing, Figure 1 is a circuit diagram of an external triac dimmer for use with a circuit arrangement according to the invention; Figure 2 is a block diagram of a circuit arrangement according to the invention, and Figure 3 shows part of the circuitry incorporated in the circuit arrangement shown in Figure 2 in more detail. An exemplary phase control dimmer is shown in Figure 1. The phase controller is provided with a triac 214 connected in the power supply line 1". A series circuit consisting of a variable resistor 216 and a capacitor 218 is connected in parallel with the triac 214 for firing the triac 214 at an arbitrarily selected angle for phase conduction. A diac 200 is connected between a node of the variable resistor 216 and the capacitor 218, and the gate of the triac 14. By varying the resistance of the variable resistor 216, the phase controller supplies a voltage whose phase angle is controlled to the ballast input terminals l',2\ The fluorescent lamp controller shown in Figure 2 includes mains input terminals 1' and 2' for receiving the phase controlled AC mains supply voltage output by a phase angle dimmer. The mains input terminals are connected to an EMI and triac damping filter "A" connected to full bridge input rectifier "B", which together convert an AC power line voltage into a rectified, filtered DC voltage at an output thereof. The DC-DC-converter or pre-conditioner circuit "C" includes circuitry for active power factor correction, as well as for increasing and controlling the DC voltage from the rectifier circuit B, which DC voltage is provided across a pair of DC rails RL1 , RL2. Circuit "D" is a ballast circuit for controlling operation of the lamp and includes a DC- AC converter or inverter. A discharge lamp La is connected to the circuit "D". "E" is a means for generating dimming signal depending on the phase angle of the phase controlled AC mains supply voltage. Input terminals of means "E" are therefore connected to ballast input terminals 1' and 2' respectively. An output of means "E" is coupled to means for controlling the amount of power supplied to the lamp La, which means are comprised in the circuit "D" but are not shown in Figure 2. Filter Circuit A (Fig. 3) includes first and second choke coils L1 ,L2 each having a first end connected to a respective terminal 1 ', 2' and a second end connected to a respective input node 12, 17 of the full bridge rectifier B, consisting of diodes D1-D4, via input lines 1 ,2. A fuse Fl is in series between the choke coil LI and input terminal 1 '. A transient-surge-suppressing metal oxide varistor VI bridges the lines 1 ,2. The varistor conducts little at line voltage but conducts readily at higher voltages to protect the ballast from high transient surge voltages. The rectifier provides a full wave rectified output voltage on a pair of DC rails RL1 , RL2 via nodes 13, 18, respectively. The cathode of diode D2 and the anode of diode Dl are connected to line 2 at node 17 and the cathode of diode D4 and the anode of diode D3 are connected to line 1 at node 12. The anodes of diodes D2 and D4 are connected to DC rail RL2 at node 18 and the cathodes of diodes Dl and D3 are connected to the DC rail RL1 at node 13. For a 120 V, 60 Hz AC input at terminals l ',2' the bridge rectifier outputs a pulsed 120 Hz DC, 170 V peak across rails RL1, RL2. The output of the bridge rectifier may also carry phase control information from an external phase control dimmer. Series capacitors Cl and C2, having their midpoint connected to ground, each have a relatively small capacitance and form a common mode filter which prevents ver high frequency components from the ballast from entering the power line. The chokes LI , L2 and the capacitors C3, C4 form an EMI filter which has a low impedance at line frequencies and a high impedance at the much higher ballast operating frequency to reduce conduction of EMI back into the power lines. The operation of the EMI filter will be discussed in greater detail along with the interface and pre-conditioner circuits. The pre-conditioner circuit C (Fig. 3) includes the primary components o an integrated circuit ("IC") control chip Ul, in this instance a Linfinity LX1563, a boost inductor in the form of a transformer Tl, a storage capacitor CIO and a boost switch Ql, which together form a switched mode power supply ("SMPS"). The controller Ul controls the switching of switch Ql to (i) control the power factor of the current drawn from the power lines and (ii) increase the DC voltage across the capacitor C4 to the DC bus voltage across capacitor CIO and between terminals Z2 and Z4 of about 300 V DC. Boost inductor Tl includes a primary coil 52 having one end connected t node 13 and another end connected to the anode of a diode D6. The cathode of the diode D is connected to an output 80 of the pre-conditioner circuit C. The anode of diode D6 is also connected to the drain of the mosfet switch Ql , the source of which is connected to ground via a resistor R13. The control gate of switch Ql is connected to the "OUT" pin (pin 7) of the IC Ul via a resistor R10. The OUT pin provides a pulse width modulated signal at the control gate of the boost switch to control the switching thereof. The multiplier input "MULT IN" pin (pin 3) is connected to a node between the resistors R5 and R6 and senses the full wave rectified AC voltage on rail RLl , scaled by the voltage divider formed by the resistors R5, R6. The scaled voltage is one input of a multiplier stage within IC Ul . The other input of the multiplier stage is internal and is the difference of an internal error amplifier output and an internal reference voltage. The output of the multiplier stage control the peak inductor current in the primary of transformer Tl by influencing the timing of the switching of switch Ql . A capacitor C6 is in parallel with the resistor R6 and serves as a noise filter. The "V-j ' pin (pin 8) receives the input supply voltage for the IC Ul from the output of the inverter circuit E via line terminal Z5. Since the output of the inverte is at high frequency, the bypass capacitor C30 provides a stable voltage supply. The "V^" pin is also connected to a node between the resistors R5 and R6 via the resistor R8. This provides a small offset voltage to the MULT IN pin, which will be discussed in greater detail with reference to the EMI input filter. The secondary winding 54 of the booster choke Tl has one end connected to ground and its other end connected to the I DET pin (pin 5) via a resistor Rl l . The I DET pin senses the flyback voltage on the secondary winding 54 associated with the zero crossing of the inductor current through the primary winding 52. The GND pin (pin 6)is connected to ground via line 65 and rail RL2. The C.S. pin (pin 4) senses the current through the boost switch Ql by sensing the voltage drop across the resistor R13 through the resistor R12. A filter capacitor C8, tied between the rail RL2 and the C.S. pin, filters any voltage spikes which occur may upon the switching of the switch Ql from its non- conductive to its conductive state due to the drain-to-source capacitance of mosfet Ql. A second voltage divider including the resistors R14 and R15 is connected between the rails RLl and RL2. The "INV" pin (pin 1) is connected to a node between the resistors R14 and R15 via a resistor R9 and senses the output voltage of the preconditioner stage. The "COMP" pin (pin 2) is connected to the output of the internal error amplifier within IC U4. A feedback compensation network consisting of a resistor R7 and a capacitor C7 connects the COMP pin to the INV pin, thereby providing internal feedback and further control of the switch Ql . The full- wave rectified positive DC voltage from the output 13 of the input rectifier, which may also carry phase control information from a remote dimming controller, enters the pre-conditioner circuit on rail RLl to the voltage divider of resistors R5, R6 and to the booster choke Tl . The DC component divides at lead 44 establishing a reference voltage to the multiplier input MULT N pin. When the switch Ql conducts, the resulting current through the primary winding 52 of transformer Tl and switch Ql causes a voltage drop across the resistor R13 that is effectively applied through the resistor R12 to input C.S. This voltage at pin C.S. represents the peak inductor current and is compared with the voltage output by the internal multiplier stage, which multiplier output voltage is proportional to the product of the rectified AC line voltage and the output of the error amplifier internal to IC Ul . When the peak inductor current sensed at pin C.S. exceeds the multiplier output voltage, the switch Ql is turned off and stops conducting. The energy stored in the primary winding 52 is now transferred and stored in the boost capacitor CIO, causing the current through the primary winding 52 to ramp down. When the primary winding 52 runs out of energy, the current through winding 52 reaches zero and the boost diode D6 stops conducting. At this point, the PCMB96/00221 8 drain to source capacitance of the mosfet switch Ql in combination with the primary winding 52 forms an LC tank circuit which causes the drain voltage on mosfet Ql to resonate. This resonating voltage is sensed by the I DET pin through the secondary winding 54. When the resonating voltage swings negative, the IC Ul turns the switch Ql ON, rendering it conductive. This conduction, non-conduction of switch Ql occurs for the entire cycle of the rectified input and at a high frequency on the order of hundreds of times the frequency of the AC voltage entering the input rectifier. The inductor current through winding 52 has a high frequency content which is filtered by the input capacitor C4, resulting in a sine wave input current in phase with the AC line voltage. Essentially, the pre-conditioner stage makes the ballast look resistive to the power lines to maintain a high power factor. For a 120 V AC input, without phase cutting, the voltage at output 80, the positive side of buffer capacitor CIO, is on the order of 300 V DC with a small alternating DC component present. It is this voltage which is supplied to the ballast stage D, and in particular, to the inverter E. Output voltage regulation is accomplished by the sensing of the scaled output voltage, from the divider formed by the resistors R14, R15, by the internal error amplifier at the INV pin. The internal error amplifier compares the scaled output voltage to an internal reference voltage, and generates an error voltage. This error voltage controls the amplitude of the multiplier output, which adjusts the peak inductor current in winding 52 to be proportional to load and line variations, thereby maintaining a well regulated output voltage for the circuit D. A distinctive feature of the circuit arrangement according to the invention is the design of the EMI filter and an offset feature of the pre-conditioner circuit. The LC filter provides EMI suppression and includes equally sized chokes LI and L2 and capacitors C3 and C4. (Fig. 3) In typical ballast applications, the LC filter is designed by selecting the appropriate pole frequency given by f p = 1/(2I /LC). Thus, the product of L and C determines the pole frequency. Generally, the inductance is selected to be small and the capacitance to be large so as to minimize the physical size of the inductors in the EMI filter. For a pole frequency of about 8 Khz, exemplary values are L=800 μH and C= 0.5 μF. The proper operation of the external triac dimmer requires that the LC filter be sufficiently damped with the loading introduced by the pre-conditioner. Without proper loading, oscillations occur in the EMI filter which can cause the triac in the triac dimmer to fire improperly. Inadequate damping of the filter also leads to excessive peak current on the chokes LI, L2 and overvoltage (up to double the line peak) at the input of the inverter. 9 The loading required to prevent improper triac firing is reduced by selecting the LC filter with a relatively high characteristic impedance. The characteristic impedance is related to the -/L/C, so contrary to the standard design philosophy, the inductance must be made large relative to the capacitance. Thus, in Figure 3 inductors LI and L2 are made relatively large and the capacitors C4 and C3 are relatively small. A small physical size for the inductors LI and L2 is achieved by using a powdered iron core. The EMI filter impedance is selected so that the peak overshoot of the EMI filter is less than the average value of the DC bus voltage at worst line conditions. This is critical to prevent triac misfiring, since overshoot can cause negative currents that will misfire the triac in the dimmer. Additionally, the pre-conditioner only operates properly to control the power factor and DC bus voltage when the peak of the rectified input is less than the DC bus voltage generated by the preconditioner. Additionally, peak overshoots greater than the DC bus stress circuit components. In selecting the impedance, the "Q" of the EMI filter is given by Q = RA/ΪJC and K = 1/2Q. The filter overshoot "Vovershoot" is given by the peak filter output voltage "Vopk" - peak input voltage "Vinpk", also given by Vovershoot = exp[-ιrK/(l-K 2 ) 05 ] = exp[-τ/(4QM) 05 ] In Figure 3, LI and L2 are each an E75-26 (Magnetics) core with an inductance of 2.3 mH and a saturation current higher than 2.0 A. The capacitance of C4 and C3 jointly was chosen to be 0.147 uF for EMI suppression, yielding a characteristic impedance (>/L/C) of 188 ohms for the filter. R is the normal damping resistance presented by the pre-conditioner (for 60 W load and a 120 V line) and equals 240 ohm in the present implementation. For the present filter, Q = 1.28, yielding a Vovershoot for worst line design condition of 1.26 x 187 V (i.e.(120 V + 10%)^2)) = 236 V. This is much less than the 280-300 V DC bus voltage. By contrast, for the standard filter given above, the characteristic impedance ^ L C = 40 ohm, Q=6, Vovershoot is 330V, well above the DC bus voltage. This leads to triac misfiring. The damping is further improved by making the pre-conditioner slightly non-linear near the zero-crossing of the input voltage. The selected IC (Linfinity LX 1563) has this non-linearity which manifests itself as a relatively increased "on" time for the boost switch Ql with lower voltages at the multiplier input, M_IN, pin. The damping is made completely adequate, however, for all dimming levels only by making the pre-conditioner operate continuously and reliably even when the input voltage is very low or zero, as is the case when the triac of the triac dimmer is blocking. This is accomplished by providing an offset voltage to the MULT IN pin. When the triac is blocking, the input voltage is zero for that portion of the 120 HZ rectified line voltage. The voltage across the input capacitor C4 should closely follow the rectified input voltage. Without an offset voltage, the MULT IN pin would sense the (scaled) voltage across the capacitor C4. The switching of switch Ql is determined by the peak inductor current in relation to the voltage at the MULT IN pin. Both the switching frequency and the duration of time that Ql is conductive is greatest at the peak of the rectified DC voltage and decreases as this voltage decreases. When the voltage at the MULT IN pin is at or near zero, as is the case when the triac is blocking, the IC Ul tends to keep switch Ql non-conductive to a much greater extent since the peak inductor current is kept small to follow the input or MULT IN voltage. For longer periods of Triac blocking there may even be periods when the switch is completely off. However, when the switch Ql is non-conductive, there is no discharge path for the capacitor C4. Without a discharge path, the capacitor C4 cannot follow the rectified line voltage, in other words, the voltage across C4 will be held up. By providing a small offset (125 mV) at the MULT IN pin of the IC Ul, the total duration of time that the switch Ql is kept conducting when the rectified voltage is at or near zero is increased and the switching is prevented from ever stopping. This allows sufficient discharging of the filler capacitor C4, allowing the voltage across the capacitor C4 to closely follow the rectified phase-controlled voltage. Thus, the preconditioner presents the LC EMI filter with a well damped resistive load during the entire line cycle and makes the triac dimmer fire uniformly. In the embodiment shown in Figure 3, the offset voltage is accomplished by the resistor R8 of the pre-conditioner circuit. Whenever the inverter is operating, the inverter supplies a voltage to the V,,, pin. The resistor R8 bleeds off a small current to the junction between the resistors R5 and R6, which provides the offset voltage to the MULT IN pin. The total voltage sensed at the MULT IN pin includes the offset voltage and equals the offset voltage when the triac is blocking. Thus, when the triac is blocking, the IC U l will continue switching the switch Ql at high frequency, presenting a resistive load to the capacitor C4. Without the use of this offset, the pre-conditioner does not load the LC filter for certain combinations of phase angle and lamp power levels when the triac is in the blocking state, which would occasionally cause the triac to misfire and cause flicker in the light output.

Claims: CLAIMS: 1. A circuit arrangement for operating a discharge lamp and suitable for use with a phase angle dimmer, said circuit arrangement comprising: - mains input terminals for receiving the phase controlled AC mains supply voltage output of a phase angle dimmer; - rectifying means coupled to said mains input terminals for converting the phase controlled AC voltage to a first DC voltage; - filtering means for suppressing high frequency harmonics, said filtering means including capacitive means and inductive means, said capacitive means comprising a first capacitor coupled to input terminals of said rectifying means, - ballasting means for supplying electric power to the discharge lamp, - a DC-DC-converter coupled between the output terminals of said rectifying means and input terminals of said ballasting means for converting said first DC voltage into a second DC voltage present between the input terminals of said ballasting means, said DC- DC-converter comprising a further inductive element, a unidirectional element, a switching element and a control circuit for rendering the switching element conducting and non¬ conducting at a high frequency, characterized in that said control circuit comprises means for rendering the switching element comprised in the DC-DC-converter conducting and non-conducting at a high frequency during time intervals during which the amplitude of the phase controlled AC mains supply voltage is substantially zero. 2. A circuit arrangement according to claim 1 , wherein said filtering means comprise a second capacitor coupled between the output terminals of said rectifying means. 3. A circuit arrangement according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the DC-DC- converter comprises an up-converter. 4. A circuit arrangement according to claim 1 , 2 or 3, wherein the control circuit comprises means for controlling the time intervals during which said switching element is conducting and non-conducting in such a way that the supply current supplied by the phase controlled AC mains supply voltage is directly proportional to said phase controlled AC mains supply voltage. 5. A circuit arrangement according to one or more of the previous claims, wherein the control circuit comprises means for controlling the time intervals during which said switching element is conducting and non-conducting in such a way that the average amplitude of the second DC voltage is substantially constant. 6. A circuit arrangement according to one or more of the previous claims, wherein the filtering means are so dimensioned that the maximum amplitude of the voltage present over the first capacitor is smaller than the average amplitude of the voltage present between the input terminals of said ballasting means independently from the phase angle of the phase controlled AC mains supply voltage. 7. A circuit arrangement according to one or more of the previous claims, wherein the circuit arrangement further comprises means for generating a dimming signal depending on the phase angle of the phase controlled AC mains supply voltage and means for controlling the amount of electric power supplied to the discharge lamp by said ballasting means in dependency of said dimming signal.

Inventors: BRUNING GERT W, FARKAS THOMAS, JAYARAMAN RAJ, VELDMAN PAUL ROBERT, VENKITASUBRAHMANIAN SREERMAN, XIA YONGPING, BRUNING, GERT, W., FARKAS, THOMAS, JAYARAMAN, RAJ, VELDMAN, PAUL, ROBERT, VENKITASUBRAHMANIAN, SREERMAN, XIA, YONGPING
Applicants: PHILIPS ELECTRONICS NV, PHILIPS NORDEN AB, PHILIPS ELECTRONICS N.V.
Application year: 1996
Main classification: H05B41
IPC codes: H05B41